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http://www.mathgoespop.com/2010/09/standup.html/comment-page-1	### Latest tweets • Loading tweets... # Stand Up to Questionable Odds If you went to the movies in Los Angeles this summer, you may have seen the following ad from Stand Up to Cancer, a charitable program whose telethon aired last Friday night. A clear homage to MasterCard‘s long-running Priceless campaign, this ad swaps out prices for odds, ending with the sobering fact that 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will be diagnosed with some type of cancer in their lifetime. Presumably, those cancer odds are taken from The American Cancer society, which has the relevant stats posted here. When it comes to some of the other claims in the ad, though, I couldn’t help but be skeptical. Take the bowling claim, for instance. This ad would have you believe that your odds of bowling a perfect game are 1 in 11,500. This seems quite high, even when I consider the fact that I am not a bowling master. Let’s try to reverse-engineer this statistic. To score a perfect game in bowling, one must bowl 12 strikes in a row. Let us suppose that your probability of bowling a strike on any given frame is some number p. Furthermore, let’s suppose that your performance in any frame is independent of your performance in any other frame, so that you have a probability p of bowling a strike each time it’s your turn. Of course, whether or not these probabilities are independent is up for debate. On the one hand, bowling many strikes in a row may make you more anxious about keeping your streak going, which may in turn decrease your probability of another strike; but on the other hand, if you are an adrenaline junkie who thrives in the limelight that only a bowling alley can provide, perhaps such a chain would make it more likely for your streak to continue. In any event, these are questions better suited to a psychologist rather than a mathematician, so for simplicity let us ignore them here. If you have a probability p of bowling a strike, and a perfect game requires 12 strikes, then the probability you will score a perfect game is the product of 12 copies of p (one for each strike), or p12. If the above ad is to be believed, this probability must equal 1/11500. In other words, $p^{12} = \frac{1}{11500}.$ Taking the twelfth root of each side, we can then conclude that $p = \sqrt[12]{\frac{1}{11500}} \approx .4588.$ In other words, your odds of bowling a perfect game are 1 in 11,500 if and only if the probability that you’ll bowl a strike is around 45.88%. This seems like an extremely generous probability to give to the population at large. After all, who among you or your circle of friends bowls a strike, on average, every other frame? Perhaps I bowl exclusively with people who are not very good (myself included), but I would think a fairer probability for the entire population would be closer to 20% or 30% (maybe even this is too generous). What to these two alternatives yield for the odds of bowling a perfect game? Well, if p = .3, then p12 is approximately 1 in 1,881,676; for p = .2, the odds plummet to 1 in 244,140,625. Both of these are significantly lower than the odds cited in the ad (roughly 164 and 21,230 times lower, respectively). It may be that the odds of witnessing a perfect game are around 11,500. For example, when you go to a bowling alley, there may be experienced players practicing. Moreover, there are many games occurring simultaneously at a bowling alley, thus increasing the odds that at least one of them will be a perfect game. But saying “you have a 1 in 11,500 chance of seeing someone else bowl a perfect game” doesn’t sound as sexy as “you have a 1 in 11,500 chance of bowling a perfect game,” I suppose. Some of the other odds are questionable as well. For example, the National Weather Service has some data here that suggests the odds of being struck by lightning in a given year are about 1 in 500,000, not too far off from the ad’s claim of 1 in 576,000. This isn’t an apples to apples comparison, though, because the ad does not specify that these are the odds you will be struck by lightning in a given year. If we take into account the average lifespan in the United States (approximately 78 years), then the probability of being struck by lightning (in one’s lifetime, not in one particular year) is closer to 1 – (499,999/500,000)78, which is around 1 in 6,411. Much higher, you’ll note, than the odds of bowling a perfect game. (Once again, of course, we are assuming that the odds of being struck by lightning don’t vary from year to year, and that the odds of being struck in one year are independent of the odds in any other year.) If the point of the ad is to give us an intuitive understanding of how likely it is for us to develop cancer, then it seems important to give benchmarks that are accurate and relatable. Most people have bowled, but few people will have a good intuitive understanding of what it means to face odds that are 1 in 1.8 million (the odds of bowling a perfect game if you get a strike 30% of the time). I think the point of the ad is understood regardless, but it’s a shame that the claims leading up to this point weren’t checked more thoroughly. Indeed, many of the odds quoted in the ad can be found here, a humor website that offers no sources for any of its statistics. Perhaps Jon Stewart was in charge of fact-checking. Given his lack of understanding about the nature of this program, this is perhaps the most reasonable explanation. ### 3 comments to Stand Up to Questionable Odds • If you don’t mind my taking a stab at their bowling odds, I propose a slightly different reverse engineering. When I and my fellow mill-hunks go to the local alley, I’ve often been impressed by the number of plaques they have up commemorating perfect games. At the nearest alley, the oldest plaque is from around 2002, and the plaques span a substantial portion of the length of the alley. I’d estimate maybe around 200 perfect games are commemorated there. If 1 of every 11500 games are perfect, then would put about 2.3 million games having been bowled at that alley since 2002. A little under 800 games a day seems reasonable as an estimate at a 30-lane alley. 40% strikes still seems pretty high (although my fellow millers and I average around 76% strikes), but maybe it is reasonable after all. Another possibility is that, as you mentioned with the lightning, it’s the probability that a random American has ever bowled a perfect game. Given that the population of the US is estimated at 310 million, that means only 27000 people in the US have ever had to bowl a perfect game to get the 1:11500 ratio. Again, seems plausible, if completely incalculable. • these both seem like good ideas. I found that statistic in a number of places on the internet, but could never find a source for it. are you telling me you have a 76% strike rate? I will never go bowling with you. • Simon 76% Stirke rate, really? Are you saying you get 9 out of 12 strikes per game? Don’t think so.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 2, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5692034363746643, "perplexity": 959.4206201503391}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997893881.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025813-00215-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/43307/the-new-employee/43341	# The new employee [closed] Recently, the principal at my school announced that he would be hiring a new staff member. He told us that if we could figure out what he was, and what subject he would be teaching, we would receive a 7(the highest possible grade) in all our courses. The only clues he gave were: 1. He is a man 2. He is not human 3. His species is known as the "rag people", although this is not their true name 4. His job will include others like him, but he won't be a janitor. Since by the end of the school day after he announced the first clues, we have failed to solve it, he has decided to give one final clue that he claims will "make it obvious", and so he's lowering the reward to be that if you have an overall grade below 6, you'll receive a 6 instead. UPDATE: I received the script of what exactly he said just a little while ago. It reads: If he was a man from the Egyptian people, he would be an Egyptian man. Therefore, if he's from the rag people... Note: 99% of the story is just fluff • i vote to close as too broad – JMP Sep 27 '16 at 19:34 • @JonMarkPerry The answer to the puzzle. – Rand al'Thor Sep 27 '16 at 20:46 • @JonMarkPerry You said you're voting to close, and yet you actually voted to leave open? – Rand al'Thor Sep 27 '16 at 20:47 • i pressed the wrong button – JMP Sep 27 '16 at 20:59 • @Wasiq Shahrukh, I saw your edit, but I am not sure if it is relevant. You say "person". The OP says "not human". Perhaps "what" is appropriate here? – Maria Deleva Sep 28 '16 at 8:07 It's a sheet music with "The Entertainer", and he teaches students to play the piano. 1. According to Wikipedia, the song is dedicated to "James Brown and his Mandolin Club", so there's the possibility that the name refers to James Brown, who is male. 2. A sheet music isn't human. 3. The genre of music is called Ragtime, or Rag. 4. There will be many many sheet musics with different songs on them. • That's quite interesting, although it's not what I'm looking for. Try not to take the clues completely literally, and maybe combine a couple? ;) – TrojanByAccident Sep 28 '16 at 3:37 Only partly fitting the clues so far, but maybe it's A plastic human skeleton (for a biology classroom) He is a man It has male bone structure He is not human Its not a real one. His species is known as the "rag people", although this is not their true name His job will include others like him, but he won't be a janitor. His only job is to hang around in the classroom and being pointed at. • This is well thought out, also I must say that he is not really 'male', he is a man. ;P – TrojanByAccident Sep 28 '16 at 12:33 It's Towlie from South Park, he's is undoubtedly not female and also not one-man. Another word for a towel can be a rag. So he is a "rag-man" or a towel-man, he's a towel! And he's not the only one there were others like him, of his "species". They all "worked" for the government at a certain point, sharing the same job as agents. But being a towel they also can't fight their urge to clean up spills and messes when they occur but he is NOT a janitor, he is but a simple towel who happened to love to get high. And it's only weed so why not "hire" him. • lol it doesn't fit everything – TrojanByAccident Sep 28 '16 at 17:35 • I figured it was wortha shot, my other guess is a ghost. – Tate MasterT8 Boger Sep 28 '16 at 17:49 bit of a stretch, but is it Stop-light Reports ? Third clue : His species is known as the "rag people", although this is not their true name RAG stands for Red, Amber, Green signifying signal (The one on the road) and according to what I read they are also used for project assessments also It is report/signal so, it is 'male' but not 'human' and definitely not 'janitor' I know, it can be explained better, but I don't know how, • It is a bit of a stretch, sorry. And as for the first clue, it doesn't work with 'male', it has to be 'man'. :P – TrojanByAccident Sep 28 '16 at 12:31 Is he perhaps a ragdoll in a physics engine - they're "man" shaped but not human, and you typically use a decent number of them. Another possibility, for much the same reasoning would be a crash test dummy although I can't think why you'd "hire" one of those in a school. • Hey, stories don't always make sense, okay? – TrojanByAccident Sep 28 '16 at 12:34 • They do when they're posted as puzzles on PSE ;-) – Joe Sep 28 '16 at 12:58 • lel I've seen some pretty bizarre ones – TrojanByAccident Sep 28 '16 at 13:34 Possibly is a book/manuscript Or simply a mop 1. both are or can look like a man OR be a MANuscript 2. well they are not human 3. Both can be made using Egyptian Papyrus or Cotton 4. More than one mop or book/manuscript	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17406195402145386, "perplexity": 2590.4470977246624}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400223922.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925084428-20200925114428-00003.warc.gz"}
https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Orthogonal_Trajectories/Circles_Tangent_to_Y_Axis	# Orthogonal Trajectories/Circles Tangent to Y Axis ## Theorem Consider the one-parameter family of curves: $(1): \quad x^2 + y^2 = 2 c x$ which describes the loci of circles tangent to the $y$-axis at the origin. Its family of orthogonal trajectories is given by the equation: $x^2 + y^2 = 2 c y$ which describes the loci of circles tangent to the $x$-axis at the origin. ## Proof 1 Differentiating $(1)$ with respect to $x$ gives: $2 x + 2 y \dfrac {\mathrm d y} {\mathrm d x} = 2 c$ from which: $\dfrac {\mathrm d y} {\mathrm d x} = \dfrac {y^2 - x^2} {2 x y}$ Thus from Orthogonal Trajectories of One-Parameter Family of Curves, the family of orthogonal trajectories is given by: $\dfrac {\mathrm d y} {\mathrm d x} = \dfrac {2 x y} {x^2 - y^2}$ Let: $M \left({x, y}\right) = 2 x y$ $N \left({x, y}\right) = x^2 - y^2$ Put $t x, t y$ for $x, y$: $\displaystyle M \left({t x, t y}\right)$ $=$ $\displaystyle 2 t x t y$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle t^2 \left({2 x y}\right)$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle t^2 M \left({x, y}\right)$ $\displaystyle N \left({t x, t y}\right)$ $=$ $\displaystyle \left({t x}\right)^2 - \left({t y}\right)^2$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle t^2 N \left({x^2 - y^2}\right)$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle t N \left({x, y}\right)$ Thus both $M$ and $N$ are homogeneous functions of degree $2$. Thus, by definition, $(1)$ is a homogeneous differential equation. By Solution to Homogeneous Differential Equation, its solution is: $\displaystyle \ln x = \int \frac {\mathrm d z} {f \left({1, z}\right) - z} + C$ where: $f \left({x, y}\right) = \dfrac {2 x y} {x^2 - y^2}$ Thus: $\displaystyle \ln x$ $=$ $\displaystyle \int \frac {\mathrm d z} {\dfrac {2 z} {1 - z^2} - z} + C_1$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \int \frac {1 - z^2} {z \left({1 + z^2}\right)} \, \mathrm d z + C_1$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \int \frac {\mathrm d z} {z \left({1 + z^2}\right)} \, \mathrm d z - \int \frac z {\left({1 + z^2}\right)} \, \mathrm d z + C_1$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac 1 2 \ln \left({\frac {z^2} {z^2 + 1} }\right) - \frac 1 2 \ln \left({z^2 + 1}\right) + C_1$ $\displaystyle$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac 1 2 \ln \left({\frac {z^2} {\left({z^2 + 1}\right)^2} }\right) + C_1$ $\displaystyle \implies \ \$ $\displaystyle C_2 x^2$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac {z^2} {\left({z^2 + 1}\right)^2}$ $\displaystyle \implies \ \$ $\displaystyle C_3 x$ $=$ $\displaystyle \frac {y/x} {\left({y/x}\right)^2 + 1}$ $\displaystyle \implies \ \$ $\displaystyle x^2 + y^2$ $=$ $\displaystyle 2 C y$ $\blacksquare$ ## Proof 2 Expressing $(1)$ in polar coordinates, we have: $(2): \quad r = 2 c \cos \theta$ Differentiating $(1)$ with respect to $\theta$ gives: $(3): \quad \dfrac {\d r} {\d \theta} = -2 c \sin \theta$ Eliminating $c$ from $(2)$ and $(3)$: $r \dfrac {\d \theta} {\d r} = -\dfrac {\cos \theta} {\sin \theta}$ Thus from Orthogonal Trajectories of One-Parameter Family of Curves, the family of orthogonal trajectories is given by: $r \dfrac {\d \theta} {\d r} = \dfrac {\sin \theta} {\cos \theta}$ Using the technique of Separation of Variables: $\displaystyle \int \frac {\d r} r = \int \dfrac {\cos \theta} {\sin \theta} \rd \theta$ which by Primitive of Reciprocal and various others gives: $\ln r = \map \ln {\sin \theta} + \ln 2 c$ or: $r = 2 c \sin \theta$ This can be expressed in Cartesian coordinates as: $x^2 + y^2 = 2 c y$ Hence the result. $\blacksquare$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8774504661560059, "perplexity": 172.95480340722833}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575402.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922073800-20190922095800-00551.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/focal-length.168282/	# Focal length 1. Apr 30, 2007 ### wakejosh 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data An object and a screen are separated by 20 cm. A convex lens is placed between them, 5 cm from the object. In this position it causes a sharp image of the object to form on the screen. What is the focal length of the lens? 3. The attempt at a solution wouldn't it just be 5 cm since it is producing a sharp image on the screen? the distance from the object to the lense? 2. Apr 30, 2007 ### wakejosh looking at this more I think i need an equation. I dont have a book so can someone show me the equation im looking for? 3. Apr 30, 2007 ### hage567 You need the thin lens equation: $$\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q}$$ where f is the focal length, p is the object distance, and q is the image distance.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6891286969184875, "perplexity": 510.83841989765284}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171781.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00270-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-abstract/1/2/270/5490/A-Learning-Algorithm-for-Continually-Running-Fully?redirectedFrom=fulltext	The exact form of a gradient-following learning algorithm for completely recurrent networks running in continually sampled time is derived and used as the basis for practical algorithms for temporal supervised learning tasks. These algorithms have (1) the advantage that they do not require a precisely defined training interval, operating while the network runs; and (2) the disadvantage that they require nonlocal communication in the network being trained and are computationally expensive. These algorithms allow networks having recurrent connections to learn complex tasks that require the retention of information over time periods having either fixed or indefinite length. This content is only available as a PDF.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.932245671749115, "perplexity": 734.3763342538857}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103355949.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628050721-20220628080721-00321.warc.gz"}
http://www.fotobooks.ca/sofas-made-wttll/viewtopic.php?id=wirtinger-derivatives-chain-rule-800ee6	Two days ago in Julia Lab, Jarrett, Spencer, Alan and I discussed the best ways of expressing derivatives for automatic differentiation in complex-valued programs. Complex Derivatives, Wirtinger View and the Chain Rule. To introduce the product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule for calculating derivatives To see examples of each rule To see a proof of the product rule's correctness In this packet the learner is introduced to a few methods by which derivatives of more … In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you undertake plenty of practice exercises so that they become second nature. I think we need a function chain in ChainRulesCore taking two differentials, which usually just falls back to multiplication, but if any of the arguments is a Wirtinger, treats the first argument as the partial derivative of the outer function and the second as the derivative of the inner function. The inner function is the one inside the parentheses: x 2-3.The outer function is √(x). 4:53 . Let’s solve some common problems step-by-step so you can learn to solve them routinely for yourself. Finally, for f(z) = h(g(z)) 5 h(w), g : C ++ C, the following chain rules hold [FL88, Rem891: A.2.2 Discussion The Wirtinger derivative can be considered to lie inbetween the real derivative of a real function and the complex derivative of a complex function. Cauchy … Implicit Differentiation – In this section we will discuss implicit differentiation. … Derivative Rules Derivative Rules (Sum and Difference Rule) (Chain Rule… 1. Thread starter squeeze101; Start date Oct 3, 2010; Tags chain derivatives rule wirtinger; … Need to review Calculating Derivatives that don’t require the Chain Rule? Proof of the Chain Rule • Given two functions f and g where g is diﬀerentiable at the point x and f is diﬀerentiable at the point g(x) = y, we want to compute the derivative of the composite function f(g(x)) at the point x. Most problems are average. The chain rule states formally that . 66–67). With the chain rule in hand we will be able to differentiate a much wider variety of functions. Wirtinger derivatives were used in complex analysis at least as early as in the paper (Poincaré 1899), as briefly noted by Cherry & Ye (2001, p. 31) and by Remmert (1991, pp. Let’s first notice that this problem is first and foremost a product rule problem. This is a product of two functions, the inverse tangent and the root and so the first thing we’ll need to do in taking the derivative is use the product rule. share \| cite \| improve this question \| follow \| asked Sep 23 at 13:52. 2 Chain rule for two sets of independent variables If u = u(x,y) and the two independent variables x,y are each a function of two new independent variables s,tthen we want relations between their partial derivatives. In the following discussion and solutions the derivative of a function h(x) will be denoted by or h'(x) . Ekin Akyürek January 25, 2019 Leave a reply. Derivatives - Quotient and Chain Rule and Simplifying Show Step-by-step Solutions. This calculus video tutorial explains how to find derivatives using the chain rule. The chain rule is by far the trickiest derivative rule, but it’s not really that bad if you carefully focus on a few important points. There are rules we can follow to find many derivatives.. For example: The slope of a constant value (like 3) is always 0; The slope of a line like 2x is 2, or 3x is 3 etc; and so on. I can't remember how to do the following derivative: ## \frac{d}{d\epsilon}\left(\sqrt{1 + (y' + \epsilon g')^2}\right) ## where ##y, g## are functions of … That material is here. Let's look more closely at how d dx (y 2) becomes 2y dy dx. Wirtinger’s calculus [15] has become very popular in the signal processing community mainly in the context of complex adaptive ﬁltering [13, 7, 1, 2, 12, 8, 4, 10], as a means of computing, in an elegant way, gradients of real valued cost functions deﬁned on complex domains (Cν). r 2 is a constant, so its derivative is 0: d dx (r 2) = 0. 4 Homological criterion for existence of a square root of a quadratic differential In mathematical analysis, the chain rule is a derivation rule that allows to calculate the derivative of the function composed of two derivable functions. Whenever the argument of a function is anything other than a plain old x, you’ve got a composite function. However, we rarely use this formal approach when applying the chain rule to specific problems. 1 Introduction. The following chain rule examples show you how to differentiate (find the derivative of) many functions that have an “inner function” and an “outer function.”For an example, take the function y = √ (x 2 – 3). Practice your math skills and learn step by step with our math solver. A few are somewhat challenging. Not every function can be explicitly written in terms of the independent variable, … Simulation results complement the analysis. The Chain Rule says: du dx = du dy dy dx. Derivative of sq rt(x + sq rt(x^3 - 1)) Chain Rule on Nested Square Root Function - Duration: 4:53. Derivative using the chain rule I; Thread starter tomwilliam; Start date Oct 28, 2020; Oct 28, 2020 #1 tomwilliam . Sascha Sascha. y dy dx = −x. Using the chain rule I get $$\partial F/\partial\bar{z} = \partial F/\partial x\cdot\partial x/\partial\bar{z} + \partial F/\partial y\cdot\partial y/\partial\bar{z}$$. 133 0. Similarly, we can look at complex variables and consider the equation and Wirtinger derivatives $$(\partial_{\bar z} f)(z) +g(z) f(z)=0.$$ Can one still write down an explicit solution? The Chain Rule Using dy dx. I'm coming back to maths (calculus of variations) after a long hiatus, and am a little rusty. The calculator will help to differentiate any function - from simple to the most complex. Product Rule, Chain Rule and Simplifying Show Step-by-step Solutions. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and … Are you working to calculate derivatives using the Chain Rule in Calculus? By tracing this graph from roots to leaves, you can automatically compute the gradients using the chain rule. This is the point where I know something is going wrong. Collect all the dy dx on one side. Historical notes Early days (1899–1911): the work of Henri Poincaré. However, in using the product rule and each derivative will require a chain rule application as well. 362 3 3 silver badges 20 20 bronze badges $\endgroup$ … Chain Rule: Problems and Solutions. •Prove the chain rule •Learn how to use it •Do example problems . U se the Chain Rule (explained below): d dx (y 2) = 2y dy dx. Which gives us: 2x + 2y dy dx = 0. What is Derivative Using Chain Rule. Curvature. Here are useful rules to help you work out the derivatives of many functions (with examples below). Check out all of our online calculators here! Using Chain rule to find Wirtinger derivatives. Multivariable chain rule, simple version. The Chain Rule mc-TY-chain-2009-1 A special rule, thechainrule, exists for diﬀerentiating a function of another function. AD has two fundamental operating modes for executing its chain rule-based gradient calculation, known as the forward and reverse modes40,57. Email. Despite being a mature theory, Wirtinger’s-Calculus has not been applied before in this type of problems. This calculator calculates the derivative of a function and then simplifies it. Anil Kumar 22,823 views. Differentiating vector-valued functions (articles) Derivatives of vector-valued functions. In complex analysis of one and several complex variables, Wirtinger derivatives (sometimes also called Wirtinger operators), named after Wilhelm Wirtinger who introduced them in 1927 in the course of his studies on the theory of functions of several complex variables, are partial differential operators of the first order which behave in a very similar manner to the ordinary derivatives … To find the gradient of the output in forward mode, the derivatives of inner functions are substituted first, which consists of starting at the input After reading this text, and/or viewing the video tutorial on this topic, you should be able … Solve for dy dx: dy dx = −x y. The chain rule provides us a technique for finding the derivative of composite functions, with the number of functions that make up the composition determining how many differentiation steps are necessary. Such functions, obviously, are not holomorphic and therefore the complex derivative cannot be used. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Try the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice various math topics. (simplifies to but for this demonstration, let's not combine the terms.) The first way is to just use the definition of Wirtinger derivatives directly and calculate \frac{\partial s}{\partial z} and \frac{\partial s}{\partial z^*} by using \frac{\partial s}{\partial x} and \frac{\partial s}{\partial y} (which you can compute in the normal way). By the way, here’s one way to quickly recognize a composite function. The Derivative tells us the slope of a function at any point.. This unit illustrates this rule. The chain rule for derivatives can be extended to higher dimensions. View Non AP Derivative Rules - COMPLETE.pdf from MATH MISC at Duluth High School. As you will see throughout the rest of your Calculus courses a great many of derivatives you take will involve the chain rule! Here we see what that looks like in the relatively simple case where the composition is a single-variable function. What is the correct generalization of the Wirtinger derivatives to arbitrary Clifford algebras? Derivatives - Product + Chain Rule + Factoring Show Step-by-step Solutions. real-analysis ap.analysis-of-pdes cv.complex-variables. Definition •In calculus, the chain rule is a formula for computing the derivative of the composition of two or more functions. In English, the Chain Rule reads: The derivative of a composite function at a point, is equal to the derivative of the inner function at that point, times the derivative of the outer function at its image. A Newton’s-based method is proposed in which the Jacobian is replaced by Wirtinger’s derivatives obtaining a compact representation. Derivative Rules. For example, given instead of , the total-derivative chain rule formula still adds partial derivative terms. The chain rule is a rule for differentiating compositions of functions. Load-flow calculations are indispensable in power systems operation, … For example, if a composite function f( x) is defined as Having inspired from this discussion, I want to share my understanding of the subject and eventually present a chain rule … Chain rule of differentiation Calculator Get detailed solutions to your math problems with our Chain rule of differentiation step-by-step calculator.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9283843636512756, "perplexity": 514.4589475858875}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499524.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128054815-20230128084815-00471.warc.gz"}
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/s/states+naval+observatory.html	#### Sample records for states naval observatory 1. US Naval Observatory Hourly Observations Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Hourly observations journal from the National Observatory in Washington DC. The observatory is the first station in the United States to produce hourly observations... 2. Archives at the U.S. Naval Observatory - Recent Projects Science.gov (United States) Corbin, B. G. 2004-12-01 In 1874, like many other astronomical institutions, the U.S. Naval Observatory sent eight expeditions to different parts of the globe to observe the Transit of Venus. After all results were in, William Harkness was placed in charge of preparing the results and observations for publication. Page proofs of these observations appeared in 1881, but due to lack of funds and other reasons, these volumes were never published. Recently funds became available to have photocopies made on acid-free paper. The Astrophysics Data System (ADS) agreed to scan the photocopied pages and has made this publication available via the ADS so it now may be seen by anyone with access to the web. The compilation of a historical photograph archive at the USNO is continuing. Photographs and glass plates are being scanned by students and placed on the web. As the Naval Observatory has many thousands of plates and photographs, this project will take quite some time to complete. The images are of instruments, buildings, and staff members. The URL for this collection is http://www.usno.navy.mil/library/search.shtml 3. THE THIRD US NAVAL OBSERVATORY CCD ASTROGRAPH CATALOG (UCAC3) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zacharias, N.; Finch, C.; Wycoff, G.; Zacharias, M. I.; Corbin, T.; Dutta, S.; Gaume, R.; Gauss, S.; Hall, D.; Hartkopf, W.; Hsu, D.; Holdenried, E.; Makarov, V.; Mason, B.; Girard, T.; Hambly, N.; Castillo, D.; DiVittorio, M.; Germain, M.; Martines, M. 2010-01-01 The third US Naval Observatory (USNO) CCD Astrograph Catalog, UCAC3, was released at the IAU General Assembly on 2009 August 10. It is the first all-sky release in this series and contains just over 100 million objects, about 95 million of them with proper motions, covering about R = 8-16 mag. Current epoch positions are obtained from the observations with the 20 cm aperture USNO Astrograph's 'red lens', equipped with a 4k x 4k CCD. Proper motions are derived by combining these observations with over 140 ground- and space-based catalogs, including Hipparcos/Tycho and the AC2000.2, as well as unpublished measures of over 5000 plates from other astrographs. For most of the faint stars in the southern hemisphere, the Yale/San Juan first epoch plates from the Southern Proper Motion (SPM) program (YSJ1) form the basis for proper motions. These data are supplemented by all-sky Schmidt plate survey astrometry and photometry obtained from the SuperCOSMOS project, as well as 2MASS near-IR photometry. Major differences of UCAC3 data as compared with UCAC2 include a completely new raw data reduction with improved control over systematic errors in positions, significantly improved photometry, slightly deeper limiting magnitude, coverage of the north pole region, greater completeness by inclusion of double stars, and weak detections. This of course leads to a catalog which is not as 'clean' as UCAC2 and problem areas are outlined for the user in this paper. The positional accuracy of stars in UCAC3 is about 15-100 mas per coordinate, depending on magnitude, while the errors in proper motions range from 1 to 10 mas yr -1 depending on magnitude and observing history, with a significant improvement over UCAC2 achieved due to the re-reduced SPM data and inclusion of more astrograph plate data unavailable at the time of UCAC2. 4. Factors Affecting Productivity in the United States Naval Construction Force National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Morton, Darren 1997-01-01 By using a craftsman questionnaire, this thesis identifies and ranks the most important factors impairing Petty Officer productivity and morale in the United States Naval Construction Force (Seabees... 5. When Will It Be ...?: U.S. Naval Observatory Sidereal Time and Julian Date Calculators Science.gov (United States) Chizek Frouard, Malynda R.; Lesniak, Michael V.; Bartlett, Jennifer L. 2017-01-01 Sidereal time and Julian date are two values often used in observational astronomy that can be tedious to calculate. Fortunately, the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) has redesigned its on-line Sidereal Time and Julian Date (JD) calculators to provide data through an Application Programming Interface (API). This flexible interface returns dates and times in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) that can be incorporated into third-party websites or applications.Via the API, Sidereal Time can be obtained for any location on Earth for any date occurring in the current, previous, or subsequent year. Up to 9999 iterations of sidereal time data with intervals from 1 second to 1095 days can be generated, as long as the data doesn’t extend past the date limits. The API provides the Gregorian calendar date and time (in UT1), Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time, Greenwich Apparent Sidereal Time, Local Mean Sidereal Time, Local Apparent Sidereal Time, and the Equation of the Equinoxes.Julian Date can be converted to calendar date, either Julian or Gregorian as appropriate, for any date between JD 0 (January 1, 4713 BCE proleptic Julian) and JD 5373484 (December 31, 9999 CE Gregorian); the reverse calendar date to Julian Date conversion is also available. The calendar date and Julian Date are returned for all API requests; the day of the week is also returned for Julian Date to calendar date conversions.On-line documentation for using all USNO API-enabled calculators, including sample calls, is available (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/api.php).For those who prefer using traditional data input forms, Sidereal Time can still be accessed at http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/siderealtime.php, and the Julian Date Converter at http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/JulianDate.php. 6. Results from a portable Adaptive Optics system on the 1 meter telescope at the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station Science.gov (United States) Restaino, Sergio R.; Gilbreath, G. Charmaine; Payne, Don M.; Baker, Jeffrey T.; Martinez, Ty; DiVittorio, Michael; Mozurkewich, David; Friedman, Jeffrey 2003-02-01 In this paper we present results using a compact, portable adaptive optics system. The system was developed as a joint venture between the Naval Research Laboratory, Air Force Research Laboratory, and two small, New Mexico based-businesses. The system has a footprint of 18x24x18 inches and weighs less than 100 lbs. Key hardware design characteristics enable portability, easy mounting, and stable alignment. The system also enables quick calibration procedures, stable performance, and automatic adaptability to various pupil configurations. The system was tested during an engineering run in late July 2002 at the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station one-meter telescope. Weather prevented extensive testing and the seeing during the run was marginal but a sufficient opportunity was provided for proof-of-concept, initial characterization of closed loop performance, and to start addressing some of the most pressing engineering and scientific issues. 7. When Will It Be …?: U.S. Naval Observatory Religious Calendar Computers Expanded Science.gov (United States) Bartlett, Jennifer L.; Chizek Frouard, Malynda; Ziegler, Cross; Lesniak, Michael V. 2017-01-01 Reflecting increasing sensitivity to differing religious practices, the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) has expanded its on-line calendar resources to compute additional religious dates for specific years via an Application Programming Interface (API). This flexible method now identifies Christian, Islamic, and Jewish events in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) that anyone can use.Selected Christian Observances (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/easter.php) returns dates of eight events for years after 1582 C.E. (A.D. 1582): Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday, Good Friday, Easter, Ascension, Whit Sunday, Trinity Sunday, and the first Sunday of Advent. The determination of Easter, a moveable feast, uses the method of western Christian churches.Selected Islamic Observances (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/islamic.php) returns approximate Gregorian dates of three events for years after 1582 C.E. (A.H. 990) and Julian dates for 622-1582 C.E. (A.H. 1-990) along with the corresponding Islamic year (anno Hegirae). Ramadân, Shawwál, and the Islamic year begin at sunset on the preceding Gregorian or Julian date. For planning purposes, the determination of these dates uses a tabular calendar; in practice, observation of the appropriate waxing crescent Moon determines the actual date, which may vary.Selected Jewish Observances (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/passover.php) returns Gregorian dates of six events for years after 1582 C.E. (A.M. 5342) and Julian dates for the years 360-1582 C.E. (A.M. 4120-5342) along with the corresponding Jewish year (anno Mundi). Passover, Shavuot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and Hanukkah begin at sunset on the preceding Gregorian or Julian date.On-line documentation for using the API-enabled calendar computers, including sample calls, is available (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/api.php). The webpage also describes how to use the API with the Complete Sun and Moon Data for One Day, Phases of the Moon, Solar Eclipse Computer, Day and Night 8. When Will It Be …?: U.S. Naval Observatory Calendar Computers Science.gov (United States) Bartlett, Jennifer L.; Chizek Frouard, Malynda; Lesniak, Michael V. 2016-06-01 Sensitivity to religious calendars is increasingly expected when planning activities. Consequently, the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) has redesigned its on-line calendar resources to allow the computation of select religious dates for specific years via an application programming interface (API). This flexible interface returns dates in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) that can be incorporated into third-party websites or applications. Currently, the services compute Christian, Islamic, and Jewish events.The “Dates of Ash Wednesday and Easter” service (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/easter.php) returns the dates of these two events for years after 1582 C.E. (1582 A.D.) The method of the western Christian churches is used to determined when Easter, a moveable feast, occurs.The “Dates of Islamic New Year and Ramadan” service (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/islamic.php) returns the approximate Gregorian dates of these two events for years after 1582 C.E. (990 A.H.) and Julian dates are computed for the years 622-1582 C.E. (1-990 A.H.). The appropriate year in the Islamic calendar (anno Hegira) is also provided. Each event begins at 6 P.M. or sunset on the preceding day. These events are computed using a tabular calendar for planning purposes; in practice, the actual event is determined by observation of the appropriate new Moon.The “First Day of Passover” service (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/passover.php) returns the Gregorian date corresponding to Nisan 15 for years after 1582 C.E. (5342 A.M.) and Julian dates are computed for the years 360-1582 C.E. (4120-5342 A.M.). The appropriate year in the Jewish calendar (anno Mundi) is also provided. Passover begins at 6 P.M. or sunset on the preceding day.On-line documentation for using the API-enabled calendar computers, including sample calls, is available (http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/api.php). The same web page also describes how to reach the Complete Sun and Moon Data for One Day, Phases of 9. The Role of the Company Officer at the United States Naval Academy National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Moxey, Tyrel 2001-01-01 ... contributing or not contributing to the mission of the United States Naval Academy. The author conducted 30 questionnaires on the 30 Company Officers stationed at the Naval Academy during this period... 10. Naval coalition building with the GCC states OpenAIRE de Castro, Samuel Fletcher 2002-01-01 "The resources of the Persian Gulf are vital to United States national interests. Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has gradually increased its military presence in the region. The Arab-Israeli conflict coupled with the increase in military presence that has characterized the American security posture in the Persian Gulf region has contributed to the a negative view of the U.S. by the Arab public. In the post September 11, environment the U.S. should seek to decreas... 11. POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT - UNITED STATES NAVAL BASE NORFOLK NAVAL AIR STATION Science.gov (United States) This report summarizes work conducted at the U.S. Navy's Naval Base Norfolk, Naval Air Station (NAS) located at Sewells Point in Norfolk, Virginia, under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Waste Reduction Evaluations at Federal Sites (WREAFS) Program. This project w... 12. The influence of leadership on morale at the United States Naval Academy OpenAIRE Miller, Christopher A. 2006-01-01 The purpose of this thesis is to quantitatively analyze the relationship between midshipmen leadership and morale at the United States Naval Academy. The goal is to determine if there is a specific set of leadership characteristics that directly contribute to positive company morale within the Brigade of Midshipmen. The study is quantitative and uses the Naval Academy Brigade Climate survey as its primary instrument. The results of this effort indicate that leadership characteristics that are... Science.gov (United States) Bagaria, William J. 1991-01-01 The aerospace engineering curriculum at the U.S. Naval Academy which includes an astronautical and an aeronautical track is described. The objective of the program is to give students the necessary astronautical engineering background to perform a preliminary spacecraft design during the last semester of the program. (KR) 14. The European Drought Observatory (EDO): Current State and Future Directions Science.gov (United States) Vogt, Jürgen; Sepulcre, Guadalupe; Magni, Diego; Valentini, Luana; Singleton, Andrew; Micale, Fabio; Barbosa, Paulo 2013-04-01 Europe has repeatedly been affected by droughts, resulting in considerable ecological and economic damage and climate change studies indicate a trend towards increasing climate variability most likely resulting in more frequent drought occurrences also in Europe. Against this background, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) is developing methods and tools for assessing, monitoring and forecasting droughts in Europe and develops a European Drought Observatory (EDO) to complement and integrate national activities with a European view. At the core of the European Drought Observatory (EDO) is a portal, including a map server, a metadata catalogue, a media-monitor and analysis tools. The map server presents Europe-wide up-to-date information on the occurrence and severity of droughts, which is complemented by more detailed information provided by regional, national and local observatories through OGC compliant web mapping and web coverage services. In addition, time series of historical maps as well as graphs of the temporal evolution of drought indices for individual grid cells and administrative regions in Europe can be retrieved and analysed. Current work is focusing on validating the available products, developing combined indicators, improving the functionalities, extending the linkage to additional national and regional drought information systems and testing options for medium-range probabilistic drought forecasting across Europe. Longer-term goals include the development of long-range drought forecasting products, the analysis of drought hazard and risk, the monitoring of drought impact and the integration of EDO in a global drought information system. The talk will provide an overview on the development and state of EDO, the different products, and the ways to include a wide range of stakeholders (i.e. European, national river basin, and local authorities) in the development of the system as well as an outlook on the future developments. 15. U.S. Naval Observatory: The Move to Georgetown Heights and Double Star Work (1850-1950) Science.gov (United States) 2008-10-14 et al. 200B. 23.3 Bibliography BROWN, STIMSON JOSEPH: In: Astronomische Nachrichten 152 (1900), 329. BURLINGAME, M. AND J. R. TURNER ETTLINGER...Washington 1989. CLEERE, GAIL S.: The House on Observatory Hill. Wash- ington 1989. DAVIS, CHARLES HENRY: In: Astronomische Nachrichten 87 (1876), 241 16. 75 FR 65461 - Renewal of Department of Defense Federal Advisory Committee; United States Naval Academy Board of... Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-25 ... the United States Naval Academy Board of Visitors (hereafter referred to as the Board''). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jim Freeman, Deputy Committee Management Officer for the Department of... equipment, fiscal affairs, academic methods and other matters relating to the United States Naval Academy... 17. IYA Outreach Plans for Appalachian State University's Observatories Science.gov (United States) Caton, Daniel B.; Pollock, J. T.; Saken, J. M. 2009-01-01 Appalachian State University will provide a variety of observing opportunities for the public during the International Year of Astronomy. These will be focused at both the campus GoTo Telescope Facility used by Introductory Astronomy students and the research facilities at our Dark Sky Observatory. The campus facility is composed of a rooftop deck with a roll-off roof housing fifteen Celestron C11 telescopes. During astronomy lab class meetings these telescopes are used either in situ or remotely by computer control from the adjacent classroom. For the IYA we will host the public for regular observing sessions at these telescopes. The research facility features a 32-inch DFM Engineering telescope with its dome attached to the Cline Visitor Center. The Visitor Center is still under construction and we anticipate its completion for a spring opening during IYA. The CVC will provide areas for educational outreach displays and a view of the telescope control room. Visitors will view celestial objects directly at the eyepiece. We are grateful for the support of the National Science Foundation, through grant number DUE-0536287, which provided instrumentation for the GoTO facility, and to J. Donald Cline for support of the Visitor Center. 18. Admissions and Plebe Year Data as Indicators of Academic Success in Engineering Majors at the United States Naval Academy National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Kristof, Nicholas 2002-01-01 This research analyzes the relationship between academic success in high school and at the freshman collegiate level and academic performance in engineering majors at the United States Naval Academy (USNA... 19. A Performance Measurement-Based Company Officer Management Information System Prototype for the United States Naval Academy National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Boone, Michael 1999-01-01 A company officer at the United States Naval Academy (USNA) is tasked with developing midshipmen morally, mentally, physically, and to imbue them with the highest ideals of duty, honor, and loyalty... 20. Gender representation trends and relations at the United States Naval Academy OpenAIRE Lewis, Shannon FitzPatrick. 2005-01-01 This study employed quantitative and qualitative methods to examine gender trends and the quality of gender interactions at the United States Naval Academy (USNA). In addition to gender, midshipmen demographics, experiences, personality types, interests, and graduation outcomes were compared within and across gender for graduation years, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2004. Representation of women has increased to the current high of around 16%. Further, the data revealed similarities and ... 1. Framework for Naval Cooperation between Vietnam and the United States Science.gov (United States) 2017-06-09 the Vietnam-United States relationship has taken giant steps forward in virtually every aspect, especially solidified by a Comprehensive Partnership...United States relationship has taken giant steps forward in virtually every aspect, especially solidified by a Comprehensive Partnership Agreement signed...Economic Zone FTA Free Trade Agreement GDP Gross Domestic Product IMET International Military Education and Training MIA Missing in Action 2. An Analysis of Naval Officer Accession Programs National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Lehner, William D 2008-01-01 This thesis conducts an extensive literature review of prior studies on the three major commissioning programs for United States naval officers the United States Naval Academy, Naval Reserve Officers... 3. An Exploratory Assessment of the United States Naval Academy Ethical Decision Making Instrument National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Beyer, Jr, Wayne R 2007-01-01 ...). The study answered two questions regarding moral development at the Naval Academy. The first question involved determining if there is a difference in moral thinking between year groups at the Naval Academy... 4. Improving Leadership Training at the United States Naval Academy by Utilizing Interactive Multimedia Instruction (IMI) National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Kawane, Shannon 1999-01-01 ... a program consistent with the Naval Academy's leadership training philosophy. The results suggest that an IMI program can be developed that is consistent with the Naval Academy's leadership development program... 5. A qualitative analysis of the performance measurement and outcome management procedures applied to the PLEBE Summer Program at the United States Naval Academy OpenAIRE Evans, James S. 2002-01-01 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The United States Naval Academy is the premier source of officers for the Naval service. It is a four-year total immersion educational experience designed to develop midshipmen morally, mentally, and physically and prepare them for service as either a Naval or Marine Corps officer. The Fourth-Class Indoctrination (Plebe Summer) program is the first military training evolution for most members of the incoming plebe class. The seven-wee... 6. The United States Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program - Over 151 Million Miles Safely Steamed on Nuclear Power Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) None, None 2015-03-01 NNSA’s third mission pillar is supporting the U.S. Navy’s ability to protect and defend American interests across the globe. The Naval Reactors Program remains at the forefront of technological developments in naval nuclear propulsion and ensures a commanding edge in warfighting capabilities by advancing new technologies and improvements in naval reactor performance and reliability. In 2015, the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program pioneered advances in nuclear reactor and warship design – such as increasing reactor lifetimes, improving submarine operational effectiveness, and reducing propulsion plant crewing. The Naval Reactors Program continued its record of operational excellence by providing the technical expertise required to resolve emergent issues in the Nation’s nuclear-powered fleet, enabling the Fleet to safely steam more than two million miles. Naval Reactors safely maintains, operates, and oversees the reactors on the Navy’s 82 nuclear-powered warships, constituting more than 45 percent of the Navy’s major combatants. 7. Improving leadership training at the United States Naval Academy by utilizing Interactive Multimedia Instruction (IMI) OpenAIRE Kawane, Shannon E. 1999-01-01 This thesis addresses several issues identified in the analysis and design phases of the Instructional Systems Development process to develop an IMI leadership program for the Naval Academy. The overarching goal is to provide the Naval Academy with a study that uses current research and existing innovative leadership programs to answer questions that need to be resolved in developing a program consistent with the Naval Academy's leadership training philosophy. The results suggest that an IMI ... 8. United States Naval Academy Summary of Research, Academic Departments 1989 - 1990 Science.gov (United States) 1989-12-01 Ronda R., Assistant Professor, "Comment on ’ Plutarch on Young Children,’ by Valerie HAGAN, Kenneth J., Professor, "The English Influ- French...34 International Plutarch Society, American ence on American Naval Strategy," Trident Society, Philological Association Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Naval Reserve 9. United States Naval Academy Polar Science Program's Visual Arctic Observing Buoys; The IceGoat Science.gov (United States) Woods, J. E.; Clemente-Colon, P.; Nghiem, S. V.; Rigor, I.; Valentic, T. A. 2012-12-01 The U.S. Naval Academy Oceanography Department currently has a curriculum based Polar Science Program (USNA PSP). Within the PSP there is an Arctic Buoy Program (ABP) student research component that will include the design, build, testing and deployment of Arctic Buoys. Establishing an active, field-research program in Polar Science will greatly enhance Midshipman education and research, as well as introduce future Naval Officers to the Arctic environment. The Oceanography Department has engaged the USNA Ocean Engineering, Systems Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, and Computer Science Departments and developed a USNA Visual Arctic Observing Buoy, IceGoat1, which was designed, built, and deployed by midshipmen. The experience gained through Polar field studies and data derived from these buoys will be used to enhance course materials and laboratories and will also be used directly in Midshipman independent research projects. The USNA PSP successfully deployed IceGoat1 during the BROMEX 2012 field campaign out of Barrow, AK in March 2012. This buoy reports near real-time observation of Air Temperature, Sea Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure, Position and Images from 2 mounted webcams. The importance of this unique type of buoy being inserted into the U.S. Interagency Arctic Buoy Program and the International Arctic Buoy Programme (USIABP/IABP) array is cross validating satellite observations of sea ice cover in the Arctic with the buoys webcams. We also propose to develop multiple sensor packages for the IceGoat to include a more robust weather suite, and a passive acoustic hydrophone. Remote cameras on buoys have provided crucial qualitative information that complements the quantitative measurements of geophysical parameters. For example, the mechanical anemometers on the IABP Polar Arctic Weather Station at the North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO) have at times reported zero winds speeds, and inspection of the images from the NPEO cameras have showed 10. Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences: reincarnation of a 50 year old State Observatory of Nainital Science.gov (United States) Sagar, Ram 2006-03-01 The fifty year old State Observatory, well known as U.P. State Observatory till the formation of Uttaranchal in November 2000, was reincarnated on March 22, 2004 as Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences with acronym ARIES, an autonomous institute, under the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. The growth of academic and technical activities and new mandate of the Institute are briefly described. In early 60's, the Institute was one of the 12 centres established by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, USA, all over the globe but the only centre in India for imaging artificial earth satellites. Commensurating with its observing capabilities, the Institute started a number of front-line research programmes during the last decade, e.g., optical follow up observations of GRB afterglows, radio and space borne astronomical resources, intra-night optical variability in active galactic nuclei as well as gravitational microlensing and milli-magnitude variations in the rapidly oscillating peculiar A type stars. As a part of atmospheric studies, characterisation of aerosol at an altitude of about 2 km is going on since 2002. ARIES has plans for establishing modern observing facilities equipped with latest backend instruments in the area of both astrophysics and atmospheric science. Formation of ARIES, therefore augurs well for the overall development of astrophysics and atmospheric science in India. 11. An Assessment of the Leadership Education and Development Program at the United States Naval Academy National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Zaleski, Patrick 2003-01-01 ...) Program was established in 1997. This program allows Navy and Marine Corps officers to receive a Master of Science in Leadership and Human Resource Development from the Naval Postgraduate School... 12. Analysis of determinants of student pilot success for United States Naval Academy graduates OpenAIRE Boyd, Anna E. 2003-01-01 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The purpose of this study is to determine which characteristics and outcomes that are measured/determined at the Naval Academy serve as the best predictors of attrition from naval pilot training before or during the Primary phase, as well as performance in the first two stages of training: the academic portion of Aviation Preflight Indoctrination (API) and the flying portion of Primary phase. The reason for this is twofold; 1.) to ex... 13. Observatories and Telescopes of Modern Times Science.gov (United States) Leverington, David 2016-11-01 Preface; Part I. Optical Observatories: 1. Palomar Mountain Observatory; 2. The United States Optical Observatory; 3. From the Next Generation Telescope to Gemini and SOAR; 4. Competing primary mirror designs; 5. Active optics, adaptive optics and other technical innovations; 6. European Northern Observatory and Calar Alto; 7. European Southern Observatory; 8. Mauna Kea Observatory; 9. Australian optical observatories; 10. Mount Hopkins' Whipple Observatory and the MMT; 11. Apache Point Observatory; 12. Carnegie Southern Observatory (Las Campanas); 13. Mount Graham International Optical Observatory; 14. Modern optical interferometers; 15. Solar observatories; Part II. Radio Observatories: 16. Australian radio observatories; 17. Cambridge Mullard Radio Observatory; 18. Jodrell Bank; 19. Early radio observatories away from the Australian-British axis; 20. The American National Radio Astronomy Observatory; 21. Owens Valley and Mauna Kea; 22. Further North and Central American observatories; 23. Further European and Asian radio observatories; 24. ALMA and the South Pole; Name index; Optical observatory and telescope index; Radio observatory and telescope index; General index. 14. An Assessment of the Senior Enlisted Leader Program at the United States Naval Academy National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Richardson, David 2000-01-01 .... The data analysis yielded eight themes related to the Senior Enlisted Leader Program. Six of these themes present positive aspects of the program, and two of these themes address areas for improvement. Overall, the data suggest that the Senior Enlisted Leader Program has had a significant positive impact on the leadership development of midshipmen and the Naval Academy as a whole. 15. Emotional Intelligence: A Look at Its Effect on Performance at the United States Naval Academy National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Hoffman, Stephen 1999-01-01 .... The data reflects the response of 1,040 students between the ages of 17 and 22. Using BarOn's model, this study focuses on the relationship of EQ to Naval Academy performance measurements such as academics, general performance, and conduct... 16. Beyond Military Service: An Analysis of United States Naval Academy Graduates’ Civilian Career Experiences Science.gov (United States) 2005-09-01 17 B. LABOR ECONOMICS .................................................................................17...statistical software, STATA. Dr. Elda Pema from the Naval Postgraduate School provided me with an excellent foundation in Labor Economics , Econometrics...underpinnings of the subject. Labor economics serves as the fundamental basis, thus an overview of the applicable economic theories is conducted. Human 17. The Sundown of the United States Marine Corps Naval Flight Officer Military Occupational Specialties Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-20 EIA-6B Electronics Warfare Officer (EWO) will complete their training in FY2015 and FY2017, respectively, with the last Fl A-18D and El A-6B squadrons...Capability (IOC) of the F-4 Phantom, A-6 Intruder, and the OV -10 Bronco introduced the requirement for Naval Flight Officers and Aerial Observers (AO...Officer (ECMO) to target Surface to Air Radars during the Vietnam War and was subsequently replaced by the four-seat E/A-6B. The OV-10 Bronco , roc in 18. The 2001 U.S. Naval Observatory Double Star CD-Rom. III. The Third Catalog of Interferometric Measurements of Binary Stars Science.gov (United States) 2001-12-01 CHARA southern speckle program from 1989 to 1996 (cf. Hartkopf et al. 1996), and by the more recent speckle e†orts of Horch and colleagues (cf. Horch ...Mason, B. D. 2001, Third Catalog of Interferometric Measurements of Binary Stars (CHARA Contrib. No. 4) (Atlanta : Georgia State Univ.) Horch , E 19. First results from the Penn State Allsky Imager at the Arecibo Observatory Science.gov (United States) Seker, I.; Mathews, J. D.; Wiig, J.; Gutierrez, P. F.; Friedman, J. S.; Tepley, C. A. 2007-03-01 The Penn State Allsky imager (PSASI), a user-owned-public-access (UOPA) instrument installed at Arecibo Observatory (AO: 18.3°N, 66.75°W; altitude: 350 m a.s.l.; L = 1.43 at 300 km; dip angle: 46°; geomagnetic coordinates: 29°N, 5.5°E), is a CCD-based high-resolution allsky optical imager that has been collecting ionospheric airglow data at night since May 2003. The computer controlled six-position filter wheel is equipped with three filters at 630 nm (red), 557.7 nm (green), and 777.4 nm (near-IR), respectively, which correspond to ionosphere-related oxygen emissions. The imager data, taken for more than 3.5 years now, is being used to study various ionospheric processes, such as mapped equatorial spread-F plumes, E-region gravity waves, among other, in conjunction with the AO incoherent scatter radar (ISR), mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) metals lidar, and other instruments, including microbarographs. Data availability and quality as well as specific airglow events on both small/large time/spatial scales are examined, categorized, and made freely available at a data-server website. Our goal here is to briefly review the airglow science enabled by allsky imaging at AO, to describe the instrument and the data-collection methodology, and to present some of the significant results, including airglow events that correspond to ISR results. 20. Atmospheres in a Test Tube: state of the art at the Astronomical Observatory of Padova. Science.gov (United States) Erculiani, M. S.; Claudi, R.; Cocola, L.; Giro, E.; La Rocca, N.; Morosinotto, T.; Poletto, L.; Barbisan, D.; Billi, D.; Bonato, M.; D'Alessandro, M.; Galletta, G.; Meneghini, M.; Trivellin, N.; Cestelli Guidi, M.; Pace, E.; Schierano, D.; Micela, G. At the Astronomical observatory of Padova we are trying to answer some questions about the detectability of biosignatures in the exoplanetary atmospheres, working in the framework of the project Atmosphere in a Test Tube. In particular we are investigating how the presence of photosynthetic biota living on the surface of a planet orbiting in the HZ of an M type star may modify the atmospheric gas abundances. This can be achieved in laboratory with an environmental simulator called MINI - LISA. The simulator allows to modify the temperature and the pressure inside a test chamber, where a selected population of photosynthetic bacteria is arranged. We'll focalize our experiments on the following bacteria: Acaryochloris marina, Halomicronema hongdechloris, Leptolyngbya sp.1 and Chlorogloeopsis fritschii. The first two bacteria are naturally provided with NIR light metabolizers, like Chl-d and Chl-f, while the last two can develop such pigments if grown in NIR light. The experiment will lead us to obtain useful data to be compared with the ones expected either by the future space missions (JWST, ARIEL) and ground based new instrumentation (SPHERE@VLT; GPI@GEMINI; PCS@E-ELT). In this talk we discuss the layout of the experiment and its state of art. 1. A Model Midshipman: Factors Related to Academic and Military Success of Prior Enlisted Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Wyrick, Jared 2005-01-01 ... to be successful at the Naval Academy. Linear and Bi-Linear regression models are used to analyze the influence of prior-enlisted experience on academic and military performance at the Naval Academy on the classes from 1999 through 2004... 2. An early modern factory between state and market: labor and management at the Amsterdam naval shipyard (1660-1795) NARCIS (Netherlands) Brandon, P.; de Jong, A.; Wubs, B. 2012-01-01 Naval shipyards were among the largest production facilities of the pre-industrial world. The Venetian Arsenal and the British Royal Dockyards therefore play a prominent role in the historiography of early modern labor relations. However, labor relations at the Dutch naval shipyards remain 3. 32 CFR 770.31 - List of major naval installations in the State of Hawaii and cognizant commanders authorized to... Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... Fleet and Commander Naval Logistics Command Headquarters Areas, Johnson Circle Navy Exchange/Commissary... City Supply Area, and the Red Hill Fuel Storage Area). Contact: Commander, Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, HI... Shipyard, McGrew Point, Halawa, Hokulani, Manana, Pearl City Peninsula, Red Hill, Iroquois Point, Puuloa... 4. The Propensity for Mentorship at the United States Naval Academy: A Study of Navy and Marine Corps Junior Officers National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Oakes, Benjamin W 2005-01-01 .... The purpose of the study was to better understand the mentoring experiences, dispositions, and motivations of junior officers at the Naval Academy, and to identify how previous mentorship experience... 5. Assessment and evaluation of the employment of the Midshipman Information System (MIDS) as a performance measurement tool by Company Officers at the United States Naval Academy OpenAIRE Luckett, Michael D.; Oden, David M. 2001-01-01 This research first examines the use of the Midshipmen Information System (MIDS) by faculty, staff and midshipmen as a performance measurement tool at the United States Naval Academy. Specifically, this project examines how Company Officers use MIDS to measure the performance and development of the midshipmen over time, what metrics they believe are important to midshipmen development, how current MIDS functionality meets the needs of end users and recommendations for improvement of the overa... 6. UNITED STATES NAVAL STRATEGY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA TO ENSURE INTERNATIONAL FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION Science.gov (United States) 2016-02-12 Europe (FOB-E) Detachment Naples, as well as assignments on the Joint Staff as well as the OPNAV Staff in Washington DC. His hobbies include hiking ...defense, control of maritime trade, defending the regime against domestic threats, and ensuring economic benefit to the state.”9 Additionally, the...million in 7 maritime aid to its Southeast Asian allies -- including a warship for the Philippines.”33 This closer relationship could benefit not 7. 32 CFR 700.1054 - Command of a naval base. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Command of a naval base. 700.1054 Section 700.1054 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY UNITED STATES NAVY... Command Detail to Duty § 700.1054 Command of a naval base. The officer detailed to command a naval base... 8. 33 CFR 165.1302 - Bangor Naval Submarine Base, Bangor, WA. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Bangor Naval Submarine Base... Bangor Naval Submarine Base, Bangor, WA. (a) Location. The following is a security zone: The waters of... States Naval vessels. (ii) Vessels that are performing work at Naval Submarine Base Bangor pursuant to a... 9. State and localisation of the nuclear wastes in France. Index established by the ANDRA observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1999-01-01 This index is the seventh edition of the the national index on nuclear wastes state and localisation. Its purpose is to index the sites where people could find radioactive wastes in France (great industry as EDF or Cogema but also little producers, national defense sites and research laboratories) and the sealed sources distributors. Law texts concerning the radioactive wastes and general information on nuclear elements or radioactivity are also provided. (A.L.B.) 10. Naval power, endogeneity, and long-distance disputes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Brian B. Crisher 2017-02-01 Full Text Available Does an increase in naval power increase the likelihood of interstate disputes? While volumes have been written on the importance of naval power, we are left with little more than intuition and anecdotal evidence to provide potential answers to this question. Endogeneity issues in particular make it difficult to untangle the links between developing naval power and interstate conflict. Here I present a new instrument for naval power. Utilizing a new dataset of naval power and employing an instrumental variable analysis, I present one of the first large cross-national studies showing a significant link between naval power and a specific type of interstate conflict - non-contiguous disputes. The findings have implications for the future actions of states whose naval strength is growing. 11. An international campaign of the 19th century to determine the solar parallax. The US Naval expedition to the southern hemisphere 1849-1852 Science.gov (United States) Schrimpf, Andreas 2014-04-01 In 1847 Christian Ludwig Gerling, Marburg (Germany), suggested the solar parallax to be determined by measuring the position of Venus close to its inferior conjunction, especially at the stationary points, from observatories on nearly the same meridian but widely differing in latitude. James M. Gilliss, astronomer at the newly founded U.S. Naval Observatory, enthusiastically adopted this idea and procured a grant for the young astronomical community of the United States for an expedition to Chile. There they were to observe several conjunctions of Venus and oppositions of Mars, while the accompanying measurements were to be taken at the US Naval Observatory in Washington D.C. and the Harvard College Observatory at Cambridge, USA. This expedition was supported by A.V. Humboldt, C.F. Gauß, J.F. Encke, S.C. Walker, A.D. Bache, B. Peirce and others. From 1849 to 1852 not only were astronomical, but also meteorological and magnetic observations and measurements recorded, mainly in Santa Lucia close to Santiago, Chile. By comparing these measurements with those taken simultaneously at other observatories around the world the solar parallax could be calculated, although incomplete data from the corresponding northern observatories threatened the project's success. In retrospect this expedition can be recognized as the foundation of the Chilean astronomy. The first director of the new National Astronomical Observatory of Chile was Dr. C.W. Moesta, a Hessian student of Christian Ludwig Gerling's. The exchange of data between German, American and other astronomers during this expedition was well mediated by J.G. Flügel, consul of the United States of America and representative of the Smithsonian Institution in Europe, who altogether played a major role in nurturing the relationship between the growing scientific community in the U.S. and the well established one in Europe at that time. 12. Improvements in geomagnetic observatory data quality DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Reda, Jan; Fouassier, Danielle; Isac, Anca 2011-01-01 between observatories and the establishment of observatory networks has harmonized standards and practices across the world; improving the quality of the data product available to the user. Nonetheless, operating a highquality geomagnetic observatory is non-trivial. This article gives a record...... of the current state of observatory instrumentation and methods, citing some of the general problems in the complex operation of geomagnetic observatories. It further gives an overview of recent improvements of observatory data quality based on presentation during 11th IAGA Assembly at Sopron and INTERMAGNET... 13. Instrument Correction and Dynamic Site Profile Validation at the Central United States Seismic Observatory, New Madrid Seismic Zone Science.gov (United States) Brengman, C.; Woolery, E. W.; Wang, Z.; Carpenter, S. 2016-12-01 The Central United States Seismic Observatory (CUSSO) is a vertical seismic array located in southwestern Kentucky within the New Madrid seismic zone. It is intended to describe the effects of local geology, including thick sediment overburden, on seismic-wave propagation, particularly strong-motion. The three-borehole array at CUSSO is composed of seismic sensors placed on the surface, and in the bedrock at various depths within the 585 m thick sediment overburden. The array's deep borehole provided a unique opportunity in the northern Mississippi embayment for the direct geological description and geophysical measurement of the complete late Cretaceous-Quaternary sediment column. A seven layer, intra-sediment velocity model is interpreted from the complex, inhomogeneous stratigraphy. The S- and P-wave sediment velocities range between 160 and 875 m/s and between 1000 and 2300 m/s, respectively, with bedrock velocities of 1452 and 3775 m/s, respectively. Cross-correlation and direct comparisons were used to filter out the instrument response and determine the instrument orientation, making CUSSO data ready for analysis, and making CUSSO a viable calibration site for other free-field sensors in the area. The corrected bedrock motions were numerically propagated through the CUSSO soil profile (transfer function) and compared, in terms of both peak acceleration and amplitude spectra, to the recorded surface observations. Initial observations reveal a complex spectral mix of amplification and de-amplification across the array, indicating the site effect in this deep sediment setting is not simply generated by the shallowest layers. 14. Using Lean Six Sigma Methodology to Improve a Mass Immunizations Process at the United States Naval Academy. Science.gov (United States) Ha, Chrysanthy; McCoy, Donald A; Taylor, Christopher B; Kirk, Kayla D; Fry, Robert S; Modi, Jitendrakumar R 2016-06-01 Lean Six Sigma (LSS) is a process improvement methodology developed in the manufacturing industry to increase process efficiency while maintaining product quality. The efficacy of LSS application to the health care setting has not been adequately studied. This article presents a quality improvement project at the U.S. Naval Academy that uses LSS to improve the mass immunizations process for Midshipmen during in-processing. The process was standardized to give all vaccinations at one station instead of giving a different vaccination at each station. After project implementation, the average immunizations lead time decreased by 79% and staffing decreased by 10%. The process was shown to be in control with a capability index of 1.18 and performance index of 1.10, resulting in a defect rate of 0.04%. This project demonstrates that the LSS methodology can be applied successfully to the health care setting to make sustainable process improvements if used correctly and completely. Reprint & Copyright © 2016 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. 15. Naval Forward Presence National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Keledei, Raymond F 2006-01-01 .... Forward deployed Naval forces have consistently been stationed in the world s hotspots and are usually the first on the scene for emergent crises giving credence to the oft quoted line Where are the... 16. Naval Preventive Diplomacy National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Cassel, Joseph 2001-01-01 Naval power, as part of a U.S. preventive diplomacy effort, can be flexibly mixed with political, economic, and informational power to intervene early in places of incipient crisis or before mass violence... 17. ESO's Two Observatories Merge Science.gov (United States) 2005-02-01 On February 1, 2005, the European Southern Observatory (ESO) has merged its two observatories, La Silla and Paranal, into one. This move will help Europe's prime organisation for astronomy to better manage its many and diverse projects by deploying available resources more efficiently where and when they are needed. The merged observatory will be known as the La Silla Paranal Observatory. Catherine Cesarsky, ESO's Director General, comments the new development: "The merging, which was planned during the past year with the deep involvement of all the staff, has created unified maintenance and engineering (including software, mechanics, electronics and optics) departments across the two sites, further increasing the already very high efficiency of our telescopes. It is my great pleasure to commend the excellent work of Jorge Melnick, former director of the La Silla Observatory, and of Roberto Gilmozzi, the director of Paranal." ESO's headquarters are located in Garching, in the vicinity of Munich (Bavaria, Germany), and this intergovernmental organisation has established itself as a world-leader in astronomy. Created in 1962, ESO is now supported by eleven member states (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). It operates major telescopes on two remote sites, all located in Chile: La Silla, about 600 km north of Santiago and at an altitude of 2400m; Paranal, a 2600m high mountain in the Atacama Desert 120 km south of the coastal city of Antofagasta. Most recently, ESO has started the construction of an observatory at Chajnantor, a 5000m high site, also in the Atacama Desert. La Silla, north of the town of La Serena, has been the bastion of the organization's facilities since 1964. It is the site of two of the most productive 4-m class telescopes in the world, the New Technology Telescope (NTT) - the first major telescope equipped with active optics - and the 3.6-m, which hosts HARPS 18. How the Success of the CSS Hunley Inspired the Development of the United States Naval Submarine Force Science.gov (United States) 2017-06-09 inventors and engineers the world over were captured spurring and an era of submarine development and innovation. The American Civil War benefitted ...as high as forty-nine.73 The Intelligent Whale became a historical curiosity. Today, despite remaining outdoors for years, the condition of...water.133 Due to poor health , he left the Christian Brothers in 1873 for the United States. Holland’s interest in flying and his knowledge of 19. A Proposal for Geologic Radioactive Waste Disposal Environmental Zero-State and Subsequent Monitoring Definition - First Lessons Learned from the French Environment Observatory - 13188 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Landais, Patrick; Leclerc, Elisabeth; Mariotti, Andre 2013-01-01 Obtaining a reference state of the environment before the beginning of construction work for a geological repository is essential as it will be useful for further monitoring during operations and beyond, thus keeping a memory of the original environmental state. The area and the compartments of the biosphere to be observed and monitored as well as the choice of the markers (e.g. bio-markers, biodiversity, quality of the environment, etc.) to be followed must be carefully selected. In parallel, the choice and selection of the environmental monitoring systems (i.e. scientific and technical criteria, social requirements) will be of paramount importance for the evaluation of the perturbations that could be induced during the operational phase of the repository exploitation. This paper presents learning points of the French environment observatory located in the Meuse/Haute-Marne that has been selected for studying the feasibility of the underground disposal of high level wastes in France. (authors) 20. A Proposal for Geologic Radioactive Waste Disposal Environmental Zero-State and Subsequent Monitoring Definition - First Lessons Learned from the French Environment Observatory - 13188 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Landais, Patrick; Leclerc, Elisabeth; Mariotti, Andre [Andra, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Chatenay Malabry (France) 2013-07-01 Obtaining a reference state of the environment before the beginning of construction work for a geological repository is essential as it will be useful for further monitoring during operations and beyond, thus keeping a memory of the original environmental state. The area and the compartments of the biosphere to be observed and monitored as well as the choice of the markers (e.g. bio-markers, biodiversity, quality of the environment, etc.) to be followed must be carefully selected. In parallel, the choice and selection of the environmental monitoring systems (i.e. scientific and technical criteria, social requirements) will be of paramount importance for the evaluation of the perturbations that could be induced during the operational phase of the repository exploitation. This paper presents learning points of the French environment observatory located in the Meuse/Haute-Marne that has been selected for studying the feasibility of the underground disposal of high level wastes in France. (authors) 1. Einstein Observatory SSS and MPC observations of the complex X-ray spectra of Seyfert galaxies. [Solid State Spectrometer and Monitor Proportional Counter Science.gov (United States) Turner, T. J.; Weaver, K. A.; Mushotzky, R. F.; Holt, S. S.; Madejski, G. M. 1991-01-01 The X-ray spectra of 25 Seyfert galaxies measured with the Solid State Spectrometer on the Einstein Observatory have been investigated. This new investigation utilizes simultaneous data from the Monitor Proportional Counter, and automatic correction for systematic effects in the Solid State Spectrometer which were previously handled subjectively. It is found that the best-fit single-power-law indices generally agree with those previously reported, but that soft excesses of some form are inferred for about 48 percent of the sources. One possible explanation of the soft excess emission is a blend of soft X-ray lines, centered around 0.8 keV. The implications of these results for accretion disk models are discussed. 2. U.S. Naval Observatory Annual Report 2001-2002 Science.gov (United States) 2002-06-01 two prototype arrays and the first science grade attempt have been made. The early de- vices look cosmetically very good, with no evidence of cracking...Klepczynski, W., Fenton , P., and Powers, E. ~2002!. ‘‘Time Distribution Capabilities of the Wide Area Augmentation System ~WAAS!,’’ in Proceedings of the 33rd 3. U.S. Employment of Naval Mines: A Chronology National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Edlow, Sabrina 1997-01-01 .... Naval mines first evolved as a weapon during the Revolutionary War. The United States employed them during both World Wars, most notably the North Sea Barrage in WWI and Operations Starvation in WWII... 4. Private Observatories in South Africa Science.gov (United States) Rijsdijk, C. 2016-12-01 Descriptions of private observatories in South Africa, written by their owners. Positions, equipment descriptions and observing programmes are given. Included are: Klein Karoo Observatory (B. Monard), Cederberg Observatory (various), Centurion Planetary and Lunar Observatory (C. Foster), Le Marischel Observatory (L. Ferreira), Sterkastaaing Observatory (M. Streicher), Henley on Klip (B. Fraser), Archer Observatory (B. Dumas), Overbeek Observatory (A. Overbeek), Overberg Observatory (A. van Staden), St Cyprian's School Observatory, Fisherhaven Small Telescope Observatory (J. Retief), COSPAR 0433 (G. Roberts), COSPAR 0434 (I. Roberts), Weltevreden Karoo Observatory (D. Bullis), Winobs (M. Shafer) 5. European Southern Observatory CERN Multimedia CERN PhotoLab 1970-01-01 Professor A. Blaauw, Director general of the European Southern Observatory, with George Hampton on his right, signs the Agreement covering collaboration with CERN in the construction of the large telescope to be installed at the ESO Observatory in Chile. 6. Naval Waste Package Design Report International Nuclear Information System (INIS) M.M. Lewis 2004-01-01 A design methodology for the waste packages and ancillary components, viz., the emplacement pallets and drip shields, has been developed to provide designs that satisfy the safety and operational requirements of the Yucca Mountain Project. This methodology is described in the ''Waste Package Design Methodology Report'' Mecham 2004 [DIRS 166168]. To demonstrate the practicability of this design methodology, four waste package design configurations have been selected to illustrate the application of the methodology. These four design configurations are the 21-pressurized water reactor (PWR) Absorber Plate waste package, the 44-boiling water reactor (BWR) waste package, the 5-defense high-level waste (DHLW)/United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) spent nuclear fuel (SNF) Co-disposal Short waste package, and the Naval Canistered SNF Long waste package. Also included in this demonstration is the emplacement pallet and continuous drip shield. The purpose of this report is to document how that design methodology has been applied to the waste package design configurations intended to accommodate naval canistered SNF. This demonstrates that the design methodology can be applied successfully to this waste package design configuration and support the License Application for construction of the repository 7. MMS Observatory TV Results Contamination Summary Science.gov (United States) Rosecrans, Glenn; Brieda, Lubos; Errigo, Therese 2014-01-01 The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission is a constellation of 4 observatories designed to investigate the fundamental plasma physics of reconnection in the Earth's magnetosphere. The various instrument suites measure electric and magnetic fields, energetic particles, and plasma composition. Each spacecraft has undergone extensive environmental testing to prepare it for its minimum 2 year mission. In this paper, we report on the extensive thermal vacuum testing campaign. The testing was performed at the Naval Research Laboratory utilizing the "Big Blue" vacuum chamber. A total of ten thermal vacuum tests were performed, including two chamber certifications, three dry runs, and five tests of the individual MMS observatories. During the test, the observatories were enclosed in a thermal enclosure known as the "hamster cage". The enclosure allowed for a detailed thermal control of various observatory zone, but at the same time, imposed additional contamination and system performance requirements. The environment inside the enclosure and the vacuum chamber was actively monitored by several QCMs, RGA, and up to 18 ion gauges. Each spacecraft underwent a bakeout phase, which was followed by 4 thermal cycles. Unique aspects of the TV campaign included slow pump downs with a partial represses, thruster firings, Helium identification, and monitoring pressure spikes with ion gauges. Selected data from these TV tests is presented along with lessons learned. 8. Griffith Observatory: Hollywood's Celestial Theater Science.gov (United States) Margolis, Emily A.; Dr. Stuart W. Leslie 2018-01-01 The Griffith Observatory, perched atop the Hollywood Hills, is perhaps the most recognizable observatory in the world. Since opening in 1935, this Los Angeles icon has brought millions of visitors closer to the heavens. Through an analysis of planning documentation, internal newsletters, media coverage, programming and exhibition design, I demonstrate how the Observatory’s Southern California location shaped its form and function. The astronomical community at nearby Mt. Wilson Observatory and Caltech informed the selection of instrumentation and programming, especially for presentations with the Observatory’s Zeiss Planetarium, the second installed in the United States. Meanwhile the Observatory staff called upon some of Hollywood’s best artists, model makers, and scriptwriters to translate the latest astronomical discoveries into spectacular audiovisual experiences, which were enhanced with Space Age technological displays on loan from Southern California’s aerospace companies. The influences of these three communities- professional astronomy, entertainment, and aerospace- persist today and continue to make Griffith Observatory one of the premiere sites of public astronomy in the country. 9. Investigating Near Space Interaction Regions: Developing a Remote Observatory Science.gov (United States) Gallant, M.; Mierkiewicz, E. J.; Oliversen, R. J.; Jaehnig, K.; Percival, J.; Harlander, J.; Englert, C. R.; Kallio, R.; Roesler, F. L.; Nossal, S. M.; Gardner, D.; Rosborough, S. 2016-12-01 The Investigating Near Space Interaction Regions (INSpIRe) effort will (1) establish an adaptable research station capable of contributing to terrestrial and planetary aeronomy; (2) integrate two state-of-the-art second generation Fabry-Perot (FP) and Spatial Heteorodyne Spectrometers (SHS) into a remotely operable configuration; (3) deploy this instrumentation to a clear-air site, establishing a stable, well-calibrated observatory; (4) embark on a series of observations designed to contribute to three major areas of geocoronal research: geocoronal physics, structure/coupling, and variability. This poster describes the development of the INSpIRe remote observatory. Based at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU), initiative INSpIRe provides a platform to encourage the next generation of researchers to apply knowledge gained in the classroom to real-world science and engineering. Students at ERAU contribute to the INSpIRe effort's hardware and software needs. Mechanical/optical systems are in design to bring light to any of four instruments. Control software is in development to allow remote users to control everything from dome and optical system operations to calibration and data collection. In April 2016, we also installed and tested our first science instrument in the INSpIRe trailer, the Redline DASH Demonstration Instrument (REDDI). REDDI uses Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) spectroscopy, and its deployment as part of INSpIRe is a collaborative research effort between the Naval Research Lab, St Cloud State University, and ERAU. Similar to a stepped Michelson device, REDDI measures oxygen (630.0 nm) winds from the thermosphere. REDDI is currently mounted in a temporary location under INSpIRe's main siderostat until its entrance optical system can be modified. First light tests produced good signal-to-noise fringes in ten minute integrations, indicating that we will soon be able to measure thermospheric winds from our Daytona Beach testing site 10. Naval Waste Package Design Sensitivity International Nuclear Information System (INIS) T. Schmitt 2006-01-01 The purpose of this calculation is to determine the sensitivity of the structural response of the Naval waste packages to varying inner cavity dimensions when subjected to a comer drop and tip-over from elevated surface. This calculation will also determine the sensitivity of the structural response of the Naval waste packages to the upper bound of the naval canister masses. The scope of this document is limited to reporting the calculation results in terms of through-wall stress intensities in the outer corrosion barrier. This calculation is intended for use in support of the preliminary design activities for the license application design of the Naval waste package. It examines the effects of small changes between the naval canister and the inner vessel, and in these dimensions, the Naval Long waste package and Naval Short waste package are similar. Therefore, only the Naval Long waste package is used in this calculation and is based on the proposed potential designs presented by the drawings and sketches in References 2.1.10 to 2.1.17 and 2.1.20. All conclusions are valid for both the Naval Long and Naval Short waste packages 11. The future of naval ocean science research Science.gov (United States) Orcutt, John A.; Brink, Kenneth The Ocean Studies Board (OSB) of the National Research Council reviewed the changing role of basic ocean science research in the Navy at a recent board meeting. The OSB was joined by Gerald Cann, assistant secretary of the Navy for research, development, and acquisition; Geoffrey Chesbrough, oceanographer of the Navy; Arthur Bisson, deputy assistant secretary of the Navy for antisubmarine warfare; Robert Winokur, technical director of the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy; Bruce Robinson, director of the new science directorate at the Office of Naval Research (ONR); and Paul Gaffney, commanding officer of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). The past 2-3 years have brought great changes to the Navy's mission with the dissolution of the former Soviet Union and challenges presented by conflicts in newly independent states and developing nations. The new mission was recently enunciated in a white paper, “From the Sea: A New Direction for the Naval Service,” which is signed by the secretary of the Navy, the chief of naval operations, and the commandant of the Marine Corps. It departs from previous plans by proposing a heavier emphasis on amphibious operations and makes few statements about the traditional Navy mission of sea-lane control. 12. On Major Naval Operations Science.gov (United States) 2007-01-01 operation were to take Turkey out of the war, open a direct link with the Entente’s embattled ally Russia, force the Ger- mans to shift troops from the...heavy losses. By August 1915, the allied forces amounted to twelve divisions. A new landing was conducted in early August at Suvla Bay aimed to link ...lethal weapons, such as antiship missiles and tor- pedoes , and the nature of the physical environment. Here again, combat be- tween modern naval forces 13. Perennial Environment Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Plas, Frederic 2014-07-01 The Perennial Environment Observatory [Observatoire Perenne de l'Environnement - OPE] is a unique approach and infrastructure developed and implemented by ANDRA, the French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency, as part of its overall project of deep geological disposal for radioactive waste. Its current mission is to assess the initial state of the rural (forest, pasture, open-field and aquatic) environment, prior to repository construction. This will be followed in 2017 (pending construction authorizations) and for a period exceeding a century, by monitoring of any impact the repository may have on the environment. In addition to serving its own industrial purpose of environmental monitoring, ANDRA also opens the OPE approach, infrastructure and acquired knowledge (database...) to the scientific community to support further research on long term evolution of the environment subjected to natural and anthropogenic stresses, and to contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between the various compartments of the environment 14. Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI) Data.gov (United States) Federal Laboratory Consortium — FUNCTION: Used for astrometry and astronomical imaging, the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI) is a distributed aperture optical telescope. It is operated... 15. Energy Beverage Consumption Among Naval Aviation Candidates. Science.gov (United States) Sather, Thomas E; Delorey, Donald R 2016-06-01 Since the debut of energy beverages, the consumption of energy beverages has been immensely popular with young adults. Research regarding energy beverage consumption has included college students, European Union residents, and U.S. Army military personnel. However, energy beverage consumption among naval aviation candidates in the United States has yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to assess energy beverage consumption patterns (frequency and volume) among naval aviation candidates, including attitudes and perceptions regarding the benefits and safety of energy beverage consumption. A 44-item survey was used to assess energy beverage consumption patterns of 302 students enrolled in the Aviation Preflight Indoctrination Course at Naval Air Station Pensacola, FL. Results indicated that 79% of participants (N = 239) reported consuming energy beverages within the last year. However, of those who reported consuming energy beverages within the last year, only 36% (N = 85) reported consuming energy beverages within the last 30 d. Additionally, 51% (N = 153) of participants reported no regular energy beverages consumption. The majority of participants consumed energy beverages for mental alertness (67%), mental endurance (37%), and physical endurance (12%). The most reported side effects among participants included increased mental alertness (67%), increased heart rate (53%), and restlessness (41%). Naval aviation candidates appear to use energy drinks as frequently as a college student population, but less frequently than expected for an active duty military population. The findings of this study indicate that naval aviation candidates rarely use energy beverages (less than once per month), but when consumed, they use it for fatigue management. 16. Sudbury Neutrino Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Beier, E.W. 1992-03-01 This document is a technical progress report on work performed at the University of Pennsylvania during the current year on the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory project. The motivation for the experiment is the measurement of neutrinos emitted by the sun. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is a second generation dedicated solar neutrino experiment which will extend the results of our work with the Kamiokande II detector by measuring three reactions of neutrinos rather than the single reaction measured by the Kamiokande experiment. The collaborative project includes physicists from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Full funding for the construction of this facility was obtained in January 1990, and its construction is estimated to take five years. The motivation for the SNO experiment is to study the fundamental properties of neutrinos, in particular the mass and mixing parameters, which remain undetermined after decades of experiments in neutrino physics utilizing accelerators and reactors as sources of neutrinos. To continue the study of neutrino properties it is necessary to use the sun as a neutrino source. The long distance to the sun makes the search for neutrino mass sensitive to much smaller mass than can be studied with terrestrial sources. Furthermore, the matter density in the sun is sufficiently large to enhance the effects of small mixing between electron neutrinos and mu or tau neutrinos. This experiment, when combined with the results of the radiochemical 37 Cl and 71 Ga experiments and the Kamiokande II experiment, should extend our knowledge of these fundamental particles, and as a byproduct, improve our understanding of energy generation in the sun 17. Recent Naval Postgraduate School Publications. Science.gov (United States) 1981-05-01 School,, (IPS-.531071O1)p 1W7. 3* Conhri Aceofthecna taraW 8to ncoen 0 mnkionai goostrophic adibxamat with. f1 itt 1 oh1 maduate School, (BPS-531h77041...Nor h Holand , 1977. 267 p. MorAn techniques of 3.A. - dynamic programming (Ch. 141) IN Naval operations analysis, 2nd ed. Naval lust. Press, 1977, p 18. A database application for the Naval Command Physical Readiness Testing Program OpenAIRE Quinones, Frances M. 1998-01-01 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 1T21 envisions a Navy with tandardized, state-of-art computer systems. Based on this vision, Naval database management systems will also need to become standardized among Naval commands. Today most commercial off the shelf (COTS) database management systems provide a graphical user interface. Among the many Naval database systems currently in use, the Navy's Physical Readiness Program database has continued to exist at the command leve... 19. Russian naval bases due commercial development International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Anon. 1992-01-01 Tecnogrid Group, New York, has signed a joint venture with the Russian Navy for commercial development of a wide range of sea dn land based assets owned by the former Soviet Navy. This paper reports that among other things, the venture aims for projects that will allow greater volumes of oil exports by revamping several naval bases. Tecnogrid's partner in the joint venture is AO Navicon, A Russian stock holding company that is the commercial arm of the Navy. Navicon has the sole right to commercially develop and deploy the Navy's assets. The Navy can no longer depend on the state for support, and Adm. Ig. Malhonin. With that in mind, the Navy is looking to become the leading force in moving toward a free market economy. Mahonin is Russia's second ranking naval official 20. Going Steady: Using multiple isotopes to test the steady-state assumption at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (Invited) Science.gov (United States) West, N.; Kirby, E.; Ma, L.; Bierman, P. R. 2013-12-01 Regolith-mantled hillslopes are ubiquitous features of most temperate landscapes, and their morphology reflects the climatically, biologically, and tectonically mediated interplay between regolith production and downslope transport. Despite intensive research, few studies have quantified both of these mass fluxes in the same field site. Here, we exploit two isotopic systems to quantify regolith production and transport within the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHO), in central Pennsylvania. We present an analysis of 131 meteoric 10Be measurements from regolith and bedrock to quantify rates of regolith transport, and compare these data with previously determined regolith production rates, measured using uranium-series isotopes. Regolith flux inferred from meteoric 10Be varies linearly with topographic gradient (determined from high-resolution LiDAR-based topography) along the upper portions of hillslopes in and adjacent to SSHO. However, regolith flux appears to depend on the product of gradient and regolith depth where regolith is thick, near the base of hillslopes. Meteoric 10Be inventories along 4 ridgetops within and adjacent to the SSHO indicate regolith residence times ranging from ~ 9 - 15 ky, similar to residence times inferred from U-series isotopes (6.7 × 3 ky - 15 × 8 ky). Similarly, the downslope flux of regolith (~ 500 - 1,000 m2/My) nearly balances production (850 × 22 m2/My - 960 × 530 m2/My). The combination of our results with U-series derived regolith production rates implies that regolith production and erosion rates along ridgecrests in the SSHO may be approaching steady state conditions over the Holocene. 1. MMS Observatory Thermal Vacuum Results Contamination Summary Science.gov (United States) Rosecrans, Glenn P.; Errigo, Therese; Brieda, Lubos 2014-01-01 The MMS mission is a constellation of 4 observatories designed to investigate the fundamental plasma physics of reconnection in the Earths magnetosphere. Each spacecraft has undergone extensive environmental testing to prepare it for its minimum 2 year mission. The various instrument suites measure electric and magnetic fields, energetic particles, and plasma composition. Thermal vacuum testing was conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in their Big Blue vacuum chamber. The individual spacecraft were tested and enclosed in a cryopanel enclosure called a Hamster cage. Specific contamination control validations were actively monitored by several QCMs, a facility RGA, and at times, with 16 Ion Gauges. Each spacecraft underwent a bakeout phase, followed by 4 thermal cycles. Unique aspects of the TV environment included slow pump downs with represses, thruster firings, Helium identification, and monitoring pressure spikes with Ion gauges. Various data from these TV tests will be shown along with lessons learned. 2. Naval Postgraduate School Research. Volume 9, Number 1, February 1999 National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Butler, James M; Pace, Phillip E; Powers, John P 1999-01-01 .... Topics include featured project, Menneken Award Winner, naval research, naval research facilities, naval research laboratories, technology transfer, conferences, faculty news, student research... 3. TENCompetence Competence Observatory NARCIS (Netherlands) Vervenne, Luk 2010-01-01 Vervenne, L. (2007) TENCompetence Competence Observatory. Sources available http://tencompetence.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/tencompetence/wp8/org.tencompetence.co/. Available under the three clause BSD license, copyright TENCompetence Foundation. 4. Long Baseline Observatory (LBO) Data.gov (United States) Federal Laboratory Consortium — The Long Baseline Observatory (LBO) comprises ten radio telescopes spanning 5,351 miles. It's the world's largest, sharpest, dedicated telescope array. With an eye... 5. The Pierre Auger Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hojvat, C. 1997-03-01 The Pierre Auger Observatory is an international collaboration for the detailed study of the highest energy cosmic rays. It will operate at two similar sites, one in the northern hemisphere and one in the southern hemisphere. The Observatory is designed to collect a statistically significant data set of events with energies greater than 10 19 eV and with equal exposures for the northern and southern skies 6. Naval Aerodynamics Test Facility (NATF) Data.gov (United States) Federal Laboratory Consortium — The NATF specializes in Aerodynamics testing of scaled and fullsized Naval models, research into flow physics found on US Navy planes and ships, aerosol testing and... 7. The MicroObservatory Net Science.gov (United States) 1994-12-01 A group of scientists, engineers and educators based at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) has developed a prototype of a small, inexpensive and fully integrated automated astronomical telescope and image processing system. The project team is now building five second generation instruments. The MicroObservatory has been designed to be used for classroom instruction by teachers as well as for original scientific research projects by students. Probably in no other area of frontier science is it possible for a broad spectrum of students (not just the gifted) to have access to state-of-the-art technologies that would allow for original research. The MicroObservatory combines the imaging power of a cooled CCD, with a self contained and weatherized reflecting optical telescope and mount. A microcomputer points the telescope and processes the captured images. The MicroObservatory has also been designed to be used as a valuable new capture and display device for real time astronomical imaging in planetariums and science museums. When the new instruments are completed in the next few months, they will be tried with high school students and teachers, as well as with museum groups. We are now planning to make the MicroObservatories available to students, teachers and other individual users over the Internet. We plan to allow the telescope to be controlled in real time or in batch mode, from a Macintosh or PC compatible computer. In the real-time mode, we hope to give individual access to all of the telescope control functions without the need for an "on-site" operator. Users would sign up for a specific period of time. In the batch mode, users would submit jobs for the telescope. After the MicroObservatory completed a specific job, the images would be e-mailed back to the user. At present, we are interested in gaining answers to the following questions: (1) What are the best approaches to scheduling real-time observations? (2) What criteria should be used 8. In Brief: Deep-sea observatory Science.gov (United States) Showstack, Randy 2008-11-01 The first deep-sea ocean observatory offshore of the continental United States has begun operating in the waters off central California. The remotely operated Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS) will allow scientists to monitor the deep sea continuously. Among the first devices to be hooked up to the observatory are instruments to monitor earthquakes, videotape deep-sea animals, and study the effects of acidification on seafloor animals. Some day we may look back at the first packets of data streaming in from the MARS observatory as the equivalent of those first words spoken by Alexander Graham Bell: Watson, come here, I need you!','' commented Marcia McNutt, president and CEO of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, which coordinated construction of the observatory. For more information, see http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2008/mars-live/mars-live.html. 9. Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory Science.gov (United States) 1991-01-01 This photograph shows the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (GRO) being deployed by the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) arm aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis during the STS-37 mission in April 1991. The GRO reentered Earth atmosphere and ended its successful mission in June 2000. For nearly 9 years, the GRO Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), designed and built by the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), kept an unblinking watch on the universe to alert scientists to the invisible, mysterious gamma-ray bursts that had puzzled them for decades. By studying gamma-rays from objects like black holes, pulsars, quasars, neutron stars, and other exotic objects, scientists could discover clues to the birth, evolution, and death of stars, galaxies, and the universe. The gamma-ray instrument was one of four major science instruments aboard the Compton. It consisted of eight detectors, or modules, located at each corner of the rectangular satellite to simultaneously scan the entire universe for bursts of gamma-rays ranging in duration from fractions of a second to minutes. In January 1999, the instrument, via the Internet, cued a computer-controlled telescope at Las Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, within 20 seconds of registering a burst. With this capability, the gamma-ray experiment came to serve as a gamma-ray burst alert for the Hubble Space Telescope, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, and major gound-based observatories around the world. Thirty-seven universities, observatories, and NASA centers in 19 states, and 11 more institutions in Europe and Russia, participated in the BATSE science program. 10. Early German plans for southern observatories Science.gov (United States) Wolfschmidt, G. 2002-07-01 As early as the 18th and 19th centuries, French and English observers were active in South Africa. Around the beginning of the 20th century, Heidelberg and Potsdam astronomers proposed a southern observatory. Then Göttingen astronomers suggested building an observatory in Windhoek for photographing the sky and measuring the solar constant. In 1910 Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916), after a visit to observatories in the United States, pointed out the usefulness of an observatory in South West Africa, in a climate superior to that in Germany, giving German astronomers access to the southern sky. Seeing tests were begun in 1910 by Potsdam astronomers, but WW I stopped the plans. In 1928 Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885-1964), inspired by the Hamburg astronomer Walter Baade (1893-1960), worked out a detailed plan for a southern observatory with a reflecting telescope, spectrographs and an astrograph with an objective prism. Paul Guthnick (1879-1947), director of the Berlin observatory, in cooperation with APO Potsdam and Hamburg, made a site survey to Africa in 1929 and found the conditions in Windhoek to be ideal. Observations were started in the 1930s by Berlin and Breslau astronomers, but were stopped by WW II. In the 1950s, astronomers from Hamburg and The Netherlands renewed the discussion in the framework of European cooperation, and this led to the founding of ESO in 1963. 11. Forward Deployed Naval Forces in the Republic of the Philippines Science.gov (United States) 2016-06-10 French prior to World War II. The United States has also stationed naval forces in areas that were previously colonized such as the Philippines after the...Forward Deployed Naval Forces is not a new concept or strategy. In fact, it was utilized by other nations such as the British and French prior to World...the west, to the Cook Islands in the east, and from Russia in the north, to New Zealand in the south The region covers an area from Mongolia in the 12. Tiger Team Assessment of the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1991-12-01 This report documents the Tiger Team Assessment of the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California (NPRC) which consists of Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 1 (NPR-1), referred to as the Elk Hills oil field and Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 2 (NPR-2), referred to as the Buena Vista oil field, each located near Bakersfield, California. The Tiger Team Assessment was conducted from November 12 to December 13, 1991, under the auspices of DOE's Office of Special Projects (OSP) under the Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health (EH). The assessment was comprehensive, encompassing environmental, safety, and health (ES ampersand H), and quality assurance (OA) disciplines; site remediation; facilities management; and waste management operations. Compliance with applicable Federal, State of California, and local regulations; applicable DOE Orders; best management practices; and internal NPRC requirements was assessed. In addition, an evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of DOE/NPRC, CUSA, and BPOI management of the ES ampersand H/QA programs was conducted 13. Naval War College Review. Volume 62, Number 2, Spring 2009 Science.gov (United States) 2009-01-01 India, Japan, the United States, Indonesia, Malaysia , and Australia would almost certainly bolster their own naval forces and would also likely seek to...formulated by Capt. Sir Basil H. Lid- dell Hart (who corresponded with Eccles from the early 1950s until shortly before Lid- dell Hart’s death in 1970 14. Maritime interception and the law of naval operations: A study of legal bases and legal regimes in maritime interception operations, in particular conducted outside the sovereign waters of a State and in the context of international peace and security OpenAIRE Fink, M.D. 2016-01-01 This thesis is divided into four parts. Part I consists of a general introduction and will start with a brief sketch of the context of naval operations to better understand operational environment in which maritime interception operations are used (Chapter 2), and will also address contemporary maritime interception operations by means of a short history of the evolution of the term MIO in four strands (Chapter 3). This chapter will also introduce significant naval operations and incidents th... 15. Analysis of Naval Ammunition Stock Positioning Science.gov (United States) 2015-12-01 not manipulated to be in favor of any system based on the assumption that stock positioned closer to demand would result in more favorable delivery...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA MBA PROFESSIONAL REPORT ANALYSIS OF NAVAL AMMUNITION STOCK POSITIONING...professional report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE ANALYSIS OF NAVAL AMMUNITION STOCK POSITIONING 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHOR(S) David Sharp and Eric 16. The University of Montana's Blue Mountain Observatory Science.gov (United States) Friend, D. B. 2004-12-01 The University of Montana's Department of Physics and Astronomy runs the state of Montana's only professional astronomical observatory. The Observatory, located on nearby Blue Mountain, houses a 16 inch Boller and Chivens Cassegrain reflector (purchased in 1970), in an Ash dome. The Observatory sits just below the summit ridge, at an elevation of approximately 6300 feet. Our instrumentation includes an Op-Tec SSP-5A photoelectric photometer and an SBIG ST-9E CCD camera. We have the only undergraduate astronomy major in the state (technically a physics major with an astronomy option), so our Observatory is an important component of our students' education. Students have recently carried out observing projects on the photometry of variable stars and color photometry of open clusters and OB associations. In my poster I will show some of the data collected by students in their observing projects. The Observatory is also used for public open houses during the summer months, and these have become very popular: at times we have had 300 visitors in a single night. 17. Fuel cells for naval aviation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Satzberg, S.; Field, S.; Abu-Ali, M. 2003-01-01 Recent advances in fuel cell technology have occurred which make fuel cells increasingly attractive for electric power generation on future naval and commercial aircraft applications. These advances include significant increases in power density, the development of compact fuel reformers, and cost reductions due to commercialization efforts. The Navy's interest in aircraft fuel cells stems from their high energy efficiency (up to 40-60% for simple cycle; 60-70% for combined gas turbine/fuel cell hybrid cycles), and their negligible NOx and hydrocarbon emissions compared to conventional generators. While the U.S. Navy has been involved with fuel cell research and development as early as the 1960s, many of the early programs were for special warfare or undersea applications. In 1997, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) initiated a program to marinize commercial fuel cell technology for future Navy shipboard applications. The power density of fuel cell power systems is approaching the levels necessary for serious consideration for aircraft suitability. ONR and Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) are initiating a program to develop a fuel cell power system suitable for future Navy aircraft applications, utilizing as much commercially-available technology as possible. (author) 18. Public relations for a national observatory Science.gov (United States) Finley, David G. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) is a government-funded organization providing state-of-the art observational facilities to the astronomical community on a peer-reviewed basis. In this role, the NRAO must address three principal constituencies with its public-relations efforts. These are: the astronomical community; the funding and legislative bodies of the Federal Government; and the general public. To serve each of these constituencies, the Observatory has developed a set of public-relations initiatives supported by public-relations and outreach professionals as well as by management and scientific staff members. The techniques applied and the results achieved in each of these areas are described. 19. Expanding the HAWC Observatory Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mori, Johanna [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) 2016-08-17 The High Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma-Ray Observatory is expanding its current array of 300 water tanks to include 350 outrigger tanks to increase sensitivity to gamma rays above 10 TeV. This involves creating and testing hardware with which to build the new tanks, including photomultiplier tubes, high voltage supply units, and flash analog to digital converters. My responsibilities this summer included preparing, testing and calibrating that equipment. 20. South African Astronomical Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1987-01-01 Work at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in recent years, by both staff and visitors, has made major contributions to the fields of astrophysics and astronomy. During 1986 the SAAO has been involved in studies of the following: galaxies; celestial x-ray sources; magellanic clouds; pulsating variables; galactic structure; binary star phenomena; nebulae and interstellar matter; stellar astrophysics; open clusters; globular clusters, and solar systems 1. EMSO: European multidisciplinary seafloor observatory Science.gov (United States) Favali, Paolo; Beranzoli, Laura 2009-04-01 EMSO has been identified by the ESFRI Report 2006 as one of the Research Infrastructures that European members and associated states are asked to develop in the next decades. It will be based on a European-scale network of multidisciplinary seafloor observatories from the Arctic to the Black Sea with the aim of long-term real-time monitoring of processes related to geosphere/biosphere/hydrosphere interactions. EMSO will enhance our understanding of processes, providing long time series data for the different phenomenon scales which constitute the new frontier for study of Earth interior, deep-sea biology and chemistry, and ocean processes. The development of an underwater network is based on past EU projects and is supported by several EU initiatives, such as the on-going ESONET-NoE, aimed at strengthening the ocean observatories' scientific and technological community. The EMSO development relies on the synergy between the scientific community and industry to improve European competitiveness with respect to countries such as USA, Canada and Japan. Within the FP7 Programme launched in 2006, a call for Preparatory Phase (PP) was issued in order to support the foundation of the legal and organisational entity in charge of building up and managing the infrastructure, and coordinating the financial effort among the countries. The EMSO-PP project, coordinated by the Italian INGV with participation by 11 institutions from as many European countries, started in April 2008 and will last four years. 2. Astronomical publications of Melbourne Observatory Science.gov (United States) Andropoulos, Jenny Ioanna 2014-05-01 During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, four well-equipped government observatories were maintained in Australia - in Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide and Perth. These institutions conducted astronomical observations, often in the course of providing a local time service, and they also collected and collated meteorological data. As well, some of these observatories were involved at times in geodetic surveying, geomagnetic recording, gravity measurements, seismology, tide recording and physical standards, so the term "observatory" was being used in a rather broad sense! Despite the international renown that once applied to Williamstown and Melbourne Observatories, relatively little has been written by modern-day scholars about astronomical activities at these observatories. This research is intended to rectify this situation to some extent by gathering, cataloguing and analysing the published astronomical output of the two Observatories to see what contributions they made to science and society. It also compares their contributions with those of Sydney, Adelaide and Perth Observatories. Overall, Williamstown and Melbourne Observatories produced a prodigious amount of material on astronomy in scientific and technical journals, in reports and in newspapers. The other observatories more or less did likewise, so no observatory of those studied markedly outperformed the others in the long term, especially when account is taken of their relative resourcing in staff and equipment. 3. Sudbury neutrino observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ewan, G.T.; Mak, H.B.; Robertson, B.C. 1985-07-01 This report discusses the proposal to construct a unique neutrino observatory. The observatory would contain a Cerenkov detector which would be located 2070 m below the earth's surface in an INCO mine at Creighton near Sudbury and would contain 1000 tons of D20 which is an excellent target material. Neutrinos carry detailed information in their spectra on the reactions taking place deep in the interstellar interior and also provide information on supernova explosions. In addition to their role as astrophysical probes a knowledge of the properties of neutrinos is crucial to theories of grand unification. There are three main objectives of the laboratory. The prime objective will be to study B electron neutrinos from the sun by a direct counting method that will measure their energy and direction. The second major objective will be to establish if electron neutrinos change into other neutrino species in transit from the sun to the earth. Finally it is hoped to be able to observe a supernova with the proposed detector. The features of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory which make it unique are its high sensitivity to electron neutrinos and its ability to detect all other types of neutrinos of energy greater than 2.2 MeV. In section II of this proposal the major physics objectives are discussed in greater detail. A conceptual design for the detector, and measurements and calculations which establish the feasibility of the neutrino experiments are presented in section III. Section IV is comprised of a discussion on the possible location of the laboratory and Section V contains a brief indication of the main areas to be studied in Phase II of the design study 4. Sudbury neutrino observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ewan, G.T.; Evans, H.C.; Lee, H.W. 1986-10-01 This report is a supplement to a report (SNO-85-3 (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory)) which contained the results of a feasibility study on the construction of a deep underground neutrino observatory based on a 1000 ton heavy water Cerenkov detector. Neutrinos carry detailed information in their spectra on the reactions taking place deep in the interstellar interior and also provide information on supernova explosions. In addition to their role as astrophysical probes, a knowledge of the properties of neutrinos is crucial to theories of grand unification. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is unique in its high sensitivity to electron neutrinos and its ability to detect all other types of neutrinos of energy greater than 2.2 MeV. The results of the July 1985 study indicated that the project is technically feasible in that the proposed detector can measure the direction and energy of electron neutrinos above 7 MeV and the scientific programs will make significant contributions to physics and astrophysics. This present report contains new information obtained since the 1985 feasibility study. The enhanced conversion of neutrinos in the sun and the new physics that could be learned using the heavy water detector are discussed in the physics section. The other sections will discuss progress in the areas of practical importance in achieving the physics objectives such as new techniques to measure, monitor and remove low levels of radioactivity in detector components, ideas on calibration of the detector and so forth. The section entitled Administration contains a membership list of the working groups within the SNO collaboration 5. The Observatory Health Report Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Laura Murianni 2008-06-01 Full Text Available Background: The number of indicators aiming to provide a clear picture of healthcare needs and the quality and efficiency of healthcare systems and services has proliferated in recent years. The activity of the National Observatory on Health Status in the Italian Regions is multidisciplinary, involving around 280 public health care experts, clinicians, demographers, epidemiologists, mathematicians, statisticians and economists who with their different competencies, and scientific interests aim to improve the collective health of individuals and their conditions through the use of “core indicators”. The main outcome of the National Observatory on Health Status in the Italian Regions is the “Osservasalute Report – a report on health status and the quality of healthcare assistance in the Italian Regions”. Results: The results of Observatory Report show it is necessary: • to improve the monitoring of primary health care services (where the chronic disease could be cared through implementation of clinical path; • to improve in certain areas of hospital care such as caesarean deliveries, as well as the average length of stay in the pre-intervention phase, etc.; • to try to be more focused on the patients/citizens in our health care services; • to practice more geographical interventions to reduce the North-South divide as well as reduce gender inequity. Conclusions: The health status of Italian people is good with positive results and outcomes, but in the meantime some further efforts should be done especially in the South that still has to improve the quality and the organization of health care services. There are huge differences in accuracy and therefore usefulness of the reported data, both between diseases and between 6. The National Interests of the United States in Southeast Asia: Policy Changes For Their Protection and Promotion Since the Withdrawal From the Naval Base at Subic Bay Science.gov (United States) 1993-12-01 1991, Malaysian Premier Mahatir publicly supported the integration of all Indochina countries as well as Myanmar into ASEAN and has called for ASEAN...Minister Mahatir .5 ’ Nevertheless, the meeting was successful in that it was the first time all these heads of state had sat down together in an informal... Mahatir fears that an informal summit meeting would subsequently institutionalize APEC, causing ASEAN members to lose their voice in economic and 7. 76 FR 45235 - Meeting of the Board of Advisors to the Presidents of the Naval Postgraduate School and the Naval... Science.gov (United States) 2011-07-28 ... the Naval Postgraduate School and the Naval War College AGENCY: Department of the Navy, DoD. ACTION...) to the Presidents of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) and the Naval War College (NWC) and its... elicit the advice of the Board on the Naval Service's Postgraduate Education Program and the... 8. 75 FR 53958 - Meeting of the Board of Advisors to the Presidents of the Naval Postgraduate School and the Naval... Science.gov (United States) 2010-09-02 ... the Naval Postgraduate School and the Naval War College AGENCY: Department of the Navy, DoD. ACTION... of Advisors (BOA) to the Presidents of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) and the Naval War College... elicit the advice of the Board on the Naval Service's Postgraduate Education Program and the... 9. Sudbury neutrino observatory proposal International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ewan, G.T.; Evans, H.C.; Lee, H.W. 1987-10-01 This report is a proposal by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) collaboration to develop a world class laboratory for neutrino astrophysics. This observatory would contain a large volume heavy water detector which would have the potential to measure both the electron-neutrino flux from the sun and the total solar neutrino flux independent of neutrino type. It will therefore be possible to test models of solar energy generation and, independently, to search for neutrino oscillations with a sensitivity many orders of magnitude greater than that of terrestrial experiments. It will also be possible to search for spectral distortion produced by neutrino oscillations in the dense matter of the sun. Finally the proposed detector would be sensitive to neutrinos from a stellar collapse and would detect neutrinos of all types thus providing detailed information on the masses of muon- and tau-neutrinos. The neutrino detector would contain 1000 tons of D20 and would be located more than 2000 m below ground in the Creighton mine near Sudbury. The operation and performance of the proposed detector are described and the laboratory design is presented. Construction schedules and responsibilities and the planned program of technical studies by the SNO collaboration are outlined. Finally, the total capital cost is estimated to be $35M Canadian and the annual operating cost, after construction, would be$1.8 M Canadian, including the insurance costs of the heavy water 10. A comparative analysis of strategic approaches for Information Technology (IT) for Commander Naval Surface Forces OpenAIRE Johnson, Devine R. 2010-01-01 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited As the lead organization for all United States Naval Surface Forces, Commander Naval Surface Forces (CNSF) is committed to providing operational commanders with well-trained, highly effective, and technologically relevant surface forces. Aligning itself with the Department of the Navy's Information Management (IM) and Information Technology (IT) strategic mission objectives, CNSF is dedicated to delivering secure, interoperable, and in... 11. Maritime interception and the law of naval operations : A study of legal bases and legal regimes in maritime interception operations, in particular conducted outside the sovereign waters of a State and in the context of international peace and security NARCIS (Netherlands) Fink, M.D. 2016-01-01 This thesis is divided into four parts. Part I consists of a general introduction and will start with a brief sketch of the context of naval operations to better understand operational environment in which maritime interception operations are used (Chapter 2), and will also address contemporary 12. Physics Research at the Naval Research Laboratory Science.gov (United States) Coffey, Timothy 2001-03-01 The United States Naval Research Laboratory conducts a broad program of research into the physical properties of matter. Studies range from low temperature physics, such as that associated with superconducting systems to high temperature systems such as laser produced or astrophysical plasmas. Substantial studies are underway on surface science and nanoscience. Studies are underway on the electronic and optical properties of materials. Studies of the physical properties of the ocean and the earth’s atmosphere are of considerable importance. Studies of the earth’s sun particularly as it effects the earth’s ionosphere and magnetosphere are underway. The entire program involves a balance of laboratory experiments, field experiments and supporting theoretical and computational studies. This talk will address NRL’s funding of physics, its employment of physicists and will illustrate the nature of NRL’s physics program with several examples of recent accomplishments. 13. Defense Base Realignment and Closure Budget Data for Naval Air Technical Training Center, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Granetto, Paul 1994-01-01 .... This report provides the results of the audit of 19 projects, valued at 288.9 million, for the realignment of the Naval Air Technical Training Center from Naval Air Station Memphis, Tennessee, to Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida... 14. Brazil to Join the European Southern Observatory Science.gov (United States) 2010-12-01 The Federative Republic of Brazil has yesterday signed the formal accession agreement paving the way for it to become a Member State of the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Following government ratification Brazil will become the fifteenth Member State and the first from outside Europe. On 29 December 2010, at a ceremony in Brasilia, the Brazilian Minister of Science and Technology, Sergio Machado Rezende and the ESO Director General, Tim de Zeeuw signed the formal accession agreement aiming to make Brazil a Member State of the European Southern Observatory. Brazil will become the fifteen Member State and the first from outside Europe. Since the agreement means accession to an international convention, the agreement must now be submitted to the Brazilian Parliament for ratification [1]. The signing of the agreement followed the unanimous approval by the ESO Council during an extraordinary meeting on 21 December 2010. "Joining ESO will give new impetus to the development of science, technology and innovation in Brazil as part of the considerable efforts our government is making to keep the country advancing in these strategic areas," says Rezende. The European Southern Observatory has a long history of successful involvement with South America, ever since Chile was selected as the best site for its observatories in 1963. Until now, however, no non-European country has joined ESO as a Member State. "The membership of Brazil will give the vibrant Brazilian astronomical community full access to the most productive observatory in the world and open up opportunities for Brazilian high-tech industry to contribute to the European Extremely Large Telescope project. It will also bring new resources and skills to the organisation at the right time for them to make a major contribution to this exciting project," adds ESO Director General, Tim de Zeeuw. The European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) telescope design phase was recently completed and a major review was 15. Naval Postgraduate School Research. Volume 13, Number 3, October 2003 National Research Council Canada - National Science Library 2003-01-01 NPS Research contains articles on the Naval Postgraduate School, naval research, academic source network, information operations planning, joint task forces, planning and analysis laboratory at NPS... 16. US Department of Energy Naval petroleum reserve number 1. Financial statement audit Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 1997-03-01 The Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves (NPOSR) produces crude oil and associated hydrocarbons from the Naval Petroleum Reserves (NPR) numbered 1, 2, and 3, and the Naval Oil Shale Reserves numbered 1, 2, and 3 in a manner to achieve the greatest value and benefits to the United States taxpayer. NPOSR was established by a series of Executive Orders in the early 1900s as a future source of liquid fuels for the military. NPOSR remained largely inactive until Congress, responding to the Arab oil embargo of 1973-74, passed the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976. The law authorized production for six years. Thereafter, NPOSR production could be reauthorized by the President in three-year increments. Since enactment of the law, every President has determined that continuing NPOSR production is in the nations best interest. NPOSR currently is authorized to continue production through April 5, 2000. 17. Naval Medical Research and Development Strategic Plan Science.gov (United States) 2008-03-01 the strategic planning program for action. The pros and cons of the current NMR&D organization structure, management support funding, and officer...Distribution List D-4 Naval Medical Research and Development Strategic Plan March 2008 SWE Naval Surface Warfare Enterprise SWOT Strengths 18. 38 CFR 3.803 - Naval pension. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 38 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Naval pension. 3.803 Section 3.803 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS ADJUDICATION Pension, Compensation, and Dependency and Indemnity Compensation Special Benefits § 3.803 Naval pension. (a) Payment of... 19. Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1992-01-01 During fiscal year 1992, the reserves generated473 million in revenues, a $181 million decrease from the fiscal year 1991 revenues, primarily due to significant decreases in oil and natural gas prices. Total costs were$200 million, resulting in net cash flow of $273 million, compared with$454 million in fiscal year 1991. From 1976 through fiscal year 1992, the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves generated more than $15 billion in revenues and a net operating income after costs of$12.5 billion. In fiscal year 1992, production at the Naval Petroleum Reserves at maximum efficient rates yielded 26 million barrels of crude oil, 119 billion cubic feet of natural gas, and 164 million gallons of natural gas liquids. From April to November 1992, senior managers from the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves held a series of three workshops in Boulder, Colorado, in order to build a comprehensive Strategic Plan as required by Secretary of Energy Notice 25A-91. Other highlights are presented for the following: Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1--production achievements, crude oil shipments to the strategic petroleum reserve, horizontal drilling, shallow oil zone gas injection project, environment and safety, and vanpool program; Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 2--new management and operating contractor and exploration drilling; Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3--steamflood; Naval Oil Shale Reserves--protection program; and Tiger Team environmental assessment of the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming 20. Naval EarthMap Observer (NEMO) science and naval products Science.gov (United States) Davis, Curtiss O.; Kappus, Mary E.; Gao, Bo-Cai; Bissett, W. Paul; Snyder, William A. 1998-11-01 A wide variety of applications of imaging spectrometry have been demonstrated using data from aircraft systems. Based on this experience the Navy is pursuing the Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Technology (HRST) Program to use hyperspectral imagery to characterize the littoral environment, for scientific and environmental studies and to meet Naval needs. To obtain the required space based hyperspectral imagery the Navy has joined in a partnership with industry to build and fly the Naval EarthMap Observer (NEMO). The NEMO spacecraft has the Coastal Ocean Imaging Spectrometer (COIS) a hyperspectral imager with adequate spectral and spatial resolution and a high signal-to- noise ratio to provide long term monitoring and real-time characterization of the coastal environment. It includes on- board processing for rapid data analysis and data compression, a large volume recorder, and high speed downlink to handle the required large volumes of data. This paper describes the algorithms for processing the COIS data to provide at-launch ocean data products and the research and modeling that are planned to use COIS data to advance our understanding of the dynamics of the coastal ocean. 1. Recent Naval Postgraduate School Publications. Science.gov (United States) 1982-04-01 SCIENCE TECHNICAL REPORTS AND NOTES (cont’d) McCoy, E E, Carey, B J Desirable properties of a network taxonomy Naval Postgraduate School, (NPS-52-80-007...Postgraduate School, (NPS-53-81-002), Mar., 1981. Franker R H; ]ay achandran, T A slu-y o’fth properties of a new goodness-of-fit test Sponsored by Foundation...of the Psycometric Soc. Mcftaster Univ., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Aug., i§76. Weitzman 111 A Test bias: one of those partial correlations is the 2. Recent Naval Postgraduate School Publications. Science.gov (United States) 1984-06-01 U.S. Army Training & Doctrine Ccmmand, Fort Monroe, Va. Naval Postgraduate School, (NPS-55-80-023), June, 1980. 42 p. Hartman, J K Grcund movement ... movement Elmsford, N.Y., Pergamon, 1980. 300 p. Amos, J W Deception and the Middle East war IN D. C. Daniel and K. L. Herbig, eds.: Strategic military...Service, (NOAA), i6 p., (1980). * Moose, P B The qradient maqnetC- telluric method at the sea floor IEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 19, no. 1 3. Health observatories in iran. Science.gov (United States) Rashidian, A; Damari, B; Larijani, B; Vosoogh Moghadda, A; Alikhani, S; Shadpour, K; Khosravi, A 2013-01-01 The Islamic Republic of Iran, in her 20 year vision by the year 2025, is a developed country with the first economic, scientific and technological status in the region, with revolutionary and Islamic identity, inspiring Islamic world, as well as effective and constructive interaction in international relations. Enjoying health, welfare, food security, social security, equal opportunities, fair income distribution, strong family structure; to be away from poverty, corruption, and discrimination; and benefiting desirable living environment are also considered out of characteristics of Iranian society in that year. Strategic leadership towards perceived vision in each setting requires restrictive, complete and timely information. According to constitution of National Institute for Health Researches, law of the Fifth Development Plan of the country and characteristics of health policy making, necessity of designing a Health Observatory System (HOS) was felt. Some Principles for designing such system were formulated by taking following steps: reviewing experience in other countries, having local history of the HOS in mind, superior documents, analysis of current production and management of health information, taking the possibilities to run a HOS into account. Based on these principles, the protocol of HOS was outlined in 3 different stages of opinion poll of informed experts responsible for production on management of information, by using questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions. The protocol includes executive regulations, the list of health indicators, vocabulary and a calendar for periodic studies of the community health situation. 4. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Norman, E.B.; Chan, Y.D.; Garcia, A.; Lesko, K.T.; Smith, A.R.; Stokstad, R.G.; Zlimen, I.; Evans, H.C.; Ewan, G.T.; Hallin, A.; Lee, H.W.; Leslie, J.R.; MacArthur, J.D.; Mak, H.B.; McDonald, A.B.; McLatchie, W.; Robertson, B.C.; Skensved, P.; Sur, B.; Jagam, P.; Law, J.; Ollerhead, R.W.; Simpson, J.J.; Wang, J.X.; Tanner, N.W.; Jelley, N.A.; Barton, J.C.; Doucas, G.; Hooper, E.W.; Knox, A.B.; Moorhead, M.E.; Omori, M.; Trent, P.T.; Wark, D.L. 1992-11-01 Two experiments now in progress have reported measurements of the flux of high energy neutrinos from the Sun. Since about 1970, Davis and his co-workers have been using a 37 Cl-based detector to measure the 7 Be and 8 B solar neutrino flux and have found it to be at least a factor of three lower than that predicted by the Standard Solar Model (SSM). The Kamiokande collaborations has been taking data since 1986 using a large light-water Cerenkov detector and have confirmed that the flux is about two times lower than predicted. Recent results from the SAGE and GALLEX gallium-based detectors show that there is also a deficit of the low energy pp solar neutrinos. These discrepancies between experiment and theory could arise because of inadequacies in the theoretical models of solar energy generation or because of previously unobserved properties of neutrinos. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) will provide the information necessary to decide which of these solutions to the ''solar neutrino problem'' is correct 5. Saint Petersburg magnetic observatory: from Voeikovo subdivision to INTERMAGNET certification Science.gov (United States) Sidorov, Roman; Soloviev, Anatoly; Krasnoperov, Roman; Kudin, Dmitry; Grudnev, Andrei; Kopytenko, Yury; Kotikov, Andrei; Sergushin, Pavel 2017-11-01 Since June 2012 the Saint Petersburg magnetic observatory is being developed and maintained by two institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) - the Geophysical Center of RAS (GC RAS) and the Saint Petersburg branch of the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of RAS (IZMIRAN SPb). On 29 April 2016 the application of the Saint Petersburg observatory (IAGA code SPG) for introduction into the INTERMAGNET network was accepted after approval by the experts of the first definitive dataset over 2015, produced by the GC RAS, and on 9 June 2016 the SPG observatory was officially certified. One of the oldest series of magnetic observations, originating in 1834, was resumed in the 21st century, meeting the highest quality standards and all modern technical requirements. In this paper a brief historical and scientific background of the SPG observatory foundation and development is given, the stages of its renovation and upgrade in the 21st century are described, and information on its current state is provided. The first results of the observatory functioning are discussed and geomagnetic variations registered at the SPG observatory are assessed and compared with geomagnetic data from the INTERMAGNET observatories located in the same region. 6. Saint Petersburg magnetic observatory: from Voeikovo subdivision to INTERMAGNET certification Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R. Sidorov 2017-11-01 Full Text Available Since June 2012 the Saint Petersburg magnetic observatory is being developed and maintained by two institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS – the Geophysical Center of RAS (GC RAS and the Saint Petersburg branch of the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of RAS (IZMIRAN SPb. On 29 April 2016 the application of the Saint Petersburg observatory (IAGA code SPG for introduction into the INTERMAGNET network was accepted after approval by the experts of the first definitive dataset over 2015, produced by the GC RAS, and on 9 June 2016 the SPG observatory was officially certified. One of the oldest series of magnetic observations, originating in 1834, was resumed in the 21st century, meeting the highest quality standards and all modern technical requirements. In this paper a brief historical and scientific background of the SPG observatory foundation and development is given, the stages of its renovation and upgrade in the 21st century are described, and information on its current state is provided. The first results of the observatory functioning are discussed and geomagnetic variations registered at the SPG observatory are assessed and compared with geomagnetic data from the INTERMAGNET observatories located in the same region. 7. The Sudbury neutrino observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) McLatchie, W.; Earle, E.D. 1987-08-01 This report initially discusses the Homestake Mine Experiment, South Dakota, U.S.A. which has been detecting neutrinos in 38 x 10 litre vats of cleaning fluid containing chlorine since the 1960's. The interation between neutrinos and chlorine produces argon so the number of neutrinos over time can be calculated. However, the number of neutrinos which have been detected represent only one third to one quarter of the expected number i.e. 11 per month rather than 48. It is postulated that the electron-neutrinos originating in the solar core could change into muon- or tau-neutrinos during passage through the high electron densities of the sun. The 'low' results at Homestake could thus be explained by the fact that the experiment is only sensitive to electron-neutrinos. The construction of a heavy water detector is therefore proposed as it would be able to determine the energy of the neutrinos, their time of arrival at the detector and their direction. It is proposed to build the detector at Creighton mine near Sudbury at a depth of 6800 feet below ground level thus shielding the detector from cosmic rays which would completely obscure the neutrino signals from the detector. The report then discusses the facility itself, the budget estimate and the social and economic impact on the surrounding area. At the time of publication the proposal for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory was due to be submitted for peer review by Oct. 1, 1987 and then to various granting bodies charged with the funding of scientific research in Canada, the U.S.A. and Britain 8. 33 CFR 334.155 - Severn River, Naval Station Annapolis, Small Boat Basin, Annapolis, MD; naval restricted area. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... Annapolis, Small Boat Basin, Annapolis, MD; naval restricted area. 334.155 Section 334.155 Navigation and... RESTRICTED AREA REGULATIONS § 334.155 Severn River, Naval Station Annapolis, Small Boat Basin, Annapolis, MD; naval restricted area. (a) The area. The waters within the Naval Station Annapolis small boat basin and... 9. 33 CFR 334.300 - Hampton Roads and Willoughby Bay, Norfolk Naval Base, naval restricted area, Norfolk, Virginia. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Hampton Roads and Willoughby Bay, Norfolk Naval Base, naval restricted area, Norfolk, Virginia. 334.300 Section 334.300 Navigation and... RESTRICTED AREA REGULATIONS § 334.300 Hampton Roads and Willoughby Bay, Norfolk Naval Base, naval restricted... 10. An astronomical observatory for Peru Science.gov (United States) del Mar, Juan Quintanilla; Sicardy, Bruno; Giraldo, Víctor Ayma; Callo, Víctor Raúl Aguilar 2011-06-01 Peru and France are to conclude an agreement to provide Peru with an astronomical observatory equipped with a 60-cm diameter telescope. The principal aims of this project are to establish and develop research and teaching in astronomy. Since 2004, a team of researchers from Paris Observatory has been working with the University of Cusco (UNSAAC) on the educational, technical and financial aspects of implementing this venture. During an international astronomy conference in Cusco in July 2009, the foundation stone of the future Peruvian Observatory was laid at the top of Pachatusan Mountain. UNSAAC, represented by its Rector, together with the town of Oropesa and the Cusco regional authority, undertook to make the sum of 300,000€ available to the project. An agreement between Paris Observatory and UNSAAC now enables Peruvian students to study astronomy through online teaching. 11. Astronomical databases of Nikolaev Observatory Science.gov (United States) Protsyuk, Y.; Mazhaev, A. 2008-07-01 Several astronomical databases were created at Nikolaev Observatory during the last years. The databases are built by using MySQL search engine and PHP scripts. They are available on NAO web-site http://www.mao.nikolaev.ua. 12. Geomagnetic Observatory Database February 2004 Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly National Geophysical Data Center) maintains an active database of worldwide geomagnetic observatory... 13. The South African astronomical observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Feast, M. 1985-01-01 A few examples of the activities of the South African Astronomical Observatory are discussed. This includes the studying of stellar evolution, dust around stars, the determination of distances to galaxies and collaboration with space experiments 14. The South African Astronomical Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1988-01-01 The geographical position, climate and equipment at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), together with the enthusiasm and efforts of SAAO scientific and technical staff and of visiting scientists, have enabled the Observatory to make a major contribution to the fields of astrophysics and cosmology. During 1987 the SAAO has been involved in studies of the following: supernovae; galaxies, including Seyfert galaxies; celestial x-ray sources; magellanic clouds; pulsating variables; galatic structure; binary star phenomena; nebulae; interstellar matter and stellar astrophysics 15. The Importance of Marine Observatories and of RAIA in Particular Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Luísa Bastos 2016-08-01 Full Text Available Coastal and Oceanic Observatories are important tools to provide information on ocean state, phenomena and processes. They meet the need for a better understanding of coastal and ocean dynamics, revealing regional characteristics and vulnerabilities. These observatories are extremely useful to guide human actions in response to natural events and potential climate change impacts, anticipating the occurrence of extreme weather and oceanic events and helping to minimize consequent personal and material damages and costs.International organizations and local governments have shown an increasing interest in operational oceanography and coastal, marine and oceanic observations, which resulted in substantial investments in these areas. A variety of physical, chemical and biological data have been collected to better understand the specific characteristics of each ocean area and its importance in the global context. Also the general public’s interest in marine issues and observatories has been raised, mainly in relation to vulnerability, sustainability and climate change issues. Data and products obtained by an observatory are hence useful to a broad range of stakeholders, from national and local authorities to the population in general.An introduction to Ocean Observatories, including their national and regional importance, and a brief analysis of the societal interest in these observatories and related issues are presented. The potential of a Coastal and Ocean Observatory is then demonstrated using the RAIA observatory as example. This modern and comprehensive observatory is dedicated to improve operational oceanography, technology and marine science for the North Western Iberian coast, and to provide services to a large range of stakeholders. 16. Numerical simulation of groundwater flow at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Naval Base Kitsap, Bremerton, Washington Science.gov (United States) Jones, Joseph L.; Johnson, Kenneth H.; Frans, Lonna M. 2016-08-18 Information about groundwater-flow paths and locations where groundwater discharges at and near Puget Sound Naval Shipyard is necessary for understanding the potential migration of subsurface contaminants by groundwater at the shipyard. The design of some remediation alternatives would be aided by knowledge of whether groundwater flowing at specific locations beneath the shipyard will eventually discharge directly to Sinclair Inlet of Puget Sound, or if it will discharge to the drainage system of one of the six dry docks located in the shipyard. A 1997 numerical (finite difference) groundwater-flow model of the shipyard and surrounding area was constructed to help evaluate the potential for groundwater discharge to Puget Sound. That steady-state, multilayer numerical model with homogeneous hydraulic characteristics indicated that groundwater flowing beneath nearly all of the shipyard discharges to the dry-dock drainage systems, and only shallow groundwater flowing beneath the western end of the shipyard discharges directly to Sinclair Inlet.Updated information from a 2016 regional groundwater-flow model constructed for the greater Kitsap Peninsula was used to update the 1997 groundwater model of the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. That information included a new interpretation of the hydrogeologic units underlying the area, as well as improved recharge estimates. Other updates to the 1997 model included finer discretization of the finite-difference model grid into more layers, rows, and columns, all with reduced dimensions. This updated Puget Sound Naval Shipyard model was calibrated to 2001–2005 measured water levels, and hydraulic characteristics of the model layers representing different hydrogeologic units were estimated with the aid of state-of-the-art parameter optimization techniques.The flow directions and discharge locations predicted by this updated model generally match the 1997 model despite refinements and other changes. In the updated model, most 17. 1996 environmental monitoring report for the Naval Reactors Facility International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1996-01-01 The results of the radiological and nonradiological environmental monitoring programs for 1996 at the Naval Reactors Facility (NRF) are presented in this report. The NRF is located on the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and contains three naval reactor prototypes and the Expended Core Facility, which examines developmental nuclear fuel material samples, spent naval fuel, and irradiated reactor plant components/materials. The results obtained from the environmental monitoring programs verify that releases to the environment from operations at NRF were in accordance with state and federal regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data confirms that the operation of NRF continues to have no adverse effect on the quality of the environment or the health and safety of the general public. Furthermore, a conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of NRF operations demonstrated that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits prescribed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) 18. The brazilian indigenous planetary-observatory Science.gov (United States) Afonso, G. B. 2003-08-01 We have performed observations of the sky alongside with the Indians of all Brazilian regions that made it possible localize many indigenous constellations. Some of these constellations are the same as the other South American Indians and Australian aborigines constellations. The scientific community does not have much of this information, which may be lost in one or two generations. In this work, we present a planetary-observatory that we have made in the Park of Science Newton Freire-Maia of Paraná State, in order to popularize the astronomical knowledge of the Brazilian Indians. The planetary consists, essentially, of a sphere of six meters in diameter and a projection cylinder of indigenous constellations. In this planetary we can identify a lot of constellations that we have gotten from the Brazilian Indians; for instance, the four seasonal constellations: the Tapir (spring), the Old Man (summer), the Deer (autumn) and the Rhea (winter). A two-meter height wooden staff that is posted vertically on the horizontal ground similar to a Gnomon and stones aligned with the cardinal points and the soltices directions constitutes the observatory. A stone circle of ten meters in diameter surrounds the staff and the aligned stones. During the day we observe the Sun apparent motions and at night the indigenous constellations. Due to the great community interest in our work, we are designing an itinerant indigenous planetary-observatory to be used in other cities mainly by indigenous and primary schools teachers. 19. The Carl Sagan solar and stellar observatories as remote observatories Science.gov (United States) Saucedo-Morales, J.; Loera-Gonzalez, P. In this work we summarize recent efforts made by the University of Sonora, with the goal of expanding the capability for remote operation of the Carl Sagan Solar and Stellar Observatories, as well as the first steps that have been taken in order to achieve autonomous robotic operation in the near future. The solar observatory was established in 2007 on the university campus by our late colleague A. Sánchez-Ibarra. It consists of four solar telescopes mounted on a single equatorial mount. On the other hand, the stellar observatory, which saw the first light on 16 February 2010, is located 21 km away from Hermosillo, Sonora at the site of the School of Agriculture of the University of Sonora. Both observatories can now be remotely controlled, and to some extent are able to operate autonomously. In this paper we discuss how this has been accomplished in terms of the use of software as well as the instruments under control. We also briefly discuss the main scientific and educational objectives, the future plans to improve the control software and to construct an autonomous observatory on a mountain site, as well as the opportunities for collaborations. 20. The Observatory as Laboratory: Spectral Analysis at Mount Wilson Observatory Science.gov (United States) Brashear, Ronald 2018-01-01 This paper will discuss the seminal changes in astronomical research practices made at the Mount Wilson Observatory in the early twentieth century by George Ellery Hale and his staff. Hale’s desire to set the agenda for solar and stellar astronomical research is often described in terms of his new telescopes, primarily the solar tower observatories and the 60- and 100-inch telescopes on Mount Wilson. This paper will focus more on the ancillary but no less critical parts of Hale’s research mission: the establishment of associated “physical” laboratories as part of the observatory complex where observational spectral data could be quickly compared with spectra obtained using specialized laboratory equipment. Hale built a spectroscopic laboratory on the mountain and a more elaborate physical laboratory in Pasadena and staffed it with highly trained physicists, not classically trained astronomers. The success of Hale’s vision for an astronomical observatory quickly made the Carnegie Institution’s Mount Wilson Observatory one of the most important astrophysical research centers in the world. 1. Evaluation of the Virtual Naval Hospital National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Stoloff, Peter 2000-01-01 The Virtual Naval Hospital (VNH) is a digital medical library administered over the Internet by the Electronic Differential Multimedia Laboratory, University of Iowa College of Medicine in collaboration with the U.S... 2. Demand Response at the Naval Postgraduate School National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Stouffer, Dean; Wilson, Daryl 2008-01-01 The purpose of this MBA project is to assist the Naval Postgraduate School's Public Works department to assimilate into a Demand Response program that will not only benefit the school but also the community... 3. Software Reuse in the Naval Open Architecture National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Greathouse, Carlus A 2008-01-01 This thesis describes a web-based continuous learning module (CLM) for use in introducing members of the Department of the Navy s acquisition community to software reuse in the context of Naval Open Architecture... 4. Naval Law Review, Volume 51, 2005 National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Romero, Joseph; Belliss, Richard D; Tideswell, Tammy P; Antolin-Jenkins, Vida M; O'Neil, Kevin R; Wildhack, III, William A; McLaughlin, Rob; Gonzalez, Jason A; Sarnoski, Stephen R 2005-01-01 .... This issue of "Naval Law Review" contains the following articles: "Of War and Punishment: 'Time of War' In Military Jurisprudence and a Call for Congress to Define Its Meaning," by LCDR Joseph Romero, JAGC, USN... 5. The Mental Representations Underlying Naval Operations National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Boudreau, Ginette 2001-01-01 The objective of this study is to review relevant theories and research pertaining to the fundamental mental representations that are common to humans in general and, in particular, to naval operations... 6. Dynamic Escape Routes for Naval Ships National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Villalonga, Francisco J 2005-01-01 This thesis addresses the problem of optimal evacuation of a naval ship. We propose the use of a dynamic escape-route system which employs a signaling system to adapt the emergency egress process to the instigating contingency... 7. Taurus Hill Observatory Scientific Observations for Pulkova Observatory during the 2016-2017 Season Science.gov (United States) Hentunen, V.-P.; Haukka, H.; Heikkinen, E.; Salmi, T.; Juutilainen, J. 2017-09-01 Taurus Hill Observatory (THO), observatory code A95, is an amateur observatory located in Varkaus, Finland. The observatory is maintained by the local astronomical association Warkauden Kassiopeia. THO research team has observed and measured various stellar objects and phenomena. Observatory has mainly focused on exoplanet light curve measurements, observing the gamma rays burst, supernova discoveries and monitoring. We also do long term monitoring projects. 8. GEOSCOPE Observatory Recent Developments Science.gov (United States) Leroy, N.; Pardo, C.; Bonaime, S.; Stutzmann, E.; Maggi, A. 2010-12-01 The GEOSCOPE observatory consists of a global seismic network and a data center. The 31 GEOSCOPE stations are installed in 19 countries, across all continents and on islands throughout the oceans. They are equipped with three component very broadband seismometers (STS1 or STS2) and 24 or 26 bit digitizers, as required by the Federation of Seismic Digital Network (FDSN). In most stations, a pressure gauge and a thermometer are also installed. Currently, 23 stations send data in real or near real time to GEOSCOPE Data Center and tsunami warning centers. In 2009, two stations (SSB and PPTF) have been equipped with warpless base plates. Analysis of one year of data shows that the new installation decreases long period noise (20s to 1000s) by 10 db on horizontal components. SSB is now rated in the top ten long period stations for horizontal components according to the LDEO criteria. In 2010, Stations COYC, PEL and RER have been upgraded with Q330HR, Metrozet electronics and warpless base plates. They have been calibrated with the calibration table CT-EW1 and the software jSeisCal and Calex-EW. Aluminum jars are now installed instead of glass bells. A vacuum of 100 mbars is applied in the jars which improves thermal insulation of the seismometers and reduces moisture and long-term corrosion in the sensor. A new station RODM has just been installed in Rodrigues Island in Mauritius with standard Geoscope STS2 setup: STS2 seismometer on a granite base plate and covered by cooking pot and thermal insulation, it is connected to Q330HR digitizer, active lightning protection, Seiscomp PC and real-time internet connection. Continuous data of all stations are collected in real time or with a delay by the GEOSCOPE Data Center in Paris where they are validated, archived and made available to the international scientific community. Data are freely available to users by different interfaces according data types (see : http://geoscope.ipgp.fr) - Continuous data in real time coming 9. Visits to La Plata Observatory Science.gov (United States) Feinstein, A. 1985-03-01 La Plata Observatory will welcome visitors to ESO-La Silla that are willing to make a stop at Buenos Aires on their trip to Chile or on their way back. There is a nice guesthouse at the Observatory that can be used, for a couple of days or so, by astronomers interested in visiting the Observatory and delivering talks on their research work to the Argentine colleagues. No payments can, however, be made at present. La Plata is at 60 km from Buenos Aires. In the same area lie the Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica dei Espacio (IAFE), in Buenos Aires proper, and the Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia (IAR). about 40 km from Buenos Aires on the way to La Plata. Those interested should contacl: Sr Decano Prof. Cesar A. Mondinalli, or Dr Alejandro Feinstein, Observatorio Astron6mico, Paseo dei Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Telex: 31216 CESLA AR. 10. Astronomical Research Using Virtual Observatories Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M Tanaka 2010-01-01 Full Text Available The Virtual Observatory (VO for Astronomy is a framework that empowers astronomical research by providing standard methods to find, access, and utilize astronomical data archives distributed around the world. VO projects in the world have been strenuously developing VO software tools and/or portal systems. Interoperability among VO projects has been achieved with the VO standard protocols defined by the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA. As a result, VO technologies are now used in obtaining astronomical research results from a huge amount of data. We describe typical examples of astronomical research enabled by the astronomical VO, and describe how the VO technologies are used in the research. 11. The South African Astronomical Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1989-01-01 The research work discussed in this report covers a wide range, from work on the nearest stars to studies of the distant quasars, and the astronomers who have carried out this work come from universities and observatories spread around the world as well as from South African universities and from the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) staff itself. A characteristic of much of this work has been its collaborative character. SAAO studies in 1989 included: supernovae 1987A; galaxies; ground-based observations of celestial x-ray sources; the Magellanic Clouds; pulsating variables; galactic structure; binary star phenomena; the provision of photometric standards; nebulous matter; stellar astrophysics, and astrometry 12. An Observatory to Enhance the Preparation of Future California Teachers Science.gov (United States) Connolly, L.; Lederer, S. 2004-12-01 With a major grant from the W. M. Keck Foundation, California State University, San Bernardino is establishing a state-of-the-art teaching astronomical observatory. The Observatory will be fundamental to an innovative undergraduate physics and astronomy curriculum for Physics and Liberal Studies majors and will be integrated into our General Education program. The critical need for a research and educational observatory is linked to changes in California's Science Competencies for teacher certification. Development of the Observatory will also complement a new infusion of NASA funding and equipment support for our growing astronomy education programs and the University's established Strategic Plan for excellence in education and teacher preparation. The Observatory will consist of two domed towers. One tower will house a 20" Ritchey-Chretien telescope equipped with a CCD camera in conjunction with either UBVRI broadband filters or a spectrometer for evening laboratories and student research projects. The second tower will house the university's existing 12" Schmidt-Cassegrain optical telescope coupled with a CCD camera and an array of filters. A small aperture solar telescope will be attached to the 12" for observing solar prominences while a milar filter can be attached to the 12" for sunspot viewing. We have been very fortunate to receive a challenge grant of \\600,000 from the W. M. Keck Foundation to equip the two domed towers; we continue to seek a further \\800,000 to meet our construction needs. Funding also provided by the California State University, San Bernardino. 13. Radioactivity around naval nuclear bases International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1989-02-01 Between 12th July and 2nd August 1988, Greenpeace took sediment samples from around four Royal Navy bases in the United Kingdom. Faslane, where nuclear powered submarines are berthed; Devonport and Rosyth where refit work is carried out and Portsmouth where US and UK nuclear submarines often visit. Samples were also taken from the US Navy base at Holy Loch, Scotland, where nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines are based. The samples were analysed at St Bartholomew Hospital Medical School, London. Identical samples were provided to the MoD personnel at Faslane and Devonport on the date taken. The purpose of carrying out the sampling programme was to highlight the fact that publicly available statistics from Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) are too limited in range, concentrating as they do merely on radioactive levels found between tides. The findings point to the necessity of monitoring subtidal as well as intertidal areas since levels of radioactivity found in the samples at Faslane and Holy Loch were four to nine times the figures published by MAFF. Until such time as nuclear power is no longer used at sea, it is the contention of Greenpeace that a more independent and comprehensive picture of the nature of radioactive contamination from around UK naval establishments must be obtained, than that presently available from MAFF. (author) 14. Decommissioning of naval nuclear ships International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Oelgaard, P.L. 1993-10-01 During the next decade the two major nuclear powers will each have to decommission more than 100 naval nuclear vessels, in particular submarines. The problems connected with this task is considered in this report. Firstly the size of the task is considered, i.e. the number of nuclear vessels that has to be decommissioned. Secondly the reactors of these vessels, their fuel elements, their power level, the number of reactors per vessel and the amount of radioactivity to be handled are discussed. Thirdly the decommissioning procedures, i.e. The removal of fuel from the vessels, the temporary storage of the reactor fuel near the base, and the cleaning and disposal of the reactor and the primary circuit components are reviewed. Finally alternative uses of the newer submarines are briefly considered. It should be emphasizes that much of the detailed information on which this report is based, may be of dubious nature, and that may to some extent affect the validity of the conclusions of the report. (au) 15. The First U.S. Naval Observatory Robotic Astrometric Telescope Catalog Science.gov (United States) 2015-10-01 over 188 million objects matched with the Two Micron All Sky Survey ( 2MASS ) point-source catalog proper motions (typically 5–7 masyr–1 standard...errors) are provided. These data are supplemented by 2MASS and AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS) photometry. Observations, reductions, and catalog...reference star catalog for current epochs about 4 times more precise than UCAC with a density similar to the Two Micron All Sky Survey ( 2MASS 16. Protection of Hawaii's Observatories from Light Pollution Science.gov (United States) Wainscoat, Richard J. 2018-01-01 Maunakea Observatory, located on the island of Hawaii, is among the world darkest sites for astronomy. Strong efforts to preserve the dark night sky over the last forty years have proven successful. Artificial light presently adds only approximately 2% to the natural night sky brightness. The techniques being used to protect Maunakea from light pollution will be described, along with the challenges that are now being faced.Haleakala Observatory, located on the island of Maui, is also an excellent observing site, and is among the best sites in the United States. Lighting restrictions in Maui County are much weaker, and consequently, the night sky above Haleakala is less well protected. Haleakala is closer to Honolulu and the island of Oahu (population approximately 1 million), and the glow from Oahu makes the northwestern sky brighter.Much of the lighting across most of the United States, including Hawaii, is presently being converted to LED lighting. This provides an opportunity to replace existing poorly shielded lights with properly shielded LED fixtures, but careful spectral management is essential. It is critically important to only use LED lighting that is deficient in blue and green light. LED lighting also is easy to dim. Dimming of lights later at night, when there is no need for brighter lighting, is an important tool for reducing light pollution.Techniques used to protect astronomical observatories from light pollution are similar to the techniques that must be used to protect animals that are affected by light at night, such as endangered birds and turtles. These same techniques are compatible with recent human health related lighting recommendations from the American Medical Association. 17. The Sudbury neutrino observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) McLatchie, W.; Earle, E.D. 1987-04-01 A group of Canadian scientists, in collaboration with colleagues from the United States and England, proposes to establish a world class laboratory in INCO's Creighton Mine. The laboratory would be dedicated to the study of neutrinos from the sun and other astrophysical objects to advance our understanding of the physical processes which govern the properties of stars, as well as our understanding of the fundamental properties of matter. The laboratory would capitalize on two unique Canadian resources, i.e. access to one of the deepest mines in the western hemisphere and Canada's temporary surplus of heavy water 18. Constraints on the stress state of the San Andreas Fault with analysis based on core and cuttings from San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) drilling phases 1 and 2 Science.gov (United States) Tembe, S.; Lockner, D.; Wong, T.-F. 2009-01-01 Analysis of field data has led different investigators to conclude that the San Andreas Fault (SAF) has either anomalously low frictional sliding strength (?? 0.6). Arguments for the apparent weakness of the SAF generally hinge on conceptual models involving intrinsically weak gouge or elevated pore pressure within the fault zone. Some models assert that weak gouge and/or high pore pressure exist under static conditions while others consider strength loss or fluid pressure increase due to rapid coseismic fault slip. The present paper is composed of three parts. First, we develop generalized equations, based on and consistent with the Rice (1992) fault zone model to relate stress orientation and magnitude to depth-dependent coefficient of friction and pore pressure. Second, we present temperature-and pressure-dependent friction measurements from wet illite-rich fault gouge extracted from San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) phase 1 core samples and from weak minerals associated with the San Andreas Fault. Third, we reevaluate the state of stress on the San Andreas Fault in light of new constraints imposed by SAFOD borehole data. Pure talc (?????0.1) had the lowest strength considered and was sufficiently weak to satisfy weak fault heat flow and stress orientation constraints with hydrostatic pore pressure. Other fault gouges showed a systematic increase in strength with increasing temperature and pressure. In this case, heat flow and stress orientation constraints would require elevated pore pressure and, in some cases, fault zone pore pressure in excess of vertical stress. Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union. 19. Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The Deep Space Climate ObserVatoRy (DSCOVR) satellite is a NOAA operated asset at the first Lagrange (L1) point. The primary space weather instrument is the PlasMag... 20. Seafloor Observatory Science: a Review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) L. Beranzoli 2006-06-01 Full Text Available The ocean exerts a pervasive influence on Earths environment. It is therefore important that we learn how this system operates (NRC, 1998b; 1999. For example, the ocean is an important regulator of climate change (e.g., IPCC, 1995. Understanding the link between natural and anthropogenic climate change and ocean circulation is essential for predicting the magnitude and impact of future changes in Earths climate. Understanding the ocean, and the complex physical, biological, chemical, and geological systems operating within it, should be an important goal for the opening decades of the 21st century. Another fundamental reason for increasing our understanding of ocean systems is that the global economy is highly dependent on the ocean (e.g., for tourism, fisheries, hydrocarbons, and mineral resources (Summerhayes, 1996. The establishment of a global network of seafloor observatories will help to provide the means to accomplish this goal. These observatories will have power and communication capabilities and will provide support for spatially distributed sensing systems and mobile platforms. Sensors and instruments will potentially collect data from above the air-sea interface to below the seafloor. Seafloor observatories will also be a powerful complement to satellite measurement systems by providing the ability to collect vertically distributed measurements within the water column for use with the spatial measurements acquired by satellites while also providing the capability to calibrate remotely sensed satellite measurements (NRC, 2000. Ocean observatory science has already had major successes. For example the TAO array has enabled the detection, understanding and prediction of El Niño events (e.g., Fujimoto et al., 2003. This paper is a world-wide review of the new emerging Seafloor Observatory Science, and describes both the scientific motivations for seafloor observatories and the technical solutions applied to their architecture. A 1. Nuclear training facilities at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Head, J.L.; Lowther, C.A.; Marsh, J.R.W. 1986-01-01 The paper describes some of the nuclear training facilities at the Royal Naval College and the way the facilities are used in the training of personnel for the Naval nuclear propulsion programme. (author) 2. Estimating the Economic Benefits of Forward-Engaged Naval Forces National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Looney, Robert E; Schrady, David A; Brown, Ronald L 2001-01-01 In preparing for the 1997 quadrennial defense review, U.S. Navy leaders asked the Naval Postgraduate School to study the economic benefits of forward-engaged naval forces and communicate them to policy makers and the public... 3. The NHXM observatory DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Tagliaferri, Gianpiero; Hornstrup, Allan; Huovelin, J. 2012-01-01 to date only collimated instruments have been used. Also ripe for exploration is the field of X-ray polarimetry, an unused fundamental tool to understand the physics and morphology of X-ray sources. Here we present a novel mission, the New Hard X-ray Mission (NHXM) that brings together for the first time...... simultaneous high-sensitivity, hard-X-ray imaging, broadband spectroscopy and polarimetry. NHXM will perform groundbreaking science in key scientific areas, including: black hole cosmic evolution, census and accretion physics; acceleration mechanism and non-thermal emission; physics of matter under extreme......; broadband (2–35 keV) imaging polarimetry. In addition, NHXM has the ability to locate and actively monitor sources in different states of activity and to repoint within 1 to 2 h. This mission has been proposed to ESA in response to the Cosmic Vision M3 call. Its satellite configuration and payload... 4. Norwegian Ocean Observatory Network (NOON) Science.gov (United States) Ferré, Bénédicte; Mienert, Jürgen; Winther, Svein; Hageberg, Anne; Rune Godoe, Olav; Partners, Noon 2010-05-01 The Norwegian Ocean Observatory Network (NOON) is led by the University of Tromsø and collaborates with the Universities of Oslo and Bergen, UniResearch, Institute of Marine Research, Christian Michelsen Research and SINTEF. It is supported by the Research Council of Norway and oil and gas (O&G) industries like Statoil to develop science, technology and new educational programs. Main topics relate to ocean climate and environment as well as marine resources offshore Norway from the northern North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. NOON's vision is to bring Norway to the international forefront in using cable based ocean observatory technology for marine science and management, by establishing an infrastructure that enables real-time and long term monitoring of processes and interactions between hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere. This activity is in concert with the EU funded European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) roadmap and European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observation (EMSO) project to attract international leading research developments. NOON envisions developing towards a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC). Beside, the research community in Norway already possesses a considerable marine infrastructure that can expand towards an international focus for real-time multidisciplinary observations in times of rapid climate change. PIC The presently established cable-based fjord observatory, followed by the establishment of a cable-based ocean observatory network towards the Arctic from an O&G installation, will provide invaluable knowledge and experience necessary to make a successful larger cable-based observatory network at the Norwegian and Arctic margin (figure 1). Access to large quantities of real-time observation from the deep sea, including high definition video, could be used to provide the public and future recruits to science a fascinating insight into an almost unexplored part of the Earth beyond the Arctic Circle 5. Space astrophysical observatory 'Orion-2' International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gurzadyan, G.A.; Jarakyan, A.L.; Krmoyan, M.N.; Kashin, A.L.; Loretsyan, G.M.; Ohanesyan, J.B. 1976-01-01 Ultraviolet spectrograms of a large number of faint stars up to 13sup(m) were obtained in the wavelengths 2000-5000 A by means of the space observatory 'Orion-2' installed in the spaceship 'Soyuz-13' with two spacemen on board. The paper deals with a description of the operation modes of this observatory, the designs and basic schemes of the scientific and auxiliary device and the method of combining the work of the flight engineer and the automation system of the observatory itself. It also treats of the combination of the particular parts of 'Orion-2' observatory on board the spaceship and the measures taken to provide for its normal functioning in terms of the space flight. A detailed description is given of the optical, electrical and mechanical schemes of the devices - meniscus telescope with an objective prism, stellar diffraction spectrographs, single-coordinate and two-coordinate stellar and solar transducers, control panel, control systems, etc. The paper also provides the functional scheme of astronavigation, six-wheel stabilization, the design of mounting (assembling) the stabilized platform carrying the telescopes and the drives used in it. Problems relating to the observation program in orbit, the ballistic provision of initial data, and control of the operation of the observatory are also dealt with. In addition, the paper carries information of the photomaterials used, the methods of their energy calibration, standardization and the like. Matters of pre-start tests of apparatus, the preparation of the spacemen for conducting astronomical observations with the given devices, etc. are likewise dwelt on. The paper ends with a brief survey of the results obtained and the elaboration of the observed material. (Auth.) 6. Building a roll-off roof or dome observatory a complete guide for design and construction CERN Document Server Hicks, John Stephen 2016-01-01 Almost every practical astronomer eventually aspires to have a fixed, permanent observatory for his or her telescope. A roll-off roof or dome observatory is the answer for the most popular home observatory design. Almost every practical astronomer eventually aspires to have a fixed, permanent observatory for his or her telescope. A roll-off roof or dome observatory is the answer for the most popular home observatory design. Building a Roll-Off or Dome Observatory will help you decide whether to embark on the venture and will certainly increase your enthusiasm for the project. The author, both an amateur astronomer and a professional landscape architect, answers many of the common questions asked about observatory construction, covering the following topics: • Zoning, and by-law requirements common to most states, towns and municipalities • Where to locate the observatory • How to tailor the observatory for your particular needs • Tools and structural components required • Possible variations in de... 7. 32 CFR 901.12 - Honor military and honor Naval schools-AFROTC and AFJROTC category. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... for nomination in this category applies to the administrative authority of the school involved. (b... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Honor military and honor Naval schools-AFROTC...) DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE MILITARY TRAINING AND SCHOOLS APPOINTMENT TO THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY... 8. 32 CFR 720.23 - Naval prisoners as witnesses or parties in civilian courts. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... assume responsibility for the prisoner while he is in its custody; and (3) that the civilian authority... civilian courts. 720.23 Section 720.23 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE... civilian courts. (a) Criminal actions. When Federal or State authorities desire the attendance of a naval... 9. China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities -- Background and Issues for Congress Science.gov (United States) 2008-09-12 1995 the Spanish shipbuilder Empresa Nacional Bazan (now Navantia) offered to build for the PLAN a low-cost, lightweight conventional-takeoff-and...in one of China’s premier naval journals.172 These same observers stated that: Chinese researchers display intimate familiarity with all U.S. Navy 10. Teaching of Naval Architecture and Ship Design DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Andersen, Poul; Jensen, Jørgen Juncher 1998-01-01 At the Technical University of Denmark naval architecture has been taught for students of Master of Science in more than 100 years. This teaching has of course seen many changes as has the science. During the last 20 years the university has used a modular system of courses where students can quite...... freely select their courses. In the paper this system is briefly outlined and the teaching of naval achitecture and offshore engineering within this system described. In contrast to many other universities ship design is taught for students relatively early in their study. This course and the advantages...... and disadvantages of it will be discussed. Finally, a few reflections on teaching naval architecture in the future will be made, including subjects likedecision support and reliability.... 11. Naval base goes into dry dock International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Anon. 1993-01-01 After 44 years of operation, the Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility (NWEF) at Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico closed its doors in April. According to the Navy's open-quotes History of the Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility, Albuquerque, 1948-1993,close quotes it was open-quotes the first nuclear-weapons-related facility in the Free World to be shut down.close quotes This article briefly relates the history of NWEF. Over the years, NWEF helped develop procedures for certifying 21 U.S. naval aircraft and helicopter types as nuclear-capable, integrating nuclear missiles into ships and submarines, and developing nuclear weapons transportation and storage safety rules. The relationship between NWEF and China Lake, California is described. The indirect role played by NWEF in the bombing of Hiroshima is briefly discussed 12. Building a Roll-Off Roof Observatory A Complete Guide for Design and Construction CERN Document Server Hicks, John 2009-01-01 Almost every practical astronomer who takes the pursuit to its second level aspires to a fixed, permanent housing for his telescope, permitting its rapid and comfortable use and avoiding hours of setting-up time for each observing session. A roll-off roof observatory is the simplest and by far the most popular observatory design for today’s practical astronomers. Building a Roll-off Roof Observatory will help you decide whether to embark on the venture and will certainly provoke your enthusiasm for the project. The author, both an amateur astronomer and professional landscape architect, answers many of the common questions asked around observatory construction covering the following topics: Site planning, zoning, and by-law requirements common to most states, towns and municipalities Opportunities for locating the observatory Tailoring the observatory for your particular use Tools and structural components required to build it Variations in footing design to suit your soil conditions Variations possible in ... 13. The Magnetic Observatory Buildings at the Royal Observatory, Cape Science.gov (United States) Glass, I. S. 2015-10-01 During the 1830s there arose a strong international movement, promoted by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Alexander von Humboldt, to characterise the earth's magnetic field. By 1839 the Royal Society in London, driven by Edward Sabine, had organised a "Magnetic Crusade" - the establishment of a series of magnetic and meteorological observatories around the British Empire, including New Zealand, Australia, St Helena and the Cape. This article outlines the history of the latter installation, its buildings and what became of them. 14. Decision Analysis Tools for Volcano Observatories Science.gov (United States) Hincks, T. H.; Aspinall, W.; Woo, G. 2005-12-01 Staff at volcano observatories are predominantly engaged in scientific activities related to volcano monitoring and instrumentation, data acquisition and analysis. Accordingly, the academic education and professional training of observatory staff tend to focus on these scientific functions. From time to time, however, staff may be called upon to provide decision support to government officials responsible for civil protection. Recognizing that Earth scientists may have limited technical familiarity with formal decision analysis methods, specialist software tools that assist decision support in a crisis should be welcome. A review is given of two software tools that have been under development recently. The first is for probabilistic risk assessment of human and economic loss from volcanic eruptions, and is of practical use in short and medium-term risk-informed planning of exclusion zones, post-disaster response, etc. A multiple branch event-tree architecture for the software, together with a formalism for ascribing probabilities to branches, have been developed within the context of the European Community EXPLORIS project. The second software tool utilizes the principles of the Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) for evidence-based assessment of volcanic state and probabilistic threat evaluation. This is of practical application in short-term volcano hazard forecasting and real-time crisis management, including the difficult challenge of deciding when an eruption is over. An open-source BBN library is the software foundation for this tool, which is capable of combining synoptically different strands of observational data from diverse monitoring sources. A conceptual vision is presented of the practical deployment of these decision analysis tools in a future volcano observatory environment. Summary retrospective analyses are given of previous volcanic crises to illustrate the hazard and risk insights gained from use of these tools. 15. 78 FR 21349 - Meeting of the Board of Advisors to the Presidents of the Naval Postgraduate School and Naval War... Science.gov (United States) 2013-04-10 ... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Department of the Navy Meeting of the Board of Advisors to the Presidents of the Naval Postgraduate School and Naval War College, Naval Postgraduate School Subcommittee AGENCY... War College report on progress to the Secretary of the Navy. The Board will meet in closed executive... 16. Boscovich and the Brera Observatory . Science.gov (United States) Antonello, E. In the mid 18th century both theoretical and practical astronomy were cultivated in Milan by Barnabites and Jesuits. In 1763 Boscovich was appointed to the chair of mathematics of the University of Pavia in the Duchy of Milan, and the following year he designed an observatory for the Jesuit Collegium of Brera in Milan. The Specola was built in 1765 and it became quickly one of the main european observatories. We discuss the relation between Boscovich and Brera in the framework of a short biography. An account is given of the initial research activity in the Specola, of the departure of Boscovich from Milan in 1773 and his coming back just before his death. 17. Conducting Research from Small University Observatories: Investigating Exoplanet Candidates Science.gov (United States) Moreland, Kimberly D. 2018-01-01 Kepler has to date discovered 4,496 exoplanet candidates, but only half are confirmed, and only a handful are thought to be Earth sized and in the habitable zone. Planet verification often involves extensive follow-up observations, which are both time and resource intensive. The data set collected by Kepler is massive and will be studied for decades. University/small observatories, such as the one at Texas State University, are in a good position to assist with the exoplanet candidate verification process. By preforming extended monitoring campaigns, which are otherwise cost ineffective for larger observatories, students gain valuable research experience and contribute valuable data and results to the scientific community. 18. Risk of Cyberterrorism to Naval Ships Inport Naval Station Everett: A Model Based Project Utilizing SIAM National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Tester, Rodrick A 2007-01-01 Based on numerous high level concerns that the cyber threat is expected to increase, as well as the already documented uses of cyber warfare, it is necessary to ensure our naval ships are hardened against such attacks... 19. Optimizing fixed observational assets in a coastal observatory Science.gov (United States) Frolov, Sergey; Baptista, António; Wilkin, Michael 2008-11-01 Proliferation of coastal observatories necessitates an objective approach to managing of observational assets. In this article, we used our experience in the coastal observatory for the Columbia River estuary and plume to identify and address common problems in managing of fixed observational assets, such as salinity, temperature, and water level sensors attached to pilings and moorings. Specifically, we addressed the following problems: assessing the quality of an existing array, adding stations to an existing array, removing stations from an existing array, validating an array design, and targeting of an array toward data assimilation or monitoring. Our analysis was based on a combination of methods from oceanographic and statistical literature, mainly on the statistical machinery of the best linear unbiased estimator. The key information required for our analysis was the covariance structure for a field of interest, which was computed from the output of assimilated and non-assimilated models of the Columbia River estuary and plume. The network optimization experiments in the Columbia River estuary and plume proved to be successful, largely withstanding the scrutiny of sensitivity and validation studies, and hence providing valuable insight into optimization and operation of the existing observational network. Our success in the Columbia River estuary and plume suggest that algorithms for optimal placement of sensors are reaching maturity and are likely to play a significant role in the design of emerging ocean observatories, such as the United State's ocean observation initiative (OOI) and integrated ocean observing system (IOOS) observatories, and smaller regional observatories. 20. Naval Health Research Center 1985 Annual Report Science.gov (United States) 1985-01-01 strengthening programs for the entire crew. Aerobic programs for select populations (e.g., overweight personnel), however, were found on 20% of the...Institute, Lima Detachment, Peru (Command) 25-26 UCOR R. Kallal, CUP W. J. Lambert, & M. Nave, Naval Data Services Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr 1. Naval War College Review. Autumn 1989 Science.gov (United States) 1989-09-01 Almanacco Navale 1988. Genoa, Italy: Institute Idrografico Della Marina, 1988. 1092pp. $59 These two large volumes are awesome compilations of data and...surging west to escape the Russians. This is a story of war eloquently told. Semmlec, Kenneth, ed. The War Despatches of Kenneth Slessor. St. Lucia 2. Rio Branco, grand strategy and naval power Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) João Paulo Alsina Jr. 2014-12-01 Full Text Available This article addresses Baron of Rio Branco's grand strategy and the role played by the naval reorganization program (1904-1910 in this context. The ensuing case study determined the domestic and international constraints that affected the program, as well as the worldview of the patron of Brazilian diplomacy regarding military power's instrumentality to foreign policy. 3. Understanding Human Error in Naval Aviation Mishaps. Science.gov (United States) Miranda, Andrew T 2018-04-01 To better understand the external factors that influence the performance and decisions of aviators involved in Naval aviation mishaps. Mishaps in complex activities, ranging from aviation to nuclear power operations, are often the result of interactions between multiple components within an organization. The Naval aviation mishap database contains relevant information, both in quantitative statistics and qualitative reports, that permits analysis of such interactions to identify how the working atmosphere influences aviator performance and judgment. Results from 95 severe Naval aviation mishaps that occurred from 2011 through 2016 were analyzed using Bayes' theorem probability formula. Then a content analysis was performed on a subset of relevant mishap reports. Out of the 14 latent factors analyzed, the Bayes' application identified 6 that impacted specific aspects of aviator behavior during mishaps. Technological environment, misperceptions, and mental awareness impacted basic aviation skills. The remaining 3 factors were used to inform a content analysis of the contextual information within mishap reports. Teamwork failures were the result of plan continuation aggravated by diffused responsibility. Resource limitations and risk management deficiencies impacted judgments made by squadron commanders. The application of Bayes' theorem to historical mishap data revealed the role of latent factors within Naval aviation mishaps. Teamwork failures were seen to be considerably damaging to both aviator skill and judgment. Both the methods and findings have direct application for organizations interested in understanding the relationships between external factors and human error. It presents real-world evidence to promote effective safety decisions. 4. ESA innovation rescues Ultraviolet Observatory Science.gov (United States) 1995-10-01 Astrophysicist Freeman J. Dyson from the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton characterizes IUE as "A little half-meter mirror sitting in the sky, unnoticed by the public, pouring out results". By use of the IUE satellite, astronomers obtain access to the ultraviolet radiation of celestial bodies in unique ways not available by any other means, neither from the ground nor by any other spacecraft currently in orbit. IUE serves a wide community of astronomers all over Europe, the United States and many other parts of the world. It allows the acquisition of critical data for fundamental studies of comets and their evaporation when they approach the Sun, of the mechanisms driving the stellar winds which make many stars lose a significant fraction of their mass (before they die slowly as White Dwarfs or in sudden Supernova explosions), as well as in the search to understand the ways in which black holes possibly power the violent nuclei of Active galaxies. One year ago the project was threatened with termination and serious concern was expressed by astronomers about the potential loss of IUE's capabilities, as a result of NASA not continuing to operate the spacecraft. Under the leadership of ESA, the three Agencies involved in the operations of IUE (ESA, NASA and the United Kingdom's Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, PPARC), reviewed the operations agreements of the Project. A minor investment allowing the implementation of modern management and engineering techniques as well as a complete revision of the communication infrastructure of the project and continuous improvements in efficiency in the ESA management, also taking advantage of today's technologies, both in computing and communications, have made it possible to continue IUE operations within the financial means available, with ESA taking up most of NASA's share in the operations. According to Dr. Willem Wamsteker, ESA's Dutch IUE Project Scientist, "it was a extremely interesting 5. Smart limbed vehicles for naval applications. Part I. Performance analysis Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Weisberg, A.; Wood, L. 1976-09-30 Research work in smart, unmanned limbed vehicles for naval warfare applications performed during the latter part of FY76 and FY76T by the Special Studies Group of the LLL Physics Department for the Office of Naval Research is reported. Smart water-traversing limbed remotely navigated vehicles are interesting because: they are the only viable small vehicle usable in high sea states; they are small and work on the ocean surface, they are much harder to detect than any other conventional craft; they have no human pilot, are capable of high-g evasion, and will continue to operate after direct hits that would have crippled a human crew; they have the prospect of providing surface platforms possessing unprecedented speed and maneuverability; unlike manned information-gathering craft, they impose almost no penalty for missions in excess of 10 hours (no need to rotate shifts of crewmen, no food/lavatory requirements, etc.) and, in their ''loitering mode'', waterbugs could perhaps perform their missions for days to weeks; they are cheap enough to use for one-way missions; they are mass-producible; they are inherently reliable--almost impossible to sink and, in the event of in-use failure, the vehicle will not be destroyed; they maximally exploit continuing technological asymmetries between the U.S. and its potential opponents; and they are economically highly cost-effective for a wide spectrum of Navy missions. (TFD) 6. Observatory Sponsoring Astronomical Image Contest Science.gov (United States) 2005-05-01 Forget the headphones you saw in the Warner Brothers thriller Contact, as well as the guttural throbs emanating from loudspeakers at the Very Large Array in that 1997 movie. In real life, radio telescopes aren't used for "listening" to anything - just like visible-light telescopes, they are used primarily to make images of astronomical objects. Now, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) wants to encourage astronomers to use radio-telescope data to make truly compelling images, and is offering cash prizes to winners of a new image contest. Radio Galaxy Fornax A Radio Galaxy Fornax A Radio-optical composite image of giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1316, showing the galaxy (center), a smaller companion galaxy being cannibalized by NGC 1316, and the resulting "lobes" (orange) of radio emission caused by jets of particles spewed from the core of the giant galaxy Click on image for more detail and images CREDIT: Fomalont et al., NRAO/AUI/NSF "Astronomy is a very visual science, and our radio telescopes are capable of producing excellent images. We're sponsoring this contest to encourage astronomers to make the extra effort to turn good images into truly spectacular ones," said NRAO Director Fred K.Y. Lo. The contest, offering a grand prize of$1,000, was announced at the American Astronomical Society's meeting in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The image contest is part of a broader NRAO effort to make radio astronomical data and images easily accessible and widely available to scientists, students, teachers, the general public, news media and science-education professionals. That effort includes an expanded image gallery on the observatory's Web site. "We're not only adding new radio-astronomy images to our online gallery, but we're also improving the organization and accessibility of the images," said Mark Adams, head of education and public outreach (EPO) at NRAO. "Our long-term goal is to make the NRAO Image Gallery an international resource for radio astronomy imagery 7. The high energy astronomy observatories Science.gov (United States) Neighbors, A. K.; Doolittle, R. F.; Halpers, R. E. 1977-01-01 The forthcoming NASA project of orbiting High Energy Astronomy Observatories (HEAO's) designed to probe the universe by tracing celestial radiations and particles is outlined. Solutions to engineering problems concerning HEAO's which are integrated, yet built to function independently are discussed, including the onboard digital processor, mirror assembly and the thermal shield. The principle of maximal efficiency with minimal cost and the potential capability of the project to provide explanations to black holes, pulsars and gamma-ray bursts are also stressed. The first satellite is scheduled for launch in April 1977. 8. The Hartebeeshoek Radio Astronomy Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Nicolson, G.D. 1986-01-01 This article briefly discusses the questions, problems and study fields of the modern astronomer. Radioastronomy has made important contributions to the study of the evolution of stars and has given much information on the birth of stars while at the other extreme, studies of neutron stars and the radio emission from the remnants of supernova explosions have given further insight into the death of individual stars. Radio astronomical studies have learned astronomers much about the structure of the Milky way and some twenty years ago, in a search for new radio galaxies, quasars were discovered. Radioastronomy research in South Africa is carried out at the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory 9. The ultimate air shower observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jones, L.W. 1981-01-01 The possibility of constructing an international air shower observatory in the Himalayas is explored. A site at about 6500 m elevation (450 g/cm 2 ) would provide more definitive measurements of composition and early interaction properties of primaries above 10 16 eV than can be achieved with existing arrays. By supplementing a surface array with a Fly's Eye and muon detectors, information on the highest energy cosmic rays may be gained which is not possible in any other way. Potential sites, technical aspects, and logistical problems are explored 10. BART: The Czech Autonomous Observatory Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Nekola, Martin; Hudec, René; Jelínek, M.; Kubánek, P.; Štrobl, Jan; Polášek, Cyril 2010-01-01 Roč. 2010, Spec. Is. (2010), 103986/1-103986/5 ISSN 1687-7969. [Workshop on Robotic Autonomous Observatories. Málaga, 18.05.2009-21.05.2009] R&D Projects: GA ČR GA205/08/1207 Grant - others:ESA(XE) ESA-PECS project No. 98023; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science(ES) AP2003-1407 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z10030501 Keywords : robotic telescope * BART * gamma ray bursts Subject RIV: BN - Astronomy, Celestial Mechanics, Astrophysics http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aa/2010/103986.html 11. Urania in the Marketplace: Observatories as Holiday Destinations Science.gov (United States) Rumstay, Kenneth S. 2015-01-01 During the twentieth century astronomical imagery was frequently incorporated, by manufacturers of industrial and consumer goods, into advertisements which appeared in popular magazines in America. The domes and telescopes of major observatories were often featured. In some cases, particularly within the Golden State of California, major astronomical facilities (notably the Lick and Mt. Wilson Observatories) were touted as tourist attractions and were publicized as such by tourist bureaus, railroads, and hotels.A particularly interesting example is provided by the Hotel Vendome in San Jose. With completion of the Lick Observatory (and the 36-inch Great Refractor) in 1887, the local business community felt that the city needed a first-class resort hotel. The architectural firm of Jacob Lenzen & Son was hired to design a grand hotel, comparable to those found in locales such as Monterey and Pasadena. The resulting four-story, 150-room structure cost 250,000, a phenomenal sum in those days. Yet, within just fourteen years, tourist demand led to the construction of a 36-room annex. Of course, a great resort hotel would not be complete without the opportunity for excursion, and the Mt. Hamilton Stage Company offered daily trips to the famous Lick Observatory.Farther south, the Mt. Wilson Observatory began construction of its own hotel in 1905.The original structure was destroyed by fire in 1913, and replaced by a second which was used by visitors until 1966.Early examples of advertisements for these observatories, recalling the heyday of astronomical tourism, are presented. A few more recent ones for Arecibo and Palomar are included for comparison. 12. Daily variation characteristics at polar geomagnetic observatories Science.gov (United States) Lepidi, S.; Cafarella, L.; Pietrolungo, M.; Di Mauro, D. 2011-08-01 This paper is based on the statistical analysis of the diurnal variation as observed at six polar geomagnetic observatories, three in the Northern and three in the Southern hemisphere. Data are for 2006, a year of low geomagnetic activity. We compared the Italian observatory Mario Zucchelli Station (TNB; corrected geomagnetic latitude: 80.0°S), the French-Italian observatory Dome C (DMC; 88.9°S), the French observatory Dumont D'Urville (DRV; 80.4°S) and the three Canadian observatories, Resolute Bay (RES; 83.0°N), Cambridge Bay (CBB; 77.0°N) and Alert (ALE, 87.2°N). The aim of this work was to highlight analogies and differences in daily variation as observed at the different observatories during low geomagnetic activity year, also considering Interplanetary Magnetic Field conditions and geomagnetic indices. 13. Systems Engineering a Naval Railgun National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Bean, John; Shebalin, Paul; Solitario, William 2006-01-01 ... to a viable acquisition program. The detailed formulation and application of the railgun systems engineering process will be defined by government acquisition agents and the selected private sector contractors in accordance with United States (US... 14. Computing Infrastructure and Remote, Parallel Data Mining Engine for Virtual Observatories, Phase II Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — SciberQuest, Inc. proposes to develop a state-of-the-art data mining engine that extends the functionality of Virtual Observatories (VO) from data portal to science... 15. Computing Infrastructure and Remote, Parallel Data Mining Engine for Virtual Observatories, Phase I Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — We propose to develop a state-of-the-art data mining engine that extends the functionality of Virtual Observatories (VO) from data portal to science analysis... 16. Worldwide R&D of Virtual Observatory Science.gov (United States) Cui, C. Z.; Zhao, Y. H. 2008-07-01 Virtual Observatory (VO) is a data intensive online astronomical research and education environment, taking advantages of advanced information technologies to achieve seamless and uniform access to astronomical information. The concept of VO was introduced in the late 1990s to meet the challenges brought up with data avalanche in astronomy. In the paper, current status of International Virtual Observatory Alliance, technical highlights from world wide VO projects are reviewed, a brief introduction of Chinese Virtual Observatory is given. 17. Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory as Cultural Centre Science.gov (United States) Mickaelian, A. M.; Farmanyan, S. V. 2017-07-01 NAS RA V. Ambartsumian Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory is presented as a cultural centre for Armenia and the Armenian nation in general. Besides being scientific and educational centre, the Observatory is famous for its unique architectural ensemble, rich botanical garden and world of birds, as well as it is one of the most frequently visited sightseeing of Armenia. In recent years, the Observatory has also taken the initiative of the coordination of the Cultural Astronomy in Armenia and in this field, unites the astronomers, historians, archaeologists, ethnographers, culturologists, literary critics, linguists, art historians and other experts. Keywords: Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, architecture, botanic garden, tourism, Cultural Astronomy. 18. Naval Maritime Physician : Roles and Challenges Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ranjan Sarkar 2016-01-01 Roles and challenges: Good maritime medicalpractice involves meeting numerous challenges of clinical, occupational, emergency, trauma and psychiatric medicine, in addition on board physicians must also have, in depth knowledge of pschycosomatic conditions due to stress andfatigue of crew and special conditions such as diving accidents and accidents involving aquatic animals. The situation on board requires extraordinary skills as interventions are difficult, both physically and technically, because the conditions at sea are often acrobatic and at certain times evacuation is also not possible due to weather and operational constraints. Thus the role naval doctor on board ships is truly of an all round physicians, a team mate and a good leader. Conclusion: In conclusion, responsibilities of Naval Maritime Physician is not limited to clinical activities but is multifaceted and objective training about the specifics of warships′ environment and related health problems is the key to achieve professional excellence in every sphere. 19. Naval Law Review. Volume 63, 2014 Science.gov (United States) 2014-01-01 Id. at 97. 17 Id. at 99. 18 Jonathan G. Odom, Beyond Arm Bands and Arms Banned : Chaplains, Armed Conflict, and the Law, 49 NAVAL L. REV. 1, 7... filming him and suggesting that he was leading regular prayer groups.174 In light of these inconsistencies it is possible that chaplains at Guantanamo...located in Southeast Asia formed on August 8, 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia , the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Amitav Acharya, ASEAN at 40: Mid 20. Naval Science & Technology: Enabling the Future Force Science.gov (United States) 2013-04-01 corn for disruptive technologies Laser Cooling Spintronics Bz 1st U.S. Intel satellite GRAB Semiconductors GaAs, GaN, SiC GPS...Payoff • Innovative and game-changing • Approved by Corporate Board • Delivers prototype Innovative Naval Prototypes (5-10 Year) Disruptive ... Technologies Free Electron Laser Integrated Topside EM Railgun Sea Base Enablers Tactical Satellite Large Displacement UUV AACUS Directed 1. NRL Review, 1994. (Naval Research Lab) Science.gov (United States) 1994-03-01 global atmospheric and oceano - wine, Maryland, has a 4.6-m diameter turntable graphic databases for research on-site and at in the center of a 305-i...capability has been recently Research Efforts: NRL’s Remote Sensing transitioned into operation at the Naval Oceano - Applications Branch has been designated...P.G. Wilhelm AND REQUIREMENTS SPACE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT Code 8100 R.E. Eisenhauer• Sol office * Mission Oeirelopment * Advancedi Systems 2. Naval War College Review. Winter 1988 Science.gov (United States) 1988-01-01 great many Americans to see as the culprits in the latest series of White House shenanigans two distinguished military officers on active duty...ination of Atlas and Titan missiles (ICBMs) from the SAC inventory for financial reasons. This completely ignores the military’s cognizance of...connection to financial , comn1crcial. and mari- time interest<. Mostimportantly, the 162 Naval War College Review authors, by examining the early stages of 3. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command exhibit entrance Science.gov (United States) 2000-01-01 StenniSphere at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center in Hancock County, Miss., invites visitors to discover why America comes to Stennis Space Center before going into space. Designed to entertain while educating, StenniSphere includes informative displays and exhibits from NASA and other agencies located at Stennis, such as this one from the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Visitors can 'travel' three-dimensionally under the sea and check on the weather back home in the Weather Center. 4. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command exhibit Science.gov (United States) 2000-01-01 Designed to entertain while educating, StenniSphere at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Hancock County, Miss., includes informative displays and exhibits from NASA and other agencies located at Stennis, such as this one from the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Visitors can 'travel' three-dimensionally under the sea and check on the weather back home in the Weather Center. StenniSphere is open free of charge from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily. 5. Caffeine Consumption Among Naval Aviation Candidates. Science.gov (United States) Sather, Thomas E; Williams, Ronald D; Delorey, Donald R; Woolsey, Conrad L 2017-04-01 Education frequently dictates students need to study for prolonged periods of time to adequately prepare for examinations. This is especially true with aviation preflight indoctrination (API) candidates who have to assimilate large volumes of information in a limited amount of time during API training. The purpose of this study was to assess caffeine consumption patterns (frequency, type, and volume) among naval aviation candidates attending API to determine the most frequently consumed caffeinated beverage and to examine if the consumption of a nonenergy drink caffeinated beverage was related to energy drink consumption. Data were collected by means of an anonymous 44-item survey administered and completed by 302 students enrolled in API at Naval Air Station Pensacola, FL. Results indicated the most frequently consumed caffeinated beverage consumed by API students was coffee (86.4%), with daily coffee consumption being approximately 28% and the most frequent pattern of consumption being 2 cups per day (85%). The least frequently consumed caffeinated beverages reported were energy drinks (52%) and energy shots (29.1%). The present study also found that the consumption patterns (weekly and daily) of caffeinated beverages (coffee and cola) were positively correlated to energy drink consumption patterns. Naval aviation candidates' consumption of caffeinated beverages is comparable to other college and high school cohorts. This study found that coffee and colas were the beverages of choice, with energy drinks and energy shots being the least frequently reported caffeinated beverages used. Additionally, a relationship between the consumption of caffeinated beverages and energy drinks was identified.Sather TE, Williams RD, Delorey DR, Woolsey CL. Caffeine consumption among naval aviation candidates. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(4):399-405. 6. Evaluating cryostat performance for naval applications Science.gov (United States) Knoll, David; Willen, Dag; Fesmire, James; Johnson, Wesley; Smith, Jonathan; Meneghelli, Barry; Demko, Jonathan; George, Daniel; Fowler, Brian; Huber, Patti 2012-06-01 The Navy intends to use High Temperature Superconducting Degaussing (HTSDG) coil systems on future Navy platforms. The Navy Metalworking Center (NMC) is leading a team that is addressing cryostat configuration and manufacturing issues associated with fabricating long lengths of flexible, vacuum-jacketed cryostats that meet Navy shipboard performance requirements. The project includes provisions to evaluate the reliability performance, as well as proofing of fabrication techniques. Navy cryostat performance specifications include less than 1 Wm-1 heat loss, 2 MPa working pressure, and a 25-year vacuum life. Cryostat multilayer insulation (MLI) systems developed on the project have been validated using a standardized cryogenic test facility and implemented on 5-meterlong test samples. Performance data from these test samples, which were characterized using both LN2 boiloff and flow-through measurement techniques, will be presented. NMC is working with an Integrated Project Team consisting of Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Surface Warfare Center-Carderock Division, Southwire Company, nkt cables, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), ASRC Aerospace, and NASA Kennedy Space Center (NASA-KSC) to complete these efforts. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This material is submitted with the understanding that right of reproduction for governmental purposes is reserved for the Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia 22203-1995. 7. DESIGN ANALYSIS FOR THE NAVAL SNF WASTE PACKAGE International Nuclear Information System (INIS) T.L. Mitchell 2000-01-01 The purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate the design of the naval spent nuclear fuel (SNF) waste package (WP) using the Waste Package Department's (WPD) design methodologies and processes described in the ''Waste Package Design Methodology Report'' (CRWMS MandO [Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System Management and Operating Contractor] 2000b). The calculations that support the design of the naval SNF WP will be discussed; however, only a sub-set of such analyses will be presented and shall be limited to those identified in the ''Waste Package Design Sensitivity Report'' (CRWMS MandO 2000c). The objective of this analysis is to describe the naval SNF WP design method and to show that the design of the naval SNF WP complies with the ''Naval Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal Container System Description Document'' (CRWMS MandO 1999a) and Interface Control Document (ICD) criteria for Site Recommendation. Additional criteria for the design of the naval SNF WP have been outlined in Section 6.2 of the ''Waste Package Design Sensitivity Report'' (CRWMS MandO 2000c). The scope of this analysis is restricted to the design of the naval long WP containing one naval long SNF canister. This WP is representative of the WPs that will contain both naval short SNF and naval long SNF canisters. The following items are included in the scope of this analysis: (1) Providing a general description of the applicable design criteria; (2) Describing the design methodology to be used; (3) Presenting the design of the naval SNF waste package; and (4) Showing compliance with all applicable design criteria. The intended use of this analysis is to support Site Recommendation reports and assist in the development of WPD drawings. Activities described in this analysis were conducted in accordance with the technical product development plan (TPDP) ''Design Analysis for the Naval SNF Waste Package (CRWMS MandO 2000a) 8. Medical rescue of naval combat: challenges and future OpenAIRE Jin, Hai; Hou, Li-Jun; Fu, Xiao-Bing 2015-01-01 There has been no large-scale naval combat in the last 30?years. With the rapid development of battleships, weapons manufacturing and electronic technology, naval combat will present some new characteristics. Additionally, naval combat is facing unprecedented challenges. In this paper, we discuss the topic of medical rescue at sea: what challenges we face and what we could do. The contents discussed in this paper contain battlefield self-aid buddy care, clinical skills, organized health servi... 9. The Joint Modular Intermodal Container, is this the Future of Naval Logistics? National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Johnson, Mark E 2005-01-01 .... One mission area that is prime for manpower reduction is naval logistics. JMIC, the Joint Military Intermodal Container is a combined Naval Sea Systems Command/ Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (NAVSEA/OPNAV... 10. American Naval Thinking in the Post-Cold War Era: The U.S. Navy and the Emergence of a Maritime Strategy, 1989-2007 Science.gov (United States) 2013-06-01 reoccurrence of global depression and world war by establishing regimes soon after the Second World War that addressed the factors that were thought to have...Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1986), 164. 8 John B. Hattendorf, John R. Wadleigh, and B. Mitchell Simpson, Sailors and Scholars: The Centennial ...Simpson. Sailors and Scholars: The Centennial History of the United States Naval War College. Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College, 1984. 387 11. Risk Assessment of the Naval Postgraduate School Gigabit Network National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Rowlands, Dennis 2004-01-01 This research thoroughly examines the current Naval Postgraduate School Gigabit Network security posture, identifies any possible threats or vulnerabilities, and recommends any appropriate safeguards... 12. Medical rescue of naval combat: challenges and future. Science.gov (United States) Jin, Hai; Hou, Li-Jun; Fu, Xiao-Bing 2015-01-01 There has been no large-scale naval combat in the last 30 years. With the rapid development of battleships, weapons manufacturing and electronic technology, naval combat will present some new characteristics. Additionally, naval combat is facing unprecedented challenges. In this paper, we discuss the topic of medical rescue at sea: what challenges we face and what we could do. The contents discussed in this paper contain battlefield self-aid buddy care, clinical skills, organized health services, medical training and future medical research programs. We also discuss the characteristics of modern naval combat, medical rescue challenges, medical treatment highlights and future developments of medical rescue at sea. 13. Interactive 3D visualization for theoretical virtual observatories Science.gov (United States) Dykes, T.; Hassan, A.; Gheller, C.; Croton, D.; Krokos, M. 2018-06-01 Virtual observatories (VOs) are online hubs of scientific knowledge. They encompass a collection of platforms dedicated to the storage and dissemination of astronomical data, from simple data archives to e-research platforms offering advanced tools for data exploration and analysis. Whilst the more mature platforms within VOs primarily serve the observational community, there are also services fulfilling a similar role for theoretical data. Scientific visualization can be an effective tool for analysis and exploration of data sets made accessible through web platforms for theoretical data, which often contain spatial dimensions and properties inherently suitable for visualization via e.g. mock imaging in 2D or volume rendering in 3D. We analyse the current state of 3D visualization for big theoretical astronomical data sets through scientific web portals and virtual observatory services. We discuss some of the challenges for interactive 3D visualization and how it can augment the workflow of users in a virtual observatory context. Finally we showcase a lightweight client-server visualization tool for particle-based data sets, allowing quantitative visualization via data filtering, highlighting two example use cases within the Theoretical Astrophysical Observatory. 14. Interactive 3D Visualization for Theoretical Virtual Observatories Science.gov (United States) Dykes, Tim; Hassan, A.; Gheller, C.; Croton, D.; Krokos, M. 2018-04-01 Virtual Observatories (VOs) are online hubs of scientific knowledge. They encompass a collection of platforms dedicated to the storage and dissemination of astronomical data, from simple data archives to e-research platforms offering advanced tools for data exploration and analysis. Whilst the more mature platforms within VOs primarily serve the observational community, there are also services fulfilling a similar role for theoretical data. Scientific visualization can be an effective tool for analysis and exploration of datasets made accessible through web platforms for theoretical data, which often contain spatial dimensions and properties inherently suitable for visualization via e.g. mock imaging in 2d or volume rendering in 3d. We analyze the current state of 3d visualization for big theoretical astronomical datasets through scientific web portals and virtual observatory services. We discuss some of the challenges for interactive 3d visualization and how it can augment the workflow of users in a virtual observatory context. Finally we showcase a lightweight client-server visualization tool for particle-based datasets allowing quantitative visualization via data filtering, highlighting two example use cases within the Theoretical Astrophysical Observatory. 15. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan CERN Document Server Haubold, Hans J; UN/ESA/NASA Workshop on the International Heliophysical Year 2007 and Basic Space Science, hosted by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2010-01-01 This book represents Volume II of the Proceedings of the UN/ESA/NASA Workshop on the International Heliophysical Year 2007 and Basic Space Science, hosted by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, 18 - 22 June, 2007. It covers two programme topics explored in this and past workshops of this nature: (i) non-extensive statistical mechanics as applicable to astrophysics, addressing q-distribution, fractional reaction and diffusion, and the reaction coefficient, as well as the Mittag-Leffler function and (ii) the TRIPOD concept, developed for astronomical telescope facilities. The companion publication, Volume I of the proceedings of this workshop, is a special issue in the journal Earth, Moon, and Planets, Volume 104, Numbers 1-4, April 2009. 16. Autonomous Infrastructure for Observatory Operations Science.gov (United States) Seaman, R. This is an era of rapid change from ancient human-mediated modes of astronomical practice to a vision of ever larger time domain surveys, ever bigger "big data", to increasing numbers of robotic telescopes and astronomical automation on every mountaintop. Over the past decades, facets of a new autonomous astronomical toolkit have been prototyped and deployed in support of numerous space missions. Remote and queue observing modes have gained significant market share on the ground. Archives and data-mining are becoming ubiquitous; astroinformatic techniques and virtual observatory standards and protocols are areas of active development. Astronomers and engineers, planetary and solar scientists, and researchers from communities as diverse as particle physics and exobiology are collaborating on a vast range of "multi-messenger" science. What then is missing? 17. Naval Reactors Facility environmental monitoring report, calendar year 2001 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2002-01-01 The results of the radiological and nonradiological environmental monitoring programs for 2001 at the Naval Reactors Facility are presented in this report. The results obtained from the environmental monitoring programs verify that releases to the environment from operations at NRF were in accordance with Federal and State regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data confirms that the operation of NRF continues to have no adverse effect on the quality of the environment or the health and safety of the general public. Furthermore, a conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of NRF operations demonstrated that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits prescribed by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U. S. Department of Energy 18. 1997 environmental monitoring report for the Naval Reactors Facility International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1997-01-01 The results of the radiological and nonradiological environmental monitoring programs for 1997 at the Naval Reactors Facility (NRF) are presented in this report. The results obtained from the environmental monitoring programs verify that releases to the environment from operations at NRF were in accordance with state and federal regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data confirms that the operation of NRF continues to have no adverse effect on the quality of the environment or the health and safety of the general public. Furthermore, a conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of NRF operations demonstrated that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits prescribed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) 19. Naval Reactors Facility Environmental Monitoring Report, Calendar Year 2003 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2003-01-01 The results of the radiological and nonradiological environmental monitoring programs for 2003 at the Naval Reactors Facility are presented in this report. The results obtained from the environmental monitoring programs verify that releases to the environment from operations at NRF were in accordance with Federal and State regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data confirms that the operation of NRF continues to have no adverse effect on the quality of the environment or the health and safety of the general public. Furthermore, a conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of NRF operations demonstrated that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits prescribed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy 20. Naval Reactors Facility environmental monitoring report, calendar year 1999 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2000-01-01 The results of the radiological and nonradiological environmental monitoring programs for 1999 at the Naval Reactors Facility (NRF) are presented in this report. The results obtained from the environmental monitoring programs verify that releases to the environment from operations at NRF were in accordance with Federal and State regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data confirms that the operation of NRF continues to have no adverse effect on the quality of the environment or the health and safety of the general public. Furthermore, a conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of NRF operations demonstrated that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits prescribed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) 1. 1993 environmental monitoring report for the naval reactors facility International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1994-01-01 The results of the radiological and nonradiological environmental monitoring programs for 1993 at the Naval Reactors Facility (NRF) are presented in this report. The results obtained from the environmental monitoring programs verify that releases to the environment from operations at NRF were in accordance with state and federal regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data confirms that the operation of NRF continues to have no adverse effect on the quality of the environment or the health and safety of the general public. Furthermore, a conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of NRF operations demonstrated that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits prescribed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) 2. 1991 environmental monitoring report for the Naval Reactors Facility International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1991-01-01 The results of the radiological and non-radiological environmental monitoring programs for 1991 at the Naval Reactors Facility (NRF) are presented in this report. The results obtained from the environmental monitoring programs verify that releases to the environment from operations at NRF were within the guidelines established by state and federal regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data confirms that the operation of NRF continues to have no adverse effect on the quality of the environment or heath and safety of the general public. Furthermore, a conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of NRF operations demonstrated that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits prescribed by the EnVironmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) 3. Naval Reactors Facility environmental monitoring report, calendar year 2000 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2001-01-01 The results of the radiological and nonradiological environmental monitoring programs for 2000 at the Naval Reactors Facility (NRF) are presented in this report. The results obtained from the environmental monitoring programs verify that releases to the environment from operations at NRF were in accordance with Federal and State regulations. Evaluation of the environmental data confirms that the operation of NRF continues to have no adverse effect on the quality of the environment or the health and safety of the general public. Furthermore, a conservative assessment of radiation exposure to the general public as a result of NRF operations demonstrated that the dose received by any member of the public was well below the most restrictive dose limits prescribed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) 4. TUM Critical Zone Observatory, Germany Science.gov (United States) Völkel, Jörg; Eden, Marie 2014-05-01 Founded 2011 the TUM Critical Zone Observatory run by the Technische Universität München and partners abroad is the first CZO within Germany. TUM CZO is both, a scientific as well as an education project. It is a watershed based observatory, but moving behind this focus. In fact, two mountainous areas are integrated: (1) The Ammer Catchment area as an alpine and pre alpine research area in the northern limestone Alps and forelands south of Munich; (2) the Otter Creek Catchment in the Bavarian Forest with a crystalline setting (Granite, Gneiss) as a mid mountainous area near Regensburg; and partly the mountainous Bavarian Forest National Park. The Ammer Catchment is a high energy system as well as a sensitive climate system with past glacial elements. The lithology shows mostly carbonates from Tertiary and Mesozoic times (e.g. Flysch). Source-to-sink processes are characteristic for the Ammer Catchment down to the last glacial Ammer Lake as the regional erosion and deposition base. The consideration of distal depositional environments, the integration of upstream and downstream landscape effects are characteristic for the Ammer Catchment as well. Long term datasets exist in many regards. The Otter Creek catchment area is developed in a granitic environment, rich in saprolites. As a mid mountainous catchment the energy system is facing lower stage. Hence, it is ideal comparing both of them. Both TUM CZO Catchments: The selected catchments capture the depositional environment. Both catchment areas include historical impacts and rapid land use change. Crosscutting themes across both sites are inbuilt. Questions of ability to capture such gradients along climosequence, chronosequence, anthroposequence are essential. 5. Dark Sky Collaborators: Arizona (AZ) Observatories, Communities, and Businesses Science.gov (United States) Del Castillo, Elizabeth Alvarez; Corbally, Christopher; Falco, Emilio E.; Green, Richard F.; Hall, Jeffrey C.; Williams, G. Grant 2015-03-01 With outdoor lighting ordinances in Arizona first in place around observatories in 1958 and 1972, then throughout the state since 1986, Arizonans have extensive experience working with communities and businesses to preserve our dark skies. Though communities are committed to the astronomy sector in our state, astronomers must collaborate with other stakeholders to implement solutions. Ongoing education and public outreach is necessary to enable ordinance updates as technology changes. Despite significant population increases, sky brightness measurements over the last 20 years show that ordinance updates are worth our efforts as we seek to maintain high quality skies around our observatories. Collaborations are being forged and actions taken to promote astronomy for the longer term in Arizona. 6. US earthquake observatories: recommendations for a new national network Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1980-01-01 This report is the first attempt by the seismological community to rationalize and optimize the distribution of earthquake observatories across the United States. The main aim is to increase significantly our knowledge of earthquakes and the earth's dynamics by providing access to scientifically more valuable data. Other objectives are to provide a more efficient and cost-effective system of recording and distributing earthquake data and to make as uniform as possible the recording of earthquakes in all states. The central recommendation of the Panel is that the guiding concept be established of a rationalized and integrated seismograph system consisting of regional seismograph networks run for crucial regional research and monitoring purposes in tandem with a carefully designed, but sparser, nationwide network of technologically advanced observatories. Such a national system must be thought of not only in terms of instrumentation but equally in terms of data storage, computer processing, and record availability. 7. Naval Reserve Force: Cost and Benefit Analysis of Reducing the Number of Naval Surface Reserve Force Operating Budget Holders National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Young, Eric 1997-01-01 .... This thesis examines one of Commander Naval Surface Reserve Force's initiatives for reducing the current number of Operating Budget holder's Comptroller Departments without sacrificing efficiency... 8. Project Overview of the Naval Postgraduate School Spacecraft Architecture and Technology Demonstration Experiment National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Reuer, Charles 2001-01-01 The Naval Postgraduate School's current attempt at getting another spacecraft into orbit is focusing on Naval Postgraduate School Spacecraft Architecture and Technology Demonstration Experiment (NPSAT1... 9. Observatory data and the Swarm mission DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Macmillan, S.; Olsen, Nils 2013-01-01 products. We describe here the preparation of the data set of ground observatory hourly mean values, including procedures to check and select observatory data spanning the modern magnetic survey satellite era. We discuss other possible combined uses of satellite and observatory data, in particular those......The ESA Swarm mission to identify and measure very accurately the different magnetic signals that arise in the Earth’s core, mantle, crust, oceans, ionosphere and magnetosphere, which together form the magnetic field around the Earth, has increased interest in magnetic data collected on the surface...... of the Earth at observatories. The scientific use of Swarm data and Swarm-derived products is greatly enhanced by combination with observatory data and indices. As part of the Swarm Level-2 data activities plans are in place to distribute such ground-based data along with the Swarm data as auxiliary data... 10. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory seismic data, January to March 2009 Science.gov (United States) Nakata, Jennifer S.; Okubo, Paul G. 2010-01-01 This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) summary presents seismic data gathered during January–March 2009. The seismic summary offers earthquake hypocenters without interpretation as a source of preliminary data and is complete in that most data for events of M≥1.5 are included. All latitude and longitude references in this report are stated in Old Hawaiian Datum. 11. NASA Names Premier X-Ray Observatory and Schedules Launch Science.gov (United States) 1998-12-01 NASA's Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility has been renamed the Chandra X-ray Observatory in honor of the late Indian-American Nobel laureate, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. The telescope is scheduled to be launched no earlier than April 8, 1999 aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia mission STS-93, commanded by astronaut Eileen Collins. Chandrasekhar, known to the world as Chandra, which means "moon" or "luminous" in Sanskrit, was a popular entry in a recent NASA contest to name the spacecraft. The contest drew more than six thousand entries from fifty states and sixty-one countries. The co-winners were a tenth grade student in Laclede, Idaho, and a high school teacher in Camarillo, CA. The Chandra X-ray Observatory Center (CXC), operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, will control science and flight operations of the Chandra X-ray Observatory for NASA from Cambridge, Mass. "Chandra is a highly appropriate name," said Harvey Tananbaum, Director of the CXC. "Throughout his life Chandra worked tirelessly and with great precision to further our understanding of the universe. These same qualities characterize the many individuals who have devoted much of their careers to building this premier X-ray observatory." "Chandra probably thought longer and deeper about our universe than anyone since Einstein," said Martin Rees, Great Britain's Astronomer Royal. "Chandrasekhar made fundamental contributions to the theory of black holes and other phenomena that the Chandra X-ray Observatory will study. His life and work exemplify the excellence that we can hope to achieve with this great observatory," said NASA Administrator Dan Goldin. Widely regarded as one of the foremost astrophysicists of the 20th century, Chandrasekhar won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for his theoretical studies of physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars. He and his wife immigrated from India to the U.S. in 1935. Chandrasekhar served on the faculty of the University of 12. Geomagnetic Observatory Data for Real-Time Applications Science.gov (United States) Love, J. J.; Finn, C. A.; Rigler, E. J.; Kelbert, A.; Bedrosian, P. 2015-12-01 The global network of magnetic observatories represents a unique collective asset for the scientific community. Historically, magnetic observatories have supported global magnetic-field mapping projects and fundamental research of the Earth's interior and surrounding space environment. More recently, real-time data streams from magnetic observatories have become an important contributor to multi-sensor, operational monitoring of evolving space weather conditions, especially during magnetic storms. In this context, the U.S. Geological Survey (1) provides real-time observatory data to allied space weather monitoring projects, including those of NOAA, the U.S. Air Force, NASA, several international agencies, and private industry, (2) collaborates with Schlumberger to provide real-time geomagnetic data needed for directional drilling for oil and gas in Alaska, (3) develops products for real-time evaluation of hazards for the electric-power grid industry that are associated with the storm-time induction of geoelectric fields in the Earth's conducting lithosphere. In order to implement strategic priorities established by the USGS Natural Hazards Mission Area and the National Science and Technology Council, and with a focus on developing new real-time products, the USGS is (1) leveraging data management protocols already developed by the USGS Earthquake Program, (2) developing algorithms for mapping geomagnetic activity, a collaboration with NASA and NOAA, (3) supporting magnetotelluric surveys and developing Earth conductivity models, a collaboration with Oregon State University and the NSF's EarthScope Program, (4) studying the use of geomagnetic activity maps and Earth conductivity models for real-time estimation of geoelectric fields, (5) initiating geoelectric monitoring at several observatories, (6) validating real-time estimation algorithms against historical geomagnetic and geoelectric data. The success of these long-term projects is subject to funding constraints 13. The Naval Postgraduate School : The Nation's Premier National Security Research University [video OpenAIRE 2010-01-01 “The best and brightest military officers from the United States and around the world come to the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, to work with world class faculty on real military and defense problems. At NPS, they gain both the intellectual know how and the practical skills for improving defense technologies, systems and programs.” -- President George H.W. Bush 14. Analysis of Civilian Employee Attrition at the Naval Postgraduate School and Naval Support Activity - Monterey Bay National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Valverde, Xavier 1997-01-01 ...) and Naval Support Activity-Monterey Bay (NSA-MB) to determine what civilian non-faculty employee jobs are likely to be left vacant in the next three years due to attrition and to identify what training and skills will be needed by personnel whose... 15. The Importance of Submarine Tenders to a Modern Naval War: Naval Combat Logistics and Seabasing Science.gov (United States) 2017-04-28 concern of political risk or consequences of sovereignty . 15. SUBJECT TERMS TENDER, SEABASING, SUBMARINE MAINTENANCE, NAVAL COMBAT LOGISTICS...anywhere in the world’s oceans, with minimal concern of political risk or consequences of sovereignty . 1 INTRODUCTION...logistics beyond the basic peacetime considerations of food and fuel. If a maritime conflict occurs in a distant theatre, the Navy will find that it 16. Solar Imagery - Photosphere - Sunspot Drawings - McMath-Hulbert Observatory Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The McMath-Hulbert Observatory is a decommissioned solar observatory in Lake Angelus, Michigan, USA. It was established in 1929 as a private observatory by father... 17. EMSO: European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory Science.gov (United States) Favali, P.; Partnership, Emso 2009-04-01 EMSO, a Research Infrastructure listed within ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures) Roadmap), is the European-scale network of multidisciplinary seafloor observatories from the Arctic to the Black Sea with the scientific objective of long-term real-time monitoring of processes related to geosphere/biosphere/hydrosphere interactions. EMSO will enhance our understanding of processes through long time series appropriate to the scale of the phenomena, constituting the new frontier of studying Earth interior, deep-sea biology and chemistry and ocean processes. EMSO will reply also to the need expressed in the frame of GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) to develop a marine segment integrated in the in situ and satellite global monitoring system. The EMSO development relays upon the synergy between the scientific community and the industry to improve the European competitiveness with respect to countries like USA/Canada, NEPTUNE, VENUS and MARS projects, Taiwan, MACHO project, and Japan, DONET project. In Europe the development of an underwater network is based on previous EU-funded projects since early '90, and presently supported by EU initiatives. The EMSO infrastructure will constitute the extension to the sea of the land-based networks. Examples of data recorded by seafloor observatories will be presented. EMSO is presently at the stage of Preparatory Phase (PP), funded in the EC FP7 Capacities Programme. The project has started in April 2008 and will last 4 years with the participation of 12 Institutions representing 12 countries. EMSO potential will be significantly increased also with the interaction with other Research Infrastructures addressed to Earth Science. 2. IFREMER-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (France, ref. Roland Person); KDM-Konsortium Deutsche Meeresforschung e.V. (Germany, ref. Christoph Waldmann); IMI-Irish Marine Institute (Ireland, ref. Michael Gillooly); UTM-CSIC-Unidad de 18. EMSO: European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory Science.gov (United States) Favali, Paolo 2010-05-01 EMSO, a Research Infrastructure listed within ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures) Roadmap (Report 2006, http://cordis.europa.eu/esfri/roadmap.htm), is the European-scale network of multidisciplinary seafloor observatories from the Arctic to the Black Sea with the scientific objective of long-term real-time monitoring of processes related to geosphere/biosphere/hydrosphere interactions. EMSO will enhance our understanding of processes through long time series appropriate to the scale of the phenomena, constituting the new frontier of studying Earth interior, deep-sea biology and chemistry and ocean processes. The development of an underwater network is based on previous EU-funded projects since early '90 and is being supported by several EU initiatives, as the on-going ESONET-NoE, coordinated by IFREMER (2007-2011, http://www.esonet-emso.org/esonet-noe/), and aims at gathering together the Research Community of the Ocean Observatories. In 2006 the FP7 Capacities Programme launched a call for Preparatory Phase (PP) projects, that will provide the support to create the legal and organisational entities in charge of managing the infrastructures, and coordinating the financial effort among the countries. Under this call the EMSO-PP project was approved in 2007 with the coordination of INGV and the participation of other 11 Institutions of 11 countries. The project has started in April 2008 and will last 4 years. The EMSO is a key-infrastructure both for Ocean Sciences and for Solid Earth Sciences. In this respect it will enhance and complement profitably the capabilities of other European research infrastructures such as EPOS, ERICON-Aurora Borealis, and SIOS. The perspective of the synergy among EMSO and other ESFRI Research Infrastructures will be outlined. EMSO Partners: IFREMER-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (France, ref. Roland Person); KDM-Konsortium Deutsche Meeresforschung e.V. (Germany, ref. Christoph 19. 32 CFR 724.406 - Commander, Naval Medical Command. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Commander, Naval Medical Command. 724.406 Section 724.406 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL NAVAL DISCHARGE REVIEW BOARD Principal Elements of the Navy Department Discharge Review System § 724.406 Commander... 20. Web-Based Naval Fleet Logistics Information System National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Li, Yanfeng 2007-01-01 ... and execution, and as an information system for corporate knowledge management. The capability of a Web-based system will optimize Naval supply chain operations, significantly reduce man-hours, provide a mechanism for continuous process improvement, and enable the Naval supply system to become a learning organization. 1. Doing Business with the Office of Naval Research Science.gov (United States) 2012-08-01 DOING BUSINESS WITH THE OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH Ms. Vera M. Carroll Acquisition Branch Head ONR BD 251 1 Report Documentation Page Form...COVERED 00-00-2012 to 00-00-2012 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Doing Business with the Office of Naval Research 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 2. Naval Blockade and the Humanitarian Crisis in Yemen NARCIS (Netherlands) Fink, M.D. A Saudi Arabia-led coalition is supporting the Yemeni Government with military means against the Houthis in Yemen. Part of those military operations are naval operations off the coast of Yemen that aim to stop the influx of weapons meant for the Houthis. It is viewed that these naval enforcement 3. U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps 2009 Annual Report Science.gov (United States) 2009-01-01 for the Naval Sea Cadet Corps. I salute your service to our Nation in developing future leaders. Bravo Zulu and keep charging! ttr’"-- U.S...Minutemen, NLCC, sponsored by Channel Isles Council, NLUS, CA. The NSCC Hall of Fame Award: Awarded to a founder or volunteer U.S. Naval Sea Cadet 4. Naval S and T Strategy: Innovations for the Future Force Science.gov (United States) 2015-01-20 collectively paint a picture of the future naval force that today’s initiatives will help build. Scientists and engineers at the Naval Research...breakthrough solutions that shape the future force (e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS), radar, autonomous systems, graphene , QuikClot and many more 5. 22 CFR 126.6 - Foreign-owned military aircraft and naval vessels, and the Foreign Military Sales program. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Foreign-owned military aircraft and naval vessels, and the Foreign Military Sales program. 126.6 Section 126.6 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS GENERAL POLICIES AND PROVISIONS § 126.6 Foreign-owned military... 6. The Malaysian Robotic Solar Observatory (P29) Science.gov (United States) Othman, M.; Asillam, M. F.; Ismail, M. K. H. 2006-11-01 Robotic observatory with small telescopes can make significant contributions to astronomy observation. They provide an encouraging environment for astronomers to focus on data analysis and research while at the same time reducing time and cost for observation. The observatory will house the primary 50cm robotic telescope in the main dome which will be used for photometry, spectroscopy and astrometry observation activities. The secondary telescope is a robotic multi-apochromatic refractor (maximum diameter: 15 cm) which will be housed in the smaller dome. This telescope set will be used for solar observation mainly in three different wavelengths simultaneously: the Continuum, H-Alpha and Calcium K-line. The observatory is also equipped with an automated weather station, cloud & rain sensor and all-sky camera to monitor the climatic condition, sense the clouds (before raining) as well as to view real time sky view above the observatory. In conjunction with the Langkawi All-Sky Camera, the observatory website will also display images from the Malaysia - Antarctica All-Sky Camera used to monitor the sky at Scott Base Antarctica. Both all-sky images can be displayed simultaneously to show the difference between the equatorial and Antarctica skies. This paper will describe the Malaysian Robotic Observatory including the systems available and method of access by other astronomers. We will also suggest possible collaboration with other observatories in this region. 7. Un chantier naval à Hochiminh-Ville OpenAIRE Bogani, Laura 2012-01-01 Cet article s’intéresse à trois types de bateaux au Vietnam qui naviguaient sur les fleuves et les eaux du Delta et servaient principalement au transport. Leur description, associée à L’étude d’un chantier naval, permet de dégager les constantes et les innovations concernant les bateaux en bois. La description de la filière économique et technique menant à la réalisation d’un bateau permet de comprendre le rôle des différents acteurs impliqués (propriétaires, architectes, ouvriers et parmi eu... 8. Robotic Software for the Thacher Observatory Science.gov (United States) Lawrence, George; Luebbers, Julien; Eastman, Jason D.; Johnson, John A.; Swift, Jonathan 2018-06-01 The Thacher Observatory—a research and educational facility located in Ojai, CA—uses a 0.7 meter telescope to conduct photometric research on a variety of targets including eclipsing binaries, exoplanet transits, and supernovae. Currently, observations are automated using commercial software. In order to expand the flexibility for specialized scientific observations and to increase the educational value of the facility on campus, we are adapting and implementing the custom observatory control software and queue scheduling developed for the Miniature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array (MINERVA) to the Thacher Observatory. We present the design and implementation of this new software as well as its demonstrated functionality on the Thacher Observatory. 9. 32 CFR 700.406 - Naval Vessel Register, classification of naval craft, and status of ships and service craft. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... craft, and status of ships and service craft. 700.406 Section 700.406 National Defense Department of... Register, classification of naval craft, and status of ships and service craft. (a) The Chief of Naval... craft and the designation of status for each ship and service craft. (b) Commissioned vessels and craft... 10. GROSS- GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY ATTITUDE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR Science.gov (United States) Garrick, J. 1994-01-01 The Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) spacecraft will constitute a major advance in gamma ray astronomy by offering the first opportunity for comprehensive observations in the range of 0.1 to 30,000 megaelectronvolts (MeV). The Gamma Ray Observatory Attitude Dynamics Simulator, GROSS, is designed to simulate this mission. The GRO Dynamics Simulator consists of three separate programs: the Standalone Profile Program; the Simulator Program, which contains the Simulation Control Input/Output (SCIO) Subsystem, the Truth Model (TM) Subsystem, and the Onboard Computer (OBC) Subsystem; and the Postprocessor Program. The Standalone Profile Program models the environment of the spacecraft and generates a profile data set for use by the simulator. This data set contains items such as individual external torques; GRO spacecraft, Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS), and solar and lunar ephemerides; and star data. The Standalone Profile Program is run before a simulation. The SCIO subsystem is the executive driver for the simulator. It accepts user input, initializes parameters, controls simulation, and generates output data files and simulation status display. The TM subsystem models the spacecraft dynamics, sensors, and actuators. It accepts ephemerides, star data, and environmental torques from the Standalone Profile Program. With these and actuator commands from the OBC subsystem, the TM subsystem propagates the current state of the spacecraft and generates sensor data for use by the OBC and SCIO subsystems. The OBC subsystem uses sensor data from the TM subsystem, a Kalman filter (for attitude determination), and control laws to compute actuator commands to the TM subsystem. The OBC subsystem also provides output data to the SCIO subsystem for output to the analysts. The Postprocessor Program is run after simulation is completed. It generates printer and CRT plots and tabular reports of the simulated data at the direction of the user. GROSS is written in FORTRAN 77 and 11. Interoperability of Heliophysics Virtual Observatories Science.gov (United States) Thieman, J.; Roberts, A.; King, T.; King, J.; Harvey, C. 2008-01-01 If you'd like to find interrelated heliophysics (also known as space and solar physics) data for a research project that spans, for example, magnetic field data and charged particle data from multiple satellites located near a given place and at approximately the same time, how easy is this to do? There are probably hundreds of data sets scattered in archives around the world that might be relevant. Is there an optimal way to search these archives and find what you want? There are a number of virtual observatories (VOs) now in existence that maintain knowledge of the data available in subdisciplines of heliophysics. The data may be widely scattered among various data centers, but the VOs have knowledge of what is available and how to get to it. The problem is that research projects might require data from a number of subdisciplines. Is there a way to search multiple VOs at once and obtain what is needed quickly? To do this requires a common way of describing the data such that a search using a common term will find all data that relate to the common term. This common language is contained within a data model developed for all of heliophysics and known as the SPASE (Space Physics Archive Search and Extract) Data Model. NASA has funded the main part of the development of SPASE but other groups have put resources into it as well. How well is this working? We will review the use of SPASE and how well the goal of locating and retrieving data within the heliophysics community is being achieved. Can the VOs truly be made interoperable despite being developed by so many diverse groups? 12. The Arecibo Observatory Space Academy Science.gov (United States) Rodriguez-Ford, Linda A.; Fernanda Zambrano Marin, Luisa; Aponte Hernandez, Betzaida; Soto, Sujeily; Rivera-Valentin, Edgard G. 2016-10-01 The Arecibo Observatory Space Academy (AOSA) is an intense fifteen-week pre-college research program for qualified high school students residing in Puerto Rico, which includes ten days for hands-on, on site research activities. Our mission is to prepare students for their professional careers by allowing them to receive an independent and collaborative research experience on topics related to the multidisciplinary field of space science. Our objectives are to (1) supplement the student's STEM education via inquiry-based learning and indirect teaching methods, (2) immerse students in an ESL environment, further developing their verbal and written presentation skills, and (3) foster in every student an interest in the STEM fields by harnessing their natural curiosity and knowledge in order to further develop their critical thinking and investigation skills. Students interested in participating in the program go through an application, interview and trial period before being offered admission. They are welcomed as candidates the first weeks, and later become cadets while experiencing designing, proposing, and conducting research projects focusing in fields like Physics, Astronomy, Geology, Chemistry, and Engineering. Each individual is evaluated with program compatibility based on peer interaction, preparation, participation, and contribution to class, group dynamics, attitude, challenges, and inquiry. This helps to ensure that specialized attention can be given to students who demonstrate a dedication and desire to learn. Deciding how to proceed in the face of setbacks and unexpected problems is central to the learning experience. At the end of the semester, students present their research to the program mentors, peers, and scientific staff. This year, AOSA students also focused on science communication and were trained by NASA's FameLab. Students additionally presented their research at this year's International Space Development Conference (ISDC), which was held in 13. Pro-Amateur Observatories as a Significant Resource for Professional Astronomers - Taurus Hill Observatory Science.gov (United States) Haukka, H.; Hentunen, V.-P.; Nissinen, M.; Salmi, T.; Aartolahti, H.; Juutilainen, J.; Vilokki, H. 2013-09-01 Taurus Hill Observatory (THO), observatory code A95, is an amateur observatory located in Varkaus, Finland. The observatory is maintained by the local astronomical association of Warkauden Kassiopeia [8]. THO research team has observed and measured various stellar objects and phenomena. Observatory has mainly focuse d on asteroid [1] and exoplanet light curve measurements, observing the gamma rays burst, supernova discoveries and monitoring [2]. We also do long term monitoring projects [3]. THO research team has presented its research work on previous EPSC meetings ([4], [5],[6], [7]) and got very supportive reactions from the European planetary science community. The results and publications that pro-amateur based observatories, like THO, have contributed, clearly demonstrates that pro-amateurs area significant resource for the professional astronomers now and even more in the future. 14. Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer: Status Update National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Creech-Eakman, M. J; Bakker, E. J; Buscher, D. F; Coleman, T. A; Haniff, C. A; Jurgenson, C. A; Klinglesmith, III, D. A; Parameswariah, C. B; Romero, V. D; Shtromberg, A. V; Young, J. S 2006-01-01 The Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI) is a ten element optical and near-infrared imaging interferometer being built in the Magdalena mountains west of Socorro, NM at an altitude of 3230 m... 15. Ten years of the Spanish Virtual Observatory Science.gov (United States) Solano, E. 2015-05-01 The main objective of the Virtual Observatory (VO) is to guarantee an easy and efficient access and analysis of the information hosted in astronomical archives. The Spanish Virtual Observatory (SVO) is a project that was born in 2004 with the goal of promoting and coordinating the VO-related activities at national level. SVO is also the national contact point for the international VO initiatives, in particular the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA) and the Euro-VO project. The project, led by Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), is structured around four major topics: a) VO compliance of astronomical archives, b) VO-science, c) VO- and data mining-tools, and d) Education and outreach. In this paper I will describe the most important results obtained by the Spanish Virtual Observatory in its first ten years of life as well as the future lines of work. 16. The Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network (AMON) Science.gov (United States) Smith. M. W. E.; Fox, D. B.; Cowen, D. F.; Meszaros, P.; Tesic, G.; Fixelle, J.; Bartos, I.; Sommers, P.; Ashtekar, Abhay; Babu, G. Jogesh; 2013-01-01 We summarize the science opportunity, design elements, current and projected partner observatories, and anticipated science returns of the Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network (AMON). AMON will link multiple current and future high-energy, multimessenger, and follow-up observatories together into a single network, enabling near real-time coincidence searches for multimessenger astrophysical transients and their electromagnetic counterparts. Candidate and high-confidence multimessenger transient events will be identified, characterized, and distributed as AMON alerts within the network and to interested external observers, leading to follow-up observations across the electromagnetic spectrum. In this way, AMON aims to evoke the discovery of multimessenger transients from within observatory subthreshold data streams and facilitate the exploitation of these transients for purposes of astronomy and fundamental physics. As a central hub of global multimessenger science, AMON will also enable cross-collaboration analyses of archival datasets in search of rare or exotic astrophysical phenomena. 17. CERN Multimedia 2003-01-01 Canberra bushfires have gutted the Mount Stromlo Observatory causing the flames destroyed five telescopes, the workshop, eight staff homes and the main dome, causing more than 20 million in damage (1 page). 18. The Farid and Moussa Raphael Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hajjar, R 2017-01-01 The Farid and Moussa Raphael Observatory (FMRO) at Notre Dame University Louaize (NDU) is a teaching, research, and outreach facility located at the main campus of the university. It located very close to the Lebanese coast, in an urbanized area. It features a 60-cm Planewave CDK telescope, and instruments that allow for photometric and spetroscopic studies. The observatory currently has one thinned, back-illuminated CCD camera, used as the main imager along with Johnson-Cousin and Sloan photometric filters. It also features two spectrographs, one of which is a fiber fed echelle spectrograph. These are used with a dedicated CCD. The observatory has served for student projects, and summer schools for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It is also made available for use by the regional and international community. The control system is currently being configured for remote observations. A number of long-term research projects are also being launched at the observatory. (paper) 19. United States Naval War College, 1919-1941: An Institutional Response to Naval Preparedness Science.gov (United States) 1975-06-01 European nations would be involved 25 though the lineup was obscure. Three members of the class of 1927, Commanders R. E. Ingersoll, R. A. Spruance...operations and attack on and defense of trade in the western Pacific. Another sequential problem studied by the Senior Class included a series of exer...1-4. Effective use of the publication required a syste- matic, sequential consideration of each phase of the de- cision making process 20. ONLINE TEACHING MODULE IN COMPUTER NETWORKING OF NAVAL STATE UNIVERSITY, NAVAL, BILIRAN PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES OpenAIRE Reynold G. Bustillo, Noel P. Tancinco 2016-01-01 Nowadays, technologies provide different ways to make easier and faster. There are different types of systems provided and created for establishments, industries, corporations, companies. Some of the technologies are the online system, the automated system and many more. This enables the users to minimize their time, money and effort in personal and business transactions. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and daily experience. By developing innovative softw... 1. 75 FR 6360 - Information on Surplus Land at a Military Installation Designated for Disposal: Newport Naval... Science.gov (United States) 2010-02-09 ... Installation Designated for Disposal: Newport Naval Complex, Newport, RI--Former Naval Hospital, Newport... designation, on January 5, 2009, land and facilities at this installation were declared excess to the... the land and facilities at Newport Naval Complex: Former Naval Hospital, Newport, Former Navy Lodge... 2. Early German Plans for a Southern Observatory Science.gov (United States) Wolfschmidt, Gudrun As early as the 18th and 19th centuries, French and English observers were active in South Africa. Around the beginning of the 20th century the Heidelberg astronomer Max Wolf (1863-1932) proposed a southern observatory. In 1907 Hermann Carl Vogel (1841-1907), director of the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam, suggested a southern station in Spain. His ideas for building an observatory in Windhuk for photographing the sky and measuring the solar constant were taken over by the Göttingen astronomers. In 1910 Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916), after having visited the observatories in America, pointed out the usefulness of an observatory in South West Africa, where it would have better weather than in Germany and also give access to the southern sky. Seeing tests were begun in 1910 by Potsdam astronomers, but WW I stopped the plans. In 1928 Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885-1964), inspired by the Hamburg astronomer Walter Baade (1893-1960), worked out a detailed plan for a southern observatory with a reflecting telescope, spectrographs and an astrograph with an objective prism. Paul Guthnick (1879-1947), director of the Berlin observatory, in cooperation with APO Potsdam and Hamburg, made a site survey to Africa in 1929 and found the conditions in Windhuk to be ideal. Observations were started in the 1930s by Berlin and Breslau astronomers, but were stopped by WW II. In the 1950s, astronomers from Hamburg and The Netherlands renewed the discussion in the framework of European cooperation, and this led to the founding of ESO in 1963, as is well described by Blaauw (1991). Blaauw, Adriaan: ESO's Early History. The European Southern Observatory from Concept to Reality. Garching bei München: ESO 1991. 3. The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Boháčová, Martina; Chudoba, Jiří; Ebr, Jan; Grygar, Jiří; Mandát, Dušan; Nečesal, Petr; Palatka, Miroslav; Pech, Miroslav; Prouza, Michael; Řídký, Jan; Schovánek, Petr; Trávníček, Petr; Vícha, Jakub 2015-01-01 Roč. 798, Oct (2015), s. 172-213 ISSN 0168-9002 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) LG13007; GA MŠk(CZ) 7AMB14AR005; GA ČR(CZ) GA14-17501S Institutional support: RVO:68378271 Keywords : Pierre Auger Observatory high energy cosmic rays * hybrid observatory * water Cherenkov detectors * air fluorescence detectors Subject RIV: BF - Elementary Particles and High Energy Physics Impact factor: 1.200, year: 2015 4. A Green Robotic Observatory for Astronomy Education Science.gov (United States) Reddy, Vishnu; Archer, K. 2008-09-01 With the development of robotic telescopes and stable remote observing software, it is currently possible for a small institution to have an affordable astronomical facility for astronomy education. However, a faculty member has to deal with the light pollution (observatory location on campus), its nightly operations and regular maintenance apart from his day time teaching and research responsibilities. While building an observatory at a remote location is a solution, the cost of constructing and operating such a facility, not to mention the environmental impact, are beyond the reach of most institutions. In an effort to resolve these issues we have developed a robotic remote observatory that can be operated via the internet from anywhere in the world, has a zero operating carbon footprint and minimum impact on the local environment. The prototype observatory is a clam-shell design that houses an 8-inch telescope with a SBIG ST-10 CCD detector. The brain of the observatory is a low draw 12-volt harsh duty computer that runs the dome, telescope, CCD camera, focuser, and weather monitoring. All equipment runs of a 12-volt AGM-style battery that has low lead content and hence more environmental-friendly to dispose. The total power of 12-14 amp/hrs is generated from a set of solar panels that are large enough to maintain a full battery charge for several cloudy days. This completely eliminates the need for a local power grid for operations. Internet access is accomplished via a high-speed cell phone broadband connection or satellite link eliminating the need for a phone network. An independent observatory monitoring system interfaces with the observatory computer during operation. The observatory converts to a trailer for transportation to the site and is converted to a semi-permanent building without wheels and towing equipment. This ensures minimal disturbance to local environment. 5. Observatories of Sawai Jai Singh II Science.gov (United States) Johnson-Roehr, Susan N. Sawai Jai Singh II, Maharaja of Amber and Jaipur, constructed five observatories in the second quarter of the eighteenth century in the north Indian cities of Shahjahanabad (Delhi), Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura, and Varanasi. Believing the accuracy of his naked-eye observations would improve with larger, more stable instruments, Jai Singh reengineered common brass instruments using stone construction methods. His applied ingenuity led to the invention of several outsize masonry instruments, the majority of which were used to determine the coordinates of celestial objects with reference to the local horizon. During Jai Singh's lifetime, the observatories were used to make observations in order to update existing ephemerides such as the Zīj-i Ulugh Begī. Jai Singh established communications with European astronomers through a number of Jesuits living and working in India. In addition to dispatching ambassadorial parties to Portugal, he invited French and Bavarian Jesuits to visit and make use of the observatories in Shahjahanabad and Jaipur. The observatories were abandoned after Jai Singh's death in 1743 CE. The Mathura observatory was disassembled completely before 1857. The instruments at the remaining observatories were restored extensively during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. 6. The Russian-Ukrainian Observatories Network for the European Astronomical Observatory Route Project Science.gov (United States) Andrievsky, S. M.; Bondar, N. I.; Karetnikov, V. G.; Kazantseva, L. V.; Nefedyev, Y. A.; Pinigin, G. I.; Pozhalova, Zh. A.; Rostopchina-Shakhovskay, A. N.; Stepanov, A. V.; Tolbin, S. V. 2011-09-01 In 2004,the Center of UNESCO World Heritage has announced a new initiative "Astronomy & World Heritage" directed for search and preserving of objects,referred to astronomy,its history in a global value,historical and cultural properties. There were defined a strategy of thematic programme "Initiative" and general criteria for selecting of ancient astronomical objects and observatories. In particular, properties that are situated or have significance in relation to celestial objects or astronomical events; representations of sky and/or celestial bodies and astronomical events; observatories and instruments; properties closely connected with the history of astronomy. In 2005-2006,in accordance with the program "Initiative", information about outstanding properties connected with astronomy have been collected.In Ukraine such work was organized by astronomical expert group in Nikolaev Astronomical Observatory. In 2007, Nikolaev observatory was included to the Tentative List of UNESCO under # 5116. Later, in 2008, the network of four astronomical observatories of Ukraine in Kiev,Crimea, Nikolaev and Odessa,considering their high authenticities and integrities,was included to the Tentative List of UNESCO under # 5267 "Astronomical Observatories of Ukraine". In 2008-2009, a new project "Thematic Study" was opened as a successor of "Initiative". It includes all fields of astronomical heritage from earlier prehistory to the Space astronomy (14 themes in total). We present the Ukraine-Russian Observatories network for the "European astronomical observatory Route project". From Russia two observatories are presented: Kazan Observatory and Pulkovo Observatory in the theme "Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century".The description of astronomical observatories of Ukraine is given in accordance with the project "Thematic study"; the theme "Astronomy from the Renaissance to the mid-twentieth century" - astronomical observatories in Kiev,Nikolaev and Odessa; the 7. Science Initiatives of the US Virtual Astronomical Observatory Science.gov (United States) Hanisch, R. J. 2012-09-01 The United States Virtual Astronomical Observatory program is the operational facility successor to the National Virtual Observatory development project. The primary goal of the US VAO is to build on the standards, protocols, and associated infrastructure developed by NVO and the International Virtual Observatory Alliance partners and to bring to fruition a suite of applications and web-based tools that greatly enhance the research productivity of professional astronomers. To this end, and guided by the advice of our Science Council (Fabbiano et al. 2011), we have focused on five science initiatives in the first two years of VAO operations: 1) scalable cross-comparisons between astronomical source catalogs, 2) dynamic spectral energy distribution construction, visualization, and model fitting, 3) integration and periodogram analysis of time series data from the Harvard Time Series Center and NASA Star and Exoplanet Database, 4) integration of VO data discovery and access tools into the IRAF data analysis environment, and 5) a web-based portal to VO data discovery, access, and display tools. We are also developing tools for data linking and semantic discovery, and have a plan for providing data mining and advanced statistical analysis resources for VAO users. Initial versions of these applications and web-based services are being released over the course of the summer and fall of 2011, with further updates and enhancements planned for throughout 2012 and beyond. 8. The founding charter of the Genomic Observatories Network. Science.gov (United States) Davies, Neil; Field, Dawn; Amaral-Zettler, Linda; Clark, Melody S; Deck, John; Drummond, Alexei; Faith, Daniel P; Geller, Jonathan; Gilbert, Jack; Glöckner, Frank Oliver; Hirsch, Penny R; Leong, Jo-Ann; Meyer, Chris; Obst, Matthias; Planes, Serge; Scholin, Chris; Vogler, Alfried P; Gates, Ruth D; Toonen, Rob; Berteaux-Lecellier, Véronique; Barbier, Michèle; Barker, Katherine; Bertilsson, Stefan; Bicak, Mesude; Bietz, Matthew J; Bobe, Jason; Bodrossy, Levente; Borja, Angel; Coddington, Jonathan; Fuhrman, Jed; Gerdts, Gunnar; Gillespie, Rosemary; Goodwin, Kelly; Hanson, Paul C; Hero, Jean-Marc; Hoekman, David; Jansson, Janet; Jeanthon, Christian; Kao, Rebecca; Klindworth, Anna; Knight, Rob; Kottmann, Renzo; Koo, Michelle S; Kotoulas, Georgios; Lowe, Andrew J; Marteinsson, Viggó Thór; Meyer, Folker; Morrison, Norman; Myrold, David D; Pafilis, Evangelos; Parker, Stephanie; Parnell, John Jacob; Polymenakou, Paraskevi N; Ratnasingham, Sujeevan; Roderick, George K; Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, Naiara; Schonrogge, Karsten; Simon, Nathalie; Valette-Silver, Nathalie J; Springer, Yuri P; Stone, Graham N; Stones-Havas, Steve; Sansone, Susanna-Assunta; Thibault, Kate M; Wecker, Patricia; Wichels, Antje; Wooley, John C; Yahara, Tetsukazu; Zingone, Adriana 2014-03-07 The co-authors of this paper hereby state their intention to work together to launch the Genomic Observatories Network (GOs Network) for which this document will serve as its Founding Charter. We define a Genomic Observatory as an ecosystem and/or site subject to long-term scientific research, including (but not limited to) the sustained study of genomic biodiversity from single-celled microbes to multicellular organisms.An international group of 64 scientists first published the call for a global network of Genomic Observatories in January 2012. The vision for such a network was expanded in a subsequent paper and developed over a series of meetings in Bremen (Germany), Shenzhen (China), Moorea (French Polynesia), Oxford (UK), Pacific Grove (California, USA), Washington (DC, USA), and London (UK). While this community-building process continues, here we express our mutual intent to establish the GOs Network formally, and to describe our shared vision for its future. The views expressed here are ours alone as individual scientists, and do not necessarily represent those of the institutions with which we are affiliated. 9. Science Initiatives of the US Virtual Astronomical Observatory Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hanisch Robert J. 2012-09-01 Full Text Available The United States Virtual Astronomical Observatory program is the operational facility successor to the National Virtual Observatory development project. The primary goal of the US VAO is to build on the standards, protocols, and associated infrastructure developed by NVO and the International Virtual Observatory Alliance partners and to bring to fruition a suite of applications and web-based tools that greatly enhance the research productivity of professional astronomers. To this end, and guided by the advice of our Science Council (advisory committee, we are focusing on five science initiatives in the first two years of VAO operations: (1 scalable cross-comparisons between astronomical source catalogs, (2 dynamic spectral energy distribution construction, visualization, and model fitting, (3 integration and periodogram analysis of time series data from the Harvard Time Series Center and NASA Star and Exoplanet Database, (4 integration of VO data discovery and access tools into the IR AF data analysis environment, and (5 a web-based portal to VO data discovery, access, and display tools. We are also developing tools for data linking and semantic discovery, and have a plan for providing data mining and advanced statistical analysis resources for VAO users. Initial versions of these applications and web-based services are being released over the course of the summer and fall of 2011, with further updates and enhancements planned for throughout 2012 and beyond. 10. The Fram Strait integrated ocean observatory Science.gov (United States) Fahrbach, E.; Beszczynska-Möller, A.; Rettig, S.; Rohardt, G.; Sagen, H.; Sandven, S.; Hansen, E. 2012-04-01 A long-term oceanographic moored array has been operated since 1997 to measure the ocean water column properties and oceanic advective fluxes through Fram Strait. While the mooring line along 78°50'N is devoted to monitoring variability of the physical environment, the AWI Hausgarten observatory, located north of it, focuses on ecosystem properties and benthic biology. Under the EU DAMOCLES and ACOBAR projects, the oceanographic observatory has been extended towards the innovative integrated observing system, combining the deep ocean moorings, multipurpose acoustic system and a network of gliders. The main aim of this system is long-term environmental monitoring in Fram Strait, combining satellite data, acoustic tomography, oceanographic measurements at moorings and glider sections with high-resolution ice-ocean circulation models through data assimilation. In future perspective, a cable connection between the Hausgarten observatory and a land base on Svalbard is planned as the implementation of the ESONET Arctic node. To take advantage of the planned cabled node, different technologies for the underwater data transmission were reviewed and partially tested under the ESONET DM AOEM. The main focus was to design and evaluate available technical solutions for collecting data from different components of the Fram Strait ocean observing system, and an integration of available data streams for the optimal delivery to the future cabled node. The main components of the Fram Strait integrated observing system will be presented and the current status of available technologies for underwater data transfer will be reviewed. On the long term, an initiative of Helmholtz observatories foresees the interdisciplinary Earth-Observing-System FRAM which combines observatories such as the long term deep-sea ecological observatory HAUSGARTEN, the oceanographic Fram Strait integrated observing system and the Svalbard coastal stations maintained by the Norwegian ARCTOS network. A vision 11. LCEs for Naval Reactor Benchmark Calculations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) W.J. Anderson 1999-01-01 The purpose of this engineering calculation is to document the MCNP4B2LV evaluations of Laboratory Critical Experiments (LCEs) performed as part of the Disposal Criticality Analysis Methodology program. LCE evaluations documented in this report were performed for 22 different cases with varied design parameters. Some of these LCEs (10) are documented in existing references (Ref. 7.1 and 7.2), but were re-run for this calculation file using more neutron histories. The objective of this analysis is to quantify the MCNP4B2LV code system's ability to accurately calculate the effective neutron multiplication factor (k eff ) for various critical configurations. These LCE evaluations support the development and validation of the neutronics methodology used for criticality analyses involving Naval reactor spent nuclear fuel in a geologic repository 12. 195-Year History of Mykolayiv Observatory: Events and People Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shulga, O.V. 2017-01-01 Full Text Available The basic stages of the history of the Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory are shown. The main results of the Observatory activities are presented by the catalogs of star positions, major and minor planets in the Solar system, space objects in the Earth orbit. The information on the qualitative and quantitative structure of the Observatory, cooperation with the observatories of Ukraine and foreign countries as well as major projects carried out in the Observatory is provided. 13. An international network of magnetic observatories Science.gov (United States) Love, Jeffrey J.; Chulliat, A. 2013-01-01 Since its formation in the late 1980s, the International Real-Time Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET), a voluntary consortium of geophysical institutes from around the world, has promoted the operation of magnetic observatories according to modern standards [eg. Rasson, 2007]. INTERMAGNET institutes have cooperatively developed infrastructure for data exchange and management ads well as methods for data processing and checking. INTERMAGNET institute have also helped to expand global geomagnetic monitoring capacity, most notably by assisting magnetic observatory institutes in economically developing countries by working directly with local geophysicists. Today the INTERMAGNET consortium encompasses 57 institutes from 40 countries supporting 120 observatories (see Figures 1a and 1b). INTERMAGNET data record a wide variety of time series signals related to a host of different physical processes in the Earth's interiors and in the Earth's surrounding space environment [e.g., Love, 2008]. Observatory data have always had a diverse user community, and to meet evolving demand, INTERMAGNET has recently coordinated the introduction of several new data services. 14. Web-Based Naval Fleet Logistics Information System National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Li, Yanfeng 2007-01-01 .... This project proposes the implementation of a Web-Based Logistics Information System to act as a single platform for Naval supply chain and shipboard customers for effective logistics planning... 15. Study of Naval Officers' Attitudes Toward Homosexuals in the Military National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Hicknell, John 2000-01-01 This study examines the attitudes of Naval officers concerning homosexuals in the military, including trends in attitudes over the past six years and understanding of the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy... 16. Integration of Commercial Mobile Satellite Services into Naval Communications National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Stone, Cary 1997-01-01 Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) need to be integrated into Naval Communications. DoD SATCOM military owned systems fall well short of meeting DoD SATCOM requirements in general and mobile SATCOM specifically... 17. Contract Claims Experience at the Naval Air Systems Command National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Carty, John 1999-01-01 ...) experienced at the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) between January 1997 and December 1998 as a means to identify areas of potential improvement in management practices which could result in reduced numbers of claims being submitted... 18. Sea Basing: Evolutionary Naval Doctrine and Military Transformation National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Gentry, Robin 2004-01-01 .... Sea Basing through a combination of naval platforms provides the bridge for the American military forces between the advance force operations needed to prepare the battlespace and the war-winning... 19. Efficient Academic Scheduling at the U.S. Naval Academy National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Zane, David 2003-01-01 This research project examined academic scheduling problems at the U.S. Naval Academy. The focus was on devising methods to construct good final exam schedules and improve existing course schedules by facilitation course changes... 20. Systems Engineering Management Training at Naval Air Systems Command National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Rebel, James 2000-01-01 Within the past few years, the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) has undergone several major changes including an engineering reorganization from a matrix organization to an Integrated Program Team/Competency Aligned Organization (IPT/CAO... 1. Supply and Demand for Business Education in Naval Aviation National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Gray, Obra L 2005-01-01 .... As pilots and Naval Flight Officers evolve from Mission Commander to Commanding Officer, they must be equipped with the requisite business skill sets to engage the challenge of balancing aircraft... 2. Supply and Demand for Business Education in Naval Aviation National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Gray, Obra L 2005-01-01 ... modernization with current readiness. This project analyzes the supply and demand for postgraduate business education to determine how prepared Naval Aviation is to achieve long-term transformation objectives... 3. Military Construction: Renovation Plans at the Portsmouth Naval Medical Center National Research Council Canada - National Science Library 1997-01-01 The Portsmouth Naval Medical Center is a teaching hospital that provides comprehensive health care services to active duty forces and, when space is available, provides medical services to other DOD beneficiaries (i.e... 4. Structuring Naval Special Warfare junior officer professional military education OpenAIRE Donovan, Thomas A. 2007-01-01 Naval Special Warfare does not currently have a designated career path for an officer that requires professional military education (PME) for SEAL junior officers after the rank of Ensign (O-1) and before the rank of Lieutenant Commander (O-4). There currently is interest in this subject matter at the Naval Special Warfare Command and Center. SEAL officers increasingly hold key leadership positions and influence critical decisions in the execution of national strategy. This growing respo... 5. Naval War College Review. Volume 66, Number 3, Summer 2013 Science.gov (United States) 2013-01-01 Naval Mine and Anti-submarine Warfare Command, Corpus Christi, Texas. He also served at the U.S. Naval Academy as a company of- ficer, celestial... Mine Warfare • Electronic Warfare • Air Defense • C4ISR • Civil Affairs • Installation Management Navy-centric Common Areas USMC...Brinsfield, and Col. jamie Iñiguez of the NATO SOF Coordination Centre. 37. Barbara Opall -Rome, “U.S. Seeks global Spec Ops Network,” Defense News, 12 6. Writing to Think: The Intellectual Journey of a Naval Career Science.gov (United States) 2014-02-01 a new system of alliances and economic structures to avoid another Great Depression and to inoculate as much of the world as possible against the...POPULAR IN NAVAL AVIATION As we approach 2011, the centennial year of aviation in the U.S. Navy, the jet engine and jet-powered aircraft have become...put into fast, gas-guzzling jets. It was a lethal combination. As the centennial of naval aviation approaches, it is interesting to observe that it has 7. A Summary of the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program. Science.gov (United States) 1979-09-30 Objective: To provide statistical analysis support to the Naval Analysis Programs to assess the impact of OSHA on Navy Programs. The primary task is to...the total in estimating efficiently the amount of asbestiform in Naval installations. Also participated in two workshops to assess the impact of OSHA on... Malaysia Since 1965, Capt. Ronald Toms, USA. "Arms Transfer to The Korean Peninsula, 1945-1979: Impact and Implications, Capt. Richard P. Cassidy, USA 8. Patient Workload Profile: National Naval Medical Center (NNMC), Bethesda, MD. Science.gov (United States) 1980-06-01 AD-A09a 729 WESTEC SERVICES NC SAN DIEGOCA0S / PATIENT WORKLOAD PROFILE: NATIONAL NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER NNMC),- ETC(U) JUN 80 W T RASMUSSEN, H W...provides site workload data for the National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) within the following functional support areas: Patient Appointment...on managing medical and patient data, thereby offering the health care provider and administrator more powerful capabilities in dealing with and 9. Wireless local network architecture for Naval medical treatment facilities OpenAIRE Deason, Russell C. 2004-01-01 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited In today's Navy Medicine, an approach towards wireless networks is coming into view. The idea of developing and deploying workable Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) throughout Naval hospitals is but just a few years down the road. Currently Naval Medical Treatment Facilities (MTF) are using wired Local Area Networks (LANs) throughout the infrastructure of each facility. Civilian hospitals and other medical treatment facilities have b... 10. Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL) Subsurface Containment Berm Investigation Science.gov (United States) 2015-10-01 Degree-Days CRREL Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory ERDC U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center FWENC Foster Wheeler ...contract with the Navy, Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation (FWENC) constructed a subsurface containment berm at the airfield of the Naval...659J91.61 ncURE 3- 3 NAVAl.. AACnC R(Sf.ARCH l,.ASORATORY POINT 9ARROW. AlASKA AS-BUILT CONTAINMENT BERM EXTENSION AND MONITORING WELLS FOSTER W 11. Multinational History of Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory CERN Document Server Heck, André 2005-01-01 Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory is quite an interesting place for historians: several changes of nationality between France and Germany, high-profile scientists having been based there, big projects born or installed in its walls, and so on. Most of the documents circulating on the history of the Observatory and on related matters have however been so far poorly referenced, if at all. This made necessary the compilation of a volume such as this one, offering fully-documented historical facts and references on the first decades of the Observatory history, authored by both French and German specialists. The experts contributing to this book have done their best to write in a way understandable to readers not necessarily hyperspecialized in astronomy nor in the details of European history. After an introductory chapter by the Editor, contributions by Wolfschmidt and by Duerbeck respectively deal extensively with the German periods and review people and instrumentation, while another paper by Duerbeck is more... 12. Studies of dark energy with X-ray observatories. Science.gov (United States) Vikhlinin, Alexey 2010-04-20 I review the contribution of Chandra X-ray Observatory to studies of dark energy. There are two broad classes of observable effects of dark energy: evolution of the expansion rate of the Universe, and slow down in the rate of growth of cosmic structures. Chandra has detected and measured both of these effects through observations of galaxy clusters. A combination of the Chandra results with other cosmological datasets leads to 5% constraints on the dark energy equation-of-state parameter, and limits possible deviations of gravity on large scales from general relativity. 13. Chicago's Dearborn Observatory: a study in survival Science.gov (United States) Bartky, Ian R. 2000-12-01 The Dearborn Observatory, located on the Old University of Chicago campus from 1863 until 1888, was America's most promising astronomical facility when it was founded. Established by the Chicago Astronomical Society and directed by one of the country's most gifted astronomers, it boasted the largest telescope in the world and virtually unlimited operating funds. The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed its funding and demolished its research programme. Only via the sale of time signals and the heroic efforts of two amateur astronomers did the Dearborn Observatory survive. 14. Geoelectric monitoring at the Boulder magnetic observatory Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) C. C. Blum 2017-11-01 Full Text Available Despite its importance to a range of applied and fundamental studies, and obvious parallels to a robust network of magnetic-field observatories, long-term geoelectric field monitoring is rarely performed. The installation of a new geoelectric monitoring system at the Boulder magnetic observatory of the US Geological Survey is summarized. Data from the system are expected, among other things, to be used for testing and validating algorithms for mapping North American geoelectric fields. An example time series of recorded electric and magnetic fields during a modest magnetic storm is presented. Based on our experience, we additionally present operational aspects of a successful geoelectric field monitoring system. 15. Operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Rodriguez Martino, Julio 2011-01-01 While the work to make data acquisition fully automatic continues, both the Fluorescence Detectors and the Surface Detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory need some kind of attention from the local staff. In the first case, the telescopes are operated and monitored during the moonless periods. The ground array only needs monitoring, but the larger number of stations implies more variables to consider. AugerAccess (a high speed internet connection) will give the possibility of operating and monitoring the observatory from any place in the world. This arises questions about secure access, better control software and alarms. Solutions are already being tested and improved. 16. The origin of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dvorak, John 2011-01-01 I first stepped through the doorway of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory in 1976, and I was impressed by what I saw: A dozen people working out of a stone-and-metal building perched at the edge of a high cliff with a spectacular view of a vast volcanic plain. Their primary purpose was to monitor the island's two active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa. I joined them, working for six weeks as a volunteer and then, years later, as a staff scientist. That gave me several chances to ask how the observatory had started. 17. SPASE and the Heliophysics Virtual Observatories Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J R Thieman 2010-02-01 Full Text Available The Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE project has developed an information model for interoperable access and retrieval of data within the Heliophysics (also known as space and solar physics science community. The diversity of science data archives within this community has led to the establishment of many virtual observatories to coordinate the data pathways within Heliophysics subdisciplines, such as magnetospheres, waves, radiation belts, etc. The SPASE information model provides a semantic layer and common language for data descriptions so that searches might be made across the whole of the heliophysics data environment, especially through the virtual observatories. 18. The origin of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dvorak, John [University of Hawaii' s Institute for Astronomy (United States) 2011-05-15 I first stepped through the doorway of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory in 1976, and I was impressed by what I saw: A dozen people working out of a stone-and-metal building perched at the edge of a high cliff with a spectacular view of a vast volcanic plain. Their primary purpose was to monitor the island's two active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa. I joined them, working for six weeks as a volunteer and then, years later, as a staff scientist. That gave me several chances to ask how the observatory had started. 19. Polar Motion Studies and NOAA's Legacy of International Scientific Cooperation: Ukiah and Gaithersburg Latitude Observatories Science.gov (United States) Caccamise, D. J., II; Stone, W. A. 2017-12-01 In 1895, the International Geodetic Association invited the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS) to join in an unprecedented international effort to observe and measure the earth's polar motion. This effort was in response to the American astronomer Seth C. Chandler Jr. announcing his 1891 discovery that the earth's axis of rotation—and hence the direction of true north—wobbles within the earth with a period of about 14 months, varying latitude everywhere on the globe. In 1899, two astro-geodetic observatories were built in Gaithersburg, Maryland and Ukiah, California with three others in Caloforte, Italy; Kitab, Russia (now Uzbekistan); and Mizusawa, Japan. (A sixth station was located and operated at an astronomical observatory in Cincinnati, Ohio until 1916 using instruments loaned by USC&GS). All five observatories were located along the same parallel - approximately 35 degrees - 8 minutes. The observatories were decommissioned in 1982, and subsequently, NOAA deeded the two remaining U.S. observatories to the cities of Gaithersburg and Ukiah. The observatories and adjacent property were to be used as parkland. Both cities have restored the observatories and opened public parks. Recently, Gaithersburg (Ukiah in progress) has had its latitude observatory dedicated as a National Historic Landmark. In 2014-15, the National Geodetic Survey (NGS, the present-day NOAA successor to the USC&GS) loaned the original zenith telescopes to the communities, returning the observatories to their original configuration. The contribution of NOAA observers and the data collected is still important to astronomers and geophysicists and has practical applications in spacecraft navigation and geospatial positioning. This poster will bring to fruition this multiyear effort among partners by providing examples of NOAA's mission and contribution to science, service, and stewardship at both geodetic observatories, through programs and historic exhibits for students and the 20. New infrastructure at Alboran island (Western Mediterranean): a submarine and on-land Geophysical Observatory Science.gov (United States) Pazos, Antonio; Martín Davila, José; Buforn, Elisa; Jesús García Fernández, Maria; Bullón, Mercedes; Gárate, Jorge 2010-05-01 The Eurasian-African plate boundary crosses the called "Ibero-Maghrebian" region from San Vicente Cape (SW Portugal) to Tunisia including the South of Iberia, Alboran Sea, and northern of Morocco and Algeria. The low convergence rate at this plate boundary produces a continuous moderate seismic activity of low magnitude and shallow depth, where the occurrence of large earthquakes is separated by long time intervals. In this region, there are also intermediate and very deep earthquakes. Since more than hundred years ago San Fernando Naval Observatory (ROA), in collaboration with other Institutes, has deployed different geophysical and geodetic equipment in the Southern Spain - North-western Africa area in order to study this broad deformation. Currently a Broad Band seismic net (Western Mediterranean, WM net), a permanent geodetic GPS net and a Geomagnetic Observatory have been installed by ROA in this area. To complement the available data, since past October a permanent marine-on land geophysical observatory is being installed by ROA in Alboran Island and surrounding marine zones. Till now the following facilities has been installed: • Submarine: 2 km submarine fibre optics cable (power and data transmission); Broad Band Seismometer (CMG-3T, buried); Accelerometer (Guralp 3 channels), buried); Differential Pressure Gauge (DPG); Thermometer. • On land: Permanent geodetic GPS station; Automatic meteorological station; Data acquisition system for submarine equipment; Satellite Data Transmission system. Data are already being transmitted in real time to ROA headquarters via satellite Intranet. The marine part, currently installed in a 50 m depth platform, has been designed to be enlarged by extending the cable to greater depths and/or installing additional submarine equipment, such a way in short an ADCP profiler will be installed. In this work we aim to show the present status, scientific possibilities and the next future plans of this submarine-on land 1. Renewable Energy Optimization Report for Naval Station Newport Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Robichaud, R.; Mosey, G.; Olis, D. 2012-02-01 In 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the RE-Powering America's Land initiative to encourage the development of renewable energy (RE) on potentially contaminated land and mine sites. As part of this effort, EPA is collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate RE options at Naval Station (NAVSTA) Newport in Newport, Rhode Island. NREL's Renewable Energy Optimization (REO) tool was utilized to identify RE technologies that present the best opportunity for life-cycle cost-effective implementation while also serving to reduce energy-related carbon dioxide emissions and increase the percentage of RE used at NAVSTA Newport. The technologies included in REO are daylighting, wind, solar ventilation preheating (SVP), solar water heating, photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal (heating and electric), and biomass (gasification and cogeneration). The optimal mix of RE technologies depends on several factors including RE resources; technology cost and performance; state, utility, and federal incentives; and economic parameters (discount and inflation rates). Each of these factors was considered in this analysis. Technologies not included in REO that were investigated separately per NAVSTA Newport request include biofuels from algae, tidal power, and ground source heat pumps (GSHP). 2. Intelligent autonomy for unmanned naval systems Science.gov (United States) Steinberg, Marc 2006-05-01 This paper provides an overview of the development and demonstration of intelligent autonomy technologies for control of heterogeneous unmanned naval air and sea vehicles and describes some of the current limitations of such technologies. The focus is on modular technologies that support highly automated retasking and fully autonomous dynamic replanning for up to ten heterogeneous unmanned systems based on high-level mission objectives, priorities, constraints, and Rules-of-Engagement. A key aspect of the demonstrations is incorporating frequent naval operator evaluations in order to gain better understanding of the integrated man/machine system and its tactical utility. These evaluations help ensure that the automation can provide information to the user in a meaningful way and that the user has a sufficient level of control and situation awareness to task the system as needed to complete complex mission tasks. Another important aspect of the program is examination of the interactions of higher-level autonomy algorithms with other relevant components that would be needed within the decision-making and control loops. Examples of these are vision and other sensor processing algorithms, sensor fusion, obstacle avoidance, and other lower level vehicle autonomous navigation, guidance, and control functions. Initial experiments have been completed using medium and high-fidelity vehicle simulations in a virtual warfare environment and inexpensive surrogate vehicles in flight and in-water demonstrations. Simulation experiments included integration of multi-vehicle task allocation, dynamic replanning under constraints, lower level autonomous vehicle control, automatic assessment of the impact of contingencies on plans, management of situation awareness data, operator alert management, and a mixed-initiative operator interface. In-water demonstrations of a maritime situation awareness capability were completed in both a river and a harbor environment using unmanned surface 3. CSU's MWV Observatory: A Facility for Research, Education and Outreach Science.gov (United States) Hood, John; Carpenter, N. D.; McCarty, C. B.; Samford, J. H.; Johnson, M.; Puckett, A. W.; Williams, R. N.; Cruzen, S. T. 2014-01-01 The Mead Westvaco Observatory (MWVO), located in Columbus State University's Coca-Cola Space Science Center, is dedicated to education and research in astronomy through hands-on engagement and public participation. The MWVO has recently received funding to upgrade from a 16-inch Meade LX-200 telescope to a PlaneWave CDK 24-inch Corrected Dall-Kirkham Astrograph telescope. This and other technological upgrades will allow this observatory to stream live webcasts for astronomical events, allowing a worldwide public audience to become a part of the growing astronomical community. This poster will explain the upgrades that are currently in progress as well as the results from the current calibrations. The goal of these upgrades is to provide facilities capable of both research-class projects and widespread use in education and public outreach. We will present our initial calibration and tests of the observatory equipment, as well as its use in webcasts of astronomical events, in solar observing through the use of specialized piggy-backed telescopes, and in research into such topics as asteroids, planetary and nebula imaging. We will describe a pilot research project on asteroid orbit refinement and light curves, to be carried out by Columbus State University students. We will also outline many of the K-12 educational and public outreach activities we have designed for these facilities. Support and funding for the acquisition and installation of the new PlaneWave CDK 24 has been provided by the International Museum and Library Services via the Museums for America Award. 4. Legacy Bird Species at Risk Monitoring in and Around Camp Navajo and the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station, AZ Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-16 19th century due to a convergence of complex stressors such as overgrazing, timber harvest, drought , and fire suppression (Allen et al. 2002, Moore... pinus 16 Olive Warbler Peucedramus taeniatus 5 Plumbeous Vireo Vireo solitarius 60 Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea 177 Red Crossbill Loxia...Dove Zenaida macroura 14 Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus 50 Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus 58 Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi 1 5. Morro Azul Observatory: A New Center for Teaching and Popularization of Astronomy. Science.gov (United States) Bretones, Paulo Sergio; Cardoso de Oliveira, Vladimir 2002-08-01 In 1999, the Instituto Superior de Ciências Aplicadas (ISCA Faculdades de Limeira) started a project to build an observatory and initiate several astronomy related activities in the city of Limeira and region (São Paulo state) with the aim of teaching and popularizing astronomy. After contracting teachers, a technician and an intern, the Morro Azul Observatory was inaugurated in March 2000 as a part of the geosciences department of ISCA Faculdades. This poster describes the development phases of the Observatory, the activities initiated by the Observatory, and assesses the impact of the project. Several issues will be discussed such as the criteria for choosing the site, buildings, instruments, group visits, and particularly the goals that were reached. The Observatory, as described here, serves as a model for other centers with the same purpose in the country. The achievements of this project include the creation of two astronomical disciplines for the geography course and liaisons with other courses such as tourism, pedagogy, social communication and engineering. New activities were initiated, educational materials created, and the Observatory is now part of the regions teaching network and is in contact with other Brazilian and foreign centers. This poster presents the results from report analyses, visitor records, the local media, goal strategy assessment, and the current state of the project. It concludes with an evaluation of the social commitment of the Observatory, its initiatives for the constant renewal and growth of the project, its policy of maintaining the activities and interchange with other national and international astronomy centers, and the future perspectives in terms of its contribution for the research in science education. 6. India-Based Neutrino Observatory (INO) Indian Academy of Sciences (India) India-Based Neutrino Observatory (INO) · Atmospheric neutrinos – India connection · INO Collaboration · INO Project components · ICAL: The physics goals · Slide 6 · Slide 7 · INO site : Bodi West Hills · Underground Laboratory Layout · Status of activities at INO Site · Slide 11 · Slide 12 · INO-ICAL Detector · ICAL factsheet. 7. Asteroids Observed from GMARS and Santana Observatories Science.gov (United States) Stephens, Robert D. 2009-01-01 Lightcurve period and amplitude results from Santana and GMARS Observatories are reported for 2008 June to September: 1472 Muonio, 8.706 ± 0.002 h and 0.50 mag; 2845 Franklinken, 114 ± 1 h and 0.8 mag; and 4533 Orth (> 24 hours). 8. Reengineering observatory operations for the time domain Science.gov (United States) Seaman, Robert L.; Vestrand, W. T.; Hessman, Frederic V. 2014-07-01 Observatories are complex scientific and technical institutions serving diverse users and purposes. Their telescopes, instruments, software, and human resources engage in interwoven workflows over a broad range of timescales. These workflows have been tuned to be responsive to concepts of observatory operations that were applicable when various assets were commissioned, years or decades in the past. The astronomical community is entering an era of rapid change increasingly characterized by large time domain surveys, robotic telescopes and automated infrastructures, and - most significantly - of operating modes and scientific consortia that span our individual facilities, joining them into complex network entities. Observatories must adapt and numerous initiatives are in progress that focus on redesigning individual components out of the astronomical toolkit. New instrumentation is both more capable and more complex than ever, and even simple instruments may have powerful observation scripting capabilities. Remote and queue observing modes are now widespread. Data archives are becoming ubiquitous. Virtual observatory standards and protocols and astroinformatics data-mining techniques layered on these are areas of active development. Indeed, new large-aperture ground-based telescopes may be as expensive as space missions and have similarly formal project management processes and large data management requirements. This piecewise approach is not enough. Whatever challenges of funding or politics facing the national and international astronomical communities it will be more efficient - scientifically as well as in the usual figures of merit of cost, schedule, performance, and risks - to explicitly address the systems engineering of the astronomical community as a whole. 9. Education and public engagement in observatory operations Science.gov (United States) Gabor, Pavel; Mayo, Louis; Zaritsky, Dennis 2016-07-01 Education and public engagement (EPE) is an essential part of astronomy's mission. New technologies, remote observing and robotic facilities are opening new possibilities for EPE. A number of projects (e.g., Telescopes In Education, MicroObservatory, Goldstone Apple Valley Radio Telescope and UNC's Skynet) have developed new infrastructure, a number of observatories (e.g., University of Arizona's "full-engagement initiative" towards its astronomy majors, Vatican Observatory's collaboration with high-schools) have dedicated their resources to practical instruction and EPE. Some of the facilities are purpose built, others are legacy telescopes upgraded for remote or automated observing. Networking among institutions is most beneficial for EPE, and its implementation ranges from informal agreements between colleagues to advanced software packages with web interfaces. The deliverables range from reduced data to time and hands-on instruction while operating a telescope. EPE represents a set of tasks and challenges which is distinct from research applications of the new astronomical facilities and operation modes. In this paper we examine the experience with several EPE projects, and some lessons and challenges for observatory operation. 10. Reverberation Mapping Results from MDM Observatory DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Denney, Kelly D.; Peterson, B. M.; Pogge, R. W. 2009-01-01 We present results from a multi-month reverberation mapping campaign undertaken primarily at MDM Observatory with supporting observations from around the world. We measure broad line region (BLR) radii and black hole masses for six objects. A velocity-resolved analysis of the H_beta response show... 11. Robotic Autonomous Observatories: A Historical Perspective Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alberto Javier Castro-Tirado 2010-01-01 Full Text Available This paper presents a historical introduction to the field of Robotic Astronomy, from the point of view of a scientist working in this field for more than a decade. The author discusses the basic definitions, the differing telescope control operating systems, observatory managers, as well as a few current scientific applications. 12. Geomagnetic secular variation at the African observatories International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Haile, T. 2002-10-01 Geomagnetic data from ten observatories in the African continent with time series data length of more than three decades have been analysed. All-day annual mean values of the D, H and Z components were used to study secular variations in the African region. The residuals in D, H and Z components obtained after removing polynomial fits have been examined in relation to the sunspot cycle. The occurrence of the 1969-1970 worldwide geomagnetic impulse in each observatory is studied. It is found that the secular variation in the field can be represented for most of the observatories with polynomials of second or third degree. Departures from these trends are observed over the Southern African region where strong local magnetic anomalies have been observed. The residuals in the geomagnetic field components have been shown to exhibit parallelism with the periods corresponding to double solar cycle for some of the stations. A clear latitudinal distribution in the geomagnetic component that exhibits the 1969-70 jerk is shown. The jerk appears in the plots of the first differences in H for the southern most observatories of Hermanus, Hartebeesthoek, and Tsuemb, while the Z plots show the jerk for near equatorial and equatorial stations of Antananarivo, Luanda Belas, Bangui and Addis Ababa. There is some indication for this jerk in the first difference plots of D for the northern stations of M'Bour and Tamanrasset. The plots of D rather strongly suggest the presence of a jerk around 1980 at most of the stations. (author) 13. Astronomical Virtual Observatories Through International Collaboration Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Masatoshi Ohishi 2010-03-01 Full Text Available Astronomical Virtual Observatories (VOs are emerging research environment for astronomy, and 16 countries and a region have funded to develop their VOs based on international standard protocols for interoperability. The 16 funded VO projects have established the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (http://www.ivoa.net/ to develop the standard interoperable interfaces such as registry (meta data, data access, query languages, output format (VOTable, data model, application interface, and so on. The IVOA members have constructed each VO environment through the IVOA interfaces. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ started its VO project (Japanese Virtual Observatory - JVO in 2002, and developed its VO system. We have succeeded to interoperate the latest JVO system with other VOs in the USA and Europe since December 2004. Observed data by the Subaru telescope, satellite data taken by the JAXA/ISAS, etc. are connected to the JVO system. Successful interoperation of the JVO system with other VOs means that astronomers in the world will be able to utilize top-level data obtained by these telescopes from anywhere in the world at anytime. System design of the JVO system, experiences during our development including problems of current standard protocols defined in the IVOA, and proposals to resolve these problems in the near future are described. 14. Lights go out at city observatory CERN Multimedia Armstrong, R 2003-01-01 Edinburgh's Royal Observatory is to close its doors to the public due to dwindling visitor numbers. The visitor centre will remain open to the general public for planned lectures and night-time observing sessions, but will cease to be open on a daily basis from next month (1/2 page). 15. Radioecological Observatories - Breeding Grounds for Innovative Research Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Steiner, Martin; Urso, Laura; Wichterey, Karin; Willrodt, Christine [Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz - BfS, Willy-Brandt-Strasse 5, 38226 Salzgitter (Germany); Beresford, Nicholas A.; Howard, Brenda [NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology - CEH, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Av., Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP (United Kingdom); Bradshaw, Clare; Stark, Karolina [Stockholms Universitet - SU, Universitetsvaegen 10, SE-10691 Stockholm (Sweden); Dowdall, Mark; Liland, Astrid [Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority - NRPA, P.O. Box 55, NO-1332 Oesteraas (Norway); Eyrolle- Boyer, Frederique; Guillevic, Jerome; Hinton, Thomas [Institut de Radioprotection et de Surete Nucleaire - IRSN, 31, Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses (France); Gashchak, Sergey [Chornobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radioecology - Chornobyl Center, 77th Gvardiiska Dyviiya str.7/1, 07100 Slavutych (Ukraine); Hutri, Kaisa-Leena; Ikaeheimonen, Tarja; Muikku, Maarit; Outola, Iisa [Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority - STUK, P.O. Box 14, 00881 Helsinki (Finland); Michalik, Boguslaw [Glowny Instytut Gornictwa - GIG, Plac Gwarkow 1, 40-166 Katowice (Poland); Mora, Juan Carlos; Real, Almudena; Robles, Beatriz [Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas - CIEMAT, Avenida complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid (Spain); Oughton, Deborah; Salbu, Brit [Norwegian University of Life Sciences - NMBU, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas (Norway); Sweeck, Lieve [Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie/Centre d' Etude de l' Energie Nucleaire (SCK.CEN), Avenue Herrmann- Debroux 40, BE-1160 Brussels (Belgium); Yoschenko, Vasyl [National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (NUBiP of Ukraine), Herojiv Obrony st., 15, Kyiv-03041 (Ukraine) 2014-07-01 Within the EC-funded (FP7) Network of Excellence STAR (Strategy for Allied Radioecology, www.star-radioecology.org) the concept of Radioecological Observatories is currently being implemented on a European level for the first time. Radioecological Observatories are radioactively (and chemically) contaminated field sites that will provide a focus for joint long-term radioecological research. The benefit of this innovative approach is to create synergistic research collaborations by sharing expertise, ideas, data and resources. Research at the Radioecological Observatories will primarily focus on radioecological challenges outlined in the Strategic Research Agenda (SRA). Mechanisms to use these sites will be established under the EC-funded project COMET (Coordination and Implementation of a Pan-European Instrument for Radioecology, www.comet-radioecology.org). The European Radioecological Observatory sites were selected using a structured, progressive approach that was transparent, consistent and objective. A first screening of potential candidate sites was conducted based on the following exclusion criteria: long-term perspective for shared field work and suitability for addressing the radioecological challenges of the SRA. The proposed sites included former uranium mining and milling sites in France and Germany, the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) in Ukraine/Belarus and the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland. All candidate sites were prioritized based on evaluation criteria which comprised scientific issues, available infrastructure, administrative/legal constraints and financial considerations. Multi-criteria decision analysis, group discussions and recommendations provided by external experts were combined to obtain a preference order among the suggested sites. Using this approach, the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland and the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) were selected as Radioecological Observatories. The two sites have similar multi 16. La Enseñanza Naval Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nieto Manso, Emilio J. 2002-10-01 Full Text Available Not available La situación mundial en los albores del siglo XXI presenta un escenario de drásticos y rápidos cambios que, naturalmente, afectan también a los ámbitos de Seguridad y Defensa. La Armada, consciente de que su centro de gravedad reside en la calidad humana y competencia profesional de los hombres y mujeres que la componen, se enfrenta al futuro con el decidido propósito de potenciar su enseñanza y formación. El Director de Enseñanza Naval, tras una breve descripción de los diferentes niveles de enseñanza y centros docentes con que cuenta actualmente la Armada, centra su artículo en un acertado análisis de los factores determinantes que han conducido a un proceso de reestructuración para racionalizar los medios disponibles y mejorar la calidad de la enseñanza, finalizando su presentación con una síntesis sobre las principales líneas de actuación a corto y medio plazo, y la implantación progresiva de un ambicioso Plan de Innovación Tecnológica de la Enseñanza en la Armada. 17. Development of Armenian-Georgian Virtual Observatory Science.gov (United States) Mickaelian, Areg; Kochiashvili, Nino; Astsatryan, Hrach; Harutyunian, Haik; Magakyan, Tigran; Chargeishvili, Ketevan; Natsvlishvili, Rezo; Kukhianidze, Vasil; Ramishvili, Giorgi; Sargsyan, Lusine; Sinamyan, Parandzem; Kochiashvili, Ia; Mikayelyan, Gor 2009-10-01 The Armenian-Georgian Virtual Observatory (ArGVO) project is the first initiative in the world to create a regional VO infrastructure based on national VO projects and regional Grid. The Byurakan and Abastumani Astrophysical Observatories are scientific partners since 1946, after establishment of the Byurakan observatory . The Armenian VO project (ArVO) is being developed since 2005 and is a part of the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA). It is based on the Digitized First Byurakan Survey (DFBS, the digitized version of famous Markarian survey) and other Armenian archival data. Similarly, the Georgian VO will be created to serve as a research environment to utilize the digitized Georgian plate archives. Therefore, one of the main goals for creation of the regional VO is the digitization of large amounts of plates preserved at the plate stacks of these two observatories. The total amount of plates is more than 100,000 units. Observational programs of high importance have been selected and some 3000 plates will be digitized during the next two years; the priority is being defined by the usefulness of the material for future science projects, like search for new objects, optical identifications of radio, IR, and X-ray sources, study of variability and proper motions, etc. Having the digitized material in VO standards, a VO database through the regional Grid infrastructure will be active. This partnership is being carried out in the framework of the ISTC project A-1606 "Development of Armenian-Georgian Grid Infrastructure and Applications in the Fields of High Energy Physics, Astrophysics and Quantum Physics". 18. The U.S. NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative: A Modern Virtual Observatory Science.gov (United States) Orcutt, John; Vernon, Frank; Peach, Cheryl; Arrott, Matthew; Graybeal, John; Farcas, Claudiu; Farcas, Emilia; Krueger, Ingolf; Meisinger, Michael; Chave, Alan 2010-05-01 The NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) began a five-year construction period in October 2009. The Consortium on Ocean Leadership (COL) manages the overall program with Implementing Organizations for Coastal/Global Scale Nodes (CGSN) at Woods Hole, Oregon State and Scripps; the Regional Cabled Network (RCN) at U of Washington and Cyberinfrastructure (CI) at UCSD and more than ten subcontractors. The NSF has made a commitment to support the observatory operations and maintenance for a 30-year period; a minimal period of time to measure physical, chemical and biological data over a length of time possibly sufficient to measure secular changes associated with climate and geodesy. The CI component is a substantial departure from previous approaches to data distribution and management. These innovations include the availability of data in near-real-time with latencies of seconds, open access to all data, analysis of the data stream for detection and modeling, use of the derived knowledge to modify the network with minimal or no human interaction and maintenance of data provenance through time as new versions of the data are created through QA/QC processes. The network architecture is designed to be scalable so that addition of new sensors is straightforward and inexpensive with costs increasing linearly at worst. Rather than building new computer infrastructure (disk farms and computer clusters), we are presently exploiting Amazon's Extensible Computing Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage System (S3) to reduce long-term commitments to hardware and maintenance in order to minimize operations and maintenance costs. The OOI CI is actively partnering with other organizations (e.g. NOAA's IOOS) to integrate existing data systems using many of the same technologies to improve broad access to existing and planned observing systems, including those that provide critical climate data. Because seasonal and annual variability of most measureable parameters is so large, the 19. Modernization of the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Seismic Processing Infrastructure Science.gov (United States) Antolik, L.; Shiro, B.; Friberg, P. A. 2016-12-01 The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) operates a Tier 1 Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) seismic network to monitor, characterize, and report on volcanic and earthquake activity in the State of Hawaii. Upgrades at the observatory since 2009 have improved the digital telemetry network, computing resources, and seismic data processing with the adoption of the ANSS Quake Management System (AQMS) system. HVO aims to build on these efforts by further modernizing its seismic processing infrastructure and strengthen its ability to meet ANSS performance standards. Most notably, this will also allow HVO to support redundant systems, both onsite and offsite, in order to provide better continuity of operation during intermittent power and network outages. We are in the process of implementing a number of upgrades and improvements on HVO's seismic processing infrastructure, including: 1) Virtualization of AQMS physical servers; 2) Migration of server operating systems from Solaris to Linux; 3) Consolidation of AQMS real-time and post-processing services to a single server; 4) Upgrading database from Oracle 10 to Oracle 12; and 5) Upgrading to the latest Earthworm and AQMS software. These improvements will make server administration more efficient, minimize hardware resources required by AQMS, simplify the Oracle replication setup, and provide better integration with HVO's existing state of health monitoring tools and backup system. Ultimately, it will provide HVO with the latest and most secure software available while making the software easier to deploy and support. 20. Operations of and Future Plans for the Pierre Auger Observatory Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Abraham, : J.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Aguirre, C.; Ahn, E.J.; Allard, D.; Allekotte, I.; Allen, J.; Alvarez-Muniz, J.; Ambrosio, M.; Anchordoqui, L. 2009-06-01 These are presentations to be presented at the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, in Lodz, Poland during July 2009. It consists of the following presentations: (1) Performance and operation of the Surface Detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory; (2) Extension of the Pierre Auger Observatory using high-elevation fluorescence telescopes (HEAT); (3) AMIGA - Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory; (4) Radio detection of Cosmic Rays at the southern Auger Observatory; (5) Hardware Developments for the AMIGA enhancement at the Pierre Auger Observatory; (6) A simulation of the fluorescence detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory using GEANT 4; (7) Education and Public Outreach at the Pierre Auger Observatory; (8) BATATA: A device to characterize the punch-through observed in underground muon detectors and to operate as a prototype for AMIGA; and (9) Progress with the Northern Part of the Pierre Auger Observatory. 1. Astronomical virtual observatory and the place and role of Bulgarian one Science.gov (United States) Petrov, Georgi; Dechev, Momchil; Slavcheva-Mihova, Luba; Duchlev, Peter; Mihov, Bojko; Kochev, Valentin; Bachev, Rumen 2009-07-01 , publications, news and so on. This large growth of astronomical data and the necessity of an easy access to those data led to the foundation of the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA). IVOA was formed in June 2002. By January 2005, the IVOA has grown to include 15 funded VO projects from Australia, Canada, China, Europe, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. At the time being Bulgaria is not a member of European Astronomical Virtual Observatory and as the Bulgarian Virtual Observatory is not a legal entity, we are not members of IVOA. The main purpose of the project is Bulgarian Virtual Observatory to join the leading virtual astronomical institutions in the world. Initially the Bulgarian Virtual Observatory will include: - BG Galaxian virtual observatory; - BG Solar virtual observatory; - Department Star clusters of IA, BAS; - WFPDB group of IA, BAS. All available data will be integrated in the Bulgarian centers of astronomical data, conducted by the Wide Field Plate Archive data centre. For the above purpose POSTGRESQL or/and MySQL will be installed on the server of BG-VO and SAADA tools, ESO-MEX or/and DAL ToolKit to transform our FITS files in standard format for VO-tools. A part of the participants was acquainted with the principles of these products during the "Days of virtual observatory in Sofia" January, 2008. 2. The Paris Observatory has 350 years Science.gov (United States) Lequeux, James 2017-01-01 The Paris Observatory is the oldest astronomical observatory that has worked without interruption since its foundation to the present day. The building due to Claude Perrault is still in existence with few modifications, but of course other buildings have been added all along the centuries for housing new instruments and laboratories. In particular, a large dome has been built on the terrace in 1847, with a 38-cm diameter telescope completed in 1857: both are still visible. The main initial purpose of the Observatory was to determine longitudes. This was achieved by Jean-Dominique Cassini using the eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter: a much better map of France was the produced using this method, which unfortunately does not work at sea. Incidentally, the observation of these eclipses led to the discovery in 1676 of the finite velocity of light by Cassini and Rømer. Cassini also discovered the differential rotation of Jupiter and four satellites of Saturn. Then, geodesy was to be the main activity of the Observatory for more than a century, culminating in the famous Cassini map of France completed around 1790. During the first half of the 19th century, under François Arago, the Observatory was at the centre of French physics, which then developed very rapidly. Arago initiated astrophysics in 1810 by showing that the Sun and stars are made of incandescent gas. In 1854, the new director, Urbain Le Verrier, put emphasis on astrometry and celestial mechanics, discovering in particular the anomalous advance of the perihelion of Mercury, which was later to be a proof of General Relativity. In 1858, Leon Foucault built the first modern reflecting telescopes with their silvered glass mirror. Le Verrier created on his side modern meteorology, including some primitive forecasts. The following period was not so bright, due to the enormous project of the Carte du Ciel, which took much of the forces of the Observatory for half a century with little scientific return. In 3. Analysis of the Retention and Affiliation Factors Affecting the Active and Reserve Naval Nurse Corps National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Messmer, Scott J; Pizanti, Kimberly A 2007-01-01 ...) an empirical analysis to analyze characteristics of those who are retained in the active Naval Nurse Corps and those who affiliate with the reserve Naval Nurse Corps using multivariate logit regressions... 4. 75 FR 2490 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School Training Operations... Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-15 ... Importing Marine Mammals; Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School Training Operations Activities at Eglin...) for authorization to take marine mammals, by harassment, incidental to Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School (NEODS) training operations, military readiness activities, at Eglin AFB, FL from... 5. 76 FR 14379 - Subcommittee Meeting of the Board of Advisors to the President, Naval Postgraduate School Science.gov (United States) 2011-03-16 ... on the Naval Service's Postgraduate Education Program and the collaborative exchange and partnership... of the NPS and the Naval War College Committee will follow at a later date. Individuals without a DoD... 6. International lunar observatory / power station: from Hawaii to the Moon Science.gov (United States) Durst, S. -like lava flow geology adds to Mauna Kea / Moon similarities. Operating amidst the extinct volcano's fine grain lava and dust particles offers experience for major challenges posed by silicon-edged, powdery, deep and abundant lunar regolith. Power stations for lunar observatories, both robotic and low cost at first, are an immediate enabling necessity and will serve as a commercial-industrial driver for a wide range of lunar base technologies. Both microwave rectenna-transmitters and radio-optical telescopes, maybe 1-meter diameter, can be designed using the same, new ultra-lightweight materials. Five of the world's six major spacefaring powers - America, Russia, Japan, China and India, are located around Hawaii in the Pacific / Asia area. With Europe, which has many resources in the Pacific hemisphere including Arianespace offices in Tokyo and Singapore, they have 55-60% of the global population. New international business partnerships such as Sea Launch in the mid-Pacific, and national ventures like China's Hainan spaceport, Japan's Kiribati shuttle landing site, Australia and Indonesia's emerging launch sites, and Russia's Ekranoplane sea launcher / lander - all combine with still more and advancing technologies to provide the central Pacific a globally representative, state-of-the-art and profitable access to space in this new century. The astronomer / engineers tasked with operation of the lunar observatory / power station will be the first to voyage from Hawaii to the Moon, before this decade is out. Their scientific and technical training at the world's leading astronomical complex on the lunar-like landscape of Mauna Kea may be enhanced with the learning and transmission of local cultures. Following the astronomer / engineers, tourism and travel in the commercially and technologically dynamic Pacific hemisphere will open the new ocean of space to public access in the 21st century like they opened the old ocean of sea and air to Hawaii in the 20th - with Hawaii 7. Endangered Species Program Naval Petroleum Reserves in California International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1992-02-01 The Naval Petroleum Reserves in California (NPRC) are operated by the US Department of Energy (DOE). Construction and development activities, which are conducted by DOE at Naval Petroleum Reserve number-sign 1 (NPR-1) to comply with the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-258), potentially threaten the continued existence of four federally-listed endangered species: the San Joaquin kit fox, (Vulpes macrotis mutica), blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia silus), giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens), and Tipton kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides). All four are protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The major objective of the Endangered Species Program on NPR-1 and NPR-2 is to provide DOE with the scientific expertise and continuity of programs necessary for continued compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The specific objective of this report is to summarize progress and results of the Endangered Species Program made during Fiscal Year 1990 (FY90) 8. Mystery of the First Russian Rifle Naval Guns Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nicholas W. Mitiukov 2015-09-01 Full Text Available In 1859 France completed the first ocean-going ironclad warship, «La Gloire», and changed the definition of naval power completely. Russia, as all the other Powers, found that her most powerful naval gun, the 60-pdr, was insufficient for modern warfare, and realized the future naval armament relied on heavy rifled artillery. Both the Army and Navy began purchasing such cannon from foreign providers until a suitable domestic weapon could be produced. The relationship between the Russian military and Krupp is well known. But there was another provided, the Blakely Ordnance Company in England sold many guns to the Army and Navy, beginning with 8-inch MLR in early 1863 to a large number of 9- and 11-inch guns. Deliveries began in November 1863 and continued until mid-1866. But no sources on the armament of Russian ships and fortresses mentions these guns. What happened to them is a mystery. 9. 76 FR 1386 - Safety Zone; Centennial of Naval Aviation Kickoff, San Diego Bay, San Diego, CA Science.gov (United States) 2011-01-10 ...-AA00 Safety Zone; Centennial of Naval Aviation Kickoff, San Diego Bay, San Diego, CA AGENCY: Coast... zone on the navigable waters of San Diego Bay in San Diego, CA in support of the Centennial of Naval... February 12, 2010, the Centennial of Naval Aviation Kickoff will take place in San Diego Bay. In support of... 10. Operational Maneuver and Fires: A Role for Naval Forces in Land Operations Science.gov (United States) 1989-05-15 34 Military Review, (February 1983), 13-34. Drury , M.T., "Naval Strike Warfare and the Outer Battle." Naval Forces, Vol.VII, (1986), 46-49. Fedyszn...Fort Leavenworth, KS., June 1987. Martin, Cormander Colin L., "Tomahawk Technology and the Maritime Strategy." Paper, Naval War College, Newport, RI 11. Naval Aviation Attrition 1950-1976: Implications for the Development of Future Research and Evaluation. Science.gov (United States) 1977-08-01 threat. NAMI-1077, Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, Fla.: 1969. 67. Creelman , J. A., An analysis of the physical fitness index in relation...to training criteria in naval air trining. NSAM-180, Naval School of Aviation Medicine, Pensacola, Fla.: 1954. 68. Creelman , J. A., Evaluation of 12. 30 CFR 218.101 - Royalty and rental remittance (naval petroleum reserves). Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Royalty and rental remittance (naval petroleum... INCENTIVES Oil and Gas, Onshore § 218.101 Royalty and rental remittance (naval petroleum reserves). Remittance covering payments of royalty or rental on naval petroleum reserves must be accomplished by... 13. Data standards for the international virtual observatory Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R J Hanisch 2006-11-01 Full Text Available A primary goal of the International Virtual Observatory Alliance, which brings together Virtual Observatory Projects from 16 national and international development projects, is to develop, evaluate, test, and agree upon standards for astronomical data formatting, data discovery, and data delivery. In the three years that the IVOA has been in existence, substantial progress has been made on standards for tabular data, imaging data, spectroscopic data, and large-scale databases and on managing the metadata that describe data collections and data access services. In this paper, I describe how the IVOA operates and give my views as to why such a broadly based international collaboration has been able to make such rapid progress. 14. Beyond the Observatory: Reflections on the Centennial Science.gov (United States) Devorkin, D. H. 1999-05-01 One of the many unexpected side-benefits of acting as editor of the AAS centennial volume was the chance to take a fresh look at some of the personalities who helped to shape the American Astronomical Society. A common characteristic of these people was their energy, compassion and drive to go "Beyond the Observatory," to borrow a phrase from Harlow Shapley. But what did going `beyond the observatory' mean to Shapley, or to the others who shaped and maintained the Society in its first one hundred years of life? Just as the discipline of astronomy has changed in profound ways in the past century, so has the American Astronomical Society changed, along with the people who have been its leaders and its sustainers and the culture that has fostered it. The Centennial meeting of the Society offers a chance to reflect on the people who have given American astronomy its sense of community identity. 15. The STELLA Robotic Observatory on Tenerife Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Klaus G. Strassmeier 2010-01-01 Full Text Available The Astrophysical Institute Potsdam (AIP and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC inaugurated the robotic telescopes STELLA-I and STELLA-II (STELLar Activity on Tenerife on May 18, 2006. The observatory is located on the Izaña ridge at an elevation of 2400 m near the German Vacuum Tower Telescope. STELLA consists of two 1.2 m alt-az telescopes. One telescope fiber feeds a bench-mounted high-resolution echelle spectrograph while the other telescope feeds a wide-field imaging photometer. Both scopes work autonomously by means of artificial intelligence. Not only that the telescopes are automated, but the entire observatory operates like a robot, and does not require any human presence on site. 16. High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO)-2 Science.gov (United States) 1982-01-01 This artist's concept depicts the High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO)-2 in orbit. The HEAO-2, the first imaging and largest x-ray telescope built to date, was capable of producing actual photographs of x-ray objects. Shortly after launch, the HEAO-2 was nicknamed the Einstein Observatory by its scientific experimenters in honor of the centernial of the birth of Albert Einstein, whose concepts of relativity and gravitation have influenced much of modern astrophysics, particularly x-ray astronomy. The HEAO-2, designed and developed by TRW, Inc. under the project management of the Marshall Space Flight Center, was launched aboard an Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle on November 13, 1978. The HEAO-2 was originally identified as HEAO-B but the designation was changed once the spacecraft achieved orbit. 17. Description of Atmospheric Conditions at the Pierre Auger Observatory using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Abreu, P.; /Lisbon, IST; Aglietta, M.; /Turin U. /INFN, Turin; Ahlers, M.; /Wisconsin U., Madison; Ahn, E.J.; /Fermilab; Albuquerque, I.F.M.; /Sao Paulo U.; Allard, D.; /APC, Paris; Allekotte, I.; /Buenos Aires, CONICET; Allen, J.; /New York U.; Allison, P.; /Ohio State U.; Almela, A.; /Natl. Tech. U., San Nicolas /Buenos Aires, CONICET; Alvarez Castillo, J.; /Mexico U., ICN /Santiago de Compostela U. 2012-01-01 Atmospheric conditions at the site of a cosmic ray observatory must be known for reconstructing observed extensive air showers. The Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) is a global atmospheric model predicated on meteorological measurements and numerical weather predictions. GDAS provides altitude-dependent profiles of the main state variables of the atmosphere like temperature, pressure, and humidity. The original data and their application to the air shower reconstruction of the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. By comparisons with radiosonde and weather station measurements obtained on-site in Malargue and averaged monthly models, the utility of the GDAS data is shown. 18. Developments of next generation of seafloor observatories in MARsite project Science.gov (United States) Italiano, Francesco; Favali, Paolo; Zaffuto, Alfonso; Zora, Marco; D'Anca, Fabio 2015-04-01 The development of new generation of autonomous sea-floor observatories is among the aims of the EC supersite project MARsite (MARMARA Supersite; FP7 EC-funded project, grant n° 308417). An approach based on multiparameter seafloor observatories is considered of basic importance to better understand the role of the fluids in an active tectonic system and their behaviour during the development of the seismogenesis. To continuously collect geochemical and geophysical data from the immediate vicinity of the submerged North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) is one of the possibilities to contribute to the seismic hazard minimization of the Marmara area. The planning of next generation of seafloor observatories for geo-hazard monitoring is a task in one of the MARsite Work Packages (WP8). The activity is carried out combining together either the experience got after years of investigating fluids and their interactions with the seafloor and tectonic structures and the long-term experience on the development and management of permanent seafloor observatories in the main frame of the EMSO (European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observatory, www.emso-eu.org) Research Infrastructure. The new generation of seafloor observatories have to support the observation of both slow and quick variations, thus allow collecting low and high-frequency signals besides the storage of long-term dataset and/or enable the near-real-time mode data transmission. Improvements of some the seafloor equipments have been done so far within MARsite project in terms of the amount of contemporary active instruments, their interlink with "smart sensor" capacities (threshold detection, triggering), quality of the collected data and power consumption reduction. In order to power the multiparameter sensors the digitizer and the microprocessor, an electronic board named PMS (Power Management System) with multi-master, multi-slave, single-ended, serial bus Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) interface 19. Observatory Magnetometer In-Situ Calibration Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A Marusenkov 2011-07-01 Full Text Available An experimental validation of the in-situ calibration procedure, which allows estimating parameters of observatory magnetometers (scale factors, sensor misalignment without its operation interruption, is presented. In order to control the validity of the procedure, the records provided by two magnetometers calibrated independently in a coil system have been processed. The in-situ estimations of the parameters are in very good agreement with the values provided by the coil system calibration. 20. From AISR to the Virtual Observatory Science.gov (United States) Szalay, Alexander S. 2014-01-01 The talk will provide a retrospective on important results enabled by the NASA AISR program. The program had a unique approach to funding research at the intersection of astrophysics, applied computer science and statistics. It had an interdisciplinary angle, encouraged high risk, high return projects. Without this program the Virtual Observatory would have never been started. During its existence the program has funded some of the most innovative applied computer science projects in astrophysics. 1. Utilizing Internet Technologies in Observatory Control Systems Science.gov (United States) Cording, Dean 2002-12-01 The 'Internet boom' of the past few years has spurred the development of a number of technologies to provide services such as secure communications, reliable messaging, information publishing and application distribution for commercial applications. Over the same period, a new generation of computer languages have also developed to provide object oriented design and development, improved reliability, and cross platform compatibility. Whilst the business models of the 'dot.com' era proved to be largely unviable, the technologies that they were based upon have survived and have matured to the point were they can now be utilized to build secure, robust and complete observatory control control systems. This paper will describe how Electro Optic Systems has utilized these technologies in the development of its third generation Robotic Observatory Control System (ROCS). ROCS provides an extremely flexible configuration capability within a control system structure to provide truly autonomous robotic observatory operation including observation scheduling. ROCS was built using Internet technologies such as Java, Java Messaging Service (JMS), Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), eXtendible Markup Language (XML), Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) and Java WebStart. ROCS was designed to be capable of controlling all aspects of an observatory and be able to be reconfigured to handle changing equipment configurations or user requirements without the need for an expert computer programmer. ROCS consists of many small components, each designed to perform a specific task, with the configuration of the system specified using a simple meta language. The use of small components facilitates testing and makes it possible to prove that the system is correct. 2. The architecture of LAMOST observatory control system International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wang Jian; Jin Ge; Yu Xiaoqi; Wan Changsheng; Hao Likai; Li Xihua 2005-01-01 The design of architecture is the one of the most important part in development of Observatory Control System (OCS) for LAMOST. Based on the complexity of LAMOST, long time of development for LAMOST and long life-cycle of OCS system, referring many kinds of architecture pattern, the architecture of OCS is established which is a component-based layered system using many patterns such as the MVC and proxy. (authors) 3. Technology Development for a Neutrino Astrophysical Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Chaloupka, V.; Cole, T.; Crawford, H.J.; He, Y.D.; Jackson, S.; Kleinfelder, S.; Lai, K.W.; Learned, J.; Ling, J.; Liu, D.; Lowder, D.; Moorhead, M.; Morookian, J.M.; Nygren, D.R.; Price, P.B.; Richards, A.; Shapiro, G.; Shen, B.; Smoot, George F.; Stokstad, R.G.; VanDalen, G.; Wilkes, J.; Wright, F.; Young, K. 1996-01-01 We propose a set of technology developments relevant to the design of an optimized Cerenkov detector for the study of neutrino interactions of astrophysical interest. Emphasis is placed on signal processing innovations that enhance significantly the quality of primary data. These technical advances, combined with field experience from a follow-on test deployment, are intended to provide a basis for the engineering design for a kilometer-scale Neutrino Astrophysical Observatory 4. A robotic observatory in the city Science.gov (United States) Ruch, Gerald T.; Johnston, Martin E. 2012-05-01 The University of St. Thomas (UST) Observatory is an educational facility integrated into UST's undergraduate curriculum as well as the curriculum of several local schools. Three characteristics combine to make the observatory unique. First, the telescope is tied directly to the support structure of a four-story parking ramp instead of an isolated pier. Second, the facility can be operated remotely over an Internet connection and is capable of performing observations without a human operator. Third, the facility is located on campus in the heart of a metropolitan area where light pollution is severe. Our tests indicate that, despite the lack of an isolated pier, vibrations from the ramp do not degrade the image quality at the telescope. The remote capability facilitates long and frequent observing sessions and allows others to use the facility without traveling to UST. Even with the high background due to city lights, the sensitivity and photometric accuracy of the system are sufficient to fulfill our pedagogical goals and to perform a variety of scientific investigations. In this paper, we outline our educational mission, provide a detailed description of the observatory, and discuss its performance characteristics. 5. LAGO: The Latin American giant observatory Science.gov (United States) Sidelnik, Iván; Asorey, Hernán; LAGO Collaboration 2017-12-01 The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is an extended cosmic ray observatory composed of a network of water-Cherenkov detectors (WCD) spanning over different sites located at significantly different altitudes (from sea level up to more than 5000 m a.s.l.) and latitudes across Latin America, covering a wide range of geomagnetic rigidity cut-offs and atmospheric absorption/reaction levels. The LAGO WCD is simple and robust, and incorporates several integrated devices to allow time synchronization, autonomous operation, on board data analysis, as well as remote control and automated data transfer. This detection network is designed to make detailed measurements of the temporal evolution of the radiation flux coming from outer space at ground level. LAGO is mainly oriented to perform basic research in three areas: high energy phenomena, space weather and atmospheric radiation at ground level. It is an observatory designed, built and operated by the LAGO Collaboration, a non-centralized collaborative union of more than 30 institutions from ten countries. In this paper we describe the scientific and academic goals of the LAGO project - illustrating its present status with some recent results - and outline its future perspectives. 6. The Lowell Observatory Predoctoral Fellowship Program Science.gov (United States) Prato, Lisa A.; Shkolnik, E. 2014-01-01 Lowell Observatory is pleased to solicit applications for our Predoctoral Fellowship Program. Now beginning its seventh year, this program is designed to provide unique research opportunities to graduate students in good standing, currently enrolled at Ph.D. granting institutions. Lowell staff research spans a wide range of topics, from astronomical instrumentation, to icy bodies in our solar system, exoplanet science, stellar populations, star formation, and dwarf galaxies. The Observatory's new 4.3 meter Discovery Channel Telescope has successfully begun science operations and we anticipate the commissioning of several new instruments in 2014, making this a particularly exciting time to do research at Lowell. Student research is expected to lead to a thesis dissertation appropriate for graduation at the doctoral level at the student's home institution. The Observatory provides competitive compensation and full benefits to student scholars. For more information, see http://www2.lowell.edu/rsch/predoc.php and links therein. Applications for Fall 2014 are due by May 1, 2014. 7. Recent results from the Compton Observatory Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Michelson, P.F.; Hansen, W.W. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States) 1994-12-01 The Compton Observatory is an orbiting astronomical observatory for gamma-ray astronomy that covers the energy range from about 30 keV to 30 GeV. The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET), one of four instruments on-board, is capable of detecting and imaging gamma radiation from cosmic sources in the energy range from approximately 20 MeV to 30 GeV. After about one month of tests and calibration following the April 1991 launch, a 15-month all sky survey was begun. This survey is now complete and the Compton Observatory is well into Phase II of its observing program which includes guest investigator observations. Among the highlights from the all-sky survey discussed in this presentation are the following: detection of five pulsars with emission above 100 MeV; detection of more than 24 active galaxies, the most distant at redshift greater than two; detection of many high latitude, unidentified gamma-ray sources, some showing significant time variability; detection of at least two high energy gamma-ray bursts, with emission in one case extending to at least 1 GeV. EGRET has also detected gamma-ray emission from solar flares up to energies of at least 2 GeV and has observed gamma-rays from the Large Magellanic Cloud. 8. Training in radiological protection at the Institute of Naval Medicine International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Powell, P.E.; Robb, D.J. 1991-01-01 The Training Division at the Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, UK, provides courses in radiological protection for government and military personnel who are radiation protection supervisors, radiation safety officers, members of naval emergency monitoring teams and senior medical officers. The course programmes provide formal lectures, practical exercises and tabletop exercises. The compliance of the Ministry of Defence with the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985 and the implementation of Ministry of Defence instructions for radiological protection rely to a large extent on its radiation protection supervisors understanding of the training he receives. Quality assurance techniques are therefore applied to the training. (author) 9. From The Pierre Auger Observatory to AugerPrime Science.gov (United States) Parra, Alejandra; Martínez Bravo, Oscar; Pierre Auger Collaboration 2017-06-01 In the present work we report the principal motivation and reasons for the new stage of the Pierre Auger Observatory, AugerPrime. This upgrade has as its principal goal to clarify the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays through improvement in studies of the mass composition. To accomplished this goal, AugerPrime will use air shower universality, which states that extensive air showers can be completely described by three parameters: the primary energy E 0, the atmospheric shower depth of maximum X max, and the number of muons, Nμ . The Auger Collaboration has planned to complement its surface array (SD), based on water-Cherenkov detectors (WCD) with scintillator detectors, calls SSD (Scintillator Surface Detector). These will be placed at the top of each WCD station. The SSD will allow a shower to shower analysis, instead of the statistical analysis that the Observatory has previously done, to determine the mass composition of the primary particle by the electromagnetic to muonic ratio. 10. Moving toward queue operations at the Large Binocular Telescope Observatory Science.gov (United States) Edwards, Michelle L.; Summers, Doug; Astier, Joseph; Suarez Sola, Igor; Veillet, Christian; Power, Jennifer; Cardwell, Andrew; Walsh, Shane 2016-07-01 The Large Binocular Telescope Observatory (LBTO), a joint scientific venture between the Instituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), LBT Beteiligungsgesellschaft (LBTB), University of Arizona, Ohio State University (OSU), and the Research Corporation, is one of the newest additions to the world's collection of large optical/infrared ground-based telescopes. With its unique, twin 8.4m mirror design providing a 22.8 meter interferometric baseline and the collecting area of an 11.8m telescope, LBT has a window of opportunity to exploit its singular status as the "first" of the next generation of Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). Prompted by urgency to maximize scientific output during this favorable interval, LBTO recently re-evaluated its operations model and developed a new strategy that augments classical observing with queue. Aided by trained observatory staff, queue mode will allow for flexible, multi-instrument observing responsive to site conditions. Our plan is to implement a staged rollout that will provide many of the benefits of queue observing sooner rather than later - with more bells and whistles coming in future stages. In this paper, we outline LBTO's new scientific model, focusing specifically on our "lean" resourcing and development, reuse and adaptation of existing software, challenges presented from our one-of-a-kind binocular operations, and lessons learned. We also outline further stages of development and our ultimate goals for queue. 11. TMT approach to observatory software development process Science.gov (United States) Buur, Hanne; Subramaniam, Annapurni; Gillies, Kim; Dumas, Christophe; Bhatia, Ravinder 2016-07-01 The purpose of the Observatory Software System (OSW) is to integrate all software and hardware components of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) to enable observations and data capture; thus it is a complex software system that is defined by four principal software subsystems: Common Software (CSW), Executive Software (ESW), Data Management System (DMS) and Science Operations Support System (SOSS), all of which have interdependencies with the observatory control systems and data acquisition systems. Therefore, the software development process and plan must consider dependencies to other subsystems, manage architecture, interfaces and design, manage software scope and complexity, and standardize and optimize use of resources and tools. Additionally, the TMT Observatory Software will largely be developed in India through TMT's workshare relationship with the India TMT Coordination Centre (ITCC) and use of Indian software industry vendors, which adds complexity and challenges to the software development process, communication and coordination of activities and priorities as well as measuring performance and managing quality and risk. The software project management challenge for the TMT OSW is thus a multi-faceted technical, managerial, communications and interpersonal relations challenge. The approach TMT is using to manage this multifaceted challenge is a combination of establishing an effective geographically distributed software team (Integrated Product Team) with strong project management and technical leadership provided by the TMT Project Office (PO) and the ITCC partner to manage plans, process, performance, risk and quality, and to facilitate effective communications; establishing an effective cross-functional software management team composed of stakeholders, OSW leadership and ITCC leadership to manage dependencies and software release plans, technical complexities and change to approved interfaces, architecture, design and tool set, and to facilitate 12. Petroleum production at Maximum Efficient Rate Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 (Elk Hills), Kern County, California International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1993-07-01 This document provides an analysis of the potential impacts associated with the proposed action, which is continued operation of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. I (NPR-1) at the Maximum Efficient Rate (MER) as authorized by Public law 94-258, the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976 (Act). The document also provides a similar analysis of alternatives to the proposed action, which also involve continued operations, but under lower development scenarios and lower rates of production. NPR-1 is a large oil and gas field jointly owned and operated by the federal government and Chevron U.SA Inc. (CUSA) pursuant to a Unit Plan Contract that became effective in 1944; the government's interest is approximately 78% and CUSA's interest is approximately 22%. The government's interest is under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The facility is approximately 17,409 acres (74 square miles), and it is located in Kern County, California, about 25 miles southwest of Bakersfield and 100 miles north of Los Angeles in the south central portion of the state. The environmental analysis presented herein is a supplement to the NPR-1 Final Environmental Impact Statement of that was issued by DOE in 1979 (1979 EIS). As such, this document is a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) 13. Risk factors for lower limb injuries during initial naval training: a prospective study. Science.gov (United States) Bonanno, Daniel R; Munteanu, S E; Murley, G S; Landorf, K B; Menz, H B 2018-04-06 This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with the development of common lower limb injuries during initial defence training in naval recruits who were enrolled in a randomised trial. Three-hundred and six naval recruits were randomly allocated flat insoles (n=153) or foot orthoses (n=153) while undertaking 11 weeks of initial training. Participant characteristics (including anthropometrics, general health, physical activity, fitness and foot characteristics) were collected at the baseline assessment and injuries were documented prospectively. Injury was defined as the combined incidence of participants with medial tibial stress syndrome, patellofemoral pain, Achilles tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis/plantar heel pain throughout the 11 weeks of training. A discriminant function analysis was used to explore the ability of baseline measures to predict injury. Overall, 67 (21.9%) participants developed an injury. Discriminant function analysis revealed that participants who sustained an injury were slightly younger (mean 21.4±SD 4.1 vs 22.5±5.0 years) and were less likely to be allocated to the foot orthosis group (40% vs 53%) compared with those who remained uninjured. The accuracy of these baseline variables to predict injury was moderate (78.1%). Lower limb injury was not accurately predicted from health questionnaires, fitness results and clinical assessments in naval recruits undertaking initial defence training. However, although not reaching statistical significance, the use of foot orthoses may be protective against common lower limb injuries. ACTRN12615000024549; Post-results. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. 14. Exploration of Logistics Information Technology (IT) Solutions for the Royal Saudi Naval Force Within the Saudi Naval Expansion Program II (SNEP II) Science.gov (United States) 2017-12-01 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA MBA PROFESSIONAL REPORT EXPLORATION OF LOGISTICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) SOLUTIONS FOR THE...INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) SOLUTIONS FOR THE ROYAL SAUDI NAVAL FORCE WITHIN THE SAUDI NAVAL EXPANSION PROGRAM II (SNEP II) 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 6. AUTHOR(S...Expansion Program II (SNEP II). A part of this program includes upgrading and rebuilding its information technology (IT) infrastructure. The United 15. The Virtual Solar Observatory and the Heliophysics Meta-Virtual Observatory Science.gov (United States) Gurman, Joseph B. 2007-01-01 The Virtual Solar Observatory (VSO) is now able to search for solar data ranging from the radio to gamma rays, obtained from space and groundbased observatories, from 26 sources at 12 data providers, and from 1915 to the present. The solar physics community can use a Web interface or an Application Programming Interface (API) that allows integrating VSO searches into other software, including other Web services. Over the next few years, this integration will be especially obvious as the NASA Heliophysics division sponsors the development of a heliophysics-wide virtual observatory (VO), based on existing VO's in heliospheric, magnetospheric, and ionospheric physics as well as the VSO. We examine some of the challenges and potential of such a "meta-VO." 16. The Naval Ocean Vertical Aerosol Model : Progress Report NARCIS (Netherlands) Leeuw, G. de; Gathman, S.G.; Davidson, K.L.; Jensen, D.R. 1990-01-01 The Naval Oceanic Vertical Aerosol Model (NOVAM) has been formulated to estimate the vertical structure of the optical and infrared extinction coefficients in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). NOVAM was designed to predict the non-uniform and non-logarithmic extinction profiles which are 17. Verification of the Naval Oceanic Vertical Aerosol Model During Fire NARCIS (Netherlands) Davidson, K.L.; Leeuw, G. de; Gathman, S.G.; Jensen, D.R. 1990-01-01 The Naval Oceanic Vertical Aerosol Model (NOVAM) has been formulated to estimate the vertical structure of the optical and infrared extinction coefficients in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), for waverengths between 0,2 and 40 um. NOVAM was designed to predict, utilizing a set of 18. south african naval personnel seconded to the royal navy during African Journals Online (AJOL) Cdr H. R. Gordon-Cumming has written that in the early days of the Second World War large drafts of RNVR (SA) officers and ratings were taken by the few British Warships which called at. Simonstown and Durban to make up their war complements and that later on 'Union nationals took part in nearly every major naval ... 19. Human factors in operational maintenance on future naval vessels NARCIS (Netherlands) Post, W.M.; Schreurs, J.C.; Rakhorst-Oudendijk, M.L.W.; Badon Ghijben, N.A.; Diggelen, J. van 2014-01-01 The increasing complexity of operational maintenance on naval platforms and the need to sustain this also in battle conditions are in conflict with the requirement for crew reduction. This asks for a new approach. The Netherlands MoD knows how to develop technical solutions for operational 20. Noa laev Armastuse tänaval / Anneli Sihvart Index Scriptorium Estoniae Sihvart, Anneli, 1964- 2010-01-01 Tallinnas Laboratooriumi tänaval asuva Ukraina Kultuurikeskuse juht ja ukraina kreeka-katoliku kiriku Tallinna koguduse vanem, kunstnik Anatoli Ljutjuk ootab meistreid ja lapsi voolima Noa laeva loomakujukesi. Grusbeke torni tuleb Tallinna Noa laev ohustatud liikidele. Noa laeva loomisele eelnenud projektidest, pühapäevakoolist, Laboratooriumi tänavast 1. ABOUT THE STUDY OF THE THERMAL STRESS FOR NAVAL SYSTEMS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) ANASASE PRUIU 2016-06-01 Full Text Available In this paper are presented and analyzed the effects of thermal expansion on gas evacuation piping from naval power plants an d technical protection possibilities to prevent structures from deformations; also are analyzed the possibilities for the use of thermal expansion for tightening the main screws for power plant propulsion. 2. Office of Naval Research: Solid and Structural Mechanics DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Belytschenko, T.; Murphy, W.P.; Bernitsas, M.M. 1997-01-01 The goal of this report is to pursue a new paradigm for basic research in Solid and Structural Mechanics in order to serve the needs of the Navy of the 21st century. The framework for the report was established through meetings of the committee with Navy engineers and Office of Naval Research... 3. TACOP : A cognitive agent for a naval training simulation environment NARCIS (Netherlands) Doesburg, W.A. van; Heuvelink, A.; Broek, E.L. van den 2005-01-01 This paper describes how cognitive modeling can be exploited in the design of software agents that support naval training sessions. The architecture, specifications, and embedding of the cognitive agent in a simulation environment are described. Subsequently, the agent's functioning was evaluated in 4. Acoustic Signature Monitoring and Management of Naval Platforms NARCIS (Netherlands) Basten, T.G.H.; Jong, C.A.F. de; Graafland, F.; Hof, J. van 't 2015-01-01 Acoustic signatures make naval platforms susceptible to detection by threat sensors. The variable operational conditions and lifespan of a platform cause variations in the acoustic signature. To deal with these variations, a real time signature monitoring capability is being developed, with advisory 5. Demonstration of Sensor Data Integration Across Naval Aviation Maintenance Science.gov (United States) 2018-02-01 Concepts, Programs and Processes; Maintenance Unit Department, Division Organization; Manpower Management ; and Aviation Officers.” http...Naval Aviation Maintenance Alejandra Jolodosky and Adi Zolotov February 2018 This work was performed under Federal Government Contract...underutilized sensor data. CNA proposed a pilot program that integrated sensor data across maintenance levels to expedite repairs of aviation parts 6. Naval Aviation Integrated Logistics: Technical users guide version 1. 0 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) DeLozier, R.C.; Holder, D.A. 1987-06-01 This document summarizes the operational and analytical functions of version 1.0 of the Naval Aviation Integrated Logistic (NAIL) package. NAIL, a logistics management and analysis system, creates standardized reports and performs several categories of statistical operations in support of NAVAIR logistic analytic functions. 7. An Autonomous Distributed Control System for Naval Platforms NARCIS (Netherlands) Janssen, J.A.A.J.; Logtmeijer, R.A.; Bodegraven, K.S. van 2009-01-01 The success of the missions of naval ships depends highly on the availability of sensor, weapon, and command systems. These systems depend on support systems such as chilled water systems and electrical power systems. Disturbances caused by technical problems or battle damage may result in 8. TACOP: A Cognitive Agent for a Naval Training Simulation Environment NARCIS (Netherlands) van Doesburg, W.A.; Verbeeck, K.; Heuvelink, A.; Tuyls, K.; Nowé, A.; van den Broek, Egon; Manderick, B.; Kuijpers, B. 2005-01-01 The full version of this paper appeared in: Doesburg, W. A. van, Heuvelink, A., and Broek, E. L. van den (2005). TACOP: A cognitive agent for a naval training simulation environment. In M. Pechoucek, D. Steiner, and S. Thompson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Industry Track of the Fourth International 9. Re-engineering production systems: the Royal Netherlands Naval Dockyard NARCIS (Netherlands) Zijm, Willem H.M. 1996-01-01 Reengineering production systems in an attempt to meet tight cost, quality and leadtime standards has received considerable attention in the last decade. In this paper, we discuss the reengineering process at the Royal Netherlands Naval Dockyard. The process starts with a characterisation and a 10. A Summary of the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program, 1982 OpenAIRE Faculty of the Naval Postgraduate School 1982-01-01 Approved For Public Release; Distribution Unlimited This report contains 224 summaries on research projects which were carried out under funding to the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program. This research was carried out in the areas of Computer Science, Mathematics, Administrative Sciences, Operations Research, National Security Affairs, Physics and Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Meterology, Aeronautics, Oceanography and Mechanical Engineering. The Table of Content... 11. A Summary of the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program, 1981 OpenAIRE Faculty of the Naval Postgraduate School 1981-01-01 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. This report contains 230 summaries on research projects which were carried out under funding to the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program. This research was carried out in the areas of Computer Science, Mathematics, Administrative Sciences, Defense Resources Management, Operations Resear-h, National Security Affairs, Physics and Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Meterology, Aeronautics, Oceanography and Mechanical... 12. A Summary of the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program, 1983 OpenAIRE Faculty of the Naval Postgraduate School 1983-01-01 Approved For Public Release; Distribution Unlimited This report contains 249 summaries on research projects which were carried out under funding to the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program. This research was carried out in the areas of Computer Science, Mathematics, Administrative Sciences, Operations Research, National Security Affairs, Physics, Electrical Engineering, Meterology, Aeronautics, Oceanography and Mechanical Engineering. The Table of Contents identifies t... 13. A Summary of the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program, 1984 OpenAIRE Faculty of the Naval Postgraduate School 1984-01-01 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. This report contains 221 summaries on research projects which were carried out under funding to the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program. This research was carried out in the areas of Computer Science, Mathematics, Administrative Sciences, Operations Research, National Security Affairs, Physics, Electrical Engineering, Meterology, Aeronautics, Oceanography and Mechanical Engineering. The Table of Contents identifies ... 14. Naval Sea Systems Command > Home > Warfare Centers > NSWC Corona Science.gov (United States) . Richard A. Braunbeck III Capt. Stephen H. Murray, left, salutes his relief, Capt. Richard A. Braunbeck III -321 NORCO, Calif. (Dec. 7, 2016) Capt. Stephen H. Murray, commanding officer of Naval Surface... https ): Dewin Andujar (Virtual Reality); Nicholas Manning (Maritime Capture the Flag); Stephen O'Grady 15. Naval S&T Strategy: Innovations For The Future Force Science.gov (United States) 2015-01-01 promote fundamental knowledge expansion to collectively paint a picture of the future naval force that today’s initiatives will help build. Scientists and... graphene , QuikClot and many more). In fiscally austere times like today, there is great pressure to tie S&T more closely to R&D technology 16. Index of Oral Histories Relating to Naval Research and Development Science.gov (United States) 1985-01-01 Navy research and development that are available in major U. S. repositories. In a sense, it is a companion to the broader U. S. Naval History Sources...Director, his work with the FAA, and his hobbies, including old cars and a penchant for Shakespeare . Repositories: NWC, DTNSRDC, NHC Individuals 17. Naval War College Review. Volume 63, Number 1, Winter 2010 Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 Impeccable Incident. Summer 2009:101–11 Raymond, Catherine Zara . Piracy and Armed Robbery in the Malacca Strait: A Problem Solved? Summer 2009:31–42...an Old Problem: Report of the Naval War College Workshop on Countering Maritime Piracy. Autumn 2009:141–54 Raymond, Catherine Zara . Piracy and Armed 18. The Science of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) and SNOLAB CERN Multimedia CERN. Geneva 2017-01-01 A description of the science associated with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory and its relation to other neutrino measurements will be given, along with a discussion of the new set of experiments that are at various stages of development or operation at SNOLAB. These experiments will perform measurements of neutrino properties and seek direct detection of Weakly-Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPS) as Dark Matter candidates. The experiments include SNO+, in which the central element of the SNO detector will be liquid scintillator with Te dissolved for neutrino-less double beta decay; DEAP, using about 3300 kg of liquid argon for single phase direct Dark Matter detection; SuperCDMS, a solid state bolometer system to start construction at SNOLAB in the near future; PICO, a direct Dark Matter experiment using bubble formation for detection and NEWS, a direct Dark Matter detector using high pressure gasses for low-mass WIMP detection. 19. LIGO: the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Abbott, B P; Abbott, R; Adhikari, R; Anderson, S B; Araya, M; Armandula, H; Aso, Y; Ballmer, S; Ajith, P; Allen, B; Aulbert, C; Allen, G; Amin, R S; Anderson, W G; Armor, P; Arain, M A; Aston, S; Aufmuth, P; Babak, S; Baker, P 2009-01-01 The goal of the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is to detect and study gravitational waves (GWs) of astrophysical origin. Direct detection of GWs holds the promise of testing general relativity in the strong-field regime, of providing a new probe of exotic objects such as black holes and neutron stars and of uncovering unanticipated new astrophysics. LIGO, a joint Caltech-MIT project supported by the National Science Foundation, operates three multi-kilometer interferometers at two widely separated sites in the United States. These detectors are the result of decades of worldwide technology development, design, construction and commissioning. They are now operating at their design sensitivity, and are sensitive to gravitational wave strains smaller than one part in 10 21 . With this unprecedented sensitivity, the data are being analyzed to detect or place limits on GWs from a variety of potential astrophysical sources. 20. GAIA virtual observatory - development and practices Science.gov (United States) Syrjäsuo, Mikko; Marple, Steve 2010-05-01 The Global Auroral Imaging Access, or GAIA, is a virtual observatory providing quick access to summary data from satellite and ground-based instruments that remote sense auroral precipitation (http://gaia-vxo.org). This web-based service facilitates locating data relevant to particular events by simultaneously displaying summary images from various data sets around the world. At the moment, there are GAIA server nodes in Canada, Finland, Norway and the UK. The development is an international effort and the software and metadata are freely available. The GAIA system is based on a relational database which is queried by a dedicated software suite that also creates the graphical end-user interface if such is needed. Most commonly, the virtual observatory is used interactively by using a web browser: the user provides the date and the type of data of interest. As the summary data from multiple instruments are displayed simultaneously, the user can conveniently explore the recorded data. The virtual observatory provides essentially instant access to the images originating from all major auroral instrument networks including THEMIS, NORSTAR, GLORIA and MIRACLE. The scientific, educational and outreach use is limited by creativity rather than access. The first version of the GAIA was developed at the University of Calgary (Alberta, Canada) in 2004-2005. This proof-of-concept included mainly THEMIS and MIRACLE data, which comprised of millions of summary plots and thumbnail images. However, it was soon realised that a complete re-design was necessary to increase flexibility. In the presentation, we will discuss the early history and motivation of GAIA as well as how the development continued towards the current version. The emphasis will be on practical problems and their solutions. Relevant design choices will also be highlighted. 1. Citizen Observatories: A Standards Based Architecture Science.gov (United States) Simonis, Ingo 2015-04-01 A number of large-scale research projects are currently under way exploring the various components of citizen observatories, e.g. CITI-SENSE (http://www.citi-sense.eu), Citclops (http://citclops.eu), COBWEB (http://cobwebproject.eu), OMNISCIENTIS (http://www.omniscientis.eu), and WeSenseIt (http://www.wesenseit.eu). Common to all projects is the motivation to develop a platform enabling effective participation by citizens in environmental projects, while considering important aspects such as security, privacy, long-term storage and availability, accessibility of raw and processed data and its proper integration into catalogues and international exchange and collaboration systems such as GEOSS or INSPIRE. This paper describes the software architecture implemented for setting up crowdsourcing campaigns using standardized components, interfaces, security features, and distribution capabilities. It illustrates the Citizen Observatory Toolkit, a software suite that allows defining crowdsourcing campaigns, to invite registered and unregistered participants to participate in crowdsourcing campaigns, and to analyze, process, and visualize raw and quality enhanced crowd sourcing data and derived products. The Citizen Observatory Toolkit is not a single software product. Instead, it is a framework of components that are built using internationally adopted standards wherever possible (e.g. OGC standards from Sensor Web Enablement, GeoPackage, and Web Mapping and Processing Services, as well as security and metadata/cataloguing standards), defines profiles of those standards where necessary (e.g. SWE O&M profile, SensorML profile), and implements design decisions based on the motivation to maximize interoperability and reusability of all components. The toolkit contains tools to set up, manage and maintain crowdsourcing campaigns, allows building on-demand apps optimized for the specific sampling focus, supports offline and online sampling modes using modern cell phones with 2. Pulsating stars and the Virtual Observatory Science.gov (United States) Suárez, Juan Carlos 2017-09-01 Virtual Observatory is one of the most used internet-based protocols in astronomy. It has become somewhat natural to find, manage, compare, visualize and download observations from very different archives of astronomical observations with no effort. The VO technology beyond that is now being a reality for asteroseismology, not only for observations but also for theoretical models. Here I give a brief description of the most important VO tools related with asteroseismology, as well as a rough outline of the current development in this field. 3. Recent Results from the Pierre Auger observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kampert, Karl-Heinz 2010-01-01 The Pierre Auger observatory is a hybrid air shower experiment which uses multiple detection techniques to investigate the origin, spectrum, and composition of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. We present recent results on these topics and discuss their implications to the understanding the origin of the most energetic particles in nature as well as for physics beyond the Standard Model, such as violation of Lorentz invariance and 'top-down' models of cosmic ray production. Future plans, including enhancements underway at the southern site in Argentina will be presented. (author) 4. Pulsating stars and the Virtual Observatory Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Suárez Juan Carlos 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Virtual Observatory is one of the most used internet-based protocols in astronomy. It has become somewhat natural to find, manage, compare, visualize and download observations from very different archives of astronomical observations with no effort. The VO technology beyond that is now being a reality for asteroseismology, not only for observations but also for theoretical models. Here I give a brief description of the most important VO tools related with asteroseismology, as well as a rough outline of the current development in this field. 5. The Virtual Solar Observatory: Progress and Diversions Science.gov (United States) Gurman, Joseph B.; Bogart, R. S.; Amezcua, A.; Hill, Frank; Oien, Niles; Davey, Alisdair R.; Hourcle, Joseph; Mansky, E.; Spencer, Jennifer L. 2017-08-01 The Virtual Solar Observatory (VSO) is a known and useful method for identifying and accessing solar physics data online. We review current "behind the scenes" work on the VSO, including the addition of new data providers and the return of access to data sets to which service was temporarily interrupted. We also report on the effect on software development efforts when government IT “security” initiatives impinge on finite resoruces. As always, we invite SPD members to identify data sets, services, and interfaces they would like to see implemented in the VSO. 6. 2011 Astronomy Day at McDonald Observatory Science.gov (United States) Preston, Sandra; Hemeway, M.; Wetzel, M. 2012-01-01 Our philosophy is that everyday is Astronomy Day because the McDonald Observatory's Frank N. Bash Visitors Center is open 362 days a year. So, how did we create a special celebration for the "Astronomy Day” declared by the Astronomical League? During September 26-29 we conducted 20 videoconferences and served 12,559 students with "Astronomy Day” programming. Connect2Texas provides bridging for a network of Texas-based museums and cultural, historical, and scientific organizations that offer educational content to schools throughout the state via videoconferencing. Connect2Texas connected McDonald Observatory to 334 schools; most of these schools were in Texas, but schools in a dozen other states also participated. While most schools had a "view-only" connection, at least 20 of the schools had interactive connections, whereby the students could ask questions of the presenter. Connect2Texas also collects evaluation information from the participating schools that we will use to produce a report for our funders and make modifications to future programs as need be. The videoconferences were offered free of charge. The theme for the 2011 Astronomy Day program was the Year of the Solar System, which aligns with NASA's theme for 2011 and 2012. By aligning with this NASA theme, we could leverage NASA artwork and materials to both advertise and enrich the learning experience. Videoconference materials also included pre- and post-videoconference assessment sheets, an inquiry based activity, and pre- and post-videoconference activities, all of which were made available online. One of the lessons learned from past Astronomy Day videoconferences is that the days the Astronomical League declares as "Astronomy Day” are not always good days for Texas schools to participate. So, we choose an Astronomy Day that meets the needs of Texas schools and our schedule - so any day can be Astronomy Day. 2011 Astronomy Day was made possible by The Meyer-Levy Charitable Trust. 7. The World Space Observatory Ultraviolet (WSO-UV), as a bridge to future UV astronomy Science.gov (United States) Shustov, B.; Gómez de Castro, A. I.; Sachkov, M.; Vallejo, J. C.; Marcos-Arenal, P.; Kanev, E.; Savanov, I.; Shugarov, A.; Sichevskii, S. 2018-04-01 Ultraviolet (UV) astronomy is a vital branch of space astronomy. Many dozens of short-term UV-experiments in space, as well as long-term observatories, have brought a very important knowledge on the physics and chemistry of the Universe during the last decades. Unfortunately, no large UV-observatories are planned to be launched by most of space agencies in the coming 10-15 years. Conversely, the large UVOIR observatories of the future will appear not earlier than in 2030s. This paper briefly describes the projects that have been proposed by various groups. We conclude that the World Space Observatory-Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) will be the only 2-m class UV telescope with capabilities similar to those of the HST for the next decade. The WSO-UV has been described in detail in previous publications, and this paper updates the main characteristics of its instruments and the current state of the whole project. It also addresses the major science topics that have been included in the core program of the WSO-UV, making this core program very relevant to the current state of the UV-astronomy. Finally, we also present here the ground segment architecture that will implement this program. 8. Strategic decisions in transport: a case study for a naval base selection in Brazil Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Amaury Caruzzo 2016-04-01 Full Text Available A decision on a military strategic environment, such as the selection of a new naval base, is a complex process and involves various criteria. In this context, few studies are available on the problems of military-naval transport decisions. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a maritime transport case study using a multi-methodology framework in a process of strategic decision making in logistics. Through a review of the literature, normative documents from the Brazilian armed forces, and interviews with military officers, criteria and preferences were identified and a hierarchical structure was constructed for a case study in the Brazilian Navy–the location of the second Fleet Headquarters. The results indicated that São Marcos Bay, in Maranhão State, was the best location among the alternatives. The multi-criteria approach was shown to be a valuable tool in assisting the decision making process and to understand the trade-offs between strategic and operational criteria in a transport decision. 9. Development of a waste minimization plan for the Department of Energy's Naval petroleum reserve No. 3 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Falconer, K.L.; Lane, T.C. 1991-01-01 A Waste Minimization Program Plan for the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (NPR-3) was prepared in response to DOE Order 5400.1, open-quotes General Environmental Protection Program close-quote The NPR-3 Waste Minimization Program Plan encompasses all ongoing operations at the Naval Petroleum Reserve and is consistent with the principles set forth in the mission statement for NPR-3. The mission of the NPR-3 is to apply project management, engineering and scientific capabilities to produce oil and gas from subsurface zones at the maximum efficiency rate for the United States Government. NPR-3 generates more than 60 discrete waste streams, many of significant volume. Most of these waste streams are categorized as wastes from the exploration, development and production of oil and gas and, as such, are exempt from Subtitle C of RCRA as indicated in the regulatory determination published in the Federal Register on July 6, 1988. However, because so many of these waste streams contain hazardous substances and because of an increasingly more restrictive regulatory environment, in 1990 an overall effort was made to characterize all waste streams produced and institute the best waste management practice economically practical to reduce the volume and toxicity of the waste generated 10. Naval Justice School Evidence Study Guide. Revision Science.gov (United States) 1989-01-01 it may even be necessary for the military judge to breach a privilege in order to see if that privilege exists. See, eq., Lutwak v. United States, 344...other. Mil.R.Evid. 504(c)(2)(B). See also Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604 (1953) (describes factual situation which depicts a marital sham). 6...only against the actor or declarant. See, eg., Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604 (1953); United States v. Beverly, 14 C.M.A. 468, 34 C.M.R. 248 11. Department of the Navy final environmental impact statement for a container system for the management of naval spent nuclear fuel International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1996-11-01 This Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) addresses six general alternative systems for the loading, storage, transport, and possible disposal of naval spent nuclear fuel following examination. This EIS describes environmental impacts of (1) producing and implementing the container systems (including those impacts resulting from the addition of the capability to load the containers covered in this EIS in dry fuel handling facilities at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL)); (2) loading of naval spent nuclear fuel at the Expended Core Facility or at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant with subsequent storage at INEL; (3) construction of a storage facility (such as a paved area) at alternative locations at INEL; and (4) loading of containers and their shipment to a geologic repository or to a centralized interim storage site outside the State of Idaho once one becomes available. As indicated in the EIS, the systems and facilities might also be used for handling low-level radiological waste categorized as special case waste. The Navy's preferred alternative for a container system for the management of naval spent fuel is a dual-purpose canister system. The primary benefits of a dual-purpose canister system are efficiencies in container manufacturing and fuel reloading operations, and potential reductions in radiation exposure 12. Final sitewide environmental assessment for continued development of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (NPR-3), Natrona County, Wyoming Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 1995-07-01 The Secretary of Energy is required by law to explore, prospect, conserve, develop, use, and operate the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves. The Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-258), requires that the Naval Petroleum Reserves be produced at their maximum efficient rate (MER), consistent with sound engineering practices, for a period of six years. To fulfill this mission, DOE is proposing continued development activities which would include the drilling of approximately 250 oil production and injection (gas, water, and steam) wells, the construction of between 25 and 30 miles of associated gas, water, and steam pipelines, the installation of several production and support facilities, and the construction of between 15 and 20 miles of access roads. These drilling and construction estimates include any necessary activities related to the operation of the Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (RMOTC). The purpose of RMOTC will be to provide facilities and necessary support to government and private industry for testing and evaluating new oilfield and environmental technologies, and to transfer these results to the petroleum industry through seminars and publications. Continued development activities either have no potential to result in adverse environmental impacts or would only result in adverse impacts that could be readily mitigated. The small amounts of disturbed surface area will be reclaimed to its original natural state when production operations terminate. The preparation of an environmental impact statement is not required, and the DOE is issuing this Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). 73 refs. 13. An Overseas Naval Presence without Overseas Bases: China’s Counter-piracy Operation in the Gulf of Aden Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Susanne Kamerling 2011-01-01 Full Text Available This article aims to assess how China is using its navy to secure its interests in the Gulf of Aden, and what this means for the European Union. The analysis of how China’s naval presence in the Gulf of Aden has evolved since early 2009 suggests that China’s increasing interests and involvement in Africa do not necessarily lead to the establishment of Chinese naval bases in or close to the continent. To supply its ships, the Chinese navy may well continue using the commercial-diplomatic model that China has been developing. This model is based on China’s close diplomatic relations with countries in the region and the extensive presence of Chinese companies to whom logistical services can be outsourced and who are under a greater degree of state influence than most Western multinationals. One of the consequences of this approach is that although China may not establish overseas military bases, it may be able to keep expanding its naval presence in or around Africa. 14. Final sitewide environmental assessment for continued development of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (NPR-3), Natrona County, Wyoming International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1995-07-01 The Secretary of Energy is required by law to explore, prospect, conserve, develop, use, and operate the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves. The Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-258), requires that the Naval Petroleum Reserves be produced at their maximum efficient rate (MER), consistent with sound engineering practices, for a period of six years. To fulfill this mission, DOE is proposing continued development activities which would include the drilling of approximately 250 oil production and injection (gas, water, and steam) wells, the construction of between 25 and 30 miles of associated gas, water, and steam pipelines, the installation of several production and support facilities, and the construction of between 15 and 20 miles of access roads. These drilling and construction estimates include any necessary activities related to the operation of the Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (RMOTC). The purpose of RMOTC will be to provide facilities and necessary support to government and private industry for testing and evaluating new oilfield and environmental technologies, and to transfer these results to the petroleum industry through seminars and publications. Continued development activities either have no potential to result in adverse environmental impacts or would only result in adverse impacts that could be readily mitigated. The small amounts of disturbed surface area will be reclaimed to its original natural state when production operations terminate. The preparation of an environmental impact statement is not required, and the DOE is issuing this Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). 73 refs 15. The Lowell Observatory Predoctoral Scholar Program Science.gov (United States) Prato, Lisa; Nofi, Larissa 2018-01-01 Lowell Observatory is pleased to solicit applications for our Predoctoral Scholar Fellowship Program. Now beginning its tenth year, this program is designed to provide unique research opportunities to graduate students in good standing, currently enrolled at Ph.D. granting institutions. Lowell staff research spans a wide range of topics, from astronomical instrumentation, to icy bodies in our solar system, exoplanet science, stellar populations, star formation, and dwarf galaxies. Strong collaborations, the new Ph.D. program at Northern Arizona University, and cooperative links across the greater Flagstaff astronomical community create a powerful multi-institutional locus in northern Arizona. Lowell Observatory's new 4.3 meter Discovery Channel Telescope is operating at full science capacity and boasts some of the most cutting-edge and exciting capabilities available in optical/infrared astronomy. Student research is expected to lead to a thesis dissertation appropriate for graduation at the doctoral level at the student's home institution. For more information, see http://www2.lowell.edu/rsch/predoc.php and links therein. Applications for Fall 2018 are due by May 1, 2018; alternate application dates will be considered on an individual basis. 16. SPASE, Metadata, and the Heliophysics Virtual Observatories Science.gov (United States) Thieman, James; King, Todd; Roberts, Aaron 2010-01-01 To provide data search and access capability in the field of Heliophysics (the study of the Sun and its effects on the Solar System, especially the Earth) a number of Virtual Observatories (VO) have been established both via direct funding from the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and through other funding agencies in the U.S. and worldwide. At least 15 systems can be labeled as Virtual Observatories in the Heliophysics community, 9 of them funded by NASA. The problem is that different metadata and data search approaches are used by these VO's and a search for data relevant to a particular research question can involve consulting with multiple VO's - needing to learn a different approach for finding and acquiring data for each. The Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE) project is intended to provide a common data model for Heliophysics data and therefore a common set of metadata for searches of the VO's. The SPASE Data Model has been developed through the common efforts of the Heliophysics Data and Model Consortium (HDMC) representatives over a number of years. We currently have released Version 2.1 of the Data Model. The advantages and disadvantages of the Data Model will be discussed along with the plans for the future. Recent changes requested by new members of the SPASE community indicate some of the directions for further development. 17. Fine Guidance Sensing for Coronagraphic Observatories Science.gov (United States) Brugarolas, Paul; Alexander, James W.; Trauger, John T.; Moody, Dwight C. 2011-01-01 Three options have been developed for Fine Guidance Sensing (FGS) for coronagraphic observatories using a Fine Guidance Camera within a coronagraphic instrument. Coronagraphic observatories require very fine precision pointing in order to image faint objects at very small distances from a target star. The Fine Guidance Camera measures the direction to the target star. The first option, referred to as Spot, was to collect all of the light reflected from a coronagraph occulter onto a focal plane, producing an Airy-type point spread function (PSF). This would allow almost all of the starlight from the central star to be used for centroiding. The second approach, referred to as Punctured Disk, collects the light that bypasses a central obscuration, producing a PSF with a punctured central disk. The final approach, referred to as Lyot, collects light after passing through the occulter at the Lyot stop. The study includes generation of representative images for each option by the science team, followed by an engineering evaluation of a centroiding or a photometric algorithm for each option. After the alignment of the coronagraph to the fine guidance system, a "nulling" point on the FGS focal point is determined by calibration. This alignment is implemented by a fine alignment mechanism that is part of the fine guidance camera selection mirror. If the star images meet the modeling assumptions, and the star "centroid" can be driven to that nulling point, the contrast for the coronagraph will be maximized. 18. Developing a Virtual Network of Research Observatories Science.gov (United States) Hooper, R. P.; Kirschtl, D. 2008-12-01 The hydrologic community has been discussing the concept of a network of observatories for the advancement of hydrologic science in areas of scaling processes, in testing generality of hypotheses, and in examining non-linear couplings between hydrologic, biotic, and human systems. The Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) is exploring the formation of a virtual network of observatories, formed from existing field studies without regard to funding source. Such a network would encourage sharing of data, metadata, field methods, and data analysis techniques to enable multidisciplinary synthesis, meta-analysis, and scientific collaboration in hydrologic and environmental science and engineering. The virtual network would strive to provide both the data and the environmental context of the data through advanced cyberinfrastructure support. The foundation for this virtual network is Water Data Services that enable the publication of time-series data collected at fixed points using a services-oriented architecture. These publication services, developed in the CUAHSI Hydrologic Information Systems project, permit the discovery of data from both academic and government sources through a single portal. Additional services under consideration are publication of geospatial data sets, immersive environments based upon site digital elevation models, and a common web portal to member sites populated with structured data about the site (such as land use history and geologic setting) to permit understanding the environmental context of the data being shared. 19. Environmental Survey preliminary report, Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, Casper, Wyoming Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1989-02-01 This report presents the preliminary environmental findings from the first phase of the Environmental Survey of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming (NPOSR-CUW) conducted June 6 through 17, 1988. NPOSR consists of the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (NPR-3) in Wyoming, the Naval Oil Shale Reserves No. 1 and 3 (NOSR-1 and NOSR-3) in Colorado and the Naval Oil Shale Reserve No. 2 (NOSR-2) in Utah. NOSR-2 was not included in the Survey because it had not been actively exploited at the time of the on-site Survey. The Survey is being conducted by an interdisciplinary team of environmental specialists, lead and managed by the Office of Environment, Safety and Health's Office of Environmental Audit. Individual team specialists are outside experts being supplied by a private contractor. The objective of the Survey is to identify environmental problems and areas of environmental risk associated with NPOSR. The Survey covers all environmental media and all areas of environmental regulation. It is being performed in accordance with the DOE Environmental Survey Manual. This phase of the Survey involves the review of existing site environmental data, observations of the operations carried on at NPOSR and interviews with site personnel. The Survey team has developed a Sampling and Analysis Plan to assist in further assessing specific environmental problems identified at NOSR-3 during the on-site Survey. There were no findings associated with either NPR-3 or NOSR-1 that required Survey-related sampling and Analysis. The Sampling and Analysis Plan will be executed by Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. When completed, the results will be incorporated into the Environmental Survey Summary report. The Summary Report will reflect the final determinations of the NPOSR-CUW Survey and the other DOE site-specific Surveys. 110 refs., 38 figs., 24 tabs. 20. A full cost analysis of the replacement of Naval Base, Guantanamo Bay's Marine ground defense force by the fleet antiterrorism security team OpenAIRE Ordona, Placido C. 2000-01-01 Constrained defense budgets and manpower resources have motivated the United States Marine Corps and the United States Navy to seek initiatives that maximize the efficient use and allocation of these diminishing resources. One such initiative is the restructuring of the Marine security presence at Naval Station, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, through the replacement of the 350 man Marine Ground Defense Force with a smaller, rotating unit consisting of two platoons from the Fleet Antiterrorism Security... 1. Science Potential of a Deep Ocean Antineutrino Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dye, S.T. 2007-01-01 This paper presents science potential of a deep ocean antineutrino observatory being developed at Hawaii. The observatory design allows for relocation from one site to another. Positioning the observatory some 60 km distant from a nuclear reactor complex enables precision measurement of neutrino mixing parameters, leading to a determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and θ 13 . At a mid-Pacific location the observatory measures the flux and ratio of uranium and thorium decay neutrinos from earth's mantle and performs a sensitive search for a hypothetical natural fission reactor in earth's core. A subsequent deployment at another mid-ocean location would test lateral heterogeneity of uranium and thorium in earth's mantle 2. Availability and Access to Data from Kakioka Magnetic Observatory, Japan Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yasuhiro Minamoto 2013-06-01 Full Text Available The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA is operating four geomagnetic observatories in Japan. Kakioka Magnetic Observatory (KMO, commissioned in 1913, is the oldest. The hourly records at KMO cover over almost 100 years. KMO is JMA's headquarters for geomagnetic and geoelectric observations. Almost all data are available at the KMO website free of charge for researchers. KMO and two other observatories have been certified as INTERMAGNET observatories, and quasi-real-time geomagnetic data from them are available at the INTERMAGNET website. 3. NASA X-Ray Observatory Completes Tests Under Harsh Simulated Space Conditions Science.gov (United States) 1998-07-01 , the telescope's mirrors were built by Raytheon Optical Systems Inc., Danbury, Conn. The mirrors were coated by Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc., Santa Rosa, Calif., and assembled by EastmanKodak Co., Rochester, N.Y. The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility Charge-Coupled Device Imaging Spectrometer was developed by Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge. One diffraction grating was developed by MIT, the other by the Space Research Organization Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands, in collaboration with the Max Planck Institute, Garching, Germany. The High Resolution Camera was built by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation of Boulder, Colo., developed the aspect camera and the Science Instrument Module. Note to editors: Digital images to accompany this release are available via the World Wide Web at the following URL: http://chandra.harvard.edu/press/images.html 4. Artificial intelligence for the CTA Observatory scheduler Science.gov (United States) Colomé, Josep; Colomer, Pau; Campreciós, Jordi; Coiffard, Thierry; de Oña, Emma; Pedaletti, Giovanna; Torres, Diego F.; Garcia-Piquer, Alvaro 2014-08-01 The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) project will be the next generation ground-based very high energy gamma-ray instrument. The success of the precursor projects (i.e., HESS, MAGIC, VERITAS) motivated the construction of this large infrastructure that is included in the roadmap of the ESFRI projects since 2008. CTA is planned to start the construction phase in 2015 and will consist of two arrays of Cherenkov telescopes operated as a proposal-driven open observatory. Two sites are foreseen at the southern and northern hemispheres. The CTA observatory will handle several observation modes and will have to operate tens of telescopes with a highly efficient and reliable control. Thus, the CTA planning tool is a key element in the control layer for the optimization of the observatory time. The main purpose of the scheduler for CTA is the allocation of multiple tasks to one single array or to multiple sub-arrays of telescopes, while maximizing the scientific return of the facility and minimizing the operational costs. The scheduler considers long- and short-term varying conditions to optimize the prioritization of tasks. A short-term scheduler provides the system with the capability to adapt, in almost real-time, the selected task to the varying execution constraints (i.e., Targets of Opportunity, health or status of the system components, environment conditions). The scheduling procedure ensures that long-term planning decisions are correctly transferred to the short-term prioritization process for a suitable selection of the next task to execute on the array. In this contribution we present the constraints to CTA task scheduling that helped classifying it as a Flexible Job-Shop Problem case and finding its optimal solution based on Artificial Intelligence techniques. We describe the scheduler prototype that uses a Guarded Discrete Stochastic Neural Network (GDSN), for an easy representation of the possible long- and short-term planning solutions, and Constraint 5. Progressive Research and Outreach at the WestRock Observatory Science.gov (United States) Brown, Johnny Eugene; Lantz Caughey, Austin; O'Keeffe, Brendon; Johnson, Michael; Murphy Williams, Rosa Nina 2016-01-01 The WestRock Observatory (WRO), located in Columbus State University's Coca-Cola Space Science Center (CCSSC), is dedicated to education and research in astronomy through hands-on engagement and public participation. The WRO has recently received funding to upgrade the PlaneWave CDK 24-inch Corrected Dall-Kirkham Astrograph telescope. Recent additions to the telescope include an all-new Apogee Alta F16 CCD camera complete with a filter wheel (with narrowband and broadband filters) and a Minor Planet Center Observatory Code (W22). These new upgrades have allowed Astrophysics students to conduct unique research ranging from high precision minor planet astrometry, to broad- and narrow-band imaging of nebulae, to light curve analysis for variable star photometry. These new endeavours, in conjunction with an existing suite of Solar telescopes, gives the WRO the ability to live-stream solar and night-time observing. These streams are available both online and through interactive displays at the CCSSC making the WRO an educational outreach program for a worldwide public audience and a growing astronomical community.Current funding is allowing students to get even more research experience than previously attainable further enabling the expansion of our publicly available gallery of nebula and galaxy images. Support and funding for the acquirement,installation, and upgrading of the new PlaneWave CDK24 has been provided by the International Museum and Library Services via the Museums for America Award Additionally, individual NASA Space Grant Scholarships have helped to secure a number of student interns partially responsible for recent improvements. 6. The Ocean Observatories Initiative: Data, Data and More Data Science.gov (United States) Crowley, M. F.; Vardaro, M.; Belabbassi, L.; Smith, M. J.; Garzio, L. M.; Knuth, F.; Glenn, S. M.; Schofield, O.; Lichtenwalner, C. S.; Kerfoot, J. 2016-02-01 The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI), a project funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and managed by the Consortium for Ocean Leadership, is a networked infrastructure of science-driven sensor systems that measure the physical, chemical, geological, and biological variables in the ocean and seafloor on coastal, regional, and global scales. OOI long term research arrays have been installed off the Washington coast (Cabled), Massachusetts and Oregon coasts (Coastal) and off Alaska, Greenland, Chile and Argentina (Global). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Oregon State University are responsible for the coastal and global moorings and their autonomous vehicles. The University of Washington is responsible for cabled seafloor systems and moorings. Rutgers University operates the Cyberinfrastructure (CI) portion of the OOI, which acquires, processes and distributes data to the scientists, researchers, educators and the public. It also provides observatory mission command and control, data assessment and distribution, and long-term data management. This talk will present an overview of the OOI infrastructure and its three primary websites which include: 1) An OOI overview website offering technical information on the infrastructure ranging from instruments to science goals, news, deployment updates, and information on the proposal process, 2) The Education and Public Engagement website where students can view and analyze exactly the same data that scientists have access to at exactly the same time, but with simple visualization tools and compartmentalized lessons that lead them through complex science questions, and 3) The primary data access website and machine to machine interface where anyone can plot or download data from the over 700 instruments within the OOI Network. 7. Daytime Utilization of a University Observatory for Laboratory Instruction Science.gov (United States) Mattox, J. R. 2006-08-01 Scheduling convenience provides a strong incentive to fully explore effective utilization of educational observatories during daylight hours. I present two compelling daytime student activities that I developed at the Observatory at Fayetteville State University. My Introductory Astronomy Laboratory classes pursue these as separate investigations. My Physical Science classes complete both in a single lab period of 110 minutes duration. Both of these activities are also appropriate for High School student investigators, and could be used as demonstrations for younger students. Daylight Observation of Venus. With a clear sky, and when its elongation exceeds ~20˚, Venus is readily apparent in the daytime sky once a telescope is pointed at it. This is accomplished either with a digital pointing system, or with setting circles on a polar-aligned mount using the Sun to initialize the RA circle. Using the telescope pointing as a reference, it is also possible under optimal circumstances for students to see Venus in the daytime sky with naked eyes. Students are asked to write about the circumstances that made it possible to see Venus. Educational utilization of daytime observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, and the brightest stars are also discussed. Using a CCD Camera to Determine the Temperature of a Sunspot. After my students view the Sun with Eclipse Glasses and in projection using a 3-inch refractor, they analyze a CCD image of a sunspot (which they obtain if possible) to determine the ratio of its surface intensity relative to the normal solar surface. They then use the Stefan-Boltzmann law (usually with some coaching) to determine the sunspot temperature given the nominal surface temperature of the Sun. Appropriate safety precautions are presented given the hazards of magnified sunlight. Mitigation of dome seeing during daylight hours is discussed. 8. Integrating Near Fault Observatories (NFO) for EPOS Implementation Phase Science.gov (United States) Chiaraluce, Lauro 2015-04-01 Following the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) project vision aimed at creating a pan-European infrastructure for Earth sciences to support science for a more sustainable society, we are working on the integration of Near-Fault Observatories (NFOs). NFOs are state of the art research infrastructures consisting of advanced networks of multi-parametric sensors continuously monitoring the chemical and physical processes related to the common underlying earth instabilities governing active faults evolution and the genesis of earthquakes. Such a methodological approach, currently applicable only at the local scale (areas of tens to few hundreds of kilometres), is based on extremely dense networks and less common instruments deserving an extraordinary work on data quality control and multi-parameter data description. These networks in fact usually complement regional seismic and geodetic networks (typically with station spacing of 50-100km) with high-density distributions of seismic, geodetic, geochemical and geophysical sensors located typically within 10-20 km of active faults where large earthquakes are expected in the future. In the initial phase of EPOS-IP, seven NFO nodes will be linked: the Alto Tiberina and Irpinia Observatories in Italy, the Corinth Observatory in Greece, the South-Iceland Seismic Zone, the Valais Observatory in Switzerland, Marmara Sea GEO Supersite in Turkey (EU MARSite) and the Vrancea Observatory in Romania. Our work is aimed at establishing standards and integration within this first core group of NFOs while other NFOs are expected to be installed in the next years adopting the standards established and developed within the EPOS Thematic Core Services (TCS). The goal of our group is to build upon the initial development supported by these few key national observatories coordinated under previous EU projects (NERA and REAKT), inclusive and harmonised TCS supporting the installation over the next decade of tens of near 9. Development of radar cross section analysis system of naval ships Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kookhyun Kim 2012-03-01 Full Text Available A software system for a complex object scattering analysis, named SYSCOS, has been developed for a systematic radar cross section (RCS analysis and reduction design. The system is based on the high frequency analysis methods of physical optics, geometrical optics, and physical theory of diffraction, which are suitable for RCS analysis of electromagnetically large and complex targets as like naval ships. In addition, a direct scattering center analysis function has been included, which gives relatively simple and intuitive way to discriminate problem areas in design stage when comparing with conventional image-based approaches. In this paper, the theoretical background and the organization of the SYSCOS system are presented. To verify its accuracy and to demonstrate its applicability, numerical analyses for a square plate, a sphere and a cylinder, a weapon system and a virtual naval ship have been carried out, of which results have been compared with analytic solutions and those obtained by the other existing software. 10. Status And Performance Of The Virgin Islands Robotic Telescope at Etelman Observatory Science.gov (United States) Morris, David C.; Gendre, Bruce; Neff, James E.; Giblin, Timothy W. 2016-01-01 The Virgin Islands Robotic Telescope is an 0.5m robotic telescope located at the easternmost and southernmost optical observatory in the United States at a latitude of 18.5N and longitude of 65W. The observatory is located on the island of St Thomas in the USVI. Astronomers from the College of Charleston, the US Air Force Academy, and the University of the Virgin Islands collaborate to maintain and operate the facility. The primary scientific focus of the facility is the optical follow-up of high-energy transients though a variety of other science interests are also being pursued including follow-up of candidate extra-solar planets, rotation studies of cool stars, and near-Earth asteroid and space situational awareness studies. The facility also supports a wide-reaching education and outreach program dedicated to raising the level of STEAM engagement and enrichment in the USVI. We detail the characteristics, capabilities, and early results from the observatory. The observatory is growing its staff and science activities and potential topics for collaboration will be discussed. 11. The Steward Observatory asteroid relational database Science.gov (United States) Sykes, Mark V.; Alvarezdelcastillo, Elizabeth M. 1991-01-01 The Steward Observatory Asteroid Relational Database (SOARD) was created as a flexible tool for undertaking studies of asteroid populations and sub-populations, to probe the biases intrinsic to asteroid databases, to ascertain the completeness of data pertaining to specific problems, to aid in the development of observational programs, and to develop pedagogical materials. To date, SOARD has compiled an extensive list of data available on asteroids and made it accessible through a single menu-driven database program. Users may obtain tailored lists of asteroid properties for any subset of asteroids or output files which are suitable for plotting spectral data on individual asteroids. The program has online help as well as user and programmer documentation manuals. The SOARD already has provided data to fulfill requests by members of the astronomical community. The SOARD continues to grow as data is added to the database and new features are added to the program. 12. Punctuated Evolution of Volcanology: An Observatory Perspective Science.gov (United States) Burton, W. C.; Eichelberger, J. C. 2010-12-01 Volcanology from the perspective of crisis prediction and response-the primary function of volcano observatories-is influenced both by steady technological advances and singular events that lead to rapid changes in methodology and procedure. The former can be extrapolated somewhat, while the latter are surprises or shocks. Predictable advances include the conversion from analog to digital systems and the exponential growth of computing capacity and data storage. Surprises include eruptions such as 1980 Mount St Helens, 1985 Nevado del Ruiz, 1989-1990 Redoubt, 1991 Pinatubo, and 2010 Eyjafjallajokull; the opening of GPS to civilian applications, and the advent of an open Russia. Mount St Helens switched the rationale for volcanology in the USGS from geothermal energy to volcano hazards, Ruiz and Pinatubo emphasized the need for international cooperation for effective early warning, Redoubt launched the effort to monitor even remote volcanoes for purposes of aviation safety, and Eyjafjallajokull hammered home the need for improved ash-dispersion and engine-tolerance models; better GPS led to a revolution in volcano geodesy, and the new Russian Federation sparked an Alaska-Kamchatka scientific exchange. The pattern has been that major funding increases for volcano hazards occur after these unpredictable events, which suddenly expose a gap in capabilities, rather than out of a calculated need to exploit technological advances or meet a future goal of risk mitigation. It is up to the observatory and national volcano hazard program to leverage these sudden funding increases into a long-term, sustainable business model that incorporates both the steadily increasing costs of staff and new technology and prepares for the next volcano crisis. Elements of the future will also include the immediate availability on the internet of all publically-funded volcano data, and subscribable, sophisticated hazard alert systems that run computational, fluid dynamic eruption models. These 13. In situ vector calibration of magnetic observatories Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A. Gonsette 2017-09-01 Full Text Available The goal of magnetic observatories is to measure and provide a vector magnetic field in a geodetic coordinate system. For that purpose, instrument set-up and calibration are crucial. In particular, the scale factor and orientation of a vector magnetometer may affect the magnetic field measurement. Here, we highlight the baseline concept and demonstrate that it is essential for data quality control. We show how the baselines can highlight a possible calibration error. We also provide a calibration method based on high-frequency absolute measurements. This method determines a transformation matrix for correcting variometer data suffering from scale factor and orientation errors. We finally present a practical case where recovered data have been successfully compared to those coming from a reference magnetometer. 14. The sunspot databases of the Debrecen Observatory Science.gov (United States) Baranyi, Tünde; Gyori, Lajos; Ludmány, András 2015-08-01 We present the sunspot data bases and online tools available in the Debrecen Heliophysical Observatory: the DPD (Debrecen Photoheliographic Data, 1974 -), the SDD (SOHO/MDI-Debrecen Data, 1996-2010), the HMIDD (SDO/HMI-Debrecen Data, HMIDD, 2010-), the revised version of Greenwich Photoheliographic Data (GPR, 1874-1976) presented together with the Hungarian Historical Solar Drawings (HHSD, 1872-1919). These are the most detailed and reliable documentations of the sunspot activity in the relevant time intervals. They are very useful for studying sunspot group evolution on various time scales from hours to weeks. Time-dependent differences between the available long-term sunspot databases are investigated and cross-calibration factors are determined between them. This work has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2012-2015) under grant agreement No. 284461 (eHEROES). 15. Meteorological observatory for Antarctic data collection International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Grigioni, P.; De Silvestri, L. 1996-01-01 In the last years, a great number of automatic weather stations was installed in Antarctica, with the aim to examine closely the weather and climate of this region and to improve the coverage of measuring points on the Antarctic surface. In 1987 the Italian Antarctic Project started to set up a meteorological network, in an area not completely covered by other countries. Some of the activities performed by the meteorological observatory, concerning technical functions such as maintenance of the AWS's and the execution of radio soundings, or relating to scientific purposes such as validation and elaboration of collected data, are exposed. Finally, some climatological considerations on the thermal behaviour of the Antarctic troposphere such as 'coreless winter', and on the wind field, including katabatic flows in North Victoria Land are described 16. Virtual Observatory: From Concept to Implementation Science.gov (United States) Djorgovski, S. G.; Williams, R. 2005-12-01 We review the origins of the Virtual Observatory (VO) concept, and the current status of the efforts in this field. VO is the response of the astronomical community to the challenges posed by the modern massive and complex data sets. It is a framework in which information technology is harnessed to organize, maintain, and explore the rich information content of the exponentially growing data sets, and to enable a qualitatively new science to be done with them. VO will become a complete, open, distributed, web-based framework for astronomy of the early 21st century. A number of significant efforts worldwide are now striving to convert this vision into reality. The technological and methodological challenges posed by the information-rich astronomy are also common to many other fields. We see a fundamental change in the way all science is done, driven by the information technology revolution. 17. SOFIA: The Next Generation Airborne Observatory Science.gov (United States) Dunham, Edward; Witteborn, Fred C. (Technical Monitor) 1995-01-01 SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, will carry a 2.5 meter telescope into the stratosphere on 160 7.5 hour flights per year. At stratospheric altitudes SOFIA will operate above 99% of the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere, allowing observation of wide regions of the infrared spectrum that are totally obscured from even the best ground-based sites. Its mobility and long range will allow worldwide observation of ephemeral events such as occultations and eclipses. SOFIA will be developed jointly by NASA and DARA, the German space agency. It has been included in the President's budget request to Congress for a development start in FY96 (this October!) and enjoys strong support in Germany. This talk will cover SOFIA's scientific goals, technical characteristics, science operating plan, and political status. 18. Supernova observations at McDonald Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wheeler, J.C. 1984-01-01 The programs to obtain high quality spectra and photometry of supernovae at McDonald Observatory are reviewed. Spectra of recent Type I supernovae in NGC 3227, NGC 3625, and NGC 4419 are compared with those of SN 1981b in NGC 4536 to quantitatively illustrate both the homogeneity of Type I spectra at similar epochs and the differences in detail which will serve as a probe of the physical processes in the explosions. Spectra of the recent supernova in NGC 0991 give for the first time quantitative confirmation of a spectrally homogeneous, but distinct subclass of Type I supernovae which appears to be less luminous and to have lower excitation at maximum light than classical Type I supernovae 19. The Solar Connections Observatory for Planetary Environments Science.gov (United States) Oliversen, Ronald J.; Harris, Walter M.; Oegerle, William R. (Technical Monitor) 2002-01-01 The NASA Sun-Earth Connection theme roadmap calls for comparative study of how the planets, comets, and local interstellar medium (LISM) interact with the Sun and respond to solar variability. Through such a study we advance our understanding of basic physical plasma and gas dynamic processes, thus increasing our predictive capabilities for the terrestrial, planetary, and interplanetary environments where future remote and human exploration will occur. Because the other planets have lacked study initiatives comparable to the terrestrial ITM, LWS, and EOS programs, our understanding of the upper atmospheres and near space environments on these worlds is far less detailed than our knowledge of the Earth. To close this gap we propose a mission to study {\\it all) of the solar interacting bodies in our planetary system out to the heliopause with a single remote sensing space observatory, the Solar Connections Observatory for Planetary Environments (SCOPE). SCOPE consists of a binocular EUV/FUV telescope operating from a remote, driftaway orbit that provides sub-arcsecond imaging and broadband medium resolution spectro-imaging over the 55-290 nm bandpass, and high (R>10^{5}$resolution H Ly-$\\alpha$emission line profile measurements of small scale planetary and wide field diffuse solar system structures. A key to the SCOPE approach is to include Earth as a primary science target. From its remote vantage point SCOPE will be able to observe auroral emission to and beyond the rotational pole. The other planets and comets will be monitored in long duration campaigns centered when possible on solar opposition when interleaved terrestrial-planet observations can be used to directly compare the response of both worlds to the same solar wind stream and UV radiation field. Using a combination of observations and MHD models, SCOPE will isolate the different controlling parameters in each planet system and gain insight into the underlying physical processes that define the 20. Towards a new Mercator Observatory Control System Science.gov (United States) Pessemier, W.; Raskin, G.; Prins, S.; Saey, P.; Merges, F.; Padilla, J. P.; Van Winckel, H.; Waelkens, C. 2010-07-01 A new control system is currently being developed for the 1.2-meter Mercator Telescope at the Roque de Los Muchachos Observatory (La Palma, Spain). Formerly based on transputers, the new Mercator Observatory Control System (MOCS) consists of a small network of Linux computers complemented by a central industrial controller and an industrial real-time data communication network. Python is chosen as the high-level language to develop flexible yet powerful supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) software for the Linux computers. Specialized applications such as detector control, auto-guiding and middleware management are also integrated in the same Python software package. The industrial controller, on the other hand, is connected to the majority of the field devices and is targeted to run various control loops, some of which are real-time critical. Independently of the Linux distributed control system (DCS), this controller makes sure that high priority tasks such as the telescope motion, mirror support and hydrostatic bearing control are carried out in a reliable and safe way. A comparison is made between different controller technologies including a LabVIEW embedded system, a PROFINET Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and motion controller, and an EtherCAT embedded PC (soft-PLC). As the latter is chosen as the primary platform for the lower level control, a substantial part of the software is being ported to the IEC 61131-3 standard programming languages. Additionally, obsolete hardware is gradually being replaced by standard industrial alternatives with fast EtherCAT communication. The use of Python as a scripting language allows a smooth migration to the final MOCS: finished parts of the new control system can readily be commissioned to replace the corresponding transputer units of the old control system with minimal downtime. In this contribution, we give an overview of the systems design, implementation details and the current status of the project. 1. Optimizing Training Event Schedules at Naval Air Station Fallon Science.gov (United States) 2018-03-01 Time VBA Visual Basic for Applications WTI Weapons and Tactics Instructor xiii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK xiv Executive Summary Naval Air...emitter inventory for each site. Constraint (3.6) ensures scheduled flight events have access to an emitter, at the proper location, required for the...flight event requests and their respective requirements into a specificmacro-enabled excel worksheet (Microsoftl, 2017). A series of VBA ( VBA , 2017 2. Naval Ships Acquisition Strategy for the Venezuelan Navy. Science.gov (United States) 1982-06-01 8. Jefatura de Logistica Comandancia General de la Marina Avenida Vollmer, San Bernardino Caracas, Venezuela 9. Professor M. B. Kline, Code 54Kx 2...34...the GSN must determine the acquisition of defense systems, on the basis of the priority demand requested for the tasks de - rived from the...the contract is signed by both parties, the MOD and the Contractor(s). Transportation and installation of the Venezuelan Naval Mission in the 3. DISCRETION MAGNETIQUE DES MACHINES ELECTRIQUES DE PROPULSION NAVALE OpenAIRE Froidurot , Benoît 2002-01-01 For about ten years, electrical machines have been commonly used in naval propulsion systems for civilian applications. This is mainly due to new magnetic materials (magnets...) and power drive electronic, which increase the performances of the machines. This kind of propulsion is planed to be implemented on military ships. However, some constraints of discretion make this propulsion require specific systems for the ship security. This study is then dedicted to the magnetic discretion of nava... 4. Naval War College Review. Volume 63, Number 4, Autumn 2010 Science.gov (United States) 2010-01-01 profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Although reasoned strategic exposés were rare in the late Victorian era, the Royal Navy’s long-standing...complex warships more cheaply overall and far more quickly than anyone else. This advantage meant that a part of the late Victorian naval policy was the...depended: in short, if these vessels could be made fast enough to react in a timely fashion to events abroad and powerful enough to prevail against 5. Reactor physics in support of the naval nuclear propulsion programme International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lisley, P.G.; Beeley, P.A. 1994-01-01 Reactor physics is a core component of all courses but in particular two postgraduate courses taught at the department in support of the naval nuclear propulsion programme. All of the courses include the following elements: lectures and problem solving exercises, laboratory work, experiments on the Jason zero power Argonaut reactor, demonstration of PWR behavior on a digital computer simulator and project work. This paper will highlight the emphasis on reactor physics in all elements of the education and training programme. (authors). 9 refs 6. Naval War College Review. Volume 68, Number 1, Winter 2015 Science.gov (United States) 2015-01-01 Special Warfare Development Group; Assistant Chief of Staff for Op- erations, Plans and Policy at Naval Special Warfare Command; Director of Legislative ...Admiral Guillermo E� Barrera, Colombian Navy (Ret�), on its faculty as a CNO Distinguished International Fellow� He is in the unique position of having...reports increasing “disillusionment and frustration,” as well as “deepening � � � deprivation and environmental devasta- tion�”101 Research suggests 7. Iranian Naval Forces: A Tale of Two Navies Science.gov (United States) 2017-02-01 in the Persian Gulf and integrating more Persian leadership into the naval forces. During the reign of Xerxes (486–465 BCE), the fourth King of the...the Shah. In the current publication, we have provided a more comprehensive history, including Iran’s Persian imperial past, the spread of Islam...interests accordingly. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy (IRGCN) emphasizes an asymmetric doctrine to ensure national security in the Persian 8. Naval War College Review. Volume 64, Number 4, Autumn 2011 Science.gov (United States) 2011-01-01 commander. Though not assigned to Farragut’s flagship, USS Hartford, Dewey was able to observe Farragut’s leadership style closely and quickly became a... librarians should make a point of ac- quiring it for their permanent collections. JOHN B. HATTENDORF Naval War College Dietl, Wilhelm. Schattenarmeen...code of honor. But Evans, in spite of all his sundry citations , fails to provide even one exam- ple of how on the field of battle in counterinsurgency 9. The Future of Naval Postgraduate School - Setting the Stage OpenAIRE Ellis, Winford G.; Haska, Christine; Bayer, Michael; Breckenridge, Mark; Durham, James; McGarrah, James M.; Giraldo, Frank; Gorenflo, Mark; Hasslinger, Karl M.; Moses, Doug; Nickels, Colleen; Ramaswamy, Sunder; van Bibber, Karl; Staub, Randy; Yokeley, Matthew T. 2011-01-01 The Naval Postgraduate School embarked this year on a quest to imagine the future and what its place might be in that future. While currently an acknowledged expert in national security, to excel even more in the years to come, NPS must study current trends, estimate the future ones and determine its path. Given sufficient flexibility, NPS has the opportunity to create a future where the talents of faculty, students and staff are fully realized; where the education is unquestionably the... 10. Female health and physical fitness at the Naval Academy OpenAIRE Stamper, Trevis L. 1998-01-01 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Stress related health disorders may he an indication that some female midshipmen at the Naval Academy are making exceptional efforts to meet specified physical performance standards. The stress at the service academies is much higher than in many civilian occupations and may increase the risk of females developing gender related health problems such as amenorrhea, bone loss, and eating disorders. The purpose of this research is to shed... 11. Naval War College Review. Volume 61, Number 4, Autumn 2008 Science.gov (United States) 2008-01-01 activities. Even major international corporations have been unable to make headway. After Dayton, the German auto giant Volkswagen AG attempted to re- build...and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U.S. government , the U.S. Navy Department, or...Naval War College; selected U.S. government officials and agen- cies; and selected U.S. and international libraries, research centers, publications, and 12. Naval trends in ASEAN: is there a new arms race? OpenAIRE Jones, Frank Curtis 1995-01-01 Global military spending is decreasing. However this trend does not apply to some regions of the world, specifically Southeast Asia. This thesis describes the ongoing naval arms buildup in this region and examines why it is occurring when the rest of the world is decreasing military spending. Next, this thesis asks if this arms build-up is dangerous. Unlike many other arms races around the world, the Southeast Asian build-up is not particularly dangerous because of the parallel development of... 13. Determining Optimal Allocation of Naval Obstetric Resources with Linear Programming Science.gov (United States) 2013-12-01 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave...effective manner. Additionally, the model can accommodate changes in the inputs and constraints and can be used to provide support for similar...Pendleton (NHCP), Naval Hospital Camp Lejeune (NHCL), labor delivery and recovery ( LDR ). 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 69 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 14. Renewable Energy and Storage Implementation in Naval Station Pearl Harbor Science.gov (United States) 2015-06-01 can also be powered by liquefied petroleum gas, sour gas, manufactured gas, industrial waste gas, and biogas . Microturbines are comprised of a...Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific, 2015) 32 1. PV Generation Model PV generation estimates were obtained utilizing the National...Honolulu International Airport Typical Meteorological Year 3 (TMY3) weather file obtained within the SAM software database. The NREL TMY3 User Manual 15. Naval Expeditionary Logistics. Enabling Operational Maneuver From the Sea Science.gov (United States) 1999-01-01 Hills, California LEE D. HIEB, Yuma, Arizona MICHAEL R. HILLIARD, Oak Ridge National Laboratory ERWIN F. HIRSCH, Boston Medical Center DAVID B... Gaffney II, USN, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, N91 (as of May 29, 1998) iv Marine Corps Liaison Representative LtGen John E. Rhodes, USMC...Oak Ridge National Laboratory. He is also currently the deputy project manager for the Airlift De- ployment Analysis System Project, a major effort 16. Endangered Species Program, Naval Petroleum Reserves in California International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1992-12-01 Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 (NPR-1) is operated by the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Chevron USA (CUSA). Four federally-listed endangered animal species and one federally-threatened plant species are known to occur on the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California (NPRC): the San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes velox macrotis), blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia silus), giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens), Tipton kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides), and Hoover's wooly-star (Eriastrum hooveri). All five are protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (as amended) (Public Law 93-205), which declaresthat it is the policy of Congress that all Federal departments and agencies shall seek to conserve endangered and threatened species and shall utilize their authorities in furtherance of the purposes of the Act. DOE is also obliged to determine whether actions taken by their lessees on Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 2 (NPR-2) will have any effects on endangered species or their habitats. The major objective of the EG ampersand G Energy Measurements, Inc. Endangered Species Program on NPR-1 and NPR-2 is to provide DOE with the scientific expertise and continuity of programs necessary for continued compliance with the Endangered SpeciesAct. The specific objective of this report is to summarize progress and results of the Endangered Species Program made during Fiscal Year 1992 (FY92) 17. Evidence Study Guide. Revision (Naval Justice School) Science.gov (United States) 1992-07-01 404(b). See United States v. Thomas, 11 M.J. 388 (C.M.A. 1981) and United States v. Dawkins 2 M.J. 898 (A.C.M.R. 1976) (pre-Mil.R.Evid. cases applying...criminal activity). 1313 BODY INTRUSiONS (Key N-;i-,crs 1049 et seq) A. Genes - 1. Mil.R.Evid. 312. Certain searches, such as searches of body cavities...inflammatory. For example, the trial counsel may not assert that the members are " selfish , self-centered and are not fulfilling [their] responsibility to 18. Naval Medical Research and Development News. Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2016 Science.gov (United States) 2016-09-09 Aedes species mosquito. February 1, 2016, the World Health Organization declared congenital abnormalities related to Zika virus a Public Health...Against Zika Virus 12 More stories inside Story from the NMRC Clinical Trials Center NMR&D News is a publication of the Naval Medical Research...Against Zika Virus By Lt. Cmdr. I.W. Sutherland, U.S. Naval Medical Research Center—Asia SINGAPORE. The U.S. Naval Medical Research Center - Asia 19. U.S. Naval Strategy in the 1980s: Selected Documents Science.gov (United States) 2008-12-01 Dr. Carnes Lord Managing Editor: Pelham G. Boyer Telephone: 401.841.2236 Fax: 401.841.1071 DSN exchange: 948 E-mail: [email protected] Web...Naval War College, who provided valuable assistance in locating copies of the documents pub- lished here; Pelham Boyer , managing editor of the Naval War...Corbett and Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond, ed. James Goldrick and John B. Hattendorf (Newport, R.I.: Naval War College Press, 1993), pp. 141–75, with 20. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 2. Quarter of 2011 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2011-06-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 1. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 4. Quarter of 2010 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2010-12-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 2. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 3. Quarter of 2012 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2012-09-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 3. University Observatory, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Science.gov (United States) Murdin, P. 2000-11-01 The University Observatory of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität was founded in 1816. Astronomers who worked or graduated at the Munich Observatory include: Fraunhofer, Soldner, Lamont, Seeliger and Karl Schwarzschild. At present four professors and ten staff astronomers work here. Funding comes from the Bavarian Government, the German Science Foundation, and other German and European research progra... 4. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 1. Quarter of 2012 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2012-03-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 5. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 4. Quarter of 2011 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2011-12-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 6. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 3. Quarter of 2011 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2011-09-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 7. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 4. Quarter of 2012 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2012-12-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 8. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 2. Quarter of 2012 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2012-06-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 9. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 1. Quarter of 2011 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2011-03-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 10. Science requirements and the design of cabled ocean observatories Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) H. Mikada 2006-06-01 Full Text Available The ocean sciences are beginning a new phase in which scientists will enter the ocean environment and adaptively observe the Earth-Ocean system through remote control of sensors and sensor platforms. This new ocean science paradigm will be implemented using innovative facilities called ocean observatories which provide unprecedented levels of power and communication to access and manipulate real-time sensor networks deployed within many different environments in the ocean basins. Most of the principal design drivers for ocean observatories differ from those for commercial submarine telecommunications systems. First, ocean observatories require data to be input and output at one or more seafloor nodes rather than at a few land terminuses. Second, ocean observatories must distribute a lot of power to the seafloor at variable and fluctuating rates. Third, the seafloor infrastructure for an ocean observatory inherently requires that the wet plant be expandable and reconfigurable. Finally, because the wet communications and power infrastructure is comparatively complex, ocean observatory infrastructure must be designed for low life cycle cost rather than zero maintenance. The origin of these differences may be understood by taking a systems engineering approach to ocean observatory design through examining the requirements derived from science and then going through the process of iterative refinement to yield conceptual and physical designs. This is illustrated using the NEPTUNE regional cabled observatory power and data communications sub-systems. 11. Electricity and gas market Observatory - 1. Quarter of 2013 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2013-03-01 The purpose of the Observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. Since 2013, it also covers the wholesale CO 2 market. This Observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr) 12. Applying Department of Defense Financial Statement Guidelines to the Naval Postgraduate School National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Flannery, Robert 2002-01-01 ... auditable financial statements. This thesis reviews the extent to which the Naval Postgraduate School can apply the guidelines for federal financial accounting to its own financial management capabilities... 13. Seismic instrumentation plan for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Science.gov (United States) Thelen, Weston A. 2014-01-01 The seismic network operated by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is the main source of authoritative data for reporting earthquakes in the State of Hawaii, including those that occur on the State’s six active volcanoes (Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, Hualālai, Mauna Kea, Haleakalā, Lō‘ihi). Of these volcanoes, Kīlauea and Mauna Loa are considered “very high threat” in a report on the rationale for a National Volcanic Early Warning System (NVEWS) (Ewert and others, 2005). This seismic instrumentation plan assesses the current state of HVO’s seismic network with respect to the State’s active volcanoes and calculates the number of stations that are needed to upgrade the current network to provide a seismic early warning capability for forecasting volcanic activity. Further, the report provides proposed priorities for upgrading the seismic network and a cost assessment for both the installation costs and maintenance costs of the improved network that are required to fully realize the potential of the early warning system. 14. Naval Justice School Procedure Study Guide. Revision Science.gov (United States) 1990-01-01 negligence, incompetency, nel, dependents, or Department of the Navy em. improper accounting procedures, of intervention of ployees occurring on a Navy...suffered from a condition known as dyslexia ; a person with dyslexia , who has not had proper special education, cannot read. The recruiter was advised of...martial. However, in United States v. Blaylock, 15 M.J. 190 (C.M.A. 1983), the court repudiated Hardy insofar as the intervention in a court-martial 15. Naval Law Review, Volume 57, 2009 Science.gov (United States) 2009-01-01 example, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru agreed to claim sovereign rights over the seabed and subsoil out to a distance of 200 nautical miles despite the fact...fear and nothing moves on freeways that are now effectively sealed by the abandoned cars. A car explodes outside a federal building in Long Beach ...memorandum of understanding between the Navy and Puerto Rico, regarding pollution at the Vieques range). 264 United States Dep’t of Justice v 16. HISTORY OF NAVAL ARMOUR CALCULATION IN ROMANIA Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) KUMBETLIAN Garabet 2014-09-01 Full Text Available The article below describes the history of thick plate calculation in Romania and its impact and recognition by the Department of Defense-“DoD” (Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America. The DoD has three subordinated departments: Army, Navy and Air Force. In addition, there are many Defense Agencies, such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and schools, including the National Defense University [1]. 17. Providing Undergraduate Research Opportunities Through the World Rivers Observatory Collaborative Network Science.gov (United States) Gillies, S. L.; Marsh, S. J.; Janmaat, A.; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B.; Voss, B.; Holmes, R. M. 2013-12-01 Successful research collaboration exists between the University of the Fraser Valley (UFV), a primarily undergraduate-serving university located on the Fraser River in British Columbia, and the World Rivers Observatory that is coordinated through the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and the Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC). The World Rivers Observatory coordinates time-series sampling of 15 large rivers, with particular focus on the large Arctic rivers, the Ganges-Brahmaputra, Congo, Fraser, Yangtze (Changjiang), Amazon, and Mackenzie River systems. The success of this international observatory critically depends on the participation of local collaborators, such as UFV, that are necessary in order to collect temporally resolved data from these rivers. Several faculty members and undergraduate students from the Biology and Geography Departments of UFV received on-site training from the lead-PIs of the Global Rivers Observatory. To share information and ensure good quality control of sampling methods, WHOI and WHRC hosted two international workshops at Woods Hole for collaborators. For the past four years, faculty and students from UFV have been collecting a variety of bi-monthly water samples from the Fraser River for the World Rivers Observatory. UFV undergraduate students who become involved learn proper sampling techniques and are given the opportunity to design and conduct their own research. Students have collected, analyzed and presented data from this project at regional, national, and international scientific meetings. UFV undergraduate students have also been hosted by WHOI and WHRC as guest students to work on independent research projects. While at WHOI and WHRC, students are able to conduct research using state-of-the-art specialized research facilities not available at UFV. 18. Inspiring the Next Generation of Naval Scientists and Engineers in Mississippi and Louisiana Science.gov (United States) Breland-Mensi, S.; Calantoni, J. 2012-12-01 In 2011, the American Institute of Physics ranked Mississippi 50th out of 50 states in preparing students for science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) careers. Louisiana placed 48th on the list. [1] The Naval Research Laboratory - Stennis Space Center detachment (NRL-SSC) is located on the Mississippi Gulf Coast, approximately 2 miles from the Louisiana state line. In response to a growing need for NRL-SSC to sustain recruitment and retention of the best and brightest scientists and engineers (S&Es), NRL-SSC became a National Defense Education Program (NDEP) site in August 2009. NDEP's mission is to support a new generation of S&Es who will apply their talents in U.S. Defense laboratories. As an NDEP site, NRL-SSC receives funding to promote STEM at K-12 institutions geographically local to NRL-SSC. NDEP funding allows present Department of Defense civilian S&Es to collaborate with teachers to enrich student learning in the classroom environment through various programs, events, training and activities. Since NRL-SSC's STEM program's inception, more than 30 S&Es have supported an array of STEM outreach activities in over 30 different local schools. An important part of the K-12 outreach from NRL-SSC is to provide professional development opportunities for local teachers. During the summer of 2012, in collaboration with STEM programs sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), we provided a series of professional development opportunities for 120 local science and mathematics teachers across K-12. The foundation of NRL-SSC STEM programs includes MATHCOUNTS, FIRST and SeaPerch—all nationally recognized, results-driven programs. We will discuss the breadth of participation in these programs and how these programs will support NRL-SSC future recruitment goals. 19. Global TIE Observatories: Real Time Observational Astronomy Through a Robotic Telescope Network Science.gov (United States) Clark, G.; Mayo, L. A. 2001-12-01 Astronomy in grades K-12 is traditionally taught (if at all) using textbooks and a few simple hands-on activities. Teachers are generally not trained in observational astronomy techniques and are unfamiliar with the most basic astronomical concepts. In addition, most students, by High School graduation, will never have even looked through the eyepiece of a telescope. The problem becomes even more challenging in inner cities, remote rural areas and low socioeconomic communities where educational emphasis on topics in astronomy as well as access to observing facilities is limited or non existent. Access to most optical telescope facilities is limited to monthly observing nights that cater to a small percentage of the general public living near the observatory. Even here, the observing experience is a one-time event detached from the process of scientific enquiry and sustained educational application. Additionally, a number of large, "research grade" observatory facilities are largely unused, partially due to the slow creep of light pollution around the facilities as well as the development of newer, more capable telescopes. Though cutting edge science is often no longer possible at these sights, real research opportunities in astronomy remain numerous for these facilities as educational tools. The possibility now exists to establish a network of research grade telescopes, no longer useful to the professional astronomical community, that can be made accessible through classrooms, after school, and community based programs all across the country through existing IT technologies and applications. These telescopes could provide unparalleled research and educational opportunities for a broad spectrum of students and turns underutilized observatory facilities into valuable, state-of-the-art teaching centers. The NASA sponsored Telescopes In Education project has been wildly successful in engaging the K-12 education community in real-time, hands-on, interactive astronomy 20. Designing Observatories for the Hydrologic Sciences Science.gov (United States) Hooper, R. P. 2004-05-01 The need for longer-term, multi-scale, coherent, and multi-disciplinary data to test hypotheses in hydrologic science has been recognized by numerous prestigious review panels over the past decade (e.g. NRC's Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science). Designing such observatories has proven to be a challenge not only on scientific, but also technological, economic and even sociologic levels. The Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) has undertaken a "paper" prototype design of a hydrologic observatory (HO) for the Neuse River Basin, NC and plans to solicit proposals and award grants to develop implementation plans for approximately 10 basins (which may be defined by topographic or groundwater divides) during the summer of 2004. These observatories are envisioned to be community resources with data available to all scientists, with support facilities to permit their use by both local and remote investigators. This paper presents the broad design concepts which were developed from a national team of scientists for the Neuse River Basin Prototype. There are three fundamental characteristics of a watershed or river basin that are critical for answering the major scientific questions proposed by the NRC to advance hydrologic, biogeochemical and ecological sciences: (1) the store and flux of water, sediment, nutrients and contaminants across interfaces at multiple scales must be identified; (2) the residence time of these constituents, and (3) their flowpaths and response spectra to forcing must be estimated. "Stores" consist of subsurface, land surface and atmospheric volumes partitioned over the watershed. The HO will require "core measurements" which will serve the communities of hydrologic science for long range research questions. The core measurements will also provide context for shorter-term or hypothesis-driven research investigations. The HO will support "mobile measurement facilities" designed to support teams 1. The Rapid Ice Sheet Change Observatory (RISCO) Science.gov (United States) Morin, P.; Howat, I. M.; Ahn, Y.; Porter, C.; McFadden, E. M. 2010-12-01 The recent expansion of observational capacity from space has revealed dramatic, rapid changes in the Earth’s ice cover. These discoveries have fundamentally altered how scientists view ice-sheet change. Instead of just slow changes in snow accumulation and melting over centuries or millennia, important changes can occur in sudden events lasting only months, weeks, or even a single day. Our understanding of these short time- and space-scale processes, which hold important implications for future global sea level rise, has been impeded by the low temporal and spatial resolution, delayed sensor tasking, incomplete coverage, inaccessibility and/or high cost of data available to investigators. New cross-agency partnerships and data access policies provide the opportunity to dramatically improve the resolution of ice sheet observations by an order of magnitude, from timescales of months and distances of 10’s of meters, to days and meters or less. Advances in image processing technology also enable application of currently under-utilized datasets. The infrastructure for systematically gathering, processing, analyzing and distributing these data does not currently exist. Here we present the development of a multi-institutional, multi-platform observatory for rapid ice change with the ultimate objective of helping to elucidate the relevant timescales and processes of ice sheet dynamics and response to climate change. The Rapid Ice Sheet Observatory (RISCO) gathers observations of short time- and space-scale Cryosphere events and makes them easily accessible to investigators, media and general public. As opposed to existing data centers, which are structured to archive and distribute diverse types of raw data to end users with the specialized software and skills to analyze them, RISCO focuses on three types of geo-referenced raster (image) data products in a format immediately viewable with commonly available software. These three products are (1) sequences of images 2. Electricity and gas market observatory. 2. Quarter 2007 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2007-01-01 The purpose of the observatory is to provide the general public with indicators for monitoring market deregulation. It both covers the wholesale and retail electricity and gas markets in Metropolitan France. This observatory is updated every three months and data are available on CRE web site (www.cre.fr). The present observatory is dedicated only to eligible customers before 1 July 2007, i.e. non-residential customers. Statistics related to residential customers will be published in the next observatory (1 December 2007). Content: A - The electricity market: The retail electricity market (Introduction, Non-residential customer segments and their respective weights, Status at July 1, 2007, Dynamic analysis: 2. Quarter 2007); The wholesale electricity market (Introduction, Wholesale market activity in France, Wholesale market activity in France, Prices on the French wholesale market and European comparison, Import and export volumes, Concentration of the French electricity market, Striking fact of the second quarter 2007); B - The gas market: The retail gas market (Introduction, The non-residential customer segments and their respective weights, Status at July 1, 2007); The wholesale gas market (Gas pricing and gas markets in Europe, The wholesale market in France); C - Appendices: Electricity and gas market observatories combined glossary, Specific electricity market observatory glossary, Specific gas market observatory glossary 3. TWO EXOPLANETS DISCOVERED AT KECK OBSERVATORY International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Valenti, Jeff A.; Fischer, Debra; Giguere, Matt; Isaacson, Howard; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Howard, Andrew W.; Johnson, John A.; Henry, Gregory W.; Wright, Jason T. 2009-01-01 We present two exoplanets detected at Keck Observatory. HD 179079 is a G5 subgiant that hosts a hot Neptune planet with M sin i = 27.5 M + in a 14.48 days, low-eccentricity orbit. The stellar reflex velocity induced by this planet has a semiamplitude of K = 6.6 m s -1 . HD 73534 is a G5 subgiant with a Jupiter-like planet of M sin i = 1.1 M Jup and K = 16 m s -1 in a nearly circular 4.85 yr orbit. Both stars are chromospherically inactive and metal-rich. We discuss a known, classical bias in measuring eccentricities for orbits with velocity semiamplitudes, K, comparable to the radial velocity uncertainties. For exoplanets with periods longer than 10 days, the observed exoplanet eccentricity distribution is nearly flat for large amplitude systems (K > 80 m s -1 ), but rises linearly toward low eccentricity for lower amplitude systems (K > 20 m s -1 ). 4. The CARIBIC flying observatory and its applications International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Brenninkmeijer, C. 2012-01-01 The troposphere can be considered as a complex chemical reactor reaching from the boundary layer up to the tropopause region, in which a multitude of reactions takes place driven by sunlight and supplied with precursors emitted by vegetation, wildfires, and obviously human activities on earth, like burning oil products. Research aircraft (say modified business jets) are far too expensive for a global view of this extensive atmospheric system that changes from day to night, season to season, year to year, and will keep changing. CARIBIC (www.caribic.de) is a logical answer; it is a flying observatory, a 1.5 ton freight container packed with over 15 instruments, for exploring the atmosphere on a regular basis using cargo space in a Lufthansa Airbus A340-600 on intercontinental flights. By means of various results obtained by CARIBIC, about among others volcanic eruptions, the monsoon and accompanying emissions of methane, and long range transport of pollution, we will show how some of the questions atmospheric research grapples with are being addressed, without having a fleet of business jets. (author) 5. Distributed Computing for the Pierre Auger Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Chudoba, J. 2015-01-01 Pierre Auger Observatory operates the largest system of detectors for ultra-high energy cosmic ray measurements. Comparison of theoretical models of interactions with recorded data requires thousands of computing cores for Monte Carlo simulations. Since 2007 distributed resources connected via EGI grid are successfully used. The first and the second versions of production system based on bash scripts and MySQL database were able to submit jobs to all reliable sites supporting Virtual Organization auger. For many years VO auger belongs to top ten of EGI users based on the total used computing time. Migration of the production system to DIRAC interware started in 2014. Pilot jobs improve efficiency of computing jobs and eliminate problems with small and less reliable sites used for the bulk production. The new system has also possibility to use available resources in clouds. Dirac File Catalog replaced LFC for new files, which are organized in datasets defined via metadata. CVMFS is used for software distribution since 2014. In the presentation we give a comparison of the old and the new production system and report the experience on migrating to the new system. (paper) 6. Table mountain observatory support to other programs International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Harris, A.W. 1988-01-01 The Table Mountain Observatory (TMO) facilities include well equipped 24 inch and 16 inch telescopes with a 40 inch telescope (owned by Pomona College) due for completion during FY 89. This proposal is to provide operational support (equipment maintenance, setup, and observing assistnce) at TMO to other programs. The program currently most heavily supported by this grant is the asteroid photometry program directed by A. W. Harris. During 1987, about 20 asteroids were observed, including a near-earth asteroid, 1951 Midas. The photometric observations are used to derive rotation periods, estimate shapes and pole orientations, and to define the phase relations of asteroids. The E class asteroid 64 Angelina was observed, and showed the same opposition spike observed of 44 Jysa, last year. Comet observations are made with the narrow band camera system of David Rees, University College London. Observational support and training was provided to students and faculty from Claremont Colleges for variable star observing programs. Researchers propose to continue the asteroid program, with emphasis on measuring phase relations of low and high albedo asteroids at very low phase angles, and supporting collaborative studies of asteroid shapes 7. Neutrino observations from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ahmad, Q.R.; Allen, R.C.; Andersen, T.C.; Anglin, J.D.; Barton,J.C.; Beier, E.W.; Bercovitch, M.; Bigu, J.; Biller, S.D.; Black, R.A.; Blevis, I.; Boardman, R.J.; Boger, J.; Bonvin, E.; Boulay, M.G.; Bowler,M.G.; Bowles, T.J.; Brice, S.J.; Browne, M.C.; Bullard, T.V.; Buhler, G.; Cameron, J.; Chan, Y.D.; Chen, H.H.; Chen, M.; Chen, X.; Cleveland, B.T.; Clifford, E.T.H.; Cowan, J.H.M.; Cowen, D.F.; Cox, G.A.; Dai, X.; Dalnoki-Veress, F.; Davidson, W.F.; Doe, P.J.; Doucas, G.; Dragowsky,M.R.; Duba, C.A.; Duncan, F.A.; Dunford, M.; Dunmore, J.A.; Earle, E.D.; Elliott, S.R.; Evans, H.C.; Ewan, G.T.; Farine, J.; Fergani, H.; Ferraris, A.P.; Ford, R.J.; Formaggio, J.A.; Fowler, M.M.; Frame, K.; Frank, E.D.; Frati, W.; Gagnon, N.; Germani, J.V.; Gil, S.; Graham, K.; Grant, D.R.; Hahn, R.L.; Hallin, A.L.; Hallman, E.D.; Hamer, A.S.; Hamian, A.A.; Handler, W.B.; Haq, R.U.; Hargrove, C.K.; Harvey, P.J.; Hazama, R.; Heeger, K.M.; Heintzelman, W.J.; Heise, J.; Helmer, R.L.; Hepburn, J.D.; Heron, H.; Hewett, J.; Hime, A.; Hykawy, J.G.; Isaac,M.C.P.; Jagam, P.; Jelley, N.A.; Jillings, C.; Jonkmans, G.; Kazkaz, K.; Keener, P.T.; Klein, J.R.; Knox, A.B.; Komar, R.J.; Kouzes, R.; Kutter,T.; Kyba, C.C.M.; Law, J.; Lawson, I.T.; Lay, M.; Lee, H.W.; Lesko, K.T.; Leslie, J.R.; Levine, I.; Locke, W.; Luoma, S.; Lyon, J.; Majerus, S.; Mak, H.B.; Maneira, J.; Manor, J.; Marino, A.D.; McCauley, N.; McDonald,D.S.; McDonald, A.B.; McFarlane, K.; McGregor, G.; Meijer, R.; Mifflin,C.; Miller, G.G.; Milton, G.; Moffat, B.A.; Moorhead, M.; Nally, C.W.; Neubauer, M.S.; Newcomer, F.M.; Ng, H.S.; Noble, A.J.; Norman, E.B.; Novikov, V.M.; O' Neill, M.; Okada, C.E.; Ollerhead, R.W.; Omori, M.; Orrell, J.L.; Oser, S.M.; Poon, A.W.P.; Radcliffe, T.J.; Roberge, A.; Robertson, B.C.; Robertson, R.G.H.; Rosendahl, S.S.E.; Rowley, J.K.; Rusu, V.L.; Saettler, E.; Schaffer, K.K.; Schwendener,M.H.; Schulke, A.; Seifert, H.; Shatkay, M.; Simpson, J.J.; Sims, C.J.; et al. 2001-09-24 The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is a water imaging Cherenkov detector. Its usage of 1000 metric tons of D{sub 2}O as target allows the SNO detector to make a solar-model independent test of the neutrino oscillation hypothesis by simultaneously measuring the solar {nu}{sub e} flux and the total flux of all active neutrino species. Solar neutrinos from the decay of {sup 8}B have been detected at SNO by the charged-current (CC) interaction on the deuteron and by the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. While the CC reaction is sensitive exclusively to {nu}{sub e}, the ES reaction also has a small sensitivity to {nu}{sub {mu}} and {nu}{sub {tau}}. In this paper, recent solar neutrino results from the SNO experiment are presented. It is demonstrated that the solar flux from {sup 8}B decay as measured from the ES reaction rate under the no-oscillation assumption is consistent with the high precision ES measurement by the Super-Kamiokande experiment. The {nu}{sub e} flux deduced from the CC reaction rate in SNO differs from the Super-Kamiokande ES results by 3.3{sigma}. This is evidence for an active neutrino component, in additional to {nu}{sub e}, in the solar neutrino flux. These results also allow the first experimental determination of the total active {sup 8}B neutrino flux from the Sun, and is found to be in good agreement with solar model predictions. 8. Recent results from the Pierre Auger Observatory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gouffon, Philippe 2010-01-01 Full text. The Pierre Auger Observatory has been designed to observe cosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV . The southern site, located in Malargue, Argentina, is now fully operational (since mid 2008) and has been collecting data continuously while being deployed. The northern site, which will give a full sky coverage, is under development in Lamar, Colorado, USA. The PAO uses two complementary techniques to measure the direction of arrival and the energy of the comic rays. In the southern site, its 1600 water Cerenkov tanks, spread over 3000 km 2 , sample the extended air shower front when it hits the ground, measuring time and energy deposited, while the 4 fluorescence detectors stations, each with 6 telescopes, collect the UV light emitted by the shower core, registering the time, intensity and angle of reception. Though the Pierre Auger collaboration will be taking data for the next two decades, several results have already been published based on data collected until 2009 and will be discussed briefly: the energy spectrum and its implications on the GZK cut off controversy, limits on photon and neutrino fluxes, anisotropy, point sources and mass composition. (author) 9. The upgrade of the HAWC observatory Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schoorlemmer, Harm [Max-Plank-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Collaboration: HAWC-Collaboration 2016-07-01 The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) high-energy gamma-ray observatory has recently been completed near the Sierra Negra volcano in central Mexico. HAWC consists of 300 Water Cherenkov Detectors, each containing 200 tons of purified water, that cover a total surface area of 20,000 m{sup 2}. HAWC observes gamma rays in the 0.1-100 TeV range and has a sensitivity to TeV-scale gamma-ray sources an order of magnitude better than previous air-shower arrays. The HAWC trigger for the highest energy gamma rays reaches an effective area of 10{sup 5} m{sup 2} but many of them are poorly reconstructed because the shower core falls outside the array. An upgrade that increases the present fraction of well reconstructed showers above 10 TeV by a factor of 3-4 can be done with a sparse outrigger array of small water Cherenkov detectors that pinpoint the core position and by that improve the angular resolution of the reconstructed showers. Such an outrigger array would be of the order of 300 small water Cherenkov detectors of 2.5 m{sup 3} placed over an area four times larger than HAWC. The Max Planck Institute fuer Kernphysik in Heidelberg just joined the collaboration and will provide the FADC electronics for the readout of the outrigger tanks. Detailed simulations are being performed to optimize the performance of the upgrade. 10. Distributed Computing for the Pierre Auger Observatory Science.gov (United States) Chudoba, J. 2015-12-01 Pierre Auger Observatory operates the largest system of detectors for ultra-high energy cosmic ray measurements. Comparison of theoretical models of interactions with recorded data requires thousands of computing cores for Monte Carlo simulations. Since 2007 distributed resources connected via EGI grid are successfully used. The first and the second versions of production system based on bash scripts and MySQL database were able to submit jobs to all reliable sites supporting Virtual Organization auger. For many years VO auger belongs to top ten of EGI users based on the total used computing time. Migration of the production system to DIRAC interware started in 2014. Pilot jobs improve efficiency of computing jobs and eliminate problems with small and less reliable sites used for the bulk production. The new system has also possibility to use available resources in clouds. Dirac File Catalog replaced LFC for new files, which are organized in datasets defined via metadata. CVMFS is used for software distribution since 2014. In the presentation we give a comparison of the old and the new production system and report the experience on migrating to the new system. 11. Recent results from the Pierre Auger Observatory Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gouffon, Philippe [Universidade de Sao Paulo (IF/USP), SP (Brazil). Inst. de Fisica 2010-07-01 Full text. The Pierre Auger Observatory has been designed to observe cosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV . The southern site, located in Malargue, Argentina, is now fully operational (since mid 2008) and has been collecting data continuously while being deployed. The northern site, which will give a full sky coverage, is under development in Lamar, Colorado, USA. The PAO uses two complementary techniques to measure the direction of arrival and the energy of the comic rays. In the southern site, its 1600 water Cerenkov tanks, spread over 3000 km{sup 2}, sample the extended air shower front when it hits the ground, measuring time and energy deposited, while the 4 fluorescence detectors stations, each with 6 telescopes, collect the UV light emitted by the shower core, registering the time, intensity and angle of reception. Though the Pierre Auger collaboration will be taking data for the next two decades, several results have already been published based on data collected until 2009 and will be discussed briefly: the energy spectrum and its implications on the GZK cut off controversy, limits on photon and neutrino fluxes, anisotropy, point sources and mass composition. (author) 12. Neutrino Observations from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Science.gov (United States) Q. R. Ahmad, R. C. Allen, T. C. Andersen, J. D. Anglin, G. B?hler, J. C. Barton, E. W. Beier, M. Bercovitch, J. Bigu, S. Biller, R. A. Black, I. Blevis, R. J. Boardman, J. Boger, E. Bonvin, M. G. Boulay, M. G. Bowler, T. J. Bowles, S. J. Brice, M. C. Browne, T. V. Bullard, T. H. Burritt, K. Cameron, J. Cameron, Y. D. Chan, M. Chen, H. H. Chen, X. Chen, M. C. Chon, B. T. Cleveland, E. T. H. Clifford, J. H. M. Cowan, D. F. Cowen, G. A. Cox, Y. Dai, X. Dai, F. Dalnoki-Veress, W. F. Davidson, P. J. Doe, G. Doucas, M. R. Dragowsky, C. A. Duba, F. A. Duncan, J. Dunmore, E. D. Earle, S. R. Elliott, H. C. Evans, G. T. Ewan, J. Farine, H. Fergani, A. P. Ferraris, R. J. Ford, M. M. Fowler, K. Frame, E. D. Frank, W. Frati, J. V. Germani, S. Gil, A. Goldschmidt, D. R. Grant, R. L. Hahn, A. L. Hallin, E. D. Hallman, A. Hamer, A. A. Hamian, R. U. Haq, C. K. Hargrove, P. J. Harvey, R. Hazama, R. Heaton, K. M. Heeger, W. J. Heintzelman, J. Heise, R. L. Helmer, J. D. Hepburn, H. Heron, J. Hewett, A. Hime, M. Howe, J. G. Hykawy, M. C. P. Isaac, P. Jagam, N. A. Jelley, C. Jillings, G. Jonkmans, J. Karn, P. T. Keener, K. Kirch, J. R. Klein, A. B. Knox, R. J. Komar, R. Kouzes, T. Kutter, C. C. M. Kyba, J. Law, I. T. Lawson, M. Lay, H. W. Lee, K. T. Lesko, J. R. Leslie, I. Levine, W. Locke, M. M. Lowry, S. Luoma, J. Lyon, S. Majerus, H. B. Mak, A. D. Marino, N. McCauley, A. B. McDonald, D. S. McDonald, K. McFarlane, G. McGregor, W. McLatchie, R. Meijer Drees, H. Mes, C. Mifflin, G. G. Miller, G. Milton, B. A. Moffat, M. Moorhead, C. W. Nally, M. S. Neubauer, F. M. Newcomer, H. S. Ng, A. J. Noble, E. B. Norman, V. M. Novikov, M. O'Neill, C. E. Okada, R. W. Ollerhead, M. Omori, J. L. Orrell, S. M. Oser, A. W. P. Poon, T. J. Radcliffe, A. Roberge, B. C. Robertson, R. G. H. Robertson, J. K. Rowley, V. L. Rusu, E. Saettler, K. K. Schaffer, A. Schuelke, M. H. Schwendener, H. Seifert, M. Shatkay, J. J. Simpson, D. Sinclair, P. Skensved, A. R. Smith, M. W. E. Smith, N. Starinsky, T. D. Steiger, R. G. Stokstad, R. S. Storey, B. Sur, R. Tafirout, N. Tagg, N. W. Tanner, R. K. Taplin, M. Thorman, P. Thornewell, P. T. Trent, Y. I. Tserkovnyak, R. Van Berg, R. G. Van de Water, C. J. Virtue, C. E. Waltham, J.-X. Wang, D. L. Wark, N. West, J. B. Wilhelmy, J. F. Wilkerson, J. Wilson, P. Wittich, J. M. Wouters, and M. Yeh 2001-09-24 The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is a water imaging Cherenkov detector. Its usage of 1000 metric tons of D{sub 2}O as target allows the SNO detector to make a solar-model independent test of the neutrino oscillation hypothesis by simultaneously measuring the solar {nu}{sub e} flux and the total flux of all active neutrino species. Solar neutrinos from the decay of {sup 8}B have been detected at SNO by the charged-current (CC) interaction on the deuteron and by the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. While the CC reaction is sensitive exclusively to {nu}{sub e}, the ES reaction also has a small sensitivity to {nu}{sub {mu}} and {nu}{sub {tau}}. In this paper, recent solar neutrino results from the SNO experiment are presented. It is demonstrated that the solar flux from {sup 8}B decay as measured from the ES reaction rate under the no-oscillation assumption is consistent with the high precision ES measurement by the Super-Kamiokande experiment. The {nu}{sub e} flux deduced from the CC reaction rate in SNO differs from the Super-Kamiokande ES results by 3.3{sigma}. This is evidence for an active neutrino component, in additional to {nu}{sub e}, in the solar neutrino flux. These results also allow the first experimental determination of the total active {sup 8}B neutrino flux from the Sun, and is found to be in good agreement with solar model predictions. 13. Inspector General, DOD, Oversight of the Naval Audit Service Audit of the Navy General Fund Financial Statements for FY 1998 National Research Council Canada - National Science Library 1999-01-01 .... This report provides our endorsement of the Naval Audit Service disclaimer of opinion on the Navy General Fund Financial Statements for FY 1998, along with the Naval Audit Service report, "Department... 14. Press Meeting 20 January 2003: First Light for Europe's Virtual Observatory Science.gov (United States) 2002-12-01 introduction The Virtual Observatory is an international astronomical community-based initiative. It aims to allow global electronic access to the available astronomical data archives of space and ground-based observatories, sky survey databases. It also aims to enable data analysis techniques through a coordinating entity that will provide common standards, wide-network bandwidth, and state-of-the-art analysis tools. It is now possible to have powerful and expensive new observing facilities at wavelengths from the radio to the X-ray and gamma-ray regions. Together with advanced instrumentation techniques, a vast new array of astronomical data sets will soon be forthcoming at all wavelengths. These very large databases must be archived and made accessible in a systematic and uniform manner to realise the full potential of the new observing facilities. The Virtual Observatory aims to provide the framework for global access to the various data archives by facilitating the standardisation of archiving and data-mining protocols. The AVO will also take advantage of state-of-the-art advances in data-handling software in astronomy and in other fields. The Virtual Observatory initiative is currently aiming at a global collaboration of the astronomical communities in Europe, North and South America, Asia, and Australia under the auspices of the recently formed International Virtual Observatory Alliance. The Astrophysical Virtual Observatory - An Introduction The breathtaking capabilities and ultrahigh efficiency of new ground and space observatories have led to a 'data explosion' calling for innovative ways to process, explore, and exploit these data. Researchers must now turn to the GRID paradigm of distributed computing and resources to solve complex, front-line research problems. To implement this new IT paradigm, you have to join existing astronomical data centres and archives into an interoperating and single unit. This new astronomical data resource will form a Virtual 15. Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade from 1924 to 1955 Science.gov (United States) Radovanac, M. 2014-12-01 History of the Astronomical Observatory in Belgrade, as the presentation is done here, become the field of interest to the author of the present monograph in early 2002. Then, together with Luka C. Popovic, during the Conference "Development of Astronomy among Serbs II" held in early April of that year, he prepared a paper entitled "Astronomska opservatorija tokom Drugog Svetskog rata" (Astronomical Observatory in the Second World War). This paper was based on the archives material concerning the Astronomical Observatory which has been professionally bearing in mind the author's position the subject of his work. 16. The First Astronomical Observatory in Cluj-Napoca Science.gov (United States) Szenkovits, Ferenc 2008-09-01 One of the most important cities of Romania is Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár, Klausenburg). This is a traditional center of education, with many universities and high schools. From the second half of the 18th century the University of Cluj has its own Astronomical Observatory, serving for didactical activities and scientific researches. The famous astronomer Maximillian Hell was one of those Jesuits who put the base of this Astronomical Observatory. Our purpose is to offer a short history of the beginnings of this Astronomical Observatory. 17. Astronomy and astrophysics communication in the UCM Observatory Science.gov (United States) Crespo-Chacón, I.; de Castro, E.; Díaz, C.; Gallego, J.; Gálvez, M. C.; Hernán-Obispo, M.; López-Santiago, J.; Montes, D.; Pascual, S.; Verdet, A.; Villar, V.; Zamorano, J. We present a summary of the last activities of science communication that have taken place in the Observatorio de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM Observatory) on the occasion of the Third Science Week of the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (3-16 November 2003), including guided tours through the observatory facilities, solar observations, and several talks. Moreover the current telescopes, instruments and tools of the UCM Observatory have allowed us to organize other communicating activities such as the live observation, together with its internet broadcast, of total lunar eclipses and other exceptional astronomical events as the Venus transit that took place in 8 June 2004. 18. The UNH Earth Systems Observatory: A Regional Application in Support of GEOSS Global-Scale Objectives Science.gov (United States) Vorosmarty, C. J.; Braswell, B.; Fekete, B.; Glidden, S.; Hartmann, H.; Magill, A.; Prusevich, A.; Wollheim, W.; Blaha, D.; Justice, D.; Hurtt, G.; Jacobs, J.; Ollinger, S.; McDowell, W.; Rock, B.; Rubin, F.; Schloss, A. 2006-12-01 The Northeast corridor of the US is emblematic of the many changes taking place across the nation's and indeed the world's watersheds. Because ecosystem and watershed change occurs over many scales and is so multifaceted, transferring scientific knowledge to applications as diverse as remediation of local ground water pollution, setting State-wide best practices for non-point source pollution control, enforcing regional carbon sequestration treaties, or creating public/private partnerships for protecting ecosystem services requires a new generation of integrative environmental surveillance systems, information technology, and information transfer to the user community. Geographically complex ecosystem interactions justify moving toward more integrative, regionally-based management strategies to deal with issues affecting land, inland waterways, and coastal waterways. A unified perspective that considers the full continuum of processes which link atmospheric forcings, terrestrial responses, watershed exports along drainage networks, and the final delivery to the coastal zone, nearshore, and off shore waters is required to adequately support the management challenge. A recent inventory of NOAA-supported environmental surveillance systems, IT resources, new sensor technologies, and management-relevant decision support systems shows the community poised to formulate an integrated and operational picture of the environment of New England. This paper presents the conceptual framework and early products of the newly-created UNH Earth Systems Observatory. The goal of the UNH Observatory is to serve as a regionally-focused yet nationally-prominent platform for observation-based, integrative science and management of the New England/Gulf of Maine's land, air, and ocean environmental systems. Development of the UNH Observatory is being guided by the principles set forth under the Global Earth Observation System of Systems and is cast as an end-to-end prototype for GEOSS 19. Origin of atmospheric aerosols at the Pierre Auger Observatory using studies of air mass trajectories in South America NARCIS (Netherlands) Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Ahlers, M.; Ahn, E. J.; Albuquerque, I. F. M.; Allekotte, I.; Allen, J.; Allison, P.; Almela, A.; Alvarez Castillo, J.; Alvarez-Muñiz, J.; Alves Batista, R.; Ambrosio, M.; Aminaei, A.; Anchordoqui, L.; Andringa, S.; Antičić, T.; Aramo, C.; Arqueros, F.; Asorey, H.; Assis, P.; Aublin, J.; Ave, M.; Avenier, M.; Avila, G.; Badescu, A. M.; Barber, K. B.; Bardenet, R.; Bäuml, J.; Baus, C.; Beatty, J. J.; Becker, K. H.; Bellido, J. A.; BenZvi, S.; Berat, C.; Bertou, X.; Biermann, P. L.; Billoir, P.; Blanco, F.; Blanco, M.; Bleve, C.; Blümer, H.; Boháčová, M.; Boncioli, D.; Bonifazi, C.; Bonino, R.; Borodai, N.; Brack, J.; Brancus, I.; Brogueira, P.; Brown, W. C.; Buchholz, P.; Bueno, A.; Buscemi, M.; Caballero-Mora, K. S.; Caccianiga, B.; Caccianiga, L.; Candusso, M.; Caramete, L.; Caruso, R.; Castellina, A.; Cataldi, G.; Cazon, L.; Cester, R.; Cheng, S. H.; Chiavassa, A.; Chinellato, J. A.; Chudoba, J.; Cilmo, M.; Clay, R. W.; Cocciolo, G.; Colalillo, R.; Collica, L.; Coluccia, M. R.; Conceição, R.; Contreras, F.; Cooper, M. J.; Coutu, S.; Covault, C. E.; Criss, A.; Cronin, J.; Curutiu, A.; Dallier, R.; Daniel, B.; Dasso, S.; Daumiller, K.; Dawson, B. R.; de Almeida, R. M.; De Domenico, M.; de Jong, S. J.; De La Vega, G.; de Mello Junior, W. J. M.; de Mello Neto, J. R. T.; De Mitri, I.; de Souza, V.; de Vries, K. D.; del Peral, L.; Deligny, O.; Dembinski, H.; Dhital, N.; Di Giulio, C.; Di Matteo, A.; Diaz, J. C.; Díaz Castro, M. L.; Diep, P. N.; Diogo, F.; Dobrigkeit, C.; Docters, W.; D'Olivo, J. C.; Dong, P. N.; Dorofeev, A.; dos Anjos, J. C.; Dova, M. T.; Ebr, J.; Engel, R.; Erdmann, M.; Escobar, C. O.; Espadanal, J.; Etchegoyen, A.; Facal San Luis, P.; Falcke, H.; Fang, K.; Farrar, G.; Fauth, A. C.; Fazzini, N.; Ferguson, A. P.; Fick, B.; Figueira, J. M.; Filevich, A.; Filipčič, A.; Foerster, N.; Fox, B. D.; Fracchiolla, C. E.; Fraenkel, E. D.; Fratu, O.; Fröhlich, U.; Fuchs, B.; Gaior, R.; Gamarra, R. F.; Gambetta, S.; García, B.; Garcia Roca, S. T.; Garcia-Gamez, D.; Garcia-Pinto, D.; Garilli, G.; Gascon Bravo, A.; Gemmeke, H.; Ghia, P. L.; Giammarchi, M.; Giller, M.; Gitto, J.; Glaser, C.; Glass, H.; Gomez Albarracin, F.; Gómez Berisso, M.; Gómez Vitale, P. F.; Gonçalves, P.; Gonzalez, J. G.; Gookin, B.; Gorgi, A.; Gorham, P.; Gouffon, P.; Grebe, S.; Griffith, N.; Grillo, A. F.; Grubb, T. D.; Guardincerri, Y.; Guarino, F.; Guedes, G. P.; Hansen, P.; Harari, D.; Harrison, T. A.; Harton, J. L.; Haungs, A.; Hebbeker, T.; Heck, D.; Herve, A. E.; Hill, G. C.; Hojvat, C.; Hollon, N.; Holt, E.; Homola, P.; Hörandel, J. R.; Horvath, P.; Hrabovský, M.; Huber, D.; Huege, T.; Insolia, A.; Isar, P. G.; Jansen, S.; Jarne, C.; Josebachuili, M.; Kadija, K.; Kambeitz, O.; Kampert, K. H.; Karhan, P.; Kasper, P.; Katkov, I.; Kégl, B.; Keilhauer, B.; Keivani, A.; Kemp, E.; Kieckhafer, R. M.; Klages, H. O.; Kleifges, M.; Kleinfeller, J.; Knapp, J.; Krause, R.; Krohm, N.; Krömer, O.; Kruppke-Hansen, D.; Kuempel, D.; Kunka, N.; La Rosa, G.; LaHurd, D.; Latronico, L.; Lauer, R.; Lauscher, M.; Lautridou, P.; Le Coz, S.; Leão, M. S. A. B.; Lebrun, D.; Lebrun, P.; Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.; Letessier-Selvon, A.; Lhenry-Yvon, I.; Link, K.; López, R.; Lopez Agüera, A.; Louedec, K.; Lozano Bahilo, J.; Lu, L.; Lucero, A.; Ludwig, M.; Lyberis, H.; Maccarone, M. C.; Malacari, M.; Maldera, S.; Maller, J.; Mandat, D.; Mantsch, P.; Mariazzi, A. G.; Marin, V.; Mariş, I. C.; Marquez Falcon, H. R.; Marsella, G.; Martello, D.; Martin, L.; Martinez, H.; Martínez Bravo, O.; Martraire, D.; Masías Meza, J. J.; Mathes, H. J.; Matthews, J.; Matthews, J. A. J.; Matthiae, G.; Maurel, D.; Maurizio, D.; Mayotte, E.; Mazur, P. O.; Medina, C.; Medina-Tanco, G.; Melissas, M.; Melo, D.; Menichetti, E.; Menshikov, A.; Messina, S.; Meyhandan, R.; Mićanović, S.; Micheletti, M. I.; Middendorf, L.; Minaya, I. A.; Miramonti, L.; Mitrica, B.; Molina-Bueno, L.; Mollerach, S.; Monasor, M.; Monnier Ragaigne, D.; Montanet, F.; Morales, B.; Morello, C.; Moreno, J. C.; Mostafá, M.; Moura, C. A.; Muller, M. A.; Müller, G.; Münchmeyer, M.; Mussa, R.; Navarra, G.; Navarro, J. L.; Navas, S.; Necesal, P.; Nellen, L.; Nelles, A.; Neuser, J.; Nhung, P. T.; Niechciol, M.; Niemietz, L.; Niggemann, T.; Nitz, D.; Nosek, D.; Nožka, L.; Oehlschläger, J.; Olinto, A.; Oliveira, M.; Ortiz, M.; Pacheco, N.; Pakk Selmi-Dei, D.; Palatka, M.; Pallotta, J.; Palmieri, N.; Parente, G.; Parra, A.; Pastor, S.; Paul, T.; Pech, M.; Pȩkala, J.; Pelayo, R.; Pepe, I. M.; Perrone, L.; Pesce, R.; Petermann, E.; Petrera, S.; Petrolini, A.; Petrov, Y.; Piegaia, R.; Pierog, T.; Pieroni, P.; Pimenta, M.; Pirronello, V.; Platino, M.; Plum, M.; Pontz, M.; Porcelli, A.; Preda, T.; Privitera, P.; Prouza, M.; Quel, E. J.; Querchfeld, S.; Quinn, S.; Rautenberg, J.; Ravel, O.; Ravignani, D.; Revenu, B.; Ridky, J.; Riggi, S.; Risse, M.; Ristori, P.; Rivera, H.; Rizi, V.; Roberts, J.; Rodrigues de Carvalho, W.; Rodriguez Cabo, I.; Rodriguez Fernandez, G.; Rodriguez Martino, J.; Rodriguez Rojo, J.; Rodríguez-Frías, M. D.; Ros, G.; Rosado, J.; Rossler, T.; Roth, M.; Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B.; Roulet, E.; Rovero, A. C.; Rühle, C.; Saffi, S. J.; Saftoiu, A.; Salamida, F.; Salazar, H.; Salesa Greus, F.; Salina, G.; Sánchez, F.; Sanchez-Lucas, P.; Santo, C. E.; Santos, E.; Santos, E. M.; Sarazin, F.; Sarkar, B.; Sarmento, R.; Sato, R.; Scharf, N.; Scherini, V.; Schieler, H.; Schiffer, P.; Schmidt, A.; Scholten, O.; Schoorlemmer, H.; Schovánek, P.; Schröder, F. G.; Schulz, A.; Schulz, J.; Sciutto, S. J.; Scuderi, M.; Segreto, A.; Settimo, M.; Shadkam, A.; Shellard, R. C.; Sidelnik, I.; Sigl, G.; Sima, O.; Śmiałkowski, A.; Šmída, R.; Snow, G. R.; Sommers, P.; Sorokin, J.; Spinka, H.; Squartini, R.; Srivastava, Y. N.; Stanič, S.; Stapleton, J.; Stasielak, J.; Stephan, M.; Straub, M.; Stutz, A.; Suarez, F.; Suomijärvi, T.; Supanitsky, A. D.; Šuša, T.; Sutherland, M. S.; Swain, J.; Szadkowski, Z.; Szuba, M.; Tapia, A.; Tartare, M.; Taşcău, O.; Thao, N. T.; Tiffenberg, J.; Timmermans, C.; Tkaczyk, W.; Todero Peixoto, C. J.; Toma, G.; Tomankova, L.; Tomé, B.; Tonachini, A.; Torralba Elipe, G.; Torres Machado, D.; Travnicek, P.; Tridapalli, D. B.; Trovato, E.; Tueros, M.; Ulrich, R.; Unger, M.; Valdés Galicia, J. F.; Valiño, I.; Valore, L.; van Aar, G.; van den Berg, A. M.; van Velzen, S.; van Vliet, A.; Varela, E.; Vargas Cárdenas, B.; Varner, G.; Vázquez, J. R.; Vázquez, R. A.; Veberič, D.; Verzi, V.; Vicha, J.; Videla, M.; Villaseñor, L.; Wahlberg, H.; Wahrlich, P.; Wainberg, O.; Walz, D.; Watson, A. A.; Weber, M.; Weidenhaupt, K.; Weindl, A.; Werner, F.; Westerhoff, S.; Whelan, B. J.; Widom, A.; Wieczorek, G.; Wiencke, L.; Wilczyńska, B.; Wilczyński, H.; Will, M.; Williams, C.; Winchen, T.; Wundheiler, B.; Wykes, S.; Yamamoto, T.; Yapici, T.; Younk, P.; Yuan, G.; Yushkov, A.; Zamorano, B.; Zas, E.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zaw, I.; Zepeda, A.; Zhou, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zimbres Silva, M.; Ziolkowski, M.; Curci, G. 2014-01-01 The Pierre Auger Observatory is making significant contributions towards understanding the nature and origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. One of its main challenges is the monitoring of the atmosphere, both in terms of its state variables and its optical properties. The aim of this work is to 20. A comparison of the teamwork attitudes and knowledge of Irish surgeons and U.S Naval aviators. Science.gov (United States) O'Connor, Paul; Ryan, Stephen; Keogh, Ivan 2012-10-01 Poor teamwork skills are contributors to poor performance and mishaps in high risk work settings, including the operating theatre. A questionnaire was used to assess the attitudes towards, and knowledge of, Irish surgeons (n = 72) towards the human factors that contribute to mishaps and poor teamwork in high risk environments. The responses were compared to those obtained from U.S. Naval aviators (n = 552 for the attitude questions, and n = 172 for the knowledge test). U.S. Naval aviators were found to be significantly more knowledgeable, and held attitudes that were significantly more positive towards effective teamworking than the surgeons. Moreover, 78.9% of Senior House Officers and Registrars stated that junior personnel were frequently afraid to speak-up (compared with 31.3% of Consultants). Only 7.3% of surgeons stated that an adequate pre-operative brief team brief was frequently conducted, and only 15% stated that an adequate post-operative team brief was frequently conducted. It is suggested that the human factors training currently provided to surgeons in Ireland is a positive first step. However, there is a need to stress the importance of assertiveness in juniors, listening in seniors, and more reinforcement of good teamworking behaviours in the operating theatre. Copyright © 2011 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Scottish charity number SC005317) and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Naval Medical R and D News. March 2017, Volume 9, Issue 3 Science.gov (United States) 2017-03-01 Researchers from the Naval Surface Warfare Center Panama City Division and the Naval Postgraduate School spent the voyage conducting experiments to...Hoffman’s was the most cited author for scientific papers on malaria. As Director of the NMRI/NMRC malaria program from 1987-2000, Hoffman and his 2. Leveraging ISI Multi-Model Prediction for Navy Operations: Proposal to the Office of Naval Research Science.gov (United States) 2013-09-30 Operations: Proposal to the Office of Naval Research” PI: Benjamin Kirtman University of Miami – RSMAS Meteorology and Physical Oceanography...Prediction for Navy Operations: Proposal to the Office of Naval Research 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d 3. 33 CFR 165.1120 - Security Zone; Naval Amphibious Base, San Diego, CA. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Security Zone; Naval Amphibious Base, San Diego, CA. 165.1120 Section 165.1120 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT... § 165.1120 Security Zone; Naval Amphibious Base, San Diego, CA. (a) Location. The following area is a... 4. 33 CFR 334.860 - San Diego Bay, Calif., Naval Amphibious Base; restricted area. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... Amphibious Base; restricted area. 334.860 Section 334.860 Navigation and Navigable Waters CORPS OF ENGINEERS... Bay, Calif., Naval Amphibious Base; restricted area. (a) The Area. The water of the Pacific Ocean in Middle San Diego Bay in an area extending from the northern and eastern boundary of the Naval Amphibious... 5. A meta-level architecture for strategic reasoning in naval planning (Extended abstract) NARCIS (Netherlands) Hoogendoorn, M.; Jonker, C.M.; van Maanen, P.P.; Treur, J. 2005-01-01 The management of naval organizations aims at the maximization of mission success by means of monitoring, planning, and strategic reasoning. This paper presents a meta-level architecture for strategic reasoning in naval planning. The architecture is instantiated with decision knowledge acquired from 6. Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves. Annual report of operations, Fiscal year 1992 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1992-12-31 During fiscal year 1992, the reserves generated$473 million in revenues, a $181 million decrease from the fiscal year 1991 revenues, primarily due to significant decreases in oil and natural gas prices. Total costs were$200 million, resulting in net cash flow of $273 million, compared with$454 million in fiscal year 1991. From 1976 through fiscal year 1992, the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves generated more than $15 billion in revenues and a net operating income after costs of$12.5 billion. In fiscal year 1992, production at the Naval Petroleum Reserves at maximum efficient rates yielded 26 million barrels of crude oil, 119 billion cubic feet of natural gas, and 164 million gallons of natural gas liquids. From April to November 1992, senior managers from the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves held a series of three workshops in Boulder, Colorado, in order to build a comprehensive Strategic Plan as required by Secretary of Energy Notice 25A-91. Other highlights are presented for the following: Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1--production achievements, crude oil shipments to the strategic petroleum reserve, horizontal drilling, shallow oil zone gas injection project, environment and safety, and vanpool program; Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 2--new management and operating contractor and exploration drilling; Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3--steamflood; Naval Oil Shale Reserves--protection program; and Tiger Team environmental assessment of the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. 7. 33 CFR 334.761 - Naval Support Activity Panama City; St. Andrews Bay; restricted areas. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Naval Support Activity Panama City; St. Andrews Bay; restricted areas. 334.761 Section 334.761 Navigation and Navigable Waters CORPS... REGULATIONS § 334.761 Naval Support Activity Panama City; St. Andrews Bay; restricted areas. (a) The areas—(1... 8. 77 FR 25435 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School Training Operations... Science.gov (United States) 2012-04-30 ... B harassment, incidental to Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School (NEODS) training operations at... Importing Marine Mammals; Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School Training Operations at Eglin Air Force... and the Issuance of Letters of Authorization to Take Marine Mammals, by Level B Harassment, Incidental... 9. 75 FR 60694 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School Training Operations... Science.gov (United States) 2010-10-01 ... Marine Mammals, by Harassment, Incidental to Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School Training Operations... School Training Operations at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service... authorization to take marine mammals, by Level B harassment, incidental to Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal... 10. 75 FR 6642 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection; Naval Special Warfare Recruiting Directorate Science.gov (United States) 2010-02-10 ... Information Collection; Naval Special Warfare Recruiting Directorate AGENCY: Department of the Navy, DoD. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Recruiting Directorate announces the submission... any of the following methods: Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov . Follow the... 11. Strategy to Improve Naval Shipbuilding Industry Self-Reliance in Indonesia Science.gov (United States) 2017-12-01 47 B. BUILD RECOMMENDATIONS USING R&D AND LEARNING CURVE THEORY ............................................................50 1. Building Naval...Ships by Strengthening R&D ...........................52 2. Learning Curve Theory ...............................................................53...motivation (higher threat level), economic motivation Naval shipbuilding capacity - High capacity - Public company shipbuilder, less incentive to 12. Undergraduate courses for enhancing design ability in naval architecture Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kyu-Yeul Lee 2013-09-01 Full Text Available Contemporary lectures in undergraduate engineering courses typically focus on teaching major technical knowledge-based theories in a limited time. Therefore, most lectures do not allow the students to gain understanding of how the theories are applied, especially in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering departments. Shipyards require students to acquire practical ship design skills in undergraduate courses. To meet this requirement, two lectures are organized by the authors; namely, “Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering” (PNAOE and “Innovative Ship Design” (ISD. The concept of project-based and collaborative learning is applied in these two lectures. In the PNAOE lecture, sophomores receive instruction in the designing and building of model ships, and the students' work is evaluated in a model ship contest. This curriculum enables students to understand the concepts of ship design and production. In the ISD lecture, seniors learn how to develop their creative ideas about ship design and communicate with members of group. They are encouraged to cooperate with others and understand the ship design process. In the capstone design course, students receive guidance to facilitate understanding of how the knowledge from their sophomore or junior classes, such as fluid mechanics, statics, and dynamics, can be applied to practical ship design. Students are also encouraged to compete in the ship design contest organized by the Society of Naval Architects of Korea. Moreover, the effectiveness of project-based and collaborative learning for enhancing interest in the shipbuilding Industry and understanding the ship design process is demonstrated by citing the PNAOE and ISD lectures as examples. 13. Low-noise magnetic observatory variometer with race-track sensors International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Janošek, M; Petrucha, V; Vlk, M 2016-01-01 We present a low-noise, high-stability observatory magnetometer with race-track sensors, as developed by the Czech Technical University in Prague for National Observatory of Athens. As opposed to the standard instruments, we used our novel race-track fluxgate sensors with planar oval core which were cut by state-of-the art pico-second UV-laser. The noise performance of the complete electronics and sensor chain is below 6 pT/√Hz @ 1 Hz. The electronics uses 24-bit 200-Hz A/D converter with simultaneous sampling and all digital processing is done in FPGA. The variometer with the sensors mounted on a MACOR cube has been successfully calibrated by scalar method. (paper) 14. Optimization and Management of Naval Hospital Bremerton's Military-Medicare Population by Market Analysis of the Naval Hospital Bremerton Empanelled Population National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Coefield, Ocie 2001-01-01 The purpose of this research project was to determine whether Naval Hospital Bremerton could meet the service demands for the care of the over 65 military-Medicare eligible population within the catchment area... 15. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly. Volume 28. Number 2, Science.gov (United States) 1981-06-01 ESAC NA- 1- 11 II -OFFICE O NAVA LB RESEARC 1 O FIC OF NAV LARSRCH7~ 81 C iS8 ................ NAVAL RESEARCH LOGISTICS QUARTERLY EDITORIAL BOARD...of’ opcration of’ a replacenment are instantaneous. It is also assumed that replacements are Mau .eied v at th 111e cost arid marketed at thle same...continued-fraction expansion otther% ise. [hle procedure is part of’ a package of c~oni- p)Uter programs entitled ’IThe JMSI. I ibrar\\" %%hich is marketed h 16. 33 CFR 334.1160 - San Pablo Bay, Calif.; target practice area, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo. Science.gov (United States) 2010-07-01 ... practice area, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo. 334.1160 Section 334.1160 Navigation and Navigable... REGULATIONS § 334.1160 San Pablo Bay, Calif.; target practice area, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo. (a..., Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California, will conduct target practice in the area at intervals... 17. GONAF - A Deep Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bohnhoff, Marco 2014-01-01 An outline was given of the GONAF (Deep Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault Zone) project operating at the Marmara seismic gap of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The Princes Island Segment is a part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in Marmara seismic gap. This segment is a remaining part of the recent rupture of the North Anatolian Fault. Further, the rupture of this part is predicted to occur in the near future. The primary objectives of the project are to collect seismograms of small earthquakes with magnitudes less than zero using borehole observations with low noise, to gain new insight into the physical states of critically stressed fault segments during and after large earthquakes, and to monitor progressive damage evolution at fault asperities. There were explanations about the seismic network in the region, the recent micro-earthquake observation, and the project's PIRES (Princes Islands Real time Permanent Seismic Network). For the GONAF project, a network of eight borehole arrays with five-level seismometers, including a ground surface of 300-m boreholes, is planned. Horizontal arrays on the surface of an island in the Marmara Sea have also been deployed. In addition, deployment of a permanent ocean bottom seismometer is planned as part of the GONAF+ plan in 2014. (author) 18. Preliminary systems engineering evaluations for the National Ecological Observatory Network. Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Robertson, Perry J.; Kottenstette, Richard Joseph; Crouch, Shannon M.; Brocato, Robert Wesley; Zak, Bernard Daniel; Osborn, Thor D.; Ivey, Mark D.; Gass, Karl Leslie; Heller, Edwin J.; Dishman, James Larry; Schubert, William Kent; Zirzow, Jeffrey A. 2008-11-01 The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) is an ambitious National Science Foundation sponsored project intended to accumulate and disseminate ecologically informative sensor data from sites among 20 distinct biomes found within the United States and Puerto Rico over a period of at least 30 years. These data are expected to provide valuable insights into the ecological impacts of climate change, land-use change, and invasive species in these various biomes, and thereby provide a scientific foundation for the decisions of future national, regional, and local policy makers. NEON's objectives are of substantial national and international importance, yet they must be achieved with limited resources. Sandia National Laboratories was therefore contracted to examine four areas of significant systems engineering concern; specifically, alternatives to commercial electrical utility power for remote operations, approaches to data acquisition and local data handling, protocols for secure long-distance data transmission, and processes and procedures for the introduction of new instruments and continuous improvement of the sensor network. The results of these preliminary systems engineering evaluations are presented, with a series of recommendations intended to optimize the efficiency and probability of long-term success for the NEON enterprise. 19. The COronal Solar Magnetism Observatory (COSMO) Large Aperture Coronagraph Science.gov (United States) Tomczyk, Steve; Gallagher, Dennis; Wu, Zhen; Zhang, Haiying; Nelson, Pete; Burkepile, Joan; Kolinksi, Don; Sutherland, Lee 2013-04-01 The COSMO is a facility dedicated to observing coronal and chromospheric magnetic fields. It will be located on a mountaintop in the Hawaiian Islands and will replace the current Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO). COSMO will provide unique observations of the global coronal magnetic fields and its environment to enhance the value of data collected by other observatories on the ground (e.g. SOLIS, BBO NST, Gregor, ATST, EST, Chinese Giant Solar Telescope, NLST, FASR) and in space (e.g. SDO, Hinode, SOHO, GOES, STEREO, Solar-C, Solar Probe+, Solar Orbiter). COSMO will employ a fleet of instruments to cover many aspects of measuring magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere. The dynamics and energy flow in the corona are dominated by magnetic fields. To understand the formation of CMEs, their relation to other forms of solar activity, and their progression out into the solar wind requires measurements of coronal magnetic fields. The large aperture coronagraph, the Chromospheric and Prominence Magnetometer and the K-Coronagraph form the COSMO instrument suite to measure magnetic fields and the polarization brightness of the low corona used to infer electron density. The large aperture coronagraph will employ a 1.5 meter fuse silica singlet lens, birefringent filters, and a spectropolarimeter to cover fields of view of up to 1 degree. It will observe the corona over a wide range of emission lines from 530.3 nm through 1083.0 nm allowing for magnetic field measurements over a wide range of coronal temperatures (e.g. FeXIV at 530.3 nm, Fe X at 637.4 nm, Fe XIII at 1074.7 and 1079.8 nm. These lines are faint and require the very large aperture. NCAR and NSF have provided funding to bring the large aperture coronagraph to a preliminary design review state by the end of 2013. As with all data from Mauna Loa, the data products from COSMO will be available to the community via the Mauna Loa website: http://mlso.hao.ucar.edu 20. SIRTA, a ground-based atmospheric observatory for cloud and aerosol research Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M. Haeffelin 2005-02-01 Full Text Available Ground-based remote sensing observatories have a crucial role to play in providing data to improve our understanding of atmospheric processes, to test the performance of atmospheric models, and to develop new methods for future space-borne observations. Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, a French research institute in environmental sciences, created the Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique (SIRTA, an atmospheric observatory with these goals in mind. Today SIRTA, located 20km south of Paris, operates a suite a state-of-the-art active and passive remote sensing instruments dedicated to routine monitoring of cloud and aerosol properties, and key atmospheric parameters. Detailed description of the state of the atmospheric column is progressively archived and made accessible to the scientific community. This paper describes the SIRTA infrastructure and database, and provides an overview of the scientific research associated with the observatory. Researchers using SIRTA data conduct research on atmospheric processes involving complex interactions between clouds, aerosols and radiative and dynamic processes in the atmospheric column. Atmospheric modellers working with SIRTA observations develop new methods to test their models and innovative analyses to improve parametric representations of sub-grid processes that must be accounted for in the model. SIRTA provides the means to develop data interpretation tools for future active remote sensing missions in space (e.g. CloudSat and CALIPSO. SIRTA observation and research activities take place in networks of atmospheric observatories that allow scientists to access consistent data sets from diverse regions on the globe.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.386422336101532, "perplexity": 7245.504554137659}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247483873.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217233327-20190218015327-00505.warc.gz"}
https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Physical_Chemistry_(McQuarrie_and_Simon)/06%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/6.E%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom_(Exercises)	# 6.E: The Hydrogen Atom (Exercises) These are homework exercises to accompany Chapter 6 of McQuarrie and Simon's "Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach" Textmap. ### Q6.5 $$\int_{-1}^{1} T_n(x)T_m(x) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx= \begin{cases} 0, & n \neq m \\ \pi, & n=m=0 \\ \pi/2, & n=m \neq 0 \end{cases}$$ First 6 Chebyshev Polynomials $$T_0(x)=1$$ $$T_1(x)=x$$ $$T_2(x)=2x^2-1$$ $$T_3(x)=4x^3-3x$$ $$T_4(x)=8x^4-8x^2+1$$ $$T_5(x)=16x^5-20x^3+5x$$ Use the orthogonality of Chebyshev polynomials to determine what the following polynomials are equal to 1. $$\int_{-1}^{1} x^2 \frac{dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$ 2. $$\int_{-1}^{1} 4x^3-2x \frac{dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$ 3. $$\int_{-1}^{1} 1 \frac{dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$ 4. $$\int_{-1}^{1} 4x^4-4x^2+1 \frac{dx}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$ ### S6.5 1. x^2= T1T1; therefore the answer is π /2 2. here the following polynomial is not a product of either Chebyshev polynomials; therefore, answer is doesn't follow orthogonality conditions 3. 1=T0T0; therefore, answer is π 4. x^4-4x^2+1= T2T2; therefore the answer is π/2 ### Q6.6 Use Eq. 6.47 to generate the radial functions $$R_{nl}\left(r\right)$$ for $$n=1,2$$. ### S6.6 $R_{10}\left(r\right)={\left\{\dfrac{\left(1-0-1\right)!}{2\left(1\right){\left[\left(1+0\right)!\right]}^3}\right\}}^{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\left(\dfrac{2}{1a_0}\right)}^{\dfrac{0+3}{2}}r^0e^{-\dfrac{r}{1a_0}}L^1_1\left(\dfrac{2r}{1a_0}\right)$ $R_{10}\left(r\right)=-{\left\{\dfrac{1}{2}\right\}}^{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\left(\dfrac{2}{a_0}\right)}^{\dfrac{3}{2}}e^{-\dfrac{r}{a_0}}$ $R_{20}\left(r\right)={\left\{\dfrac{\left(2-0-1\right)!}{2\left(2\right){\left[\left(2+0\right)!\right]}^3}\right\}}^{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\left(\dfrac{2}{2a_0}\right)}^{\dfrac{0+3}{2}}r^0e^{-\dfrac{r}{2a_0}}L^1_2\left(\dfrac{2r}{2a_0}\right)$ $R_{20}\left(r\right)={\left\{\dfrac{1}{32}\right\}}^{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\left(\dfrac{1}{a_0}\right)}^{\dfrac{3}{2}}e^{-\dfrac{r}{2a_0}}\left(-2!\left(2-\dfrac{r}{a_0}\right)\right)$ $R_{20}\left(r\right)=-2{\left\{\dfrac{1}{32}\right\}}^{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\left(\dfrac{1}{a_0}\right)}^{\dfrac{3}{2}}e^{-\dfrac{r}{2a_0}}\left(\left(2-\dfrac{r}{a_0}\right)\right)$ $R_{21}\left(r\right)={\left\{\dfrac{\left(2-1-1\right)!}{2\left(2\right){\left[\left(2+1\right)!\right]}^3}\right\}}^{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\left(\dfrac{2}{2a_0}\right)}^{\dfrac{1+3}{2}}r^1e^{-\dfrac{r}{2a_0}}L^3_3\left(\dfrac{2r}{2a_0}\right)$ $R_{21}\left(r\right)=-6{\left\{\dfrac{1}{864}\right\}}^{\dfrac{1}{2}}{\left(\dfrac{1}{a_0}\right)}^2r^1e^{-\dfrac{r}{2a_0}}$ ### Q6.29 Compare $$\psi_{310}$$ and $$\psi_{311}$$. Hint: What do the subscripts tell you about the wave function? What do they denote? ### S6.29 The first subscript tells you the quantum number $$n$$. The second denotes the angular momentum $$l$$. The last denotes the magnetic spin number $$m_l$$. These two functions have the same $$n$$ values, and thus they are degenerate. ### Q6.30 What is the probability density of the 3p orbital by evaluating $\left (\sum_{m=-1}^{1}\psi_{31m}^{2}\right )$ $\sum_{m=-1}^{1}\psi_{31m}^{2}=\left (\dfrac{2}{6561\pi}\right )\left (\dfrac{z^{3}}{a_o^{3}}\right )\sigma^{3}\left (6-\sigma\right )^{2}\exp^{\dfrac{-2\sigma}{3}} \left (\cos^{2} \theta+\sin^{2} \theta \cos^{2} \phi + \sin^{2} \theta \sin^{2} \phi \right )$ $\sum_{m=-1}^{1}\psi_{31m}^{2}=\left (\dfrac{2z^{3}\sigma^{2} \left (6-\sigma\right )^{2}\exp^{\dfrac{-2\sigma}{3}}}{6561\pi a_o^{3}}\right ) \left (\cos^{2}\theta+\sin^{2}\theta \left(\cos^{2}\phi+\sin^{2}\phi \right ) \right)$ $\sum_{m=-1}^{1}\psi_{31m}^{2}=\left (\dfrac{2z^{3}\sigma^{2}\left (6-\sigma\right )^{2}\exp^{\dfrac{-2\sigma}{3}}}{6561\pi a_o^{3}}\right )$ ### Q6.34 Find the energy, and wavefunction for a single electron located in the 2p orbital of the hydrogen atom. Include all possible wavefunctions. ### S6.34 Identify the quantum numbers for the electron of interest (in our case, $$n=2$$; $$l =1$$). Energy of the electron can be defined as $E_n = \dfrac{-m_ee^4}{8n^2\epsilon_o^2h^2}$ this leads us to $E_2 = \dfrac{-m_ee^4}{32\epsilon_o^2h^2}$ we have two possible wave functions $\Psi_{210}= \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{32}} (\dfrac{z}{a_o})^{3/2}\sigma/e^{-\sigma/2} \cos{\theta}$ and $\Psi_{21\pm1}= \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{32}} (\dfrac{z}{a_o})^{3/2}\sigma/e^{-\sigma/2} \sin{\theta}e^{\pm i\theta }$ ### Q6.37 The Hamiltonian is given by $$\hat{H} = \dfrac{-\hbar}{2m}\nabla^2 + V$$ is an Hermitian Operator. Using this fact, show that $\int{\psi^[\hat{H},\hat{A}]\psi} d\tau = 0$ where $$\hat{A}$$ is any operator. ### S6.37 Through the commutation relation $\int{\psi^\hat{H}\hat{A}\psi} d\tau - \int{\psi^\hat{A}\hat{H}\psi} d\tau= 0$ because $$\hat{H}$$ is a Hermitian operator, the above goes to $\int{(\psi\hat{H})^\hat{A}\psi} d\tau - \int{\psi^\hat{A}(\hat{H}\psi)} d\tau= 0$ $E\int{\psi^\hat{A}\psi} d\tau - E\int{\psi^\hat{A}\psi} d\tau= 0$ ### Q6.38 Prove that $$\langle{\hat{K}}\rangle \ = \ \langle{V}\rangle = E/2$$ for a harmonic oscillator using the virial theorem ### S6.38 The virial theorem gives us, $\Bigg\langle{x\dfrac{\partial V}{\partial x} + y\dfrac{\partial V}{\partial y} + z\dfrac{\partial V}{\partial z}}\Bigg\rangle = 2\langle{\hat{K}}\rangle$ For a three-dimensional harmonic oscillator, $V(x,y,z) = \dfrac{k_xx^2}{2} + \dfrac{k_yy^2}{2} + \dfrac{k_zz^2}{2}$ Therefore, $x\dfrac{\partial V}{\partial x} + y\dfrac{\partial V}{\partial y} + z\dfrac{\partial V}{\partial z} = k_xx^2 + k_yy^2 + k_zz^2 = 2V$ and substituting into the equation given by the virial theorem gives us $$2\langle{V}\rangle = 2\langle{\hat{K}}\rangle$$. Because $$\langle{\hat{K}}\rangle + \langle{V}\rangle = E$$, we can also write $\langle{\hat{K}}\rangle = \langle{V}\rangle = \dfrac{1}{2}E$ ### Q6.41 Find the expected values of 1/r and 1/r2 for a hydrogenlike atom in the 2pz orbital. ### S6.41 The 2pz orbital: $Ψ_{210} = \dfrac{1}{4\sqrt{2π}} (Z/a_0)^{3/2}\rho e^{-\rho} \sinθ \cos ϕ \,dθ$ where $$\rho=Zr/a_o$$ $<1/r>Ψ210\int_{0}^2π \, dθ \int\limits_{0}^{π}\, sinθcos2ϕdθ \int\limits_{0}^{}\ (Z3/2/ao3/24\sqrt{2π}\)2r2pe-p(1/r)dr$ $\int_0^{2π}\, dθ = 2π$ $\int_0^π \, \sinθ \cos^2 \,ϕ \,dθ = \dfrac{2}{3}$ $int _ 0^∞ \ (Z^{3/2}/ao3/24\sqrt{2π})^r^2 \pho e-{\rho}(1/r)dr =(Z3/ao332π) [3!/(Z/ao)4]$ $<1/r>Ψ210 = (Z3/ao332π)(2π)(2/3)[3!/(Z/ao)4]$ Simplify to get: $\langle \dfrac{1}{r} \rangle _{Ψ_{210}} = \dfrac{Z}{4a_o}$ For the hydrogen atom $$Z=1$$, therefore $\langle \dfrac{1}{r} \rangle _{Ψ_{210}} = \dfrac{1}{4a_o}$ For $$\langle \dfrac{1}{r^2} \rangle$$ $\langle \dfrac{1}{r^2} \rangle_{Ψ_{210}} = \int_{0}^2π \, dθ \int\limits_{0}^{π}\, sinθcos2ϕdθ \int\limits_{0}^{}\ (Z3/2/ao3/24\sqrt{2π}\)2r2pe-p(1/r2)dr$ $\int\limits_{0}^{2π}\, dθ = 2π$ $\int\limits_{0}^{π}\, sinθcos2ϕdθ = 2/3$ $\int \limits_{0}^{}\ (Z3/2/ao3/24\sqrt{2π}\)2r2pe-p(1/r2)dr = (Z3/ao332π)* [2!/(Z/ao)3]$ $<1/r2>Ψ210 =(Z3/ao332π)(2π)(2/3)[2!/(Z/ao)3]$ Simplify to get: $\langle \dfrac{1}{r^2} \rangle _{Ψ_{210}} =\dfrac{Z^2}{12a_o^2}$ where Z=1 $\langle \dfrac{1}{r^2} \rangle _{Ψ_{210}} = \dfrac{1}{12a_o^2}$ ### Q6.43 Derive the classical magnetic moment of an electron orbiting a nucleus in terms of charge, mass and angular momentum. ### S6.43 We can begin by recalling the classical expression for a magnetic moment, $\mu = IArea$ Where $$I$$ is the current the electron makes by revolving around the nucleus. The definition of current is $I = \dfrac{Q}{time}$ In this case $$Q$$ is simply the charge $$(q_e)$$ of the electron and $$time$$ is the time it takes the electron to orbit the nucleus once. The area is the of loop that the electron takes when revolving around the nucleus. We also know from classical mechanics that $$x=vt$$. solving for $$t$$ and evaluating $$x$$ to be $$2\pi r$$ for a circle. We can figure out the time of revolution to be, $t = \dfrac{x}{v}= \dfrac{2\pi r}{v}$ Our current equations becomes, $I = \dfrac{q_ev}{2\pi r}$ To introduce angular momentum $$L=m_evr$$ we can multiply the right side of our current equation by $$\dfrac{m_er}{m_er}$$ to arrive at $I = \dfrac{q_em_evr}{2\pi m_er^2} \\ I = \dfrac{q_eL}{2\pi m_er^2}$ Substituting in the area of a circle $$(\pi r^2)$$ we can show that, $\boxed{\mu = IArea = \dfrac{q_eL}{2m_e}}$ ### Q6.46 Find the magnitude of the splitting shown in figure below. The magnetic field in the figure is at 20 T. ### S6.46 We know from a previous problem that $\Delta E = E_{2} - E_{1} = \beta _{e}B_{z}(m_2 - m_1)$ In the 1\s\ state where m = 0 and in the 2\p\ state where m = 0, \pm\ 1. The condition will cause (m_{2} - m_{1}) become equal to 0, or \pm\ 1 which will affect the magnitude of splitting, calculated below $\Delta E = (9.274 * 10^{-24} JT^{-1}) (20T)(1)$ $$\Delta E = 1.8548 10^{-22} J*T^{-1}$$ or 0 ### Q6.47 Consider the transition between the $$l=1$$ and the $$l=2$$ states for atomic hydrogen. Determine the total number of possible allowed transitions between these two states in an external magnetic field given the following selection rules 1. Light whose electric field vector is parallel to the external magnetic field's direction has a selection rule of $$\Delta m=0$$ for allowed transitions. 2. Light whose electric field vector is perpendicular to the external magnetic field's direction has a selection rule of $$\Delta m=\pm 1$$ for allowed transitions. ### S6.47 An external magnetic field splits a state with given values n and $$l$$ into $$2l+1$$ levels. So the $$l=1$$ state will be split into three states ($$m=0, \pm 1$$) and the $$l=2$$ state will be split into five states ($$m=0, \pm 1, \pm 2$$). This means that the $$l=1 \rightarrow l=2$$ transition will have a possible of 15 transitions (ignoring any selection rules that reduce this number). 1. Using the selection rule $$\Delta m=0$$, then three transitions are possible: $$m=0$$, $$m=1$$, $$m=-1$$ 2. Using the selection rule $$\Delta m= \pm 1$$, then six transitions are possible: $$l=1$$ $$\rightarrow$$ $$l=2$$ Relative Orientation of light Polarization to Magnetic field m=0 m=1 parallel m=0 m=-1 parallel m=1 m=2 perpendicular m=1 m=0 perpendicular m=-1 m=-2 perpendicular m=-1 m=0 perpendicular ### Q6.49 Prove that $$\hat{L_+}\hat{L_-} - \hat{L_-}\hat{L_+} = 2\hbar\hat{L_z}$$ given that $$\hat{L_+} = \hat{L_x} + i\hat{L_y}$$ and $$\hat{L_-} = \hat{L_x} - i\hat{L_y}$$. ### S6.49 $$\hat{L_+}\hat{L_-} = (\hat{L_x} + i\hat{L_y})(\hat{L_x} - i\hat{L_y}) = \hat{L^2_x} + \hat{L^2_y} - i\hat{L^2_x}\hat{L^2_y} + i\hat{L^2_y} \hat{L^2_x} = \hat{L^2_x} + \hat{L^2_y} +i[\hat{L_y},\hat{L_x}]$$ $$\hat{L_+}\hat{L_-} = \hat{L^2} - \hat{L^2_z} +\hbar \hat{L_z}$$ and $$\hat{L_-}\hat{L_+} = (\hat{L_x} - i\hat{L_y})(\hat{L_x} + i\hat{L_y}) = \hat{L^2_x} + \hat{L^2_y} +i\hat{L^2_x}\hat{L^2_y} - i\hat{L^2_y} \hat{L^2_x} = \hat{L^2_x} + \hat{L^2_y} +i[\hat{L_x},\hat{L_y}]$$ $$\hat{L_-}\hat{L_+} = \hat{L^2} - \hat{L^2_z} - \hbar \hat{L_z}$$ thus $$\hat{L_+}\hat{L_-} - hat{L_-}\hat{L_+} = \hat{L^2} - \hat{L^2_z} +\hbar \hat{L_z} - \hat{L^2} + \hat{L^2_z} - \hbar \hat{L_z}$$ $$\hat{L_+}\hat{L_-} - \hat{L_-}\hat{L_+} = 2\hbar \hat{L_z}$$ ### Q6.49 Show that the commutative property applies to $\hat{L}_{-}\hat{L}_{+}$ ### S6.49 $\hat{L}_{-}\hat{L}_{+} = \hat{L}_{+}\hat{L}_{-}$ $\hat{L}_{-} = \hat{L}_{x} - i \hat{L}_{y}$ and $\hat{L}_{+} = \hat{L}_{x} + i \hat{L}_{y}$ so $\hat{L}_{-}\hat{L}_{+}=[\hat{L}_x -i\hat{L}_y][\hat{L}_x + i \hat{L}_y]$ $= \hat{L}_{x}^2 + i \hat{L}_{x} \hat{L}_{y} - i \hat{L}_{x}\hat{L}_{y} + \hat{L}_{y}^2$ and $\hat{L}_{+}\hat{L}_{-}= [\hat{L}_{x} + i\hat{L}_{y}][\hat{L}_{x}-i\hat{L}_{y}]$ $= \hat{L}_{x}^2 -i \hat{L}_{y}\hat{L}_{x}+ i\hat{L}_{x}\hat{L}_{y}+ \hat{L}_{y}^2$ which shows that $\hat{L}_{-}\hat{L}_{+}= \hat{L}_{+}\hat{L}_{-}$ ### Q7.29 Calculate the ground-state energy for particle in the box model Using variational method. ### S7.29 Variational method equations is: $E_\phi=\dfrac{\langle\phi \| \hat{H}\| \phi\rangle}{\langle\phi\|\phi\rangle}$where the wavefunctions are unnormalized The unnormalized Schrodinger equation for PIB: $\phi(x)=A \sin (\dfrac{xn\pi}{L})$ $\langle\phi \| \phi\rangle$ $= A = \sqrt[]{\dfrac{2}{L}}$ and $\langle \phi \| \hat{H}\| \phi\rangle$ $= \dfrac{n^2 h^2}{8mL^2}\cdot \sqrt[]{\dfrac{2}{L}}$ so $E_\phi = \dfrac{\dfrac{n^2 h^2}{8mL^2}\cdot \sqrt[]{\dfrac{2}{L}}}{\sqrt[]{\dfrac{2}{L}}}$ so $E_\phi = \dfrac{n^2h^2}{8mL^2}$ where n=1 we get $E_\phi = \dfrac{h^2}{8mL^2}$ ### Q6.50 If two functions commute, they have mutual eigenfunctions, such as $$\hat{L}$$2 and $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$. These mutual eigenfunctions are also known as spherical harmonics, $$Y$$$$l$$$$m$$($$\theta$$, $$\phi$$), however this information is not pertinent in this case. Let $$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ be a mutual eigenfunction of $$\hat{L}$$2 and $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$ so that $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$ $$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ = $$\beta$$2\$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ and $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$ $$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ = $$\alpha$$$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ Now let $$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$+1 = $$\hat{L}$$+$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ Show that $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$+1 = ($$\alpha$$ + $$\hbar$$)$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$+1 and $$\hat{L}$$2$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$+1 = $$\beta$$2$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$+1 This proves that if $$\alpha$$ is an eigenvalue of $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$, then $$\alpha$$ + $$\hbar$$ also is an eigenvalue. ### S6.50 Solve this problem as given below: $$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$+1 = $$\hat{L}$$+$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$ $$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$+1 =$$\hat{L}$$$$z$$ $$\hat{L}$$+$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ = ($$\hat{L}$$$$z$$ $$\hat{L}$$$$x$$ + $$i$$$$\hat{L}$$$$z$$ $$\hat{L}$$$$y$$ )$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ $$z$$, $$\hat{L}$$$$x$$] + $$\hat{L}$$$$x$$ $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$ + $$i$$[$$\hat{L}$$$$z$$, $$\hat{L}$$$$y$$] + $$i$$$$\hat{L}$$$$y$$ $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$)$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ $$y$$ + $$\hat{L}$$$$z$$$$\hat{L}$$$$x$$ + $$i$$$$\hbar$$$$\hat{L}$$$$x$$ + $$\hat{L}$$$$y$$$$\hat{L}$$$$z$$) $$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ $$\hat{L}$$$$+$$$$\hat{L}$$$$z$$ + $$\hbar$$$$\hat{L}$$$$+$$)$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ $$+$$($$\alpha$$ + $$\hbar$$)$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ $$\alpha$$$$\beta$$+1 Therefore proven. Finally, you can write: $$\hat{L}$$2$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$+1 = $$\hat{L}$$2$$\hat{L}$$$$+$$$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ = ($$\hat{L}$$2$$\hat{L}$$$$x$$ + $$i$$$$\hat{L}$$2$$\hat{L}$$$$y$$)$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ =([$$\hat{L}$$2,$$\hat{L}$$$$x$$] + $$\hat{L}$$$$x$$$$\hat{L}$$2 + $$i$$[$$\hat{L}$$2,$$\hat{L}$$$$y$$] + $$i$$$$\hat{L}$$$$y$$$$\hat{L}$$2)$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ $$x$$$$\hat{L}$$ $$i$$$$\hat{L}$$$$y$$$$\hat{L}$$2)$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ $$+$$$$\beta$$2$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ 2$$\psi$$$$\alpha$$$$\beta$$ +1 Therefore proven.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9464876055717468, "perplexity": 1211.421183993368}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945668.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422232447-20180423012447-00594.warc.gz"}
https://experiments.springernature.com/techniques/pcr?error=cookies_not_supported&code=acf247a6-7297-4b82-8d7a-98f7b8baf432	# PCR Protocols And Methods PCR is a DNA amplification technique in which millions of DNA copies are made using a single DNA segment. ## Recently cited • Nature Protocols Protocol ### Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method Thomas D Schmittgen , Kenneth J Livak Two different methods of presenting quantitative gene expression exist: absolute and relative quantification. Absolute quantification calculates the copy number of the gene usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative gene more • Nature Methods Brief Communication ### UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads Robert C Edgar Amplified marker-gene sequences can be used to understand microbial community structure, but they suffer from a high level of sequencing and amplification artifacts. The UPARSE pipeline reports operational taxonomic unit (OTU) sequences with ≤1% more • Nature Methods Brief Communication ### DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data Benjamin J Callahan , Paul J McMurdie , Michael J Rosen , Andrew W Han ... Susan P Holmes We present the open-source software package DADA2 for modeling and correcting Illumina-sequenced amplicon errors ( https://github.com/benjjneb/dada2 ). DADA2 infers sample sequences exactly and res more ## Recently published • Springer Protocols Protocol ### Pigment Production Analysis in Human Melanoma Cells Amelia Soto Hopkin , Elyse K. Paterson , Rolando Ruiz , Anand K. Ganesan The human epidermal melanocyte is a highly specialized pigmented cell that serves to protect the epidermis from ultraviolet (UV) damage through the production of melanin, or melanogenesis. Misregulation in melanogenesis leading to either hyper- or more • Springer Protocols Protocol ### Profiling Melanoma Heterogeneity Using Microwell RNA Cytometry Ivan K. Dimov , Alexander D. Boiko Unraveling heterogeneity of melanoma to discover new subpopulations of cells within the tumor has been fundamental to many advances in cancer biology, including identification of tumor initiating subsets and cells resisting immune-therapeutic more • Springer Protocols Protocol ### Analysis of Toxicants-Induced Alterations in DNA Methylation by Methylation-Sensitive-Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (MS-RAPD-PCR) Kamaleshwar P. Singh Overwhelming evidence suggests that in addition to the genetic changes of DNA mutations, epigenetic changes of DNA methylation and histone modifications play important role in regulation of gene expression. DNA methylation is the most frequent more ## Review papers • Springer Protocols Overview ### Application of Nucleic Acid Amplification in Clinical Microbiology Gorm Lisby Since the discovery of the doublehelix structure of DNA (1), no single event has had the same impact on the field of molecular biology as the rediscovery by Kary Mullis in the early 1980s of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (2-4), which was first more • Springer Protocols Overview ### Pre-PCR Processing of Samples Peter Rådström , Rickard Knutsson , Petra Wolffs , Maria Dahlenborg , Charlotta Löfström Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an extremely powerful rapid method for diagnosis of microbial infections and genetic diseases, as well as for detecting microorganisms in environmental and food samples. However, the usefulness of more	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 1, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.618050754070282, "perplexity": 22882.14810479021}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881984.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703091148-20200703121148-00575.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/need-help-finding-frictional-force-in-torque-problem.651394/	# Need help finding frictional force in torque problem 1. Nov 11, 2012 ### EmptyMerc 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A ladder having uniform density, a length of 3.4 meters and a weight of 121 N rests against a frictionless vertical wall, making an angle of 75 degrees with the horizontal. The lower end rests on a flat surface, where the coefficient of static friction is Mu = 0.400. A painter having a mass of 80 kg attempts to climb the ladder. How far up the ladder will the painter be when the ladder begins to slip? 2. Relevant equations Torque equations and frictional force equations 3. The attempt at a solution So using the torque equations I got x = [Fwall * 3.4 * sin(75) - 121 * (3.4/2) * sin(165)] / (80 * 9.81 * sin(165) Where x is the distance from the pivot point and Fwall = Frictional force. But I think I'm having a problem finding the frictional force. I know Frictional force = Mu(N) , where N is the normal force of the ground. So to find N I use the formula 121 + 80(9.81) which equals 905.8 and gives a frictional force of .4(905.8) = 362.32. But when I plug it in I get x = 5.6 m, which is taller than the ladder and leads me to believe that is not the right way to calculate the frictional force. So is that the right way to calculate the frictional force, or is there another way? Help is much appreciated. 2. Nov 11, 2012 ### Spinnor 3. Nov 11, 2012 ### Simon Bridge Do the algebra before putting the numbers in ... helps with troubleshooting. Otherwise working out what you are doing involves some pain sifting through the numbers. A ladder of mass $M$ and length $L$ sits on a horizontal floor with friction coefficient $\mu$ leaning at angle $\theta$ (to the horizontal) against a frictionless vertical wall. A painter-being, mass m, climbs the ladder. We need to know how far, x, along the ladder the being can go without slipping. So the torque about the floor pivot (say) would be $\tau=(mx+ML/2)\cos(\theta)$ for example... and the force down the length of the ladder towards the floor-pivot would be $F=(m+M)g\sin(\theta)$ ... this force has a component at the pivot that is directly down and another that it horizontal away from the wall. Try reworking your math this way - it should be clearer. 4. Nov 11, 2012 ### EmptyMerc Yea it is a lot clearer. I still come up with the same answer and judging on how how the book did it I think it is correct now. Really appreciate the help though! 5. Nov 11, 2012 ### Simon Bridge Yep - sometimes reworking a problem can clear up that feeling of uncertainty. When you are presenting your working to someone else, it helps them understand you if you use the symbolic/algebraic form rather than the absolute/numerical form. It would have been a lot for work for me to figure out if you'd done it right or not so I just tried to get you to do the work instead :) Similar Discussions: Need help finding frictional force in torque problem	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8921877145767212, "perplexity": 624.6662423927642}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891277.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122093724-20180122113724-00712.warc.gz"}
https://philarchive.org/s/Hilbert's%2010th%20Problem%20for%20solutions%20in%20a%20subring%20of%20Q	## Results for 'Hilbert's 10th Problem for solutions in a subring of Q' (try it on Scholar) 70 found Order: 1. Hilbert's 10th Problem for Solutions in a Subring of Q.Agnieszka Peszek & Apoloniusz Tyszka - 2019 - Scientific Annals of Computer Science 29 (1):101-111. Yuri Matiyasevich's theorem states that the set of all Diophantine equations which have a solution in non-negative integers is not recursive. Craig Smoryński's theorem states that the set of all Diophantine equations which have at most finitely many solutions in non-negative integers is not recursively enumerable. Let R be a subring of Q with or without 1. By H_{10}(R), we denote the problem of whether there exists an algorithm which for any given Diophantine equation with integer coefficients, (...) Export citation Bookmark 2. Heinrich Behmann’s 1921 Lecture on the Decision Problem and the Algebra of Logic.Paolo Mancosu & Richard Zach - 2015 - Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 21 (2):164-187. Heinrich Behmann (1891-1970) obtained his Habilitation under David Hilbert in Göttingen in 1921 with a thesis on the decision problem. In his thesis, he solved - independently of Löwenheim and Skolem's earlier work - the decision problem for monadic second-order logic in a framework that combined elements of the algebra of logic and the newer axiomatic approach to logic then being developed in Göttingen. In a talk given in 1921, he outlined this solution, but also presented important programmatic (...) Export citation Bookmark 2 citations 3. Reid, Constance. Hilbert (a Biography). Reviewed by Corcoran in Philosophy of Science 39 (1972), 106–08.John Corcoran - 1972 - Philosophy of Science 39 (1):106-108. Reid, Constance. Hilbert (a Biography). Reviewed by Corcoran in Philosophy of Science 39 (1972), 106–08. -/- Constance Reid was an insider of the Berkeley-Stanford logic circle. Her San Francisco home was in Ashbury Heights near the homes of logicians such as Dana Scott and John Corcoran. Her sister Julia Robinson was one of the top mathematical logicians of her generation, as was Julia’s husband Raphael Robinson for whom Robinson Arithmetic was named. Julia was a Tarski PhD and, in recognition of (...) Export citation Bookmark 4. A Simple Proof of Born’s Rule for Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.Biswaranjan Dikshit - 2017 - Journal for Foundations and Applications of Physics 4 (1):24-30. The Born’s rule to interpret the square of wave function as the probability to get a specific value in measurement has been accepted as a postulate in foundations of quantum mechanics. Although there have been so many attempts at deriving this rule theoretically using different approaches such as frequency operator approach, many-world theory, Bayesian probability and envariance, literature shows that arguments in each of these methods are circular. In view of absence of a convincing theoretical proof, recently some researchers have (...) Export citation Bookmark 5. Introduction to mathematical logic, part 2.Textbook for students in mathematical logic and foundations of mathematics. Platonism, Intuition, Formalism. Axiomatic set theory. Around the Continuum Problem. Axiom of Determinacy. Large Cardinal Axioms. Ackermann's Set Theory. First order arithmetic. Hilbert's 10th problem. Incompleteness theorems. Consequences. Connected results: double incompleteness theorem, unsolvability of reasoning, theorem on the size of proofs, diophantine incompleteness, Loeb's theorem, consistent universal statements are provable, Berry's paradox, incompleteness and Chaitin's theorem. Around Ramsey's theorem. Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 6. Takeuti's Proof Theory in the Context of the Kyoto School.Andrew Arana - 2019 - Jahrbuch Für Philosophie Das Tetsugaku-Ronso 46:1-17. Gaisi Takeuti (1926–2017) is one of the most distinguished logicians in proof theory after Hilbert and Gentzen. He extensively extended Hilbert's program in the sense that he formulated Gentzen's sequent calculus, conjectured that cut-elimination holds for it (Takeuti's conjecture), and obtained several stunning results in the 1950–60s towards the solution of his conjecture. Though he has been known chiefly as a great mathematician, he wrote many papers in English and Japanese where he expressed his philosophical thoughts. In particular, he (...) Export citation Bookmark 7. Review of Macbeth, D. Diagrammatic Reasoning in Frege's Begriffsschrift. Synthese 186 (2012), No. 1, 289–314. Mathematical Reviews MR 2935338.John Corcoran - 2014 - MATHEMATICAL REVIEWS 2014:2935338. A Mathematical Review by John Corcoran, SUNY/Buffalo -/- Macbeth, Danielle Diagrammatic reasoning in Frege's Begriffsschrift. Synthese 186 (2012), no. 1, 289–314. ABSTRACT This review begins with two quotations from the paper: its abstract and the first paragraph of the conclusion. The point of the quotations is to make clear by the “give-them-enough-rope” strategy how murky, incompetent, and badly written the paper is. I know I am asking a lot, but I have to ask you to read the quoted passages—aloud if (...) Export citation Bookmark 8. REVIEW OF 1988. Saccheri, G. Euclides Vindicatus (1733), Edited and Translated by G. B. Halsted, 2nd Ed. (1986), in Mathematical Reviews MR0862448. 88j:01013.John Corcoran - 1988 - MATHEMATICAL REVIEWS 88 (J):88j:01013. Girolamo Saccheri (1667--1733) was an Italian Jesuit priest, scholastic philosopher, and mathematician. He earned a permanent place in the history of mathematics by discovering and rigorously deducing an elaborate chain of consequences of an axiom-set for what is now known as hyperbolic (or Lobachevskian) plane geometry. Reviewer's remarks: (1) On two pages of this book Saccheri refers to his previous and equally original book Logica demonstrativa (Turin, 1697) to which 14 of the 16 pages of the editor's "Introduction" are devoted. (...) Export citation Bookmark 9. Quantum Mechanics in a Time-Asymmetric Universe: On the Nature of the Initial Quantum State.Eddy Keming Chen - forthcoming - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science:axy068. In a quantum universe with a strong arrow of time, we postulate a low-entropy boundary condition to account for the temporal asymmetry. In this paper, I show that the Past Hypothesis also contains enough information to simplify the quantum ontology and define a unique initial condition in such a world. First, I introduce Density Matrix Realism, the thesis that the quantum universe is described by a fundamental density matrix that represents something objective. This stands in sharp contrast to Wave Function (...) Export citation Bookmark 3 citations 10. Numbers and Functions in Hilbert's Finitism.Richard Zach - 1998 - Taiwanese Journal for History and Philosophy of Science 10:33-60. David Hilbert's finitistic standpoint is a conception of elementary number theory designed to answer the intuitionist doubts regarding the security and certainty of mathematics. Hilbert was unfortunately not exact in delineating what that viewpoint was, and Hilbert himself changed his usage of the term through the 1920s and 30s. The purpose of this paper is to outline what the main problems are in understanding Hilbert and Bernays on this issue, based on some publications by them which have so far (...) Export citation Bookmark 7 citations 11. Buying Logical Principles with Ontological Coin: The Metaphysical Lessons of Adding Epsilon to Intuitionistic Logic.David DeVidi & Corey Mulvihill - 2017 - IfCoLog Journal of Logics and Their Applications 4 (2):287-312. We discuss the philosophical implications of formal results showing the con- sequences of adding the epsilon operator to intuitionistic predicate logic. These results are related to Diaconescu’s theorem, a result originating in topos theory that, translated to constructive set theory, says that the axiom of choice (an “existence principle”) implies the law of excluded middle (which purports to be a logical principle). As a logical choice principle, epsilon allows us to translate that result to a logical setting, where one can (...) Export citation Bookmark 12. The Computable Universe: From Prespace Metaphysics to Discrete Quantum Mechanics.Martin Leckey - 1997 - Dissertation, Monash University The central motivating idea behind the development of this work is the concept of prespace, a hypothetical structure that is postulated by some physicists to underlie the fabric of space or space-time. I consider how such a structure could relate to space and space-time, and the rest of reality as we know it, and the implications of the existence of this structure for quantum theory. Understanding how this structure could relate to space and to the rest of reality requires, I (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 13. Computability and Human Symbolic Output.Jason Megill & Tim Melvin - 2014 - Logic and Logical Philosophy 23 (4):391-401. This paper concerns “human symbolic output,” or strings of characters produced by humans in our various symbolic systems; e.g., sentences in a natural language, mathematical propositions, and so on. One can form a set that consists of all of the strings of characters that have been produced by at least one human up to any given moment in human history. We argue that at any particular moment in human history, even at moments in the distant future, this set is finite. (...) Export citation Bookmark 14. We show how removing faith-based beliefs in current philosophies of classical and constructive mathematics admits formal, evidence-based, definitions of constructive mathematics; of a constructively well-defined logic of a formal mathematical language; and of a constructively well-defined model of such a language. -/- We argue that, from an evidence-based perspective, classical approaches which follow Hilbert's formal definitions of quantification can be labelled theistic'; whilst constructive approaches based on Brouwer's philosophy of Intuitionism can be labelled atheistic'. -/- We then adopt what (...) Export citation Bookmark 15. Walter Dubislav’s Philosophy of Science and Mathematics.Nikolay Milkov - 2016 - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 6 (1):96-116. Walter Dubislav (1895–1937) was a leading member of the Berlin Group for scientific philosophy. This “sister group” of the more famous Vienna Circle emerged around Hans Reichenbach’s seminars at the University of Berlin in 1927 and 1928. Dubislav was to collaborate with Reichenbach, an association that eventuated in their conjointly conducting university colloquia. Dubislav produced original work in philosophy of mathematics, logic, and science, consequently following David Hilbert’s axiomatic method. This brought him to defend formalism in these disciplines as well (...) Export citation Bookmark 2 citations 16. Hilbert's Program Then and Now.Richard Zach - 2007 - In Dale Jacquette (ed.), Philosophy of Logic. Amsterdam: North Holland. pp. 411–447. Hilbert’s program was an ambitious and wide-ranging project in the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. In order to “dispose of the foundational questions in mathematics once and for all,” Hilbert proposed a two-pronged approach in 1921: first, classical mathematics should be formalized in axiomatic systems; second, using only restricted, “finitary” means, one should give proofs of the consistency of these axiomatic systems. Although Gödel’s incompleteness theorems show that the program as originally conceived cannot be carried out, it had many partial (...) Export citation Bookmark 5 citations 17. Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773-1843): Eine Philosophie der Exakten Wissenschaften.Kay Herrmann - 1994 - Tabula Rasa. Jenenser Zeitschrift Für Kritisches Denken (6). Jakob Friedrich Fries (1773-1843): A Philosophy of the Exact Sciences -/- Shortened version of the article of the same name in: Tabula Rasa. Jenenser magazine for critical thinking. 6th of November 1994 edition -/- 1. Biography -/- Jakob Friedrich Fries was born on the 23rd of August, 1773 in Barby on the Elbe. Because Fries' father had little time, on account of his journeying, he gave up both his sons, of whom Jakob Friedrich was the elder, to the Herrnhut Teaching (...) Translate Export citation Bookmark 18. Hilbert's Finitism: Historical, Philosophical, and Metamathematical Perspectives.Richard Zach - 2001 - Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley In the 1920s, David Hilbert proposed a research program with the aim of providing mathematics with a secure foundation. This was to be accomplished by first formalizing logic and mathematics in their entirety, and then showing---using only so-called finitistic principles---that these formalizations are free of contradictions. ;In the area of logic, the Hilbert school accomplished major advances both in introducing new systems of logic, and in developing central metalogical notions, such as completeness and decidability. The analysis of unpublished material presented (...) Export citation Bookmark 2 citations 19. Discourse Grammars and the Structure of Mathematical Reasoning II: The Nature of a Correct Theory of Proof and Its Value.John Corcoran - 1971 - Journal of Structural Learning 3 (2):1-16. 1971. Discourse Grammars and the Structure of Mathematical Reasoning II: The Nature of a Correct Theory of Proof and Its Value, Journal of Structural Learning 3, #2, 1–16. REPRINTED 1976. Structural Learning II Issues and Approaches, ed. J. Scandura, Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, New York, MR56#15263. -/- This is the second of a series of three articles dealing with application of linguistics and logic to the study of mathematical reasoning, especially in the setting of a concern for improvement of (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 20. The Truth Assignments That Differentiate Human Reasoning From Mechanistic Reasoning: The Evidence-Based Argument for Lucas' Goedelian Thesis.Bhupinder Singh Anand - 2016 - Cognitive Systems Research 40:35-45. We consider the argument that Tarski's classic definitions permit an intelligence---whether human or mechanistic---to admit finitary evidence-based definitions of the satisfaction and truth of the atomic formulas of the first-order Peano Arithmetic PA over the domain N of the natural numbers in two, hitherto unsuspected and essentially different, ways: (1) in terms of classical algorithmic verifiabilty; and (2) in terms of finitary algorithmic computability. We then show that the two definitions correspond to two distinctly different assignments of satisfaction and truth (...) Export citation Bookmark 21. Retrieving the Mathematical Mission of the Continuum Concept From the Transfinitely Reductionist Debris of Cantor’s Paradise. Extended Abstract.Edward G. Belaga - forthcoming - International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. What is so special and mysterious about the Continuum, this ancient, always topical, and alongside the concept of integers, most intuitively transparent and omnipresent conceptual and formal medium for mathematical constructions and the battle field of mathematical inquiries ? And why it resists the century long siege by best mathematical minds of all times committed to penetrate once and for all its set-theoretical enigma ? -/- The double-edged purpose of the present study is to save from the transfinite deadlock of (...) Translate Export citation Bookmark 22. A Pluralist Foundation of the Mathematics of the First Half of the Twentieth Century.Antonino Drago - 2017 - Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research 34 (2):343-363. MethodologyA new hypothesis on the basic features characterizing the Foundations of Mathematics is suggested.Application of the methodBy means of it, the several proposals, launched around the year 1900, for discovering the FoM are characterized. It is well known that the historical evolution of these proposals was marked by some notorious failures and conflicts. Particular attention is given to Cantor's programme and its improvements. Its merits and insufficiencies are characterized in the light of the new conception of the FoM. After the (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 23. The Ontogenesis of Mathematical Objects.Barry Smith - 1975 - Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 6 (2):91-101. Mathematical objects are divided into (1) those which are autonomous, i.e., not dependent for their existence upon mathematicians’ conscious acts, and (2) intentional objects, which are so dependent. Platonist philosophy of mathematics argues that all objects belong to group (1), Brouwer’s intuitionism argues that all belong to group (2). Here we attempt to develop a dualist ontology of mathematics (implicit in the work of, e.g., Hilbert), exploiting the theories of Meinong, Husserl and Ingarden on the relations between autonomous and intentional (...) Export citation Bookmark 2 citations 24. Metaphysics of Quantity and the Limit of Phenomenal Concepts.Derek Lam - 2018 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy (3):1-20. Quantities like mass and temperature are properties that come in degrees. And those degrees (e.g. 5 kg) are properties that are called the magnitudes of the quantities. Some philosophers (e.g., Byrne 2003; Byrne & Hilbert 2003; Schroer 2010) talk about magnitudes of phenomenal qualities as if some of our phenomenal qualities are quantities. The goal of this essay is to explore the anti-physicalist implication of this apparently innocent way of conceptualizing phenomenal quantities. I will first argue for a metaphysical thesis (...) Export citation Bookmark 25. Surprises in Logic.John Corcoran & William Frank - 2013 - Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 19 (3):253. JOHN CORCORAN AND WILIAM FRANK. Surprises in logic. Bulletin of Symbolic Logic. 19 253. Some people, not just beginning students, are at first surprised to learn that the proposition “If zero is odd, then zero is not odd” is not self-contradictory. Some people are surprised to find out that there are logically equivalent false universal propositions that have no counterexamples in common, i. e., that no counterexample for one is a counterexample for the other. Some people would be surprised to (...) Export citation Bookmark 26. Existence Assumptions and Logical Principles: Choice Operators in Intuitionistic Logic.Corey Edward Mulvihill - 2015 - Dissertation, University of Waterloo Hilbert’s choice operators τ and ε, when added to intuitionistic logic, strengthen it. In the presence of certain extensionality axioms they produce classical logic, while in the presence of weaker decidability conditions for terms they produce various superintuitionistic intermediate logics. In this thesis, I argue that there are important philosophical lessons to be learned from these results. To make the case, I begin with a historical discussion situating the development of Hilbert’s operators in relation to his evolving program in the (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 27. Since the pioneering work of Birkhoff and von Neumann, quantum logic has been interpreted as the logic of (closed) subspaces of a Hilbert space. There is a progression from the usual Boolean logic of subsets to the "quantum logic" of subspaces of a general vector space--which is then specialized to the closed subspaces of a Hilbert space. But there is a "dual" progression. The notion of a partition (or quotient set or equivalence relation) is dual (in a category-theoretic sense) to (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 28. Poincaré on the Foundation of Geometry in the Understanding.Jeremy Shipley - 2017 - In Maria Zack & Dirk Schlimm (eds.), Research in History and Philosophy of Mathematics: The CSHPM 2016 Annual Meeting in Calgary, Alberta. Springer. pp. 19-37. This paper is about Poincaré’s view of the foundations of geometry. According to the established view, which has been inherited from the logical positivists, Poincaré, like Hilbert, held that axioms in geometry are schemata that provide implicit definitions of geometric terms, a view he expresses by stating that the axioms of geometry are “definitions in disguise.” I argue that this view does not accord well with Poincaré’s core commitment in the philosophy of geometry: the view that geometry is the study (...) Export citation Bookmark 29. A Gentzen Calculus for Nothing but the Truth.Stefan Wintein & Reinhard Muskens - 2016 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 45 (4):451-465. In their paper Nothing but the Truth Andreas Pietz and Umberto Rivieccio present Exactly True Logic, an interesting variation upon the four-valued logic for first-degree entailment FDE that was given by Belnap and Dunn in the 1970s. Pietz & Rivieccio provide this logic with a Hilbert-style axiomatisation and write that finding a nice sequent calculus for the logic will presumably not be easy. But a sequent calculus can be given and in this paper we will show that a calculus for (...) Export citation Bookmark 4 citations 30. Completeness Before Post: Bernays, Hilbert, and the Development of Propositional Logic.Richard Zach - 1999 - Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 5 (3):331-366. Some of the most important developments of symbolic logic took place in the 1920s. Foremost among them are the distinction between syntax and semantics and the formulation of questions of completeness and decidability of logical systems. David Hilbert and his students played a very important part in these developments. Their contributions can be traced to unpublished lecture notes and other manuscripts by Hilbert and Bernays dating to the period 1917-1923. The aim of this paper is to describe these results, focussing (...) Export citation Bookmark 20 citations 31. Von Neumann's Methodology of Science: From Incompleteness Theorems to Later Foundational Reflections.Giambattista Formica - 2010 - Perspectives on Science 18 (4):480-499. In spite of the many efforts made to clarify von Neumann’s methodology of science, one crucial point seems to have been disregarded in recent literature: his closeness to Hilbert’s spirit. In this paper I shall claim that the scientific methodology adopted by von Neumann in his later foundational reflections originates in the attempt to revaluate Hilbert’s axiomatics in the light of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems. Indeed, axiomatics continues to be pursued by the Hungarian mathematician in the spirit of Hilbert’s school. I (...) Export citation Bookmark 32. Carnap Sentences and the Newman Problem.Larisa Ioana Gogianu - 2015 - Romanian Journal of Analytic Philosophy 9 (1):23-30. In this paper I discuss the Newman problem in the context of contemporary epistemic structural realism (ESR). I formulate Newman’s objection in terms that apply to today’s ESR and then evaluate a defence of ESR based on Carnap’s use of Ramsey sentences and Hilbert’s ε-operator. I show that this defence improves the situation by allowing a formal stipulation of non-structural constraints. However, it fails short of achieving object individuation in the context of satisfying the Ramsified form of a theory. (...) Export citation Bookmark 33. Reverse mathematics studies which subsystems of second order arithmetic are equivalent to key theorems of ordinary, non-set-theoretic mathematics. The main philosophical application of reverse mathematics proposed thus far is foundational analysis, which explores the limits of different foundations for mathematics in a formally precise manner. This paper gives a detailed account of the motivations and methodology of foundational analysis, which have heretofore been largely left implicit in the practice. It then shows how this account can be fruitfully applied in the (...) Export citation Bookmark 34. Complementary Logics for Classical Propositional Languages.Achille C. Varzi - 1992 - Kriterion - Journal of Philosophy 4 (1):20-24. In previous work, I introduced a complete axiomatization of classical non-tautologies based essentially on Łukasiewicz’s rejection method. The present paper provides a new, Hilbert-type axiomatization (along with related systems to axiomatize classical contradictions, non-contradictions, contingencies and non-contingencies respectively). This new system is mathematically less elegant, but the format of the inferential rules and the structure of the completeness proof possess some intrinsic interest and suggests instructive comparisons with the logic of tautologies. Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 35. Hilbert's Program Revisited.Panu Raatikainen - 2003 - Synthese 137 (1):157-177. After sketching the main lines of Hilbert's program, certain well-known and influential interpretations of the program are critically evaluated, and an alternative interpretation is presented. Finally, some recent developments in logic related to Hilbert's program are reviewed. Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 36. Numerical Infinities and Infinitesimals: Methodology, Applications, and Repercussions on Two Hilbert Problems.Yaroslav Sergeyev - 2017 - EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences 4 (2):219–320. In this survey, a recent computational methodology paying a special attention to the separation of mathematical objects from numeral systems involved in their representation is described. It has been introduced with the intention to allow one to work with infinities and infinitesimals numerically in a unique computational framework in all the situations requiring these notions. The methodology does not contradict Cantor’s and non-standard analysis views and is based on the Euclid’s Common Notion no. 5 “The whole is greater than the (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 37. In order to explain Wittgenstein’s account of the reality of completed infinity in mathematics, a brief overview of Cantor’s initial injection of the idea into set- theory, its trajectory and the philosophic implications he attributed to it will be presented. Subsequently, we will first expound Wittgenstein’s grammatical critique of the use of the term ‘infinity’ in common parlance and its conversion into a notion of an actually existing infinite ‘set’. Secondly, we will delve into Wittgenstein’s technical critique of the concept (...) Export citation Bookmark 2 citations 38. The Development of Mathematical Logic From Russell to Tarski, 1900-1935.Paolo Mancosu, Richard Zach & Calixto Badesa - 2009 - In Leila Haaparanta (ed.), The Development of Modern Logic. Oxford University Press. The period from 1900 to 1935 was particularly fruitful and important for the development of logic and logical metatheory. This survey is organized along eight "itineraries" concentrating on historically and conceptually linked strands in this development. Itinerary I deals with the evolution of conceptions of axiomatics. Itinerary II centers on the logical work of Bertrand Russell. Itinerary III presents the development of set theory from Zermelo onward. Itinerary IV discusses the contributions of the algebra of logic tradition, in particular, Löwenheim (...) Export citation Bookmark 9 citations 39. Gauss’s quadratic reciprocity theorem is among the most important results in the history of number theory. It’s also among the most mysterious: since its discovery in the late 18th century, mathematicians have regarded reciprocity as a deeply surprising fact in need of explanation. Intriguingly, though, there’s little agreement on how the theorem is best explained. Two quite different kinds of proof are most often praised as explanatory: an elementary argument that gives the theorem an intuitive geometric interpretation, due to Gauss (...) Export citation Bookmark 40. Non-Normal Modalities in Variants of Linear Logic.D. Porello & N. Troquard - 2015 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 25 (3):229-255. This article presents modal versions of resource-conscious logics. We concentrate on extensions of variants of linear logic with one minimal non-normal modality. In earlier work, where we investigated agency in multi-agent systems, we have shown that the results scale up to logics with multiple non-minimal modalities. Here, we start with the language of propositional intuitionistic linear logic without the additive disjunction, to which we add a modality. We provide an interpretation of this language on a class of Kripke resource models (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 41. Topos Theoretic Quantum Realism.Benjamin Eva - 2017 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 68 (4):1149-1181. ABSTRACT Topos quantum theory is standardly portrayed as a kind of ‘neo-realist’ reformulation of quantum mechanics.1 1 In this article, I study the extent to which TQT can really be characterized as a realist formulation of the theory, and examine the question of whether the kind of realism that is provided by TQT satisfies the philosophical motivations that are usually associated with the search for a realist reformulation of quantum theory. Specifically, I show that the notion of the quantum state (...) Export citation Bookmark 42. Given the hard problem of consciousness (Chalmers, 1995) there are no brain electrophysiological correlates of the subjective experience (the felt quality of redness or the redness of red, the experience of dark and light, the quality of depth in a visual field, the sound of a clarinet, the smell of mothball, bodily sensations from pains to orgasms, mental images that are conjured up internally, the felt quality of emotion, the experience of a stream of conscious thought or the phenomenology (...) Export citation Bookmark 43. On Walter Dubislav.Nikolay Milkov - 2015 - History and Philosophy of Logic 36 (2):147-161. This paper outlines the intellectual biography of Walter Dubislav. Besides being a leading member of the Berlin Group headed by Hans Reichenbach, Dubislav played a defining role as well in the Society for Empirical/Scientific Philosophy in Berlin. A student of David Hilbert, Dubislav applied the method of axiomatic to produce original work in logic and formalist philosophy of mathematics. He also introduced the elements of a formalist philosophy of science and addressed more general problems concerning the substantiation of human knowledge. (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 44. Hyperboolean Algebras and Hyperboolean Modal Logic.Valentin Goranko & Dimiter Vakarelov - 1999 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 9 (2):345-368. Hyperboolean algebras are Boolean algebras with operators, constructed as algebras of complexes (or, power structures) of Boolean algebras. They provide an algebraic semantics for a modal logic (called here a {\em hyperboolean modal logic}) with a Kripke semantics accordingly based on frames in which the worlds are elements of Boolean algebras and the relations correspond to the Boolean operations. We introduce the hyperboolean modal logic, give a complete axiomatization of it, and show that it lacks the finite model property. The (...) Export citation Bookmark 4 citations 45. Quantum No-Go Theorems and Consciousness.Danko Georgiev - 2013 - Axiomathes 23 (4):683-695. Our conscious minds exist in the Universe, therefore they should be identified with physical states that are subject to physical laws. In classical theories of mind, the mental states are identified with brain states that satisfy the deterministic laws of classical mechanics. This approach, however, leads to insurmountable paradoxes such as epiphenomenal minds and illusionary free will. Alternatively, one may identify mental states with quantum states realized within the brain and try to resolve the above paradoxes using the standard Hilbert (...) Export citation Bookmark 1 citation 46. The Epsilon Calculus and Herbrand Complexity.Georg Moser & Richard Zach - 2006 - Studia Logica 82 (1):133-155. Hilbert's ε-calculus is based on an extension of the language of predicate logic by a term-forming operator εx. Two fundamental results about the ε-calculus, the first and second epsilon theorem, play a rôle similar to that which the cut-elimination theorem plays in sequent calculus. In particular, Herbrand's Theorem is a consequence of the epsilon theorems. The paper investigates the epsilon theorems and the complexity of the elimination procedure underlying their proof, as well as the length of Herbrand disjunctions of (...) Export citation Bookmark 7 citations 47. Ancient Logic and its Modern Interpretations.John Corcoran (ed.) - 1974 - Boston: Reidel. This book treats ancient logic: the logic that originated in Greece by Aristotle and the Stoics, mainly in the hundred year period beginning about 350 BCE. Ancient logic was never completely ignored by modern logic from its Boolean origin in the middle 1800s: it was prominent in Boole’s writings and it was mentioned by Frege and by Hilbert. Nevertheless, the first century of mathematical logic did not take it seriously enough to study the ancient logic texts. A renaissance in ancient (...) Export citation Bookmark 16 citations 48. Negative and Complex Probability in Quantum Information.Vasil Penchev - 2012 - Philosophical Alternatives (1):63-77. “Negative probability” in practice. Quantum Communication: Very small phase space regions turn out to be thermodynamically analogical to those of superconductors. Macro-bodies or signals might exist in coherent or entangled state. Such physical objects having unusual properties could be the basis of quantum communication channels or even normal physical ones … Questions and a few answers about negative probability: Why does it appear in quantum mechanics? It appears in phase-space formulated quantum mechanics; next, in quantum correlations … and for wave-particle (...) Translate Export citation Bookmark 49. Classical physics and quantum physics suggest two meta-physical types of reality: the classical notion of a objectively definite reality with properties "all the way down," and the quantum notion of an objectively indefinite type of reality. The problem of interpreting quantum mechanics (QM) is essentially the problem of making sense out of an objectively indefinite reality. These two types of reality can be respectively associated with the two mathematical concepts of subsets and quotient sets (or partitions) which are (...)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7098086476325989, "perplexity": 2087.970002183169}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496901.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330085157-20200330115157-00006.warc.gz"}
https://samacheerkalvi.guide/samacheer-kalvi-9th-maths-guide-chapter-4-ex-4-1/	Students can download Maths Chapter 4 Geometry Ex 4.1 Questions and Answers, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus, helps students complete homework assignments and to score high marks in board exams. ## Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Geometry Ex 4.1 Question 1. In the figure, AB is parallel to CD, find x. Solution: (i) Through T draw TE \|\| AB. ∴ ∠BAT + ∠ATE = 180° (AB \|\| TE) 140° + ∠ATE = 180° ∠ATE = 180°- 140° = 40° Similarly ∠ETC + ∠TCD = 180° (TE \|\| CD) ∠ETC+150° = 180° ∠ETC = 180°- 150° = 30° x = ∠ATE + ∠ETC = 40°+ 30° = 70° x = 70° (ii) Draw TE \|\| AB. ∠ABT + ∠ETB = 180° (AB \|\| TE) 48° + ∠ETB = 180° ∠ETB = 180° – 48° = 132° Similarly ∠CDT + ∠DTE = 180° 24° + ∠DTE = 180° ∴ ∠DTE = 180° – 24° = 156° ∴ ∠BTE + ∠ETD = 132° + 156° = 288° x = 288° (iii) In the given figure AB \|\| CD, AD is the transversal. = 53° (alternate angles are equal) In ΔECD, ∠D = ∠A = 53° (Alternate angles are equal) ∠E + ∠C + ∠D = 180° (sum of the angles of a triangle) x° + 38° + 53° = 180° x° = 180°- 91° = 89° x = 89° Question 2. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, find the measure of each angle of the triangle. Solution: The ratio of the angles of a triangle = 1 : 2 : 3. Let the angles of a triangle be x, 2x and 3x. x + 2x + 3x = 180° (Total angle of a triangle is 180°) 6x = 180° x = $$\frac{180°}{6}$$ = 30° x = 30°; 2x = 2 × 30° = 60°; 3x = 3 × 30° = 90° Measures of the angles of a triangle = 30°, 60° and 90°. Question 3. Consider the given pairs of triangles and say whether each pair is that of congruent triangles. If the triangles are congruent, say ‘how’; if they are not congruent say ‘why’ and also say if a small modification would make them congruent: (i) In ΔPQR and ΔABC PQ = AB (Given) RQ = BC (Given) ΔABC is not congruent to ΔPQR. If PR = AC then ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR (ii) In ΔABD and ΔCDB AB = CD (Given) BD is common By SSS congruency ΔABD ≅ ΔCDB (iii) In ΔPXY and ΔPXZ PX is common. XY = XZ (Given) PY = PZ (Given) By SSS congruency ΔPXY ≅ ΔPXZ (iv) In the given figure BD bisect AC In ΔAOB and ΔOCD OA = OC (Given) ∠AOB = ∠DOC (vertically opposite angles) ∠B = ∠D (Given) By ASA congruency ΔAOB ≅ ΔOCD (v) In the given figure AC and BD bisect each other at O. ∴ OA = OC (Given); OB = OD (Given) ∠AOB = ∠COD (vertically opposite angles) By SAS congruency ΔAOB ≅ ΔOCD (vi) In the given figure AB = AC (Given) BM = MC (AM is the median of the ΔABC) AM is common (By SSS congruency) ∴ ΔABM ≅ ΔACM Question 4. ΔABC and ΔDEF are two triangles in which AB = DF, ∠ACB = 70°, ∠ABC = 60°; ∠DEF = 70° and ∠EDF = 60°. Prove that the triangles are congruent. Solution: In ΔABC ∠B = 60° and ∠C = 70° ∴ ∠A = 180° – (60° + 70°) = 180° – 130° = 50° In ΔDEF ∠E = 70° and ∠D = 60° ∠F = 180° – (70° + 60°) = 180° – 130° = 50° ∠A = ∠F = 50° ∠B = ∠D = 60° ∠C = ∠E = 70° By AAA congruency ΔABC ≅ ΔFDE (or) ∠B = ∠D = 60° ∠C = ∠E = 70° AB = FE By ASA congruency ΔABC ≅ ΔFDE Question 5. Find all the three angles of the ΔABC. Solution: ∠A + ∠B = ∠ACD (An exterior angle of a triangle is sum of its interior opposite angles) x + 35 + 2x – 5 = 4x – 15 3x + 30 = 4x – 15 30 + 15 = 4x – 3x 45° = x ∠A = x + 35° = 45° + 35° = 80° ∠B = 2x – 5 = 2(45°) – 5° = 90° – 5° = 85° ∠ACD = 4x – 15 = 4 (45°) – 15° = 180° – 15° = 165° ∠ACB = 180° – ∠ACD = 180° – 165° = 15° ∠A = 80°, ∠B = 85° and ∠C = 15°.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7613136172294617, "perplexity": 13489.40988254594}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103329963.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627073417-20220627103417-00204.warc.gz"}
http://www.distance-calculator.co.uk/towns-within-a-radius-of.php?t=Allemans-du-dropt&c=France	Cities, Towns and Places within a 60 mile radius of Allemans-du-dropt, France Get a list of towns within a 60 mile radius of Allemans-du-dropt or between two set distances, click on the markers in the satelitte map to get maps and road trip directions. If this didn't quite work how you thought then you might like the Places near Allemans-du-dropt map tool (beta). The radius entered failed to produce results - we reset it to a max of 60 miles - apologies for any inconvenience # Distance Calculator > World Distances > Radius Distances > Allemans-du-dropt distance calculator > Allemans-du-dropt (France ) Radius distances Get towns between and Miles KM Click to View Visual Places on Map or View Visual Radius on Map miles Showing 0100 places between 10 and 60 miles of Allemans-du-dropt (Increase the miles radius to get more places returned ) < 25 miles > 25 miles Ligueux, France is 10 miles away Mescoules, France is 10 miles away Montignac, France is 10 miles away Montignac-de-lauzun, France is 10 miles away Razac, France is 10 miles away Razac-d eymet, France is 10 miles away Riocaud, France is 10 miles away Saint-michel-lapujade, France is 10 miles away Sigoules, France is 10 miles away Virazeil, France is 10 miles away Agme, France is 11 miles away Allemans, France is 11 miles away Cuneges, France is 11 miles away Flaugeac, France is 11 miles away La Roquille, France is 11 miles away Labretonie, France is 11 miles away Marmande, France is 11 miles away Saint-aubin-de-cadelech, France is 11 miles away Saint-ferme, France is 11 miles away Saint-martin-petit, France is 11 miles away Saint-pardoux-du-breuil, France is 11 miles away Sainte-bazeille, France is 11 miles away Singleyrac, France is 11 miles away Caplong, France is 12 miles away Douzains, France is 12 miles away Fosses-et-baleyssac, France is 12 miles away Hautesvignes, France is 12 miles away Lalandusse, France is 12 miles away Lamothe-landerron, France is 12 miles away Pomport, France is 12 miles away Portail, France is 12 miles away Razac-de-saussignac, France is 12 miles away Roquebrune, France is 12 miles away Sadillac, France is 12 miles away Saint-andre-et-appelles, France is 12 miles away Saint-capraise, France is 12 miles away Saint-capraise-d eymet, France is 12 miles away Tombeboeuf, France is 12 miles away Tourtres, France is 12 miles away Aurioles, France is 13 miles away Brech, France is 13 miles away Caumont-sur-garonne, France is 13 miles away Couthures-sur-garonne, France is 13 miles away Gontaud, France is 13 miles away Jusix, France is 13 miles away La Ferriere, France is 13 miles away Les Leves, France is 13 miles away Massugas, France is 13 miles away Montpouillan, France is 13 miles away Monviel, France is 13 miles away Neuffons, France is 13 miles away Pellegrue, France is 13 miles away Pineuilh, France is 13 miles away Rimons, France is 13 miles away Rouffignac, France is 13 miles away Rouffignac-de-sigoules, France is 13 miles away Saint-philippe-du-seignal, France is 13 miles away Saussignac, France is 13 miles away Vares, France is 13 miles away Verteuil-d agenais, France is 13 miles away Villebramar, France is 13 miles away Cazaugitat, France is 14 miles away Eynesse, France is 14 miles away Fauguerolles, France is 14 miles away Fourques, France is 14 miles away Fourques-sur-garonne, France is 14 miles away Gardonne, France is 14 miles away Georges, France is 14 miles away Hure, France is 14 miles away Le Monteil, France is 14 miles away Marcellus, France is 14 miles away Monbahus, France is 14 miles away Montauriol, France is 14 miles away Port-sainte-foy-et-ponchapt, France is 14 miles away Ribagnac, France is 14 miles away Saint-hilaire-de-la-noaille, France is 14 miles away Saint-sauveur-de-meilhan, France is 14 miles away Sainte-foy-la-grande, France is 14 miles away Bouniagues, France is 15 miles away Bourdelles, France is 15 miles away Brugnac, France is 15 miles away Capdeville, France is 15 miles away Colombie, France is 15 miles away Coubeyrac, France is 15 miles away Coulx, France is 15 miles away Fauillet, France is 15 miles away Gensac, France is 15 miles away Landerrouet, France is 15 miles away Listrac, France is 15 miles away Listrac-de-dineze, France is 15 miles away Listrac-de-dureze, France is 15 miles away Meilhan-sur-garonne, France is 15 miles away Mesterrieux, France is 15 miles away Monbazillac, France is 15 miles away Montagoudin, France is 15 miles away Saint-antoine-de-breuilh, France is 15 miles away Saint-laurent-des-vignes, France is 15 miles away Saint-maurice-de-lestapel, France is 15 miles away Saint-pierre-d eyraud, France is 15 miles away Saint-quentin-du-dropt, France is 15 miles away Click to See place names or View Visual Places on Map Click to go to the top or View Visual Radius on Map World Distances Need to calculate a distance for Allemans-du-dropt, France - use this Allemans-du-dropt distance calculator. To view distances for France alone this France distance calculator If you have a question relating to this area then we'd love to hear it! Chec out our facebook, G+ or Twitter pages above! Don't forget you can increase the radius in the tool above to 50, 100 or 1000 miles to get a list of towns or cities that are in the vicinity of or are local to Allemans-du-dropt. You can also specify a list of towns or places that you want returned between two distances in both Miles(mi) or Kilometres (km) . Europe Distances results returned are limited for each query	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.898902177810669, "perplexity": 9805.450467744722}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371893683.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410075105-20200410105605-00029.warc.gz"}
https://brilliant.org/problems/good-for-15-seconds-question-part-3/	# There is a quick way to solve problems like this Algebra Level 2 $\begin{eqnarray} m\times a\times t & =& \frac {1}{8} \\ m\times a\times h & =& 32 \\ m\times t\times h & =& \frac{1}{3} \\ a\times t\times h & =& 162 \\ \end{eqnarray}$ Given that $$m,a,t,h$$ are elements of real numbers that satisfy the equations above. Find the value of $$m\times a\times t\times h$$. ×	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5477088093757629, "perplexity": 296.15405947272495}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590074.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718080513-20180718100513-00603.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/102988-how-achieve-desired-result-reducing-numerator-denominator-simultaneously-print.html	# How to achieve a desired result by reducing numerator and denominator simultaneously • September 18th 2009, 12:42 PM cz22 How to achieve a desired result by reducing numerator and denominator simultaneously Hi, hopefully someone can help, am not all that mathematically minded!! If I have the following Numerator 300 Denominator 250 Divide them I get 1.2 I need to attain a result of 1.25. How can I calculate the minimum amount to subtract off both to attain this result. If I take 1 off the numerator I must take 1 off the denominator, if 2 off the numerator then 2 off the denominator and so on. Any help greatly appreciated, are there excel functions to these effect? add ins? • September 18th 2009, 12:55 PM e^(ipi) Quote: Originally Posted by cz22 Hi, hopefully someone can help, am not all that mathematically minded!! If I have the following Numerator 300 Denominator 250 Divide them I get 1.2 I need to attain a result of 1.25. How can I calculate the minimum amount to subtract off both to attain this result. If I take 1 off the numerator I must take 1 off the denominator, if 2 off the numerator then 2 off the denominator and so on. Any help greatly appreciated, are there excel functions to these effect? add ins? There is a probable chance that I've misread this question >.< $\frac{300-x}{250-x} = \frac{5}{4}$ Solve for x Spoiler: $4(300-x) = 5(250-x)$ $1200 - 4x = 1250 - 5x$ $x = 50$ • September 18th 2009, 01:10 PM cz22 You'll have to spell it out to me... apologies it's been too long since I last sat in a maths class! • September 18th 2009, 01:13 PM e^(ipi) Quote: Originally Posted by cz22 You'll have to spell it out to me... apologies it's been too long since I last sat in a maths class! Did you check the spoiler? $1.25 = \frac{5}{4}$. I used fractions for the fun of it. You say you have to subtract the same amount from both the top and the bottom until the quotient equals the value above. To determine this number we give it a letter to make it easier to find. In this case it's x. x is defined as the value that will make the above part correct. As it has to be the same both values must be x so we have an equation in x and only x. Therefore we can solve like any fraction to find x • September 18th 2009, 02:16 PM cz22 Many thanks, never used the site before, didn't notice the spoiler.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 5, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8002883791923523, "perplexity": 735.3491458314977}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824146.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00232-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/464605/coordinate-functions-on-the-structure-sheaf-definition-of-a-smooth-manifold/473743	# “Coordinate functions” on the structure-sheaf definition of a smooth manifold I've been reading Bredon's Topology and Geometry recently; what an excellent book! He defines smooth manifolds in two distinct ways and then shows they are in fact equivalent. The "non-standard" definition is in terms of some sheaf-like "functional structure $F_X$ " on the underlying space $X$, satisfying the following properties: for every open set $U \subset X,$ we have 1. $F_X(U)$ is a subalgebra of the algebra of continuous real-valued functions on $U$; 2. $F_X(U)$ contains all constant functions; 3. $V \subset U, f \in F_X(U) \implies f\|_V \in F_X(V)$; 4. $U = \bigcup U_{\alpha}$ and $f\|_{U_{\alpha}} \in F_X(U_{\alpha})$ for all $\alpha \implies f \in F_X(U).$ A morphism of functionally structured spaces $(X,F_X) \rightarrow (Y,F_Y)$ is a map $\phi:X \rightarrow Y$ such that $f \mapsto f \circ \phi$ carries $F_Y(U)$ into $F_X(\phi^{-1}(U))$. Then a smooth $n$-manifold is a second countable, functionally structured, Hausdorff space $(M^n,F)$ which is locally isomorphic to $(\mathbb{R}^n,C^{\infty}).$ My question: to familiarize myself with the definition I have attempted the following exercise: Show that a second countable Hausdorff space $X$ with a functional structure $F$ is an $n$-manifold $\iff$ every point in $X$ has a neighborhood $U$ such that there are functions $f_1,\ldots,f_n \in F(U)$ such that a real-valued function $g$ on $U$ is in $F(U) \iff$ there exists a smooth function $h(x_1,\ldots,x_n)$ of $n$ real variables such that $g(p) = h(f_1(p),\ldots,f_n(p))$ for every $p \in U.$ The only part that I haven't been able to complete is the "$\Longleftarrow$" direction. That is, given the $n$ "coordinate functions" $f_i$, and given a point $x \in X$ and a neighborhood $U \ni x$ I, have constructed a morphism $\phi:(U,F_U) \rightarrow (\phi(U),C^{\infty})$ via $\phi(x) = (f_1(x),\ldots,f_n(x)).$ But for the life of me, I don't see how I could show that this is actually an isomorphism. Any hint toward the answer would be greatly appreciated! - possible duplicate of Functionally structured spaces and manifolds – Zhen Lin Aug 10 '13 at 23:16 @ZhenLin Oh, my bad. If I am reading correctly, does this mean that the problem as stated above is false? – A.P. Aug 11 '13 at 16:03 @Alex P. Yes, it is false. I provide an asnwer below. – John Aug 22 '13 at 18:32 The implication $\Leftarrow$ you are considering is false. The functionally structured space $(\mathbb{R},F)$ I defined here provides a counterexample. It is not an smooth manifold yet it verifies the property you mention. For every $x\in\mathbb{R}$ we can take any open interval $I$ containing $x$, and let $f_{1}$ be any function in $F(I)$ (recall that $F(I)$ consists only of constant functions). If $g\in F(I)$ and we let $h=g$ we have that $h$ is smooth of 1 real variable such that $g(y)=h(f_{1}(y))$ for all $y\in I$. On the other hand, suppose that there is a smooth function of 1 real variable $h$ such that for a continuous $g:I\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ we have $g(y)=h(f_{1}(y))$ for all $y\in I$. Then since $f_{1}$ is constant, say $f_{1}\equiv c\in\mathbb{R}$, we get $g(y)=h(c)$ for all $y\in I$, i.e., $g\in F(I)$. If you add the additional hypothesis that $\phi$ is locally invertible then the implication $\Leftarrow$ is true. Other hypotheses may also work. Othe links to problems on that section of Bredon's book are this, this and this. - Thanks, John. Would you mind explaining why your counterexample works (more precisely, why the hypotheses are satisfied)? I assume you let $f = id$, as I see no other plausible candidate. But then it's not true that $g(p) = h(p)$ for some smooth $h$ implies that $g$ is locally constant. – A.P. Aug 23 '13 at 15:49 @ Alex P. I edited my answer. I hope it helps. $f_{1}=id$ will not work. Just let $f_{1}$ be any constant function. – John Aug 24 '13 at 1:21 Ah, excellent! I don't know why I didn't think of constant functions. Thank you very much, John. – A.P. Aug 27 '13 at 14:20 No problem. I edited the question and added some links to questions related to the problems of the section you are reading. I am myself stuck on problem 5 p.71 (see the last link I added at the end of my answer) – John Aug 27 '13 at 14:25	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9751322269439697, "perplexity": 178.25083456917153}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775404.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00113-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.impan.pl/cgi-bin/dict?out	## out Choose one out of these ten. in nine cases out of ten Define $a_k$ to be the probability that exactly $k$ out of the $2n$ values $X_i$ exceed $T$, conditional on $X_0>T$. The only edges out of 3 lead to 2 or into $B$. It is clear that (up to set-theoretic niceties) this defines a partial order on the class of $R$-equivalence classes of Borel maps out of the given space $X$. A second technique for creating new triangulations out of old ones is central retriangulation. The detailed analysis of ...... is carried out in Section 2. This term drops out when $f$ is differentiated. We were surprised to find out that ...... $\langle$at finding out that ......$\rangle$ This accords with the intuition that as we pass down the coding tree, we find out more and more detailed information about the ordering actually represented. Our study grew out of some valuable conversations with Kirk Douglas. We lay out the details of this generalization in the first part of this paper. The image of $U$ under $f$ misses out more than three points of the sphere. Then $A=B$, as one sees by multiplying out the product on the right. One unusual feature of the solution should be pointed out. To round out the picture presented by Theorem 5, we mention the following consequence of ...... The possibility $A=B$ is ruled out in the same way. By modifying the technique set out [= presented] in [3], we obtain ...... With this definition of a tree, no vertex is singled out as the root. It turns out that these properties play no role in the proof. By writing out the appropriate equations, we see that this is equivalent to ...... Go to the list of words starting with: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w y z	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7386330962181091, "perplexity": 261.1518502223966}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011338837/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092218-00079-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/21681/are-information-conservation-and-energy-conservation-related	Are information conservation and energy conservation related? as evident from the title, are both, conservation of energy and conservation of information two sides of the same coin?? Is there something more to the hypothesis of hawking's radiation other than the fact that information cannot be lost? or can I say energy cannot be lost?? - First of all I do not think that conservation of information is an established statement. It seems to be an open problem still as far as black holes go. Even if true, it is a different type of conservation, analogous to the unitarity requirements of a system of functions or phase space considerations. From the conclusions of a paper by Hawking : In this paper, I have argued that quantum gravity is unitary and information is preserved in black hole formation and evaporation. I assume the evolution is given by a Euclidean path integral over metrics of all topologies. The integral over topologically trivial metrics can be done by dividing the time interval into thin slices and using a linear interpolation to the metric in each slice. The integral over each slice will be unitary and so the whole path integral will be unitary. On the other hand, the path integral over topologically non trivial metrics will lose information and will be asymptotically independent of its initial conditions. Thus the total path integral will be unitary and quantum mechanics is safe. How does information get out of a black hole? My work with Hartle[8] showed the radiation could be thought of as tunnelling out from inside the black hole. It was therefore not unreasonable to suppose that it could carry information out of the black hole. This explains how a black hole can form and then give out the information about what is inside it while remaining topologically trivial. There is no baby universe branching off, as I once thought. The information remains firmly in our universe. I’m sorry to disappoint science fiction fans, but if information is preserved, there is no possibility of using black holes to travel to other universes. If you jump into a black hole, your mass energy will be returned to our universe but in a mangled form which contains the information about what you were like but in a state where it can not be easily recognized. It is like burning an encyclopedia. Information is not lost, if one keeps the smoke and the ashes. But it is difficult to read. In practice, it would be too difficult to re-build a macroscopic object like an encyclopedia that fell inside a black hole from information in the radiation, but the information preserving result is important for microscopic processes involving virtual black holes. If these had not been unitary, there would have been observable effects, like the decay of baryons. Energy is a conserved quantity because of Noether's theorem: wherever it holds, energy is conserved. In extreme General Relativity scenaria energy itself loses its meaning, whereas phase space and unitarity may hold and if Hawking is correct, information is conserved. So energy conservation and possible conservation of information are two unconnected effects. - if conservation of information is not observed..doesn't that mean it is possible to violate 2nd law of thermodynamics? – Vineet Menon Mar 2 '12 at 6:51 @VineetMenon When one goes to the statistical mechanics picture the second law is seen as an envelope and not as a law, because microstates exist that if found would violate the second law, and the whole argument goes into probabilities. Entropy as information is tied to the statistical mechanics formulation and so it is an open question as far as I know or can find. – anna v Mar 2 '12 at 9:30 see this video at youtube youtube.com/watch?v=tpjUtQxKjQ4 Susskind here says "Conservation Of Information" as fundamental principle of Physics... – Vineet Menon Mar 5 '12 at 12:32 And as my physics professor said 65 years ago,"problem number one has been reduced to problem number 2". from the video you provided "why these two realities seem to coexist is the biggest puzzle physics needs to solve" . Conservation of information as far as I have been taught and know is not one of the pillars of physics. It may be true, but at this level it is a belief, not a law commensurate with other conservation laws. – anna v Mar 5 '12 at 15:30 Conservation of mass-energy is an extremely well-defined and exhaustively proven concept. However, as was aptly noted in the earlier answer to your question, "conservation of information" has a far less solid status. For example, some interpretations of quantum mechanics would assert that you can retract or erase information under very carefully defined circumstances. In that view, the idea of conservation of information would at the very least have to be defined with great care. So to avoid getting into issues of terminology, let me suggest instead a somewhat different phrasing of your question: For a given level of mass-energy in some region of space, what is the maximum amount of information that can be stored without loss (conserved) within that space? One end of that question is particularly easy to address: If a region of space has zero mass-energy for the time over which it is to store information, it also has zero ability to store information. It would make a really bad memory cell! I should mention for clarity that doing something like adding a particle to that region to create a "1" would be cheating, since it would mean your real memory cell consisted of the empty space plus wherever you were stashing the spare particle. Alas, anything above that simple minimum of zero information storage for zero mass gets a bit more complicated, pun intended. One complication is that low-mass particles just don't want to stay in place within a limited region. So if you for example you tried to code a "1" by putting an electron on one side of small cube of space, you would find that over time the location of your electron (and thus your memory cell) would become increasingly uncertain. That is not something you can engineer away, at least not for a single particle in a vacuum. That's because the location of small masses must be described by wave functions, and wave functions always spread out over time. The problem is not that different from pouring a cup of water onto the surface of a pond and hoping for some reason it will just stay on the surface. Waves are waves, and wave functions like to spread. Atoms get around this problem by steering the electron waves around in very tight loops (via electrostatic attraction), so perhaps atoms could solve the problem? Alas, what you would find by replacing electrons with atoms is that the atoms also spread like waves, albeit far more slowly than the electrons did. In fact, you can't completely win on this problem. More mass slows the spread, but even a baseball sitting in an impossibly perfect, absolutely pristine, and radiation-free vacuum would slowly start to spread like a wave, and thus very slowly lose track of its position over enough time. You can also use other masses or particles to keep bouncing the memory part around to keep it in place, but of course the very act of banging things into your memory will introduce some dangers of losing information. The "banging" nonetheless works pretty well for classical systems, and that is what we do with most real memories: We embed them in solid objects that keep them mostly in place. But there is a limit even there, since solid memories still rely ultimately on basic particles. The wave function drift issue has a real impact, for example, on the design of flash memories. Those work by trying to keep small numbers of electrons corralled into very small spaces. One of the reasons why flash drives specify limits (e.g. 10 years) on how long they can retain information is because those electrons tend to forget where they are, even with all of the barriers that the solid flash chips put into effect to try to keep them corralled. So let's accept that as given, something perhaps for a bumper sticker: Drift Happens. So, ignoring drift, can you code anything with certainty onto a very light particle? Oddly enough, the answer is yes. The smallest possible bit of matter that is willing to stay in one place for a decent span of time is the electron (or its antimatter equivalent, the positron). This simple particle has a quantum form of angular momentum called spin, and it has it in the absolute smallest unit that quantum mechanics allows. That's because angular momentum starts getting very "chunky" (quantum) at its lower limits, refusing to have any other than a small number of precisely defined values. The value in the case of the electron is 1/2 spin unit. (Why "1/2" is an interesting question all by itself.) It turns out that spin enables you to use such a particle as a perfect memory -- one that will not forget even over very long periods of time -- for exactly one quantity: An axis of rotation, called a spin vector, that points in whatever direction you last used to "read" the electron. Mind you, it's up to you and your memory reading machinery to make sure you remember the coordinate system that you used to set the electron. But since you cannot really talk about or even define information clearly without some kind of a reader apparatus, assuming such a reader is pretty much a necessity anyway. This is somewhat surprising, given quantum mechanics' reputation for making everything fuzzy. If your reader can only handle one axis in space for setting and reading electrons, then every electron can store exactly one bit of information, since the electron can rotate in either of two directions around that axis. Using individual electron spin axes to store bits pushes hard on quantum physics, yet also gives an experimentally meaningful ratio of bits-to-mass: one bit per electron mass. Since the electron is the smallest stable particle that can stay in place for a while to act as a memory, it's a decent ballpark for maximum realizable storage. However, an electron can be pointed along any axis and remember it perfectly. So the idea can be asked: Why not store more information by pointing the electrons in many different directions? Well... you can certainly set the electrons up along different axes, but then quantum mechanics come back in to bite you, hard, when you try to read them. You see, the 100% certainty guarantee for reading a bit applies only if you are extremely careful to measure the electron along exactly the same axis that you used to set it. Deviate even a tiny bit from that axis, and quantum uncertainty starts to creep in. In fact, if you try measuring the electron at an angle 90 degree off from the axis you used to set it, the stored data becomes 100% irretrievable -- you just get random noise! Your memory has "forgotten" everything. So, short of building a separate reader for every axis and thereby defeating the whole goal of achieving high bit-to-mass ratios, trying to use multiple axes just causes your memory to become less reliable. Only at zero deviation from the axis used to set the electron does it act like a reliable memory. You can use statistical methods to try to fix things up, but what you'll find if with that route is that you can never exceed than the one-bit-per-electron storage density of perfect alignment. So at least for this approach -- there may be others -- that's the best I can do to answer your question. The relationship between conservation of mass-energy and conservation (as in storage) of information is that you can reliably store one bit of information, more-or-less indefinitely, for every electron mass in your storage medium. And how much data does that work out to be? About $1.1 × 10^{30}$ bits, or $1.2 × 10^{14}$ petabytes, per kilogram. That's a lot of bits! - when you say "exhaustively proven concept", what exactly do you mean by proven? – William Apr 3 '13 at 6:54 It's not mathematically proven, if that is your question. When I said "Conservation of mass-energy is an extremely well-defined and exhaustively proven concept," I was referring to a very rich and now centuries-old set of accepted literature and results that indicate you don't just get energy for nothing, nor can you get rid of it. The equation $E^2 = p^2c^2 + m^2c^4$ (the classic $E=mc^2$ is a simplification of that for unmoving mass) cleaned up the rule a bit, but did not change the rigidity with which the total conservation of energy, mass, and momentum is observed experimentally. – Terry Bollinger Apr 3 '13 at 16:07	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6957271099090576, "perplexity": 501.67283373620904}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609527423.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005207-00574-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://operativeneurosurgery.com/doku.php?id=incidence	# Operative Neurosurgery incidence ## Incidence Incidence is a measure of the probability of occurrence of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time. Although sometimes loosely expressed simply as the number of new cases during some time period, it is better expressed as a proportion or a rate with a denominator. Prevalence is contrasted with incidence, which is a measure of new cases arising in a population over a given period (month, year, etc.). The difference between prevalence and incidence can be summarized thus: prevalence answers “How many people have this disease right now?” and incidence answers “How many people per year newly acquire this disease?”. Incidence proportion (also known as cumulative incidence) is the number of new cases within a specified time period divided by the size of the population initially at risk. For example, if a population initially contains 1,000 non-diseased persons and 28 develop a condition over two years of observation, the incidence proportion is 28 cases per 1,000 persons, i.e. 2.8%.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9425532221794128, "perplexity": 787.5532789178137}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202476.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321010720-20190321032720-00007.warc.gz"}
https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/30227/the-purpose-of-advertising-for-pepsi	# The purpose of advertising for Pepsi What is the purpose of advertising for companies like Pepsi who advertise the same product and every person in the modern world knows about it? Why waste money? Advertising is hard to understand if you take classroom economics models too literally. I highly recommend diving into the literature on behavioural economics if you are truly interested. But for the purposes of your question, Pepsi runs advertising because it operates in a market in which consumer choice is primarily driven by two sources of cognitive bias: the anchoring and the availability heuristic. On the one hand, new customers are born every day, and if Pepsi doesn't run advertising then those new customers will see a Coke ad first. On the other, since existing customers don't actually make purchasing decisions based on a careful weighting of product merit, they need to be reminded that Pepsi exists and that there are warm, fuzzy feelings associated with the brand. This way, when they find themselves craving something to drink, Pepsi might be the brand that comes most readily to mind, because it's the last soft drink ad they saw. This is just my opinion (built on some of the theory, but by no means do I claim it is the Complete Truth), but the anchoring heuristic in particular seems to explain brand loyalty in the cola market. I grew up in the era of the "blind taste test" and my takeaway from those social experiments is that when the most significant product differentiation is along branding lines, consumers will tend to just stick with whatever product they encounter first, because absent labeling and the social utility that comes from a trite form of tribalism, the consumer is indifferent to the choice. My three ideas: Industrial organization theory would suggest that a Pepsi or Coca-Cola (selling rather high quality "top shelf" cola drink) would want to "signal" that fact to others. This is sometimes referred to as "money burning" effort. The idea is "because we sell high quality product, we can afford to advertise SO MUCH - once consumers buy our product, they will realize that it is, in fact, high quality and will buy more in the future". Companies selling "lower quality" colas cannot afford to spend that much - therefore, advertising expenditures may be used to signal product quality. If consumers value quality, then no advertising might be worse than advertising, even considering the savings in expenditures. In general, the equilibrium with more advertising might be more efficient than the equilibrium without advertising. Next, from the Dorfman-Steiner theorem, you get that advertising($$A$$) to revenue($$R$$) ratio should be: $$\frac{A}{R}=\frac{p-MC}{p}\eta_A=\frac{\eta_A}{-\eta_p}$$ where $$\eta_A$$ is demand elasticity with respect to advertising expenditure (it basically measures how much % quantity demanded increases when advertising expenditures increase by 1%), and $$\eta_p$$ is just price elasticity of demand. Hence, the greater the consumers responsiveness to advertising and the lower the responsiveness to price, the larger will be the optimal level of advertising relative to sales. Soft drink markets are considered to be rather ad-elastic and price elastic. BUT at the same time, brands like Pepsi or Coca-Cola have relatively stronger consumer loyalty than other brands. Meaning that, if the price will increase by too much, consumers might buy less but not necessarily will switch to other cola brands. Thus, it might be a case that the demand is actually (pretty) inelastic that then makes advertising relatively profitable. For yet another argument we would have to think what kind of market Pepsi is operating on. I am not an expert on cola drinks market but I would assume that it is something in between oligopoly (with two leaders, the only ones I can name from the top of my head: Pepsi and Coca-Cola) and monopolistic competition as the number of participants increase. According to Dixit and Norman (1978) output on markets defined that way is "the output is initially inefficiently low". They also show that profit maximization leads to an excessive level of advertising. The things is that when the firms maximize profits, they do not take into account the fact that the consumer will end up paying a higher price to cover the cost of the advertising: a small decrease in advertising from the profit maximizing level would benefit the consumer more than it would hurt the firms. Dixit, A. and Norman, V., (1978), Advertising and Welfare, Bell Journal of Economics, 9, issue 1, p. 1-17. As an economist, I think, Pepsi Co would want their product to have inelastic demand. • This does not provide an answer to the question. To critique or request clarification from an author, leave a comment below their post. - From Review Jul 21, 2019 at 22:30 • Don't you let the author decide on the satisfactory answer? Jul 22, 2019 at 22:10 • Thought police! Jul 23, 2019 at 2:01 • If this the first time you see a review action, reading the site (or network) faq may be useful. Jul 23, 2019 at 2:04 • Poor answer m8 ngl Jul 27, 2019 at 14:39	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 5, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4229204058647156, "perplexity": 1698.3575296886295}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662546071.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522190453-20220522220453-00737.warc.gz"}
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/80207	## The accordion experiment, a simple approach to three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy As a simple approach to 3-dimensional NMR spectroscopy a novel type of expt. is proposed in which the dimension is reduced from 3 to 2 by synchronous incrementation of evolution period t, and the mixing time tm parameters: tm = Kt1. Because of the concerted stretching of the pulse sequence, this expt. is referred to as accordion spectroscopy. The salient feature of the novel expt. is the accommodation of 2-dimensional information along a single time or frequency axis. In complete analogy to std. 2-dimensional exchange spectroscopy, the peak positions in an accordion spectrum characterize the origin (w1) and destination (w2) of the exchanging magnetization. The 3rd dimension (wm) is reflected in the lineshape along the w1, wm axis. These lineshapes correspond to Fourier transforms with respect to tm of the mixing functions aii(tm) and aij(tm), and contain all information relevant to the dynamic processes. These mixing functions can be retrieved from an accordion spectrum by a 3rd (reverse) Fourier transformation for any pair of sites i and j. [on SciFinder (R)] Published in: Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 45, 2, 367-73 Year: 1981 Laboratories:	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8257398009300232, "perplexity": 2267.2950155419085}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946578.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424080851-20180424100851-00248.warc.gz"}
https://www2.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~pyrih/e/e2001v2/c/ect/node49.html	Next: Arc-like (chainable) continua Up: Elementary examples Previous: Sin curve ## Cantor organ and accordion The Cantor organ is the union of the product of the Cantor ternary set and the unit interval and all segments of the form or , where (, resp.) is the closure of a component of of length ( ), [Kuratowski 1968, p. 191]. See Figure A. 1. is an arc-like continuum which is irreducible between points and , where , and has exactly four end points. 2. It has uncountably many arc components. A variation of the Cantor organ is the Cantor accordion which is defined as the monotone image of under a map that shrinks horizontal bars and to points [Kuratowski 1968, p. 191]. See Figure B. Besides the above properties, Here you can find source files of this example. Here you can check the table of properties of individual continua. Here you can read Notes or write to Notes ies of individual continua. Next: Arc-like (chainable) continua Up: Elementary examples Previous: Sin curve Janusz J. Charatonik, Pawel Krupski and Pavel Pyrih 2001-11-30	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9556806087493896, "perplexity": 2984.4682145577017}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662572800.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524110236-20220524140236-00189.warc.gz"}
https://fr.maplesoft.com/support/help/view.aspx?path=DocumentTools/CreateTask&L=F	DocumentTools create a task from a worksheet and store in a Maple help database Parameters content - {string, XML tree} ; string or XML tree structure containing a valid XML description of a task template t - string ; name of the task h - string ; (optional) path to the help database file in which to store the task (default: your default tasks.help file) Description • The CreateTask function creates a task from worksheet content and stores it in a help database file. • The task content should be the XML for a complete worksheet. This can be obtained, for example, with the command FileTools[Text][ReadFile]( "worksheetname.mw" ), where "worksheetname.mw" is the path to a stored Maple worksheet. • The h option, which specifies the path to the help database in which to store the task, can be fully qualified or relative to currentdir. • For information regarding the specification of filename and pathname, see filename and backslash. Examples > $\mathrm{with}\left(\mathrm{DocumentTools}\right):$ > $\mathrm{CreateTask}\left("string of XML of worksheet",\mathrm{task}="my task"\right)$ Compatibility • The DocumentTools[CreateTask] command was introduced in Maple 16.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7071312665939331, "perplexity": 2801.5416623175174}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710691.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129100233-20221129130233-00492.warc.gz"}
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/chat/electronics-workbench-material-recommendations/msg191400/	### Author Topic: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? (Read 18757 times) 0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. #### lewis • Frequent Contributor • Posts: 702 • Country: • Nullius in verba ##### Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « on: February 09, 2013, 09:09:07 pm » I'm building a new workbench in the workshop and would like some recommendations on a suitable material with the following criteria: • ~4m long • 900mm-1m deep (yes, it's deep) • >18mm thick • White / beige / light coloured and uniform colour • Resistant to soldering iron burns • Hard (enough to poke a screw in by hand without leaving an indentation) • Not silky smooth like marble or granite (although that would make one hell of a workbench) • Chamfered/rounded front edge It's a permanent workbench - not freestanding - so I'd like to be able to buy the material in 8' x 4' sheets or similar. I've always used plywood and am considering birch ply, buy would like something a bit better. Maybe there's some fancy laminate available that isn't kitchen worksurface? This kind of thing looks good: http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lfd3uiIDMD1qfhnbxo1_500.jpg Any recommendations? What do you guys use? I will not be pushed, filed, stamped, indexed, briefed, debriefed or numbered. #### houdini • Regular Contributor • Posts: 104 ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #1 on: February 09, 2013, 09:55:20 pm » so like Formica or something? that stuff works fine for me. #### helloworld922 • Regular Contributor • Posts: 57 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #2 on: February 09, 2013, 10:47:07 pm » Possibly masonite or MDF? These are both decently tough, and I've used MDF for cheap welding jigs. The 2x2 spacers would burst into flames if I stayed in one spot too long, but I think for the most part the MDF was ok. #### Thor-Arne • Supporter • Posts: 503 • Country: • tinker - tinker, little noob..... ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #3 on: February 09, 2013, 11:08:38 pm » Mine is made from pine floor boards glued and screwed together, 18095cm, 50mm (2") thick with a 60120cm ESD work surface. Firmly screwed to the wall so it won't move whatever i do. As happy as I can be with that, but I could always use more space. #### ErikTheNorwegian • Frequent Contributor • Posts: 462 • Country: • Asberger, aspi, HIGH function, nerd... ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #4 on: February 09, 2013, 11:15:40 pm » If you plan to use a blue anti static rubber matt like Dave's, and you live in a area that humidity do change. Paint the surfaces to seal them on both sides. Since some workbench plates that are not treated will bulge due to the fact that tree is a living matterial and it will dry unevenly . I made that experience. So i had to take the bench appart and paint the bench plates. The picture shows what happend after some days.. :-) The rubber matth did not allow the wood to dry equaly, so it curved. Under, the bench bottoms from Ikea. The hight is low, no base on them since i`m in a weelchair they are adapted to my sitting position. « Last Edit: February 09, 2013, 11:49:02 pm by ErikTheNorwegian » /Erik Goooood karma is flowing.. #### jaqie • Regular Contributor • Posts: 104 • Country: • Genuine Girl Techie ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #5 on: February 09, 2013, 11:22:31 pm » Why not contact a small precast concrete place and get a custom concrete surface made? This is how good custom countertops are made anyway and if I ever get my own place, I will definitely want this for my workspace surface. #### Thor-Arne • Supporter • Posts: 503 • Country: • tinker - tinker, little noob..... ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #6 on: February 09, 2013, 11:28:13 pm » @Erik: Yes, the bench is treated with varnish. @jaqie: Excellent idea, think I'll do that next time. #### smashedProton • Frequent Contributor • Posts: 644 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #7 on: February 10, 2013, 06:05:54 am » My workbench surface is a thick plywood with a thin sheet of oak on it. With a coating of stain and varnish. I made a novel little self supporting corner inspired by chris gammel's workbench. Mine is better O0 http://www.garrettbaldwin.com/ Invention, my dear friends, is 93% perspiration, 6% electricity, 4% evaporation, and 2% butterscotch ripple. #### lewis • Frequent Contributor • Posts: 702 • Country: • Nullius in verba ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #8 on: February 11, 2013, 08:55:05 am » Thanks for your suggestions, I love the concrete idea! Will try to find the laminate that proper laboratory benches are made from - that's kinda the thing I'm looking for. They use something called Trespa Athlon here: http://www.lab-tables.co.uk/construction.html I will not be pushed, filed, stamped, indexed, briefed, debriefed or numbered. #### EEVblog • Posts: 32481 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #9 on: February 11, 2013, 12:57:04 pm » My benches are IIRC 2.1m x 900mm x 30mm each, raw pine, and I've got 3 of them. I didn't bother protecting them. A blue rubber ESD mat is much better for that, you can get 10m rolls in 900m width. Dave. #### lewis • Frequent Contributor • Posts: 702 • Country: • Nullius in verba ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #10 on: February 11, 2013, 01:01:44 pm » My benches are IIRC 2.1m x 900mm x 30mm each, raw pine, and I've got 3 of them. I didn't bother protecting them. A blue rubber ESD mat is much better for that, you can get 10m rolls in 900m width. Dave. Where's a good place to get those mats from Dave? I will not be pushed, filed, stamped, indexed, briefed, debriefed or numbered. #### ivan747 • Super Contributor • Posts: 2023 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #11 on: February 11, 2013, 01:43:13 pm » What about that plywood with a fake kinda plastic top they use on some school tables? I think that would be better than particle board. The problem is you would have to stick some boards together to make something that large. #### G7PSK • Super Contributor • Posts: 3728 • Country: • It is hot until proved not. ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #12 on: February 11, 2013, 02:42:42 pm » I have used WBP phenolic resin (sometimes known as wesa board) concrete shuttering board for bench tops in the past, it is a plywood with a brown phenolic resin coating both sides one is usually smooth and the other side dimpled. The surface is so tough that you can hit it with a hammer and barely mark it. Most good builders merchants should stock as will most timber merchants. #### PaulAm • Frequent Contributor • Posts: 732 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #13 on: February 11, 2013, 02:48:43 pm » My bench is 2 sheets of 3/4 plywood with formica on top. I have a piece of trim on the edge which extends slightly above the surface to keep small parts from rolling off. #### Shale • Contributor • Posts: 43 ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #14 on: February 12, 2013, 12:29:10 am » You could always make the base out of plywood and then use a click type wood flooring for the finished surface. would look nice, fairly strong, and easily replaceable if you ever needed to. #### free_electron • Super Contributor • Posts: 7581 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #15 on: February 12, 2013, 01:53:43 am » Professional workbenches are made from a material called Trespa Toplab or Trespa Athlon. That stuff is indestructible. I had custom lab benches built by a local welder and have the working surface made from Trespa plates. You can let a hot soldering iron lay on that thing for 24 hours .. it doesn't even change color... you can pour whatever chemical on it : it won't react. You almost can't scratch it ( it laughs at those stanley boxcutters. All you end up with is a dull blade. not a scratch in sight ) . Drilling is near impossible ( to get through a 1/2 inch trespa plate with a regular HSS drill you will burn out 2 or 3 drill bits. You need diamond tipped carbide drills to get through it. Cutting is done with a diamond saw. Don't try to drill a hole and screw in a self-tapping screw. You'll rip the screw to shreds.( i tried it. Does'nt work. The screw went i 1/4 of an inch and then the screw head popped off leaving the stem sticking out... The material is simply too dense) To attach the plates you need to drill a hole , press in a copper insert with inside threads and then put a screw in the insert. It is a commonly used material for chemical or wet labs , operating rooms , hospitals ( they line the wall with a 5 inch wide band of Trespa where they run beds or carts into the wall. That stuff doesn't budge. More , if you throw E-coli and Staphylococcus Bacteria on it the Trespa kills them within 24 hours ! It's one hell of a material. The manufacturer will cut plates for you ( we bought them directly from the manufacturer. i had about 50 plates. ) Professional Electron Wrangler. Any comments, or points of view expressed, are my own and not endorsed , induced or compensated by my employer(s). #### senso • Frequent Contributor • Posts: 951 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #16 on: February 12, 2013, 02:09:13 am » That looks like the perfect material for the job, but I think thats expensive as well.. I have recently made a bench for all my electronics ramblings, it has two 400mm wide foots at each side with 5 drawer 500mm deep, the top is 2.4mx0.90m plywood, just for the looks, and on top it has tempered dark glass 8mm thick, with chanfered sides, its a pretty slick looking desk. #### lewis • Frequent Contributor • Posts: 702 • Country: • Nullius in verba ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #17 on: February 12, 2013, 01:21:41 pm » Professional workbenches are made from a material called Trespa Toplab or Trespa Athlon. That stuff is indestructible. I had custom lab benches built by a local welder and have the working surface made from Trespa plates. You can let a hot soldering iron lay on that thing for 24 hours .. it doesn't even change color... you can pour whatever chemical on it : it won't react. You almost can't scratch it ( it laughs at those stanley boxcutters. All you end up with is a dull blade. not a scratch in sight ) . Drilling is near impossible ( to get through a 1/2 inch trespa plate with a regular HSS drill you will burn out 2 or 3 drill bits. You need diamond tipped carbide drills to get through it. Cutting is done with a diamond saw. Don't try to drill a hole and screw in a self-tapping screw. You'll rip the screw to shreds.( i tried it. Does'nt work. The screw went i 1/4 of an inch and then the screw head popped off leaving the stem sticking out... The material is simply too dense) To attach the plates you need to drill a hole , press in a copper insert with inside threads and then put a screw in the insert. It is a commonly used material for chemical or wet labs , operating rooms , hospitals ( they line the wall with a 5 inch wide band of Trespa where they run beds or carts into the wall. That stuff doesn't budge. More , if you throw E-coli and Staphylococcus Bacteria on it the Trespa kills them within 24 hours ! It's one hell of a material. The manufacturer will cut plates for you ( we bought them directly from the manufacturer. i had about 50 plates. ) Cheers for that, just what I was looking for. I've ordered a couple of samples of Athlon from Trespa's site, if they turn up I'll report back! Could be 'fun' to work with by the sound of it... I will not be pushed, filed, stamped, indexed, briefed, debriefed or numbered. #### Slothie • Regular Contributor • Posts: 66 ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #18 on: February 12, 2013, 10:26:40 pm » In my last home where I had a workshop I used Kitchen worktop. Its heavy duty, and if you're on a budget you can get it really cheap if you go for slightly damaged stock. You would not believe how small a chip out of the surface makes the worktop effectively scrap. I think I got 10m of workbench for less than £30 (it was a while back mind) and most of the "damaged" bits got cut out or hidden under machine tools! I made the supporting structure out of 40mm square pine, with ply gussets for strength. On the surface I had some conductive anti-static mat one end for ESD. It supported a V8 engine and gearbox which I was stripping down so it was pretty strong! (For that I used some old industrial carpet to protect the laminate surface from the pointy bits of the engine!!) I miss that ole bench! #### george graves • Super Contributor • Posts: 1259 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #19 on: February 12, 2013, 11:35:10 pm » I'm using an interior door as a desk top. Stays nice and flat. I picked one up with out any of the holes cut into it or any of the recesses for the holes. I think I paid $25 or so. You can't get much cheaper than that for a nice flat large surface. Some of the cheaper one are made a bit too thin - but if you shop around you'll find a hollow core door that feels really sturdy. I've even stood on mine. #### EEVblog • Administrator • Posts: 32481 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #20 on: February 12, 2013, 11:43:13 pm » Where's a good place to get those mats from Dave? Have to google your own country I'm afraid. Not cheap to send international. Dave. #### sanka • Contributor • Posts: 20 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #21 on: February 13, 2013, 01:06:16 am » Where's a good place to get those mats from Dave? Have to google your own country I'm afraid. Not cheap to send international. Dave. In the U.S., I have found http://www.all-spec.com to have good quality and price. I prefer the 2-layer rubber matting over the 3-layer vinyl because it has no trouble with high heat -- like if I drop soldering iron / hot solder on it. Although the 3-layer vinyl mat is thicker, it isn't as resistant to high heat as the 2-layer rubber. It mars the surface if you touch it with soldering iron. Recently, I think I paid around$75, including shipping, for a 2 ft x 6 ft rubber mat with two snaps and wrist strap. It is about $10-$15 cheaper if you just want the mat and want to add the snaps yourself. As Dave says, it might be too expensive to ship overseas. But at least you can use all-spec's prices as a reference when you shop where you are. I have also seen detailed test data posted at all-spec's site for these mats. They probably supply a lot to large companies that demand such test reports. #### lewis • Frequent Contributor • Posts: 702 • Country: • Nullius in verba ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #22 on: February 13, 2013, 09:20:20 am » Farnell seems top have quite a range: ESD Mats, most notably this http://uk.farnell.com/vermason/228246/bench-mat-roll-blue-1-22x10m/dp/1833422 and this http://uk.farnell.com/multicomp/082-0044/smooth-esd-bench-mat-blue-1-2x10m/dp/1687910 and also this: http://www.teknis.co.uk/p-1152-esd-bench-matting-rubber.aspx amongst others, but I have absolutely no idea if they're any good, or what they feel like to work on, or how resistant they are to solvents, heat or physical abuse. We're always chucking heavy / sharp / hot items on and off the bench and it needs to be very sturdy and I'd prefer to go on recommendation. We don't actually bother with antistatic protection on the bench at the moment, the surface of the plywood bench, and the floor, have a resistance of between 900M-1.5GR to mains earth (measured at 500V with an insulation resistance tester - when I saw the result I didn't believe it, but it is repeatable and a couple of layers of insulating tape is enough to kill it). It will be interesting to see if the Trespa samples encourage accumulation of charge. I will not be pushed, filed, stamped, indexed, briefed, debriefed or numbered. #### free_electron • Super Contributor • Posts: 7581 • Country: ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #23 on: February 13, 2013, 02:49:25 pm » Never had problems with static on the trespa material. I dont know its electrical properties but can safely say that in the 10 years i had that lab noone reported any static discharges. Remember that this stuff is used in chemical labs where they often have flammable stuff around. Professional Electron Wrangler. Any comments, or points of view expressed, are my own and not endorsed , induced or compensated by my employer(s). #### poorchava • Super Contributor • Posts: 1639 • Country: • Troll Cave Electronics! ##### Re: Electronics Workbench Material - Recommendations? « Reply #24 on: February 13, 2013, 03:48:23 pm » Maybe good old stainess steel (like 2-3mm thick) bolted to some plywood? It fulfills all the requirements, but is conductive (duh!). That Trespa material is really impressive. Can anyone disclose an approximate cost/area? (my guess: prohibitive) I love the smell of FR4 in the morning! 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https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/115624/whats-the-maximum-average-damage-that-can-be-dealt-in-one-round-by-a-20th-lev	# What's the maximum (average) damage that can be dealt in one round by a 20th level character with at least two levels of Fighter? What is the most effective way to use a level 20 character's (with two or more levels in fighter for Action Surge ability) in order to maximize single target damage done in one round? Rules/Restrictions: • Any race is allowed. • If there is a circumstantial bonus, such as Assassinate or Haste, please show each step in damage calculation • No magic items, charms, blessings, or epic boons. • No, the "damage done" can't be to yourself. • Vulnerability Damage caused by another player's action should not be considered. • Rogues may consider themselves to be targeting a Surprised creature. • You do not have advantage by default. If you can generate some advantage for yourself, then you may do so. • Consider your target to have AC20; Saving Throws Str +5, Dex +6, Con+5, Int +1, Wis +9, Cha +10; Skill Checks str(+5), dex(0), con(+5), int(+1), wis(+3), cha(+4); medium size... not dissimilar to a Death Knight. • You may have one non-combat round of setup. (Again. Yes, I know this is alpha damage / nova damage and isn't sustainable.) • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – mxyzplk Feb 25 '18 at 7:06 • @PeterCordes done and done. – goodguy5 Jan 7 at 12:40 Since the question states most effective way to deal max damage, I inferred that expected damage, which includes hit chance, critical hit chance, and saving throws, is the best metric (I have another answer for assuming perfect rolls, but that would be another question), so... # Expected damage is 564. Maximum is 648. Here's how: ## The Character Chloe is a level 20 Goblin {ASs: 9, 18, 10, 20, 8, 14} with these classes... • Wizard 17 ---------- [for Spells, Empowered Evocation, Alert feat and 3 ASI] • Fighter 2 ----------- [for Action Surge] • Warlock 1 ---------- [for Hexblade's Curse] ## The Preparation 1. Chloe casts wish replicating the effect of hallow with Energy Vulnerability on force damage within 60 feet of the target. ## The Round 2. Chloe casts magic missle (level 8 spell slot) applying Fury of the Small. 3. Chloe uses Action Surge. 4. Chloe casts magic missle (level 7 spell slot). ## The Calculation • All force damage is doubled from hallow's Energy Vulnerability... • The target never enters the area • Chance target goes first: 15.125% (using optional rule for ties to avoid DM fiat) • Chance to save: +10 vs 19 DC = 60% • totals to 1 - (0.151250.6) = 90.925% chance • Each dart from the first magic missle deals... • 1d4 + 1 + 5 (Empowered Evocation) + 6 (Hexblade's Curse) force damage • 10 darts, doubled 90.925% of the time = 19.90925 multiplier • Expected: (2.5 + 12)19.0925 = 276.84125 [Max: 320] • Each dart from the second magic missle deals... • 1d4 + 1 + 5 (Empowered Evocation) + 6 (Hexblade's Curse) force damage • 9 darts, doubled 90.925% of the time = 17.18325 multiplier • Expected: (2.5 + 12)17.18325 = 249.157125 [Max: 288] • Fury of the Small deals... • 1 use per short rest, doubled 90.925% of the time = 1.90925 multiplier • Expected: 201.90925 = 38.185 [Max: 40] Total expected: 564.183375 [Max: 648] Note: This assumes that the target chooses to make the Charisma save against hallow; it doesn't have to. If not, the expected damage increases to 591 Rulings How does Empowered Evocation work with Magic Missile? • @Voromir I used a spreadsheet with all 20 results for the target and for Chloe. Then on all ties it's 50-50 – David Coffron Mar 1 '18 at 18:06 • Is this allowed RAW? Pretty sure there's a rule against casting two non-cantrip spells in the same turn. – Nathan Sep 11 '18 at 18:01 • @Nathan it is allowed. That rule only applies to bonus action spells. Chloe is casting 2 action spells here. See this question for more details. – David Coffron Sep 11 '18 at 18:06 • @Pyrotechnical 1 damage roll applies for every missle meaning EE works. See the Rulings section in the footer. – David Coffron Jan 10 at 17:22 • @Paul the target is clarified as medium: "Consider your target to have AC20; Saving Throws Str +5, Dex +6, Con+5, Int +1, Wis +9, Cha +10; Skill Checks str(+5), dex(0), con(+5), int(+1), wis(+3), cha(+4); medium size... not dissimilar to a Death Knight." – David Coffron Jan 19 at 13:26 # 249 expected, or 433 max damage We are using a Scourge Aasimar Shadow Magic Sorcerer 18/Fighter 2, with a Charisma score of 20 The round before, activate Radiant Consumption. On your turn, move to within 5 feet of the target, use a bonus action to summon your Hound of Ill Omen next to the target, cast Disintegrate, action surge -> cast Meteor Swarm. ## Scourge Aasimar Contribution: • At the end of each turn, you and each creature within 10ft of you take radiant damage equal to half your level: 10 • Once on each of your turns, you can deal extra radiant damage to one target when you deal damage to it with an attack or a spell. The extra radiant damage equals your level: 20 Damage so far: 30 ## Fighter Contribution: Action Surge Damage so far: 30 ## Sorcerer Contribution: Hound of Ill Omen: • Uses the statistics of a Dire Wolf • While the hound is within 5 feet of the target, the target has disadvantage on saving throws against any spell you cast. • On the hound's turn (it rolls initiative separately) it attacks. • The hound has +5 to hit and deals 2d6+3 damage. It has advantage if an ally is within 5 feet of the target (which you are). • Vs an AC of 20 the hound has a 49% chance of hitting with advantage, and deals 10 expected damage (max of 15, or 27 max on crit) Damage so far: 40 (57 max), and target has disadvantage on its saving throws vs spells you cast. Disintegrate: • 10d6+40 force damage, +3d6 for each level slot above 6th spent. Dex save negates • Cast using an 8th level slot, for 16d6+40 damage • Average damage is 16 * 3.5 + 40 = 96 • Saving throw DC = 8 + proficiency + Cha mod = 8 + 6 + 5 = 19 • Chance of making the ST = 40% (Target has +6 bonus). • Chance of making the ST with disadvantage = .4 * .4 = 16% • Expected damage = average damage * P(failing saving throw) = 96 * .84 = 80.64 (136 max) Damage so far: 120.64 (193 max) Meteor Swarm: • 20d6 Fire, 20d6 Bludgeoning, Dex save for half • Average damage is 40 * 3.5 = 140 • Saving throw DC = 8 + proficiency + Cha mod = 8 + 6 + 5 = 19 • Chance of making the ST = 40% (Target has +6 bonus). • Chance of making the ST with disadvantage = .4 * .4 = 16% • Expected damage = average damage * P(failing saving throw) + average damage/2 * P(making saving throw) = 140 * .84 + 70 * .16 = 117.6 + 11.2 = 128.4 (240 max) Damage so far: 249 (433 max) PS: You could get slightly higher damage using the Empowered Metamagic, but that complicates the calculations significantly. After some exhausting-looking calculations in chat and in a question, Empower will add ~12 expected damage to Meteor Swarm, and ~10 to Disintegrate, for ~22 more expected total. PS2: The original specified target was a Death Knight, AC20, +6 to Dex saving throws. PS3: If you are trying to find max damage (with all perfect rolls) you could swap Disintegrate for Scorching Ray, which brings the total up to 456 but only if every ray crits. • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – mxyzplk Feb 25 '18 at 7:06 # Expected damage is 332.3745. Maximum: 817; Here's how: ## The Character Chris is a level 20 Goblin who has these classes... • Sorcerer (Shadow Magic) 17 -------- [Disintegrate (PHB 233), Hound of Ill Omen (XGtE 51), and 4 ASI] • Fighter 2 ------------------------------ [for Action Surge (PHB 72)] • Warlock 1 ----------------------------- [for Hexblade's Curse (XGtE 55)] ## The Preparation • Chris uses wish to replicate the effect of planar ally receiving a Solar (MM 18) offering to fend off an evil cosmic threat in exchange for aid. • Chris summons his Hound of Ill Omen • The Solar uses Flying Sword. ## Chris's Damage • Disintegrate (8th Level slot) [action] • Failed save: +6 vs DC 19 = (1-(8/20)^2) = 84% • Damage: 16d6 + 40 + 6 = 85.68 [Max: 142] • Disintegrate (7th Level slot) [Action Surge] • Failed save: +6 vs DC 19 = (1-(8/20)^2) = 84% • Damage: 13d6 + 40 + 6 = 76.86 [Max: 124] • Fury of the Small • Either Disintegrate save is failed: (1-(8/20)^4) = 97.44% • Damage: 19.488 [Max: 20] ## Hound's Damage • Bite [action] • To hit: +5 (advantage from Pack Tactics) =(1-(15/20)^2) = 43.75% • To crit: (advantage from Pack Tactics) = (1-(19/20)^2) = 9.75% • Damage: 2d6 + 3 = 4.375 [Max: 15] • Crit: 2d6 = 0.6825 [Max: 12] • Chance to Prone: +5 vs DC 13 = 43.75% * (7/20) = 15.3125% ## Solar's Damage • Searing Burst [legendary action after Chris's turn] • Failed save: +6 vs 23 DC = 16/20 = 80% • Damage: 8d6 = 22.4 [Max: 48] • Flying Sword [bonus action] • To hit: +15 (plus Prone chance from Hound) = (15/20)x84.6875% + (1-(5/20)^2)x15.3125% = 77.871% • To crit: (plus Prone chance from Hound) = (1/20)x84.6875% + (1-(19/20)^2)x15.3125% = 5.727% • Damage: 4d6 + 6d8 + 8 = 38.157 [Max: 80] • Crit: 4d6 +6d8 = 2.806 [Max: 72] • flies to retrieve Greatsword [movement] • Multiattack [action] • Greatsword [from Multiattack] • To hit: +15 (plus Prone chance from Hound) = (15/20)x84.6875% + (1-(5/20)^2)x15.3125% = 77.871% • To crit: (plus Prone chance from Hound) = (1/20)x84.6875% + (1-(19/20)^2)x15.3125% = 5.727% • Damage: 4d6 + 6d8 + 8 = 38.157 [Max: 80] • Crit: 4d6 +6d8 = 2.806 [Max: 72] • Greatsword [from Multiattack] • To hit: +15 (plus Prone chance from Hound) = (15/20)x84.6875% + (1-(5/20)^2)x15.3125% = 77.871% • To crit: (plus Prone chance from Hound) = (1/20)x84.6875% + (1-(19/20)^2)x15.3125% = 5.727% • Damage: 4d6 + 6d8 + 8 = 38.157 [Max: 80] • Crit: 4d6 +6d8 = 2.806 [Max: 72] Total: 332.3745. [Max: 817] • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – mxyzplk Mar 1 '18 at 1:59 ## Average 396, Max 1030 High Elf Eldritch Knight 12/Whispers Bard 5/Paladin 2/Hexblade Warlock 1, with Dexterity 20 and the Elven Accuracy, Lucky, Martial Adept and Savage Attacker feats. Prep round: Bonus action: cast a 5th level Shadow Blade. Action: Apply purple worm poison to our blade. Go Time: Bonus action: Apply Hexblade's Curse to our foe. Action, Surge: We are going to make 6 weapon attacks. That is what is happening here. To-hit: Assume dim light (given we can assume surprise, this seems fair). Now we have super elf-advantage on all of our attacks, giving us a to-hit of 94% and a crit chance of 27%. On any attacks we would miss, we apply Lucky, giving us a 60% chance of turning a hit into a miss, for a total to-hit chance of around 97%. (Given there is a 0.05% chance of missing three or more times, I will assume I will need at most two uses of it here.) We will also apply Lucky once our number of attacks left is equal to our number of Lucky uses left, for more crit chances. On hit: Our sword does 4d8+13 (Dex 20, Hexblade's Curse, Dueling Fighting Style) damage, and we can pour all our high-level spell slots into Divine Smites. We have 4 4th-level or higher (5d8) and 2 3rd-level (4d8) slots to burn through. Finally, on one of our attacks (our first crit) we can use Bardic Inspiration to do an extra 3d6 damage. Thus, if all 6 attacks hit, we are dealing 52d8 + 3d6 + 78 damage as a baseline. This is average 270, but also slightly optimistic. Critting: Our first crit, if it lands, will deal an extra 9d8 + 3d6 damage; we can also use Savage Attacker to reroll the 8d8 from our weapon, for a total average damage increase of 55. Our second, third and fourth crits, without Savage Attacker or Inspiration, do 41 on average. Subsequent crits will average 36 due to the lower level spell slots. This ends up giving us a total of 86 average damage. Missing: Missing is interesting, because in order to maximise our crit damage, we have to save our high-level spell slots for later hits in case they crit. This means a miss is usually (and for the purposes of this model, always) one of our biggest attacks, losing us 53 damage. Of course, between a static miss chance of 97%, and a Precision Attack d6 that can save us from a miss with probability 81%, this is not a big difference. The chance of us missing once is 4%; the chance of us missing twice is negligible. That works out to about 2 lost damage. Max: The maximum is just the maximum of 6 crits, which comes out to the max of 104d8 + 6d6 + 78, or 946. Trip Attack: If all 6 attacks hit without needing our Precision Attack, we make our last attack a Trip Attack, dealing an extra 1d6 damage. This adds 3 to our average, and 12 to our max. Poison: One of our attacks will hit. Then the purple worm poison kicks in, dealing 12d6 damage on a failed save or half on a success. If we use our third dose of Lucky here, our foe succeeds 12% of the time, so our poison does Average 39, max 72 Totals: Average damage: 396 Max damage: 1030 If we must have bright light, we can swap our Warlock level for an extra level of Paladin for Vow of Emnity, which gets us the advantage but not the other perks. # Average: 308.866 — Max: 470 • Race: Protector Aasimar • Class Levels: Fighter (Battle Master) 3/Rogue (Assassin) 17 • Feats: Crossbow Expert, Sharpshooter • Equipment: 2 Hand Crossbow, 3 doses of Purple Worm Poison (nonmagical) on 3 crossbow bolts. • Relevant ability scores: Dex +5 • Fighting Style: Archery. # Step by step: Previous turn • Radiant Soul: Your transformation lasts for 1 minute or until you end it as a bonus action. During it, you have a flying speed of 30 feet, and once on each of your turns, you can deal extra radiant damage to one target when you deal damage to it with an attack or a spell. The extra radiant damage equals your level (20). PS: Why not Scourge Aasimar? Well, being an assassin and radiating bright light doesn't seem to be very functional since the character relies on surprise her foes. This turn • Attack the surprised target with a poisoned bolt from the hand crossbow using Sharpshooter. Thanks to Assassinate, is a critical hit and thanks to Death Strike, it doubles the damage. 1d6(H.Crossbow) + 10(Sharpshooter) + 5(Dex) = 1d6+15 Chance to hit with Precision Strike: 1 - Chance to Miss: 1 - 35% * 35% = 87.75% Critical: 2d6+15 -> Avg: 22 / Max: 27 -> Times 2 (Death Strike: chance is 65%) Partial Total (multiplied by 87.75% and chance of death strike): Avg: 31.853 / Max: 54 • Bonus Action: Attack the surprised target with a poisoned bolt from the other hand crossbow using Sharpshooter. Assassinate and Death Strike still applies. 1d6(H.Crossbow) + 10(Sharpshooter) + 5(Dex) = 1d6+15 Chance to hit with Precision Strike: 1 - Chance to Miss: 1 - 35% * 35% = 87.75% Critical: 2d6+15 -> Avg: 22 / Max: 27 -> Times 2 (Death Strike: chance is 65%) Chance to hit with Precision Strike: 1 - Chance to Miss: 1 - 35% * 35% = 87.75% Partial Total (multiplied by 87.75% and chance of death strike): Avg: 63.706 / Max: 108 • Action Surge: Attack the surprised target with a poisoned bolt from either hand crossbow using Sharpshooter. Assassinate and Death Strike still applies. 1d6(H.Crossbow) + 10(Sharpshooter) + 5(Dex) = 1d6+15 Critical: 2d6+15 -> Avg: 22 / Max: 27 -> Times 2 (Death Strike: chance is 65%) Partial Total (multiplied by 87.75% and chance of death strike): Avg: 95.559 / Max: 162 • Radiant Soul: Any attack hits, extra damage from Radiant Soul equal to character level (20) Chance is 1 - Chances to Miss all 3 = 1 - 35% ^ 6 = 99.82% Partial Total (multiplied by 99.82%): Avg: 115.523 / Max: 182 • Sneak Attack: Any attack hits, extra damage is 18d6 x 2 Chance is 1 - Chances to Miss all 3 = 1 - 35% ^ 6 = 99.82% Partial Total (multiplied by 99.82%): Avg: 241.296 / Max: 398 • Purple Worm Poisons Each attack hits 65% of the time: Half damage on 35% chance save 12d6* 65% * 65% + 12d6 * 65% * 50% * 35% = 22.5225 * 3 = Avg: 67.57 / Max: 72 # Total: Avg: 308.866 — Max: 470 PS: Still working on improvements. • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – mxyzplk Feb 25 '18 at 7:07 # 212.5 points of damage on average (or 644 maximum) Okay, I'll bite. A Paladin/Fighter (18/2) with Str 20, Cha 20, and Great Weapon fighting style can make 4 attacks and deal 644 points of damage in a single turn: 1. On the prior turn, activate Sacred Weapon (+Cha to hit) and cast Holy Weapon (+2d8 damage to every attack). 2. Attack and extra attack, pumping a divine smite at 4th level into both attacks. 3. Action surge to do all that again, except one divine smite at 3rd level (having run out of 4th-level slots). 4. Use a bonus action to dismiss Holy Weapon and deal 4d8 more points of damage (16.38 average against a Death Knight). Given the parameters you provided (death knight: AC 20, undead creature), this comes out to 212.5 points of damage on average. The maximum amount of damage you can do with this combo is 644. # 189 damage dealt on average (or 301 max). Without factoring in magic items or artifacts, including Unearthed Arcana, and using a 20th-level straight Fighter build specifically, and not assuming you gain surprise for the attack, the answer appears to be using a 20-Dex Sharpshooter (Martial Archetype) with the fighting style Archery, a longbow, and the feats Sharpshooter (yes, confusing), Silver-Tongued, Elven Accuracy, Lucky, and Martial Adept (Menacing Attack and Pushing Attack). You didn't provide skill values for the opponent, so for simplicity I'll assume any non-combat skill checks are successful. Your damage for the 'back six' hits is 1d8+5+10+12 which averages to 27.95 each with miss and crit chances factored in, or 167.7; we add to this the initial, assumed hit at 1d8+5+12= ~21.5 for a grand total of 189 damage dealt on average (or 301 max). Of course, if they're standing on the edge of a long drop, you can use Pushing Attack on the final shot and add 20d6 to that. • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – mxyzplk Feb 25 '18 at 7:07 # Average 443 damage, maximum 1438 damage Protector Aasimar Paladin 2/Warlock 11/Fighter 3/Ranger 3/Sorcerer 1 (now with less multiclassing (but only slightly)) AS Requirements: Str 20 Cha 20, Wis 13, Dex 13 Required Choices: pact of the blade (warlock pact boon), Tenser's transformation as 11th level Mystic Arcanum (warlock feature), Battle Master (fighter archetype), Disarming Attack (or any other Battle Master talent that adds your superiority die to damage), hunter's mark (ranger spell), Hunter (ranger archetype), colossus slayer (ranger feature), wild magic (sorcerer bloodline), Dual Wielder (Feat), Two-Weapon Fighting (fighting style) Required Equipment 2 lances, warhorse mount (i realized you can have this because its technically not magical) Setup: Radiant Burst, Hunter's mark the target and cast Tenser's transformation on yourself. Because Tenser's transformation is technically a wizard spell, roll on the Wild Magic table and get a 93-94, increasing your size to Large. The Round of Truth: This is surprisingly similar to the other setup. First, make 3 lance attacks (one normal, one TWF, one Tenser's), burning all of your 2nd level spell slots to Divine Smite and all of your warlock slots to Eldritch Smite, and adding all your superiority dice to damage, giving you, per attack: 18 (2d12+5) base + 13 (2d12) Tenser's + 3.5 (1d6) Hunter's Mark + 4.5 (1d8) Colossus Slayer + 27 (6d8) Eldritch Smite + 13.5 (3d8) Divine Smite + 4.5 (superiority die) = 84 damage per attack * 3 attacks + 20 from Radiant Burst = 272 damage, before even Action Surging. Then you Action Surge, using 3 1st-level slots to Divine Smite (and unfortunately, you're out of slots to Eldritch Smite and superiority dice) but you can still deal: 18 (2d12+5) base + 13 (2d12) Tenser's + 3.5 (1d6) Hunter's Mark + 4.5 (1d8) Colossus Slayer + 9 (2d8) Divine Smite * 3 attacks = another 147 damage. Add on the 23 damage your horse averages in a turn, the grand total is 272 + 147 + 23 = an average of 443 damage per turn. Of course I'm not done. I have to calculate what the maximum damage with crits. Here it is in all its glory: (53+48+12+16+96+48+16)3+20+(53+48+12+16+36)3+56 = 1438 maximum damage with crits! ## Average 329, Max 628 Goblin Radiant Sorcerer 17/Fighter 2/Hexblade Warlock 1, with 20 Charisma and the Lucky feat, aided by our plucky Owl familiar, Trilby. Setup round: use our action to cast Heightened Empowered Delayed Blast Fireball, bonus action to apply Hexblade's Curse to our foe. Trilby takes the Help action, giving my next attack against our foe advantage. Go time: Action: Cast Heightened Empowered Meteor Swarm, dealing 40d6+6 damage, with up to 5 rerolls, and a 94% save failure chance (with disadvantage from Heightening and Lucky - 14% chance of using Lucky up)... average 153, max 246 Free: Trigger Delayed Blast Fireball on ourself and our enemy. That's 13d6+6, with up to 5 rerolls, and an 94% chance of them failing the save, gives average 58 max 84. Also hits us, at which point we cast a 6th level Absorb Elements to gain fire resistance. Action Surge: Cast an 8th level Inflict Wounds on our foe, hitting on a 9+. With Lucky and advantage from Trilby, this is pretty likely (94%). We also have a 27% crit chance, which is pretty great. So we deal 1.21(10d10 + 6d6) + .946 damage, which is average 98, max 278 Fury of the Small: We use this any one time we deal damage to do an extra 20 damage. Total Average: 329 Total Max: 628 Average 997.5,Max 1785 Race/Classes/Stats: Very lenient, pick most any race, get to 20. Fighter-2, Cleric-1 (Arcana Domain), Druid-17 (Circle of Twilight from Unearthed Arcana). Classes explained: As per the rules we grab 2 fighter minimum, which gets us action surge. Cleric Level 1 gets us into the arcana domain, detect magic and Magic missile are always prepared for us. We max out druid levels otherwise, picking the circle of twilight from Unearthed Arcana. Their feature Harvester's Scythe is vital to maximizing our damage. We get a pool of d10's equal to our druid level. Up to half of our maximum may be spent at a time when we roll for damage on a spell, rolling those additional dice and adding them to the damage as bonus necrotic. Yes, we plan on stacking the bonus damage from multiple magic missile darts as with some of the other methods. Prep round: :) Go Time- Action: Use 9th level spell slot to cast Magic Missile, creating 3+8 darts, for a total of 11. Roll for damage, add 8d10 to the roll. (17/2=8.5 rounding down for 8 bonus dice maximum) Damage calculation: D1= 11(1d4+1)+11(8d10), D1avg= 11(2.5+1)+11(8x5.5)= 522.5, D1max= 11(4+1)+11(8x10)= 935 Action Surge: Use 8th level spell slot to cast Magic Missile, creating 3+7 darts, for a total of 10. Roll for damage, add 8d10 to the roll. (17/2=8.5 rounding down for 8 bonus dice maximum) Damage calculation: D2= 10(1d4+1)+10(8d10), D2avg= 10(2.5+1)+10(8x5.5)= 475, D2max= 10(4+1)+10(8x10)= 850 Totals Maximum Damage= D1max+D2max = 935+850= 1785 Average Damage= D1avg+D2avg = 522.5+475= 997.5 • Interesting Answer. I suppose Unearthed Arcana wasn't explicitly banned, but I chose not to use it for my answers since it is playtest material. If you are allowed Unearthed Arcana, a higher value can be reached with other techniques. ( @goodguy5 any thoughts?) – David Coffron Apr 29 '18 at 0:57 • I agree. Interesting answer, but UA isn't technically "released" and wouldn't apply. No need to delete or anything. – goodguy5 May 3 '18 at 1:15 • Your pool of d10s is only 17d10 from being a 17th lvl druid. It recharges on a long rest. There's no way you can spend 8 * 21 d10s in a single round, because that's about 10x more than you have in your pool. You spend d10s on a damage roll, not on a whole spell, so they don't get multiplied across multiple damage rolls for a single spell. (I think you could spend them on an AoE, though, and have multiple targets affected by the same damage roll all take the necrotic damage.) – Peter Cordes Jan 5 at 21:10 For my own personal baseline: Level 20 Fighter - Champion 20 Strength 7 ASIs - +2str, Mounted Combat, Lucky, +1str/+1con, Great Weapon Master, Lucky, Blade Mastery Greatsword attack - +12 to hit (or +7 with GWM), 2d6ish+5 (or +15 w/GWM) Things doing: 1. walk horse up to target. 3. Action Surge 5.64(2d6+15+.282d6) + 3.78(2d6+15+.392d6) For an expected 144 in one round. 312 Max I will start by giving credit where it is due. I can't comment yet (new account) but most of the setup was thought of by David Coffron, I just found a way to improve his damage with Unearthed Arcana's Lore Mastery wizard. Give him all the love please! If I made an error when modifying his approach please let me know. # Expected damage is 782. Maximum is 1238. Here's how: ### The Character Chloe is a level 20 Goblin {ASs: 9, 18, 10, 20, 8, 14} with these classes... Wizard 17 (Lore Mastery subclass) - [for spells, Alchemical Casting, Alert feat and 3 ASIs] Fighter 2 - [for Action Surge] Warlock 1 - [for Hexblade's Curse] ### The Preparation Chloe casts wish, replicating the effect of hallow with Energy Vulnerability on force damage within 60 feet of the target. ### The Round Chloe casts magic missile (level 8 spell slot). Chloe uses Alchemical Casting on magic missile (level 1 spell slot) Chloe uses Action Surge. Chloe casts magic missile (level 7 spell slot). Chloe uses Alchemical Casting on magic missile (level 1 spell slot) ### The Calculation All force damage is doubled from hallow's Energy Vulnerability... • The target never enters the area • Chance target goes first: 15.125% (using optional rule for ties to avoid DM fiat) • Chance to save: +10 vs 19 DC = 60% • totals to 1 - (0.151250.6) = 90.925% chance Each dart from the first magic missile deals... • 1d4 + 1 + 2d10 (Alchemical Casting) + 6 (Hexblade's Curse) force damage • 10 darts, doubled 90.925% of the time = 19.90925 multiplier • Expected: (2.5 + 7 + 11(25.5))19.0925 = 391.39625 [Max: 610] Each dart from the second magic missile deals... • 1d4 + 1 + 2d10 (Alchemical Casting) + 6 (Hexblade's Curse) force damage • 9 darts, doubled 90.925% of the time = 17.18325 multiplier • Expected: (2.5 + 7 + 11)17.18325 = 352.256625 [Max: 558] Fury of the Small deals... • 1 use per short rest, doubled 90.925% of the time = 1.90925% multiplier • Expected: 201.90925 = 38.185 [Max: 40] Total expected: 781.837875 [Max: 1238] • You only roll damage for magic missle once so Alchemical Casting could only add 11 damage since it makes the spell do added damage rather than adding to the damage roll itself, similar to what Fury of the Small does (much less than the benefit from Empowered Evocation); not to mention Lore Mastery is play test material. – David Coffron Mar 14 '18 at 14:51 Thought I'd try a stab at this. I know there is a lot of multi-classing, but the goal was to create the biggest expected one turn hit. # Expected damage is 584.29. Maximum: 1044; here’s how: ## The Character Goblin (13, 20, 14, 8, 13, 13) + alert feat (Level 11 Spellcaster) Fighter 5: Battle Master (Action Surge, Multi-attack, Superiority Dice, Dueling, ASI) Bard 4: College of Whispers (Jack of All Trades, Psychic Blades, ASI) Sorcerer 4: Divine Soul (For Spells, Quicken/Empowered, 4 Sorcery Points, Favored by the Gods, ASI) Rogue 3: Assassin (Assassinate, Sneak Attack) Cleric 2: Grave Domain (Channel Divinity: Path to the Grave) ## The Preparation Action: Create Bonfire Movement: Walk in to Bonfire and choose to fail save Reaction: Absorb Elements: level 6 ## The Round Action Surge: Channel Divinity: Path to the Grave Action: Multi-attack ## The Calculation Quickened, Empowered Green Flame Blade w/ Shadow Blade w/ Empowered Absorb Elements, Smite, Psychic Blades, Sneak Attack, Superiority Die, Fury of the Small (Autocrit, Vulnerable, 4 Sorcery Points) 4d8 + 1d8 + 2d6 + 2d6 + 7 psychic + 3d8 + 6d6 Fire + 5d8 Radiant + 20 (26d8 + 20d6 + 27 + (2.8058 + 2.3763 average damage from empowering)) x2 438.3642 Avg (710 max) (59.6116 from GFB) 4d8 + 1d8 + 7 psychic + 5d8 Radiant (20d8 + 7) x2 97 Avg (167 Max) PerAttack Chance to 1st Hit (Advantage + Favored by the Gods): 97.15% Chance to 2nd Hit (Advantage + Favored by the Gods if unused): 95.046% Chance to 3rd Hit (Advantage + Favored by the Gods if unused): 93.279% Chance at least 1 hits: 99.94% Chance at least 2 hit: 99.67% Chance all 3 hit: 86.13% Initiative + 13 (dex +5, alert +5, Jack of All Trades +3) 94.75% of going first (378.75260.9994 + 59.61160.9715 + 970.9967 + 970.8613) 0.9475 ### 584.29 Expected (1044 Max) Caveat: Assumed damage done if second on initiative is 0, thus true value is somewhat higher. Also if enemy is holding shield disarming strike could be used to lower AC on subsequent attacks. • "Movement: Walk in to Bonfire and choose to fail save" - By RAW, you can't choose to fail a saving throw. – V2Blast Jan 12 at 5:36 • Also, welcome to RPG.SE! Take the tour if you haven't already. – V2Blast Jan 12 at 5:39 # Expected damage is 709.82. Maximum: 1256; here’s how: ## The Character Wood Elf (13, 20, 11, 8, 14, 13) + alert, elven accuracy (Level 11 Spellcaster) Ranger 5: Gloom Stalker (Dread Ambusher, Multi-attack, ASI) Bard 4: College of Whispers (Jack of All Trades, Psychic Blades, ASI) Cleric 4: War Domain (Magic Weapon, War Priest, Channel Divinity: Guided Strike, ASI) Rogue 3: Assassin (Assassinate, Sneak Attack) Fighter 2: (Action Surge, Great Weapon Fighting) ## The Preparation Action: Apply Purple Worm Poison Bonus Action: Magic Weapon: level 6 (C) ## The Round Action: Attack Action Surge: Attack Bonus Action: War Priest bonus attack ## The Calculation Chance to hit: 98.4375% Chance to miss: 1.5625% Chance to hit 7 times: 89.562% 6 Times: 9.951% 5 Times: 0.474% 4 Times: 0.013% With Channel Divinity 99.513% to hit 7 times 65% to fail DC 19 save against poison 2d4 + 8 + 2d6 Slashing + 5d8 Radiant + 2d6 Psychic + (12d6) Poison 2d4 + 8 + 5d8 + (12d6) 2d4 + 1d8 + 8 + 5d8 + (12d6) 2d4 + 8 + 5d8 + (12d6) 2d4 + 8 + 5d8 + (12d6) 2d4 + 1d8 + 8 + 4d8 + (12d6) 2d4 + 8 + 4d8 + (12d6) If going first: Total: 28d4 + 70d8 + 8d6 + 56 + (12d64.55 fails + 2.4521 successes) 483 + (4.5542 + 2.4521) 722.55 * .99513 chance to hit all 7 Expected 722.016 If going second (no advantage, no crits, 5 hits) Total: 10d4 + 25d8 + 4d6 + 40 + (60d6) 196.5 + (3.2542 + 1.7521) 369.75 Expected: 233.98 Initiative + 15 (dex +5, wis +2, alert +5, Jack of All Trades +3) 97.5% of going first 0.975722.016 + 0.025233.98 ### 709.82 Expected (1256 Max) • The double-bladed scimitar is not a finesse weapon and therefore cannot be used with sneak attack. – David Coffron Feb 14 at 14:51 • Also, are your calculations using Channel Divinity more than once? A level 4 cleric can only use it once – David Coffron Feb 14 at 14:54 • I recalculated your damage (using a rapier with dueling instead of a double-bladed scimitar with GWM) and got 474.67 expected. I'm not sure who's right, but you can check my work. I'd love to see how you calculated differently. – David Coffron Feb 14 at 15:43 • You should have 66d8 not 70. – David Coffron Feb 14 at 15:45 • I think I see the problem. Purple worm poison can only apply once. "Injury poison can be applied to weapons, ammunition, trap components, and other objects that deal piercing or slashing damage and remains potent until delivered through a wound or washed off." (emphasis mine). You've applied it multiple times – David Coffron Feb 14 at 15:48 Expected damage: 446.5 Max damage: 1788 Max with 2 turn set up: 2592 How: Goblin: Bard 13/sorc 4/fighter 2/ warlock 1 Expected damage: Turn 1: hex blade curse, contagion (flesh rot for vulnerable all damage) gained through being a bard Turn 2: bestow curse -> scorching ray (lvl9) -> action surge -> scorching ray (lvl8) Lvl 9 shoots 10 rays, level 8 shoots 9 so there are 19 rays total and eavh ray each ray does One ray does 40 extra because of fury of the small and vulnerability Assuming a 60% hit rate because of their 20ac and us not having magical items Works out to: 446ish If you have an extra turn (and access to the spelldriver feat): Turn 2: bestow curse, hex Turn 3: scorching ray (9), AS, scorching ray (8), quicken scorching ray (2) With max dice and crits you get: ((((2d6+1d6+1d8)x2)+6)x2)x22rays +40 Or 2592 (This is assuming pheonix sorcerer from unearthed arcana is NOT allowed, because it allows you to add your cha to each fire damage roll you make... adding another 22x10 damage and making the total 2812) • Welcome to RPG.SE! Take the tour if you haven't already. Note that you can't quicken a spell and cast another leveled spell as an action on the same turn, due to the bonus-action spellcasting rule. (You can cast two spells as actions using Action Surge, though.) Also, it seems odd to assume that an unofficial (third-party) feat would be allowed in your calculations. – V2Blast Jan 19 at 10:54 • Hello and Welcome! Comtation was erratad. You need at least 3 turns before the flesh rot sets in. – Ruse Jan 19 at 11:14	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.40113404393196106, "perplexity": 16523.39150839664}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204461.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325214331-20190326000331-00085.warc.gz"}
http://yetanothermathprogrammingconsultant.blogspot.com/2020/07/	## Thursday, July 30, 2020 ### Seemingly simple but tricky NLP People, mostly students, send me a lot of models for me to debug. Usually, I put them aside. A day has only 24 hours. Besides, students should discuss their problems with their teacher or supervisor instead of with me. But, here is one that is a bit more interesting. I reduced the model to its essence: NLP Model \begin{align}\min &\sum_{i,j} \color{darkblue} c_{i,j} \sqrt{\color{darkred}x_{i,j}}\\ & \sum_j \color{darkred}x_{i,j} = 1 && \forall i \\& \sum_i \color{darkred}x_{i,j} = 1 && \forall j \\ & \color{darkred}x_{i,j} \in [0,1] \end{align} There are quite a few complications associated with this model: • $$f(x)=\sqrt{x}$$ is not defined for $$x\lt 0$$, • the derivative $$f'$$ can only be evaluated for $$x\gt 0$$ and it is very large for small $$x$$, • if there is a positive $$c_{i,j} \gt 0$$, the objective function is non-convex. Let's see what kind of problems and results we can encounter in practice. #### Data The random data set I used looks like: ---- 19 PARAMETER c cost coefficients j1 j2 j3 j4 j5 j6 j7 j8 j9 j10 i1 1.717 8.433 5.504 3.011 2.922 2.241 3.498 8.563 0.671 5.002 i2 9.981 5.787 9.911 7.623 1.307 6.397 1.595 2.501 6.689 4.354 i3 3.597 3.514 1.315 1.501 5.891 8.309 2.308 6.657 7.759 3.037 i4 1.105 5.024 1.602 8.725 2.651 2.858 5.940 7.227 6.282 4.638 i5 4.133 1.177 3.142 0.466 3.386 1.821 6.457 5.607 7.700 2.978 i6 6.611 7.558 6.274 2.839 0.864 1.025 6.413 5.453 0.315 7.924 i7 0.728 1.757 5.256 7.502 1.781 0.341 5.851 6.212 3.894 3.587 i8 2.430 2.464 1.305 9.334 3.799 7.834 3.000 1.255 7.489 0.692 i9 2.020 0.051 2.696 4.999 1.513 1.742 3.306 3.169 3.221 9.640 i10 9.936 3.699 3.729 7.720 3.967 9.131 1.196 7.355 0.554 5.763 #### Global optimal solution We can derive the optimal solution of the original problem NLP. When we look at the plot of $$f(x)=\sqrt{x}$$ against $$g(x)=x$$, we see that there is no good reason to be between 0 and 1: So actually we can solve the model as a linear assignment problem: LP Model \begin{align}\min &\sum_{i,j} \color{darkblue} c_{i,j} \color{darkred}x_{i,j}\\ & \sum_j \color{darkred}x_{i,j} = 1 && \forall i \\& \sum_i \color{darkred}x_{i,j} = 1 && \forall j \\ & \color{darkred}x_{i,j} \in [0,1] \end{align} When we solve this problem with our data set we see: ---- 32 ** LP solution VARIABLE z.L = 9.202 objective ---- 32 VARIABLE x.L j1 j2 j3 j4 j5 j6 j7 j8 j9 j10 i1 1.000 i2 1.000 i3 1.000 i4 1.000 i5 1.000 i6 1.000 i7 1.000 i8 1.000 i9 1.000 i10 1.000 As is to be expected when solving a pure linear assignment problem, the solution is automatically integer-valued. A conclusion is that we just converted a very simple LP model into a very difficult NLP problem with all kinds of complications. #### Reformulation Many NLP algorithms employ tolerances such that $$x$$ values may be slightly outside their bounds. Also, values $$x_{i,j}=0$$ may lead to problems when trying to form gradients. Indeed, when we feed the model as is to IPOPT we see: S O L V E S U M M A R Y MODEL m OBJECTIVE z TYPE NLP DIRECTION MINIMIZE SOLVER IPOPT FROM LINE 28 SOLVER STATUS 4 Terminated By Solver MODEL STATUS 7 Feasible Solution OBJECTIVE VALUE 127.9104 RESOURCE USAGE, LIMIT 1.046 1000.000 ITERATION COUNT, LIMIT 162 2000000000 EVALUATION ERRORS 95 0 COIN-OR Ipopt 30.3.0 rc5da09e Released Mar 06, 2020 WEI x86 64bit/MS Window ERRORS/WARNINGS IN EQUATION obj 50 error(s): sqrt: FUNC DOMAIN: x < 0 1 warning(s): sqrt: GRAD SINGULAR: x tiny In addition, the solver log is full of really scary messages: Warning: Cutting back alpha due to evaluation error WARNING: Problem in step computation; switching to emergency mode. Restoration phase is called at point that is almost feasible, with constraint violation 4.626299e-11. Abort. As IPOPT is an interior point solver, one may think that it only looks at points strictly inside $0 \lt \ x_{i,j} \lt 1$ In this case, we should not see the above domain errors. However, IPOPT will widen the bounds first, so the feasible region formed by the bounds becomes something like $0 -\delta \lt \ x_{i,j} \lt 1+\delta$ I actually expected IPOPT to terminate earlier, as the default GAMS limit for domain errors is 0. Also, I don't understand the bookkeeping. We see that there are 95 evaluation errors. But when looking where they appear, we just have 50 evaluation errors in the sqrt function. This is probably a bug in the IPOPT GAMS link. One approach is to use a small non-zero lower bound on all variables: $x_{i,j} \in [\varepsilon,1]$ The main disadvantage is that we exclude a solution with $$x_{i,j}=0$$. A different way to handle this it to change the square root function a bit: $$\sqrt{\varepsilon+x_{i,j}}$$. In the experiments below I use a slightly improved version $\sqrt{\varepsilon+x_{i,j}}-\sqrt{\varepsilon}$ with $$\varepsilon=0.001$$. When we solve our reformulated NLP model with a global solver we see: ---- 37 Global NLP solution (Couenne, Antigone) VARIABLE z.L = 8.915 objective ---- 37 VARIABLE x.L j1 j2 j3 j4 j5 j6 j7 j8 j9 j10 i1 1.000 i2 1.000 i3 1.000 i4 1.000 i5 1.000 i6 1.000 i7 1.000 i8 1.000 i9 1.000 i10 1.000 Our objective a little bit off (remember: we perturbed the objective a bit) but the solution is the same as we expected from the linear model. Strangely the global solver Baron is producing a slightly worse solution: ---- 37 Global NLP solution (Baron) VARIABLE z.L = 13.205 objective ---- 37 VARIABLE x.L j1 j2 j3 j4 j5 j6 j7 j8 j9 j10 i1 1.000 i2 1.000 i3 1.000 i4 1.000 i5 1.000 i6 1.000 i7 1.000 i8 1.000 i9 1.000 i10 1.000 It is always good to try different solvers! #### Local solvers As the square root functions make the problem non-convex, we can expect local solutions. The local NLP solver MINOS produces an interesting solution: ---- 37 Local NLP solution (Minos) VARIABLE z.L = 44.343 objective ---- 37 VARIABLE x.L j1 j2 j3 j4 j5 j6 j7 j8 j9 j10 i1 1.000 i2 1.000 i3 1.000 i4 1.000 i5 1.000 i6 1.000 i7 1.000 i8 1.000 i9 1.000 i10 1.000 The solver IPOPT still has problems with this model: ---- 37 Local NLP solution (Ipopt) VARIABLE z.L = 52.233 objective ---- 37 VARIABLE x.L j1 j2 j3 j4 j5 j6 j7 j8 j9 j10 i1 0.170 0.208 0.086 0.147 0.120 0.243 0.025 i2 0.003 0.228 0.266 0.323 0.179 i3 0.084 0.106 0.208 0.262 0.176 0.164 i4 0.238 0.059 0.242 0.154 0.171 0.135 i5 0.190 0.119 0.281 0.028 0.151 0.082 0.149 i6 0.222 0.184 0.197 0.137 0.259 i7 0.206 0.180 0.142 0.214 0.010 0.115 0.132 i8 0.108 0.120 0.176 0.112 0.267 0.216 i9 0.108 0.197 0.100 0.026 0.106 0.119 0.069 0.181 0.094 i10 0.086 0.144 0.155 0.071 0.257 0.289 EXIT: Restoration Failed! Final point is feasible: scaled constraint violation (3.33067e-16) is below tol (1e-08) and unscaled constraint violation (3.33067e-16) is below constr_viol_tol (0.0001). I could fix this by making the tolerance $$\varepsilon$$ larger, from 0.001 to 0.01: ---- 37 Local NLP solution (Ipopt, e=0.01) VARIABLE z.L = 8.327 objective ---- 37 VARIABLE x.L j1 j2 j3 j4 j5 j6 j7 j8 j9 j10 i1 1.000 i2 1.000 i3 1.000 i4 1.000 i5 1.000 i6 1.000 i7 1.000 i8 1.000 i9 1.000 i10 1.000 Some solvers are very careful not to try to evaluate functions outside the bounds. With $$\varepsilon=0$$, Conopt solves the model without issue (but to a location optimum), but mentions: C O N O P T 3 version 3.17K Copyright (C) ARKI Consulting and Development A/S Bagsvaerdvej 246 A DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark The model has 101 variables and 21 constraints with 301 Jacobian elements, 100 of which are nonlinear. The Hessian of the Lagrangian has 100 elements on the diagonal, 0 elements below the diagonal, and 100 nonlinear variables. Warning ** The variance of the derivatives in the initial point is large (= 14. ). A better initial point, a better scaling, or better bounds on the variables will probably help the optimization. Interestingly Conopt is warning us about the variance of the derivatives. I would have expected it to complain about the size of the gradients. It is noted that the default initial point in GAMS is zero. To inspect the initial gradients we can look at the GAMS equation listing; ---- obj1 =E= obj1.. - (17174713200)x(i1,j1) - (84326670800)x(i1,j2) - (55037535600)x(i1,j3) - (30113790400)x(i1,j4) - (29221211700)x(i1,j5) - (22405286700)x(i1,j6) - (34983050400)x(i1,j7) - (85627034700)x(i1,j8) - (6711372300)x(i1,j9) - (50021066900)x(i1,j10) - (99811762700)x(i2,j1) - (57873337800)x(i2,j2) - (99113303900)x(i2,j3) - (76225046700)x(i2,j4) - (13069248300)x(i2,j5) - (63971875900)x(i2,j6) - (15951786400)x(i2,j7) - (25008053300)x(i2,j8) - (66892860900)x(i2,j9) - (43535638100)x(i2,j10) - (35970026600)x(i3,j1) - (35144136800)x(i3,j2) - (13149159000)x(i3,j3) - (15010178800)x(i3,j4) - (58911365000)x(i3,j5) - (83089281200)x(i3,j6) - (23081573800)x(i3,j7) - (66573446000)x(i3,j8) - (77585760600)x(i3,j9) - (30365847700)x(i3,j10) - (11049229100)x(i4,j1) - (50238486600)x(i4,j2) - (16017276200)x(i4,j3) - (87246231100)x(i4,j4) - (26511454500)x(i4,j5) - (28581432200)x(i4,j6) - (59395592200)x(i4,j7) - (72271907100)x(i4,j8) - (62824867700)x(i4,j9) - (46379786500)x(i4,j10) - (41330699400)x(i5,j1) - (11769535700)x(i5,j2) - (31421226700)x(i5,j3) - (4655151400)x(i5,j4) - (33855027200)x(i5,j5) - (18209959300)x(i5,j6) - (64572712700)x(i5,j7) - (56074554700)x(i5,j8) - (76996172000)x(i5,j9) - (29780586400)x(i5,j10) - (66110626100)x(i6,j1) - (75582167400)x(i6,j2) - (62744749900)x(i6,j3) - (28386419800)x(i6,j4) - (8642462400)x(i6,j5) - (10251466900)x(i6,j6) - (64125115100)x(i6,j7) - (54530949800)x(i6,j8) - (3152485200)x(i6,j9) - (79236064200)x(i6,j10) - (7276699800)x(i7,j1) - (17566104900)x(i7,j2) - (52563261300)x(i7,j3) - (75020766900)x(i7,j4) - (17812371400)x(i7,j5) - (3414098600)x(i7,j6) - (58513117300)x(i7,j7) - (62122998400)x(i7,j8) - (38936190000)x(i7,j9) - (35871415300)x(i7,j10) - (24303461700)x(i8,j1) - (24642153900)x(i8,j2) - (13050280300)x(i8,j3) - (93344972000)x(i8,j4) - (37993790600)x(i8,j5) - (78340046100)x(i8,j6) - (30003425800)x(i8,j7) - (12548322200)x(i8,j8) - (74887410500)x(i8,j9) - (6923246300)x(i8,j10) - (20201555700)x(i9,j1) - (506585800)x(i9,j2) - (26961305200)x(i9,j3) - (49985147500)x(i9,j4) - (15128586900)x(i9,j5) - (17416945500)x(i9,j6) - (33063773400)x(i9,j7) - (31690605400)x(i9,j8) - (32208695500)x(i9,j9) - (96397664100)x(i9,j10) - (99360220500)x(i10,j1) - (36990305500)x(i10,j2) - (37288856700)x(i10,j3) - (77197833000)x(i10,j4) - (39668414200)x(i10,j5) - (91309632500)x(i10,j6) - (11957773000)x(i10,j7) - (73547888900)x(i10,j8) - (5541847500)x(i10,j9) - (57629980500)x(i10,j10) + z =E= 0 ; (LHS = 0) This shows the linearized objective. The numbers in parentheses are gradients. We see that they are very large (this is how GAMS returns the gradient at zero; instead of returning infinity a large number is returned). It also shows the variance Conopt is talking about. #### Conclusion Just by making the assignment problem a little bit nonlinear, we can get into major problems. ## Tuesday, July 21, 2020 ### Cabbage against covid Some statistics in action [1]: "After adjusting for potential confounders, for each g/day increase in consumption of head cabbage of the country, the mortality risk for COVID-19 decreases by 13.6 %." But wait, in case you don't like cabbage, we have some cucumber on offer: "For each g/day increase in consumption of cucumber, the mortality risk decreases by 15.7%." Lettuce or broccoli is not that good: "Consumption of lettuce and broccoli showed the opposite pattern, i.e. a higher consumption was associated with a higher COVID-19 mortality." #### References 1. Susana C Fonseca, Ioar Rivas, Dora Romaguera, Marcos Quijal-Zamorano, Wienczyslawa Czarlewski, Alain Vidal, Joao A Fonseca, Joan Ballester, Josep M Anto, Xavier Basagana, Luis M Cunha, Jean Bousquet, Association between consumption of vegetables and COVID-19 mortality at a country level in Europe, preprint, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.17.20155846v1	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 2, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.693219006061554, "perplexity": 5426.639955315269}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704824728.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127121330-20210127151330-00159.warc.gz"}
https://groups.google.com/g/visone-users/c/40f6V6IawMA	# density calculation for directed graphs 11 views ### Uwe Serdült Dec 11, 2020, 12:50:35 AM12/11/20 to visone-users Dear Visone team, I am using visone 2.18 for an undergrad class in which students have to calculate density by hand but could also use visone to do the job. However, when importing the directed graph attached and calculating density you get a value of .5833 in visone but also showing 30 present edges (as there should be). The size of the graph is n=9. You can get 0.5833 for density in a directed graph of size 9 with 42 edges present but there are clearly only 30. Can you reproduce and check, please? Best wishes, Uwe Ex1a_1.csv ### Müller Julian Jan 4, 2021, 10:11:58 AMJan 4 Dear Uwe, Thank you for the bug report. I committed a fix into the internal visone repository just now. It will be included in the next release. Some background: For purposes of density calculation, visone treated all networks as undirected. So the calculated value was the density of the underlying undirected graph, but not of the directed graph itself. After the fix, visone will now calculate the percentage of occupied dyads without loops. That means: * The denominator is n(n-1). * Directed edges are counted once. * Undirected edges are counted twice (i.e., like two directed edges). * Parallel edges are treated like a single edge. * Loops are not considered, neither in the numerator nor in the denominator. Best wishes, Julian	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8793566226959229, "perplexity": 2677.906504639733}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154420.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803030201-20210803060201-00510.warc.gz"}
https://pandutzu.com/2008/06/heartbreaker/	Will.I.am – Heartbreaker lyrics Where it’s at I know karma’s coming to pay me back Im with the sweetest thang thats on the map I broke her heart in 30 seconds flat In 30 seconds flat Now how did i Just how did I become that kind of guy To look at girl and lie right in the eye My momma told me willy that aint right Boy now that aint right Im s s s sorry Im s s s sorry I didnt mean to break your heart [2] Im s s s sorry Im s s s sorry I didnt mean to break ya B b b b break it baby Look baby Im a heartbreaker [6] Im a heart A h h h h im a heart A h h h im a Where she go I got some things I gotta let her know To fix the love now its impossible But baby baby if we take it slow If we take it slow We can make it work We just cant throw the love down in the dirt You probly think that im a f**kin jerk cause the way I let you down it made you hurt I didnt mean to make you hurt Im s s s sorry Im s s s sorry I didnt mean to break your heart [2] Im s s s sorry Im s s s sorry I didnt mean to break ya B b b b break it baby Look baby Im a heartbreaker [6] Im a heart A h h h h im a heart A h h h ima Break it down Lets break it down [roughly 15] So so so sorry So so so sorry A la la la La la la la La la la la Im s s s sorry Im s s s sorry I didnt mean to break your heart [2] Im s s s sorry Im s s s sorry I didnt mean to break ya B b b b break it baby Look baby Im a heartbreaker [6] Im a heart A h h h h im a heart A h h h ima SHARE	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8762288689613342, "perplexity": 18311.21406138426}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646952.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319140246-20180319160246-00126.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/915456/simplifying-the-sum-of-powers-of-the-golden-ratio	# Simplifying the sum of powers of the golden ratio I seem to have forgotten some fundamental algebra. I know that: $(\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2})^{k-2} + (\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2})^{k-1} = (\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2})^{k}$ But I don't remember how to show it algebraicly factoring out the biggest term on the LHS gives $(\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2})^{k-2}(1+(\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}))$ which doesn't really help - $x^{k-2}+x^{k-1}=x^k$ is true if you have $x+1=x^2$. Can you solve for $x$ in the quadratic equation $x^2-x-1=0$? Is $(1+\sqrt{5})/2$ one of the solutions? – Kim Jong Un Sep 1 '14 at 1:09 $$\left (\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \right )^{k-2} + \left (\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \right )^{k-1} = \left ( \frac{1+ \sqrt{5}}{2}\right )^{k-2} \left ( 1+ \frac{1+ \sqrt{5}}{2}\right)$$ It is known that the Greek letter phi (φ) represents the golden ratio,which value is: $$\phi=\frac{1+ \sqrt{5}}{2}$$ One of its identities is: $$\phi^2=\phi+1$$ Therefore: $$\left ( 1+ \frac{1+ \sqrt{5}}{2}\right)= \left ( 1+ \frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^2$$ So: $$\left ( \frac{1+ \sqrt{5}}{2}\right )^{k-2} \left ( 1+ \frac{1+ \sqrt{5}}{2}\right)= \left ( 1+ \frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^k$$ - What's $\left(\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^2$? - You are almost done. You have already found that $$( \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} )^{k-2} + ( \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} )^{k-1} = ( \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} )^{k-2} (1 + \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} )$$ You want to show that this quantity can be expressed as $( \frac {1 + \sqrt{5} }{2} )^k$. Comparing what you have to what you need, you should be able to see that it would be sufficient to prove that $1 + \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} = ( \frac {1 + \sqrt{5} }{2} )^2$. This can be verified directly by simplifying both sides. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9306115508079529, "perplexity": 254.99558808165412}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446218.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00038-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://category-theory.mitpress.mit.edu/chapter002.html	# The Category of Sets The theory of sets was invented as a foundation for all of mathematics. The notion of sets and functions serves as a basis on which to build intuition about categories in general. This chapter gives examples of sets and functions and then discusses commutative diagrams. Ologs are then introduced, allowing us to use the language of category theory to speak about real world concepts. All this material is basic set theory, but it can also be taken as an investigation of the category of sets, which is denoted Set. # 2.1 Sets and functions People have always found it useful to put things into bins. The study of sets is the study of things in bins. ## 2.1.1 Sets You probably have an innate understanding of what a set is. We can think of a set X as a collection of elements xX, each of which is recognizable as being in X and such that for each pair of named elements x, x′ ∈ X we can tell if x = x′ or not.1 The set of pendulums is the collection of things we agree to call pendulums, each of which is recognizable as being a pendulum, and for any two people pointing at pendulums we can tell if they’re pointing at the same pendulum or not. Notation 2.1.1.1. The symbol ∅ denotes the set with no elements (see Figure 2.1), which can also be written as { }. The symbol ℕ denotes the set of natural numbers: The symbol ℤ denotes the set of integers, which contains both the natural numbers and their negatives, If A and B are sets, we say that A is a subset of B, and write AB, if every element of A is an element of B. So we have ℕ ⊆ ℤ. Checking the definition, one sees that for any set A, we have (perhaps uninteresting) subsets ∅ ⊆ A and AA. We can use set-builder notation to denote subsets. For example, the set of even integers can be written {n ∈ ℤ \| n is even}. The set of integers greater than 2 can be written in many ways, such as $\begin{array}{ccccc}\left\{n\in ℤ\|n>2\right\}& \text{or}& \left\{n\in ℕ\|n>2\right\}& \text{or}& \left\{n\in ℕ\|n⩾3\right\}\end{array}.$ The symbol ∃ means “there exists.” So we could write the set of even integers as The symbol ∃! means “there exists a unique.” So the statement “∃!x ∈ ℝ such that x2 = 0” means that there is one and only one number whose square is 0. Finally, the symbol ∀ means “for all.” So the statement “∀m ∈ ℕ ∃n ∈ ℕ such that m < n” means that for every number there is a bigger one. As you may have noticed in defining ℕ and ℤ in (2.1) and (2.2), we use the colon-equals notation “AXY Z” to mean something like “define A to be XY Z.” That is, a colon-equals declaration does not denote a fact of nature (like 2 + 2 = 4) but a choice of the writer. We also often discuss a certain set with one element, denoted {☺}, as well as the familiar set of real numbers, ℝ, and some variants such as ℝ⩾0 ≔ {x ∈ ℝ \| x ⩾ 0}. Exercise 2.1.1.2. Let A ≔ {1, 2, 3}. What are all the subsets of A? Hint: There are eight. A set can have other sets as elements. For example, the set $X≔\left\{\left\{1,2\right\},\left\{4\right\},\left\{1,3,6\right\}\right\}$ has three elements, each of which is a set. ## 2.1.2 Functions If X and Y are sets, then a function f from X to Y, denoted f : XY, is a mapping that sends each element xX to an element of Y, denoted f(x) ∈ Y. We call X the domain of the function f, and we call Y the codomain of f. Note that for every element xX, there is exactly one arrow emanating from x, but for an element yY, there can be several arrows pointing to y, or there can be no arrows pointing to y (see Figure 2.2). Slogan 2.1.2.1. Given a function f : XY, we think of X as a set of things, and Y as a set of bins. The function tells us in which bin to put each thing. Application 2.1.2.2. In studying the mechanics of materials, one wishes to know how a material responds to tension. For example, a rubber band responds to tension differently than a spring does. To each material we can associate a force-extension curve, recording how much force the material carries when extended to various lengths. Once we fix a methodology for performing experiments, finding a material’s force-extension curve would ideally constitute a function from the set of materials to the set of curves. Exercise 2.1.2.3. Here is a simplified account of how the brain receives light. The eye contains about 100 million photoreceptor (PR) cells. Each connects to a retinal ganglion (RG) cell. No PR cell connects to two different RG cells, but usually many PR cells can attach to a single RG cell. Let PR denote the set of photoreceptor cells, and let RG denote the set of retinal ganglion cells. a. According to the above account, does the connection pattern constitute a function RGPR, a function PRRG, or neither one? b. Would you guess that the connection pattern that exists between other areas of the brain are function-like? Justify your answer. Example 2.1.2.4. Suppose that X is a set and X′ ⊆ X is a subset. Then we can consider the function X′ → X given by sending every element of X′ to “itself” as an element of X. For example, if X = {a, b, c, d, e, f} and X′ = {b, d, e}, then X′ ⊆ X. We turn that into the function X′ → X given by bb, dd, ee.2 As a matter of notation, we may sometimes say the following: Let X be a set, and let i : X′ ⊆ X be a subset. Here we are making clear that X′ is a subset of X, but that i is the name of the associated function. Exercise 2.1.2.5. Let f : ℕ → ℕ be the function that sends every natural number to its square, e.g., f(6) = 36. First fill in the blanks, then answer a question. a. 2 ↦ ________ b. 0 ↦ ________ c. −2 ↦ ________ d. 5 ↦ ________ e. Consider the symbol → and the symbol ↦. What is the difference between how these two symbols are used so far in this book? Given a function f : XY, the elements of Y that have at least one arrow pointing to them are said to be in the image of f; that is, we have The image of a function f is always a subset of its codomain, im(f) ⊆ Y. Exercise 2.1.2.6. If f : XY is depicted by Figure 2.2, write its image, im(f) as a set. Given a function f : XY and a function g : YZ, where the codomain of f is the same set as the domain of g (namely, Y), we say that f and g are composable $X\stackrel{f}{\to }Y\stackrel{g}{\to }Z.$ The composition of f and g is denoted by gf : XZ. See Figure 2.3. Slogan 2.1.2.7. Given composable functions $X\stackrel{f}{\to }Y\stackrel{g}{\to }Z$, we have a way of putting every thing in X into a bin in Y, and we have a way of putting each bin from Y into a larger bin in Z. The composite, gf : XZ, is the resulting way that every thing in X is put into a bin in Z. Exercise 2.1.2.8. If AX is a subset, Example 2.1.2.4 showed how to think of it as a function i : AX. Given a function f : XY, we can compose $A\stackrel{i}{\to }X\stackrel{f}{\to }Y$ and get a function fi: AY. The image of this function is denoted $f\left(A\right)≔\text{im}\left(f○i\right),$ see (2.3) for the definition of image. Let X = Y ≔ ℤ, let A ≔ {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3} ⊆ X, and let f : XY be given by f(x) = x2. What is the image set f(A)? Solution 2.1.2.8. By definition of image (see (2.3), we have Since A = {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3} and since i(a) = a for all aA, we have f(A) = {0, 1, 4, 9}. Note that an element of a set can only be in the set once; even though f(−1) = f(1) = 1, we need only mention 1 once in f(A). In other words, if a student has an answer such as {1, 0, 1, 4, 9}, this suggests a minor confusion. Notation 2.1.2.9. Let X be a set and xX an element. There is a function {☺} → X that sends ☺ ↦ x. We say that this function represents xX. We may denote it x: {☺} → X. Exercise 2.1.2.10. Let X be a set, let xX be an element, and let x: {☺} → X be the function representing it. Given a function f : XY, what is fx? Remark 2.1.2.11. Suppose given sets A, B, C and functions $A\stackrel{f}{\to }B\stackrel{g}{\to }C$. The classical order for writing their composition has been used so far, namely, gf : AC. For any element aA, we write gf(a) to mean g(f(a)). This means “do g to whatever results from doing f to a.” However, there is another way to write this composition, called diagrammatic order. Instead of gf, we would write f; g : AC, meaning “do f, then do g.” Given an element aA, represented by a: {☺} → A, we have an element a; f; g. Let X and Y be sets. We write HomSet(X, Y) to denote the set of functions XY.3 Note that two functions f, g : XY are equal if and only if for every element xX, we have f(x) = g(x). Exercise 2.1.2.12. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {x, y}. a. How many elements does HomSet(A, B) have? b. How many elements does HomSet(B, A) have? Exercise 2.1.2.13. a. Find a set A such that for all sets X there is exactly one element in HomSet(X, A). Hint: Draw a picture of proposed A’s and X’s. How many dots should be in A? b. Find a set B such that for all sets X there is exactly one element in HomSet(B, X). Solution 2.1.2.13. a. Here is one: A ≔ {☺}. (Here is another, A ≔ {48}, and another, A ≔ {a1}). Why? We are trying to count the number of functions XA. Regardless of X and A, in order to give a function XA one must answer the question, Where do I send x? several times, once for each element xX. Each element of X is sent to an element in A. For example, if X = {1, 2, 3}, then one asks three questions: Where do I send 1? Where do I send 2? Where do I send 3? When A has only one element, there is only one place to send each x. A function X → {☺} would be written 1 ↦ ☺, 2 ↦ ☺, 3 ↦ ☺. There is only one such function, so HomSet(X, {☺}) has one element. b. B = ∅ is the only possibility. To give a function BX one must answer the question, Where do I send b? for each bB. Because B has no elements, no questions must be answered in order to provide such a function. There is one way to answer all the necessary questions, because doing so is immediate (“vacuously satisfied”). It is like commanding John to “assign a letter grade to every person who is over 14 feet tall.” John is finished with his job the moment the command is given, and there is only one way for him to finish the job. So HomSet(∅, X) has one element. For any set X, we define the identity function on X, denoted ${\text{id}}_{X}:X\to X,$ to be the function such that for all xX, we have idX(x) = x. Definition 2.1.2.14 (Isomorphism). Let X and Y be sets. A function f : XY is called an isomorphism, denoted f : $X\stackrel{\cong }{\to }Y$, if there exists a function g : YX such that gf = idX and fg = idY. In this case we also say that f is invertible and that g is the inverse of f. If there exists an isomorphism $X\stackrel{\cong }{\to }Y$, we say that X and Y are isomorphic sets and may write XY. Example 2.1.2.15. If X and Y are sets and f : XY is an isomorphism, then the analogue of Figure 2.2 will look like a perfect matching, more often called a one-to-one correspondence. That means that no two arrows will hit the same element of Y, and every element of Y will be in the image. For example, Figure 2.4 depicts an isomorphism $X\stackrel{\cong }{\to }Y$ between four element sets. Application 2.1.2.16. There is an isomorphism between the set NucDNA of nucleotides found in DNA and the set NucRNA of nucleotides found in RNA. Indeed, both sets have four elements, so there are 24 different isomorphisms. But only one is useful in biology. Before we say which one it is, let us say there is also an isomorphism NucDNA ≅ {A, C, G, T} and an isomorphism NucRNA ≅ {A, C, G, U}, and we will use the letters as abbreviations for the nucleotides. The convenient isomorphism ${\text{Nuc}}_{\text{DNA}}\stackrel{\cong }{\to }{\text{Nuc}}_{\text{RNA}}$ is that given by RNA transcription; it sends (See also Application 5.1.2.21.) There is also an isomorphism ${\text{Nuc}}_{\text{DNA}}\stackrel{\cong }{\to }{\text{Nuc}}_{\text{DNA}}$ (the matching in the double helix), given by Protein production can be modeled as a function from the set of 3-nucleotide sequences to the set of eukaryotic amino acids. However, it cannot be an isomorphism because there are 43 = 64 triplets of RNA nucleotides but only 21 eukaryotic amino acids. Exercise 2.1.2.17. Let n ∈ ℕ be a natural number, and let X be a set with exactly n elements. a. How many isomorphisms are there from X to itself? b. Does your formula from part (a) hold when n = 0? Proposition 2.1.2.18. The following facts hold about isomorphism. 1. Any set A is isomorphic to itself; i.e., there exists an isomorphism $A\stackrel{\cong }{\to }A$. 2. For any sets A and B, if A is isomorphic to B, then B is isomorphic to A. 3. For any sets A, B, and C, if A is isomorphic to B, and B is isomorphic to C, then A is isomorphic to C. Proof. 1. The identity function idA: AA is invertible; its inverse is idA because idA ○ idA = idA. 2. If f : AB is invertible with inverse g : BA, then g is an isomorphism with inverse f. 3. If f : AB and f′ : BC are each invertible with inverses g : BA and g′: CB, then the following calculations show that f′ ○ f is invertible with inverse gg′: $\begin{array}{c}\left(f\prime ○f\right)○\left(g○g\prime \right)=f\prime ○\left(f○g\right)○g\prime =f\prime ○{\text{id}}_{B}○g\prime =f\prime ○g\prime ={\text{id}}_{C}\\ \left(g○g\prime \right)○\left(f\prime ○f\right)=g○\left(g\prime ○f\prime \right)○f=g○{\text{id}}_{B}○f=g○f={\text{id}}_{A}\end{array}$ Exercise 2.1.2.19. Let A and B be these sets: Note that the sets A and B are isomorphic. Suppose that f : B → {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} sends “Bob” to 1, sends ♣ to 3, and sends r8 to 4. Is there a canonical function A → {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} corresponding to f?4 Solution 2.1.2.19. No. There are a lot of choices, and none is any more reasonable than any other, i.e., none are canonical. (In fact, there are six choices; do you see why?) The point of this exercise is to illustrate that even if one knows that two sets are isomorphic, one cannot necessarily treat them as the same. To treat them as the same, one should have in hand a specified isomorphism g : $A\stackrel{\cong }{\to }B$, such as ar8, 7 ↦ “Bob”, Q ↦ ♣. Now, given f : B → {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, there is a canonical function A → {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} corresponding to f, namely, fg. Exercise 2.1.2.20. Find a set A such that for any set X, there is an isomorphism of sets $X\cong {\text{Hom}}_{\mathbf{\text{Set}}}\left(A,X\right).$ Hint: A function AX points each element of A to an element of X. When would there be the same number of ways to do that as there are elements of of X? Solution 2.1.2.20. Let A = {☺}. Then to point each element of A to an element of X, one must simply point ☺ to an element of X. The set of ways to do that can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of elements of X. For example, if X = {1, 2, 3}, then ☺ ↦ 3 is a function AX representing the element 3 ∈ X. See Notation 2.1.2.9. Notation 2.1.2.21. For any natural number n ∈ ℕ, define a set We call n the numeral set of size n. So, in particular, 2 = {1, 2}, 1 = {1}, and 0 = ∅. Let A be any set. A function f : nA can be written as a length n sequence We call this the sequence notation for f. Exercise 2.1.2.22. a. Let A = {a, b, c, d}. If f : 10A is given in sequence notation by (a, b, c, c, b, a, d, d, a, b), what is f(4)? b. Let s: 7 → ℕ be given by s(i) = i2. Write s in sequence notation. Solution 2.1.2.22. a. c b. (1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49) Definition 2.1.2.23 (Cardinality of finite sets). Let A be a set and n ∈ ℕ a natural number. We say that A has cardinality n, denoted $\|A\|=n,$ if there exists an isomorphism of sets An. If there exists some n ∈ ℕ such that A has cardinality n, then we say that A is finite. Otherwise, we say that A is infinite and write \|A\| ⩾ ∞. Exercise 2.1.2.24. a. Let A = {5, 6, 7}. What is \|A\|? b. What is \|{1, 1, 2, 3, 5}\|? c. What is \|ℕ\|? d. What is \|{n ∈ ℕ \| n ⩽ 5}\|? We will see in Corollary 3.4.5.6 that for any m, n ∈ ℕ, there is an isomorphism mn if and only if m = n. So if we find that A has cardinality m and that A has cardinality n, then m = n. Proposition 2.1.2.25. Let A and B be finite sets. If there is an isomorphism of sets f : AB, then the two sets have the same cardinality, \|A\| = \|B\|. Proof. If f : AB is an isomorphism and Bn, then An because the composition of two isomorphisms is an isomorphism. # 2.2 Commutative diagrams At this point it is difficult to precisely define diagrams or commutative diagrams in general, but we can get a heuristic idea.5 Consider the following picture: We say this is a diagram of sets if each of A, B, C is a set and each of f, g, h is a function. We say this diagram commutes if gf = h. In this case we refer to it as a commutative triangle of sets, or, more generally, as a commutative diagram of sets. Application 2.2.1.1. In its most basic form, the central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA codes for RNA codes for protein. That is, there is a function from DNA triplets to RNA triplets and a function from RNA triplets to amino acids. But sometimes we just want to discuss the translation from DNA to amino acids, and this is the composite of the other two. The following commutative diagram is a picture of this fact Consider the following picture: We say this is a diagram of sets if each of A, B, C, D is a set and each of f, g, h, i is a function. We say this diagram commutes if gf = ih. In this case we refer to it as a commutative square of sets. More generally, it is a commutative diagram of sets. Application 2.2.1.2. Given a physical system S, there may be two mathematical approaches f : SA and g : SB that can be applied to it. Either of those results in a prediction of the same sort, f′ : AP and g′ : BP. For example, in mechanics we can use either the Lagrangian approach or the Hamiltonian approach to predict future states. To say that the diagram commutes would say that these approaches give the same result. Note that diagram (2.6) is considered to be the same diagram as each of the following: In all these we have h = gf, or in diagrammatic order, h = f; g. # 2.3 Ologs In this book I ground the mathematical ideas in applications whenever possible. To that end I introduce ologs, which serve as a bridge between mathematics and various conceptual landscapes. The following material is taken from Spivak and Kent [43], an introduction to ologs. ## 2.3.1 Types A type is an abstract concept, a distinction the author has made. Each type is represented as a box containing a singular indefinite noun phrase. Each of the following four boxes is a type: Each of the four boxes in (2.8) represents a type of thing, a whole class of things, and the label on that box is what one should call each example of that class. Thus ⌜a man⌝ does not represent a single man but the set of men, each example of which is called “a man.” Similarly, the bottom right box represents an abstract type of thing, which probably has more than a million examples, but the label on the box indicates the common name for each such example. Typographical problems emerge when writing a text box in a line of text, e.g., the text box a man seems out of place, and the more in-line text boxes there are, the worse it gets. To remedy this, I denote types that occur in a line of text with corner symbols; e.g., I write ⌜a man⌝ instead of a man. ### 2.3.1.1 Types with compound structures Many types have compound structures, i.e., they are composed of smaller units. Examples include It is good practice to declare the variables in a compound type, as in the last two cases of (2.9). In other words, it is preferable to replace the first box in (2.9) with something like so that the variables (m, w) are clear. Rules of good practice 2.3.1.2. A type is presented as a text box. The text in that box should (i) begin with the word a or an; (ii) refer to a distinction made and recognizable by the olog’s author; (iii) refer to a distinction for which instances can be documented; (iv) be the common name that each instance of that distinction can be called; and (v) declare all variables in a compound structure. The first, second, third, and fourth rules ensure that the class of things represented by each box appears to the author to be a well defined set, and that the class is appropriately named. The fifth rule encourages good readability of arrows (see Section 2.3.2). I do not always follow the rules of good practice throughout this book. I think of these rules being as followed “in the background,” but I have nicknamed various boxes. So ⌜Steve⌝ may stand as a nickname for ⌜a thing classified as Steve⌝ and ⌜arginine⌝ as a nickname for ⌜a molecule of arginine⌝. However, one should always be able to rename each type according to the rules of good practice. ## 2.3.2 Aspects An aspect of a thing x is a way of viewing it, a particular way in which x can be regarded or measured. For example, a woman can be regarded as a person; hence “being a person” is an aspect of a woman. A molecule has a molecular mass (say in daltons), so “having a molecular mass” is an aspect of a molecule. In other words, when it comes to ologs, the word aspect simply means function. The domain A of the function f : AB is the thing we are measuring, and the codomain is the set of possible answers or results of the measurement. So for the arrow in (2.10), the domain is the set of women (a set with perhaps 3 billion elements); the codomain is the set of persons (a set with perhaps 6 billion elements). We can imagine drawing an arrow from each dot in the “woman” set to a unique dot in the “person” set, just as in Figure 2.2. No woman points to two different people nor to zero people—each woman is exactly one person—so the rules for a function are satisfied. Let us now concentrate briefly on the arrow in (2.11). The domain is the set of molecules, the codomain is the set ℝ>0 of positive real numbers. We can imagine drawing an arrow from each dot in the “molecule” set to a single dot in the “positive real number” set. No molecule points to two different masses, nor can a molecule have no mass: each molecule has exactly one mass. Note, however, that two different molecules can point to the same mass. ### 2.3.2.1 Invalid aspects To be valid an aspect must be a functional relationship. Arrows may on their face appear to be aspects, but on closer inspection they are not functional (and hence not valid as aspects). Consider the following two arrows: A person may have no children or may have more than one child, so the first arrow is invalid: it is not a function. Similarly, if one drew an arrow from each mechanical pencil to each piece of lead it uses, one would not have a function. Warning 2.3.2.2. The author of an olog has a worldview, some fragment of which is captured in the olog. When person A examines the olog of person B, person A may or may not agree with it. For example, person B may have the following olog which associates to each marriage a man and a woman. Person A may take the position that some marriages involve two men or two women and thus see B’s olog as wrong. Such disputes are not “problems” with either A’s olog or B’s olog; they are discrepancies between worldviews. Hence, a reader R may see an olog in this book and notice a discrepancy between R’s worldview and my own, but this is not a problem with the olog. Rules are enforced to ensure that an olog is structurally sound, not to ensure that it “correctly reflects reality,” since worldviews can differ. Consider the aspect . At some point in history, this would have been considered a valid function. Now we know that the same object would have a different weight on the moon than it has on earth. Thus, as worldviews change, we often need to add more information to an olog. Even the validity of is questionable, e.g., if I am considered to be the same object on earth before and after I eat Thanksgiving dinner. However, to build a model we need to choose a level of granularity and try to stay within it, or the whole model would evaporate into the nothingness of truth. Any level of granularity is called a stereotype; e.g., we stereotype objects on earth by saying they each have a weight. A stereotype is a lie, more politely a conceptual simplification, that is convenient for the way we want to do business. Remark 2.3.2.3. In keeping with Warning 2.3.2.2, the arrows in (2.12) and (2.13) may not be wrong but simply reflect that the author has an idiosyncratic worldview or vocabulary. Maybe the author believes that every mechanical pencil uses exactly one piece of lead. If this is so, then is indeed a valid aspect. Similarly, suppose the author meant to say that each person was once a child, or that a person has an inner child. Since every person has one and only one inner child (according to the author), the map is a valid aspect. We cannot fault the olog for its author’s view, but note that we have changed the name of the label to make the intention more explicit. ### 2.3.2.4 Reading aspects and paths as English phrases Each arrow (aspect) $X\stackrel{f}{\to }Y$ can be read by first reading the label on its source box X, then the label on the arrow f, and finally the label on its target box Y. For example, the arrow is read “a book has as first author a person.” Remark 2.3.2.5. Note that the map in (2.14) is a valid aspect, but a similarly benign-looking map would not be valid, because it is not functional. When creating an olog, one must be vigilant about this type of mistake because it is easy to miss, and it can corrupt the olog. Sometimes the label on an arrow can be shortened or dropped altogether if it is obvious from context (see Section 2.3.3). Here is a common example from the way I write ologs. Neither arrow is readable by the preceding protocol (e.g., “a pair (x, y), where x and y are integers x an integer” is not an English sentence), and yet it is clear what each map means. For example, given (8, 11) in A, arrow x would yield 8 and arrow y would yield 11. The label x can be thought of as a nickname for the full name “yields as the value of x,” and similarly for y. I do not generally use the full name, so as not to clutter the olog. One can also read paths through an olog by inserting the word which (or who) after each intermediate box. For example, olog (2.16) has two paths of length 3 (counting arrows in a chain): The top path is read “a child is a person, who has as parents a pair (w, m), where w is a woman and m is a man, which yields, as the value of w, a woman.” The reader should read and understand the content of the bottom path, which associates to every child a year. ### 2.3.2.6 Converting nonfunctional relationships to aspects There are many relationships that are not functional, and these cannot be considered aspects. Often the word has indicates a relationship—sometimes it is functional, as in , and sometimes it is not, as in . Clearly, a father may have more than one child. This one is easily fixed by realizing that the arrow should go the other way: there is a function . What about . Again, a person may own no cars or more than one car, but this time a car can be owned by more than one person too. A quick fix would be to replace it by . This is okay, but the relationship between ⌜a car⌝ and ⌜a set of cars⌝ then becomes an issue to deal with later. There is another way to indicate such nonfunctional relationships. In this case it would look like this: This setup will ensure that everything is properly organized. In general, relationships can involve more than two types, and in olog form looks like this: For example, Exercise 2.3.2.7. On page 25, the arrow in (2.12) was indicated as an invalid aspect: Create a valid olog that captures the parent-child relationship; your olog should still have boxes ⌜a person⌝ and ⌜a child⌝ but may have an additional box. Rules of good practice 2.3.2.8. An aspect is presented as a labeled arrow pointing from a source box to a target box. The arrow label text should (i) begin with a verb; (ii) yield an English sentence, when the source box text followed by the arrow text followed by the target box text is read; (iii) refer to a functional relationship: each instance of the source type should give rise to a specific instance of the target type; (iv) constitute a useful description of that functional relationship. ## 2.3.3 Facts In this section I discuss facts, by which I mean path equivalences in an olog. It is the notion of path equivalences that makes category theory so powerful. A path in an olog is a head-to-tail sequence of arrows. That is, any path starts at some box B0, then follows an arrow emanating from B0 (moving in the appropriate direction), at which point it lands at another box B1, then follows any arrow emanating from B1, and so on, eventually landing at a box Bn and stopping there. The number of arrows is the length of the path. So a path of length 1 is just an arrow, and a path of length 0 is just a box. We call B0 the source and Bn the target of the path. Given an olog, its author may want to declare that two paths are equivalent. For example, consider the two paths from A to C in the olog We know as English speakers that a woman parent is called a mother, so these two paths AC should be equivalent. A mathematical way to say this is that the triangle in olog (2.17) commutes. That is, path equivalences are simply commutative diagrams, as in Section 2.2. In the preceding example we concisely say “a woman parent is equivalent to a mother.” We declare this by defining the diagonal map in (2.17) to be the composition of the horizontal map and the vertical map. I generally prefer to indicate a commutative diagram by drawing a check mark, ✓, in the region bounded by the two paths, as in olog (2.17). Sometimes, however, one cannot do this unambiguously on the two-dimensional page. In such a case I indicate the commutative diagram (fact) by writing an equation. For example, to say that the diagram commutes, we could either draw a check mark inside the square or write the equation ${}_{A}\left[f,g\right]\simeq {}_{A}\left[h,i\right]$ above it.6 Either way, it means that starting from A, “doing f, then g” is equivalent to “doing h, then i.” Here is another example: Note how this diagram gives us the established terminology for the various ways in which DNA, RNA, and protein are related in this context. Exercise 2.3.3.1. Create an olog for human nuclear biological families that includes the concepts of person, man, woman, parent, father, mother, and child. Make sure to label all the arrows and that each arrow indicates a valid aspect in the sense of Section 2.3.2.1. Indicate with check marks (✓) the diagrams that are intended to commute. If the 2-dimensionality of the page prevents a check mark from being unambiguous, indicate the intended commutativity with an equation. Solution 2.3.3.1. Note that neither of the two triangles from child to person commute. To say that they did commute would be to say that “a child and its mother are the same person” and that “a child and its father are the same person.” Example 2.3.3.2 (Noncommuting diagram). In my conception of the world, the following diagram does not commute: The noncommutativity of diagram (2.18) does not imply that no person lives in the same city as his or her father. Rather it implies that it is not the case that every person lives in the same city as his or her father. Exercise 2.3.3.3. Create an olog about a scientific subject, preferably one you think about often. The olog should have at least five boxes, five arrows, and one commutative diagram. ### 2.3.3.4 A formula for writing facts as English Every fact consists of two paths, say, P and Q, that are to be declared equivalent. The paths P and Q will necessarily have the same source, say, s, and target, say, t, but their lengths may be different, say, m and n respectively.7 We draw these paths as Every part of an olog (i.e., every box and every arrow) has an associated English phrase, which we write as 〈〈〉〉. Using a dummy variable x, we can convert a fact into English too. The following general formula may be a bit difficult to understand (see Example 2.3.3.5). The fact PQ from (2.19) can be Englished as follows: Example 2.3.3.5. Consider the olog To put the fact that diagram (2.21) commutes into English, we first English the two paths: F = “a person has an address which is in a city” and G = “a person lives in a city.” The source of both is s = “a person” and the target of both is t = “a city.” Write: Given x, a person, consider the following. We know that x is a person, who has an address, which is in a city, that we call P(x). We also know that x is a person, who lives in a city that we call Q(x). Fact: Whenever x is a person, we will have P(x) = Q(x). More concisely, one reads olog 2.21 as A person x has an address, which is in a city, and this is the city x lives in. Exercise 2.3.3.6. This olog was taken from Spivak [38]. It says that a landline phone is physically located in the region to which its phone number is assigned. Translate this fact into English using the formula from (2.20). Exercise 2.3.3.7. In olog (2.22), suppose that the box ⌜an operational landline phone⌝ is replaced with the box ⌜an operational cell phone⌝. Would the diagram still commute? ### 2.3.3.8 Images This section discusses a specific kind of fact, generated by any aspect. Recall that every function has an image (2.3), meaning the subset of elements in the codomain that are “hit” by the function. For example, the function f : ℤ → ℤ given by f(x) = 2 x: ℤ → ℤ has as image the set of all even numbers. Similarly, the set of mothers arises as the image of the “has as mother” function: Exercise 2.3.3.9. For each of the following types, write a function for which it is the image, or write “not clearly useful as an image type.” a. ⌜a book⌝ b. ⌜a material that has been fabricated by a working process of type T c. ⌜a bicycle owner⌝ d. ⌜a child⌝ e. ⌜a used book⌝ f. ⌜a primary residence⌝ __________________ 1Note that the symbol x′, read “x-prime,” has nothing to do with calculus or derivatives. It is simply notation used to name a symbol that is somehow like x. This suggestion of kinship between x and x′ is meant only as an aid for human cognition, not as part of the mathematics. 2This kind of arrow, ↦, is read “maps to.” A function f : XY means a rule for assigning to each element xX an element f(x) ∈ Y. We say that “x maps to f(x)” and write xf(x). 3The notation HomSet(−, −) will make more sense later, when it is seen in a larger context. See especially Section 5.1. 4Canonical, as used here, means something like “best choice,” a choice that stands out as the only reasonable one. 5Commutative diagrams are precisely defined in Section 6.1.2. 6We defined function composition in Section 2.1.2, but here we are using a different notation. There we used classical order, and our path equivalence would be written gf = ih. As discussed in Remark 2.1.2.11, category theorists and others often prefer the diagrammatic order for writing compositions, which is f; g = h; i. For ologs, we roughly follow the latter because it makes for better English sentences, and for the same reason, we add the source object to the equation, writing A[f, g] ≃ A[h, i]. 7If the source equals the target, s = t, then it is possible to have m = 0 or n = 0, and the ideas that follow still make sense.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 21, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8635101914405823, "perplexity": 672.7055910120393}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121644.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00246-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?f=130&t=2583	## Ethane vs. ethene heat capacity? $\Delta U=q+w$ Chem_Mod Posts: 16977 Joined: Thu Aug 04, 2011 1:53 pm Has upvoted: 364 times ### Ethane vs. ethene heat capacity? Question: How do we know that ethane has a higher heat capacity than ethene? Chem_Mod Posts: 16977 Joined: Thu Aug 04, 2011 1:53 pm Has upvoted: 364 times ### Re: Ethane vs. ethene heat capacity? Answer: From the equipartition theorem, ethane has more degrees of freedom than ethene and therefore will have a higher heat capacity. Imani Johnson 1H Posts: 14 Joined: Sat Jul 23, 2016 3:00 am ### Re: Ethane vs. ethene heat capacity? What are the degrees of freedom as it relates to ethane and ethene ? How is this calculated? Leah Thomas 2E Posts: 51 Joined: Fri Sep 29, 2017 7:06 am ### Re: Ethane vs. ethene heat capacity? Is the degrees of freedom related to how many single and double bonds there are in the molecule?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5615424513816833, "perplexity": 11799.012648344791}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578742415.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425213812-20190425235812-00255.warc.gz"}
http://www.ask.com/question/how-long-would-it-take-to-travel-20-miles-per-hour-for-one-foot	# How Long Would It Take to Travel 20 Miles Per Hour for One Foot? Figuring out how long it will take to travel 1 foot at a speed of 20 miles per hour requires the distance of 1 mile in units of feet. There are 5280 feet in one mile. So setting up an equation relating the information, (20 m/h)(5280ft / 1mi)(1 hr / 3600s) = 29.33ft/s. Traveling 1 foot at this speed will take 0.034 s. Q&A Related to "How Long Would It Take to Travel 20 Miles Per..." You are traveling at 15 miles per hour. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_many_miles_per_hour_... The velocity that the ISS travels is determined by a couple physical variables. In the simplified case of a perfectly circular orbit the velocity can be derived by knowing: 1. The http://www.quora.com/Why-does-the-space-station-ha... Bullet that shoots 100 miles http://www.chacha.com/question/if-a-bullet-shoots-... Let the speed of current be x mph. Let the distance between A & B be D miles. D/ (20+x) / D/ (20-x) = 3/5. CROSS MULTIPLY. 5( 20-x) = 3 ( 20 + x) 100 -5x = 60 + 3x. 8x = 40. x http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=201310... Similar Questions Top Related Searches Explore this Topic It will take you 0.208 hours to travel 1.5 miles at a speed of 7.2 miles per hour. This is equal to about 12.5 minutes. You are really not traveling all that fast ... To travel 4,700 miles, at 30 miles an hour, it would take approximately 156 hours, which is about 6 days, give or take a few hours. It would be much faster to ... If you were traveling 65 miles per hour, and you wanted to travel 473 miles, you would divide 473/65 to get 7.28 hours. Therefore, it takes 7.28 hours to travel ...	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9082409739494324, "perplexity": 741.3462406345004}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999635916/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060715-00079-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/differential-geometry/195437-ordering-property-z-print.html	# ordering property of Z Given the natural numbers N with the properties of associativity and commutivity of both addition and multiplication and the distributive law with trichotomy(a<b, a>b or a=b) and transitivity(a > b, b > c $\Rightarrow$ a > c) and a < a + c and a < b $\Rightarrow$ ac < bc for all a, b, c in N. With the integers Z defined as the set of ordered pairs (x,y) where $x,y \in N$ and $(a,b) < (c,d) \Leftrightarrow a+d < c+b$. 0 is defined as equivalence class of (m,m) $m \in N$ and $(a+b,b) \in N$.How does one show that if $z_1, z_2, z_3 \in Z, z_1 < z_2 \Rightarrow z_1 + z_3 < z_2 + z_3$? My difficulty comes in how does one show that if $c+b < a+d \Rightarrow (a+b,c+d) \in N$?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 8, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8790072202682495, "perplexity": 289.3216069485138}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398451648.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205411-00092-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://brilliant.org/problems/another-badminton-match/	# Another Badminton Match Level pending Credit to Wee Xian Bin for the original problem. Mark and Jolene are at it again. This time they are playing the badminton match such that whoever has 2 more set wins than the opposite player wins the game. If Mark still has a $$0.4$$ chance of winning a set, then the probability that Jolene will win the entire match can be represented as $$\dfrac{a}{b}$$ for coprime positive integers $$a,b$$. What is $$a+b$$? ×	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6501997113227844, "perplexity": 1087.822031034511}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648000.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322190333-20180322210333-00548.warc.gz"}
https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/cryptospy	# CryptoSpy In this cryptogram worksheet, students answer a question by decrypting the symbols. Different hearts are the symbols for the letters of the alphabet.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9261388182640076, "perplexity": 2475.741906949755}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693363.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925201601-20170925221601-00082.warc.gz"}
https://hockeyschtick.blogspot.com/2014/11/new-paper-finds-large-surface-solar.html	## Thursday, November 20, 2014 ### New paper finds large surface solar radiation increase of 4% per decade & UV increase 7% per decade A paper published today in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics finds global solar radiation at the surface in Belgium has significantly and substantially increased by 4% per decade from 1991-2013, and solar UV radiation at the surface has increased even more by 7% per decade. According to the authors, the findings corroborate others for Europe as well as the well-known global brightening phenomenon, which followed the global dimming period from ~1970-1985 that was responsible for the ice age scare of the 1970's. The authors find a (statistically insignificant) decrease of aerosol optical depth of -8%/decade from 1991-2013, which could be due to a decrease of cloud cover and/or other aerosols. As noted by Dr. Roy Spencer, a mere 1-2% change in cloud cover can alone account for global warming or cooling. The authors also find total column ozone, which is primarily generated by solar UV and can act as a solar amplification mechanism, has increased by 3%/decade. The effects of solar dimming and brightening on climate are far greater than attributed to greenhouse gases, but which have not been simulated by climate models. These observed trends of solar surface radiation dimming and brightening correspond well to the observed global temperature changes over the past 50 years, and to a far greater extent than do CO2 levels. Findings from the paper: erythemal ultraviolet (UV) dose (Sery): +7%/decade Excerpt: Concerning the global solar radiation, many publications agree on the existence of a solar dimming period between 1970 and 1985 and a subsequent solar brightening period (Norris and Wild, 2007; Solomon et al., 2007; Makowski et al., 2009; Stjern et al., 2009; Wild et al., 2009; Sanchez-Lorenzo and Wild, 2012). Different studies have calculated the trend in Sg after 1985. The trend in Sg [global solar radiation] from GEBA (Global Energy Balance Archive; between 1987 and 2002 is equal to +1.4 ( 3.4)Wm-2 per decade according to Norris and Wild (2007). Stjern et al. (2009) found a total change in the mean surface solar radiation trend over 11 stations in northern Europe of +4.4% between 1983 and 2003. In the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (Solomon et al., 2007), 421 sites were analyzed; between 1992 and 2002, the change of all-sky surface solar radiation was equal to 0.66Wm-2 per year. Wild et al. (2009) investigated the global solar radiation from 133 stations from GEBA/World Radiation Data Centre belonging to different regions in Europe. All series showed an increase over the entire period, with a pronounced upward tendency since 2000. For the Benelux region, the linear change between 1985 and 2005 is equal to +0.42Wm-2 per year, compared to the pan-European average trend of +0.33Wm-2 per year (or +0.24Wm-2 if the anomaly of the 2003 heat wave is excluded) (Wild et al. 2009). Our trend at Uccle of +0.5 ( 0.2)Wm-2 per year (or +4% per decade) agrees within the error bars with the results from Wild et al. (2009). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 12251-12270, 2014 Author(s): V. De Bock, H. De Backer, R. Van Malderen, A. Mangold, and A. Delcloo At Uccle, Belgium, a long time series (1991–2013) of simultaneous measurements of erythemal ultraviolet (UV) dose (Sery), global solar radiation (Sg), total ozone column (Q_{O3}\$) and aerosol optical depth (τaer) (at 320.1 nm) is available, which allows for an extensive study of the changes in the variables over time. Linear trends were determined for the different monthly anomalies time series. Sery, Sg and QO3 all increase by respectively 7, 4 and 3% per decade. τaer shows an insignificant negative trend of −8% per decade. These trends agree with results found in the literature for sites with comparable latitudes. A change-point analysis, which determines whether there is a significant change in the mean of the time series, is applied to the monthly anomalies time series of the variables. Only for Sery and QO3, was a significant change point present in the time series around February 1998 and March 1998, respectively. The change point in QO3corresponds with results found in the literature, where the change in ozone levels around 1997 is attributed to the recovery of ozone. A multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis is applied to the data in order to study the influence of Sg, QO3 and τaer on Sery. Together these parameters are able to explain 94% of the variation in Sery. Most of the variation (56%) in Sery is explained by Sg. The regression model performs well, with a slight tendency to underestimate the measured Sery values and with a mean absolute bias error (MABE) of 18%. However, in winter, negative Sery are modeled. Applying the MLR to the individual seasons solves this issue. The seasonal models have an adjusted R2 value higher than 0.8 and the correlation between modeled and measured Sery values is higher than 0.9 for each season. The summer model gives the best performance, with an absolute mean error of only 6%. However, the seasonal regression models do not always represent reality, where an increase in Sery is accompanied with an increase in QO3 and a decrease in τaer. In all seasonal models, Sg is the factor that contributes the most to the variation in Sery, so there is no doubt about the necessity to include this factor in the regression models. The individual contribution of τaer to Sery is very low, and for this reason it seems unnecessary to include τaer in the MLR analysis. Including QO3, however, is justified to increase the adjusted R2 and to decrease the MABE of the model. #### 1 comment: 1. This is just confirmation that global cloudiness is linked to changes in global atmospheric air circulation. Zonal / poleward jets give less clouds and meridional / equatorward jets give more clouds. The consequence is changes in the proportion of solar energy that gets into the oceans to affect global surface temperatures and drive the climate system. It also supports my view that solar induced changes in ozone amounts in the stratosphere alter the gradient of tropopause height between equator and poles so as to allow latitudinal shifting of the jets and climate zones. I think that is a better solution than the Svensmark cosmic ray proposition.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8422284722328186, "perplexity": 3026.91701753386}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711126.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207021130-20221207051130-00680.warc.gz"}
https://www.mathworks.com/help/signal/ref/pmtm.html	# pmtm Multitaper power spectral density estimate ## Syntax ``pxx = pmtm(x)`` ``pxx = pmtm(x,nw)`` ``pxx = pmtm(x,nw,nfft)`` ``[pxx,w] = pmtm(___)`` ``[pxx,f] = pmtm(___,fs)`` ``[pxx,w] = pmtm(x,nw,w)`` ``[pxx,f] = pmtm(x,nw,f,fs)`` ``[___] = pmtm(___,method)`` ``[___] = pmtm(x,e,v)`` ``[___] = pmtm(x,dpss_params)`` ``[___] = pmtm(___,'DropLastTaper',dropflag)`` ``[___] = pmtm(___,freqrange)`` ``[___,pxxc] = pmtm(___,'ConfidenceLevel',probability)`` ``pmtm(___)`` ## Description example ````pxx = pmtm(x)` returns Thomson’s multitaper power spectral density (PSD) estimate, `pxx`, of the input signal, `x`. When `x` is a vector, it is treated as a single channel. When `x` is a matrix, the PSD is computed independently for each column and stored in the corresponding column of `pxx`. The tapers are the discrete prolate spheroidal (DPSS), or Slepian, sequences. The time-halfbandwidth, `nw`, product is 4. By default, `pmtm` uses the first 2 × `nw` – 1 DPSS sequences. If `x` is real-valued, `pxx` is a one-sided PSD estimate. If `x` is complex-valued, `pxx` is a two-sided PSD estimate. The number of points, `nfft`, in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is the maximum of 256 or the next power of two greater than the signal length.``` example ````pxx = pmtm(x,nw)` use the time-halfbandwidth product, `nw`, to obtain the multitaper PSD estimate. The time-halfbandwidth product controls the frequency resolution of the multitaper estimate. `pmtm` uses 2 × `nw` – 1 Slepian tapers in the PSD estimate.``` example ````pxx = pmtm(x,nw,nfft)` uses `nfft` points in the DFT. If `nfft` is greater than the signal length, `x` is zero-padded to length `nfft`. If `nfft` is less than the signal length, the signal is wrapped modulo `nfft`.``` ````[pxx,w] = pmtm(___)` returns the normalized frequency vector, `w`. If `pxx` is a one-sided PSD estimate, `w` spans the interval [0,π] if `nfft` is even and [0,π) if `nfft` is odd. If `pxx` is a two-sided PSD estimate, `w` spans the interval [0,2π).``` example ````[pxx,f] = pmtm(___,fs)` returns a frequency vector, `f`, in cycles per unit time. The sample rate, `fs`, is the number of samples per unit time. If the unit of time is seconds, then `f` is in cycles/sec (Hz). For real–valued signals, `f` spans the interval [0,`fs`/2] when `nfft` is even and [0,`fs`/2) when `nfft` is odd. For complex-valued signals, `f` spans the interval [0,`fs`). `fs` must be the fourth input to `pmtm`. To input a sample rate and still use the default values of the preceding optional arguments, specify these arguments as empty, `[]`.``` ````[pxx,w] = pmtm(x,nw,w)` returns the two-sided multitaper PSD estimates at the normalized frequencies specified in `w`. The vector `w` must contain at least two elements, because otherwise the function interprets it as `nfft`.``` ````[pxx,f] = pmtm(x,nw,f,fs)` returns the two-sided multitaper PSD estimates at the frequencies specified in the vector, `f`. The vector `f` must contain at least two elements, because otherwise the function interprets it as `nfft`. The frequencies in `f` are in cycles per unit time. The sample rate, `fs`, is the number of samples per unit time. If the unit of time is seconds, then `f` is in cycles/second (Hz).``` example ````[___] = pmtm(___,method)` combines the individual tapered PSD estimates using the method, `method`. `method` can be one of: `'adapt'` (default), `'eigen'`, or `'unity'`.``` example ````[___] = pmtm(x,e,v)` uses the tapers in the N-by-K matrix `e` with concentrations `v` in the frequency band [-w,w]. N is the length of the input signal, `x`. Use `dpss` to obtain the Slepian tapers and corresponding concentrations.``` ````[___] = pmtm(x,dpss_params)` uses the cell array, `dpss_params`, to pass input arguments to `dpss` except the number of elements in the sequences. The number of elements in the sequences is the first input argument to `dpss` and is not included in `dpss_params`. An example of this usage is `pxx = pmtm(randn(1000,1),{2.5,3})`.``` example ````[___] = pmtm(___,'DropLastTaper',dropflag)` specifies whether `pmtm` drops the last taper in the computation of the multitaper PSD estimate. `dropflag` is a logical. The default value of `dropflag` is `true` and the last taper is not used in the PSD estimate.``` example ````[___] = pmtm(___,freqrange)` returns the multitaper PSD estimate over the frequency range specified by `freqrange`. Valid options for `freqrange` are `'onesided'`, `'twosided'`, and `'centered'`.``` example ````[___,pxxc] = pmtm(___,'ConfidenceLevel',probability)` returns the `probability` × 100% confidence intervals for the PSD estimate in `pxxc`. ``` example ````pmtm(___)` with no output arguments plots the multitaper PSD estimate in the current figure window. ``` ## Examples collapse all Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate of an input signal consisting of a discrete-time sinusoid with an angular frequency of $\pi /4$ rad/sample with additive N(0,1) white noise. Create a sine wave with an angular frequency of $\pi /4$ rad/sample with additive N(0,1) white noise. The signal is 320 samples in length. Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate using the default time-halfbandwidth product of 4 and DFT length. The default number of DFT points is 512. Because the signal is real-valued, the PSD estimate is one-sided and there are 512/2+1 points in the PSD estimate. ```n = 0:319; x = cos(pi/4n)+randn(size(n)); pxx = pmtm(x);``` Plot the multitaper PSD estimate. `pmtm(x)` Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate with a specified time-halfbandwidth product. Create a sine wave with an angular frequency of $\pi /4$ rad/sample with additive N(0,1) white noise. The signal is 320 samples in length. Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate with a time-halfbandwidth product of 2.5. The resolution bandwidth is $\left[-2.5\pi /320,2.5\pi /320\right]$ rad/sample. The default number of DFT points is 512. Because the signal is real-valued, the PSD estimate is one-sided and there are 512/2+1 points in the PSD estimate. ```n = 0:319; x = cos(pi/4n)+randn(size(n)); pmtm(x,2.5)``` Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate of an input signal consisting of a discrete-time sinusoid with an angular frequency of $\pi /4$ rad/sample with additive N(0,1) white noise. Use a DFT length equal to the signal length. Create a sine wave with an angular frequency of $\pi /4$ rad/sample with additive N(0,1) white noise. The signal is 320 samples in length. Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate with a time-halfbandwidth product of 3 and a DFT length equal to the signal length. Because the signal is real-valued, the one-sided PSD estimate is returned by default with a length equal to 320/2+1. ```n = 0:319; x = cos(pi/4n)+randn(size(n)); pmtm(x,3,length(x))``` Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate of a signal sampled at 1 kHz. The signal is a 100 Hz sine wave in additive N(0,1) white noise. The signal duration is 2 s. Use a time-halfbandwidth product of 3 and DFT length equal to the signal length. ```fs = 1000; t = 0:1/fs:2-1/fs; x = cos(2pi100t)+randn(size(t)); [pxx,f] = pmtm(x,3,length(x),fs);``` Plot the multitaper PSD estimate. `pmtm(x,3,length(x),fs)` Obtain a multitaper PSD estimate where the individual tapered direct spectral estimates are given equal weight in the average. Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate of a signal sampled at 1 kHz. The signal is a 100 Hz sine wave in additive N(0,1) white noise. The signal duration is 2 s. Use a time-halfbandwidth product of 3 and a DFT length equal to the signal length. Use the `'unity'` option to give equal weight in the average to each of the individual tapered direct spectral estimates. ```fs = 1000; t = 0:1/fs:2-1/fs; x = cos(2pi100t)+randn(size(t)); [pxx,f] = pmtm(x,3,length(x),fs,'unity');``` Plot the multitaper PSD estimate. `pmtm(x,3,length(x),fs,'unity')` This example examines the frequency-domain concentrations of the DPSS sequences. The example produces a multitaper PSD estimate of an input signal by precomputing the Slepian sequences and selecting only those with more than 99% of their energy concentrated in the resolution bandwidth. The signal is a 100 Hz sine wave in additive N(0,1) white noise. The signal duration is 2 s. ```fs = 1000; t = 0:1/fs:2-1/fs; x = cos(2pi100t)+randn(size(t));``` Set the time-halfbandwidth product to 3.5. For the signal length of 2000 samples and a sampling interval of 0.001 seconds, this results in a resolution bandwidth of [-1.75,1.75] Hz. Calculate the first 10 Slepian sequences and examine their frequency concentrations in the specified resolution bandwidth. ```[e,v] = dpss(length(x),3.5,10); stem(1:length(v),v,'filled') ylim([0 1.2]) title('Proportion of Energy in [-w,w] of k-th Slepian Sequence')``` Determine the number of Slepian sequences with energy concentrations greater than 99%. Using the selected DPSS sequences, obtain the multitaper PSD estimate. Set `'DropLastTaper'` to `false` to use all the selected tapers. ```hold on plot(1:length(v),0.99ones(length(v),1))``` `idx = find(v>0.99,1,'last')` ```idx = 5 ``` `[pxx,f] = pmtm(x,e(:,1:idx),v(1:idx),length(x),fs,'DropLastTaper',false);` Plot the multitaper PSD estimate. ```figure pmtm(x,e(:,1:idx),v(1:idx),length(x),fs,'DropLastTaper',false)``` Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate of a 100 Hz sine wave in additive N(0,1) noise. The data are sampled at 1 kHz. Use the `'centered'` option to obtain the DC-centered PSD. ```fs = 1000; t = 0:1/fs:2-1/fs; x = cos(2pi100t)+randn(size(t)); [pxx,f] = pmtm(x,3.5,length(x),fs,'centered');``` Plot the DC-centered PSD estimate. `pmtm(x,3.5,length(x),fs,'centered')` The following example illustrates the use of confidence bounds with the multitaper PSD estimate. While not a necessary condition for statistical significance, frequencies in the multitaper PSD estimate where the lower confidence bound exceeds the upper confidence bound for surrounding PSD estimates clearly indicate significant oscillations in the time series. Create a signal consisting of the superposition of 100-Hz and 150-Hz sine waves in additive white N(0,1) noise. The amplitude of the two sine waves is 1. The sampling frequency is 1 kHz. The signal is 2 s in duration. ```fs = 1000; t = 0:1/fs:2-1/fs; x = cos(2pi100t)+cos(2pi150t)+randn(size(t));``` Obtain the multitaper PSD estimate with 95%-confidence bounds. Plot the PSD estimate along with the confidence interval and zoom in on the frequency region of interest near 100 and 150 Hz. ```[pxx,f,pxxc] = pmtm(x,3.5,length(x),fs,'ConfidenceLevel',0.95); plot(f,10log10(pxx)) hold on plot(f,10log10(pxxc),'r-.') xlim([85 175]) xlabel('Hz') ylabel('dB') title('Multitaper PSD Estimate with 95%-Confidence Bounds')``` The lower confidence bound in the immediate vicinity of 100 and 150 Hz is significantly above the upper confidence bound outside the vicinity of 100 and 150 Hz. Generate 1024 samples of a multichannel signal consisting of three sinusoids in additive $N\left(0,1\right)$ white Gaussian noise. The sinusoids' frequencies are $\pi /2$, $\pi /3$, and $\pi /4$ rad/sample. Estimate the PSD of the signal using Thomson's multitaper method and plot it. ```N = 1024; n = 0:N-1; w = pi./[2;3;4]; x = cos(wn)' + randn(length(n),3); pmtm(x)``` ## Input Arguments collapse all Input signal, specified as a row or column vector, or as a matrix. If `x` is a matrix, then its columns are treated as independent channels. Example: `cos(pi/4(0:159))+randn(1,160)` is a single-channel row-vector signal. Example: `cos(pi./[4;2](0:159))'+randn(160,2)` is a two-channel signal. Data Types: `single` \| `double` Complex Number Support: Yes Time-halfbandwidth product, specified as a positive scalar. In multitaper spectral estimation, the user specifies the resolution bandwidth of the multitaper estimate [–W,W] where W = k/NΔt for some small k > 1. Equivalently, W is some small multiple of the frequency resolution of the DFT. The time-halfbandwidth product is the product of the resolution halfbandwidth and the number of samples in the input signal, N. The number of Slepian tapers whose Fourier transforms are well-concentrated in [–W,W] (eigenvalues close to unity) is 2NW – 1. Number of DFT points, specified as a positive integer. For a real-valued input signal, `x`, the PSD estimate, `pxx` has length (`nfft`/2 + 1) if `nfft` is even, and (`nfft` + 1)/2 if `nfft` is odd. For a complex-valued input signal,`x`, the PSD estimate always has length `nfft`. If `nfft` is specified as empty, the default `nfft` is used. Data Types: `single` \| `double` Sample rate, specified as a positive scalar. The sample rate is the number of samples per unit time. If the unit of time is seconds, then the sample rate has units of Hz. Normalized frequencies, specified as a row or column vector with at least two elements. Normalized frequencies are in rad/sample. Example: `w = [pi/4 pi/2]` Data Types: `double` Frequencies, specified as a row or column vector with at least two elements. The frequencies are in cycles per unit time. The unit time is specified by the sample rate, `fs`. If `fs` has units of samples/second, then `f` has units of Hz. Example: `fs = 1000; f = [100 200]` Data Types: `double` Weights on individual tapered PSD estimates, specified as one of `'adapt'`, `'eigen'`, or `'unity'`. The default is Thomson’s adaptive frequency-dependent weights, `'adapt'`. The calculation of these weights is detailed on pp. 368–370 in [1]. The `'eigen'` method weights each tapered PSD estimate by the eigenvalue (frequency concentration) of the corresponding Slepian taper. The `'unity'` method weights each tapered PSD estimate equally. DPSS (Slepian) sequences, specified as a N-by-K matrix where N is the length of the input signal, `x`. The matrix `e` is the output of `dpss`. Eigenvalues for DPSS (Slepian) sequences, specified as a column vector. The eigenvalues for the DPSS sequences indicate the proportion of the sequence energy concentrated in the resolution bandwidth, [-W, W]. The eigenvalues range lie in the interval (0,1) and generally the first 2NW-1 eigenvalues are close to 1 and then decrease toward 0. Input arguments for `dpss`, specified as a cell array. The first input argument to `dpss` is the length of the DPSS sequences and is omitted from `dpss_params`. The length of the DPSS sequences is obtained from the length of the input signal, `x`. Example: `{3.5,5}` Flag indicating whether to drop or keep the last DPSS sequence, specified as a logical. The default is `true` and `pmtm` drops the last taper. In a multitaper estimate, the first 2NW – 1 DPSS sequences have eigenvalues close to unity. If you use less than 2NW – 1 sequences, it is likely that all the tapers have eigenvalues close to 1 and you can specify `dropflag` as `false` to keep the last taper. Frequency range for the PSD estimate, specified as a one of `'onesided'`, `'twosided'`, or `'centered'`. The default is `'onesided'` for real-valued signals and `'twosided'` for complex-valued signals. The frequency ranges corresponding to each option are • `'onesided'` — returns the one-sided PSD estimate of a real-valued input signal, `x`. If `nfft` is even, `pxx` has length `nfft`/2 + 1 and is computed over the interval [0,π] rad/sample. If `nfft` is odd, the length of `pxx` is (`nfft` + 1)/2 and the interval is [0,π) rad/sample. When `fs` is optionally specified, the corresponding intervals are [0,`fs`/2] cycles/unit time and [0,`fs`/2) cycles/unit time for even and odd length `nfft` respectively. • `'twosided'` — returns the two-sided PSD estimate for either the real-valued or complex-valued input, `x`. In this case, `pxx` has length `nfft` and is computed over the interval [0,2π) rad/sample. When `fs` is optionally specified, the interval is [0,`fs`) cycles/unit time. • `'centered'` — returns the centered two-sided PSD estimate for either the real-valued or complex-valued input, `x`. In this case, `pxx` has length `nfft` and is computed over the interval (–π,π] rad/sample for even length `nfft` and (–π,π) rad/sample for odd length `nfft`. When `fs` is optionally specified, the corresponding intervals are (–`fs`/2, `fs`/2] cycles/unit time and (–`fs`/2, `fs`/2) cycles/unit time for even and odd length `nfft` respectively. Coverage probability for the true PSD, specified as a scalar in the range (0,1). The output, `pxxc`, contains the lower and upper bounds of the `probability` × 100% interval estimate for the true PSD. ## Output Arguments collapse all PSD estimate, returned as a real-valued, nonnegative column vector or matrix. Each column of `pxx` is the PSD estimate of the corresponding column of `x`. The units of the PSD estimate are in squared magnitude units of the time series data per unit frequency. For example, if the input data is in volts, the PSD estimate is in units of squared volts per unit frequency. For a time series in volts, if you assume a resistance of 1 Ω and specify the sample rate in hertz, the PSD estimate is in watts per hertz. Data Types: `single` \| `double` Normalized frequencies, returned as a real-valued column vector. If `pxx` is a one-sided PSD estimate, `w` spans the interval [0,π] if `nfft` is even and [0,π) if `nfft` is odd. If `pxx` is a two-sided PSD estimate, `w` spans the interval [0,2π). For a DC-centered PSD estimate, `w` spans the interval (–π,π] for even `nfft` and (–π,π) for odd `nfft`. Data Types: `double` Cyclical frequencies, returned as a real-valued column vector. For a one-sided PSD estimate, `f` spans the interval [0,`fs`/2] when `nfft` is even and [0,`fs`/2) when `nfft` is odd. For a two-sided PSD estimate, `f` spans the interval [0,`fs`). For a DC-centered PSD estimate, `f` spans the interval (–`fs`/2, `fs`/2] cycles/unit time for even length `nfft` and (–`fs`/2, `fs`/2) cycles/unit time for odd length `nfft`. Data Types: `double` \| `single` Confidence bounds, returned as a matrix with real-valued elements. The row size of the matrix is equal to the length of the PSD estimate, `pxx`. `pxxc` has twice as many columns as `pxx`. Odd-numbered columns contain the lower bounds of the confidence intervals, and even-numbered columns contain the upper bounds. Thus, `pxxc(m,2n-1)` is the lower confidence bound and `pxxc(m,2*n)` is the upper confidence bound corresponding to the estimate `pxx(m,n)`. The coverage probability of the confidence intervals is determined by the value of the `probability` input. Data Types: `single` \| `double` collapse all ### Discrete Prolate Spheroidal (Slepian) Sequences The derivation of the Slepian sequences proceeds from the discrete-time — continuous frequency concentration problem. For all 2 sequences index-limited to 0,1,...,N – 1, the problem seeks the sequence having the maximal concentration of its energy in a frequency band [–W,W] with \|W\| < 1/2Δt. This amounts to finding the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of an N-by-N self-adjoint positive semi-definite operator. Therefore, the eigenvalues are real and nonnegative and eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues are mutually orthogonal. In this particular problem, the eigenvalues are bounded by 1 and the eigenvalue is the measure of the sequence’s energy concentration in the frequency interval [–W,W]. The eigenvalue problem is given by `$\sum _{n=0}^{N-1}\frac{\mathrm{sin}\left(2\pi W\left(n-m\right)\right)}{\pi \left(n-m\right)}{g}_{n}={\lambda }_{k}\left(N,W\right){g}_{m}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{ }m=0,1,2,\dots ,N-1$` The 0th-order DPSS sequence, g0 is the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue. The 1-st order DPSS sequence, g1 is the eigenvector corresponding to the next largest eigenvalue and is orthogonal to the 0-th order sequence. The 2nd-order DPSS sequence, g2, is the eigenvector corresponding to the third largest eigenvalue and is orthogonal to the 0-th order and 1-st order DPSS sequences. Because the operator is N-by-N, there are N eigenvectors. However, it can be shown that for a given sequence length N and a specified bandwidth [-W,W], there are approximately 2NW – 1 DPSS sequences with eigenvalues very close to unity. ### Multitaper Spectral Estimation The periodogram is not a consistent estimator of the true power spectral density of a wide-sense stationary process. To produce a consistent estimate of the PSD, the multitaper method averages modified periodograms obtained using a family of mutually orthogonal tapers (windows). In addition to mutual orthogonality, the tapers also have optimal time-frequency concentration properties. Both the orthogonality and time-frequency concentration of the tapers is critical to the success of the multitaper technique. See Discrete Prolate Spheroidal (Slepian) Sequences for a brief description of the Slepian sequences used in Thomson’s multitaper method. The multitaper method uses K modified periodograms with each one obtained using a different Slepian sequence as the window. Let `${S}_{k}\left(f\right)=\Delta t\|\sum _{n=0}^{N-1}{g}_{k,n}{x}_{n}{e}^{-i2\pi fn\Delta t}{\|}^{2}$` denote the modified periodogram obtained with the k-th Slepian sequence, gk,n. In the simplest form, the multitaper method simply averages the K modified periodograms to produce the multitaper PSD estimate. `${S}^{\left(\text{MT}\right)}\left(f\right)=\frac{1}{K}\sum _{k=0}^{K-1}{S}_{k}\left(f\right)$` Note the difference between the multitaper PSD estimate and Welch’s method. Both methods reduce the variability in the periodogram by averaging over approximately uncorrelated estimates of the PSD. However, the two approaches differ in how they produce these uncorrelated PSD estimates. The multitaper method uses the entire signal in each modified periodogram. The orthogonality of the Slepian tapers decorrelates the different modified periodograms. Welch’s overlapped segment averaging approach uses segments of the signal in each modified periodogram and the segmenting decorrelates the different modified periodograms. The preceding equation corresponds to the `'unity'` option in `pmtm`. However, as explained in Discrete Prolate Spheroidal (Slepian) Sequences, the Slepian sequences do not possess equal energy concentration in the frequency band of interest. The higher the order of the Slepian sequence, the less concentrated the sequence energy is in the band [-W,W] with the concentration given by the eigenvalue. Consequently, it can be beneficial to use the eigenvalues to weight the K modified periodograms prior to averaging. This corresponds to the `'eigen'` option in `pmtm`. Using the sequence eigenvalues to produce a weighted average of modified periodograms accounts for the frequency concentration properties of the Slepian sequences. However, it does not account for the interaction between the power spectral density of the random process and the frequency concentration of the Slepian sequences. Specifically, frequency regions where the random process has little power are less reliably estimated in the modified periodograms using higher order Slepian sequences. This argues for an frequency-dependent adaptive process, which accounts not only for the frequency concentration of the Slepian sequence, but also for the power distribution in the time series. This adaptive weighting corresponds to the `'adapt'` option in `pmtm` and is the default for computing the multitaper estimate. ## References [1] Percival, D. B., and A. T. Walden, Spectral Analysis for Physical Applications: Multitaper and Conventional Univariate Techniques. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. [2] Thomson, D. J., “Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis.” Proceedings of the IEEE®. Vol. 70, 1982, pp. 1055–1096.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 13, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9472580552101135, "perplexity": 1487.354322542929}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655929376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711095334-20200711125334-00189.warc.gz"}
https://inspirations.newszii.com/tag/goodness/	“Courage is the most important of all the virtues because without courage, you can’t practice any other virtue consistently.” Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -Maya Angelou “Let the first act of every morning be to make the following resolve for the day: – I shall not fear anyone on Earth. – I shall fear only God. – I shall not bear ill will toward anyone. – I shall not submit to injustice from anyone. – I shall conquer untruth by truth. And in resisting untruth, I shall put up with all suffering.” Tags: , , , , , , , -Mahatma Gandhi “When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants and murderers, and for a time, they can seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall. Think of it–always.” Tags: , , , , , , , -Mahatma Gandhi “Courage is the most important of all the virtues because without courage, you can’t practice any other virtue consistently.” Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -Maya Angelou “Let the first act of every morning be to make the following resolve for the day: – I shall not fear anyone on Earth. – I shall fear only God. – I shall not bear ill will toward anyone. – I shall not submit to injustice from anyone. – I shall conquer untruth by truth. And in resisting untruth, I shall put up with all suffering.” Tags: , , , , , , , -Mahatma Gandhi “When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants and murderers, and for a time, they can seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall. Think of it–always.” Tags: , , , , , , , -Mahatma Gandhi “Do your little bit of good where you are; it’s those little bits of good put together that overwhelm the world.” Tags: , , -Desmond Tutu \|	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9919029474258423, "perplexity": 3211.5383933365374}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584547882.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124121622-20190124143622-00380.warc.gz"}
https://www.ima.umn.edu/2011-2012/MM6.18-27.12/abstracts.html	HOME » SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES » Volumes SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES Abstracts and Talk Materials Mathematical Modeling in Industry XVI — A Workshop for Graduate Students June 18 - 27, 2012 Touch interfaces for small-size consumer devices are becoming ubiquitous, and are now penetrating into new areas like large display-walls, collaborative surfaces, and more. However, different methods of sensing are called for in order to deal with the economics of touch-interface for a very large surface. One such method uses small number of cameras and multiple light sources, as depicted in the example in Fig 1 below. When an object is placed on the surface, it blocks the line of sight between a few of the light sources and various cameras, and thus creates silhouette images. Using the input from all cameras, one can try and reconstruct the shape and location of the object touching the screen. Of course, one can use more cameras, and various light/camera arrangements, to get different performances. Things get a little more complicated when we consider non-Euclidean surfaces (tracking on a ball?). There is plenty of current research into Shape From Silhouettes (SFS), especially in order to reconstruct a 3D shape. Our case might seem simpler, as it is 2D only, but it has many practical requirements to address: Limited number of camera-views, minimization of light-sources, and so on. Moreover, the specifications we have for the system consider (for example) resolution, minimum detectable object, and how close two-objects can be together and still detected. In this work we will build the tools to analyze, using analytic-geometry, various combinations of surface-shapes, cameras, light sources, and objects touching the surface. We will then venture into related aspects, depending on the inclination and composition of the team: 1. Optimization problem: Given specification for performance, what is the minimal number of cameras/light sources (with associated cost function) to achieve these ? Where is the location of these? 2. Analytic aspects: Can we quantify average numbers for the performance? Or can we quantify the information-content in the silhouettes? 3. Non-Euclidean surfaces: What about flexible surfaces, or balls? 4. Robustness: How robust our solution is to mal-functioning light-source, or camera? The results have immediate implications to design, performance, and cost of such systems. Figure 1: Sample system for touch sensing (see details in the abstract), and a finger (object) on the surface. Prerequisites: From all members: - Analytic geometry - Some familiarity with computer graphics will help as well. Many similarities exist. At least from some of the group members: - Ability to simulate using Matlab, Mathematica, or any similar tool. Bibliography: A basic reference: • “The Visual Hull Concept for Silhouette-Based Image Understanding”, Aldo Laurentini, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence , 16(2) , 150 – 162, 1994. • Some more recent works: • “Towards Removing Ghost-Components from Visual-Hull Estimations”, Michoud, B. , Guillou, E. , Bouakaz, S. , Barnachon, M. , Meyer, Fifth International Conference on Image and Graphics, 2009. ICIG '09, 20-23 Sept. 2009, 428 - 434 • “Fast Joint Estimation of Silhouettes and Dense 3D Geometry from Multiple Images”, Kolev, Kalin; Brox, Thomas; Cremers, Daniel; IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence , 34(3) , 493 – 505, 2012. Keywords of the presentation: Fracture, AVAz, AVO, inversion, Optimization, Uncertainty analysis An increasing amount of the oil and gas produced in North America and the world is from unconventional reservoirs. Understanding the fractures within the reservoir plays an important role in developing this resource. The objective of this project is to infer from P-wave seismic amplitude variations with offset and azimuth (AVAz) the elastic parameters of the earth and then from these elastic parameters characterize the fractures (Figure 1). The forward model is primarily described by two key models, the first describes the functional relationship between the anisotropic elastic parameters and the fractures, and the second describes the AVAz. One possible way of modeling this is to use linear slip theory [7,8] to characterize the fractures and then use a linearized approximation of the Zoeppritz equations [5] to describe the AVAz. It is then possible to estimate the fractures by inverting the nonlinear forward problem using simulated annealing [2]. Figure 1: Fracture direction and magnitude displayed for a carbonate reservoir The inversion problem is nonlinear, under-resolved and ill-conditioned. In order to make the problem better posed and resolved, assumptions are typically made about the type and complexity of the fractures [4,6]. One of the goals of this project is to understand the resolvability of these models and their parameterizations under different noise conditions. Another goal is to explore different methods to solve this nonlinear problem. Under certain data and parameter transformations [3] it is possible to linearize certain aspects of this problem. For this portion of the problem it is possible to perform a traditional parameter and data resolution analysis [1,4]. In this workshop we would like to explore techniques to understand the resolvability of the parameters for the full nonlinear problem. Prerequisites: We expect students with a strong background in optimization, numerical analysis, and good computing skills (MatLab or C/C++). Knowledge of statistical methods and stochastic analysis would be an asset. References: 1. G. Backus, and F. Gilbert, “Numerical applications of a formalism for geophysical inverse problems,” Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 13 (1967): 247-276 2. J. Downton, and B. Roure, “Azimuthal simultaneous elastic inversion for fracture detection,” SEG, Expanded Abstracts 30 (2010), 269-273 3. J. Downton, B. Roure, and L. Hunt, “Azimuthal Fourier Coefficients,” CSEG Recorder 36, no. 10, (2011): 22-36. 4. M. Eftekharifar and C. M. Sayers, “Seismic characterization of fractured reservoirs: A resolution matrix approach,” SEG, Expanded Abstracts 30, (2011):1953 5. I. Pšenčík, and J. L. Martins, “Properties of weak contrast PP reflection/transmission coefficients for weakly anisotropic elastic media,” Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 45 (2001): 176-197. 6. C.M. Sayers, and S. Dean, “Azimuth-dependent AVO in reservoirs containing non-orthogonal fracture sets,” Geophysical Prospecting 49 (2001): 100-106. 7. M. Schoenberg, “Elastic behaviour across linear slip interfaces,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68, no. 5, (1980):1516–1521. 8. M. Schoenberg and C. M. Sayers “Seismic anisotropy of fractured rock,” Geophysics 60 (1995): 204–211 9. . Keywords of the presentation: Quantitative modeling, derivative pricing, collateralization, funding cost More and more over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives traded post-crisis are collateralized in order to reduce counterparty’s credit risk or to be required in clearing houses according to new regulation. In this case, financial institutions need to incorporate the cost to raise capital for funding the collateral request into the traditional (uncollateralized) valuation models to find the fair value of the derivatives, which attracts large amount of attention and interest in funding value adjustment (FVA). If the OTC derivatives are perfectly collateralized, an OIS discounting is sufficient for the correct valuation methodology as pointed out in [5]. However, in practice, collateralization under the credit support annex (CSA) may be imperfect, such that OIS discounting is not necessarily a suitable valuation method any more. We are planning to perform some quantitative impact study on valuation OTC derivatives with imperfect collateralization. In particular, an interesting topic is the cross currency collateralization, which is widely applied in practice. In the simplest case, the collateral may be posted in a pre-determined currency different from the derivative itself, this may lead to certain quanto effect in valuation [3]. A further study will be for the case that collateral can be chosen among a set of currencies such that the party to post collateral will choose the one with minimum funding cost, which leads to the complexity of the cheapest-to-deliver option similar to bond futures [2]. It is worth noting that this is an American or Bermudan style option, such that one may need to apply the valuation approaches in [1,4]. We will attempt to model these problems, develop valuation methodologies, and obtain some numerical results for the problems during this workshop. Prerequisites: Stochastic analysis, financial modelling, derivative pricing, computer coding (C++ or Matlab) Desired: numerical optimization References: 1. L. B. G. Andersen , “A Simple Approach to the Pricing of Bermudan Swaptions in the Multi-Factor Libor Market Model”, March 5, 1999, http://ssrn.com/abstract=155208 2. P. Carr, and R. R. Chen, “Valuing bond futures and the quality option”, Technical report, 1997. 3. M. Fujii, Y. Shimada, and A. Takahashi, “Collateral Posting and Choice of Collateral Currency – Implications for Derivative Pricing and Risk Management”, May 8, 2010, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1601866 4. F. A. Longstaff z and E. S. Schwartz, “Valuing American options by simulation: a simple least-squares approach”, Rev. Financ. Stud. (2001) 14 (1), 113-147. 5. V. Piterbarg, “Funding Beyond Discounting: Collateral Agreements and Derivatives Pricing”, Risk Magazine, February 2011, 97–102. Team 4: Identifying sugars June 18, 2012 Sugars, the collection of all naturally-occurring monosaccharides and disaccharides, are small molecules belonging to the class of carbohydrates. Examples of sugars are glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Essentially all sugars have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures. Virtually all metabolites found in bodily fluids (primarily blood, urine, and saliva) can be identified and quantified using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (See Figure 1). However, sugars cannot; they must be identified using techniques other than mass spectrometry. This is because, even under ideal conditions, the mass spectra of sugars are very similar, though not identical. (See Figure 2.) In a real world laboratory setting lack of sufficient sample and interferences from other molecules in the bodily fluid create noise and uncertainty in the mass spectra. This makes identifying sugars in real samples difficult. A positive advancement in the field of clinical analysis would be the ability to identify sugars in bodily fluids by GC-MS. This would avoid the need to perform completely separate experiments to determine sugar content. GC-MS identifies components of complex mixtures such as bodily fluids by vaporizing the sample and forcing the vapor through a capillary column having an absorptive inner lining. As the substance passes through the column different molecules elute at different times due to differences in each molecule’s thermodynamic gas/liquid partition function. The molecules are then sent to the mass spectrometer. Here they are ionized by electron impact. The high energy electron beam breaks the molecules apart and their characteristic mass spectrum is measured. Thus, a mass spectrum is a collection of mass and intensity pairs which can be plotted. This plot (or spectrum as in Figure 1) is then compared to a database of existing spectra and the compound is identified. Identifying sugars however, is a notoriously difficult problem. Given the spectra of an unknown sugar, can a searching function be constructed that successfully identifies the sugar from a collection of known sugar spectra? Given a known sugar with known chemical structure and given a collection of mass spectra collected on different instruments and with varying degrees of accuracy, can one model the noise or error associated with an instrument? Can one derive necessary or sufficient conditions for an unknown sugar to be identifiable (or not identifiable)? Finally, can one select instrument settings that produce spectra that, when compared to library spectra, minimize the maximum likelihood of a incorrectly identifying an unknown? This project will involve investigating the mathematical and statistical techniques for estimating the distance between chemical spectra of varying degrees of accuracy and searching functions designed to identify sugars. Other classes of substances may also be considered (pesticides, pollutants, methamphetamines). Prerequisites: Interest in computing (Matlab or C/C++). Background in optimization or statistics; some linear algebra. Special interest in things like regression, machine learning, filtering methods...etc would be beneficial but not necessary. References: W. Demuth, M. Karlovits, K. Varmuza. Spectral similarity versus structural similarity: mass spectrometry’’, Analytica Chimica Acta, 2004. pp 75—85. NIST, Mass Spectral Database 2011, National Institute of Standards and Technology, http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist1a.htm, Gaithersburg, MD, 1998 S. Stein. Chemical substructure identification by mass spectral library searching’’, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry’’, 1995. pp 644-655. Keywords of the presentation: optimization, visualization Algorithms for design optimization are increasingly able to handle complex problem formulations. We will consider the design of a fuel tank consisting of four different disciplinary sub-system components- structures, aerodynamics, cost, and systems. This is a multi-disciplinary, design problem with multiple competing objectives. We will examine several formulations and how to best match the problem formulation with the choice of optimizer. As the complexity of the problem grows, so does the amount of data generated during an optimization. This adds on the challenge of interpreting the data. We will investigate different methods for representing the data. Visualization methods will be considered in two groups- those suited to developing a greater understanding of the problem (for team members) and those suited to presenting results (for customers). This project is intended to give a flavor of what an industrial mathematician does throughout the lifecycle of a given project. This project has 3 steps: 1. Model the various components representing each discipline (some components will be provided) and link them together into a system. 2. Implement solution to multi-objective optimization problem, including choosing which problem formulation to use and which optimization libraries to use. 3. Explore various methods of visualizing data to best communicate differences between designs. Prerequisites: All team members must have some computing skills (Matlab, Java, Python, or C++). Some familiarity (or interest) in design optimization is desired. References: Schuman, T., De Weck, O., Sobieski, J. (2005) Integrated System-Level Optimization for Concurrent Engineering with Parametric Subsystem Modeling AIAA 2005-2199. De Weck, O. (2004), Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization (MSDO): Decomposition and Coupling, Module 6 Notes, MIT OpenCourseWare 16.888 / ESD.77, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cramer, E. J., J. E. Dennis, Jr., P. D. Frank, R. M. Lewis, G. R. Shubin (1994), Problem formulation for multidisciplinary optimization, SIAM Journal of Optimization 4 (4): 754-776. Keywords of the presentation: simulation, optimization, operation and maintenance, availability and risks Significant uncertainty and risk is associated with operation and maintenance costs for oil drilling. The requirement for service concepts is to guarantee high availability and productivity at low service costs during the service period. Failures of the oil rigs, the number of service technicians, the position of the home base and the availability of spare parts are the relevant parameters influencing the service costs. In addition various strategies combining scheduled and unscheduled maintenance can be considered. To support this process, simulation methods can be used to establish and optimize operation and maintenance strategies. From the simulation of operation the outcome must be optimum transport logistic set-up, the optimum number of technicians to cover the service and warranty work in order to get the highest production output with the lowest costs. The goal of the project is to develop a simulation software that determines service concepts for oil drilling that are optimal with respect to high availability and low costs. The following aspects will be modeled for this project: 1. Failure prediction 2. Logistic strategy 3. Manpower management 4. Spare parts management Prerequisites: Required: statistics, linear Optimization, computing skills Desired: Discrete Optimization, Graph Theory References: G.L. Nemhauser, L.A. Wolsey, Integer and Combinatorial Optimization, John Wiley & Sons, 1988 Keywords of the presentation: Radiotherapy, Treatment Planning, Multi-objective Optimization Cancer is the second cause of death in USA with estimated deaths of 570,000 in 2010. In USA, about 2/3 of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy since it has proven a particularly effective treatment for many cancer types. Radiation is generated by a medical linear accelerator mounted on a gantry that can deliver the radiation to the patient’s body from various orientations with optimized intensity profiles of the x-ray beams (Fig-1). The main objective of radiotherapy is to deliver a lethal dose of radiation to the tumor to kill cancerous cells while sparing surrounding healthy organs and normal tissues. The treatment is complex and very patient specific. The radiation beam parameters have to be tailored to each patient's case, through a process called treatment planning, where an optimal treatment plan is designed for a particular patient based on the patient's CT image data and the physician's prescription. Fig-1: A Medical Linear Accelerator Fig-2: DVH Curves (Cumulative) Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) is the most common tool employed by physicians to evaluate the quality of the plan (Fig-2). Point (D, V) on a DVH curve means for this organ, V (%) of the volume receives radiation dose more than D (Gy). Treatment planning is an multiple objective optimization problem, - delivering the desired radiation dose to the target (PTV) while minimizing dose to each healthy organ. We propose to use an interactive planning method to solve this problem. The physician will adjust the tradeoff among the target and the organs from an initial treatment plan. When the physician is satisfied with the DVH curves for some organs, s/he will "lock" these curves and keep looking to improve/modify the others. In this project we aim to develop a mathematically innovative and computationally efficient method to solve this important clinical problem. Prerequisites: Strong background in optimization, Good computing skills (MatLab or C/C++). References: 1. H. Edwin Romeijn and James F. Dempsey, “Intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment plan optimization,” TOP 16 (November 4, 2008): 215-243. 2. Yong Yang and Lei Xing, “Inverse treatment planning with adaptively evolving voxel-dependent penalty scheme,” Medical Physics 31 (2004): 2839. 3. Chuan Wu et al., “Treatment plan modification using voxel-based weighting factors/dose prescription,” Physics in Medicine and Biology 48 (August 7, 2003): 2479-2491. Connect With Us: Go © 2015 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer Last modified on October 06, 2011 Twin Cities Campus: Parking & Transportation Maps & Directions Directories Contact U of M Privacy	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4971327483654022, "perplexity": 2923.5624989866633}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633799.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00073-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.tribulation101.com/circumspectly/	# Circumspectly The study on this page deals primarily with the word: circumspectly . There is a Sermon (#2079) and some word studies from the Greek dictionary. See then that ye walk circumspectly , not as fools, but as wise, Redeeming the time, because the days are evil. Wherefore be ye not unwise, but understanding what the will of the Lord is. Ephesians 5:15-17. This Sermon is number 2079: Circumspectly – Ephesians 5:15-17……2079 Circumspectly: Greek word: ἀκριβῶς 199. Akribós. #199 akribṓs (from akribes, “the high point, extreme,” see #195/akríbeia, “highly accurate”) – properly, extremely accurate, very exact; “more (very) accurate” because researched down to the finest detail (“factually precise”). This root (akrib-) refers to gaining exact information with the highest level of accuracy (“exactness”) and is acquired by probing investigation to provide a comprehensive circumspect (precise) view in strict adherence to the facts. [“The verb is formed from akros, ‘at the point’ or ‘end.’ The idea is, therefore, he ‘ascertained to the last point’; denoting the exactness of the information rather than the diligence of the search for it” (WS, 21).] http://biblehub.com/greek/199.htm Redeeming: Greek word: ἐξαγοράζω #1805 eksagorázō (from 1537 /ek, “completely out from” which intensifies #59 /agorázō, “buy-up at the marketplace”) – properly, take full advantage of, seizing a buying-opportunity, i.e. making the most of the present opportunity (recognizing its future gain). http://biblehub.com/greek/1805.htm **********************	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8074156641960144, "perplexity": 21573.33673149124}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334528.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925101046-20220925131046-00066.warc.gz"}
https://trac-hacks.org/ticket/3142	Opened 8 years ago # TLS doesn't work Reported by: Owned by: trac-hacks@… eblot normal LdapPlugin normal tls cbonar, harbulot 0.10 ### Description TLS support in the LDAP plugin is broken. First of all, IIRC TLS works over port 389, not 636 (which is the SSL port, SSL != TLS). This should be fixed in api.py Also, there are no options to set certificates in trac.ini. (It doesn't use the (CA) certificate set in /etc/openldap/ldap.conf, does it?) I guess to make TLS really work there is still some work to do. Anyway, I didn't have time to dive into this any further. I hope this can be fixed by someone else. Or perhaps I missed something, in which case the Wiki documentation should be updated to explain how TLS works with ldapplugin. Thanks! ### Attachments (1) certverif-and-starttls.patch (3.2 KB) - added by harbulot 6 years ago. Added support for START_TLS and certificate verification ### comment:1 Changed 7 years ago by cbonar • Cc cbonar added; anonymous removed Hello I've made the same assertion : startTLS doesn't seem to work with ldapplugin 0.10. Here are some steps to reproduce the problem : 1) Installed openldap 2.4.11 (on Debian Lenny) 2) Slapd configured to accept startTLS connections on port 389 (as recommended in the manual) (Running it with the following command, in order to have debug information : slapd -d 65535 ) 3) Tested ok with the following command : ldapsearch -ZZ -b "dc=myroot" -D "cn=admin,dc=myroot" -x -w secret -h esgaroth 4) Installed ldapplugin 0.10 from svn 5) trac.ini of my project as follows : ... [trac] ... permission_store = LdapPermissionStore ... [ldap] enable = true use_tls = true host =esgaroth port =389 basedn =dc=myroot user_rdn =ou=people group_rdn =ou=groups store_bind =true bind_passwd =secret (Note : I've tried all kind of combinations, this is the most complete one, but all the others gave the same result) 6) When I connect to my project (let's say http://esgaroth/trac/myproject), I've the following error : Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/web/api.py", line 339, in send_error 'text/html') File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/web/chrome.py", line 684, in render_template data = self.populate_data(req, data) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/web/chrome.py", line 592, in populate_data d['chrome'].update(req.chrome) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/web/api.py", line 169, in __getattr__ value = self.callbacks[name](self) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/web/chrome.py", line 460, in prepare_request for category, name, text in contributor.get_navigation_items(req): File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/versioncontrol/web_ui/browser.py", line 295, in get_navigation_items if 'BROWSER_VIEW' in req.perm: File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/perm.py", line 523, in has_permission return self._has_permission(action, resource) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/perm.py", line 537, in _has_permission File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/perm.py", line 424, in check_permission perm) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/perm.py", line 282, in check_permission File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/trac/perm.py", line 357, in get_user_permissions File "build/bdist.linux-i686/egg/ldapplugin/api.py", line 205, in get_user_permissions File "build/bdist.linux-i686/egg/ldapplugin/api.py", line 108, in get_permission_groups File "build/bdist.linux-i686/egg/ldapplugin/api.py", line 149, in _get_user_groups ldap_groups = self._ldap.get_groups() File "build/bdist.linux-i686/egg/ldapplugin/api.py", line 541, in get_groups groups = self.get_dn(self.basedn, 'objectclass=' + self.groupname) File "build/bdist.linux-i686/egg/ldapplugin/api.py", line 564, in get_dn sr = self._search(basedn, filterstr, ['dn'], ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE) File "build/bdist.linux-i686/egg/ldapplugin/api.py", line 647, in _search self._open() File "build/bdist.linux-i686/egg/ldapplugin/api.py", line 640, in _open raise TracError("Unable to open LDAP cnx: %s" % e[0]['desc']) TracError: Unable to open LDAP cnx: Can't contact LDAP server and, on the ldap server side : daemon: activity on 1 descriptor daemon: activity on: slap_listener_activate(8): daemon: epoll: listen=8 busy >>> slap_listener(ldap:///) daemon: listen=8, new connection on 13 conn=0 fd=13 ACCEPT from IP=127.0.1.1:43833 (IP=0.0.0.0:389) daemon: activity on 1 descriptor daemon: activity on: daemon: activity on 1 descriptor daemon: activity on: 13r connection_get(13) connection_get(13): got connid=0 connection_read(13): checking for input on id=0 ber_get_next 0000: 16 03 02 00 58 01 00 00 ....X... ber_get_next on fd 13 failed errno=34 (Numerical result out of range) connection_closing: readying conn=0 sd=13 for close connection_close: conn=0 sd=13 daemon: removing 13 conn=0 fd=13 closed (connection lost) daemon: activity on 1 descriptor daemon: activity on: daemon: activity on 1 descriptor daemon: activity on: slap_listener_activate(8): daemon: epoll: listen=8 busy >>> slap_listener(ldap:///) daemon: listen=8, new connection on 13 conn=1 fd=13 ACCEPT from IP=127.0.1.1:43834 (IP=0.0.0.0:389) daemon: activity on 1 descriptor daemon: activity on: daemon: activity on 1 descriptor daemon: activity on: 13r connection_get(13) connection_get(13): got connid=1 connection_read(13): checking for input on id=1 ber_get_next 0000: 16 03 02 00 58 01 00 00 ....X... ber_get_next on fd 13 failed errno=34 (Numerical result out of range) connection_closing: readying conn=1 sd=13 for close connection_close: conn=1 sd=13 daemon: removing 13 conn=1 fd=13 closed (connection lost) daemon: activity on 1 descriptor daemon: activity on: ... I don't see any 'start_tls'... 7) When I change use_tls = true for use_tls = false in trac.ini, it works (I can reach my project's page). Hope this helps.. ### Changed 6 years ago by harbulot Added support for START_TLS and certificate verification ### comment:2 Changed 6 years ago by harbulot I've just added a patch to support START_TLS and certificate verification. (For some reason, nothing appears in if you click on the link with the "pretty" view, but the patch is there if you the "Original Format" link at the bottom of the page.) TLS and SSL are the same thing (or close enough in this context); what's fundamentally different is the use of START_TLS. A direct TLS connection is done to a port expecting TLS connections initially (via ldaps://, port 636 usually for LDAP), whereas using START_TLS initiates a non-encrypted connection (ldap://, usually on port 389 for LDAP) and then switches on TLS on the same connection, using the appropriate START_TLS command. I've thus added the use_start_tls option in this patch. START_TLS will be used if this is set to true and if use_tls=false. If use_tls=true, the initial connection will be made using TLS. (I've only made use_tls win over use_start_tls to keep compatibility with the previous settings.) Since TLS connections (whether-or-not using START_TLS) are not actually secure if the client doesn't verify the server certificate, I've also added options to point to CA certificates: • tls_cacertdir=/path/to/ca/cert/dir: This option expects a directory containing trusted CA certificates. Unfortunately, this doesn't seem to be supported by GnuTLS, if your client library has been compiled against it. • tls_cacertfile=/path/to/ca/cert/file: This option expects a file containing a set of concatenated CA certificates (in PEM format). This works for me (especially, if this option is set and the certificate isn't trusted by one of the CAs, the connection fails as it should). ### comment:3 Changed 6 years ago by harbulot I should perhaps add the versions with which I've tested this:	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21479393541812897, "perplexity": 17161.63182750464}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825365.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00187-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/variable-number-of-arguments-in-cplusplus	# Variable number of arguments in C++ C++Server Side ProgrammingProgramming Sometimes, you may come across a situation, when you want to have a function, which can take variable number of arguments, i.e., parameters, instead of predefined number of parameters. The C/C++ programming language provides a solution for this situation and you are allowed to define a function which can accept variable number of parameters based on your requirement. The following example shows the definition of such a function. int func(int, ... ) { . . . } int main() { func(1, 2, 3); func(1, 2, 3, 4); } It should be noted that the function func() has its last argument as ellipses, i.e. three dotes (...) and the one just before the ellipses is always an int which will represent the total number variable arguments passed. To use such functionality, you need to make use of stdarg.h header file which provides the functions and macros to implement the functionality of variable arguments and follow the given steps − • Define a function with its last parameter as ellipses and the one just before the ellipses is always an int which will represent the number of arguments. • Create a va_list type variable in the function definition. This type is defined in stdarg.h header file. • Use int parameter and va_start macro to initialize the va_list variable to an argument list. The macro va_start is defined in stdarg.h header file. • Use va_arg macro and va_list variable to access each item in argument list. • Use a macro va_end to clean up the memory assigned to va_list variable. Now let us follow the above steps and write down a simple function which can take the variable number of parameters and return their average − ## Example Code Live Demo #include <iostream> #include <cstdarg> using namespace std; double average(int num,...) { va_list valist; double sum = 0.0; int i; va_start(valist, num); //initialize valist for num number of arguments for (i = 0; i < num; i++) { //access all the arguments assigned to valist sum += va_arg(valist, int); } va_end(valist); //clean memory reserved for valist return sum/num; } int main() { cout << "Average of 2, 3, 4, 5 = "<< average(4, 2,3,4,5) << endl; cout << "Average of 5, 10, 15 = "<< average(3, 5,10,15)<< endl; } ## Output Average of 2, 3, 4, 5 = 3.5 Average of 5, 10, 15 = 10 Published on 03-Apr-2019 09:04:11	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3327942490577698, "perplexity": 2985.474579044613}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662627464.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526224902-20220527014902-00207.warc.gz"}
https://randrescastaneda.rbind.io/post/profile-do/	# Stata profile.do: nice tips Each time you start a new Stata session, Stata looks for two files, sysprofile.do and profile.do. If these finds are found, Stata executes their contents. This post is about how to modity profile.do, in which you can put anything you want Stata to do before you start working with it. From time to time, I upload my profile.do into my GitHub repository (randrescastaneda/Stata_profile), so you can check it out and download it for your own purposes. Alternatively, I provide my current version below (April, 2019), and a short explanation of what it does. First, I set up some Stata parameters such as the default schem of by graphs, the fonds, and the display formatting of the results window. Second, change the behavior of the F keys in my keyboard. In my case, I like to work with the command pause for debugging my ado-files, so I modifye F2 to execute and end and F9 to execute BREAK. You may learn more about how to use pause in my post Efficient debugging: using pause in ado-files. I also use F5 and F6 to change my current directly, but I recently learned about the new command savecd by Scott Long (2018),1 which might be a good alternative to the F keys. Third, I set some globals that are either necessary for other programs or for my own work. Then, I open some programs that I use while working in Stata. In particular, I use Total Commander for file management and NotePad++ for editing my Stata scripts. In my post My Stata editor: NotePad++ I explain the features of this amazing text editor. Fifth, I make a rule for setting the current directory depending on whether or not I am connected to the intranet of my job. Finally, I set all the differetn adopaths of the ado-files in which I contribute in Github or bare repositories internally in my job. I explain this final procedure in my post Working with GitHub and Stata. I found this post very interesting in Statalist.org about userful tips for the profile.do. /=========================================================================== project: profile Author: Andres Castaneda --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Creation Date: September 2, 2014 ===========================================================================/ /============================================================================== Program set up ==============================================================================/ set matsize 2000 set more off, permanently set r on, permanently // display execution time * set scheme plotplain, permanently set scheme plotplainblind, permanently // nice scheme for graphs avaialable in ssc graph set window fontface "Times New Roman" // font for graphs set checksum off, permanently // to clean api queries set tracenumber on, permanently // numbers on trace set tracedepth 3 /============================================================================== shortcuts ==============================================================================/ global F2 "end;"' // to work with pause global F4 "disp _dup(20) "-" "End of section" _dup(20) "-" _n(200) _dup(20) "-" "New section" _dup(20) "-";"' // clear results windows global F5 "cd "c:\Users\wb384996\OneDrive - WBG\temp\stata";"' // cd 1 global F6 "cd "x:\01.personal\wb384996\temporal\stata";"' // cd 2 when working on network drive global F9 "BREAK;"' // working with pause /============================================================================== Globals ==============================================================================/ global google_api "" // store my api keys * interaction with R global Rterm_path "c:\Program Files\R\R-3.4.0\bin\x64\Rterm.exe"' global Rterm_options "--vanilla"' /============================================================================== Open Important programs ==============================================================================/ * winexec "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office 15\root\office15\OUTLOOK.EXE" // start outlook * sleep 5000 winexec "C:\Users\wb384996\Documents\Totalcmd\TOTALCMD64.EXE" // start total commander sleep 5000 * winexec "c:\Users\wb384996\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Axosoft, LLC\GitKraken.lnk" // start GitKraken /============================================================================== Current directory depending on my Intenert connection ==============================================================================/ * set cd depending on connectivity cap cd "x:\01.personal\wb384996\temporal\stata" if (_rc) { disp in g "you're not connect to the intranet." _n /// "Current directory set to:" _n /// in y "c:\Users\wb384996\OneDrive - WBG\temp\stata\" cd "c:\Users\wb384996\OneDrive - WBG\temp\stata\" } /============================================================================== Working directories in GitHub ==============================================================================/ * set adopaths for working with Github and Git local i = 1 while ("adodiri''" != "") { local adodirs "adodirs' "adodiri''" "' local ++i } local dirs: dir "adodir'" dir "" gettoken dir dirs : dirs while ("dir'" != "") { local files "" if regexm("dir'", "^\.git\|^_") { gettoken dir dirs : dirs continue } local ados: dir "adodir'/dir'" files ".ado" local help: dir "adodir'/dir'" files ".sthlp" local files = "ados'help'"' if ("files'"' != "") { qui adopath ++ "adodir'/dir'" disp "adodir'/dir'" } local subdirs: dir "adodir'/dir'" dir "" if ("subdirs'"' != "") { foreach subdir of local subdirs { if regexm("subdir'", "^\.git\|^_") continue local dirs "dirs' dir'/subdir'" } } gettoken dir dirs : dirs } } exit /* End of do-file */` Scott Long. 2018. “Commands for Changing the Working Directory.” The Stata Journal Draft (August). 1. This seems to be a forthcoming paper, but it has not been announce yet in the STata Journal. Yet, this is link to the pdf. ###### Economist/Data Scientist My research interests include … matter.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.287315309047699, "perplexity": 23936.76762236218}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711376.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209011720-20221209041720-00104.warc.gz"}
https://gmatclub.com/forum/there-are-816-students-in-enrolled-at-a-certain-high-school-each-of-267411.html	GMAT Question of the Day - Daily to your Mailbox; hard ones only It is currently 21 Jan 2019, 17:10 ### GMAT Club Daily Prep #### Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email. Customized for You we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History Track every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance Practice Pays we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History ## Events & Promotions ###### Events & Promotions in January PrevNext SuMoTuWeThFrSa 303112345 6789101112 13141516171819 20212223242526 272829303112 Open Detailed Calendar • ### GMAT Club Tests are Free & Open for Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday! January 21, 2019 January 21, 2019 10:00 PM PST 11:00 PM PST Mark your calendars - All GMAT Club Tests are free and open January 21st for celebrate Martin Luther King Jr.'s Birthday. • ### The winners of the GMAT game show January 22, 2019 January 22, 2019 10:00 PM PST 11:00 PM PST In case you didn’t notice, we recently held the 1st ever GMAT game show and it was awesome! See who won a full GMAT course, and register to the next one. # There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of new topic post reply Question banks Downloads My Bookmarks Reviews Important topics Author Message TAGS: ### Hide Tags Director Joined: 11 Feb 2015 Posts: 678 There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of [#permalink] ### Show Tags Updated on: 08 Jun 2018, 01:54 9 00:00 Difficulty: 55% (hard) Question Stats: 72% (02:59) correct 28% (03:12) wrong based on 121 sessions ### HideShow timer Statistics There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of these students is taking at least one of the subjects economics, geography, and biology. The sum of the number of students taking exactly one of these subjects and the number of students taking all 3 of these subjects is 5 times the number of students taking exactly 2 of these subjects. The ratio of the number of students taking only the two subjects economics and geography to the number of students taking only the two subjects economics and biology to the number of students taking only the two subjects geography and biology is 3:6:8. How many of the students enrolled at this high school are taking only the two subjects geography and biology? A) 35 B) 42 C) 64 D) 136 E) 240 _________________ "Please hit +1 Kudos if you like this post" _________________ Manish "Only I can change my life. No one can do it for me" Originally posted by CAMANISHPARMAR on 07 Jun 2018, 09:55. Last edited by Bunuel on 08 Jun 2018, 01:54, edited 1 time in total. Renamed the topic and edited the question. Director Joined: 14 Dec 2017 Posts: 524 Location: India Re: There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of [#permalink] ### Show Tags 07 Jun 2018, 11:19 1 CAMANISHPARMAR wrote: There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of these students is taking at least one of the subjects economics, geography, and biology. The sum of the number of students taking exactly one of these subjects and the number of students taking all 3 of these subjects is 5 times the number of students taking exactly 2 of these subjects. The ratio of the number of students taking only the two subjects economics and geography to the number of students taking only the two subjects economics and biology to the number of students taking only the two subjects geography and biology is 3:6:8. How many of the students enrolled at this high school are taking only the two subjects geography and biology? A) 35 B) 42 C) 64 D) 136 E) 240 Let, a = # of students enrolled only in Economics b = # of students enrolled only in Geography c = # of students enrolled only in Biology d = # of students enrolled only in Economics & Geography e = # of students enrolled only in Economics & Biology f = # of students enrolled only in Biology & Geography g = # of students enrolled in all three Total # of students = 816 = a+b+c+d+e+f+g Now given that, (a+b+c)+g = 5(d+e+f) Therefore we get 6(d+e+f) = 816 d+e+f = 136 Now also given that d:e:f = 3:6:8 Hence, d+e+f = 3x+6x+8x = 17x Therefore, 17x = 136 x = 136/17 Now we need # of students enrolled only in Biology & Geography = 8x = 8(136/17) = 64. Thanks, GyM _________________ Director Status: Learning stage Joined: 01 Oct 2017 Posts: 951 WE: Supply Chain Management (Energy and Utilities) Re: There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of [#permalink] ### Show Tags 07 Jun 2018, 21:23 1 CAMANISHPARMAR wrote: There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of these students is taking at least one of the subjects economics, geography, and biology. The sum of the number of students taking exactly one of these subjects and the number of students taking all 3 of these subjects is 5 times the number of students taking exactly 2 of these subjects. The ratio of the number of students taking only the two subjects economics and geography to the number of students taking only the two subjects economics and biology to the number of students taking only the two subjects geography and biology is 3:6:8. How many of the students enrolled at this high school are taking only the two subjects geography and biology? A) 35 B) 42 C) 64 D) 136 E) 240 The affixed Venn diagram is drawn as per the given data. Question stem:- The no of enrolled students who are taking only the two subjects geography and biology at the high school, i. e, 8K=? From the given data & Venn diagram, we have E+B+G+ (6K+3K+8K) +All =816 --------- (1) E+B+G+ All= 5(6K+3K+8K) ------------ (2) Subtracting (2) from (1), we have, 17K=816-85K Or, 102K=816 Or, 8K= $$\frac{816}{102}$$ 8=64 So, Answer option (C) Attachments EBG.JPG [ 26.91 KiB \| Viewed 1177 times ] _________________ Regards, PKN Rise above the storm, you will find the sunshine Intern Joined: 28 Aug 2018 Posts: 25 GMAT 1: 650 Q49 V31 There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of [#permalink] ### Show Tags 22 Dec 2018, 01:58 1 Easiest way - Refer the diagram. Let the sum of all X's be x (the sum of the number of students taking exactly one of these subjects and the number of students taking all 3 of these subjects) Let the sum of all Y's be y (the number of students taking exactly 2 of these subjects) Now according to the question x = 5y and there are no students that are taking none of the subjects. That means x + y = 816 Now as per the question x = 5y. Hence, 6y = 816 y = 136 Divide it into ratio 8/17*136 = 64 Attachments Screen Shot 2018-12-22 at 3.24.35 PM.png [ 65.66 KiB \| Viewed 454 times ] There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of &nbs [#permalink] 22 Dec 2018, 01:58 Display posts from previous: Sort by # There are 816 students in enrolled at a certain high school. Each of new topic post reply Question banks Downloads My Bookmarks Reviews Important topics Powered by phpBB © phpBB Group \| Emoji artwork provided by EmojiOne Kindly note that the GMAT® test is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admission Council®, and this site has neither been reviewed nor endorsed by GMAC®.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.745333194732666, "perplexity": 2098.748743888315}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583822341.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121233709-20190122015709-00615.warc.gz"}
https://technicalgrimoire.com/david/2019/10/FifthTorchesDeep	# 5e Torches Deep I’ve only played Dungeons and Dragons 4e (and that only for 4-5 sessions). Never played any other “official” version of D&D. Partly because I’m obsessed with weird, indie RPGs, but also because I can’t afford to drop $180 on three RPG books. (But I will spend$180 on like…seven indie darlings). After my review on Vagabonds of Dyfed, I assumed Ben Dutter was done trying blend disparate things together. I was wrong. Five Torches Deep is his latest concoction: a blend of OSR sensibilities with streamlined D&D 5th Edition mechanics. Not only is Five Torches Deep compatible with both rulesets, but it brings some innovations in its own right. ## Why? The 5th edition of D&D has been touted as “back to basics”. While it’s been simplified to evoke those older gaming experiences, it still doesn’t really go all the way. Character creation takes hours, the rulebooks are huge, and while closer to old-school gaming than 3rd or 4th edition, I never felt the urge to buy it for myself. HOWEVER I do see a lot of cool 5e content being created. The Uncaged Anthologies especially gets a shout-out for being a beautiful book with a brilliant premise. The upcoming Tomb of Black Sand also looks like a top-notch 5e adventure. But I don’t own 5th edition! Sure, I could spend the time necessary to convert it to my rule system of choice, but that’s just more work. And there will probably still be elements that don’t convert directly to whatever weirdness I’m using at the time (probably Troika). That’s where Five Torches Deep comes in. “5e skeleton, OSR meat” is how the game is advertised, and boy howdy is that true! I used FTD to play the 5e version of Winter’s Daughter with great success. No fiddling necessary. Five Torches Deep is a great way for me to enjoy those 5e adventures with a more streamlined set of rules. ## New Stuff Saying that Five Torches Deep is “5e lite” kind of tells you everything you need to know about the rule system and your interest in it. So instead of covering all the fiddly bits, let me just mention the NEW stuff it brings to the table. Fresh Layout. the book is landscape, which makes it really wide and (mostly) lie flat at the table. But the true benefit is the stellar layout. The entire book is laid out like a reference manual, and easy to navigate during play. Concepts don’t spill out over other pages, tables are clear and clean, rules are grouped close together, etc. Not much page-hunting or flipping required. I’ve said it 1000 times, but strong layout and presentation is extremely important and makes this book a joy to use. Simple, Strong Classes. Character creation has been vastly simplified, but still offers some strong themes and fun abilities. • Warrior has three archetypes: Barbarian, Fighter, and Ranger; each with several powerful bonuses/feats to choose from. • Thief: Assasin, Bard, Rogue • Mage: Sorcerer, Warlock, Wizard Every few levels you get to make a few choices and pick features from an archetype. I prefer to jump right into the game, so seeing this robust chargen delighted me. Supply. A new resource in FTD, it is a unique way to handle inventory bloat. Supply represented a bunch of stuff in your bag, and you can exchange supply for various items (torches, healing potions, ammo, etc). You can’t make NEW items with Supply, but you can replenesh stuff you ran out of. In practice it’s a little bit confusing for new players, but streamlines a ton of inventory management nonsense. It also has the added benefit of making INT useful to all classes. Speaking of which… Improved Stats. Every single stat has been tweaked to make it useful and important. There are no dump stats in FTD, which was one of my favorite features in Knave. Glad to see it replicated here. • STR: melee attacks and carry capacity • DEX: ranged attacks, initiative, and AC • CON: HP and how many hours you can stay awake/travel/fight • INT: some spells, and how much Supply you can carry. • WIS: some spells, and perception, morale • CHA: hirelings, number of magic items, social interaction I was kind of hoping FTD would revolutionize hirelings for me, but alas. I think I’m just bad at hirelings in EVERY system. Oh well. Monster Generator. Lots of tables and advice for making new monsters, converting OSR/5e monsters, etc. All solid stuff. Love it! Phone Layout. A nice little add-on, I hope to see more games thinking about adapting their games for smaller screens. ## A Great Toolset This one is definitely going in my GM toolbox. You can tel this thing has been playtested to hell and back; it’s that slick and smooth. Five Torches Deep is my excuse to buy a bunch of cool 5e adventures and give them a shot. It’s also a good choice for when I want something a little crunchier than Knave for my OSR sessions. Here’s a flip-through of the entire book in case you’re still not convinced:	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17539410293102264, "perplexity": 4676.2255336758935}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540517557.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209041847-20191209065847-00260.warc.gz"}
https://libceed.readthedocs.io/en/latest/libCEEDapi/	# Interface Concepts¶ This page provides a brief description of the theoretical foundations and the practical implementation of the libCEED library. ## Theoretical Framework¶ In finite element formulations, the weak form of a Partial Differential Equation (PDE) is evaluated on a subdomain $$\Omega_e$$ (element) and the local results are composed into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem on the global domain $$\Omega$$. In particular, when high-order finite elements or spectral elements are used, the resulting sparse matrix representation of the global operator is computationally expensive, with respect to both the memory transfer and floating point operations needed for its evaluation. libCEED provides an interface for matrix-free operator description that enables efficient evaluation on a variety of computational device types (selectable at run time). We present here the notation and the mathematical formulation adopted in libCEED. We start by considering the discrete residual $$F(u)=0$$ formulation in weak form. We first define the $$L^2$$ inner product between real-valued functions $\langle v, u \rangle = \int_\Omega v u d \bm{x},$ where $$\bm{x} \in \mathbb{R}^d \supset \Omega$$. We want to find $$u$$ in a suitable space $$V_D$$, such that (1)$\langle \bm v, \bm f(u) \rangle = \int_\Omega \bm v \cdot \bm f_0 (u, \nabla u) + \nabla \bm v : \bm f_1 (u, \nabla u) = 0$ for all $$\bm v$$ in the corresponding homogeneous space $$V_0$$, where $$\bm f_0$$ and $$\bm f_1$$ contain all possible sources in the problem. We notice here that $$\bm f_0$$ represents all terms in (1) which multiply the (possibly vector-valued) test function $$\bm v$$ and $$\bm f_1$$ all terms which multiply its gradient $$\nabla \bm v$$. For an n-component problems in $$d$$ dimensions, $$\bm f_0 \in \mathbb{R}^n$$ and $$\bm f_1 \in \mathbb{R}^{nd}$$. Note The notation $$\nabla \bm v \!:\! \bm f_1$$ represents contraction over both fields and spatial dimensions while a single dot represents contraction in just one, which should be clear from context, e.g., $$\bm v \cdot \bm f_0$$ contracts only over fields. Note In the code, the function that represents the weak form at quadrature points is called the . In the provided with the library (in the examples/ directory), we store the term $$\bm f_0$$ directly into v, and the term $$\bm f_1$$ directly into dv (which stands for $$\nabla \bm v$$). If equation (1) only presents a term of the type $$\bm f_0$$, the will only have one output argument, namely v. If equation (1) also presents a term of the type $$\bm f_1$$, then the will have two output arguments, namely, v and dv. ## Finite Element Operator Decomposition¶ Finite element operators are typically defined through weak formulations of partial differential equations that involve integration over a computational mesh. The required integrals are computed by splitting them as a sum over the mesh elements, mapping each element to a simple reference element (e.g. the unit square) and applying a quadrature rule in reference space. This sequence of operations highlights an inherent hierarchical structure present in all finite element operators where the evaluation starts on global (trial) degrees of freedom (dofs) or nodes on the whole mesh, restricts to dofs on subdomains (groups of elements), then moves to independent dofs on each element, transitions to independent quadrature points in reference space, performs the integration, and then goes back in reverse order to global (test) degrees of freedom on the whole mesh. This is illustrated below for the simple case of symmetric linear operator on third order ($$Q_3$$) scalar continuous ($$H^1$$) elements, where we use the notions T-vector, L-vector, E-vector and Q-vector to represent the sets corresponding to the (true) degrees of freedom on the global mesh, the split local degrees of freedom on the subdomains, the split degrees of freedom on the mesh elements, and the values at quadrature points, respectively. We refer to the operators that connect the different types of vectors as: • Subdomain restriction $$\bm{P}$$ • Element restriction $$\bm{G}$$ • Basis (Dofs-to-Qpts) evaluator $$\bm{B}$$ • Operator at quadrature points $$\bm{D}$$ More generally, when the test and trial space differ, they get their own versions of $$\bm{P}$$, $$\bm{G}$$ and $$\bm{B}$$. Fig. 3 Operator Decomposition Note that in the case of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), the restrictions $$\bm{P}$$ and $$\bm{G}$$ will involve not just extracting sub-vectors, but evaluating values at constrained degrees of freedom through the AMR interpolation. There can also be several levels of subdomains ($$\bm P_1$$, $$\bm P_2$$, etc.), and it may be convenient to split $$\bm{D}$$ as the product of several operators ($$\bm D_1$$, $$\bm D_2$$, etc.). ### Terminology and Notation¶ Vector representation/storage categories: • True degrees of freedom/unknowns, T-vector: • each unknown $$i$$ has exactly one copy, on exactly one processor, $$rank(i)$$ • this is a non-overlapping vector decomposition • usually includes any essential (fixed) dofs. • Local (w.r.t. processors) degrees of freedom/unknowns, L-vector: • each unknown $$i$$ has exactly one copy on each processor that owns an element containing $$i$$ • this is an overlapping vector decomposition with overlaps only across different processors—there is no duplication of unknowns on a single processor • the shared dofs/unknowns are the overlapping dofs, i.e. the ones that have more than one copy, on different processors. • Per element decomposition, E-vector: • each unknown $$i$$ has as many copies as the number of elements that contain $$i$$ • usually, the copies of the unknowns are grouped by the element they belong to. • In the case of AMR with hanging nodes (giving rise to hanging dofs): • the L-vector is enhanced with the hanging/dependent dofs • the additional hanging/dependent dofs are duplicated when they are shared by multiple processors • this way, an E-vector can be derived from an L-vector without any communications and without additional computations to derive the dependent dofs • in other words, an entry in an E-vector is obtained by copying an entry from the corresponding L-vector, optionally switching the sign of the entry (for $$H(\mathrm{div})$$—and $$H(\mathrm{curl})$$-conforming spaces). • In the case of variable order spaces: • the dependent dofs (usually on the higher-order side of a face/edge) can be treated just like the hanging/dependent dofs case. • this is similar to E-vector where instead of dofs, the vector represents values at quadrature points, grouped by element. • In many cases it is useful to distinguish two types of vectors: • X-vector, or primal X-vector, and X’-vector, or dual X-vector • here X can be any of the T, L, E, or Q categories • for example, the mass matrix operator maps a T-vector to a T’-vector • the solutions vector is a T-vector, and the RHS vector is a T’-vector • using the parallel prolongation operator, one can map the solution T-vector to a solution L-vector, etc. Operator representation/storage/action categories: • Full true-dof parallel assembly, TA, or A: • ParCSR or similar format • the T in TA indicates that the data format represents an operator from a T-vector to a T’-vector. • Full local assembly, LA: • CSR matrix on each rank • the parallel prolongation operator, $$\bm{P}$$, (and its transpose) should use optimized matrix-free action • note that $$\bm{P}$$ is the operator mapping T-vectors to L-vectors. • Element matrix assembly, EA: • each element matrix is stored as a dense matrix • optimized element and parallel prolongation operators • note that the element prolongation operator is the mapping from an L-vector to an E-vector. • Quadrature-point/partial assembly, QA or PA: • precompute and store $$w\det(J)$$ at all quadrature points in all mesh elements • the stored data can be viewed as a Q-vector. • Unassembled option, UA or U: • no assembly step • the action uses directly the mesh node coordinates, and assumes specific form of the coefficient, e.g. constant, piecewise-constant, or given as a Q-vector (Q-coefficient). ### Partial Assembly¶ Since the global operator $$\bm{A}$$ is just a series of variational restrictions with $$\bm{B}$$, $$\bm{G}$$ and $$\bm{P}$$, starting from its point-wise kernel $$\bm{D}$$, a “matvec” with $$\bm{A}$$ can be performed by evaluating and storing some of the innermost variational restriction matrices, and applying the rest of the operators “on-the-fly”. For example, one can compute and store a global matrix on T-vector level. Alternatively, one can compute and store only the subdomain (L-vector) or element (E-vector) matrices and perform the action of $$\bm{A}$$ using matvecs with $$\bm{P}$$ or $$\bm{P}$$ and $$\bm{G}$$. While these options are natural for low-order discretizations, they are not a good fit for high-order methods due to the amount of FLOPs needed for their evaluation, as well as the memory transfer needed for a matvec. Our focus in libCEED, instead, is on partial assembly, where we compute and store only $$\bm{D}$$ (or portions of it) and evaluate the actions of $$\bm{P}$$, $$\bm{G}$$ and $$\bm{B}$$ on-the-fly. Critically for performance, we take advantage of the tensor-product structure of the degrees of freedom and quadrature points on quad and hex elements to perform the action of $$\bm{B}$$ without storing it as a matrix. Implemented properly, the partial assembly algorithm requires optimal amount of memory transfers (with respect to the polynomial order) and near-optimal FLOPs for operator evaluation. It consists of an operator setup phase, that evaluates and stores $$\bm{D}$$ and an operator apply (evaluation) phase that computes the action of $$\bm{A}$$ on an input vector. When desired, the setup phase may be done as a side-effect of evaluating a different operator, such as a nonlinear residual. The relative costs of the setup and apply phases are different depending on the physics being expressed and the representation of $$\bm{D}$$. ### Parallel Decomposition¶ After the application of each of the first three transition operators, $$\bm{P}$$, $$\bm{G}$$ and $$\bm{B}$$, the operator evaluation is decoupled on their ranges, so $$\bm{P}$$, $$\bm{G}$$ and $$\bm{B}$$ allow us to “zoom-in” to subdomain, element and quadrature point level, ignoring the coupling at higher levels. Thus, a natural mapping of $$\bm{A}$$ on a parallel computer is to split the T-vector over MPI ranks (a non-overlapping decomposition, as is typically used for sparse matrices), and then split the rest of the vector types over computational devices (CPUs, GPUs, etc.) as indicated by the shaded regions in the diagram above. One of the advantages of the decomposition perspective in these settings is that the operators $$\bm{P}$$, $$\bm{G}$$, $$\bm{B}$$ and $$\bm{D}$$ clearly separate the MPI parallelism in the operator ($$\bm{P}$$) from the unstructured mesh topology ($$\bm{G}$$), the choice of the finite element space/basis ($$\bm{B}$$) and the geometry and point-wise physics $$\bm{D}$$. These components also naturally fall in different classes of numerical algorithms – parallel (multi-device) linear algebra for $$\bm{P}$$, sparse (on-device) linear algebra for $$\bm{G}$$, dense/structured linear algebra (tensor contractions) for $$\bm{B}$$ and parallel point-wise evaluations for $$\bm{D}$$. Currently in libCEED, it is assumed that the host application manages the global T-vectors and the required communications among devices (which are generally on different compute nodes) with P. Our API is thus focused on the L-vector level, where the logical devices, which in the library are represented by the object, are independent. Each MPI rank can use one or more s, and each , in turn, can represent one or more physical devices, as long as libCEED backends support such configurations. The idea is that every MPI rank can use any logical device it is assigned at runtime. For example, on a node with 2 CPU sockets and 4 GPUs, one may decide to use 6 MPI ranks (each using a single object): 2 ranks using 1 CPU socket each, and 4 using 1 GPU each. Another choice could be to run 1 MPI rank on the whole node and use 5 objects: 1 managing all CPU cores on the 2 sockets and 4 managing 1 GPU each. The communications among the devices, e.g. required for applying the action of $$\bm{P}$$, are currently out of scope of libCEED. The interface is non-blocking for all operations involving more than O(1) data, allowing operations performed on a coprocessor or worker threads to overlap with operations on the host. ## API Description¶ The libCEED API takes an algebraic approach, where the user essentially describes in the frontend the operators G, B and D and the library provides backend implementations and coordinates their action to the original operator on L-vector level (i.e. independently on each device / MPI task). One of the advantages of this purely algebraic description is that it already includes all the finite element information, so the backends can operate on linear algebra level without explicit finite element code. The frontend description is general enough to support a wide variety of finite element algorithms, as well as some other types algorithms such as spectral finite differences. The separation of the front- and backends enables applications to easily switch/try different backends. It also enables backend developers to impact many applications from a single implementation. Our long-term vision is to include a variety of backend implementations in libCEED, ranging from reference kernels to highly optimized kernels targeting specific devices (e.g. GPUs) or specific polynomial orders. A simple reference backend implementation is provided in the file ceed-ref.c. On the frontend, the mapping between the decomposition concepts and the code implementation is as follows: • L-, E- and Q-vector are represented as variables of type . (A backend may choose to operate incrementally without forming explicit E- or Q-vectors.) • $$\bm{G}$$ is represented as variable of type . • $$\bm{B}$$ is represented as variable of type . • the action of $$\bm{D}$$ is represented as variable of type . • the overall operator $$\bm{G}^T \bm{B}^T \bm{D} \bm{B} \bm{G}$$ is represented as variable of type and its action is accessible through CeedOperatorApply(). To clarify these concepts and illustrate how they are combined in the API, consider the implementation of the action of a simple 1D mass matrix (cf. tests/t500-operator.c). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 /// @file /// Test creation, action, and destruction for mass matrix operator /// \test Test creation, action, and destruction for mass matrix operator #include #include #include #include "t500-operator.h" int main(int argc, char *argv) { Ceed ceed; CeedElemRestriction Erestrictx, Erestrictu, Erestrictui; CeedBasis bx, bu; CeedQFunction qf_setup, qf_mass; CeedOperator op_setup, op_mass; CeedVector qdata, X, U, V; const CeedScalar hv; CeedInt nelem = 15, P = 5, Q = 8; CeedInt Nx = nelem+1, Nu = nelem(P-1)+1; CeedInt indx[nelem2], indu[nelemP]; CeedScalar x[Nx]; //! [Ceed Init] CeedInit(argv[1], &ceed); //! [Ceed Init] for (CeedInt i=0; i 1e-14) printf("[%d] v %g != 0.0\n",i, hv[i]); CeedVectorRestoreArrayRead(V, &hv); CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_setup); CeedQFunctionDestroy(&qf_mass); CeedOperatorDestroy(&op_setup); CeedOperatorDestroy(&op_mass); CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&Erestrictu); CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&Erestrictx); CeedElemRestrictionDestroy(&Erestrictui); CeedBasisDestroy(&bu); CeedBasisDestroy(&bx); CeedVectorDestroy(&X); CeedVectorDestroy(&U); CeedVectorDestroy(&V); CeedVectorDestroy(&qdata); CeedDestroy(&ceed); return 0; } The constructor CeedInit(argv[1], &ceed); creates a logical device ceed on the specified resource, which could also be a coprocessor such as "/nvidia/0". There can be any number of such devices, including multiple logical devices driving the same resource (though performance may suffer in case of oversubscription). The resource is used to locate a suitable backend which will have discretion over the implementations of all objects created with this logical device. The setup routine above computes and stores $$\bm{D}$$, in this case a scalar value in each quadrature point, while mass uses these saved values to perform the action of $$\bm{D}$$. These functions are turned into the variables qf_setup and qf_mass in the CeedQFunctionCreateInterior() calls: CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(ceed, 1, setup, setup_loc, &qf_setup); CeedQFunctionCreateInterior(ceed, 1, mass, mass_loc, &qf_mass); A performs independent operations at each quadrature point and the interface is intended to facilitate vectorization. The second argument is an expected vector length. If greater than 1, the caller must ensure that the number of quadrature points Q is divisible by the vector length. This is often satisfied automatically due to the element size or by batching elements together to facilitate vectorization in other stages, and can always be ensured by padding. In addition to the function pointers (setup and mass), constructors take a string representation specifying where the source for the implementation is found. This is used by backends that support Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation (i.e., CUDA and OCCA) to compile for coprocessors. For full support across all backends, these source files must only contain constructs mutually supported by C99, C++11, and CUDA. For example, explicit type casting of void pointers and explicit use of compatible arguments for math library functions is required, and variable-length array (VLA) syntax for array reshaping is only available via libCEED’s CEED_Q_VLA macro. Different input and output fields are added individually, specifying the field name, size of the field, and evaluation mode. The size of the field is provided by a combination of the number of components the effect of any basis evaluations. The evaluation mode (see ) CEED_EVAL_INTERP for both input and output fields indicates that the mass operator only contains terms of the form $\int_\Omega v \cdot f_0 (u, \nabla u)$ where $$v$$ are test functions (see the ). More general operators, such as those of the form $\int_\Omega v \cdot f_0 (u, \nabla u) + \nabla v : f_1 (u, \nabla u)$ can be expressed. For fields with derivatives, such as with the basis evaluation mode (see ) CEED_EVAL_GRAD, the size of the field needs to reflect both the number of components and the geometric dimension. A 3-dimensional gradient on four components would therefore mean the field has a size of 12. The $$\bm{B}$$ operators for the mesh nodes, bx, and the unknown field, bu, are defined in the calls to the function CeedBasisCreateTensorH1Lagrange(). In this example, both the mesh and the unknown field use $$H^1$$ Lagrange finite elements of order 1 and 4 respectively (the P argument represents the number of 1D degrees of freedom on each element). Both basis operators use the same integration rule, which is Gauss-Legendre with 8 points (the Q argument). CeedBasisCreateTensorH1Lagrange(ceed, 1, 1, 2, Q, CEED_GAUSS, &bx); CeedBasisCreateTensorH1Lagrange(ceed, 1, 1, P, Q, CEED_GAUSS, &bu); Other elements with this structure can be specified in terms of the Q×P matrices that evaluate values and gradients at quadrature points in one dimension using CeedBasisCreateTensorH1(). Elements that do not have tensor product structure, such as symmetric elements on simplices, will be created using different constructors. The $$\bm{G}$$ operators for the mesh nodes, Erestrictx, and the unknown field, Erestrictu, are specified in the CeedElemRestrictionCreate(). Both of these specify directly the dof indices for each element in the indx and indu arrays: CeedElemRestrictionCreate(ceed, nelem, 2, 1, 1, Nx, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_USE_POINTER, indx, &Erestrictx); CeedElemRestrictionCreate(ceed, nelem, P, 1, 1, Nu, CEED_MEM_HOST, CEED_USE_POINTER, indu, &Erestrictu); CeedInt stridesu[3] = {1, Q, Q}; CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided(ceed, nelem, Q, 1, Qnelem, stridesu, &Erestrictui); If the user has arrays available on a device, they can be provided using CEED_MEM_DEVICE. This technique is used to provide no-copy interfaces in all contexts that involve problem-sized data. For discontinuous Galerkin and for applications such as Nek5000 that only explicitly store E-vectors (inter-element continuity has been subsumed by the parallel restriction $$\bm{P}$$), the element restriction $$\bm{G}$$ is the identity and CeedElemRestrictionCreateStrided() is used instead. We plan to support other structured representations of $$\bm{G}$$ which will be added according to demand. There are two common approaches for supporting non-conforming elements: applying the node constraints via $$\bm P$$ so that the L-vector can be processed uniformly and applying the constraints via $$\bm G$$ so that the E-vector is uniform. The former can be done with the existing interface while the latter will require a generalization to element restriction that would define field values at constrained nodes as linear combinations of the values at primary nodes. These operations, $$\bm{P}$$, $$\bm{B}$$, and $$\bm{D}$$, are combined with a . As with s, operator fields are added separately with a matching field name, basis ($$\bm{B}$$), element restriction ($$\bm{G}$$), and L-vector. The flag CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE indicates that the vector corresponding to that field will be provided to the operator when CeedOperatorApply() is called. Otherwise the input/output will be read from/written to the specified L-vector. With partial assembly, we first perform a setup stage where $$\bm{D}$$ is evaluated and stored. This is accomplished by the operator op_setup and its application to X, the nodes of the mesh (these are needed to compute Jacobians at quadrature points). Note that the corresponding CeedOperatorApply() has no basis evaluation on the output, as the quadrature data is not needed at the dofs: CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_setup, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, &op_setup); CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup, "_weight", CEED_ELEMRESTRICTION_NONE, bx, CEED_VECTOR_NONE); CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup, "dx", Erestrictx, bx, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE); CeedOperatorSetField(op_setup, "rho", Erestrictui, CEED_BASIS_COLLOCATED, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE); CeedOperatorApply(op_setup, X, qdata, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE); The action of the operator is then represented by operator op_mass and its CeedOperatorApply() to the input L-vector U with output in V: CeedOperatorCreate(ceed, qf_mass, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, CEED_QFUNCTION_NONE, &op_mass); CeedOperatorSetField(op_mass, "rho", Erestrictui,CEED_BASIS_COLLOCATED, qdata); CeedOperatorSetField(op_mass, "u", Erestrictu, bu, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE); CeedOperatorSetField(op_mass, "v", Erestrictu, bu, CEED_VECTOR_ACTIVE); CeedOperatorApply(op_mass, U, V, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE); A number of function calls in the interface, such as CeedOperatorApply(), are intended to support asynchronous execution via their last argument, CeedRequest*. The specific (pointer) value used in the above example, CEED_REQUEST_IMMEDIATE, is used to express the request (from the user) for the operation to complete before returning from the function call, i.e. to make sure that the result of the operation is available in the output parameters immediately after the call. For a true asynchronous call, one needs to provide the address of a user defined variable. Such a variable can be used later to explicitly wait for the completion of the operation. ## Interface Principles and Evolution¶ LibCEED is intended to be extensible via backends that are packaged with the library and packaged separately (possibly as a binary containing proprietary code). Backends are registered by calling CeedRegister("/cpu/self/ref/serial", CeedInit_Ref, 50); typically in a library initializer or “constructor” that runs automatically. CeedInit uses this prefix to find an appropriate backend for the resource. Source (API) and binary (ABI) stability are important to libCEED. Prior to reaching version 1.0, libCEED does not implement strict semantic versioning across the entire interface. However, user code, including libraries of s, should be source and binary compatible moving from 0.x.y to any later release 0.x.z. We have less experience with external packaging of backends and do not presently guarantee source or binary stability, but we intend to define stability guarantees for libCEED 1.0. We’d love to talk with you if you’re interested in packaging backends externally, and will work with you on a practical stability policy.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6553102731704712, "perplexity": 1272.7999367254492}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376467.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307105633-20210307135633-00416.warc.gz"}
https://gianluca.statistica.it/book/bmhe/code/	# Computer code ### General/overall files • R/JAGS code to run the examples (all files at once here). There’s also an accompanying instruction file • Utils.R: script containing some utility functions, for examples to draw traceplots of MCMC chains, or estimating the parameters of suitable distributions to obtain given values for its mean and standard deviation [Needed to run most of the other scripts] ### Chapter 2 • MCMC.R: script to run the Gibbs sampling simulations and check convergence, as in Figure 2.10 • modelNormal.R: script to run the analysis of the Normal model (pages 69-73) • modelNormal.txt: JAGS code for the Bayesian model (pages 69-73) • phbirths.dta: Dataset used for the Normal model example - courtesy of German Rodriguez ### Chapter 3 • HEexample.R: script to run the Bayesian model to analyse the health economic problem described in the chapter (chemotherapy) and the several cost-effectiveness analyses presented throughout the chapter. This example is used throughout chapter 4 as well • model.txt: JAGS code for the basic cost-effectiveness analysis • modelEVPPI_rho.txt: JAGS code for the analysis of the Expected Value of Partial Perfect Information (EVPPI) for the parameter $\rho$ • modelEVPPI_gamma.txt: JAGS code for the analysis of the Expected Value of Partial Perfect Information (EVPPI) for the parameter $\gamma$ ### Chapter 4 • modelNormal.R: script to run the analysis of the Normal model (pages 129-141); continues the analysis from chapter 2 • modelNormalBlocking.txt: JAGS code to run the model using blocking to improve convergence (page 133) • modelNormal2.txt: JAGS code to run the compute the predictive distribution (page 135) ### Chapter 5 #### Example 1: RCT of acupuncture for chronic headache in primary care • acupuncture.R: script to run the cost-effectiveness analysis of acupuncture. Based on this paper • dataRCTacupuncture.csv: Dataset used for the acupuncture example - courtesy of David Wonderling, Richard Nixon and Richard Grieve • actptRCT.txt: JAGS code to run the normal/normal (on the logit/log scale) model • actptRCT_gamma.txt: JAGS code to run the normal/gamma (on the logit/natural scale) model • actptRCT_logN.txt: JAGS code to run the normal/log-normal (on the logit/natural scale) model #### Example 2: Neuraminidase inhibitors to reduce influenza in healthy adults • EvSynth.R: script to run the cost-effectiveness analysis based on evidence synthesis for the influenza treatment with neuraminidase • EvSynth.txt: JAGS code to run the evidence synthesis model • Example 3: Markov model for the treatment of asthma • MarkovModel.R: script to run the cost-effectiveness analysis for the treatment of asthma • MarkovModel.txt: JAGS code to run the conjugated Markov model NB: Everything works fine on my computer, originally configured with Linux, R 2.15.1 and JAGS 3.2.0. But if you experience problems with any of the code, drop me an email and I’ll fix it. Next	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20671674609184265, "perplexity": 8054.388959943252}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572077.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814204141-20220814234141-00242.warc.gz"}
https://www.mmacageworld.com/2010/10/ufcwec-merger.html	MMA CAGEWORLD: UFC/WEC merger. ## MMA Latest LATEST NEWS > Anthony 'Rumble' Johnson planning UFC return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > Antonio 'Bigfoot' Silva volunteers to rematch Fedor Emelianko in Bellator - Rizin event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .> GFC 18 imposter with fake passport gets choked out after faking his identity to fight in Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ## 28 October 2010 ### World Extreme Cagefighting is merging with its sister organization the Ultimate Fighting Championship. UFC president Dana White has stated that the merger will happen in January 2011, which means that the UFC will now feature for the first time a 135 and 145-pound weight class. The WEC lightweight division fighters will also move over to the UFC. "The timing was right," White said. "The reality is, we purchased the WEC, we started getting these lighter weight guys exposure on television, sending them around the country and arenas. Now, as the UFC continues to grow globally and we're doing more and more fights, now it makes sense to bring in those lighter weight classes." "We're going to add more fights every year and add more countries, more television networks in different countries. So now it makes sense." Before the merger takes place, WEC will put on 2 more events. By the time the merger takes place, the WEC will have put on 53 events, including one pay-per-view card in April 2010.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8532126545906067, "perplexity": 243.19700939787222}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531429.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122210653-20210123000653-00627.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsoverflow.org/33693/dynamics-the-proper-time-interval-schwarzschild-solution	# Dynamics of the Proper Time Interval of the Schwarzschild Solution Originality + 0 - 1 Accuracy + 0 - 0 Score 0.00 220 views Referee this paper: viXra:1510.0073 by C. A. Laforet Please use comments to point to previous work in this direction, and reviews to referee the accuracy of the paper. Feel free to edit this submission to summarise the paper (just click on edit, your summary will then appear under the horizontal line) The paper studies the Schwarzschild metric as written in Kruskal co-ordinates and investigates the properties of a Schwarzschild black hole in these co-ordinates. requested Oct 14, 2015 summarized paper authored Oct 8, 2015 recategorized Oct 17, 2015 There doesn't seem to be anything original here. Studying the Schwarzschild metric in Kruskal co-ordinates is nothing new, and skimming through the paper, all mentioned results (e.g. proper time interval at event horizon, Lorentz contraction of region beyond event horizon, etc.) are rather trivial once the metric is defined, besides being well-known. On a sidenote, the paper uses somewhat unconventional terminology, e.g. "infinite density of the time coordinate spacing" to refer to zero proper time interval. Please use reviews only to (at least partly) review submissions. To comment, discuss, or ask for clarification, leave a comment instead. To mask links under text, please type your text, highlight it, and click the "link" button. You can then enter your link URL. Please consult the FAQ for as to how to format your post. This is the review box; if you want to write a comment instead, please use the 'add comment' button. Live preview (may slow down editor) Preview Your name to display (optional): Email me at this address if my review is selected or commented on: Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: If you are a human please identify the position of the character covered by the symbol $\varnothing$ in the following word:p$\hbar$ysicsO$\varnothing$erflowThen drag the red bullet below over the corresponding character of our banner. When you drop it there, the bullet changes to green (on slow internet connections after a few seconds). To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3593847155570984, "perplexity": 1762.5097386502923}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195745.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128184858-20201128214858-00009.warc.gz"}
https://mersenneforum.org/showthread.php?s=7d450dce5d8de8d3a81969adb1ee5fa5&p=472925	mersenneforum.org Odds and ends....and class records Register FAQ Search Today's Posts Mark Forums Read 2016-02-10, 12:06 #221 Jatheski Apr 2012 993438: i1090 2·73 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by Dubslow I just discovered that fivemack is one C175 away from being the first to take an aliquot sequence over 200 digits. He did it twice... Code: 2340 i.750 sz.200 2^3 * 3^2 * 5 * 13 * 59 * 854029991 * C185 3270 i.714 sz.200 2^7 * 3 * 13 * 19 * 23 * 1446923 * 8768269 * C180 Last fiddled with by Jatheski on 2016-02-10 at 12:08 2016-05-24, 11:11 #222 unconnected May 2009 Russia, Moscow 2·5·11·23 Posts Nice downdriver catch on 11040: Code: Checked 9579 170 (show) 7539036408...00<170> = 2^2 · 5^2 · 7^2 · 1538578858...13<167> Checked 9580 171 (show) 1149164549...66<171> = 2 · 7^2 · 17 · 107 · 251 · 215023625077<12> · 1194437815...59<152> Unchecked 9581 171 (show) 1002341817...74<171> = 2 · 7^2 · 17 · 41621 · 1445534102...09<163> 2016-10-25, 13:16 #223 Dubslow Basketry That Evening! "Bunslow the Bold" Jun 2011 40 2016-10-25, 13:24 #224 Raman Noodles "Mr. Tuch" Dec 2007 Chennai, India 3×419 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by Dubslow What are the largest known termination values (primes or say the smallest of a cycle)? I ask because the recently terminated 498666 ends in a 7 digit prime after hitting upon 2^5 times a 6 digit perfect square, and that's surely a rarity among known terminations. Although the latest results have not been updated there. A lot of Aliquot sequences terminate in 321329 and for an other people's six digit Aliquot sequence terminations please see above and below mentioned web site page. I am listing out aliquot sequences terminations in to the prime numbers to p ≥ 106 although the famous aliquot sequence with 17490 as the key number terminates in to the aliquot 4 cycle composite numbers to lowest possible p - lowest possible 1264460 / 1547860 / 1727636 / 1305184. Aliquot Sequence 17130 terminates in 8128. Aliquot Sequence 17490 terminates in 1264460 / 1547860 / 1727636 / 1305184. Aliquot sequence 242190 terminates in 1544509. Aliquot sequence 98880 terminates in 1846001. Aliquot sequence 498666 terminates in 1909283. Aliquot sequence 538830 terminates in 3275023. Aliquot sequence 934332 terminates in 8177753. Aliquot sequence 397416 terminates in 870451093. Aliquot sequence and series. Last fiddled with by Raman on 2016-10-25 at 13:45 2016-10-25, 14:48 #225 LaurV Romulan Interpreter Jun 2011 Thailand 100011110010012 Posts Quote: Originally Posted by Dubslow What are the largest known termination values (primes or say the smallest of a cycle)? I ask because the recently terminated 498666 ends in a 7 digit prime after hitting upon 2^5 times a 6 digit perfect square, and that's surely a rarity among known terminations. There are many "high" termination values. According with my DB, for example, 523712 terminates in 198198181; there are a lot of sequences terminating in 20422951 (the smallest of them is 14952), 150480 terminates in 233078257, 124830 ends in 301691801, 688728 ends in 34967089, 677784 ends in 44084477, 54880 ends in 870451093 (together with many-many-many others from which the longest is 397416), and 891210 ends in 4737865361. This is only from "skimming" those folders, but I think that the last one is the largest for sequences starting under 1M. About cycles, the largest seems to be 891144 ending in 445419376 2017-10-22, 15:27 #226 Batalov "Serge" Mar 2008 Phi(4,2^7658614+1)/2 24·3·193 Posts Code: 1985 c140 4156037973...68<140> = 2^4 · 31 · 4146139 · 16939989491<11> · 64319841466292852978789<23> · 1854794805...53<98> 1986 c140 4156039978...32<140> = 2^4 · 31^2 · 1236205993810645215409<22> · 1473749150061006628243449341<28> · 1483617453...53<88> 1987 c140 4164419091...08<140> = 2^3 · 31 · 653 · 107916617 · 19421463018180026967183469<26> · 1226928633...59<102> 1988 c140 3908090253...92<140> = 2^3 · 2568158253...13<69> · 1902185276...23<71> 1989 c140 3419578971...48<140> = 2^4 · 31 · 107 · 653 · 26876177 · 110809888669<12> · 1553152278134653635240518561263<31> · 2133211681...37<84> Vanity of vanities, all is vanity... 2017-11-16, 14:13 #227 Dubslow Basketry That Evening! "Bunslow the Bold" Jun 2011 40 = 2^6 · 19 · 934863113741<12> · 1326100626...73<99> Checked 783 114 (show) 1641392670...32<114> = 2^4 · 7 · 13 · 31 · 5522062593508203383<19> · 6585490017...39<90> Checked 784 114 (show) 2398958517...08<114> = 2^4 · 7 · 31 · 43 · 1033 · 13581517 · 185105765810211478961380051549<30> · 6187368991...57<69> Checked 785 114 (show) 3217326650...92<114> = 2^4 · 31 · 41 · 28559 · 48106410954829529<17> · 1151552307...77<89> Checked 786 114 (show) 3374500220...08<114> = 2^4 · 31 · 1259 · 3919 · 13794311 · 229064016943<12> · 5914256515921845511737829212409<31> · 7378528314...09<55> Checked 787 114 (show) 3381584804...92<114> = 2^4 · 31 · 97 · 467 · 661 · 6737524562882489<16> · 13699703360275019<17> · 4168819372849997059<19> · 5869380826673190551<19> · 10081650556881903041508451809236947<35> Checked 788 114 (show) 3476299006...08<114> = 2^4 · 31 · 18094387 · 267923603686970090921704666384714549711<39> · 1445708042...89<66> Checked 789 114 (show) 3476299390...72<114> = 2^4 · 31 · 167 · 1009 · 162048871 · 2970041571048799141831277387212860985990793063<46> · 8642100664...53<52> Checked 790 114 (show) 3524863606...48<114> = 2^4 · 31 · 505825364329<12> · 13552895863583<14> · 35959685414474821256401<23> · 224707786080000186398514971777<30> · 12829033266149785940728260633105467<35> Checked 791 114 (show) 3524863606...72<114> = 2^4 · 31 · 75868268557<11> · 68824718794957<14> · 1360993408...43<87> Checked 792 114 (show) 3524863606...00<114> = 2^4 · 3^2 · 5^2 · 31^2 · 43 · 2369452313...93<106> Checked 793 114 (show) 9408653377...64<114> = 2^3 · 3 · 23 · 31^2 · 71 · 28177613209<11> · 124269712748149790294802374249804841118570663<45> · 7134066563...41<52> 2017-11-24, 22:58 #228 Batalov "Serge" Mar 2008 Phi(4,2^7658614+1)/2 24×3×193 Posts Here is what happens sometimes. Code: ... 2582 . c78 = 2 * 73984797699034119030153243403905276827050210732607559155739005238332911679729 2583 . c77 = 2^2 * 18496199424758529757538310850976319206762552683151889788934751309583227919933 2584 . c77 = 2 * 13 * 1487363090987141527397157421 * 1434872809225408937098565955809423560912617591911 Would it be nice if this happened more frequently? 2017-12-02, 05:37 #229 schickel "Frank <^>" Dec 2004 CDP Janesville 212210 Posts I was looking at the sequences in the new region above 1e6 and saw that there a several in there with the full 2^9 * 3* 11 * 31 driver. Looking at 1193892 I find this very interesting: Code: 750 . 63506507480139459657246685380957909805221952821374480050375059073856983012159222505329045974 = 2 * 3^4 * 223 * 444369576909999125236463629 * p61 751 . 79433234983047711456356882501371980892879030799553121287160513826947152547520593313528939946 = 2 * 3^4 * 2600957 * p84 752 . 98556119244529227487629768993367862843134460196486346149134997874944840878709473860923253434 = 2 * 3^2 * p91 753 . 114982139118617432068901397158929173316990203562567403840657497520768981025161052837743795712 = 2^9 * 3 * 11 * 31 * 10281373 * 17314848773 * p70 754 . 229964311807774799683353181195593676687649732708836344402658139003632440190845143232172454400 = 2^9 * 3 * 5^2 * 11 * 31 * 281 * 383 * 523777 * 388994540981 * 50870749670209884227766433 * p38` I'll have to look back when I get a chance, but I wonder if any of the other 2^9 driver runs started that way; without looking, though, I bet there were tons of 2 * 3 escapes without getting the 2^9. Last fiddled with by Batalov on 2017-12-02 at 16:25 Reason: edited by schickel 2017-12-15, 09:12 #230 LaurV Romulan Interpreter Jun 2011 Thailand 9,161 Posts Happy me thread: Got DD for 865152 at 150 digits 2018-01-12, 21:09 #231 vasyannyasha "Vasiliy" Apr 2017 Ukraine 3C16 Posts Escape from 26 3087 3883520684800021728793155600525505797862818464717560389541258977182719674383518775541911157072918588442565642944=2^6 * 60680010700000339512393056258211028091606538511211881086582171518479994912242480867842361829264352944415088171(110 digits) 3088 3822840674100021389280762544267294769771211926206348508454676805664239679471276294674068795243654235498150554900= 2^2 * 5^2 * 189817 * 982503047 · 12055362443482046791(20 digits) * 11554775476855370691465598351913(32 digits) * 1471551290954383777820887908367231538559068797(46 digits) Similar Threads Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post davieddy Lounge 0 2013-01-09 16:56 yqiang GMP-ECM 6 2007-05-18 12:23 MS63 Math 40 2005-12-15 09:23 ixfd64 Math 18 2005-12-08 02:40 wblipp ElevenSmooth 10 2004-03-22 01:26 All times are UTC. The time now is 09:38. Tue Jan 26 09:38:29 UTC 2021 up 54 days, 5:49, 0 users, load averages: 2.12, 1.98, 1.91	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19423916935920715, "perplexity": 13731.901042284606}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799711.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126073722-20210126103722-00175.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/users/16946/r-toledano	# R. Toledano less info reputation 1 bio website location Argentina age 58 member for 3 years, 6 months seen Mar 13 '13 at 21:27 profile views 46 # 3 Questions 1 A Kummer tower of function fields over $F_3$ and a question of Beelen, Garcia and Stichtenoth 1 infinite ramification locus in towers of function fields 0 zeros of a polynomial in a finite field # 11 Reputation +5 A Kummer tower of function fields over $F_3$ and a question of Beelen, Garcia and Stichtenoth +5 infinite ramification locus in towers of function fields 0 Computing places over x in F/K(x) # 3 Tags 0 nt.number-theory × 3 0 computational-geometry 0 computational-number-theo # 2 Accounts MathOverflow 11 rep 1 Stack Overflow 1 rep	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.16496773064136505, "perplexity": 3413.219269349928}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122127848.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175527-00176-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/0-9/2-dollar+triga+reactor.html	#### Sample records for 2-dollar triga reactor 1. Oregon State University TRIGA Reactor annual report Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Anderson, T.V.; Johnson, A.G.; Bennett, S.L.; Ringle, J.C. 1979-08-31 The use of the Oregon State University TRIGA Reactor during the year ending June 30, 1979, is summarized. Environmental and radiation protection data related to reactor operation and effluents are included. 2. Monte Carlo modelling of TRIGA research reactor Science.gov (United States) El Bakkari, B.; Nacir, B.; El Bardouni, T.; El Younoussi, C.; Merroun, O.; Htet, A.; Boulaich, Y.; Zoubair, M.; Boukhal, H.; Chakir, M. 2010-10-01 The Moroccan 2 MW TRIGA MARK II research reactor at Centre des Etudes Nucléaires de la Maâmora (CENM) achieved initial criticality on May 2, 2007. The reactor is designed to effectively implement the various fields of basic nuclear research, manpower training, and production of radioisotopes for their use in agriculture, industry, and medicine. This study deals with the neutronic analysis of the 2-MW TRIGA MARK II research reactor at CENM and validation of the results by comparisons with the experimental, operational, and available final safety analysis report (FSAR) values. The study was prepared in collaboration between the Laboratory of Radiation and Nuclear Systems (ERSN-LMR) from Faculty of Sciences of Tetuan (Morocco) and CENM. The 3-D continuous energy Monte Carlo code MCNP (version 5) was used to develop a versatile and accurate full model of the TRIGA core. The model represents in detailed all components of the core with literally no physical approximation. Continuous energy cross-section data from the more recent nuclear data evaluations (ENDF/B-VI.8, ENDF/B-VII.0, JEFF-3.1, and JENDL-3.3) as well as S( α, β) thermal neutron scattering functions distributed with the MCNP code were used. The cross-section libraries were generated by using the NJOY99 system updated to its more recent patch file "up259". The consistency and accuracy of both the Monte Carlo simulation and neutron transport physics were established by benchmarking the TRIGA experiments. Core excess reactivity, total and integral control rods worth as well as power peaking factors were used in the validation process. Results of calculations are analysed and discussed. 3. TRIGA-TRAP: A penning trap mass spectrometer at the research reactor TRIGA Mainz Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Smorra, Christian [Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg (Germany); Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Blaum, Klaus [Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg (Germany); Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Block, Michael; Herfurth, Frank [GSI, Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Eberhardt, Klaus [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Eibach, Martin; Ketelaer, Jens; Ketter, Jochen; Knuth, Konstantin; Repp, Julia [Institut fuer Physik, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Nagy, Szilard [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany) 2009-07-01 Nuclear masses represent the binding energies and, therefore, the sum of all interactions in the nucleus. They provide an important input parameter to nuclear structure models. Presently, a tremendous interest in masses of very exotic neutron-rich nuclides exists to support theoretical models for the nucleosynthesis via the rapid neutron capture process. The research reactor TRIGA Mainz provides access to a large variety of neutron-rich nuclides produced by thermal-neutron induced fission of an actinide target. The double-Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP will perform high-precision mass measurements in this region of the nuclear chart as well as on actinides from uranium to californium. It also serves as a test facility for the development of new techniques that will be implemented in future facilities like MATS at FAIR (GSI, Darmstadt). The layout of TRIGA-TRAP as well as recent mass measurements are presented. 4. Small Angle Neutron Scattering instrument at Malaysian TRIGA reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shukri Mohd; Razali Kassim; Zal Uyun Mahmood [Malaysian Inst. for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT), Bangi, Kajang (Malaysia); Shahidan Radiman 1998-10-01 The TRIGA MARK II Research reactor at the Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Research (MINT) was commissioned in July 1982. Since then various works have been performed to utilise the neutrons produced from this steady state reactor. One of the project involved the Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). (author) 5. 78 FR 26811 - Dow Chemical Company, Dow TRIGA Research Reactor; License Renewal for the Dow Chemical TRIGA... Science.gov (United States) 2013-05-08 ... COMMISSION Dow Chemical Company, Dow TRIGA Research Reactor; License Renewal for the Dow Chemical TRIGA...) published a notice in the Federal Register on July 20, 2012 (77 FR 42771), License Renewal for the Dow... Facility License No. R-108 for Dow Chemical Company which would authorize continued operation of the... 6. Thermal spectra of the TRIGA Mark III reactor; El espectro termico del reactor TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Macias B, L.R.; Palacios G, J. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico) 1998-07-01 The diffraction phenomenon is gave in observance of the well known Bragg law in crystalline materials and this can be performance by mean of X-rays, electrons and neutrons among others, which allows to do inside the field of each one of these techniques the obtaining of measurements focussed at each one of them. For the present work, it will be mentioned only the referring to X-ray and neutron techniques. The X-ray diffraction due to its properties just it does measurements which are known in general as superficial measurements of the sample material but for the properties of the neutrons, this diffraction it explores in volumetric form the sample material. Since the neutron diffraction process depends lots of its intensity, then it is important to know the neutron source spectra that in this case is supplied by the TRIGA Mark III reactor. Within of diffraction techniques a great number of them can be found, however some of the traditional will be mentioned such as the identification of crystalline samples, phases identification and the textures measurement. At present this last technique is founded on the dot of a minimum error and the technique of phases identification performs but not compete with that which is obtained by mean of X-rays due to this last one has a major resolution. (Author) 7. Accident scenarios of the TRIGA Mark II reactor in Vienna Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Villa, Mario, E-mail: [email protected] [Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien (Austria); Haydn, Markus [Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien (Austria); Steinhauser, Georg, E-mail: [email protected] [Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien (Austria); Boeck, Helmuth [Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Wien (Austria) 2010-12-15 The safety report of the TRIGA Mark II reactor in Vienna includes three accident scenarios and their deterministic dose consequences to the environment. The destruction of the cladding of the most activated fuel element, the destruction of all fuel elements and a plane crash were considered scenarios in that report. The calculations were made in 1978 with the software program named STRISK. In this paper, the program package PC Cosyma was applied on the TRIGA Mark II reactor in Vienna and the deterministic consequences of the scenarios to the environment were updated. The fission product inventories of all fuel elements were calculated with ORIGEN2. To get meteorological data of the atmospheric condition around the release area, a weather station was installed. The release parameters were taken from the safety report or were replaced by worst case parameters. This paper focuses on two accident scenarios: the destruction of the cladding of the fuel element with the highest activity content and the case of a large plane crash. The current accident scenarios show good agreement with the calculations from 1978, hence no technical modifications in the safety report of the TRIGA reactor Vienna were necessary. Even in the very worst case scenario - complete destruction of all fuel elements in a large plane crash - the expected doses in the Atominstitut's neighborhood remain moderate. 8. Development of the ageing management database of PUSPATI TRIGA reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ramli, Nurhayati, E-mail: [email protected]; Tom, Phongsakorn Prak; Husain, Nurfazila; Farid, Mohd Fairus Abd; Ramli, Shaharum [Reactor Technology Centre, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, MOSTI, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia); Maskin, Mazleha [Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor (Malaysia); Adnan, Amirul Syazwan; Abidin, Nurul Husna Zainal [Faculty of Petroleum and Renewable Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Malaysia) 2016-01-22 Since its first criticality in 1982, PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor (RTP) has been operated for more than 30 years. As RTP become older, ageing problems have been seen to be the prominent issues. In addressing the ageing issues, an Ageing Management (AgeM) database for managing related ageing matters was systematically developed. This paper presents the development of AgeM database taking into account all RTP major Systems, Structures and Components (SSCs) and ageing mechanism of these SSCs through the system surveillance program. 9. Perturbation analysis of the TRIGA Mark II reactor Vienna Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Khan, R. [Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad (Pakistan); Villa, M.; Stummer, T.; Boeck, H. [Vienna Univ. of Technology (Austria). Atominstitut; Saeedbadshah [International Islamic Univ., Islamabad (Pakistan) 2013-04-15 The safety design of a nuclear reactor needs to maintain the steady state operation at desired power level. The safe and reliable reactor operation demands the complete knowledge of the core multiplication and its changes during the reactor operation. Therefore it is frequently of interest to compute the changes in core multiplication caused by small disturbances in the field of reactor physics. These disturbances can be created either by geometry or composition changes of the core. Fortunately if these changes (or perturbations) are very small, one does not have to repeat the reactivity calculations. This article focuses the study of small perturbations created in the Central Irradiation Channel (CIC) of the TRIGA mark II core to investigate their reactivity influences on the core reactivity. For this purpose, 3 different kinds of perturbations are created by inserting 3 different samples in the CIC. The cylindrical void (air), heavy water (D2O) and Cadmium (Cd) samples are inserted into the CIC separately to determine their neutronics behavior along the length of the core. The Monte Carlo N-Particle radiation transport code (MCNP) is applied to simulate these perturbations in the CIC. The MCNP theoretical predictions are verified by the experiments performed on the current reactor core. The behavior of void in the whole core and its dependence on position and water fraction is also presented in this article. (orig.) 10. New burnup calculation of TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Meireles, Sincler P. de; Campolina, Daniel de A.M.; Santos, Andre A. Campagnole dos; Menezes, Maria A.B.C.; Mesquita, Amir Z., E-mail: [email protected] [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2015-07-01 The IPR-R1 TRIGA Mark I research reactor, located at the Nuclear Technology Development Center - CDTN, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, operates since 1960.The reactor is operating for more than fifty years and has a long history of operation. Determining the current composition of the fuel is very important to calculate various parameters. The reactor burnup calculation has been performed before, however, new techniques, methods, software and increase of the processing capacity of the new computers motivates new investigations to be performed. This work presents the evolution of effective multiplication constant and the results of burnup. This new model has a more detailed geometry with the introduction of the new devices, like the control rods and the samarium discs. This increase of materials in the simulation in burnup calculation was very important for results. For these series of simulations a more recently cross section library, ENDF/B-VII, was used. To perform the calculations two Monte Carlo particle transport code were used: Serpent and MCNPX. The results obtained from two codes are presented and compared with previous studies in the literature. (author) 11. Visual beam tube inspection at the TRIGA reactor Vienna Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Boeck, H.; Musilek, A.; Villa, M. [Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut of the Austrian Universities, Vienna (Austria)], E-mail: [email protected] 2006-07-01 Of the four TRIGA beam tubes two have been visually inspected in 1985. Prior to the inspection the reactor was shut down for 3 weeks. The fuel elements around the beam tubes were removed. Stainless steel dummy elements were inserted in the fuel positions to shield the core radiation. The active part of the Fast Rabbit Tube was removed into the beam tube loading device and transferred to an interim storage: Front dose rate was {approx} 50 mSv/h. Generally the beam tube was very clean, after the last inspection about 30 years ago. A1 cm cut was observed at the beam tube front end. A rigid endoscope was used to check the beam tube's inner surface using a 90 degree deflection objective and photo- and video equipment. The direct dose rate in front of the beam tube was about 30 mSv/h. The beam tube was vacuum cleaned. A corroded shielding tank containing boric acid has leaked. A wooden collimator partially disintegrating due to extreme temperature was removed from beam tube D. Documentation of the inspection for visible defects is produced for later comparison. 12. 78 FR 5840 - Notice of License Termination for University of Illinois Advanced TRIGA Reactor, License No. R-115 Science.gov (United States) 2013-01-28 ... COMMISSION Notice of License Termination for University of Illinois Advanced TRIGA Reactor, License No. R-115... No. R-115, for the University of Illinois Advanced TRIGA Reactor (ATR). The NRC has terminated the..., Facility Operating License No. R-115 is terminated. The above referenced documents may be examined,... 13. 77 FR 7613 - Dow Chemical Company; Dow Chemical TRIGA Research Reactor; Facility Operating License No. R-108 Science.gov (United States) 2012-02-13 ... COMMISSION Dow Chemical Company; Dow Chemical TRIGA Research Reactor; Facility Operating License No. R-108... renewal of Facility Operating License No. R-108 (Application''), which currently authorizes the Dow Chemical Company (the licensee) to operate the Dow Chemical TRIGA Research Reactor (DTRR) at a... 14. Design of epithermal neutron beam for clinical BNCT treatment at Slovenian TRIGA research reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Maucec, Marko [Jozef Stefan Institute, Reactor Physics Division, Lubljana (Slovenia). E-mail: [email protected] 1999-07-01 The Monte Carlo feasibility study of development of epithermal neutron beam for BNCT clinical trials on Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI) TRIGA reactor is presented. The investigation of the possible use of fission converter for the purpose of enhancement of neutron beam, as well as the set-up of TRIGA reactor core is performed. The optimization of the irradiation facility components is carried out and the configuration with the most favorable cost/performance ratio is proposed. The simulation results prove that a BNCT irradiation facility with performances, comparable to existing beams throughout the world, could be installed in the thermalizing column of the TRIGA reactor, quite suitable for the clinical treatments of human patients. (author) 15. Numerical simulation of non-steady state neutron kinetics of the TRIGA Mark II reactor Vienna CERN Document Server Riede, Julia 2013-01-01 This paper presents an algorithm for numerical simulations of non-steady states of the TRIGA MARK II reactor in Vienna, Austria. The primary focus of this work has been the development of an algorithm which provides time series of integral neutron flux after reactivity changes introduced by perturbations without the usage of thermal-hydraulic / neutronic numerical code systems for the TRIGA reactor in Vienna, Austria. The algorithm presented takes into account both external reactivity changes as well as internal reactivity changes caused by feedback mechanisms like effects caused by temperature changes of the fuel and poisoning effects. The resulting time series have been compared to experimental results. 16. Thermal hydraulic analysis of the IPR-R1 TRIGA reactor; Analise termo-hidraulica do reator TRIGA IPR-R1 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Veloso, Marcelo Antonio [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil); Fortini, Maria Auxiliadora [Minas Gerais Univ., Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Dept. de Engenharia Nuclear 2002-07-01 The subchannel approach, normally employed for the analysis of power reactor cores that work under forced convection, have been used for the thermal hydraulic evaluation of a TRIGA Mark I reactor, named IPR-R1, at 250 kW power level. This was accomplished by using the PANTERA-1P subchannel code, which has been conveniently adapted to the characteristics of natural convection of TRIGA reactors. The analysis of results indicates that the steady state operation of IPR-R1 at 250 kW do not imply risks to installations, workers and public. (author) 17. Characterization of the TRIGA Mark II reactor full-power steady state Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cammi, Antonio, E-mail: [email protected] [Politecnico di Milano – Department of Energy, CeSNEF (Enrico Fermi Center for Nuclear Studies), via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano (Italy); Zanetti, Matteo [Politecnico di Milano – Department of Energy, CeSNEF (Enrico Fermi Center for Nuclear Studies), via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano (Italy); Chiesa, Davide; Clemenza, Massimiliano; Pozzi, Stefano; Previtali, Ezio; Sisti, Monica [University of Milano-Bicocca, Physics Department “G. Occhialini” and INFN Section, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo, 20126 Milan (Italy); Magrotti, Giovanni; Prata, Michele; Salvini, Andrea [University of Pavia, Applied Nuclear Energy Laboratory (L.E.N.A.), Via Gaspare Aselli 41, 27100 Pavia (Italy) 2016-04-15 Highlights: • Full-power steady state characterization of the TRIGA Mark II reactor. • Monte Carlo and Multiphysics simulation of the TRIGA Mark II reactor. • Sub-cooled boiling effects in the TRIGA Mark II reactor. • Thermal feedback effects in the TRIGA Mark II reactor. • Experimental data based validation. - Abstract: In this paper, the characterization of the full-power steady state of the TRIGA Mark II nuclear reactor at the University of Pavia is achieved by coupling the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for neutronics with the “Multiphysics” model for thermal-hydraulics. Neutronic analyses have been carried out with a MCNP5 based MC model of the entire reactor system, already validated in fresh fuel and zero-power configurations (in which thermal effects are negligible) and using all available experimental data as a benchmark. In order to describe the full-power reactor configuration, the temperature distribution in the core must be established. To evaluate this, a thermal-hydraulic model has been developed, using the power distribution results from the MC simulation as input. The thermal-hydraulic model is focused on the core active region and takes into account sub-cooled boiling effects present at full reactor power. The obtained temperature distribution is then entered into the MC model and a benchmark analysis is carried out to validate the model in fresh fuel and full-power configurations. An acceptable correspondence between experimental data and simulation results concerning full-power reactor criticality proves the reliability of the adopted methodology of analysis, both from the perspective of neutronics and thermal-hydraulics. 18. TRIGA-SPEC: A setup for mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy at the research reactor TRIGA Mainz CERN Document Server Ketelaer, J; Beck, D; Blaum, K; Block, M; Eberhardt, K; Eitel, G; Ferrer, R; Geppert, C; George, S; Herfurth, F; Ketter, J; Nagy, Sz; Neidherr, D; Neugart, R; Nörtershäuser, W; Repp, J; Smorra, C; Trautmann, N; Weber, C 2008-01-01 The research reactor TRIGA Mainz is an ideal facility to provide neutron-rich nuclides with production rates sufficiently large for mass spectrometric and laser spectroscopic studies. Within the TRIGA-SPEC project, a Penning trap as well as a beam line for collinear laser spectroscopy are being installed. Several new developments will ensure high sensitivity of the trap setup enabling mass measurements even on a single ion. Besides neutron-rich fission products produced in the reactor, also heavy nuclides such as 235-U or 252-Cf can be investigated for the first time with an off-line ion source. The data provided by the mass measurements will be of interest for astrophysical calculations on the rapid neutron-capture process as well as for tests of mass models in the heavy-mass region. The laser spectroscopic measurements will yield model-independent information on nuclear ground-state properties such as nuclear moments and charge radii of neutron-rich nuclei of refractory elements far from stability. This pub... 19. Natural and mixed convection in the cylindrical pool of TRIGA reactor Science.gov (United States) Henry, R.; Tiselj, I.; Matkovič, M. 2017-02-01 Temperature fields within the pool of the JSI TRIGA MARK II nuclear research reactor were measured to collect data for validation of the thermal hydraulics computational model of the reactor tank. In this context temperature of the coolant was measured simultaneously at sixty different positions within the pool during steady state operation and two transients. The obtained data revealed local peculiarities of the cooling water dynamics inside the pool and were used to estimate the coolant bulk velocity above the reactor core. Mixed natural and forced convection in the pool were simulated with a Computational Fluid Dynamics code. A relatively simple CFD model based on Unsteady RANS turbulence model was found to be sufficient for accurate prediction of the temperature fields in the pool during the reactor operation. Our results show that the simple geometry of the TRIGA pool reactor makes it a suitable candidate for a simple natural circulation benchmark in cylindrical geometry. 20. Sipping test update device for fuel elements cladding inspections in IPR-r1 TRIGA reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rodrigues, R.R.; Mesquita, A.Z.; Andrade, E.P.D.; Gual, Maritza R., E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2015-07-01 It is in progress at the Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear - CDTN (Nuclear Technology Development Center), a research project that aims to investigate possible leaks in the fuel elements of the TRIGA reactor, located in this research center. This paper presents the final form of sipping test device for TRIGA reactor, and results of the first experiments setup. Mechanical support strength tests were made by knotting device on the crane, charged with water from the conventional water supply, and tests outside the reactor pool with the use of new non-irradiated fuel elements encapsulated in stainless steel, and available safe stored in this unit. It is expected that tests with graphite elements from reactor pool are done soon after and also the test experiment with the first fuel elements in service positioned in the B ring (central ring) of the reactor core in the coming months. (author) 1. The Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) Project at the TRIGA Reactor in Mainz, Germany DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hampel, G.; Grunewald, C.; Schütz, C. 2011-01-01 The thermal column of the TRIGA reactor in Mainz is being used very effectively for medical and biological applications. The BNCT (boron neutron capture therapy) project at the University of Mainz is focussed on the treatment of liver tumours, similar to the work performed at Pavia (Italy) a few... 2. Conceptual design of fuel transfer cask for Reactor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) Science.gov (United States) Muhamad, Shalina Sheik; Hamzah, Mohd Arif Arif B. 2014-02-01 Spent fuel transfer cask is used to transfer a spent fuel from the reactor tank to the spent fuel storage or for spent fuel inspection. Typically, the cask made from steel cylinders that are either welded or bolted closed. The cylinder is enclosed with additional steel, concrete, or other material to provide radiation shielding and containment of the spent fuel. This paper will discuss the Conceptual Design of fuel transfer cask for Reactor TRIGA Puspati (RTP). 3. Optimization of a Potential New Core of the TRIGA Mark II Reactor Vienna Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Khan, R.; Villa, M.; Bock, H.; Abele, H.; Steinhauser, G. [Vienna University of Technology-Atominstitut, Vienna (Austria) 2011-07-01 The TRIGA Mark II Vienna is one of the last TRIGA reactors utilizing a mixed core with High Enrich Uranium (HEU) fuel. Due to the US Fuel Return Program, the Vienna University of Technology/Atominstitut (ATI) is obliged to return its HEU fuel by 2019. There is no final decision on any further utilization of the Vienna research reactor beyond that point. However, of all possible scenarios of the future, the conversion of the current core into Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) fuel and the complete replacement of all existing 83 burned FE(s) by new fresh FE(s) are investigated herein. This paper presents detailed reactor design calculations for three different reactor cores. The core 1 employs 104-type, core 2 uses 108-type and core 3 is loaded with mixed TRIGA fuels (i.e. 104 and 108). The combination of the Monte Carlo based neutronics code MCNP5, Oak Ridge Isotope Generation and depletion code ORIGEN2 and diffusion theory based reactor physics program TRIGLAV is used for this study. On the basis of this neutronics study, the amount of fuel required for a possible future reactor operation and its cost minimization is presented in this paper. The criticality, core excess reactivity, length of initial life cycle and thermal flux density distribution is simulated for three different cores. Keeping the utilization of existing fourteen 104-type FE(s) (i.e. six burned and eight fresh FE(s)) in view, the core 3 is found the most economical, enduring and safe option for future of the TRIGA Mark II reactor in Vienna. (author) 4. Role of decommissioning plan and its progress for the PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor Science.gov (United States) Zakaria, Norasalwa; Mustafa, Muhammad Khairul Ariff; Anuar, Abul Adli; Idris, Hairul Nizam; Ba'an, Rohyiza 2014-02-01 Malaysian nuclear research reactor, the PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor, reached its first criticality in 1982, and since then, it has been serving for more than 30 years for training, radioisotope production and research purposes. Realizing the age and the need for its decommissioning sometime in the future, a ground basis of assessment and an elaborative project management need to be established, covering the entire process from termination of reactor operation to the establishment of final status, documented as the Decommissioning Plan. At international level, IAEA recognizes the absence of Decommissioning Plan as one of the factors hampering progress in decommissioning of nuclear facilities in the world. Throughout the years, IAEA has taken initiatives and drawn out projects in promoting progress in decommissioning programmes, like CIDER, DACCORD and R2D2P, for which Malaysia is participating in these projects. This paper highlights the concept of Decommissioning plan and its significances to the Agency. It will also address the progress, way forward and challenges faced in developing the Decommissioning Plan for the PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor. The efforts in the establishment of this plan helps to provide continual national contribution at the international level, as well as meeting the regulatory requirement, if need be. The existing license for the operation of PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor does not impose a requirement for a decommissioning plan; however, the renewal of license may call for a decommissioning plan to be submitted for approval in future. 5. Immobilization of ion exchange radioactive resins of the TRIGA Mark III nuclear reactor; Inmovilizacion de resinas de intercambio ionico radiactivas del reactor nuclear Triga Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Garcia M, H.; Emeterio H, M.; Canizal S, C. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, C.P. 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico) 2000-07-01 This work has the objective to develop the process and to define the agglutinating material which allows the immobilization of the ion exchange radioactive resins coming from the TRIGA Mark III nuclear reactor contaminated with Ba-133, Co-60, Cs-137, Eu-152, and Mn-54 through the behavior analysis of different immobilization agents such as: bitumens, cement and polyester resin. According to the International Standardization the archetype samples were observed with the following tests: determination of free liquid, leaching, charge resistance, biodegradation, irradiation, thermal cycle, burned resistance. Generally all the tests were satisfactorily achieved, for each agent. Therefore, the polyester resin could be considered as the main immobilizing. (Author) 6. Proposed design for the PGAA facility at the TRIGA IPR-R1 research reactor OpenAIRE Guerra, Bruno T.; Jacimovic, Radojko; Menezes, Maria Angela BC; Leal,Alexandre S. 2013-01-01 Background This work presents an initial proposed design of a Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) facility to be installed at the TRIGA IPR-R1, a 60 years old research reactor of the Centre of Development of Nuclear Technology (CDTN) in Brazil. The basic characteristics of the facility and the results of the neutron flux are presented and discussed. Findings The proposed design is based on a quasi vertical tube as a neutron guide from the reactor core, inside the reactor pool, 6 m below t... 7. Measured and calculated effective delayed neutron fraction of the IPR-R1 Triga reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Souza, Rose Mary G.P.; Dalle, Hugo M.; Campolina, Daniel A.M., E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2011-07-01 The effective delayed neutron fraction, {beta}{sub eff}, one of the most important parameter in reactor kinetics, was measured for the 100 kW IPR-R1 TRIGA Mark I research reactor, located at the Nuclear Technology Development Center - CDTN, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The current reactor core has 63 fuel elements, containing about 8.5% and 8% by weight of uranium enriched to 20% in U{sup 235}. The core has cylindrical configuration with an annular graphite reflector. Since the first criticality of the reactor in November 1960, the core configuration and the number of fuel elements have been changed several times. At that time, the reactor power was 30 kW, there were 56 fuel elements in the core, and the {beta}{sub eff} value for the reactor recommended by General Atomic (manufacturer of TRIGA) was 790 pcm. The current {beta}{sub eff} parameter was determined from experimental methods based on inhour equation and on the control rod drops. The estimated values obtained were (774 {+-} 38) pcm and (744 {+-} 20) pcm, respectively. The {beta}{sub eff} was calculated by Monte Carlo transport code MCNP5 and it was obtained 747 pcm. The calculated and measured values are in good agreement, and the relative percentage error is -3.6% for the first case, and 0.4% for the second one. (author) 8. Performance of the solid deuterium ultra-cold neutron source at the pulsed reactor TRIGA Mainz CERN Document Server Karch, J; Beck, M; Eberhardt, K; Hampel, G; Heil, W; Kieser, R; Reich, T; Trautmann, N; Ziegner, M 2013-01-01 The performance of the solid deuterium ultra-cold neutron source at the pulsed reactor TRIGA Mainz with a maximum peak energy of 10 MJ is described. The solid deuterium converter with a volume of V=160 cm3 (8 mol), which is exposed to a thermal neutron fluence of 4.5x10^13 n/cm2, delivers up to 550 000 UCN per pulse outside of the biological shield at the experimental area. UCN densities of ~ 10/cm3 are obtained in stainless steel bottles of V ~ 10 L resulting in a storage efficiency of ~20%. The measured UCN yields compare well with the predictions from a Monte Carlo simulation developed to model the source and to optimize its performance for the upcoming upgrade of the TRIGA Mainz into a user facility for UCN physics. 9. Radioactive liquid waste treatment for decontamination and decommissioning of TRIGA research reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Park, Seung Kook; Chung, K.H 1999-04-01 All of operated radioactive liquid waste will be stored by using existing collection tank and temporally transfer piping system before dismantle the TRIGA research reactors. In this paper, there are presented and discussed as follows; 1.The status of operated radioactive liquid waste. 2. The radioactive liquid waste during dismantle the reactor. 3. Radiological status of radioactive liquid waste. 4. The classification criteria and method radioactive liquid waste. 6. The collection and transportation of radioactive liquid waste. (Author). 13 refs., 13 tabs., 8 figs. 10. Evaluation of thermal-hydraulic parameter uncertainties in a TRIGA research reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mesquita, Amir Z.; Costa, Antonio C.L.; Ladeira, Luiz C.D.; Rezende, Hugo C., E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil); Palma, Daniel A.P., E-mail: [email protected] [Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil) 2015-07-01 Experimental studies had been performed in the TRIGA Research Nuclear Reactor of CDTN/CNEN to find out the its thermal hydraulic parameters. Fuel to coolant heat transfer patterns must be evaluated as function of the reactor power in order to assess the thermal hydraulic performance of the core. The heat generated by nuclear fission in the reactor core is transferred from fuel elements to the cooling system through the fuel-cladding (gap) and the cladding to coolant interfaces. As the reactor core power increases the heat transfer regime from the fuel cladding to the coolant changes from single-phase natural convection to subcooled nucleate boiling. This paper presents the uncertainty analysis in the results of the thermal hydraulics experiments performed. The methodology used to evaluate the propagation of uncertainty in the results was done based on the pioneering article of Kline and McClintock, with the propagation of uncertainties based on the specification of uncertainties in various primary measurements. The uncertainty analysis on thermal hydraulics parameters of the CDTN TRIGA fuel element is determined, basically, by the uncertainty of the reactor's thermal power. (author) 11. A High Operability Supervisory Digital System for TRIGA-Type Research Reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Aronica, O.; Bove, R.; Cappelli, M.; Falconi, L.; Palomba, M.; Santoro, E.; Sepielli, M. [ENEA, UTFISST, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese, 301 Rome (Italy); Memmi, F. [University of Rome ' Roma Tre' , Department of Electrical Engineering, Via della Vasca Navale, 84 Rome (Italy) 2011-07-01 In this work, we propose an outline of a monitoring system to supervise variables coming from a fission nuclear reactor of TRIGA type (1-MW TRIGA reactor RC-1). The system can interface the control room instrumentation and can display the characteristic parameters (e.g. nuclear power, temperatures, flow rates, radiological parameters) in an intuitive, user-friendly way for plant operators. This aim is achieved using the Labview development environment. A front panel of a virtual instrument allows for a direct measure and a check that would not be possible by only reading the output data coming from the instruments of the control room, because of their standards and strict safety regulations. The acquisition system, for signals coming from the reactor, can process data and generate a detailed representation of the results. Statistics resulting from data analysis will be interpreted to optimize reactor management parameters. This system also includes a simulation tool to predict specific performances and investigate critical phenomena, or to optimize overall plant performances. In particular, it allows to have a feedback control and to perform predictive statistical surveys of all main process parameters. (author) 12. Production and release rate of (37)Ar from the UT TRIGA Mark-II research reactor. Science.gov (United States) Johnson, Christine; Biegalski, Steven R; Artnak, Edward J; Moll, Ethan; Haas, Derek A; Lowrey, Justin D; Aalseth, Craig E; Seifert, Allen; Mace, Emily K; Woods, Vincent T; Humble, Paul 2017-02-01 Air samples were taken at various locations around The University of Texas at Austin's TRIGA Mark II research reactor and analyzed to determine the concentrations of (37)Ar, (41)Ar, and (133)Xe present. The measured ratio of (37)Ar/(41)Ar and historical records of (41)Ar releases were then utilized to estimate an annual average release rate of (37)Ar from the reactor facility. Using the calculated release rate, atmospheric transport modeling was performed in order to determine the potential impact of research reactor operations on nearby treaty verification activities. Results suggest that small research reactors (∼1 MWt) do not release (37)Ar in concentrations measurable by currently proposed OSI detection equipment. 13. Technical Specifications for the Neutron Radiography Facility (TRIGA Mark 1 Reactor). Revision 6 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tomlinson, R.L.; Perfect, J.F. 1988-04-01 These Technical Specifications state the limits under which the Neutron Radiography Facility, with its associated TRIGA Mark I Reactor, is operated by the Westinghouse Hanford Company for the US Department of Energy. These specifications cover operation of the Facility for the purpose of examination of specimens (including contained fissile material) by neutron radiography, for the irradiation of specimens in the pneumatic transfer system and approved in-core or in-pool irradiation facilities and operator training. The Final Safety Analysis Report (TC-344) and its supplements, and these Technical Specifications are the basic safety documents of the Neutron Radiography Facility. 14. Production and use of {sup 18}F by TRIGA nuclear reactor: a first report Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Burgio, N.; Ciavola, C.; Festinesi, A.; Capannesi, G. [ENEA, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Rome (Italy). Dipt. Innovazione 1999-02-01 The irradiation and radiochemical facilities at public research centre can contribute to the start up of the regional PET centre. In particular, the TRIGA reactor of Casaccia Research Centre could produce a sufficient amount of {sup 18}F to start up a PET centre and successively integrated the cyclotron production. This report establishes, in the light of the preliminary experimental works, a guideline to the reactors production and extraction of {sup 18}F in a convenient form for the synthesis of the most representative PET radiopharmaceutical: {sup 18}F-FDG. [Italiano] Le facilities di irraggiamento e i laboratori Radiochimici dei Centri Statali di Ricerca possono contribuire allo sviluppo di centri regionali PET (Tomografia ed Emissione Positronica). In particolare, il reattore TRIGA del Centro Ricerca Casaccia potrebbe produrre un quantitativo di {sup 18}F sufficiente alle attivita formative propedeutiche al centro PET che, successivamente sarebbe in grado di avviare una propria produzione da ciclotrone. Questo rapporto stabilisce le linee guida sperimentali per la produzione del {sup 18}F da reattore nucleare e la sua successiva estrazione in una forma conveniente per la sintesi del piu rappresentativo dei radiofarmaci PET: il {sup 18}F-FDG. 15. Sensitivity Analysis of the TRIGA IPR-R1 Reactor Models Using the MCNP Code Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) C. A. M. Silva 2014-01-01 Full Text Available In the process of verification and validation of code modelling, the sensitivity analysis including systematic variations in code input variables must be used to help identifying the relevant parameters necessary for a determined type of analysis. The aim of this work is to identify how much the code results are affected by two different types of the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor modelling processes performed using the MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport code. The sensitivity analyses included small differences of the core and the rods dimensions and different levels of model detailing. Four models were simulated and neutronic parameters such as effective multiplication factor (keff, reactivity (ρ, and thermal and total neutron flux in central thimble in some different conditions of the reactor operation were analysed. The simulated models presented good agreement between them, as well as in comparison with available experimental data. In this way, the sensitivity analyses demonstrated that simulations of the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor can be performed using any one of the four investigated MCNP models to obtain the referenced neutronic parameters. 16. Thermal Hydraulic Analysis of 3 MW TRIGA Research Reactor of Bangladesh Considering Different Cycles of Burnup Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M.H. Altaf 2014-12-01 Full Text Available Burnup dependent steady state thermal hydraulic analysis of TRIGA Mark-II research reactor has been carried out utilizing coupled point kinetics, neutronics and thermal hydraulics code EUREKA-2/RR. From the previous calculations of neutronics parameters including percentage burnup of individual fuel elements performed so far for 700 MWD burnt core of TRIGA reactor showed that the fuel rod predicted as hottest at the beginning of cycle (fresh core was found to remain as the hottest until 200 MWD of burn, but, with the progress of core burn, the hottest rod was found to be shifted and another rod in the core became the hottest. The present study intends to evaluate the thermal hydraulic parameters of these hottest fuel rods at different cycles of burnup, from beginning to 700 MWD core burnt considering reactor operates under steady state condition. Peak fuel centerline temperature, maximum cladding and coolant temperatures of the hottest channels were calculated. It revealed that maximum temperature reported for fuel clad and fuel centerline found to lie below their melting points which indicate that there is no chance of burnout on the fuel cladding surface and no blister in the fuel meat throughout the considered cycles of core burnt. 17. Adaptive fuzzy control of neutron power of the TRIGA Mark III reactor; Control difuso adaptable de la potencia neutronica del reactor Triga Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rojas R, E. 2014-07-01 The design and implementation of an identification and control scheme of the TRIGA Mark III research nuclear reactor of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ) of Mexico is presented in this thesis work. The identification of the reactor dynamics is carried out using fuzzy logic based systems, in which a learning process permits the adjustment of the membership function parameters by means of techniques based on neural networks and bio-inspired algorithms. The resulting identification system is a useful tool that allows the emulation of the reactor power behavior when different types of insertions of reactivity are applied into the core. The identification of the power can also be used for the tuning of the parameters of a control system. On the other hand, the regulation of the reactor power is carried out by means of an adaptive and stable fuzzy control scheme. The control law is derived using the input-output linearization technique, which permits the introduction of a desired power profile for the plant to follow asymptotically. This characteristic is suitable for managing the ascent of power from an initial level n{sub o} up to a predetermined final level n{sub f}. During the increase of power, a constraint related to the rate of change in power is considered by the control scheme, thus minimizing the occurrence of a safety reactor shutdown due to a low reactor period value. Furthermore, the theory of stability in the sense of Lyapunov is used to obtain a supervisory control law which maintains the power error within a tolerance region, thus guaranteeing the stability of the power of the closed loop system. (Author) 18. Neutron spectra at two beam ports of a TRIGA Mark III reactor loaded with HEU fuel. Science.gov (United States) Vega-Carrillo, H R; Hernández-Dávila, V M; Aguilar, F; Paredes, L; Rivera, T 2014-01-01 The neutron spectra have been measured in two beam ports, one radial and another tangential, of the TRIGA Mark III nuclear reactor from the National Institute of Nuclear Research in Mexico. Measurements were carried out with the reactor core loaded with high enriched uranium fuel. Two reactor powers, 5 and 10 W, were used during neutron spectra measurements using a Bonner sphere spectrometer with a (6)LiI(Eu) scintillator and 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 and 12 in.-diameter high-density polyethylene spheres. The neutron spectra were unfolded using the NSDUAZ unfolding code. For each spectrum total flux, mean energy and ambient dose equivalent were determined. Measured spectra show fission, epithermal and thermal neutrons, being harder in the radial beam port. 19. Numerical simulation of non-steady state neutron kinetics of the TRIGA Mark II reactor Vienna Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Riede, J., E-mail: [email protected]; Boeck, H., E-mail: [email protected] 2013-12-15 Highlights: • Power changes after reactivity changes have been measured with high time resolution. • Time dependent power changes after reactivity changes have been calculated numerically including feedback mechanisms. • The model has been verified by comparing numerical results to experimental data. • The verified model has been used to predict time dependent power changes after several reactivity changes. - Abstract: This paper presents an algorithm for numerical simulations of non-steady states of the TRIGA Mark II reactor in Vienna, Austria. The primary focus of this work has been the development of an algorithm which provides time series of integral neutron flux after reactivity changes introduced by perturbations without the usage of thermal-hydraulic/neutronic numerical code systems for the TRIGA reactor in Vienna, Austria. The algorithm presented takes into account both external reactivity changes as well as internal reactivity changes caused by feedback mechanisms like effects caused by temperature changes of the fuel and poisoning effects. The resulting time series have been compared to experimental results. 20. Activation calculation of steel of the control rods of TRIGA Mark III reactor; Calculo de activacion del acero de las barras de control del reactor TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Garcia M, T.; Cruz G, H. S.; Ruiz C, M. A.; Angeles C, A., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca sn, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2014-10-15 In the pool of TRIGA Mark III reactor of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), there are control rods that were removed from the core, and which are currently on shelves of decay. These rods were part of the reactor core when only had fuel standard (from 1968-1989). To conduct a proper activation analysis of the rods, is very important to have well-characterized the materials which are built, elemental composition of the same ones, the atomic densities and weight fractions of the elements that constitute them. To determine the neutron activation of the control rods MCNP5 code was used, this code allows us to have well characterized the radionuclides inventory that were formed during irradiation of the control rods. This work is limited to determining the activation of the steel that is part of the shielding of the control rods, the nuclear fuel that is in the fuel follower does not include. The calculation model of the code will be validated with experimental measurements and calculating the activity of fission products of the fuel follower which will take place at the end of 2014. (Author) 1. Validation of WIMS-SNAP code systems for calculations in TRIGA-MARK II type reactors; Validacion del sistema de codigos WIMS-SNAP para calculos en reactores nucleares tipo TRIGA-MARK II Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hernandez Valle, S.; Lopez Aldama, D. [Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Tecnologicas y Ambientales, La Habana (Cuba). E-mail: [email protected] 2000-07-01 The following paper contributes to validate the Nuclear Engineering Department methods to carry out calculations in TRIGA reactors solving a Benchmark. The benchmark is analyzed with the WIMS-D/4-SNAP/3D code system and using the cross section library WIMS-TRIGA. A brief description of the DSN method is presented used in WIMS/d{sup 4} code and also the SNAP-3d code is shortly explained. The results are presented and compared with the experimental values. In other hand the possible error sources are analyzed. (author) 2. 77 FR 68155 - The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute TRIGA Reactor: Facility Operating License No. R-84 Science.gov (United States) 2012-11-15 ... COMMISSION The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute TRIGA Reactor: Facility Operating License No. R... Operating License No. R-84 (Application), which currently authorizes the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research... the renewal of Facility Operating License No. R-84, which currently authorizes the licensee to... 3. Conceptual design of a clinical BNCT beam in an adjacent dry cell of the Jozef Stefan Institute TRIGA reactor NARCIS (Netherlands) Maucec, M 2000-01-01 The MCNP4B Monte Carlo transport code is used in a feasibility study of the epithermal neutron boron neutron capture therapy facility in the thermalizing column of the 250-kW TRIGA Mark II reactor at the Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI). To boost the epithermal neutron flux at the reference irradiation 4. Simulation on reactor TRIGA Puspati core kinetics fueled with thorium (Th) based fuel element Science.gov (United States) 2016-01-01 In confronting global energy requirement and the search for better technologies, there is a real case for widening the range of potential variations in the design of nuclear power plants. Smaller and simpler reactors are attractive, provided they can meet safety and security standards and non-proliferation issues. On fuel cycle aspect, thorium fuel cycles produce much less plutonium and other radioactive transuranic elements than uranium fuel cycles. Although not fissile itself, Th-232 will absorb slow neutrons to produce uranium-233 (233U), which is fissile. By introducing Thorium, the numbers of highly enriched uranium fuel element can be reduced while maintaining the core neutronic performance. This paper describes the core kinetic of a small research reactor core like TRIGA fueled with a Th filled fuel element matrix using a general purpose Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code. 5. Simulation on reactor TRIGA Puspati core kinetics fueled with thorium (Th) based fuel element Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mohammed, Abdul Aziz, E-mail: [email protected]; Rahman, Shaik Mohmmed Haikhal Abdul [Universiti Tenaga Nasional. Jalan Ikram-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia); Pauzi, Anas Muhamad, E-mail: [email protected]; Zin, Muhamad Rawi Muhammad; Jamro, Rafhayudi; Idris, Faridah Mohamad [Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia) 2016-01-22 In confronting global energy requirement and the search for better technologies, there is a real case for widening the range of potential variations in the design of nuclear power plants. Smaller and simpler reactors are attractive, provided they can meet safety and security standards and non-proliferation issues. On fuel cycle aspect, thorium fuel cycles produce much less plutonium and other radioactive transuranic elements than uranium fuel cycles. Although not fissile itself, Th-232 will absorb slow neutrons to produce uranium-233 ({sup 233}U), which is fissile. By introducing Thorium, the numbers of highly enriched uranium fuel element can be reduced while maintaining the core neutronic performance. This paper describes the core kinetic of a small research reactor core like TRIGA fueled with a Th filled fuel element matrix using a general purpose Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code. 6. Relative fission product yield determination in the USGS TRIGA Mark I reactor Science.gov (United States) Koehl, Michael A. Fission product yield data sets are one of the most important and fundamental compilations of basic information in the nuclear industry. This data has a wide range of applications which include nuclear fuel burnup and nonproliferation safeguards. Relative fission yields constitute a major fraction of the reported yield data and reduce the number of required absolute measurements. Radiochemical separations of fission products reduce interferences, facilitate the measurement of low level radionuclides, and are instrumental in the analysis of low-yielding symmetrical fission products. It is especially useful in the measurement of the valley nuclides and those on the extreme wings of the mass yield curve, including lanthanides, where absolute yields have high errors. This overall project was conducted in three stages: characterization of the neutron flux in irradiation positions within the U.S. Geological Survey TRIGA Mark I Reactor (GSTR), determining the mass attenuation coefficients of precipitates used in radiochemical separations, and measuring the relative fission products in the GSTR. Using the Westcott convention, the Westcott flux, modified spectral index, neutron temperature, and gold-based cadmium ratios were determined for various sampling positions in the USGS TRIGA Mark I reactor. The differential neutron energy spectrum measurement was obtained using the computer iterative code SAND-II-SNL. The mass attenuation coefficients for molecular precipitates were determined through experiment and compared to results using the EGS5 Monte Carlo computer code. Difficulties associated with sufficient production of fission product isotopes in research reactors limits the ability to complete a direct, experimental assessment of mass attenuation coefficients for these isotopes. Experimental attenuation coefficients of radioisotopes produced through neutron activation agree well with the EGS5 calculated results. This suggests mass attenuation coefficients of molecular 7. Neutron flux measurements at the TRIGA reactor in Vienna for the prediction of the activation of the biological shield Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Merz, Stefan [Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna (Austria); Djuricic, Mile [Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna (Austria); Nuclear Engineering Seibersdorf, 2444 Seibersdorf (Austria); Villa, Mario; Boeck, Helmuth [Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna (Austria); Steinhauser, Georg, E-mail: [email protected] [Vienna University of Technology, Atominstitut, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna (Austria) 2011-11-15 The activation of the biological shield is an important process for waste management considerations of nuclear facilities. The final activity can be estimated by modeling using the neutron flux density rather than the radiometric approach of activity measurements. Measurement series at the TRIGA reactor Vienna reveal that the flux density next to the biological shield is in the order of 10{sup 9} cm{sup -2} s{sup -1} at maximum power; but it is strongly influenced by reactor installations. The data allow the estimation of the final waste categorization of the concrete according to the Austrian legislation. - Highlights: > Neutron activation is an important process for the waste management of nuclear facilities. > Biological shield of the TRIGA reactor Vienna has been topic of investigation. > Flux values allow a categorization of the concrete concerning radiation protection legislation. > Reactor installations are of great importance as neutron sources into the biological shield. > Every installation shows distinguishable flux profiles. 8. Immobilization of Ion Exchange radioactive resins of the TRIGA Mark III Nuclear Reactor; Inmovilizacion de resinas de intercambio ionico radiactivas del reactor nuclear TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Garcia Martinez, H 1999-07-01 In the last decades many countries in the world have taken interest in the use, availability, and final disposal of dangerous wastes in the environment, within these, those dangerous wastes that contain radioactive material. That is why studies have been made on materials used as immobilization agent of radioactive waste that may guarantee its storage for long periods of time under drastic conditions of humidity, temperature change and biodegradation. In mexico, the development of different applications of radioactive material in the industry, medicine and investigation, have generated radioactive waste, sealed and open sources, whose require a special technological development for its management and final disposal. The present work has as a finality to develop the process and define the agglutinating material, bitumen, cement and polyester resin that permits immobilization of resins of Ionic Exchange contaminated by Barium 153, Cesium 137, Europium 152, Cobalt 60 and Manganese 54 generated from the nuclear reactor TRIGA Mark III. Ionic interchange contaminated resin must be immobilized and is analysed under different established tests by the Mexican Official Standard NOM-019-NUCL-1995 {sup L}ow level radioactive wastes package requirements for its near-surface final disposal. Immobilization of ionic interchange contaminated resins must count with the International Standards applicable in this process; in these standards, the following test must be taken in prototype examples: Free-standing water, leachability, compressive strength, biodegradation, radiation stability, thermal stability and burning rate. (Author) 9. Fuel burnup analysis of the TRIGA Mark II Reactor at the University of Pavia CERN Document Server Chiesa, Davide; Pozzi, Stefano; Previtali, Ezio; Sisti, Monica; Alloni, Daniele; Magrotti, Giovanni; Manera, Sergio; Prata, Michele; Salvini, Andrea; Cammi, Antonio; Zanetti, Matteo; Sartori, Alberto 2015-01-01 A time evolution model was developed to study fuel burnup for the TRIGA Mark II reactor at the University of Pavia. The results were used to predict the effects of a complete core reconfiguration and the accuracy of this prediction was tested experimentally. We used the Monte Carlo code MCNP5 to reproduce system neutronics in different operating conditions and to analyse neutron fluxes in the reactor core. The software that took care of time evolution, completely designed in-house, used the neutron fluxes obtained by MCNP5 to evaluate fuel consumption. This software was developed specifically to keep into account some features that differentiate experimental reactors from power ones, such as the daily ON/OFF cycle and the long fuel lifetime. These effects can not be neglected to properly account for neutron poison accumulation. We evaluated the effect of 48 years of reactor operation and predicted a possible new configuration for the reactor core: the objective was to remove some of the fuel elements from the... 10. Long-lived activation products in TRIGA Mark II research reactor concrete shield: calculation and experiment Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zagar, Tomaz [Reactor Physics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia)]. E-mail: [email protected]; Bozic, Matjaz [Nuklearna elektrarna Krsko, Vrbina 12, 8270 Krsko (Slovenia); Ravnik, Matjaz [Reactor Physics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia) 2004-12-01 In this paper, a process of long-lived activity determination in research reactor concrete shielding is presented. The described process is a combination of experiment and calculations. Samples of original heavy reactor concrete containing mineral barite were irradiated inside the reactor shielding to measure its long-lived induced radioactivity. The most active long-lived ({gamma} emitting) radioactive nuclides in the concrete were found to be {sup 133}Ba, {sup 60}Co and {sup 152}Eu. Neutron flux, activation rates and concrete activity were calculated for actual shield geometry for different irradiation and cooling times using TORT and ORIGEN codes. Experimental results of flux and activity measurements showed good agreement with the results of calculations. Volume of activated concrete waste after reactor decommissioning was estimated for particular case of Jozef Stefan Institute TRIGA reactor. It was observed that the clearance levels of some important long-lived isotopes typical for barite concrete (e.g. {sup 133}Ba, {sup 41}Ca) are not included in the IAEA and EU basic safety standards. 11. Piping Flexibility Analysis of the Primary Cooling System of TRIGA 2000 Bandung Reactor due to Earthquake Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) H.P. Rahardjo 2011-08-01 12. Applicable regulations and development of surveillance experiments of criticality approach in the TRIGA III Mark reactor; Normativa aplicable y desarrollo de experimentos de vigilancia de aproximacion a criticidad en el reactor Triga Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gonzalez M, J.L.; Aguilar H, F.; Rivero G, T.; Sainz M, E. [Instituto nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Departamento de Automatizacion, A.P. 18-1027, Col. Escandon, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico) 2000-07-01 In the procedure elaborated to repair the vessel of TRIGA III Mark reactor is required to move toward two tanks of temporal storage the fuel elements which are in operation and the spent fuel elements which are in decay inside the reactor pool. The National Commission of Nuclear Safety and Safeguards (CNSNS) has requested as protection measure that it is carried out a surveillance of the criticality approach of the temporal storages. This work determines the main regulation aspects that entails an experiment of criticality approach, moreover, informing about the results obtained in the developing of this experiments. The regulation aspects are not exclusives for this work in the TRIGA Mark III reactor but they also apply toward any assembling of fissile material. (Author) 13. The characteristic assessment of spent ion exchange resin from PUSPATI TRIGA REACTOR (RTP) for immobilization process Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wahida, Nurul [School of Applied Physics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia and Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia); Yasir, Muhamad Samudi; Majid, Amran Ab; Irwan, M. N. [School of Applied Physics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia); Wahab, Mohd Abd; Marzukee, Nik; Paulus, Wilfred; Phillip, Esther; Thanaletchumy [Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia) 2014-09-03 In this paper, spent ion exchange resin generated from PUSPATI TRIGA reactor (RTP) in Malaysian Nuclear Agency were characterized based on the water content, radionuclide content and radionuclide leachability. The result revealed that the water content in the spent resin is 48%. Gamma spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of {sup 134}Cs, {sup 137}Cs, {sup 152}Eu, {sup 54}Mn, {sup 58}Co, {sup 60}Co and {sup 65}Zn. The leachability test shows a small concentrations (<1 Bq/l) of {sup 152}Eu and {sup 134}Cs were leached out from the spent resin while {sup 60}Co activity concentrations slightly exceeded the limit generally used for industrial wastewater i.e. 1 Bq/l. Characterization of spent ion exchange resin sampled from RTP show that this characterization is important as a basis to immobilize this radioactive waste using geopolymer technology. 14. Neutron spectra in two beam ports of a TRIGA Mark III reactor with HEU fuel Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Vega C, H. R.; Hernandez D, V. M. [Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares, Cipres No. 10, Fracc. La Penuela, 98068 Zacatecas (Mexico); Paredes G, L.; Aguilar, F., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, Ocoyoacac 52750, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2012-10-15 Before to change the HEU for Leu fuel of the ININ's TRIGA Mark III nuclear reactor the neutron spectra were measured in two beam ports using 5 and 10 W. Measurements were carried out in a tangential and a radial beam port using a Bonner sphere spectrometer. It was found that neutron spectra are different in the beam ports, in radial beam port the amplitude of thermal and fast neutrons are approximately the same while, in the tangential beam port thermal neutron peak is dominant. In the radial beam port the fluence-to-ambient dose equivalent factors are 131{+-}11 and 124{+-}10 p Sv-cm{sup 2} for 5 and 10 W respectively while in the tangential beam port the fluence-to-ambient dose equivalent factor is 55{+-}4 p Sv-cm{sup 2} for 10 W. (Author) 15. The Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) Project at the TRIGA Reactor in Mainz, Germany Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hampel, G.; Grunewald, C.; Schutz, C.; Schmitz, T.; Kratz, J.V. [Nuclear Chemistry, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz (Germany); Brochhausen, C.; Kirkpatrick, J. [Department of Pathology, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz (Germany); Bortulussi, S.; Altieri, S. [Department of Nuclear and Theoretical Physics University of Pavia, Pavia (Italy); National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) Pavia Section, Pavia (Italy); Kudejova, P. [Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II), Technische Universitaet Muenchen, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Appelman, K.; Moss, R. [Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, NL-1755 ZG Petten (Netherlands); Bassler, N. [University of Aarhus, Norde Ringade, DK-8000, Aarhus C (Denmark); Blaickner, M.; Ziegner, M. [Molecular Medicine, Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (Austria); Sharpe, P.; Palmans, H. [National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middlesex (United Kingdom); Otto, G. [Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Transplantation Surgery, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz (Germany) 2011-07-01 The thermal column of the TRIGA reactor in Mainz is being used very effectively for medical and biological applications. The BNCT (boron neutron capture therapy) project at the University of Mainz is focussed on the treatment of liver tumours, similar to the work performed in Pavia (Italy) a few years ago, where patients with liver metastases were treated by combining BNCT with auto-transplantation of the organ. Here, in Mainz, a preclinical trial has been started on patients suffering from liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma. In vitro experiments and the first animal tests have also been initiated to investigate radiobiological effects of radiation generated during BNCT. For both experiments and the treatment, a reliable dosimetry system is necessary. From work elsewhere, the use of alanine detectors appears to be an appropriate dosimetry technique. (author) 16. Characterization of the TRIGA Mark II reactor full-power steady state CERN Document Server Cammi, Antonio; Chiesa, Davide; Clemenza, Massimiliano; Pozzi, Stefano; Previtali, Ezio; Sisti, Monica; Magrotti, Giovanni; Prata, Michele; Salvini, Andrea 2015-01-01 In this work, the characterization of the full-power steady state of the TRIGA Mark II nuclear reactor of the University of Pavia is performed by coupling Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for neutronics with "Multiphysics" model for thermal-hydraulics. Neutronic analyses have been performed starting from a MC model of the entire reactor system, based on the MCNP5 code, that was already validated in fresh fuel and zero-power configuration (in which thermal effects are negligible) using the available experimental data as benchmark. In order to describe the full-power reactor configuration, the temperature distribution in the core is necessary. To evaluate it, a thermal-hydraulic model has been developed, using the power distribution results from MC simulation as input. The thermal-hydraulic model is focused on the core active region and takes into account sub-cooled boiling effects present at full reactor power. The obtained temperature distribution is then introduced in the MC model and a benchmark analysis is carr... 17. Neutron detection of the Triga Mark III reactor, using nuclear track methodology Science.gov (United States) Espinosa, G.; Golzarri, J. I.; Raya-Arredondo, R.; Cruz-Galindo, S.; Sajo-Bohus, L. 2015-07-01 Nuclear Track Methodology (NTM), based on the neutron-proton interaction is one often employed alternative for neutron detection. In this paper we apply NTM to determine the Triga Mark III reactor operating power and neutron flux. The facility nuclear core, loaded with 85 Highly Enriched Uranium as fuel with control rods in a demineralized water pool, provide a neutron flux around 2 × 1012 n cm-2 s-1, at the irradiation channel TO-2. The neutron field is measured at this channel, using Landauer® PADC as neutron detection material, covered by 3 mm Plexiglas® as converter. After exposure, plastic detectors were chemically etched to make observable the formed latent tracks induced by proton recoils. The track density was determined by a custom made Digital Image Analysis System. The resulting average nuclear track density shows a direct proportionality response for reactor power in the range 0.1-7 kW. We indicate several advantages of the technique including the possibility to calibrate the neutron flux density measured at low reactor power. 18. Neutron spectra in two beam ports of the TRIGA Mark III reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Vega C, H. R.; Hernandez D, V. M. [Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares, Cipres No. 10, Fracc. La Penuela, 98060 Zacatecas (Mexico); Aguilar, F.; Paredes, L. [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Rivera M, T., E-mail: [email protected] [IPN, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Unidad Legaria, Av. Legaria 694, 11500 Mexico D. F. (Mexico) 2013-10-15 The neutron spectra have been measured in two beam ports, radial and tangential, of the TRIGA Mark III nuclear reactor from the National Institute of Nuclear Research. Measurements were carried out with the core with mixed fuel (Leu 8.5/20 and Flip Heu 8.5/70). Two reactor powers, 5 and 10 W, were used during neutron spectra measurements using a Bonner sphere spectrometer with a {sup 6}Lil(Eu) scintillator and 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 and 12 inches-diameter high density polyethylene spheres. The neutron spectra were unfolded using the NSDUAZ unfolding code; from each spectrum the total neutron flux, the neutron mean energy and the neutron ambient dose equivalent dose were determined. Measured spectra show fission (E≥ 0.1 MeV), epithermal (from 0.4 eV up to 0.1 MeV) and thermal neutrons (E≤ 0.4 eV). For both reactor powers the spectra in the radial beam port have similar features which are different to the neutron spectrum characteristics in the tangential beam port. (Author) 19. Neutron detection of the Triga Mark III reactor, using nuclear track methodology Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Espinosa, G., E-mail: [email protected]; Golzarri, J. I. [Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria. México, DF (Mexico); Raya-Arredondo, R.; Cruz-Galindo, S. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (Mexico); Sajo-Bohus, L. [Universidad Simón Bolivar, Laboratorio de Física Nuclear, Caracas (Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of) 2015-07-23 Nuclear Track Methodology (NTM), based on the neutron-proton interaction is one often employed alternative for neutron detection. In this paper we apply NTM to determine the Triga Mark III reactor operating power and neutron flux. The facility nuclear core, loaded with 85 Highly Enriched Uranium as fuel with control rods in a demineralized water pool, provide a neutron flux around 2 × 10{sup 12} n cm{sup −2} s{sup −1}, at the irradiation channel TO-2. The neutron field is measured at this channel, using Landauer{sup ®} PADC as neutron detection material, covered by 3 mm Plexiglas{sup ®} as converter. After exposure, plastic detectors were chemically etched to make observable the formed latent tracks induced by proton recoils. The track density was determined by a custom made Digital Image Analysis System. The resulting average nuclear track density shows a direct proportionality response for reactor power in the range 0.1-7 kW. We indicate several advantages of the technique including the possibility to calibrate the neutron flux density measured at low reactor power. 20. Design of sample carrier for neutron irradiation facility at TRIGA MARK II nuclear reactor Science.gov (United States) Abdullah, Y.; Hamid, N. A.; Mansor, M. A.; Ahmad, M. H. A. R. M.; Yusof, M. R.; Yazid, H.; Mohamed, A. A. 2013-06-01 The objective of this work is to design a sample carrier for neutron irradiation experiment at beam ports of research nuclear reactor, the Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP). The sample carrier was designed so that irradiation experiment can be performed safely by researchers. This development will resolve the transferring of sample issues faced by the researchers at the facility when performing neutron irradiation studies. The function of sample carrier is to ensure the sample for the irradiation process can be transferred into and out from the beam port of the reactor safely and effectively. The design model used was House of Quality Method (HOQ) which is usually used for developing specifications for product and develop numerical target to work towards and determining how well we can meet up to the needs. The chosen sample carrier (product) consists of cylindrical casing shape with hydraulic cylinders transportation method. The sample placing can be done manually, locomotion was by wheel while shielding used was made of boron materials. The sample carrier design can shield thermal neutron during irradiation of sample so that only low fluencies fast neutron irradiates the sample. 1. Confirmation of a realistic reactor model for BNCT dosimetry at the TRIGA Mainz Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ziegner, Markus, E-mail: [email protected] [AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna A-1220, Austria and Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1020 (Austria); Schmitz, Tobias; Hampel, Gabriele [Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz DE-55128 (Germany); Khan, Rustam [Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad PK-44000 (Pakistan); Blaickner, Matthias [AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna A-1220 (Austria); Palmans, Hugo [Acoustics and Ionising Radiation Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom and Medical Physics Group, EBG MedAustron GmbH, Wiener Neustadt A-2700 (Austria); Sharpe, Peter [Acoustics and Ionising Radiation Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW (United Kingdom); Böck, Helmuth [Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1020 (Austria) 2014-11-01 Purpose: In order to build up a reliable dose monitoring system for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) applications at the TRIGA reactor in Mainz, a computer model for the entire reactor was established, simulating the radiation field by means of the Monte Carlo method. The impact of different source definition techniques was compared and the model was validated by experimental fluence and dose determinations. Methods: The depletion calculation code ORIGEN2 was used to compute the burn-up and relevant material composition of each burned fuel element from the day of first reactor operation to its current core. The material composition of the current core was used in a MCNP5 model of the initial core developed earlier. To perform calculations for the region outside the reactor core, the model was expanded to include the thermal column and compared with the previously established ATTILA model. Subsequently, the computational model is simplified in order to reduce the calculation time. Both simulation models are validated by experiments with different setups using alanine dosimetry and gold activation measurements with two different types of phantoms. Results: The MCNP5 simulated neutron spectrum and source strength are found to be in good agreement with the previous ATTILA model whereas the photon production is much lower. Both MCNP5 simulation models predict all experimental dose values with an accuracy of about 5%. The simulations reveal that a Teflon environment favorably reduces the gamma dose component as compared to a polymethyl methacrylate phantom. Conclusions: A computer model for BNCT dosimetry was established, allowing the prediction of dosimetric quantities without further calibration and within a reasonable computation time for clinical applications. The good agreement between the MCNP5 simulations and experiments demonstrates that the ATTILA model overestimates the gamma dose contribution. The detailed model can be used for the planning of structural 2. Development of a simulator for design and test of power controllers in a TRIGA Mark III reactor; Desarrollo de un simulador para diseno y prueba de controladores de potencia en un reactor TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Perez M, C.; Benitez R, J.S.; Lopez C, R. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2003-07-01 The development of a simulator that uses the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method to solve the model of the punctual kinetics of a nuclear research reactor type TRIGA. The simulator includes an algorithm of power control of the reactor based on the fuzzy logic, a friendly graphic interface which responds to the different user's petitions and that it shows numerical and graphically the results in real time. The user can modify the demanded power and to visualize the dynamic behavior of the one system. This simulator was developed in Visual Basic under an open architecture with which its will be prove different controllers for its analysis. (Author) 3. Implementation of the k{sub 0} technique using multi-detectors on diverse irradiation facilities of TRIGA Reactor; Implementacion de la tecnica k{sub 0} usando multidetectores en diferentes instalaciones de irradiacion del Reactor TRIGA Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Caldera C, M. de G. 2013-07-01 The k{sub 0} method with the technique of neutron activation analysis allows obtaining important characteristics parameters that describe a nuclear reactor. Among these parameters are the form factor of epithermal neutron flux, α and the ratio of thermal neutron flux with respect to the epithermal neutron flux, f. These parameters were obtained by irradiation of two different monitors, one of Au-Zr and the other of Au-Mo-Cr, where the last one was made and implemented for the first time. Both monitors were irradiated in different positions in the TRIGA Mark III Reactor at the National Institute of Nuclear Research. (Author) 4. Neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analysis of new irradiation channels inside the Moroccan TRIGA Mark II research reactor core. Science.gov (United States) Chham, E; El Bardouni, T; Benaalilou, K; Boukhal, H; El Bakkari, B; Boulaich, Y; El Younoussi, C; Nacir, B 2016-10-01 This study was conducted to improve the capacity of radioisotope production in the Moroccan TRIGA Mark II research reactor, which is considered as one of the most important applications of research reactors. The aim of this study is to enhance the utilization of TRIGA core in the field of neutron activation and ensure an economic use of the fuel. The main idea was to create an additional irradiation channel (IC) inside the core. For this purpose, three new core configurations are proposed, which differ according to the IC position in the core. Thermal neutron flux distribution and other neutronic safety parameters such as power peaking factors, excess reactivity, and control rods worth reactivity were calculated using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport (MCNP) code and neutron cross-section library based on ENDF/B-VII evaluation. The calculated thermal flux in the central thimble (CT) and in the added IC for the reconfigured core is compared with the thermal flux in the CT of the existing core, which is taken as a reference. The results show that all the obtained fluxes in CTs are very close to the reference value, while a remarkable difference is observed between the fluxes in the new ICs and reference. This difference depends on the position of IC in the reactor core. To demonstrate that the Moroccan TRIGA reactor could safely operate at 2MW, with new configurations based on new ICs, different safety-related thermal-hydraulic parameters were investigated. The PARET model was used in this study to verify whether the safety margins are met despite the new modifications of the core. The results show that it is possible to introduce new ICs safely in the reactor core, because the obtained values of the parameters are largely far from compromising the safety of the reactor. 5. Utilization of the 250 kW TRIGA Mark II reactor in Ljubljana. Thirty years of experiences Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dimic, V. [J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana (Slovenia) 1996-07-01 In its 30{sup th} year, the TRIGA Mark II 250 kW pulsing reactor is continuing its busy operation. With the maximum neutron flux in the central thimble of 1.10{sup 13} n/cm{sup 2} sec and many sample radiation positions the reactor has been used for a number of sophisticated experiments in the following fields: solid state physics (elastic and inelastic scattering of neutrons), neutron dosimetry, neutron radiography, reactor physics including nuclear burn up measurements and calculations and neutron activation analysis which represents one of the major usage of our reactor. Besides these, applied research around the reactor has been conducted, such as dopping of silicon monocrystals, a routine production of various radioactive isotopes for industry and medical use ({sup 18}F,99{sup m}Tc). At the Nuclear Training Centre the TRIGA reactor is the main teaching equipment. This training centre can fulfil the training requirements of the first Slovenian Nuclear Power Plant Krsko. (orig.) 6. Computational analysis of neutronic parameters for TRIGA Mark-II research reactor using evaluated nuclear data libraries Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Uddin, M.N. [Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka (Bangladesh); Sarker, M.M., E-mail: [email protected] [Reactor Physics and Engineering Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka-1000 (Bangladesh); Khan, M.J.H. [Reactor Physics and Engineering Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Savar, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka-1000 (Bangladesh); Islam, S.M.A. [Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka (Bangladesh) 2010-03-15 The aim of this study is to analyze the neutronic parameters of TRIGA Mark-II research reactor using the chain of NJOY-WIMS-CITATION computer codes based on evaluated nuclear data libraries CENDL-2.2 and JEFF-3.1.1. The nuclear data processing code NJOY99.0 has been employed to generate the 69 group WIMS library for the isotopes of TRIGA core. The cell code WIMSD-5B was used to generate the cross sections in CITATION format and then 3-dimensional diffusion code CITTATION was used to calculate the neutronic parameters of the TRIGA Mark-II research reactor. All the analyses were performed using the 7-group macroscopic cross section library. The CITATION test-runs using different cross section sets based on different models applied in WIMS calculations have shown a strong influence of those models on the final integral parameters. Some of the cells were specially treated with PRIZE options available in WIMSD-5B to take into account the fine structure of the flux gradient in the fuel-reflector interface region. It was observed that two basic parameters, the effective multiplication factor, k{sub eff} and the thermal neutron flux, were in good agreement among the calculated results with each other as well as the measured values. The maximum power densities at the hot spot were 1.0446E02 W/cc and 1.0426E02 W/cc for the libraries CENDL-2.2 and JEFF-3.1.1 respectively. The calculated total peaking factors 5.793 and 5.745 were compared to the original SAR value of 5.6325 as well as MCNP result. Consequently, this analysis will be helpful to enhance the neutronic calculations and also be used for the further thermal-hydraulics study of the TRIGA core. 7. Critical heat flux in natural convection cooled TRIGA reactors with hexagonal bundle Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yang, J.; Avery, M.; De Angelis, M.; Anderson, M.; Corradini, M. [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 (United States); Feldman, E. E.; Dunn, F. E.; Matos, J. E. [Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439 (United States) 2012-07-01 A three-rod bundle Critical Heat Flux (CHF) study at low flow, low pressure, and natural convection condition has been conducted, simulating TRIGA reactors with the hexagonally configured core. The test section is a custom-made trefoil shape tube with three identical fuel pin heater rods located symmetrically inside. The full scale fuel rod is electrically heated with a chopped-cosine axial power profile. CHF experiments were carried out with the following conditions: inlet water subcooling from 30 K to 95 K; pressure from 110 kPa to 230 kPa; mass flux up to 150 kg/m{sup 2}s. About 50 CHF data points were collected and compared with a few existing CHF correlations whose application ranges are close to the testing conditions. Some tests were performed with the forced convection to identify the potential difference between the CHF under the natural convection and forced convection. The relevance of the CHF to test parameters is investigated. (authors) 8. Estimation of fast neutron fluence in steel specimens type Laguna Verde in TRIGA Mark III reactor; Estimacion de la fluencia de neutrones rapidos en probetas de acero tipo Laguna Verde en el reactor Triga Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Galicia A, J.; Francois L, J. L. [UNAM, Facultad de Ingenieria, Departamento de Sistemas Energeticos, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico); Aguilar H, F., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2015-09-15 The main purpose of this work is to obtain the fluence of fast neutrons recorded within four specimens of carbon steel, similar to the material having the vessels of the BWR reactors of the nuclear power plant of Laguna Verde when subjected to neutron flux in a experimental facility of the TRIGA Mark III reactor, calculating an irradiation time to age the material so accelerated. For the calculation of the neutron flux in the specimens was used the Monte Carlo code MCNP5. In an initial stage, three sheets of natural molybdenum and molybdenum trioxide (MoO{sub 3}) were incorporated into a model developed of the TRIGA reactor operating at 1 M Wth, to calculate the resulting activity by setting a certain time of irradiation. The results obtained were compared with experimentally measured activities in these same materials to validate the calculated neutron flux in the model used. Subsequently, the fast neutron flux received by the steel specimens to incorporate them in the experimental facility E-16 of the reactor core model operating at nominal maximum power in steady-state was calculated, already from these calculations the irradiation time required was obtained for values of the neutron flux in the range of 10{sup 18} n/cm{sup 2}, which is estimated for the case of Laguna Verde after 32 years of effective operation at maximum power. (Author) 9. In-situ gamma spectrometry measurements of time-dependent Xenon-135 inventory in the TRIGA Mark II reactor Vienna CERN Document Server Riede, Julia 2013-01-01 In this work, it has been shown that the time dependent Xe-135 inventory in the TRIGA Mark II reactor in Vienna, Austria can be measured via gamma spectrometry even in the presence of strong background radiation. It is focussing on the measurement of (but not limited to) the nuclide Xe-135. The time dependent Xe-135 inventory of the TRIGA Mark II reactor Vienna has been measured using a temporary beam line between one fuel element of the core placed onto the thermal column after shutdown and a detector system located just above the water surface of the reactor tank. For the duration of one week, multiple gamma ray spectra were recorded automatically, starting each afternoon after reactor shutdown until the next morning. One measurement series has been recorded over the weekend. The Xe-135 peaks were extracted from a total of 1227 recorded spectra using an automated peak search algorithm and analyzed for their time-dependent properties. Although the background gamma radiation present in the core after shutdown... 10. Neuro-diffuse algorithm for neutronic power identification of TRIGA Mark III reactor; Algoritmo neuro-difuso para la identificacion de la potencia neutronica del reactor Triga Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rojas R, E.; Benitez R, J. S. [Instituto Tecnologico de Toluca, Division de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Av. Tecnologico s/n, Ex-Rancho La Virgen, 50140 Metepec, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Segovia de los Rios, J. A.; Rivero G, T. [ININ, Gerencia de Ciencias Aplicadas, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)], e-mail: [email protected] 2009-10-15 In this work are presented the results of design and implementation of an algorithm based on diffuse logic systems and neural networks like method of neutronic power identification of TRIGA Mark III reactor. This algorithm uses the punctual kinetics equation as data generator of training, a cost function and a learning stage based on the descending gradient algorithm allow to optimize the parameters of membership functions of a diffuse system. Also, a series of criteria like part of the initial conditions of training algorithm are established. These criteria according to the carried out simulations show a quick convergence of neutronic power estimated from the first iterations. (Author) 11. Capture programs, analysis, data graphication for the study of the thermometry of the TRIGA Mark III reactor core; Programas de captura, analisis y graficado de datos para el estudio de la termometria del nucleo del reactor TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Paredes G, L.C 1991-05-15 This document covers the explanation of the capture programs, analysis and graphs of the data obtained during the measurement of the temperatures of the instrumented fuel element of the TRIGA Mark III reactor and of the coolant one near to this fuel, using the conversion card from Analogic to Digital of 'Data Translation', and using a signal conditioner for five temperature measurers with the help of thermo par type K, developed by the Simulation and Control of the nuclear systems management department, which gives a signal from 0 to 10 Vcd for an interval of temperature of 0 to 1000 C. (Author) 12. Main configurations of the reactor core TRIGA Mark III of the ININ, during their operation; Principales configuraciones del nucleo del reactor TRIGA Mark III del ININ, durante su operacion Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nava S, W.; Raya A, R., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2012-10-15 The Reactor TRIGA Mark III is 43 years old since was put lay critical on November 8 of 1968 for the first time, along their operative life there have been 18 different configurations of the core, being three those more important: the first configuration with elements standard with an enrichment lightly minor than 20% in U-235, the second configuration that deserves out attention is when a mixed core was charged, composite of two different fuels as for their enrichment, the core consisted of 26 fuel elements Flip (of high enrichment approximately of 70%) more 3 control bars with follower of fuel Flip and 59 standard fuel elements, as those mentioned previously, finally is necessary to consider the recent reload of the reactor, with a compound core by fuel elements of low enrichment LEU 30/20. In this work the characteristics more important of the reactor are presented as well as of each one of the described cores. (Author) 13. Evaluation for the status of the IAEA inspection at Hanaro and TRIGA Mark II and III reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kim, Hyun Sook; Lee, Byung Doo 2007-11-15 Safeguards implementation of nuclear material was carried out at facility level in an effect to support the peaceful nuclear activities in KAERI. Safeguards implementation is to fulfill the obligations associated with international agreements such as IAEA comprehensive safeguards agreement and additional protocol. IAEA inspection is the most important and basic factor of the safeguards implementation for the purpose of verifying whether all source or special fissionable material is diverted to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. The status of the IAEA inspection at Hanaro and TRIGA Mark II and III reactor during 2001-2006 is evaluated in this report. 14. Dose calculation in biological samples in a mixed neutron-gamma field at the TRIGA reactor of the University of Mainz DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Schmitz, T.; Blaickner, M.; Schütz, C. 2010-01-01 To establish Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) for non-resectable liver metastases and for in vitro experiments at the TRIGA Mark II reactor at the University of Mainz, Germany, it is necessary to have a reliable dose monitoring system. The in vitro experiments are used to determine the relative...... to the neutron fluence directly. Results and discussion. Gold foil activation and the pin-diode are reliable fluence measurement systems for the TRIGA reactor, Mainz. Alanine dosimetry of the photon field and charged particle field from secondary reactions can in principle be carried out in combination with MC... 15. Reactor Physics Scoping and Characterization Study on Implementation of TRIGA Fuel in the Advanced Test Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jennifer Lyons; Wade R. Marcum; Mark D. DeHart; Sean R. Morrell 2014-01-01 The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), under the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) Program and the Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI), is conducting feasibility studies for the conversion of its fuel from a highly enriched uranium (HEU) composition to a low enriched uranium (LEU) composition. These studies have considered a wide variety of LEU plate-type fuels to replace the current HEU fuel. Continuing to investigate potential alternatives to the present HEU fuel form, this study presents a preliminary analysis of TRIGA® fuel within the current ATR fuel envelopes and compares it to the functional requirements delineated by the Naval Reactors Program, which includes: greater than 4.8E+14 fissions/s/g of 235U, a fast to thermal neutron flux ratio that is less than 5% deviation of its current value, a constant cycle power within the corner lobes, and an operational cycle length of 56 days at 120 MW. Other parameters outside those put forth by the Naval Reactors Program which are investigated herein include axial and radial power profiles, effective delayed neutron fraction, and mean neutron generation time. 16. Experimental measurement of the refrigerant temperature of the TRIGA Mark III reactor of the ININ; Medicion experimental de la temperatura del refrigerante del reactor TRIGA Mark III del ININ Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gallardo S, L.F.; Alonso V, G 1991-08-15 With the object of knowing the axial temperature profile of the refrigerant in the core of the TRIGA Mark III reactor of the ININ, the temperatures of this, at the enter, in the center and the exit of the core were measured, in the positions: west 2, north 2 and south 1. This was made by means of the thermo pars introduction mounted in aluminum guides, connected to a measurer of digital temperature, whose resolution is of {+-} 0.1 C. The measurements showed a bigger heating of the refrigerant in the superior half of the core, that which suggests that the axial profile of temperature of the reactor is not symmetrical with respect to the center or that those temperature measurements in the center are not correct. (Author) 17. Implementation of k0-INAA standardisation at ITU TRIGA Mark II research reactor, Turkey based on k0-IAEA software Science.gov (United States) Esen, Ayse Nur; Haciyakupoglu, Sevilay 2016-02-01 The purpose of this study is to test the applicability of k0-INAA method at the Istanbul Technical University TRIGA Mark II research reactor. The neutron spectrum parameters such as epithermal neutron flux distribution parameter (α), thermal to epithermal neutron flux ratio (f) and thermal neutron flux (φth) were determined at the central irradiation channel of the ITU TRIGA Mark II research reactor using bare triple-monitor method. HPGe detector calibrations and calculations were carried out by k0-IAEA software. The α, f and φth values were calculated to be -0.009, 15.4 and 7.92·1012 cm-2 s-1, respectively. NIST SRM 1633b coal fly ash and intercomparison samples consisting of clay and sandy soil samples were used to evaluate the validity of the method. For selected elements, the statistical evaluation of the analysis results was carried out by z-score test. A good agreement between certified/reported and experimental values was obtained. 18. Experimental study of the temperature distribution in the TRIGA IPR-R1 Brazilian research reactor; Investigacao experimental da distribuicao de temperaturas no reator nuclear de pesquisa TRIGA IPR-R1 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mesquita, Amir Zacarias 2005-07-01 The TRIGA-IPR-R1 Research Nuclear Reactor has completed 44 years in operation in November 2004. Its initial nominal thermal power was 30 kW. In 1979 its power was increased to 100 kW by adding new fuel elements to the reactor. Recently some more fuel elements were added to the core increasing the power to 250 kW. The TRIGA-IPR-R1 is a pool type reactor with a natural circulation core cooling system. Although the large number of experiments had been carried out with this reactor, mainly on neutron activation analysis, there is not many data on its thermal-hydraulics processes, whether experimental or theoretical. So a number of experiments were carried out with the measurement of the temperature inside the fuel element, in the reactor core and along the reactor pool. During these experiments the reactor was set in many different power levels. These experiments are part of the CDTN/CNEN research program, and have the main objective of commissioning the TRIGA-IPR-R1 reactor for routine operation at 250 kW. This work presents the experimental and theoretical analyses to determine the temperature distribution in the reactor. A methodology for the calibration and monitoring the reactor thermal power was also developed. This methodology allowed adding others power measuring channels to the reactor by using thermal processes. The fuel thermal conductivity and the heat transfer coefficient from the cladding to the coolant were also experimentally valued. lt was also presented a correlation for the gap conductance between the fuel and the cladding. The experimental results were compared with theoretical calculations and with data obtained from technical literature. A data acquisition and processing system and a software were developed to help the investigation. This system allows on line monitoring and registration of the main reactor operational parameters. The experiments have given better comprehension of the reactor thermal-fluid dynamics and helped to develop numerical 19. The reactor core TRIGA Mark-III with fuels type 30/20; El nucleo del reactor TRIGA Mark-III con combustible tipo 30/20 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Aguilar H, F., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2012-10-15 This work describes the calculation series carried out with the program MCNP5 in order to define the configuration of the reactor core with fuels 30/20 (fuels with 30% of uranium content in the Or-Zr-H mixture and a nominal enrichment of 20%). To select the configuration of the reactor core more appropriate to the necessities and future uses of the reactor, the following criterions were taken into account: a) the excess in the reactor reactivity, b) the switch out margin and c) to have new irradiation facilities inside the reactor core. Taking into account these criterions is proceeded to know the characteristics of the components that form the reactor core (dimensions, geometry, materials, densities and positions), was elaborated a base model of the reactor core, for the MCNP5 code, with a configuration composed by 85 fuel elements, 4 control bars and the corresponding structural elements. The high reactivity excess obtained with this model, gave the rule to realize other models of the reactor core in which the reactivity excess and the switch out margin were approximate to the values established in the technical specifications of the reactor operation. Several models were realized until finding the satisfactory model; this is composite for 74 fuels, 4 control bars and 6 additional experimental positions inside the reactor core. (Author) 20. Computer aided design (CAD) for electronics improvement of the nuclear channels of TRIGA Mark III reactor of the ININ; Diseno asistido por computadora (DAC) para mejorar la electronica de los canales nucleares del reactor TRIGA Mark III del ININ Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gonzalez M, J.L.; Rivero G, T.; Aguilar H, F. [ININ, 52750 La Marquesa, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)]. e-mail: [email protected] 2007-07-01 The 4 neutron measurement channels of the digital control console (CCD) of the TRIGA Mark III reactor (RTMIII) of the ININ, its were designed and built with the corresponding Quality Guarantee program, being achieved the one licensing to replace the old console. With the time they were carried out some changes to improve and to not solve some problems detected in the tests, verification and validation, requiring to modify the circuits originally designed. In this work the corrective actions carried out to eliminate the Non Conformity generated by these problems, being mentioned the advantages of using modern tools, as the software applied to the Attended Engineering by Computer, and those obtained results are presented. (Author) 1. Development of a software for the control of the quality management system of the TRIGA-Mark III reactor; Desarrollo de un software para el control del sistema de gestion de calidad del reactor TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Herrera A, E. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Hernandez, L.V.; Hernandez, J.A. [UAEM, Depto. de Ingenieria en Computacion, 50000 Toluca, estado de Mexico (Mexico)]. e-mail: [email protected] 2006-07-01 The quality has not only become one of the essential requirements of the product but rather at the presenme it is a strategic factor key of which depends the bigger part of the organizations, not only to maintain their position in the market but also to assure their survival. The good organizations will have processes, procedures and standards to confront these challenges. The big organizations require of the certification of their administration systems, and once the organization has obtained this certification the following step it is to maintain it. The implementation and certification of an administration system requires of an appropriate operative organization that achieves continuous improvements in their operation. This is the case of the TRIGA Mark III reactor, which contains a computer program that upgrades, it controls and it programs activities to develop in the Installation, allowing one operative organization to the whole personnel of the same one. With the purpose of avoiding activities untimely. (Author) 2. Characterization of the neutron flux in the Hohlraum of the thermal column of the TRIGA Mark III reactor of the ININ; Caracterizacion del flujo neutronico en el Hohlraum de la columna termica del reactor TRIGA Mark III del ININ Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Delfin L, A.; Palacios, J.C.; Alonso, G. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)]. e-mail: [email protected] 2006-07-01 3. Development and validation of a model TRIGA Mark III reactor with code MCNP5; Desarrollo y validacion de un modelo del reactor Triga Mark III con el codigo MCNP5 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Galicia A, J.; Francois L, J. L. [UNAM, Facultad de Ingenieria, Departamento de Sistemas Energeticos, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico); Aguilar H, F., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2015-09-15 The main purpose of this paper is to obtain a model of the reactor core TRIGA Mark III that accurately represents the real operating conditions to 1 M Wth, using the Monte Carlo code MCNP5. To provide a more detailed analysis, different models of the reactor core were realized by simulating the control rods extracted and inserted in conditions in cold (293 K) also including an analysis for shutdown margin, so that satisfied the Operation Technical Specifications. The position they must have the control rods to reach a power equal to 1 M Wth, were obtained from practice entitled Operation in Manual Mode performed at Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ). Later, the behavior of the K{sub eff} was analyzed considering different temperatures in the fuel elements, achieving calculate subsequently the values that best represent the actual reactor operation. Finally, the calculations in the developed model for to obtain the distribution of average flow of thermal, epithermal and fast neutrons in the six new experimental facilities are presented. (Author) 4. Cryostat system for investigation on new neutron moderator materials at reactor TRIGA PUSPATI Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dris, Zakaria bin, E-mail: [email protected] [College of Graduate Studies, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia); Centre for Nuclear Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia); Mohamed, Abdul Aziz bin; Hamid, Nasri A. [Centre for Nuclear Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia); Azman, Azraf; Ahmad, Megat Harun Al Rashid Megat; Jamro, Rafhayudi; Yazid, Hafizal [Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia) 2016-01-22 A simple continuous flow (SCF) cryostat was designed to investigate the neutron moderation of alumina in high temperature co-ceramic (HTCC) and polymeric materials such as Teflon under TRIGA neutron environment using a reflected neutron beam from a monochromator. Cooling of the cryostat will be carried out using liquid nitrogen. The cryostat will be built with an aluminum holder for moderator within stainless steel cylinder pipe. A copper thermocouple will be used as the temperature sensor to monitor the moderator temperature inside the cryostat holder. Initial measurements of neutron spectrum after neutron passing through the moderating materials have been carried out using a neutron spectrometer. 5. Evaluation of the aptitude for the service of the pool of the TRIGA Mark III reactor of the National Institute of Nuclear Research of Mexico; Evaluacion de la aptitud para el servicio de la piscina del reactor TRIGA Mark III del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares de Mexico Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Merino C, J.; Gachuz M, M.; Diaz S, A.; Arganis J, C.; Gonzalez R, C.; Nava G, T.; Medina R, M.J. [Departamento de Sintesis y Caracterizacion de Materiales del ININ, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico) 2001-07-01 This work describes the evaluation of the structural integrity of the pool of the TRIGA Mark III reactor of the National Institute of Nuclear Research of Mexico, which was realized in July 2001, as an element to determine those actions for preventive and corrective maintenance which owner must do it for a safety and efficient operation of the component in the next years. (Author) 6. Penning trap mass measurements and laser spectroscopy on neutron-rich fission products extracted from the research reactor TRIGA-Mainz Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Eibach, Martin; Ketelaer, Jens; Ketter, Jochen; Knuth, Konstantin [Institut fuer Physik, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Blaum, Klaus; Nagy, Szilard [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Eberhardt, Klaus; Noertershaeuser, Wilfried [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Herfurth, Frank [GSI, Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Smorra, Christian [Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg (Germany); Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany) 2009-07-01 TRIGA-SPEC is a setup for Penning trap mass spectrometry and collinear laser spectroscopy on short-lived neutron-rich nuclides located at the research reactor TRIGA-Mainz. It is dedicated to the determination of nuclear ground-state properties like masses and charge-radii. The nuclides are produced by neutron-induced fission of an actinide target located in a target chamber near the reactor core. It is required to extract the nuclides fast and with high efficiency from the target chamber in order to make precision experiments on short-living species with half-lives in the order of 1s. To this end, they are flushed out with a helium gas jet containing carbon aerosols and transported through a skimmer region to an ECR ion source. The characterisation of the carbon aerosol generator and the verification of transported fission products are presented. 7. Determination of the neutrons energy spectrum in the central thimble of the reactor core TRIGA Mark III; Determinacion del espectro de energia de los neutrones en el dedal central del nucleo del reactor TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Parra M, M. A.; Luis L, M. A. [Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco, Division de Ciencias Basicas, Av. San Pablo No. 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200 Mexico D. F. (Mexico); Raya A, R.; Cruz G, H. S., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Departamento del Reactor, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2013-10-15 This work presents the measurement of the neutrons spectrum in energies in the central thimble of the reactor TRIGA Mark III to a power of 1 MW in stationary state, with the core in the center of the pool. To achieve this objective, several thin sheets were irradiated (one at the time) in the same position of the core. The activation probes were selected in such a way that covered the energy range (1 x 10{sup -10} to 20 MeV) of the neutrons spectrum in the reactor core, for this purpose thin sheets were used of {sup 197}Au, {sup 58}Ni, {sup 115}In, {sup 24}Mg, {sup 27}Al, {sup 58}Fe, {sup 59}Co and {sup 63}Cu. After the irradiation, the high energy gamma emissions of the activated thin sheets were measured by means of gamma spectrometry, in a counting system of high resolution, with a Hyper pure Germanium detector, obtaining this way the activity induced in the thin sheets whose magnitude is proportional to the intensity of the neutrons flow, this activity together to a theoretical initial spectrum are the main entrance data of the computational code SANDBP (Hungarian version of the code Sand-II) that uses the unfolding method for the calculation of the spectrum. (Author) 8. Inspection with non destructive assay techniques of the aluminium coating of the TRIGA Mark III reactor vat; Inspeccion con tecnicas de ensayos no destructivos del recubrimiento de aluminio de la tina del reactor TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Reyes A, A.I.; Gonzalez M, A.; Castaneda J, G.; Rivera M, H.; Sandoval G, I. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico) 2001-07-01 In June 2000, the Reactor Department assigned to the Scientific Research Direction of the National Institute of Nuclear Research requested to the Non-destructive Assays Laboratory (LEND), assigned to the Materials Science Management, the inspection and measurement of thickness of the aluminium coating (liner) of the TRIGA Mark III reactor vat with non-destructive assay techniques, due to that the aluminium coating is exposed mainly to undergo slimming on its back side due to corrosion phenomena. Activity that was able to be carried out from april until august 2001. It is worth pointing out that this type of inspection with these techniques was realized by first time. The non-destructive assays (NDA) are techniques which use indirect physical methods for inspecting the sanitation of components in process or in service, for detect lack of continuity or defects which affect their quality or usefulness. The application of those do not alter the physical, chemical, mechanical or dimensional properties of the part subject of inspection. The results of the application of the ultrasound inspection techniques, industrial radiography and penetrating liquids are presented. (Author) 9. Design and construction of the SIPPING for fuels of the TRIGA Mark III reactor; Diseno y construccion del SIPPING para combustibles del reactor TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Castaneda J, G.; Delfin L, A.; Alvarado P, R.; Mazon R, R.; Ortega V, B. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico)]. e-mail: [email protected] 2003-07-01 The sipping technique, it has been used by several possessors of nuclear research reactors in its irradiated nuclear fuels, likewise in some fuel storage sites, with the objective of to determine the quantity of radioactivity that the fuel liberates in the means in that it is. The irradiated fuel in storage of some nuclear research reactors, its can have cracks that cross the cladding of the same one, generating the liberation of fission products that its need to determine to maintain safety measures appropriate as much as the fuel as of the facilities where they are. It doesn't exist until now, some method published for the non destructive sipping test technique. Based on that described, the Reactor Department of the National Institute of Nuclear Research, it has designed and built an inspection system of irradiated fuel that it will allow the detection of gassy fission products in site, and solids by means of the measurement of the activity of the Cs-137 contained in water samples. (Author) 10. Determination of the flows profile in the role of power in the central thimble of TRIGA Mark III Reactor; Determinacion del perfil de flujos en funcion de la potencia en el dedal central del Reactor Triga Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Garcia F, A. 2010-07-01 11. Measurements of miniature ionization chamber currents in the JSI TRIGA Mark II reactor demonstrate the importance of the delayed contribution to the photon field in nuclear reactors Science.gov (United States) Radulović, Vladimir; Fourmentel, Damien; Barbot, Loïc; Villard, Jean-François; Kaiba, Tanja; Gašper, Žerovnik; Snoj, Luka 2015-12-01 The characterization of experimental locations of a research nuclear reactor implies the determination of neutron and photon flux levels within, with the best achievable accuracy. In nuclear reactors, photon fluxes are commonly calculated by Monte Carlo simulations but rarely measured on-line. In this context, experiments were conducted with a miniature gas ionization chamber (MIC) based on miniature fission chamber mechanical parts, recently developed by the CEA (French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission) irradiated in the core of the Jožef Stefan Institute TRIGA Mark II reactor in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The aim of the study was to compare the measured MIC currents with calculated currents based on simulations with the MCNP6 code. A discrepancy of around 50% was observed between the measured and the calculated currents; in the latter taking into consideration only the prompt photon field. Further experimental measurements of MIC currents following reactor SCRAMs (reactor shutdown with rapid insertions of control rods) provide evidence that over 30% of the total measured signal is due to the delayed photon field, originating from fission and activation products, which are untreated in the calculations. In the comparison between the measured and calculated values, these findings imply an overall discrepancy of less than 20% of the total signal which is still unexplained. 12. Measurements of miniature ionization chamber currents in the JSI TRIGA Mark II reactor demonstrate the importance of the delayed contribution to the photon field in nuclear reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Radulović, Vladimir, E-mail: [email protected] [CEA, DEN, DER, Instrumentation Sensors and Dosimetry Laboratory, Cadarache, F-13108 St-Paul-Lez-Durance (France); Fourmentel, Damien; Barbot, Loïc; Villard, Jean-François [CEA, DEN, DER, Instrumentation Sensors and Dosimetry Laboratory, Cadarache, F-13108 St-Paul-Lez-Durance (France); Kaiba, Tanja; Gašper, Žerovnik; Snoj, Luka [Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia) 2015-12-21 The characterization of experimental locations of a research nuclear reactor implies the determination of neutron and photon flux levels within, with the best achievable accuracy. In nuclear reactors, photon fluxes are commonly calculated by Monte Carlo simulations but rarely measured on-line. In this context, experiments were conducted with a miniature gas ionization chamber (MIC) based on miniature fission chamber mechanical parts, recently developed by the CEA (French Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission) irradiated in the core of the Jožef Stefan Institute TRIGA Mark II reactor in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The aim of the study was to compare the measured MIC currents with calculated currents based on simulations with the MCNP6 code. A discrepancy of around 50% was observed between the measured and the calculated currents; in the latter taking into consideration only the prompt photon field. Further experimental measurements of MIC currents following reactor SCRAMs (reactor shutdown with rapid insertions of control rods) provide evidence that over 30% of the total measured signal is due to the delayed photon field, originating from fission and activation products, which are untreated in the calculations. In the comparison between the measured and calculated values, these findings imply an overall discrepancy of less than 20% of the total signal which is still unexplained. 13. Simulator of the punctual kinetics of a TRIGA Mark III reactor with power diffuse control in a visual environment; Simulador de la cinetica puntual de un reactor nuclear TRIGA Mark III con control difuso de potencia en un ambiente visual Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Perez M, C 2004-07-01 The development of a software is presented that simulates the punctual kinetics of a nuclear reactor of investigation model TRIGA Mark III, generating the answers of the reactor low different algorithms of control of power. The user requires a graphic interface that allows him easily interacting with the simulator. To achieve the proposed objective, first the system was modeled in open loop, not using a mathematical model of the consistent reactor in a system of linear ordinary differential equations. For their solution in real time the numeric method of Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg was used. As second phase, it was modeled to the system in closed loop, using for it an algorithm of control of the power based on fuzzy logic. This software has as purpose to help the investigator in the control area who will be able to prove different algorithms for the control of the power of the reactor. This is achieved using the code source in language C, C++, Visual Basic, with which a file is generated. DLL and it is inserted in the simulator. Then they will be able to visualize the results as if their controller had installed in the reactor, analyzing the behavior of all his variables that will be stored in files, for his later study. The easiness of proving these control algorithms in the reactor without necessity to make it physically has important consequences as the saving in the expense of fuel, the not generation of radioactive waste and the most important thing, one doesn't run any risk. The simulator can be used how many times it is necessary until the total purification of the algorithm. This program is the base for following investigation processes, enlarging the capacities and options of the same one. The program fulfills the time of execution satisfactorily, assisting to the necessity of visualizing the behavior in real time of the reactor, and it responds from an effective way to the petitions of changes of power on the part of the user. (Author) 14. Simulation of the TRIGA-ININ reactor using EXT-2, in R-{theta} R{theta} and temperature of 20 Centigrade; Simulacion del reactor TRIGA-ININ utilizando EXT-2, en geometria R-{theta} y una temperatura de 20 Centigrados Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Aguilar H, F. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 1983-10-15 The simulation of the TRIGA-ININ reactor, it was beginning considering the more simple case (follower bars equal to fuel elements, cell bar transitory with vacuum, etc.), this it left tuning as the obtained results were observed and it was studied the literature with respect to this reactor, in the following step the followers are considered as standard elements but with 32 grams of U-235 and so forth until reaching to the configuration that is considered definitive. (Author) 15. Generation of nuclear constants of the TRIGA reactor with the Leopard code; Generacion de constantes nucleares del reactor TRIGA con el codigo Leopard Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Aguilar H, F.; Perusquia del C, R. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 1983-09-15 The reactor core was divided in 12 regions, this was made in function of the composition and temperature and its are: 1) central thimble, 2) B ring, 3) C ring, 4) D ring, 5) E ring, 6) F ring, 7) G ring, 8) superior caps of fuel elements (E.C. s) standard, 9) inferior caps of E.C.'s standard, 10) superior and inferior reflector of the core, 11) lateral reflector and 12) superior and inferior caps of the E.C.'s graphite. Likewise the constants of the followers' of fuel cell, of the empty follower and of the conduits of the gamma camera were obtained. For the obtaining of the enter data of the LEOPARD the dimensions and the composition of the different regions are required, this is consigned in the IT/E21-83 report. (Author) 16. Investigation of a superthermal ultracold neutron source based on a solid deuterium converter for the TRIGA Mainz reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lauer, Thorsten 2010-12-22 Research in fundamental physics with the free neutron is one of the key tools for testing the Standard Model at low energies. Most prominent goals in this field are the search for a neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) and the measurement of the neutron lifetime. Significant improvements of the experimental performance using ultracold neutrons (UCN) require reduction of both systematic and statistical errors.The development and construction of new UCN sources based on the superthermal concept is therefore an important step for the success of future fundamental physics with ultracold neutrons. Significant enhancement of today available UCN densities strongly correlates with an efficient use of an UCN converter material. The UCN converter here is to be understood as a medium which reduces the velocity of cold neutrons (CN, velocity of about 600 m/s) to the velocity of UCN (velocity of about 6 m/s).Several big research centers around the world are presently planning or constructing new superthermal UCN sources, which are mainly based on the use of either solid deuterium or superfluid helium as UCN converter.Thanks to the idea of Yu.Pokotilovsky, there exists the opportunity to build competitive UCN sources also at small research reactors of the TRIGA type. Of course these smaller facilities don't promise high UCN densities of several 1000 UCN/cm{sup 3}, but they are able to provide densities around 100 UCN/cm{sup 3} for experiments.In the context of this thesis, it was possible to demonstrate succesfully the feasibility of a superthermal UCN source at the tangential beamport C of the research reactor TRIGA Mainz. Based on a prototype for the future UCN source at the Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRMII) in Munich, which was planned and built in collaboration with the Technical University of Munich, further investigations and improvements were done and are presented in this thesis. In parallel, a second UCN source for the radial beamport D was 17. Behavior of exposed human lymphocytes to a neutron beam of the Reactor TRIGA Mark III; Comportamiento de linfocitos humanos expuestos a un haz de neutrones del Reactor Triga Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Carbajal R, M. I.; Arceo M, C.; Aguilar H, F.; Guerrero C, C., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2012-10-15 The living beings are permanently exposed to radiations of natural origin: cosmic and geologic, as well as the artificial radiations that come from sources elaborated by the man. The artificial sources have an important use in the medical area. Particularly has been increased the neutrons use due to the effectiveness that they have to damage the cells with regard to other radiation types. The biological indicator of exposition to ionizing radiation more reliable is the chromosomal aberrations study, specifically the dicentrics in human lymphocytes. This test allows, establishing the exposition dose in function of the damage quantity. The dicentrics have a behavior in function of the dose. The calibration curve that describes this behavior is specific for each type of ionizing radiation. In the year 2006 beginning was given to the expositions of human lymphocytes to a neutron beam generated in the reactor TRIGA Mark III of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ) in Mexico. Up to 2008 the response dose curve comprised an interval of exposition time of up to 30 minutes. Moreover, the interval between 10 an 20 minutes is included, since was observed that this last is indispensable for the adjustment waited in a lineal model. (Author) 18. Fast neutron spectrum unfolding of a TRIGA Mark II reactor and measurement of spectrum-averaged cross sections. Integral tests of differential cross sections of neutron threshold reactions Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Uddin, M.S.; Hossain, S.M.; Khan, R. [Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka (Bangladesh). Inst. of Nuclear Science and Technology (INST); Sudar, S. [Debrecen Univ. (Hungary). Inst. of Experimental Physics; Zulquarnain, M.A. [Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka (Bangladesh); Qaim, S.M. [Forschungszentrum Juelich (Germany). Inst. fuer Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-5) 2013-07-01 The spectrum of fast neutrons having energies from 0.5 to 20 MeV in the core of the 3MW TRIGA Mark II reactor at Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, was unfolded by activating several metal foils to induce threshold nuclear reactions covering the whole spectrum, and then doing necessary iterative calculations utilizing the activation results and the code SULSA. The analysed shape of the spectrum in the TRIGA core was found to be similar to that of the pure {sup 235}U-fission spectrum, except for the energies between 0.5 and 1.5 MeV, where it was slightly higher than the fission spectrum. Spectrum-averaged cross sections were determined by integral measurements. The integral values measured in this work were compared with the recommended values for a pure fission spectrum as well as with the integrated data deduced from measured and evaluated excitation functions of a few reactions given in some data files. The good agreement between integral measurements and integrated data in case of well-investigated reactions shows that the fast neutron field at the TRIGA Mark II reactor can be used for validation of evaluated data of neutron threshold reactions. (orig.) 19. Design, construction, and demonstration of a neutron beamline and a neutron imaging facility at a Mark-I TRIGA reactor Science.gov (United States) Craft, Aaron E. The fleet of research and training reactors is aging, and no new research reactors are planned in the United States. Thus, there is a need to expand the capabilities of existing reactors to meet users' needs. While many research reactors have beam port facilities, the original design of the United States Geological Survey TRIGA Reactor (GSTR) did not include beam ports. The MInes NEutron Radiography (MINER) facility developed by this thesis and installed at the GSTR provides new capabilities for both researchers and students at the Colorado School of Mines. The facility consists of a number of components, including a neutron beamline and beamstop, an optical table, an experimental enclosure and associated interlocks, a computer control system, a multi-channel plate imaging detector, and the associated electronics. The neutron beam source location, determined through Monte Carlo modeling, provides the best mixture of high neutron flux, high thermal neutron content, and low gamma radiation content. A Monte Carlo n-Particle (MCNP) model of the neutron beam provides researchers with a tool for designing experiments before placing objects in the neutron beam. Experimental multi-foil activation results, compared to calculated multi-foil activation results, verify the model. The MCNP model predicts a neutron beamline flux of 2.2106 +/- 6.4105 n/cm2-s based on a source particle rate determined from the foil activation experiments when the reactor is operating at a power of 950 kWt with the beam shutter fully open. The average cadmium ratio of the beamline is 7.4, and the L/D of the neutron beam is approximately 200+/-10. Radiographs of a sensitivity indicator taken using both the digital detector and the transfer foil method provide one demonstration of the radiographic capabilities of the new facility. Calibration fuel pins manufactured using copper and stainless steel surrogate fuel pellets provide additional specimens for demonstration of the new facility and offer a 20. Criticality and shielding calculations for containers in dry of spent fuel of TRIGA Mark III reactor of ININ; Calculos de criticidad y blindaje para contenedores en seco de combustible gastado del reactor Triga Mark III del ININ Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Barranco R, F. 2015-07-01 In this thesis criticality and shielding calculations to evaluate the design of a container of dry storage of spent nuclear fuel generated in research reactors were made. The design of such container was originally proposed by Argentina and Brazil, and the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ) of Mexico. Additionally, it is proposed to modify the design of this container to store spent fuel 120 that are currently in the pool of TRIGA Mark III reactor, the Nuclear Center of Mexico and calculations and analyzes are made to verify that the settlement of these fuel elements is subcritical limits and dose rates to workers and the general public are not exceeded. These calculations are part of the design criteria for security protection systems in dry storage system (Dss for its acronym in English) proposed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) of the United States. To carry out these calculations simulation codes of Monte Carlo particle transport as MCNPX and MCNP5 were used. The initial design (design 1) 78 intended to store spent fuel with a maximum of 115. The ININ has 120 fuel elements and spent 3 control rods (currently stored in the reactor pool). This leads to the construction of two containers of the original design, but for economic reasons was decided to modify (design 2) to store in a single container. Criticality calculations are performed to 78, 115 and fresh fuel elements 124 within the container, to the two arrangements described in Chapter 4, modeling the three-dimensional geometry assuming normal operating conditions and accident. These calculations are focused to demonstrate that the container will remain subcritical, that is, that the effective multiplication factor is less than 1, in particular not greater than 0.95 (as per specified by the NRC). Spent fuel 78 and 124 within the container, both gamma radiation to neutron shielding calculations for only two cases were simulated. First actinides and fission products generated 1. TRIGA Mark II nuclear reactor facility. Final report, 1 July 1980--30 June 1995 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ryan, B.C. 1997-05-01 This report is a final culmination of activities funded through the Department of Energys (DOE) University Reactor Sharing Program, Grant DE-FG02-80ER10273, during the period 1 July 1980 through 30 June 1995. Progress reports have been periodically issued to the DOE, namely the Reactor Facility Annual Reports C00-2082/2219-7 through C00-2082/10723-21, which are contained as an appendix to this report. Due to the extent of time covered by this grant, summary tables are presented. Table 1 lists the fiscal year financial obligations of the grant. As listed in the original grant proposals, the DOE grant financed 70% of project costs, namely the total amount spent of these projects minus materials costs and technical support. Thus the bulk of funds was spent directly on reactor operations. With the exception of a few years, spending was in excess of the grant amount. As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the Reactor Sharing grant funded a immense number of research projects in nuclear engineering, geology, animal science, chemistry, anthropology, veterinary medicine, and many other fields. A list of these users is provided. Out of the average 3000 visitors per year, some groups participated in classes involving the reactor such as Boy Scout Merit Badge classes, teachers workshops, and summer internships. A large number of these projects met the requirements for the Reactor Sharing grant, but were funded by the University instead. 2. Decontamination and decommissioning project of the TRIGA Mark-2 and 3 research reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jung, K. J.; Baik, S. T.; Chung, U. S.; Jung, K. H.; Park, S. K.; Lee, B. J.; Kim, J. K.; Yang, S. H 2000-01-01 During the review on the decommissioning plan and environmental impact assessment report by the KINS, the number of the inquired items were two hundred and fifty one, and the answers were made and sent until September 10, 1999, as the screened review results were reported to Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) in December 14, 1999, all the reviews on the licence were over. Radioactive liquid wastes of 400 tons generated during the operation of the research reactors including reactor vessels are stored in the facility of the research reactor 1 and 2. Those liquid wastes have the low-level-radioactivity which can be discharged to the surroundings, but was wholly treated to be vaporized naturally by means of the increased numbers of the natural vaporization disposal facilities with the annual capacity of 200 tons for the purpose of the minimized environmental contamination. 3. A high performance neutron powder diffractometer at 3 MW Triga Mark-II research reactor in Bangladesh Science.gov (United States) Kamal, I.; Yunus, S. M.; Datta, T. K.; Zakaria, A. K. M.; Das, A. K.; Aktar, S.; Hossain, S.; Berliner, R.; Yelon, W. B. 2016-07-01 A high performance neutron diffractometer called Savar Neutron Diffractometer (SAND) was built and installed at radial beam port-2 of TRIGA Mark II research reactor at AERE, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Structural studies of materials are being done by this technique to characterize materials crystallograpohically and magnetically. The micro-structural information obtainable by neutron scattering method is very essential for determining its technological applications. This technique is unique for understanding the magnetic behavior in magnetic materials. Ceramic, steel, electronic and electric industries can be benefited from this facility for improving their products and fabrication process. This instrument consists of a Popovicimonochromator with a large linear position sensitive detector array. The monochromator consists of nine blades of perfect single crystal of silicon with 6mm thickness each. The monochromator design was optimized to provide maximum flux on 3mm diameter cylindrical sample with a relatively flat angular dependence of resolution. Five different wave lengths can be selected by orienting the crystal at various angles. A sapphire filter was used before the primary collimator to minimize the first neutron. The detector assembly is composed of 15 linear position sensitive proportional counters placed at either 1.1 m or 1.6 m from the sample position and enclosed in a air pad supported high density polythene shield. Position sensing is obtained by charge division using 1-wide NIM position encoding modules (PEM). The PEMs communicate with the host computer via USB. The detector when placed at 1.1 m, subtends 30˚ (2θ) at each step and covers 120˚ in 4 steps. When the detector is placed at 1.6 m it subtends 20˚ at each step and covers 120˚ in 6 steps. The instrument supports both low and high temperature sample environment. The instrument supports both low and high temperature sample environment. The diffractometer is a state-of-the art technology 4. Main activities carried out for the conversion of the reactor core TRIGA, from HEU 8.5/70 / LEU 8.5/20 to LEU 30/20; Principales actividades llevadas a cabo para la conversion del nucleo del reactor TRIGA, de HEU 8.5/70 / LEU 8.5/20 a LEU 30/20 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Flores C, J., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2012-10-15 In agreement with the policies of the global initiative of threats reduction (GTRI), Mexico committed that inside the reduction program of the fuel enrichment in research and test reactors (RERTR), the conversion of the core reactor TRIGA (in the nuclear centre) would be made, to use solely fuel with low enrichment ({<=} 20% U{sup 235}). To support to the execution of this commitment, a series of accords and agreements were established. The Project Agreement and Supply among the IAEA, the United States of America and Mexico was the more relevant. In this work the main activities carried out in the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ) with this purpose are presented. (Author) 5. Decontamination and decommissioning project of the TRIGA mark - 2 and 3 research reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jung, K. J.; Baik, S. T.; Chung, U. S.; Jung, K. H.; Park, S. K.; Kim, J. K.; Lee, D. G.; Kim, H. R.; Lee, B. J.; Yang, S. H. 2001-01-15 The decommissioning license for KRR (Korea Research Reactor) 1 and 2 was issued Nov. 23, 2000. The atmospheric stability on the KRR site was evaluated using the meteorological data measured at the site. From the results of this evaluation, the population dose was evaluated for the public who lives at the periphery of the site. The Radiation Safety Management Guideline was developed and it will be used as a base line making Radiation Safety Management Procedure. The container was specially designed and manufactured for the storing of low level radioactive solid waste arising from the D and D activities. Firstly, the 50 containers were completely manufactured. 6. Behavior of exposed human lymphocytes to a neutron beam of the reactor TRIGA Mark III; Comportamiento de linfocitos humanos expuestos a un haz de neutrones del reactor Triga Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Carbajal R, M. I. 2012-07-01 7. Development and methodology of level 1 probability safety assessment at PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Maskin, Mazleha; Tom, Phongsakorn Prak; Lanyau, Tonny Anak; Saad, Mohamad Fauzi; Ismail, Ahmad Razali; Abu, Mohamad Puad Haji [Malaysian Nuclear Agency, MOSTI, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia); Brayon, Fedrick Charlie Matthew [Atomic Energy Licensing Board, MOSTI, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor (Malaysia); Mohamed, Faizal [Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor (Malaysia) 2014-02-12 As a consequence of the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan, the safety aspects of the one and only research reactor (31 years old) in Malaysia need be reviewed. Based on this decision, Malaysian Nuclear Agency in collaboration with Atomic Energy Licensing Board and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia develop a Level-1 Probability Safety Assessment on this research reactor. This work is aimed to evaluate the potential risks of incidents in RTP and at the same time to identify internal and external hazard that may cause any extreme initiating events. This report documents the methodology in developing a Level 1 PSA performed for the RTP as a complementary approach to deterministic safety analysis both in neutronics and thermal hydraulics. This Level-1 PSA work has been performed according to the procedures suggested in relevant IAEA publications and at the same time numbers of procedures has been developed as part of an Integrated Management System programme implemented in Nuclear Malaysia. 8. GEANT4 used for neutron beam design of a neutron imaging facility at TRIGA reactor in Morocco Science.gov (United States) Ouardi, A.; Machmach, A.; Alami, R.; Bensitel, A.; Hommada, A. 2011-09-01 Neutron imaging has a broad scope of applications and has played a pivotal role in visualizing and quantifying hydrogenous masses in metallic matrices. The field continues to expand into new applications with the installation of new neutron imaging facilities. In this scope, a neutron imaging facility for computed tomography and real-time neutron radiography is currently being developed around 2.0MW TRIGA MARK-II reactor at Maamora Nuclear Research Center in Morocco (Reuscher et al., 1990 [1]; de Menezes et al., 2003 [2]; Deinert et al., 2005 [3]). The neutron imaging facility consists of neutron collimator, real-time neutron imaging system and imaging process systems. In order to reduce the gamma-ray content in the neutron beam, the tangential channel was selected. For power of 250 kW, the corresponding thermal neutron flux measured at the inlet of the tangential channel is around 3×10 11 ncm 2/s. This facility will be based on a conical neutron collimator with two circular diaphragms with diameters of 4 and 2 cm corresponding to L/D-ratio of 165 and 325, respectively. These diaphragms' sizes allow reaching a compromise between good flux and efficient L/D-ratio. Convergent-divergent collimator geometry has been adopted. The beam line consists of a gamma filter, fast neutrons filter, neutron moderator, neutron and gamma shutters, biological shielding around the collimator and several stages of neutron collimator. Monte Carlo calculations by a fully 3D numerical code GEANT4 were used to design the neutron beam line ( http://www.info.cern.ch/asd/geant4/geant4.html[4]). To enhance the neutron thermal beam in terms of quality, several materials, mainly bismuth (Bi) and sapphire (Al 2O 3) were examined as gamma and neutron filters respectively. The GEANT4 simulations showed that the gamma and epithermal and fast neutron could be filtered using the bismuth (Bi) and sapphire (Al 2O 3) filters, respectively. To get a good cadmium ratio, GEANT 4 simulations were used to 9. Validation of CENDL and JEFF evaluated nuclear data files for TRIGA calculations through the analysis of integral parameters of TRX and BAPL benchmark lattices of thermal reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Uddin, M.N. [Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka (Bangladesh); Sarker, M.M. [Reactor Physics and Engineering Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka 1000 (Bangladesh); Khan, M.J.H. [Reactor Physics and Engineering Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka 1000 (Bangladesh)], E-mail: [email protected]; Islam, S.M.A. [Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka (Bangladesh) 2009-10-15 The aim of this paper is to present the validation of evaluated nuclear data files CENDL-2.2 and JEFF-3.1.1 through the analysis of the integral parameters of TRX and BAPL benchmark lattices of thermal reactors for neutronics analysis of TRIGA Mark-II Research Reactor at AERE, Bangladesh. In this process, the 69-group cross-section library for lattice code WIMS was generated using the basic evaluated nuclear data files CENDL-2.2 and JEFF-3.1.1 with the help of nuclear data processing code NJOY99.0. Integral measurements on the thermal reactor lattices TRX-1, TRX-2, BAPL-UO{sub 2}-1, BAPL-UO{sub 2}-2 and BAPL-UO{sub 2}-3 served as standard benchmarks for testing nuclear data files and have also been selected for this analysis. The integral parameters of the said lattices were calculated using the lattice transport code WIMSD-5B based on the generated 69-group cross-section library. The calculated integral parameters were compared to the measured values as well as the results of Monte Carlo Code MCNP. It was found that in most cases, the values of integral parameters show a good agreement with the experiment and MCNP results. Besides, the group constants in WIMS format for the isotopes U-235 and U-238 between two data files have been compared using WIMS library utility code WILLIE and it was found that the group constants are identical with very insignificant difference. Therefore, this analysis reflects the validation of evaluated nuclear data files CENDL-2.2 and JEFF-3.1.1 through benchmarking the integral parameters of TRX and BAPL lattices and can also be essential to implement further neutronic analysis of TRIGA Mark-II research reactor at AERE, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 10. Proceedings of the 4. World TRIGA Users Conference Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2008-10-29 This document gathers 30 presentations given at the 2008 Conference of the World TRIGA reactor Users. Most presentations are in the form of slides only, and few ones have an additional summary or are presented as an article only. All aspects of TRIGA-type reactors are approached, from upgrading to decommissioning, from radiotherapy to isotope production, from research program management to training, etc. 11. Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by U-235 fission neutrons: I. Irradiation of human blood samples in the "dry cell" of the TRIGA Mark II nuclear reactor. Science.gov (United States) Fajgelj, A; Lakoski, A; Horvat, D; Remec, I; Skrk, J; Stegnar, P 1991-11-01 A set-up for irradiation of biological samples in the TRIGA Mark II research reactor in Ljubljana is described. Threshold activation detectors were used for characterisation of the neutron flux, and the accompanying gamma dose was measured by TLDs. Human peripheral blood samples were irradiated "in vitro" and biological effects evaluated according to the unstable chromosomal aberrations induced. Biological effects of two types of cultivation of irradiated blood samples, the first immediately after irradiation and the second after 96 h storage, were studied. A significant difference in the incidence of chromosomal aberrations between these two types of samples was obtained, while our dose-response curve fitting coefficients alpha 1 = (7.71 +/- 0.09) x 10(-2) Gy-1 (immediate cultivation) and alpha 2 = (11.03 +/- 0.08) x 10(-2) Gy-1 (96 h delayed cultivation) are in both cases lower than could be found in the literature. 12. Dose calculation in biological samples in a mixed neutron-gamma field at the TRIGA reactor of the University of Mainz. Science.gov (United States) Schmitz, Tobias; Blaickner, Matthias; Schütz, Christian; Wiehl, Norbert; Kratz, Jens V; Bassler, Niels; Holzscheiter, Michael H; Palmans, Hugo; Sharpe, Peter; Otto, Gerd; Hampel, Gabriele 2010-10-01 To establish Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) for non-resectable liver metastases and for in vitro experiments at the TRIGA Mark II reactor at the University of Mainz, Germany, it is necessary to have a reliable dose monitoring system. The in vitro experiments are used to determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of liver and cancer cells in our mixed neutron and gamma field. We work with alanine detectors in combination with Monte Carlo simulations, where we can measure and characterize the dose. To verify our calculations we perform neutron flux measurements using gold foil activation and pin-diodes. Material and methods. When L-α-alanine is irradiated with ionizing radiation, it forms a stable radical which can be detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The value of the ESR signal correlates to the amount of absorbed dose. The dose for each pellet is calculated using FLUKA, a multipurpose Monte Carlo transport code. The pin-diode is augmented by a lithium fluoride foil. This foil converts the neutrons into alpha and tritium particles which are products of the (7)Li(n,α)(3)H-reaction. These particles are detected by the diode and their amount correlates to the neutron fluence directly. Results and discussion. Gold foil activation and the pin-diode are reliable fluence measurement systems for the TRIGA reactor, Mainz. Alanine dosimetry of the photon field and charged particle field from secondary reactions can in principle be carried out in combination with MC-calculations for mixed radiation fields and the Hansen & Olsen alanine detector response model. With the acquired data about the background dose and charged particle spectrum, and with the acquired information of the neutron flux, we are capable of calculating the dose to the tissue. Conclusion. Monte Carlo simulation of the mixed neutron and gamma field of the TRIGA Mainz is possible in order to characterize the neutron behavior in the thermal column. Currently we also 13. Feasibility study of the university of Utah TRIGA reactor power upgrade - part II: Thermohydraulics and heat transfer study in respect to cooling system requirements and design Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Babitz Philip 2013-01-01 Full Text Available The thermodynamic conditions of the University of Utah's TRIGA Reactor were simulated using SolidWorks Flow Simulation, Ansys, Fluent and PARET-ANL. The models are developed for the reactor's currently maximum operating power of 90 kW, and a few higher power levels to analyze thermohydraulics and heat transfer aspects in determining a design basis for higher power including the cost estimate. It was found that the natural convection current becomes much more pronounced at higher power levels with vortex shedding also occurring. A departure from nucleate boiling analysis showed that while nucleate boiling begins near 210 kW it remains in this state and does not approach the critical heat flux at powers up to 500 kW. Based on these studies, two upgrades are proposed for extended operation and possibly higher reactor power level. Together with the findings from Part I studies, we conclude that increase of the reactor power is highly feasible yet dependable on its purpose and associated investments. 14. Simulator of the punctual kinetics of a TRIGA Mark III nuclear reactor with diffuse control of power in a visual environment; Simulador de la cinetica puntual de un reactor nuclear TRIGA Mark III con control difuso de potencia en un ambiente visual Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Perez M, C 2004-07-01 The development of a software that simulates the punctual kinetics of a nuclear research reactor model TRIGA Mark III, generating the answers of the reactor low different algorithms of control of power is presented. The user requires a graphic interface that allows him easily interacting with the pretender. To achieve the proposed objective, first the system was modeled in open knot, not using a mathematical model of the consistent reactor in a system of ordinary differential equations lineal. For their solution in real time the numeric method of Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg was used. As second phase, it was modeled to the system in closed knot, using for it an algorithm of control of the power based on fuzzy logic. Taking into account the graphic characteristics detailed in the requirements of the system (chapter 4), it was chosen to develop the pretender the language of Visual programming Basic 6.0. The program fulfills the time of execution satisfactorily, assisting to the necessity of visualizing the behavior in real time of the reactor, and it responds from an effective way to the petitions of changes of power on the part of the user. (Author) 15. 3. world TRIGA users conference. Papers and abstracts Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2006-07-01 The Conference is focused on TRIGA reactors operation and applications. The main topics are: use of the reactor as a research tool; inspection of spent fuel elements; integrity of fuel rods cladding checks; evaluation of corrosion of aluminum-base fuel cladding materials; Pitting behavior of Aluminum alloys; Monte Carlo simulation of TRIGA: reactivity worth, burnup, flux and power; irradiation facilities; thermal hydraulics analyses etc. 16. Feasibility study of the university of Utah TRIGA reactor power upgrade - Part I: Neutronics-based study in respect to control rod system requirements and design Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ćutić Avdo 2013-01-01 Full Text Available We present a summary of extensive studies in determining the highest achievable power level of the current University of Utah TRIGA core configuration in respect to control rod requirements. Although the currently licensed University of Utah TRIGA power of 100 kW provides an excellent setting for a wide range of experiments, we investigate the possibility of increasing the power with the existing fuel elements and core structure. Thus, we have developed numerical models in combination with experimental procedures so as to assess the potential maximum University of Utah TRIGA power with the currently available control rod system and have created feasibility studies for assessing new core configurations that could provide higher core power levels. For the maximum determined power of a new University of Utah TRIGA core arrangement, a new control rod system was proposed. 17. Nuclear and radiological safety in the substitution process of the fuel HEU to LEU 30/20 in the Reactor TRIGA Mark III of the ININ; Seguridad nuclear y radiologica en el proceso de sustitucion del combustible HEU a LEU 30/20 en el Reactor TRIGA Mark III del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hernandez G, J., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2012-10-15 Inside the safety initiative in the international ambit, with the purpose of reducing the risks associated with the use of high enrichment nuclear fuels (HEU) for different proposes to the peaceful uses of the nuclear energy, Mexico contributes by means of the substitution of the high enrichment fuel HEU for low enrichment fuel LEU 30/20 in the TRIGA Mark III Reactor, belonging to Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ). The conversion process was carried out by means of the following activities: analysis of the proposed core, reception and inspection of the fuel LEU 30/20, the discharge of the fuels of the mixed reactor core, shipment of the fuels HEU fresh and irradiated to the origin country, reload activities with the fuels LEU 30/20 and parameters measurement of the core operation. In order to maintaining the personnel's integrity and infrastructure associated to the Reactor, during the whole process the measurements of nuclear and radiological safety were controlled to detail, in execution with the license requirements of the installation. This work describes the covering activities and radiological inspections more relevant, as well as the measurements of radiological control implemented with base in the estimate of the equivalent dose of the substitution process. (Author) 18. Theoretical evaluation of the production of the poisons Xe-135 and Sm-149 of the TRIGA Mark III reactor with mixed core; Evaluacion teorica de la produccion de los venenos Xe-135 y Sm-149 del reactor TRIGA Mark III con nucleo mixto Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Paredes G, L.C 1991-11-15 It was theoretically determined the accumulation of the Xe{sup 135} and Sm {sup 149} in function, of the time during a stationary state of 72 h. continuous for the reactor TRIGA Mark III to 1 MW of thermal power with mixed core. The values of negative reactivity due to these isotopes are of 2.04 dollars and 0.694 dollars to the 72 h, quantities that will have to be compensated if wants that the reactor continues working to this power. Under the same conditions but considering a core with standard fuel, it was found a value of {rho} = 1.70 dollars, resulting a difference of 0.30 dollars of negative reactivity in function of the type of analyzed core. This difference is important for the calculations of fuel management of a reactor. The concentration in balance of the xenon was reaches after an operation to constant power of 1 MW by 50 h, contrary to the samarium that reaches it balance after 3 weeks of operation starting from the initial start up and it stays constant along the useful life of the reactor while a change of fuel doesn't exist. It was obtained that for operation times greater to 60 h. at 1 MW, a peak of negative reactivity of the Xe{sup 135} is generated between the 7 and 11 h after the instantaneous shut down, with a value of 2.43 dollars, that is to say 0.39 additional dollars to those taken place during the continuous irradiation. (Author) 19. Influence of the control bars pattern on the response of the operation channels of the TRIGA Mark III reactor; Influencia del patron de barras de control sobre la respuesta de los canales de operacion del reactor TRIGA Mark III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Paredes G, L.C 1991-07-15 The local flow perturbations not generated by movements of bars not planned adequately to operate the reactor to 1 MW of thermal power, are reflected in the independent responses of the operation channels of the same one, find variations average from 17% to 30% for the channel of the power percent and of until 10% for the logarithmic channel. For the case of the lineal and percent power channels, these are between 14% and 46% as maximum when moving some of the bars. These variations can diminish until 5% in the channel of the power percent and until 3% on the average for the logarithmic one, all times when the calculated bars pattern for that irradiation considers that all the bars operate inside the lineal region of its calibration curve with approximately the same reactivity value each one and that during the operation the required reactivity compensations are carried out with the diametrically opposed bar to the irradiation installation used in that experiment. (Author) 20. Analysis of neutron flux distribution using the Monte Carlo method for the feasibility study of the Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis technique at the IPR-R1 TRIGA reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Guerra, Bruno T.; Pereira, Claubia, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (DEN/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Departmento de Energia Nuclear; Soares, Alexandre L.; Menezes, Maria Angela B.C., E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2015-07-01 The IPR-R1 is a reactor type TRIGA, Mark-I model, manufactured by the General Atomic Company and installed at Nuclear Technology Development Centre (CDTN), Brazilian Commission for Nuclear Energy (CNEN), in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It is a light water moderated and cooled, graphite-reflected, open-pool type research reactor and operates at 100 kW. It presents low power, low pressure, for application in research, training and radioisotopes production. The fuel is an alloy of zirconium hydride and uranium enriched at 20% in {sup 235}U. The implementation of the PGNAA (Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis) using this research reactor will significantly increase in number of chemical elements analysed and the kind of matrices. A project is underway in order to implement this technique at CDTN. The objective of this study was to contribute in feasibility analysis of implementing this technique. For this purpose, MCNP is being used. Some variance reduction tools in the methodology, that has been already developed, was introduced for calculating of the neutron flux in the neutron extractor inclined. The objective was to reduce the code error and thereby increasing the reliability of the results. With the implementation of the variance reduction tools, the results of the thermal and epithermal neutron fluxes presented a significant improvement in both calculations. (author) 1. Benchmarking criticality analysis of TRIGA fuel storage racks. Science.gov (United States) Robinson, Matthew Loren; DeBey, Timothy M; Higginbotham, Jack F 2017-01-01 A criticality analysis was benchmarked to sub-criticality measurements of the hexagonal fuel storage racks at the United States Geological Survey TRIGA MARK I reactor in Denver. These racks, which hold up to 19 fuel elements each, are arranged at 0.61m (2 feet) spacings around the outer edge of the reactor. A 3-dimensional model was created of the racks using MCNP5, and the model was verified experimentally by comparison to measured subcritical multiplication data collected in an approach to critical loading of two of the racks. The validated model was then used to show that in the extreme condition where the entire circumference of the pool was lined with racks loaded with used fuel the storage array is subcritical with a k value of about 0.71; well below the regulatory limit of 0.8. A model was also constructed of the rectangular 2×10 fuel storage array used in many other TRIGA reactors to validate the technique against the original TRIGA licensing sub-critical analysis performed in 1966. The fuel used in this study was standard 20% enriched (LEU) aluminum or stainless steel clad TRIGA fuel. 2. Transport of fission products with a helium gas-jet at TRIGA-SPEC Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Eibach, M., E-mail: [email protected] [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz (Germany); Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany); Beyer, T.; Blaum, K. [Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany); Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg (Germany); Block, M. [GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt (Germany); Eberhardt, K. [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz (Germany); Herfurth, F. [GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt (Germany); Geppert, C. [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt (Germany); Ketelaer, J. [Institut fuer Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128 Mainz (Germany); Ketter, J. [Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany); Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg (Germany); Kraemer, J.; Krieger, A. [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz (Germany); Knuth, K. [Institut fuer Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128 Mainz (Germany); Nagy, Sz. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, 64291 Darmstadt (Germany) 2010-02-01 A helium gas-jet system for the transport of fission products from the research reactor TRIGA Mainz has been developed, characterized and tested within the TRIGA-SPEC experiment. For the first time at TRIGA Mainz carbon aerosol particles have been used for the transport of radionuclides from a target chamber with high efficiency. The radionuclides have been identified by means of gamma-spectroscopy. Transport time, efficiency as well as the absolute number of transported radionuclides for several species have been determined. The design and the characterization of the gas-jet system are described and discussed. 3. Setup of a separator magnet and an RFQ-buncher for the TRIGA-SPEC experiment Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Beyer, T.; Blaum, K. [Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg (Germany); Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Block, M.; Herfurth, F. [GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Eberhardt, K. [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Eibach, M.; Smorra, C. [Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg (Germany); Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Ketelaer, J.; Knuth, K. [Institut fuer Physik, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Lunney, D. [CSNSM, Universite de Paris Sud, Orsay (France); Nagy, S. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Noertershaeuser, W. [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany) 2010-07-01 Precise experimental data of the ground-state properties of heavy nuclides are required to test the predictive power of nuclear mass models and to support nucleosythesis calculations of the astrophysical r-process. The TRIGA-TRAP mass spectrometer and the TRIGA-LASER laser spectroscopy setup, forming the TRIGA-SPEC experiment, were recently installed at the research reactor TRIGA Mainz in order to perform high-precision measurements of the ground state properties of short-lived neutron-rich radionuclides. The radionuclides are produced by thermal neutron-induced fission in an actinoide target inside the reactor, extracted by a gas-jet system, and ionized by an ECR ion source. The ions of interest will then be mass-separated in a 90 dipole magnet. An RFQ buncher is being installed to accumulate, cool and bunch the ion beam. The status of the implementation of the dipole magnet and the RFQ buncher is presented. 4. Survey of nuclear parameters from the TRIGA Mark I IPR R1 Brazilian reactor with concentric configuration aiming the application of K{sub 0} neutron activation technique; Levantamento de parametros nucleares do reator TRIGA Mark I IPR R1 com configuracao concentrica visando a aplicacao da tecnica de ativacao neutronica K{sub 0} Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Franco, Milton Batista 2006-07-01 This research intended to determine the nuclear parameters a, f, spectral index and neutron temperature in several irradiations positions of the TRIGA Mark 1 IPR-R1 reactor, for use on the parametric method K{sub 0} in the CDTN. K{sub 0} is a monostandard method of neutron activation analysis. It is, on the whole, experimentally simple, flexible and an important tool for accurate and convenient standardization in instrumental multi-element analysis. At the time the parameters were determined at the rotatory rack, lower layer and in the central thimble: alpha was calculated applying the three bare monitor method using {sup 197}Au, {sup 94}Zr and {sup 96}Zr; f determination was done according to the bare bi-isotopic method; neutron temperature was calculated through the direct method using {sup 176}Lu, {sup 94}Zr, {sup 96}Zr and {sup 197}Au and the Westcott's g(Tn) function for the {sup 176}Lu was calculated and the result was interpolated in the Grintakis and Kim (1975) Table, determining the neutron temperature. The procedure to check the parameters consisted in using standard solutions of Au (metal foil, NBS), Lu (LuO{sub 2}, Johnson Mattey Company - JMC) and Zr (ZrO{sub 2} and metal foil, Johnson Mattey Company 99,99% and Zry - 4: 98,14% of Zr, National Bureau of Standard- NBS). Several certified reference materials and two samples of intercomparisons (samples of sediment of the IAEA/ARCAL XXVI project) have been analysed by means of k{sub 0}- INAA in order to verify the efficiency of the method and the quality of the parameters. The certified reference materials were: GXR-2, GXR-5 and GXR-6 of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Soil-5, Soil-7 and SL-1 of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (author) 5. Assessment results of the Indonesian TRIGA SNF to be shipped to INEEL Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jefimoff, J.; Robb, A.K.; Wendt, K.M. [Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Co., Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Syarip, I. [BATAN, Yogyakarta (Indonesia); Alfa, T. [BATAN, Bandung (Indonesia) 1997-10-09 This paper describes the Training, Research, Isotope, General Atomics (TRIGA) spent nuclear fuel (SNF) examination performed by technical personnel from the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) at the Bandung and Yogyakarta research reactor facilities in Indonesia. The examination was required before the SNF would be accepted for transportation to and storage at the INEEL. This paper delineates the Initial Preparations prior to the Indonesian foreign research reactor (FRR) fuel examination. The technical basis for the examination, the TRIGA SNF Acceptance Criteria, and the physical condition required for transportation, receipt and storage of the TRIGA SNF at the INEEL is explained. In addition to the initial preparations, preparation descriptions of the Work Plan For TRIGA Fuel Examination, the Underwater Examination Equipment used, and personnel Examination Team Training are included. Finally, the Fuel Examination and Results of the aluminum and stainless steel clad TRIGA fuel examination have been summarized. Lessons learned from all the activities completed to date is provided in an addendum. The initial preparations included: (1) coordination between the INEEL, FRR or Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional (BATAN), DOE-HQ, and the US State Department and Embassy; (2) incorporating Savannah River Site (SRS) FRR experience and lessons learned; (3) collecting both FRR facility and spent fuel data, and issuing a radionuclide report (Radionuclide Mass Inventory, Activity, Decay Heat, and Dose Rate Parametric Data for TRIGA Spent Nuclear Fuels) needed for transportation and fuel acceptance at the INEEL; and (4) preexamination work at the research reactor for the fuel examination. 6. The TRIGA in virtual classroom for training; El TRIGA en aula virtual para entrenamiento Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Plata M, A. C.; Morales S, J. B.; Salazar S, E. [UNAM, DEPFI Campus Morelos, Jiutepec Morelos 62550 (Mexico)]. e-mail: [email protected] 2008-07-01 The research nuclear reactors have been fundamental part in the evolution of the nuclear power plants and they have been used in the training for the obtaining of operation licenses of radioactive facilities. For purposes of training of professionals in nuclear engineering, it is interesting to know the benefit that can be obtained by means of the virtual representation of a research nuclear reactor TRIGA, with which they are possible the practice to be realized them but common that to date they are carried out in different nuclear facilities of training throughout the world. The simulation has become a valuable tool in the personal preparation, having obtained ambient and very approximate situations to the reality. The physical models of kinetics of neutrons, heat transfer, Cherenkov effect, dynamics of the xenon, as well as the virtual instrumentation is contemplated in this development. The instrumentation and control panels of a research reactor, failures waited for in the use of this equipment, physical consequences to instruments, virtual personnel and facilities, as well as the administrative and legal aspects that it requires to meet an authorized operator, must be available and they are considered in the first virtual approach. The obtaining of the reactor time constant comprises of the mathematical model that provides to the operator of a direct way the knowledge of the changes of power. The coolant and moderator are modeled as well as the retardations that appear in the measurements and controls that can be introduced from the virtual console. In the simulator the four possible states of operation of the TRIGA can be had. At the moment also the monitoring can be realized and control in remote form, thus the control and supervision interface for the remote operation will be analyzed in their benefits and possible risks in the instruction processes. (Author) 7. Temperature feedback of TRIGA MARK-II fuel Science.gov (United States) Usang, M. D.; Minhat, M. S.; Rabir, M. H.; M. Rawi M., Z. 2016-01-01 We study the amount of temperature feedback on reactivity for the three types of TRIGA fuel i.. ST8, ST12 and LEU fuel, are used in the TRIGA MARK II reactor in Malaysia Nuclear Agency. We employ WIMSD-5B for the calculation of kin f for a single TRIGA fuel surrounded by water. Typical calculations of TRIGA fuel reactivity are usually limited to ST8 fuel, but in this paper our investigation extends to ST12 and LEU fuel. We look at the kin f of our model at various fuel temperatures and calculate the amount reactivity removed. In one instance, the water temperature is kept at room temperature of 300K to simulate sudden reactivity increase from startup. In another instance, we simulate the sudden temperature increase during normal operation where the water temperature is approximately 320K while observing the kin f at various fuel temperatures. For accidents, two cases are simulated. The first case is for water temperature at 370K and the other is without any water. We observe that the higher Uranium content fuel such as the ST12 and LEU have much smaller contribution to the reactivity in comparison to the often studied ST8 fuel. In fact the negative reactivity coefficient for LEU fuel at high temperature in water is only slightly larger to the negative reactivity coefficient for ST8 fuel in void. The performance of ST8 fuel in terms of negative reactivity coefficient is cut almost by half when it is in void. These results are essential in the safety evaluation of the reactor and should be carefully considered when choices of fuel for core reconfiguration are made. 8. Temperature feedback of TRIGA MARK-II fuel Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Usang, M. D., E-mail: [email protected]; Minhat, M. S.; Rabir, M. H.; Rawi, M. Z. M. [Malaysia Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia) 2016-01-22 We study the amount of temperature feedback on reactivity for the three types of TRIGA fuel i.. ST8, ST12 and LEU fuel, are used in the TRIGA MARK II reactor in Malaysia Nuclear Agency. We employ WIMSD-5B for the calculation of kin f for a single TRIGA fuel surrounded by water. Typical calculations of TRIGA fuel reactivity are usually limited to ST8 fuel, but in this paper our investigation extends to ST12 and LEU fuel. We look at the kin f of our model at various fuel temperatures and calculate the amount reactivity removed. In one instance, the water temperature is kept at room temperature of 300K to simulate sudden reactivity increase from startup. In another instance, we simulate the sudden temperature increase during normal operation where the water temperature is approximately 320K while observing the kin f at various fuel temperatures. For accidents, two cases are simulated. The first case is for water temperature at 370K and the other is without any water. We observe that the higher Uranium content fuel such as the ST12 and LEU have much smaller contribution to the reactivity in comparison to the often studied ST8 fuel. In fact the negative reactivity coefficient for LEU fuel at high temperature in water is only slightly larger to the negative reactivity coefficient for ST8 fuel in void. The performance of ST8 fuel in terms of negative reactivity coefficient is cut almost by half when it is in void. These results are essential in the safety evaluation of the reactor and should be carefully considered when choices of fuel for core reconfiguration are made. 9. Development of TRIGA Fuel Fabrication by Powder Technique Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) H. Suwarno 2014-12-01 Full Text Available The prospect of operation of the Indonesian TRIGA reactors may be jeopardizes in the future due to the lack of fuel and control rods. Both fuel and control rods may not longer be imported and should be developed domestically. The most specific technology to fabricate TRIGA fuel rod is the production of UZrH1.6 pellet. The steps include converting the massive U metal into powder in by hydriding-dehydriding technique and mixing the U and Zr powders. A research has been planned to conducted by the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN in Indonesia. Fixed amount of U-Zr mixed powders at the ratio of U/Zr = 10 wt% was pressed into a pellet with a diameter of 1.41 in and a thickness of 1 or 1.5 in, sintered at a temperature of 1200oC, followed by hydriding at 800oC to obtained UZrH1.6. The pellets, cladding, and other components were then fabricated into a fuel rod. A detailed discussion of the TRIGA fuel fabrication is presented in the paper. 10. PERHITUNGAN SUHU ELEMEN BAKAR REAKTOR TRIGA 2000 DALAM TABUNG SIPPING TEST MENGGUNAKAN CFD Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) K.A. Sudjatmi 2015-03-01 11. TRIGA MARK-II source term Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Usang, M. D., E-mail: [email protected]; Hamzah, N. S., E-mail: [email protected]; Abi, M. J. B., E-mail: [email protected]; Rawi, M. Z. M. Rawi, E-mail: [email protected]; Abu, M. P., E-mail: [email protected] [Bahagian Teknologi Reaktor, Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, 43000 Kajang (Malaysia) 2014-02-12 12. TRIGA MARK-II source term Science.gov (United States) Usang, M. D.; Hamzah, N. S.; J. B., Abi M.; M. Z., M. Rawi; Abu, M. P. 2014-02-01 13. Towards high-precision mass measurements of neutron-rich fission products at TRIGA-SPEC Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nagy, Szilard [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany) 2010-07-01 TRIGA-TRAP, the only Penning trap mass spectrometer worldwide at a nuclear research reactor, is installed at TRIGA Mainz as part of the TRIGA-SPEC experiment. The scientific goal is to perform high-precision mass measurements on lanthanoids, actinoids and neutron-rich fission products produced by thermal neutron induced fission of a target inside the reactor. High-precision mass data are scarce in this region of the nuclear chart, and further experimental data are needed for nuclear structure studies of heavy elements, to test the predictive power of nuclear mass models, or as input to nucleosynthesis calculations of the astrophysical r-process. Ions of certain lanthanoids and most actinoids as well as carbon clusters for calibration purposes can be routinely produced by a newly developed non-resonant laser ablation ion source, allowing off-line mass measurements. Besides fundamental research, TRIGA-TRAP serves as a test bench for the development of efficient ion detection techniques, which will enable mass measurements ultimately on a single ion with a half-life of the order of one second. To this end, a unique combination of the commonly used time-of-flight technique and the non-destructive image current detection method is realized in an on-line mass spectrometer. The first mass measurement results are reported. 14. Evaluation of the thermal neutron flux in samples of Al–Au alloy irradiated in the carrousel channels of the TRIGA MARK I IPR-R1 reactor using MCNP code Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Salomé, J.A.D.; Guerra, B.T. [Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 – PCA1 – Anexo Engenharia – Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil); Pereira, C., E-mail: [email protected] [Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 – PCA1 – Anexo Engenharia – Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil); Menezes, M.Â.B.C. de [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Campus da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 31270-901, P.O. Box 941, Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil); Silva, C.A.M. da [Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 – PCA1 – Anexo Engenharia – Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil); Dalle, H.M. [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Campus da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 31270-901, P.O. Box 941, Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2014-07-01 Highlights: • The TRIGA IPR-R1 was modelled using MCNP. • The thermal neutron flux through the samples in eleven irradiation channels was obtained. • The simulated results were compared to experimental values. • The relative error, the relative trend, the z-score test and uncertainty were analysed. - Abstract: The TRIGA IPR-R1 was modelled using MCNP. The model consists of a cylinder filled with water, fuel elements, radial reflectors, central tube, control rods and neutron source. Around the core is placed the Rotary Specimen Rack (RSR) with adequate groove to insert the samples to irradiation. The values of the thermal neutron flux through the samples in eleven irradiation channels were simulated and compared to the experimental results to validate the model. After that, the values of the thermal neutron flux, in the same channels, were simulated on two horizontal planes at different heights and compared to validate the model. These channels were characterized as representative channels of the neutron flux distribution in the RSR. To evaluate the results, the relative errors, the relative trend, the z-score test and the relevance to a confidence interval of 95% were analysed. Good agreement has been obtained for the most channels when compared with the experimental results. 15. Burn up calculations and validation by gamma scanning of a TRIGA HEU fuel Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Khan, R. [Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad (Pakistan).; Karimzadeh, S.; Boeck, H.; Villa, M.; Stummer, T. [Vienna Univ. of Technology (Austria). Atominstitut 2013-03-15 The TRIGA Mark II research reactor operated by Atominstitut (Vienna/Austria) is one of the few TRIGA reactors, which still utilizes several High Enriched Uranium (HEU) Zirconium-Hydride (U-Zr-H) fuel elements. Its current core is a completely mixed core with 3 different types of fuel elements including one HEU type with 70 % enrichment and a stainless steel cladding. The present paper calculates the burn up of the FLIP (Fuel Lifetime Improvement Program) fuel using the burn up code ORIGEN2 and validates the theoretical results by high resolution gamma spectrometry using a unique fuel scanning device (FSD) developed at the Atominstitut especially for TRIGA fuel. For this purpose a FLIP fuel element was removed from the reactor core and stored in the research reactor pool for an appropriate cooling period. The fuel element was then transferred into the fuel scanning device to determine the Cesium-137 isotope distribution along the axis of the fuel element. The comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental results is the highlight of the present paper. (orig.) 16. A gas-jet ECR ion source at TRIGA-SPEC Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Smorra, Christian; Eibach, Martin [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz (Germany); Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht Karls-Universitaet, Heidelberg (Germany); Beyer, Thomas; Blaum, Klaus [Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht Karls-Universitaet, Heidelberg (Germany); Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Block, Michael; Herfurth, Frank [GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Eberhardt, Klaus [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz (Germany); Ketelaer, Jens; Knuth, Konstantin [Institut fuer Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz (Germany); Nagy, Szilard [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Noertershaeuser, Wilfried [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany) 2010-07-01 The TRIGA-SPEC experiment has been installed recently at the research reactor TRIGA Mainz. Ground state properties like masses, charge radii, spins, and moments of short-lived nuclides can be determined with very-high precision using the Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP, and the collinear laser spectroscopy setup TRIGA-LASER. Short-lived neutron-rich radionuclides in the mass range 80 < A < 140 are produced by thermal neutron induced fission of e.g. U-235, Pu-239 or Cf-249, respectively. For the extraction and ionization of the fission products a gas-jet system is coupled to a 2.45-GHz ECR ion source for the production of singly charged ions. The gas-jet has been tested on-line and fission products have been extracted. First off-line tests of the ion source have been performed successfully with argon gas. The results of the commissioning test of the ion source and the on-line coupling of the experiments are presented. 17. Repurposing an irradiated instrumented TRIGA fuel element for regular use Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Oliveira, Paulo F.; Souza, Luiz C.A., E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2015-07-01 TRIGA IPR-R1 is a research reactor also used for training and radioisotope production, located at the Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear da Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear (Nuclear Technology Development Centre, Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission - CDTN/CNEN). Its first criticality occurred in November 1960. All original fuel elements were aluminum-clad. In 1971 nine new fuel elements, stainless steel-clad were acquired. One of them was an instrumented fuel element (IFE), equipped with 3 thermocouples. The IFE was introduced into the core only on August 2004, and remained there until July 2007. It was removed from the core after the severing of contacts between the thermocouples and their extension cables. After an unsuccessful attempt to recover electrical access to the thermocouples the IFE was transferred from the reactor pool to an auxiliary spent fuel storage well, with water, in the reactor room. In December 2011 the IFE was transferred to an identical well, dry, where it remains so far. This work is a proposal for recovery of this instrumented fuel element, by removing the cable guide rod and adaptation of a superior terminal plug similar to conventional fuel elements. This will enable its handling through the same tool used for regular fuel elements and its return to the reactor core. This is a delicate intervention in terms of radiological protection, and will require special care to minimize the exposure of operators. (author) 18. Radiochemical measurement of neutron-spectrum averaged cross sections for the formation of {sup 64}Cu and {sup 67}Cu via the (n,p) reaction at a TRIGA Mark-II reactor. Feasibility of simultaneous production of the theragnostic pair {sup 64}Cu/{sup 67}Cu Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Uddin, M. Shuza; Hossain, Syed Mohammod [Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka (Bangladesh). Inst. of Nuclear Science and Technology; Rumman-uz-Zaman, M. [Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka (Bangladesh). Inst. of Nuclear Science and Technology; Dhaka Univ. (Bangladesh). Dept. of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qaim, Syed M. [Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH (Germany). Inst. fuer Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-5) - Nuklearchemie 2014-09-01 Integral cross sections of the {sup 64}Zn(n,p){sup 64}Cu and {sup 67}Zn(n,p){sup 67}Cu reactions were measured for the fast neutron spectrum of TRIGA Mark-II reactor at Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A clean radiochemical separation was performed to isolate the copper radionuclides from the target element zinc. The radioactivities produced in the irradiation were measured by HPGe γ-ray spectroscopy. The neutron flux over the energy range 0.5-20 MeV was determined using the {sup 58}Ni(n,p){sup 58}Co monitor reaction. The measured results amount to 28.9 ± 2.0 mb and 0.84 ± 0.07 mb for the formation of {sup 64}Cu and {sup 67}Cu, respectively. These values are slightly lower than the respective values for a pure fission spectrum. The present results were compared with data calculated using the neutron spectral distribution and the recently critically analysed excitation function of each reaction given in the literature. The good agreement validates the reliability of those excitation functions. The feasibility of simultaneous production of {sup 64}Cu and {sup 67}Cu with fast neutrons is discussed. (orig.) 19. Fuel Management Strategies for a Possible Future LEU Core of a TRIGA Mark II Vienna Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Khan, R.; Villa, M.; Steinhauser, G.; Boeck, H. [Vienna University of Technology-Atominstitut (Austria) 2011-07-01 The Vienna University of Technology/Atominstitut (VUT/ATI) operates a TRIGA Mark II research reactor. It is operated with a completely mixed core of three different types of fuel. Due to the US fuel return program, the ATI have to return its High Enriched Uranium (HEU) fuel latest by 2019. As an alternate, the Low Enrich Uranium (LEU) fuel is under consideration. The detailed results of the core conversion study are presented at the RRFM 2011 conference. This paper describes the burn up calculations of the new fuel to predict the future burn up behavior and core life time. It also develops an effective and optimized fuel management strategy for a possible future operation of the TRIGA Mark II with a LEU core. This work is performed by the combination of MCNP5 and diffusion based neutronics code TRIGLAV. (author) 20. Broad-band FT-ICR detection at the Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Knuth, Konstantin; Eibach, Martin; Ketelaer, Jens; Ketter, Jochen; Sturm, Sven [Institut fuer Physik, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Blaum, Klaus [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg Heidelberg (Germany); Block, Michael; Herfurth, Frank [GSI, Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt (Germany); Eberhardt, Klaus [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Nagy, Szilard [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Repp, Julia [Institut fuer Physik, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Smorra, Christian [Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg Heidelberg (Germany); Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Ulmer, Stefan [Institut fuer Physik, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg Heidelberg (Germany) 2009-07-01 The double Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP will perform high-precision mass measurements on exotic neutron-rich nuclides, which are produced via neutron-induced fission of actinide targets at the research reactor TRIGA Mainz. In order to determine which ion species are present in the ion bunch delivered to the Penning trap system, a non-destructive ion detection technique will be implemented in the cylindrical purification trap. This so called broad-band Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) detection technique is based on the detection of image currents, induced by the ions in the trap electrodes. To this end, a new cryogenic low-noise broad-band amplifier is being designed and tested. With this system the identification of contaminations will be possible without the need to eject ions from the trap as usually done at other facilities. The setup as well as its present status are presented. 1. Reactors CERN Document Server International Electrotechnical Commission. Geneva 1988-01-01 This standard applies to the following types of reactors: shunt reactors, current-limiting reactors including neutral-earthing reactors, damping reactors, tuning (filter) reactors, earthing transformers (neutral couplers), arc-suppression reactors, smoothing reactors, with the exception of the following reactors: small reactors with a rating generally less than 2 kvar single-phase and 10 kvar three-phase, reactors for special purposes such as high-frequency line traps or reactors mounted on rolling stock. 2. NFR TRIGA package design review report Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Clements, M.D. 1994-08-26 The purpose of this document is to compile, present and document the formal design review of the NRF TRIGA packaging. The contents of this document include: the briefing meeting presentations, package description, design calculations, package review drawings, meeting minutes, action item lists, review comment records, final resolutions, and released drawings. This design review required more than two meeting to resolve comments. Therefore, there are three meeting minutes and two action item lists. 3. Gamma spectrometry inspection of TRIGA MARK II fuel using caesium isotopes Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Karimzadeh, S., E-mail: [email protected] [Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics (ATI), Stadionallee 2, A-1020 Vienna (Austria); Khan, R.; Boeck, H. [Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Atomic and Subatomic Physics (ATI), Stadionallee 2, A-1020 Vienna (Austria) 2011-01-15 Research highlights: Cs isotopes are the best choices for the burn up determination of spent fuel. Gamma spectrometer calibration using MCNP5. Cs-ratio can be applied by relative calibration method. - Abstract: Gamma spectrometry is one of the common methods to inspect the spent fuel from research reactors. This method has been applied to in-pool measurements of the Spent Fuel Elements (SPEs) of the TRIGA Mark II research reactor. Due to mixed nature of the reactor core and complicated irradiation history of the fuel elements (FEs), the gamma spectrometry of the FE establishes improvements in the calculation and measurement of the SPE. In order to inspect the TRIGA SPE from dry storage and cooled fuel from the reactor pool, the selected spend fuels are scanned and measured using the fuel-scanning machine. Gamma spectrometry is performed by HPGe detector for spend fuel inspection and determination of the {sup 137}Cs activity and {sup 134}Cs/{sup 137}Cs ratio. In this work, the steps of the detector calibration and the use of the Monte Carlo radiation transport code (MCNP5) have been described. In addition, the fuel-scanning machine and the gamma spectrometer are modelled by MCNP5 to simulate the gamma transport from fuel to detector. It also simulate the gamma spectrometer calibration for the burn up determination of the spend fuel. The results from MCNP5 simulation are applied to spectroscopic measurements and compared with the theoretical predictions of the neutronics code ORIGEN2 in this research work. 4. Neutronic parameters characterization of the TRIGA IPR-R1 using scale 6.0 (KENO VI) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Faria, Victor; Miro, Rafael; Verdu, Gumersindo; Barrachina, Teresa [Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Universitat Politecnica de València (Spain); Silva, Clarysson A. Mello da; Pereira, Claubia [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear; Dalle, Hugo Moura [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2011-07-01 KENO-VI is a Monte Carlo based transport code used to obtain the criticality of a nuclear system. A model built using this code in the SCALE6.0 software system was developed for the characterization of neutronic parameters of the IPR-R1 TRIGA research reactor. A comparison with experimental values and those calculated with a MCNP code model could be then attained with the purpose to validate this methodology. (author) 5. PENGARUH NILAI BAKAR TERHADAP INTEGRITAS KELONGSONG ELEMEN BAKAR TRIGA 2000 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) K.A. Sudjatmi 2015-04-01 6. Enrichment measurement in TRIGA type fuels; Medicion de enriquecimiento en combustibles tipo Triga Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Aguilar H, F.; Mazon R, R. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2001-05-15 The Department of Energy of the United States of North America, through the program 'Idaho Operations Nuclear Spent Fuel Program' of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), in Idaho Falls; Idaho USA, hires to Global Technologies Inc. (GTI) to develop a prototype device of detection enrichment uranium (DEU Detection of Enrichment of Uranium) to determine quantitatively the enrichment in remainder U-235 in a TRIGA fuel element at the end of it useful life. The characteristics of the prototype developed by GTI are the following ones: It allows to carry out no-destructive measurements of TRIGA type fuel. Easily transportable due to that reduced of it size. The determination of the enrichment (in grams of U-235) it is obtained with a precision of 5%. The National Institute of Nuclear Research (ININ), in its facilities of the Nuclear Center of Mexico, it has TRIGA type fuel of high and low enrichment (standard and FLIP) fresh and with burnt, it also has the infrastructure (hot cells, armor-plating of transport, etc) and qualified personnel to carry out the necessary maneuvers to prove the operation of the DEU prototype. For this its would be used standard type fuel elements and FLIP, so much fresh as with certain burnt one. In the case of the fresh fuels the measurement doesn't represent any risk, the fuels before and after the measurement its don't contain a quantity of fission products that its represent a radiological risk in its manipulation; but in the case of the fuels with burnt the handling of the same ones represents an important radiological risk reason why for its manipulation it was used the transport armor-plating and the hot cells. (Author) 7. Transient cases analyses of the TRIGA IPR-R1 using thermal hydraulic and neutron kinetic coupled codes Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Reis, Patricia A.L.; Costa, Antonella L.; Pereira, Claubia; Veloso, Maria A.F.; Scari, Maria E., E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil). Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias e Tecnologia de Reatores Nucleares Inovadores (INCT/CNPq), Belo Horizonte (Brazil); Miro, Rafael; Verdu, Gumersindo, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain). Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica y Nuclear 2015-07-01 Simulations and analyses of nuclear reactors have been improved by utilization of coupled thermal-hydraulic (TH) and neutron kinetics (NK) system codes especially to simulate transients that involve strong feedback effects between NK and TH. The TH-NK coupling technique was initially developed and used to simulate the behavior of power reactors; however, several coupling methodologies are now being applied for research reactors. This work presents the coupling methodology application between RELAP5 and PARCS codes using as a model the TRIGA IPR-R1 research reactor. Analyses of steady state and transient conditions and comparisons with results from simulations using only the RELAP5 code are being presented in this paper. (author) 8. Irradiation facility at the TRIGA Mainz for treatment of liver metastases. Science.gov (United States) Hampel, G; Wortmann, B; Blaickner, M; Knorr, J; Kratz, J V; Lizón Aguilar, A; Minouchehr, S; Nagels, S; Otto, G; Schmidberger, H; Schütz, C; Vogtländer, L 2009-07-01 The TRIGA Mark II reactor at the University of Mainz provides ideal conditions for duplicating BNCT treatment as performed in Pavia, Italy, in 2001 and 2003 [Pinelli, T., Zonta, A., Altieri, S., Barni, S., Braghieri, A., Pedroni, P., Bruschi, P., Chiari, P., Ferrari, C., Fossati, F., Nano, R., Ngnitejeu Tata, S., Prati, U., Ricevuti, G., Roveda, L., Zonta, C., 2002. TAOrMINA: from the first idea to the application to the human liver. In: Sauerwein et al. (Eds.), Research and Development in Neutron Capture Therapy. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Neutron Capture Therapy, Monduzzi editore, Bologna, pp. 1065-1072]. In order to determine the optimal parameters for the planned therapy and therefore for the design of the thermal column, calculations were conducted using the MCNP-code and the transport code ATTILA. The results of the parameter study as well as a possible configuration for the irradiation of the liver are presented. 9. Irradiation facility at the TRIGA Mainz for treatment of liver metastases Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hampel, G. [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz (Germany)], E-mail: [email protected]; Wortmann, B. [Evonik Energy Services GmbH Essen, Ruettenscheider Str. 1-3, D-45128 Essen (Germany); Blaickner, M. [Austrian Research Centers, 2444 Seibersdorf (Austria); Knorr, J. [TU Dresden, Institut fuer Energietechnik, D-01062 Dresden (Germany); Kratz, J.V. [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz (Germany); Lizon Aguilar, A. [Evonik Energy Services GmbH Essen, Ruettenscheider Str. 1-3, D-45128 Essen (Germany); Minouchehr, S. [Transplantationschirurgie, Universitaetsklinikum Mainz, D-55131 Mainz (Germany); Nagels, S. [Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Institut fuer Strahlenforschung (ISF), Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe (Germany); Otto, G. [Transplantationschirurgie, Universitaetsklinikum Mainz, D-55131 Mainz (Germany); Schmidberger, H. [Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie, Universitaetsklinikum Mainz, D-55131 Mainz (Germany); Schuetz, C.; Vogtlaender, L. [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz (Germany) 2009-07-15 The TRIGA Mark II reactor at University of Mainz provides ideal conditions for duplicating BNCT treatment as performed in Pavia, Italy, in 2001 and 2003 [Pinelli, T., Zonta, A., Altieri, S., Barni, S., Braghieri, A., Pedroni, P., Bruschi, P., Chiari, P., Ferrari, C., Fossati, F., Nano, R., Ngnitejeu Tata, S., Prati, U., Ricevuti, G., Roveda, L., Zonta, C., 2002. TAOrMINA: from the first idea to the application to the human liver. In: Sauerwein et al. (Eds.), Research and Development in Neutron Capture Therapy. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Neutron Capture Therapy, Monduzzi editore, Bologna, pp. 1065-1072]. In order to determine the optimal parameters for the planned therapy and therefore for the design of the thermal column, calculations were conducted using the MCNP-code and the transport code ATTILA. The results of the parameter study as well as a possible configuration for the irradiation of the liver are presented. 10. High Temperature Fuel Cladding Chemical Interactions Between TRIGA Fuels and 304 Stainless Steel Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Perez, Emmanuel [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Keiser, Jr., Dennis D. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Forsmann, Bryan [Boise State Univ., ID (United States); Janney, Dawn E. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Henley, Jody [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Woolstenhulme, Eric C. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States) 2016-02-01 High-temperature fuel-cladding chemical interactions (FCCI) between TRIGA (Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics) fuel elements and the 304 stainless steel (304SS) are of interest to develop an understanding of the fuel behavior during transient reactor scenarios. TRIGA fuels are composed of uranium (U) particles dispersed in a zirconium-hydride (Zr-H) matrix. In reactor, the fuel is encased in 304-stainless-steel (304SS) or Incoloy 800 clad tubes. At high temperatures, the fuel can readily interact with the cladding, resulting in FCCI. A number of FCCI can take place in this system. Interactions can be expected between the cladding and the Zr-H matrix, and/or between the cladding and the U-particles. Other interactions may be expected between the Zr-H matrix and the U-particles. Furthermore, the fuel contains erbium-oxide (Er-O) additions. Interactions can also be expected between the Er-O, the cladding, the Zr-H and the U-particles. The overall result is that very complex interactions may take place as a result of fuel and cladding exposures to high temperatures. This report discusses the characterization of the baseline fuel microstructure in the as-received state (prior to exposure to high temperature), characterization of the fuel after annealing at 950C for 24 hours and the results from diffusion couple experiments carries out at 1000C for 5 and 24 hours. Characterization was carried out via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with sample preparation via focused ion beam in situ-liftout-technique. 11. Power Control Method for Research Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Baang, Dane; Suh, Yongsuk; Park, Cheol [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of) 2015-05-15 Considering safety-oriented design concept and other control environment, we developed a simple controller that provides limiting function of power change- rate as well as fine tracking performance. The design result has been well-proven via simulation and actual application to a TRIGA-II type research reactor. The proposed controller is designed to track the PDM(Power Demand) from operator input as long as maintaining the power change rate lower than a certain value for stable reactor operation. A power control method for a TRIGA-II type research reactor has been designed, simulated, and applied to actual reactor. The control performance during commissioning test shows that the proposed controller provides fine control performance for various changes in reference values (PDM), even though there is large measurement noise from neutron detectors. The overshoot at low power level is acceptable in a sense of reactor operation. 12. Installation and operation of a radio-frequency quadrupole cooler and buncher and offline commissioning of the TRIGA-SPEC ion beam preparation transfer line Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Beyer, Thomas 2014-11-26 The dominant fraction of elements heavier than iron was created in stellar nucleosynthesis by neutron-capture reactions. The isotopic compositions of these elements are the fingerprints of the involved processes, and a huge amount of experimental data on these isotopes is required to support corresponding astrophysical calculations and models. The TRIGA-SPEC experiment aims to contribute to these data by the measurement of ground-state properties of neutron-rich heavy nuclides. It consists of the Penning-trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP for the determination of masses, Q-values and binding energies, and the collinear laser spectroscopy setup TRIGALASER for the determination of charge radii, nuclear spins, and moments. The nuclides of interest are produced by neutron-induced fission of an actinide target inside the research reactor TRIGA Mainz and ionized in an online ion source. In the context of this thesis, the two experiments were coupled to the reactor, completing the ion beam preparation transfer line. This included the implementation and commissioning of a radio-frequency quadrupole for the emittance reduction and accumulation of the ions. The functionality of the ion beam preparation was verified by successful test measurements of stable nuclides produced in the online ion source. 13. Three-dimensional modeling and virtual TRIGA reconfigure for specialized training; Modelado 3D y TRIGA virtual reconfigurable para entrenamiento especializado Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Plata M, A. C.; Morales S, J. B.; Flores, M. [Facultad de Ingenieria, Division de Estudios de Posgrado, Campus Morelos, UNAM, Paseo Cuauhnahuac 8532, Col. Progreso, 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos (Mexico)], e-mail: [email protected] 2009-10-15 The news products that have been realized for the training virtual room which is developing in the Engineering Faculty of National Autonomous University of Mexico are presented. These improvements are mainly in modeling of virtual reality of the reactor building, as well as internal parts of reactor. It was modified the dynamic modeling of control rods of reaction in chain and included new elements to reactor. which exist not necessarily in all the TRIGA, but that, for educational purposes are highly useful. Such is the case of addition of valves, pumps, tanks, injection lines of light or borated water, as well as a heat exchanger, with it can recycle only pool water from side to other, or to extract energy toward a secondary controller from the operator console. The models of heat decay were included, of subcooled and nucleated boiling of coolant-moderator in the core, the dynamics of xenon and samarium. These last with independent multipliers of simulation time to allow variations very fast that real time. All these additions modify the coolant-moderator characteristics and consequently the answer of simulator. The controls are separated in: an operator console (student) very similar to the real systems, another of instructor that has additional access to parameters not directly measurement in the facilities but that allow to modify the system to illustrate another not easily possible effects in the real system. The traveling crane is also modeled and is controlled in a third console from where can to replacement to reactor as well as to add or to replacement: intakes and discharges of coolant circulators, measuring instruments, reflectors and neutron sources. The dynamic models have been tested in SCILAB and SCICOS. At present is working in the integration of the dynamic simulator and the virtual reality mainly with the design requirement of allowing functions of increased reality. (Author) 14. PENGARUH NILAI BAKAR TERHADAP INTEGRITAS KELONGSONG ELEMEN BAKAR TRIGA 2000 OpenAIRE K.A. Sudjatmi 2015-01-01 Bentuk elemen bakar reaktor TRIGA Bandung adalah silinder padat yang merupakan campuran homogen paduan uranium dan zirkonium hidrida. Pada saat reaktor beroperasi, suhu elemen bakar akan bertambah, akibatnya akan menaikan tekanan gas-gas yang ada di dalam kelongsong elemen bakar. Tekanan gas yang timbul dalam kelongsong elemen bakar merupakan penjumlahan tiga komponen tekanan yaitu tekanan akibat udara yang terperangkap antara kelongsong dengan bahan bakar, tekanan oleh gas hasil fisi yang te... 15. The rehabilitation/upgrading of Philippine Research Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Renato, T. Banaga [Philippines Nuclear Research Inst., Quezon (Philippines) 1998-10-01 The Philippine Research Reactor (PRR-1) is the only research reactor in the Philippines. It was acquired through the Bilateral Agreement with the United States of America. The General Electric (G.E.) supplied PRR-1 first become operational in 1963 and used MTR plate type fuel. The original one-megawatt G.E. reactor was shutdown and converted into a 3 MW TRIGA PULSING REACTOR in 1984. The conversion includes the upgrading of the cooling system, replacement of new reactor coolant pumps, heat exchanger, cooling tower, replacement of new nuclear instrumentation and standard TRIGA console, TRIGA fuel supplied by General Atomic (G.A.). Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) provided the old reactor, did the detailed design of the new cooling system, provided the new non-nuclear instrumentation and electrical power supply system and performed all construction, installation and modification work on site. The TRIGA conversion fuel is contained in a shrouded 4-rod cluster which fit into the original grid plate. The new fuel is a E{sub 1}-U-Z{sub 1}-H{sub 1.6} TRIGA fuel, has a 20% wt Uranium loading with 19.7% U-235 enrichment and about 0.5 wt % Erbium. The Start-up, calibration and Demonstration of Pulsing and Full Power Operation were completed during a three week start-up phase which were performed last March 1968. A few days after, a leak in the pool liner was discovered. The reactor was shutdown again for repair and up to present the reactor is still in the process of rehabilitation. This paper will describe the rehabilitation/upgrading done on the PRR-1 since 1988 up to present. (author) 16. The construction of TRIGA-TRAP and direct high-precision Penning trap mass measurements on rare-earth elements and americium Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ketelaer, Jens 2010-06-14 The construction of TRIGA-TRAP and direct high-precision Penning trap mass measurements on rare-earth elements and americium: Nuclear masses are an important quantity to study nuclear structure since they reflect the sum of all nucleonic interactions. Many experimental possibilities exist to precisely measure masses, out of which the Penning trap is the tool to reach the highest precision. Moreover, absolute mass measurements can be performed using carbon, the atomic-mass standard, as a reference. The new double-Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP has been installed and commissioned within this thesis work, which is the very first experimental setup of this kind located at a nuclear reactor. New technical developments have been carried out such as a reliable non-resonant laser ablation ion source for the production of carbon cluster ions and are still continued, like a non-destructive ion detection technique for single-ion measurements. Neutron-rich fission products will be available by the reactor that are important for nuclear astrophysics, especially the r-process. Prior to the on-line coupling to the reactor, TRIGA-TRAP already performed off-line mass measurements on stable and long-lived isotopes and will continue this program. The main focus within this thesis was on certain rare-earth nuclides in the well-established region of deformation around N {proportional_to} 90. Another field of interest are mass measurements on actinoids to test mass models and to provide direct links to the mass standard. Within this thesis, the mass of {sup 241}Am could be measured directly for the first time. (orig.) 17. Role of research reactors for nuclear power program in Indonesia Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Soentono, S.; Arbie, B. [National Atomic Energy Agency, Batan (Indonesia) 1994-12-31 The main objectives of nuclear development program in Indonesia are to master nuclear science and technology, as well as to utilise peaceful uses of nuclear know-how, aiming at stepwisely socioeconomic development. A Triga Mark II, previously of 250 kW, reactor in Bandung has been in operation since 1965 and its design power has been increased to 1000 kW in 1972. Using core grid of the Triga 250 kW, BATAN designed and constructed the Kartini Reactor in Yogyakarta which started its operation in 1979. Both of these Triga reactors have served a wide spectrum of utilisation, such as training of manpower in nuclear engineering as well as radiochemistry, isotope production and beam research activities in solid state physics. In order to support the nuclear power development program in general and to suffice the reactor experiments further, simultaneously meeting the ever increasing demand for radioisotope, the third reactor, a multipurpose reactor of 30 MW called GA. Siwabessy (RSG-GAS) has been in operation since 1987 at Serpong near Jakarta. Each of these reactors has strong cooperation with Universities, namely the Bandung Institute of Technology at Bandung, the Gadjah Mada University at Yogyakarta, and the Indonesia University at Jakarta and has facilitated the man power development required. The role of these reactors, especially the multipurpose GA. Siwabessy reactor, as essential tools in nuclear power program are described including the experience gained during preproject, construction and commissioning, as well as through their operation, maintenance and utilisation. 18. Reactor Science.gov (United States) Evans, Robert M. 1976-10-05 1. A neutronic reactor having a moderator, coolant tubes traversing the moderator from an inlet end to an outlet end, bodies of material fissionable by neutrons of thermal energy disposed within the coolant tubes, and means for circulating water through said coolant tubes characterized by the improved construction wherein the coolant tubes are constructed of aluminum having an outer diameter of 1.729 inches and a wall thickness of 0.059 inch, and the means for circulating a liquid coolant through the tubes includes a source of water at a pressure of approximately 350 pounds per square inch connected to the inlet end of the tubes, and said construction including a pressure reducing orifice disposed at the inlet ends of the tubes reducing the pressure of the water by approximately 150 pounds per square inch. 19. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy at the TRIGA Mark II of Pavia, Italy - The BNCT of the diffuse tumours Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Altieri, S.; Bortolussi, S.; Stella, S.; Bruschi, P.; Gadan, M.A. [University of Pavia (Italy); INFN - National Institute for Nuclear Physics, of Pavia (Italy) 2008-10-29 The selectivity based on the B distribution rather than on the irradiation field makes Boron neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) a valid option for the treatment of the disseminated tumours. As the range of the high LET particles is shorter than a cell diameter, the normal cells around the tumour are not damaged by the reactions occurring in the tumoral cells. PAVIA 2001: first treatment of multiple hepatic metastases from colon ca by BNCT and auto-transplantation technique: TAOrMINA project. The liver was extracted after BPA infusion, irradiated in the Thermal Column of the Pavia TRIGA Mark II reactor, and re-implanted in the patient. Two patients were treated, demonstrating the feasibility of the therapy and the efficacy in destroying the tumoral nodules sparing the healthy tissues. In the last years, the possibility of applying BNCT to the lung tumours using epithermal collimated neutron beams and without explanting the organ, is being explored. The principal obtained results of the BNCT research are presented, with particular emphasis on the following aspects: a) the project of a new thermal column configuration to make the thermal neutron flux more uniform inside the explanted liver, b) the Monte Carlo study by means of the MCNP code of the thermal neutron flux distribution inside a patient's thorax irradiated with epithermal neutrons, and c) the measurement of the boron concentration in tissues by (n,{alpha}) spectroscopy and neutron autoradiography. The dose distribution in the thorax are simulated using MCNP and the anthropomorphic model ADAM. To have a good thermal flux distribution inside the lung epithermal neutrons must be used, which thermalize crossing the first tissue layers. Thermal neutrons do not penetrate and the obtained uniformity is poor. In the future, the construction of a PGNAA facility using a horizontal channel of the TRIGA Mark II is planned. With this method the B concentration can be measured also in liquid samples (blood, urine) and 20. Ion cyclotron resonance detection techniques at TRIGA-TRAP Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Knuth, K.; Eberhardt, K.; Ketelaer, J. [Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz (Germany); Beyer, T.; Blaum, K. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet, Heidelberg (Germany); Block, M.; Herfurth, F. [GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Eibach, M.; Smorra, C. [Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz (Germany); Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet, Heidelberg (Germany); Nagy, S. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany) 2010-07-01 In Penning trap mass spectrometry the mass of stored ions is obtained via a determination of the cyclotron frequency ({nu}{sub c}=qB/(2 {pi} m)), for which two different techniques are available. The destructive time-of-flight ion cyclotron resonance (TOF-ICR) technique, based on the measurement of the flight time of excited ions, is the established method for measurements on short-lived radionuclides. It is not ideally suited for rarely produced ion species, since typically some hundred ions are required for a single resonance spectrum. At the Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP therefore a non-destructive narrow-band Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) detection system is being developed. It is based on the detection of the image currents induced by the stored ions in the trap electrodes and will ultimately reach single ion sensitivity. TRIGA-TRAP also features broad-band FT-ICR detection for the coarse identification of the trap content. Additionally, the TOF-ICR detection system has been recently improved to utilize the Ramsey excitation technique to gain in precision, and the position information of the ion impact to further suppress background events in the final time-of-flight spectrum. 1. Non-destructive ion detection at TRIGA-TRAP Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Eibach, Martin; Smorra, Christian [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg (Germany); Beyer, Thomas; Ketter, Jochen; Blaum, Klaus [Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg (Germany); Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Block, Michael; Herfurth, Frank [GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Eberhardt, Klaus [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Ketelaer, Jens; Knuth, Konstantin [Institut fuer Physik, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Nagy, Szilard [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany) 2010-07-01 Tests of nuclear mass models, studies of the nuclear structure of heavy elements and calculations of the astrophysical r-process require high precision atomic mass data. For this purpose the double Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP has recently been set up in order to explore the less-known neutron-rich area of the nuclide chart. Certain nuclides of interest are produced by thermal neutron-induced fission of an actinoide target with low rates, in the order of a few nuclides per second or less. Thus, the implementation of very efficient means of detection are necessary, such as the non-destructive Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) technique where ultimately a single trapped ion, with a half-life of longer than one second is sufficient for the entire mass measurement. The present status of the implementation of the FT-ICR detection at TRIGA-TRAP is presented. The potential benefit for other experiments is discussed. Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) John D. Bess 2014-03-01 The neutron radiography (NRAD) reactor is a 250 kW TRIGA (registered) (Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics) Mark II , tank-type research reactor currently located in the basement, below the main hot cell, of the Hot Fuel Examination Facility (HFEF) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). It is equipped with two beam tubes with separate radiography stations for the performance of neutron radiography irradiation on small test components. The interim critical configuration developed during the core upgrade, which contains only 62 fuel elements, has been evaluated as an acceptable benchmark experiment. The final 64-fuel-element operational core configuration of the NRAD LEU TRIGA reactor has also been evaluated as an acceptable benchmark experiment. Calculated eigenvalues differ significantly (approximately +/-1%) from the benchmark eigenvalue and have demonstrated sensitivity to the thermal scattering treatment of hydrogen in the U-Er-Zr-H fuel. 3. Nuclear research reactors in Brazil Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cota, Anna Paula Leite; Mesquita, Amir Zacarias, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2011-07-01 The rising concerns about global warming and energy security have spurred a revival of interest in nuclear energy, giving birth to a 'nuclear power renaissance' in several countries in the world. Particularly in Brazil, in the recent years, the nuclear power renaissance can be seen in the actions that comprise its nuclear program, summarily the increase of the investments in nuclear research institutes and the government target to design and build the Brazilian Multipurpose research Reactor (BMR). In the last 50 years, Brazilian research reactors have been used for training, for producing radioisotopes to meet demands in industry and nuclear medicine, for miscellaneous irradiation services and for academic research. Moreover, the research reactors are used as laboratories to develop technologies in power reactors, which are evaluated today at around 450 worldwide. In this application, those reactors become more viable in relation to power reactors by the lowest cost, by the operation at low temperatures and, furthermore, by lower demand for nuclear fuel. In Brazil, four research reactors were installed: the IEA-R1 and the MB-01 reactors, both at the Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas Nucleares (IPEN, Sao Paulo); the Argonauta, at the Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear (IEN, Rio de Janeiro) and the IPR-R1 TRIGA reactor, at the Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN, Belo Horizonte). The present paper intends to enumerate the characteristics of these reactors, their utilization and current academic research. Therefore, through this paper, we intend to collaborate on the BMR project. (author) 4. Carbon cluster mass calibration at the double Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Smorra, Christian [Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg (Germany); Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Blaum, Klaus [Physikalisches Institut, Universitaet Heidelberg (Germany); Max-Planck Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany); Eberhardt, Klaus [Institut fuer Kernchemie, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Eibach, Martin; Ketelaer, Jens; Ketter, Jochen; Knuth, Konstantin [Institut fuer Physik, Universitaet Mainz (Germany); Herfurth, Frank [GSI, Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany); Nagy, Szilard [Max-Planck Institut fuer Kernphysik, Heidelberg (Germany) 2009-07-01 TRIGA-TRAP is a facility which aims for mass measurements on neutron-rich short-lived fission products and actinides with relative mass uncertainties of 10{sup -7} and below. To this end the cyclotron frequency of a stored ion in a Penning trap is determined. In high-precision mass spectrometry the investigation of systematic errors is of utmost importance. In order to demonstrate the accuracy of the measured values, various carbon cluster ions have been used in cross reference measurements. The results are presented and the accuracy limit of TRIGA-TRAP is discussed. 5. Development of a research nuclear reactor simulator using LABVIEW® Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lage, Aldo Marcio Fonseca; Mesquita, Amir Zacarias; Pinto, Antonio Juscelino; Souza, Luiz Claudio Andrade [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2015-07-01 The International Atomic Energy Agency recommends the use of safety and friendly interfaces for monitoring and controlling the operational parameters of the nuclear reactors. The most important variable in the nuclear reactors control is the power released by fission of the fuel in the core which is directly proportional to neutron flux. It was developed a digital system to simulate the neutron evolution flux and monitoring their interaction on the other operational parameters. The control objective is to bring the reactor power from its source level (mW) to a few W. It is intended for education of basic reactor neutronic principles such as the multiplication factor, criticality, reactivity, period, delayed neutron and control by rods. The 250 kW IPR-R1 TRIGA research reactor at Nuclear Technology Development Center - CDTN (Belo Horizonte/Brazil) was used as reference. TRIGA reactors, developed by General Atomics (GA), are the most widely used research reactor in the world. They are cooled by light water under natural convection and are characterized by being inherently safety. The simulation system was developed using the LabVIEW® (Laboratory Virtual Instruments Engineering Workbench) software, considering the modern concept of virtual instruments (VI's). The main purpose of the system is to provide to analyze the behavior, and the tendency of some processes that occur in the reactor using a user-friendly operator interface. The TRIGA simulator system will allow the study of parameters, which affect the reactor operation, without the necessity of using the facility.(author) 6. Activities for extending the lifetime of MINT research reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bokhari, Adnan; Kassim, Mohammad Suhaimi [Malaysian Inst. for Nuclear Technology Research (MINT), Bangi, Kajang (Malaysia) 1998-10-01 MINT TRIGA Reactor is a 1-MW swimming pool nuclear reactor commissioned in June 1982. Since then, it has been used for research, isotope production, neutron activation, neutron radiography and manpower training. The total operating time till the end on September 1997 is 16968 hours with cumulative total energy release of 11188 MW-hours. After more than fifteen years of successful operation, some deterioration in components and associated systems has been observed. This paper describes some of the activities carried out to increase the lifetime and to reduce the shutdown time of the reactor. (author) 7. TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor simulation using Monte Carlo transport methods OpenAIRE Hugo Moura Dalle 2005-01-01 Resumo: A utilização do método Monte Carlo na simulação do transporte de partículas em reatores nucleares é crescente e constitui uma tendência mundial. O maior inconveniente dessa técnica, a grande exigência de capacidade de processamento, vem sendo superado pelo contínuo desenvolvimento de processadores cada vez mais rápidos. Esse contexto permitiu o desenvolvimento de metodologias de cálculo neutrônico de reatores nas quais se acopla a parte do transporte de partículas, feita com um código... 8. 77 FR 42771 - License Renewal for the Dow Chemical TRIGA Research Reactor Science.gov (United States) 2012-07-20 ... opportunities to conduct neutron activation analysis, isotope production, neutron radiography, and irradiation... Chemical Company has entered into a contract with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that provides that... building and into the environment. The licensee conservatively calculated doses to facility personnel... 9. Epithermal neutron beam for BNCT research at the Washington State University TRIGA research reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nigg, D.W.; Venhuizen, J.R.; Wheeler, F.J.; Wemple, C.A. [Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Tripard, G.E.; Gavin, P.R. [Washington State University, Pullman, WA (United States) 2000-10-01 A new epithermal-neutron beam facility for BNCT (Boron Neutron Capture Therapy) research and boronated agent screening in animal models is in the final stages of construction at Washington State University (WSU). A key distinguishing feature of the design is the incorporation of a new, high-efficiency, neutron moderating and filtering material, Fluental, developed by the Technical Research Centre of Finland. An additional key feature is the provision for adjustable filter-moderator thickness to systematically explore the radiobiological consequences of increasing the fast-neutron contamination above the nominal value associated with the baseline system. (author) 10. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Tri-gas Thruster Performance Characterization Science.gov (United States) Dorado, Vanessa; Grunder, Zachary; Schaefer, Bryce; Sung, Meagan; Pedersen, Kevin 2013-01-01 Historically, spacecraft reaction control systems have primarily utilized cold gas thrusters because of their inherent simplicity and reliability. However, cold gas thrusters typically have a low specific impulse. It has been determined that a higher specific impulse can be achieved by passing a monopropellant fluid mixture through a catalyst bed prior to expulsion through the thruster nozzle. This research analyzes the potential efficiency improvements from using tri-gas, a mixture of hydrogen, oxygen, and an inert gas, which in this case is helium. Passing tri-gas through a catalyst causes the hydrogen and oxygen to react and form water vapor, ultimately heating the exiting fluid and generating a higher specific impulse. The goal of this project was to optimize the thruster performance by characterizing the effects of varying several system components including catalyst types, catalyst lengths, and initial catalyst temperatures. 11. STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS FOR THE CODISPOSAL OF TRIGA SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL IN A WASTE PACKAGE Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) S. Mastilovic 1999-07-28 The purpose of this analysis is to determine the structural response of a TRIGA Department of Energy (DOE) spent nuclear fuel (SNF) codisposal canister placed in a 5-Defense High Level Waste (DHLW) waste package (WP) and subjected to a tipover design basis event (DBE) dynamic load; the results will be reported in terms of displacements and stress magnitudes. This activity is associated with the WP design. 12. Investigation of the low enrichment conversion of the Texas A and M Nuclear Science Center Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Reuscher, J.A. 1988-01-01 The use of highly enriched uranium as a fuel research reactors is of concern due to the possibility of diversion for nuclear weapons applications. The Texas A M TRIGA reactor currently uses 70% enriched uranium in a FLIP (Fuel Life Improvement Program) fuel element manufactured by General Atomics. Thus fuel also contains 1.5 weight percent of erbium as a burnable poison to prolong useful core life. US university reactors that use highly enriched uranium will be required to covert to 20% or less enrichment to satisfy Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements for the next core loading if the fuel is available. This investigation examined the feasibility of a material alternate to uranium-zirconium hydride for LEU conversion of a TRIGA reactor. This material is a beryllium oxide uranium dioxide based fuel. The theoretical aspects of core physics analyses were examined to assess the potential advantages of the alternative fuel. A basic model was developed for the existing core configuration since it is desired to use the present fuel element grid for the replacement core. The computing approach was calibrated to the present core and then applied to a core of BeO-UO{sub 2} fuel elements. Further calculations were performed for the General Atomics TRIGA low-enriched uranium zirconium hydride fuel. 13. High-intensity power-resolved radiation imaging of an operational nuclear reactor Science.gov (United States) Beaumont, Jonathan S.; Mellor, Matthew P.; Villa, Mario; Joyce, Malcolm J. 2015-01-01 Knowledge of the neutron distribution in a nuclear reactor is necessary to ensure the safe and efficient burnup of reactor fuel. Currently these measurements are performed by in-core systems in what are extremely hostile environments and in most reactor accident scenarios it is likely that these systems would be damaged. Here we present a compact and portable radiation imaging system with the ability to image high-intensity fast-neutron and gamma-ray fields simultaneously. This system has been deployed to image radiation fields emitted during the operation of a TRIGA test reactor allowing a spatial visualization of the internal reactor conditions to be obtained. The imaged flux in each case is found to scale linearly with reactor power indicating that this method may be used for power-resolved reactor monitoring and for the assay of ongoing nuclear criticalities in damaged nuclear reactors. PMID:26450669 14. Development of a nuclear reactor control system simulator using virtual instruments Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Pinto, Antonio Juscelino; Mesquita, Amir Zacarias; Lameiras, Fernando Soares, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil) 2011-07-01 The International Atomic Energy Agency recommends the use of safety and friendly interfaces for monitoring and controlling the operational parameters of the nuclear reactors. This article describes a digital system being developed to simulate the behavior of the operating parameters using virtual instruments. The control objective is to bring the reactor power from its source level (mW) to a full power (kW). It is intended for education of basic reactor neutronic and thermohydraulic principles such as the multiplication factor, criticality, reactivity, period, delayed neutron, control by rods, fuel and coolant temperatures, power, etc. The 250 kW IPR-R1 TRIGA research reactor at Nuclear Technology Development Centre - CDTN was used as reference. TRIGA reactors, developed by General Atomics (GA), are the most widely used research reactor in the world. The simulator system is being developed using the LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instruments Engineering Workbench) software, considering the modern concept of virtual instruments (VI's) using electronic processor and visual interface in video monitor. The main purpose of the system is to provide training tools for instructors and students, allowing navigating by user-friendly operator interface and monitoring tendencies of the operational variables. It will be an interactive tool for training and teaching and could be used to predict the reactor behavior. Some scenarios are presented to demonstrate that it is possible to know the behavior of some variables from knowledge of input parameters. The TRIGA simulator system will allow the study of parameters, which affect the reactor operation, without the necessity of using the facility. (author) 15. Nuclear Reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hogerton, John 1964-01-01 This pamphlet describes how reactors work; discusses reactor design; describes research, teaching, and materials testing reactors; production reactors; reactors for electric power generation; reactors for supply heat; reactors for propulsion; reactors for space; reactor safety; and reactors of tomorrow. The appendix discusses characteristics of U.S. civilian power reactor concepts and lists some of the U.S. reactor power projects, with location, type, capacity, owner, and startup date. 16. Related activities on management of ageing of Dalat Research Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Pham Van Lam [Reactor Dept., Nuclear Research Institute, Dalat (Viet Nam) 1998-10-01 The Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor (DNRR) is a pool type research reactor which was reconstructed in 1982 from the previous 250 kW TRIGA-MARK II reactor. The reactor core, the control and instrumentation system, the primary and secondary cooling systems as well as other associated systems were newly designed and installed. The renovated reactor reached its initial criticality in November 1983 and attained its nominal power of 500 kW in February 1984. Since then DNRR has been operated safely. Retained structures of the former reactor such as the reactor aluminum tank, the graphite reflector, the thermal column, the horizontal beam tubes and the radiation concrete shielding are 35 years old. During the recent years, in-service inspection has been carried out, the reactor control and instrumentation system were renovated due to ageing and obsolescence of its components, reactor general inspection and refurbishment were performed. Efforts are being made to cope with ageing of old reactor components to maintain safe operation of the DNRR. (author) 17. The present situations and perspectives on utilization of research reactors in Thailand Science.gov (United States) Chongkum, Somporn 2002-01-01 The Thai Research Reactor 1/Modification 1, a TRIGA Mark III reactor, went critical on November 7, 1977. It has been playing a central role in the development of both Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP) and nuclear application in Thailand. It has a maximum power of 2 MW (thermal) at steady state and a pulsing capacity of 2000 MW. The highest thermal neutron flux at a central thimber is 1×10 13 n/cm 2/s, which is extensively utilized for radioisotope production, neutron activation analysis and neutron beam experiments, i.e. neutron scattering, prompt gamma analysis and neutron radiography. Following the nuclear technological development, the OAEP is in the process of establishing the Ongkharak Nuclear Research Center (ONRC). The center is being built in Nakhon Nayok province, 60 km northeast of Bangkok. The centerpiece of the ONRC is a multipurpose 10 MW TRIGA research reactor. Facilities are included for the production of radioisotopes for medicine, industry and agriculture, neutron transmutation doping of silicon, and neutron capture therapy. The neutron beam facilities will also be utilized for applied research and technology development as well as training in reactor operations, performance of experiments and reactor physics. This paper describes a recent program of utilization as well as a new research reactor for enlarging the perspectives of its utilization in the future. 18. Status of neutron beam utilization at the Dalat nuclear research reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dien, Nguyen Nhi; Hai, Nguyen Canh [Nuclear Research Institute, Dalat (Viet Nam) 2003-03-01 The 500-kW Dalat nuclear research reactor was reconstructed from the USA-made 250-kW TRIGA Mark II reactor. After completion of renovation and upgrading, the reactor has been operating at its nominal power since 1984. The reactor is used mainly for radioisotope production, neutron activation analysis, neutron beam researches and reactor physics study. In the framework of the reconstruction and renovation project of the 1982-1984 period, the reactor core, the control and instrumentation system, the primary and secondary cooling systems, as well as other associated systems were newly designed and installed by the former Soviet Union. Some structures of the reactor, such as the reactor aluminum tank, the graphite reflector, the thermal column, horizontal beam tubes and the radiation concrete shielding have been remained from the previous TRIGA reactor. As a typical configuration of the TRIGA reactor, there are four neutron beam ports, including three radial and one tangential. Besides, there is a large thermal column. Until now only two-neutron beam ports and the thermal column have been utilized. Effective utilization of horizontal experimental channels is one of the important research objectives at the Dalat reactor. The research program on effective utilization of these experimental channels was conducted from 1984. For this purpose, investigations on physical characteristics of the reactor, neutron spectra and fluxes at these channels, safety conditions in their exploitation, etc. have been carried out. The neutron beams, however, have been used only since 1988. The filtered thermal neutron beams at the tangential channel have been extracted using a single crystal silicon filter and mainly used for prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA), neutron radiography (NR) and transmission experiments (TE). The filtered quasi-monoenergetic keV neutron beams using neutron filters at the piercing channel have been used for nuclear data measurements, study on 19. Background Studies for the MINER Coherent Neutrino Scattering Reactor Experiment CERN Document Server Agnolet, G; Barker, D; Beck, R; Carroll, T J; Cesar, J; Cushman, P; Dent, J B; De Rijck, S; Dutta, B; Flanagan, W; Fritts, M; Gao, Y; Harris, H R; Hays, C C; Iyer, V; Jastram, A; Kadribasic, F; Kennedy, A; Kubik, A; Ogawa, I; Lang, K; Mahapatra, R; Mandic, V; Martin, R D; Mast, N; McDeavitt, S; Mirabolfathi, N; Mohanty, B; Nakajima, K; Newhouse, J; Newstead, J L; Phan, D; Proga, M; Roberts, A; Rogachev, G; Salazar, R; Sander, J; Senapati, K; Shimada, M; Strigari, L; Tamagawa, Y; Teizer, W; Vermaak, J I C; Villano, A N; Walker, J; Webb, B; Wetzel, Z; Yadavalli, S A 2016-01-01 The proposed Mitchell Institute Neutrino Experiment at Reactor (MINER) experiment at the Nuclear Science Center at Texas A&M University will search for coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering within close proximity (about 2 meters) of a 1 MW TRIGA nuclear reactor core using low threshold, cryogenic germanium and silicon detectors. Given the Standard Model cross section of the scattering process and the proposed experimental proximity to the reactor, as many as 5 to 20 events/kg/day are expected. We discuss the status of preliminary measurements to characterize the main backgrounds for the proposed experiment. Both in situ measurements at the experimental site and simulations using the MCNP and GEANT4 codes are described. A strategy for monitoring backgrounds during data taking is briefly discussed. 20. Control Rod Malfunction at the NRAD Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2010-05-01 The neutron Radiography Reactor (NRAD) is a training, research, and isotope (TRIGA) reactor located at the INL. The reactor is normally shut down by the insertion of three control rods that drop into the core when power is removed from electromagnets. During a routine shutdown, indicator lights on the console showed that one of the control rods was not inserted. It was initially thought that the indicator lights were in error because of a limit switch that was out of adjustment. Through further testing, it was determined that the control rod did not drop when the scram switch was initially pressed. The control rod anomaly led to a six month shutdown of the reactor and an in depth investigation of the reactor protective system. The investigation looked into: scram switch operation, console modifications, and control rod drive mechanisms. A number of latent issues were discovered and corrected during the investigation. The cause of the control rod malfunction was found to be a buildup of corrosion in the control rod drive mechanism. The investigation resulted in modifications to equipment, changes to both operation and maintenance procedures, and additional training. No reoccurrences of the problem have been observed since corrective actions were implemented. 1. A carbon-cluster laser ion source for TRIGA-TRAP Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Smorra, C; Eberhardt, K [Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Institut fuer Kernchemie, Fritz-Strassmann Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz (Germany); Blaum, K [Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg, Physikalisches Institut, Philosophenweg 12, D-69120 Heidelberg (Germany); Eibach, M; Ketelaer, J; Ketter, J; Knuth, K [Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz, Institut fuer Physik, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz (Germany); Nagy, Sz, E-mail: [email protected] [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg (Germany) 2009-08-14 A new laser ablation ion source was developed and tested for the Penning trap mass spectrometer TRIGA-TRAP in order to provide carbon-cluster ions for absolute mass calibration. Ions of different cluster sizes up to C{sup +}{sub 24} were successfully produced, covering the mass range up to the heavy actinide elements. The ions were captured in a Penning trap, and their time-of-flight cyclotron resonances recorded in order to determine their cyclotron frequency. Furthermore, the same ion source was used to produce GdO{sup +} ions from a gadolinium target in sufficient amount for mass spectrometry purposes. The design of the source and its characteristics are presented. 2. Source term derivation and radiological safety analysis for the TRICO II research reactor in Kinshasa Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Muswema, J.L., E-mail: [email protected] [Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, P.O. Box 190, KIN XI (Congo, The Democratic Republic of the); Ekoko, G.B. [Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, P.O. Box 190, KIN XI (Congo, The Democratic Republic of the); Lukanda, V.M. [Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, P.O. Box 190, KIN XI (Congo, The Democratic Republic of the); Democratic Republic of the Congo' s General Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box AE1 (Congo, The Democratic Republic of the); Lobo, J.K.-K. [Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, P.O. Box 190, KIN XI (Congo, The Democratic Republic of the); Darko, E.O. [Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra (Ghana); Boafo, E.K. [University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe St. North, Oshawa, ONL1 H7K4 (Canada) 2015-01-15 Highlights: • Atmospheric dispersion modeling for two credible accidents of the TRIGA Mark II research reactor in Kinshasa (TRICO II) was performed. • Radiological safety analysis after the postulated initiating events (PIE) was also carried out. • The Karlsruhe KORIGEN and the HotSpot Health Physics codes were used to achieve the objectives of this study. • All the values of effective dose obtained following the accident scenarios were below the regulatory limits for reactor staff members and the public, respectively. - Abstract: The source term from the 1 MW TRIGA Mark II research reactor core of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was derived in this study. An atmospheric dispersion modeling followed by radiation dose calculation were performed based on two possible postulated accident scenarios. This derivation was made from an inventory of peak radioisotope activities released in the core by using the Karlsruhe version of isotope generation code KORIGEN. The atmospheric dispersion modeling was performed with HotSpot code, and its application yielded to radiation dose profile around the site using meteorological parameters specific to the area under study. The two accident scenarios were picked from possible accident analyses for TRIGA and TRIGA-fueled reactors, involving the case of destruction of the fuel element with highest activity release and a plane crash on the reactor building as the worst case scenario. Deterministic effects of these scenarios are used to update the Safety Analysis Report (SAR) of the reactor, and for its current version, these scenarios are not yet incorporated. Site-specific meteorological conditions were collected from two meteorological stations: one installed within the Atomic Energy Commission and another at the National Meteorological Agency (METTELSAT), which is not far from the site. Results show that in both accident scenarios, radiation doses remain within the limits, far below the recommended maximum effective 3. Calculation to experiment comparison of SPND signals in various nuclear reactor environments Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Barbot, Loic; Radulovic, Vladimir; Fourmentel, Damien [CEA, DEN, DER, Instrumentation, Sensors and Dosimetry Laboratory, Cadarache, F-13108 St-Paul-Lez-Durance, (France); Snoj, Luka [Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, (Slovenia); Tarchalski, Mikolaj [National Centre for Nuclear Research, ulica Andrzeja Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock (Swierk), (Poland); Dewynter-Marty, Veronique [CEA, DEN, DANS, DRSN, SIREN, LESCI, Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, (France); Malouch, Fadhel [CEA, DEN, DANS, DM2S, SERMA, Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, (France) 2015-07-01 In the perspective of irradiation experiments in the future Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR), the Instrumentation Sensors and Dosimetry Laboratory of CEA Cadarache (France) is developing a numerical tool for SPND design, simulation and operation. In the frame of the SPND numerical tool qualification, dedicated experiments have been performed both in the Slovenian TRIGA Mark II reactor (JSI) and very recently in the French CEA Saclay OSIRIS reactor, as well as a test of two detectors in the core of the Polish MARIA reactor (NCBJ). A full description of experimental set-ups and neutron-gamma calculations schemes are provided in the first part of the paper. Calculation to experiment comparison of the various SPNDs in the different reactors is thoroughly described and discussed in the second part. Presented comparisons show promising final results. (authors) 4. An approach to model reactor core nodalization for deterministic safety analysis Science.gov (United States) Salim, Mohd Faiz; Samsudin, Mohd Rafie; Mamat @ Ibrahim, Mohd Rizal; Roslan, Ridha; Sadri, Abd Aziz; Farid, Mohd Fairus Abd 2016-01-01 Adopting good nodalization strategy is essential to produce an accurate and high quality input model for Deterministic Safety Analysis (DSA) using System Thermal-Hydraulic (SYS-TH) computer code. The purpose of such analysis is to demonstrate the compliance against regulatory requirements and to verify the behavior of the reactor during normal and accident conditions as it was originally designed. Numerous studies in the past have been devoted to the development of the nodalization strategy for small research reactor (e.g. 250kW) up to the bigger research reactor (e.g. 30MW). As such, this paper aims to discuss the state-of-arts thermal hydraulics channel to be employed in the nodalization for RTP-TRIGA Research Reactor specifically for the reactor core. At present, the required thermal-hydraulic parameters for reactor core, such as core geometrical data (length, coolant flow area, hydraulic diameters, and axial power profile) and material properties (including the UZrH1.6, stainless steel clad, graphite reflector) have been collected, analyzed and consolidated in the Reference Database of RTP using standardized methodology, mainly derived from the available technical documentations. Based on the available information in the database, assumptions made on the nodalization approach and calculations performed will be discussed and presented. The development and identification of the thermal hydraulics channel for the reactor core will be implemented during the SYS-TH calculation using RELAP5-3D® computer code. This activity presented in this paper is part of the development of overall nodalization description for RTP-TRIGA Research Reactor under the IAEA Norwegian Extra-Budgetary Programme (NOKEBP) mentoring project on Expertise Development through the Analysis of Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics for Malaysia, denoted as EARTH-M. 5. An approach to model reactor core nodalization for deterministic safety analysis Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Salim, Mohd Faiz, E-mail: [email protected]; Samsudin, Mohd Rafie, E-mail: [email protected] [Nuclear Energy Department, Regulatory Economics & Planning Division, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Malaysia); Mamat Ibrahim, Mohd Rizal, E-mail: [email protected] [Prototypes & Plant Development Center, Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Malaysia); Roslan, Ridha, E-mail: [email protected]; Sadri, Abd Aziz [Nuclear Installation Divisions, Atomic Energy Licensing Board (Malaysia); Farid, Mohd Fairus Abd [Reactor Technology Center, Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Malaysia) 2016-01-22 Adopting good nodalization strategy is essential to produce an accurate and high quality input model for Deterministic Safety Analysis (DSA) using System Thermal-Hydraulic (SYS-TH) computer code. The purpose of such analysis is to demonstrate the compliance against regulatory requirements and to verify the behavior of the reactor during normal and accident conditions as it was originally designed. Numerous studies in the past have been devoted to the development of the nodalization strategy for small research reactor (e.g. 250kW) up to the bigger research reactor (e.g. 30MW). As such, this paper aims to discuss the state-of-arts thermal hydraulics channel to be employed in the nodalization for RTP-TRIGA Research Reactor specifically for the reactor core. At present, the required thermal-hydraulic parameters for reactor core, such as core geometrical data (length, coolant flow area, hydraulic diameters, and axial power profile) and material properties (including the UZrH{sub 1.6}, stainless steel clad, graphite reflector) have been collected, analyzed and consolidated in the Reference Database of RTP using standardized methodology, mainly derived from the available technical documentations. Based on the available information in the database, assumptions made on the nodalization approach and calculations performed will be discussed and presented. The development and identification of the thermal hydraulics channel for the reactor core will be implemented during the SYS-TH calculation using RELAP5-3D{sup ®} computer code. This activity presented in this paper is part of the development of overall nodalization description for RTP-TRIGA Research Reactor under the IAEA Norwegian Extra-Budgetary Programme (NOKEBP) mentoring project on Expertise Development through the Analysis of Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics for Malaysia, denoted as EARTH-M. 6. Development of a system based in a digital signal processor (DSP) for a simulator of power regulation in a reactor: first stage; Desarrollo de un sistema basado en un DSP para un simulador de regulacion de potencia en un reactor: 1. etapa Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Benitez R, J.S.; Perez C, B. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Km. 36.5 Carretera Mexico-Toluca, Municipio de Ocoyoacac, 52045 Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2002-07-01 The first stage of the development of a digital system based on a DSP is presented which forms part of an hybrid simulator for the power regulation in am model of the punctual kinetics of a TRIGA reactor type. The DSP performs the regulation, using a Mandami type algorithm of diffuse control. In the algorithm, the universe of the output variable is discretized for performing in an unique stage the aggregation functions and dis-diffusization. (Author) 7. Advanced methods for nuclear reactor gas laser coupling Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Miley, G.H.; Verdeyen, J.T. 1978-06-01 Research is described that led to the discovery of three nuclear-pumped lasers (NPLs) using mixtures of Ne--N/sub 2/, He--Hg, and He or Ne with CO or CO/sub 2/. The Ne--N/sub 2/ NPL was the first laser obtained with modest neutron fluxes from a TRIGA reactor (vs fast burst reactors used elsewhere in such work), the He--Hg NPL was the first visible nuclear-pumped laser, while the Ne--CO and He--CO/sub 2/ lasers are the first to provide energy storage on a millisecond time scale. Important potential applications of NPLs include coupling and power transmission from remote power stations such as nuclear plants in satellites and neutron-feedback operation of inertial confinement fusion plants. 8. H Reactor Data.gov (United States) Federal Laboratory Consortium — The H Reactor was the first reactor to be built at Hanford after World War II.It became operational in October of 1949, and represented the fourth nuclear reactor on... 9. Spent fuel management - two alternatives at the FiR 1 reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Salmenhaara, S.E.J. [Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), FIN-02044 VTT Espoo (Finland) 2001-07-01 The FiR 1 -reactor, a 250 kW Triga reactor, has been in operation since 1962. The reactor with its subsystems has experienced a large renovation work in 1996-97. The main purpose of the upgrading was to install the new Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) irradiation facility. The BNCT work dominates the current utilization of the reactor: four days per week for BNCT purposes and only one day per week for neutron activation analysis and isotope production. The Council of State (government) granted for the reactor a new operating license for twelve years starting from the beginning of the year 2000. There is however a special condition in the new license. We have to achieve a binding agreement between our Research Centre and the domestic Nuclear Power Plant Companies about the possibility to use the final disposal facility of the Nuclear Power Plants for our spent fuel, if we want to continue the reactor operation beyond the year 2006. In addition to the choosing of one of the spent fuel management alternatives the future of the reactor will also depend strongly on the development of the BNCT irradiations. If the number of patients per year increases fast enough and the irradiations of the patients will be economically justified, the operation of the reactor will continue independently of the closing of the USDOE alternative in 2006. Otherwise, if the number of patients will be low, the funding of the reactor will be probably stopped and the reactor will be shut down. (author) 10. Interactive Virtual Reactor and Control Room for Education and Training at Universities and Nuclear Power Plants Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Satoh, Yoshinori; Li, Ye; Zhu, Xuefeng; Rizwan, Uddin [University of Illinois, Urbana (United States) 2014-08-15 Efficient and effective education and training of nuclear engineering students and nuclear workers are critical for the safe operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants. With an eye toward this need, we have focused on the development of 3D models of virtual labs for education, training as well as to conduct virtual experiments. These virtual labs, that are expected to supplement currently available resources, and have the potential to reduce the cost of education and training, are most easily developed on game-engine platforms. We report some recent extensions to the virtual model of the University of Illinois TRIGA reactor. 11. A novel concept for CRIEC-driven subcritical research reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nieto, M.; Miley, G.H. [Illinois Univ., Fusion Studies Lab., Dept. of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, Urbana, IL (United States) 2001-07-01 A novel scheme is proposed to drive a low-power subcritical fuel assembly by means of a long Cylindrical Radially-convergent Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (CRIEC) used as a neutron source. The concept is inherently safe in the sense that the fuel assembly remains subcritical at all times. Previous work has been done for the possible implementation of CRIEC as a subcritical assembly driver for power reactors. However, it has been found that the present technology and stage of development of IEC-based neutron sources can not meet the neutron flux requirements to drive a system as big as a power reactor. Nevertheless, smaller systems, such as research and training reactors, could be successfully driven with levels of neutron flux that seem more reasonable to be achieved in the near future by IEC devices. The need for custom-made expensive nuclear fission fuel, as in the case of the TRIGA reactors, is eliminated, and the CRIEC presents substantial advantages with respect to the accelerator-driven subcritical reactors in terms of simplicity and cost. In the present paper, a conceptual design for a research/training CRIEC-driven subcritical assembly is presented, emphasizing the description, principle of operation and performance of the CRIEC neutron source, highlighting its advantages and discussing some key issues that require study for the implementation of this concept. (author) 12. PENGARUH GEMPA PATAHAN LEMBANG TERHADAP FLEKSIBILITAS PIPA DAN KEGAGALAN NOZEL PERALATAN SISTEM PENDINGIN PRIMER REAKTOR TRIGA 2000 BANDUNG Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) H.P. Raharjo 2012-02-01 13. Reactor Physics Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ait Abderrahim, A 2001-04-01 The Reactor Physics and MYRRHA Department of SCK-CEN offers expertise in various areas of reactor physics, in particular in neutronics calculations, reactor dosimetry, reactor operation, reactor safety and control and non-destructive analysis of reactor fuel. This expertise is applied in the Department's own research projects in the VENUS critical facility, in the BR1 reactor and in the MYRRHA project (this project aims at designing a prototype Accelerator Driven System). Available expertise is also used in programmes external to the Department such as the reactor pressure steel vessel programme, the BR2 reactor dosimetry, and the preparation and interpretation of irradiation experiments by means of neutron and gamma calculations. The activities of the Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Technologies in Nuclear Science programme cover several domains outside the department. Progress and achievements in these topical areas in 2000 are summarised. 14. Benchmark Evaluation of the NRAD Reactor LEU Core Startup Measurements Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) J. D. Bess; T. L. Maddock; M. A. Marshall 2011-09-01 The Neutron Radiography (NRAD) reactor is a 250-kW TRIGA-(Training, Research, Isotope Production, General Atomics)-conversion-type reactor at the Idaho National Laboratory; it is primarily used for neutron radiography analysis of irradiated and unirradiated fuels and materials. The NRAD reactor was converted from HEU to LEU fuel with 60 fuel elements and brought critical on March 31, 2010. This configuration of the NRAD reactor has been evaluated as an acceptable benchmark experiment and is available in the 2011 editions of the International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments (ICSBEP Handbook) and the International Handbook of Evaluated Reactor Physics Benchmark Experiments (IRPhEP Handbook). Significant effort went into precisely characterizing all aspects of the reactor core dimensions and material properties; detailed analyses of reactor parameters minimized experimental uncertainties. The largest contributors to the total benchmark uncertainty were the 234U, 236U, Er, and Hf content in the fuel; the manganese content in the stainless steel cladding; and the unknown level of water saturation in the graphite reflector blocks. A simplified benchmark model of the NRAD reactor was prepared with a keff of 1.0012 {+-} 0.0029 (1s). Monte Carlo calculations with MCNP5 and KENO-VI and various neutron cross section libraries were performed and compared with the benchmark eigenvalue for the 60-fuel-element core configuration; all calculated eigenvalues are between 0.3 and 0.8% greater than the benchmark value. Benchmark evaluations of the NRAD reactor are beneficial in understanding biases and uncertainties affecting criticality safety analyses of storage, handling, or transportation applications with LEU-Er-Zr-H fuel. 15. Studies of fragileness in steels of vessels of BWR reactors; Estudios de fragilizacion en aceros de vasija de reactores BWR Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Robles, E.F.; Balcazar, M.; Alpizar, A.M.; Calderon, B.E. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2003-07-01 The structural materials with those that are manufactured the pressure vessels of the BWR reactors, suffer degradation in its mechanical properties mainly to the damage taken place by the fast neutrons (E > 1 MeV) coming from the reactor core. Its are experimentally studied those mechanisms of neutron damage in this material type, by means of the irradiation of steel vessel in experimental reactors to age them quickly. Alternatively it is simulated the neutron damage by means of irradiation of steel with heavy ions. In this work those are shown first results of the damage induced by irradiation from a similar steel to the vessel of a BWR reactor. The irradiation was carried out with fast neutrons (E > 1 MeV, fluence of 1.45 x 10{sup 18} n/cm{sup 2}) in the TRIGA MARK lll reactor and separately with Ni{sup +3} ions in a Tandetrom accelerator, E = 4.8 MeV and range of the ionic flow of 0.1 to 53 iones/A{sup 2}. (Author) 16. Reactor safeguards CERN Document Server Russell, Charles R 1962-01-01 Reactor Safeguards provides information for all who are interested in the subject of reactor safeguards. Much of the material is descriptive although some sections are written for the engineer or physicist directly concerned with hazards analysis or site selection problems. The book opens with an introductory chapter on radiation hazards, the construction of nuclear reactors, safety issues, and the operation of nuclear reactors. This is followed by separate chapters that discuss radioactive materials, reactor kinetics, control and safety systems, containment, safety features for water reactor 17. Reactor operation CERN Document Server Shaw, J 2013-01-01 Reactor Operation covers the theoretical aspects and design information of nuclear reactors. This book is composed of nine chapters that also consider their control, calibration, and experimentation.The opening chapters present the general problems of reactor operation and the principles of reactor control and operation. The succeeding chapters deal with the instrumentation, start-up, pre-commissioning, and physical experiments of nuclear reactors. The remaining chapters are devoted to the control rod calibrations and temperature coefficient measurements in the reactor. These chapters also exp 18. Reactor Neutrinos OpenAIRE Soo-Bong Kim; Thierry Lasserre; Yifang Wang 2013-01-01 We review the status and the results of reactor neutrino experiments. Short-baseline experiments have provided the measurement of the reactor neutrino spectrum, and their interest has been recently revived by the discovery of the reactor antineutrino anomaly, a discrepancy between the reactor neutrino flux state of the art prediction and the measurements at baselines shorter than one kilometer. Middle and long-baseline oscillation experiments at Daya Bay, Double Chooz, and RENO provided very ... 19. Safe operation and maintenance of research reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Munsorn, S. [Reactor Operation Division, Office of Atomic Energy for Peace, Chatuchak, Bangkok (Thailand) 1999-10-01 The first Thai Research Reactor (TRR-1) was established in 1961 at the Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP), Bangkok. The reactor was light water moderated and cooled, using HEU plate-type with U{sub 3}O{sub 8}- Al fuel meat and swimming pool type. The reactor went first critical on October 27, 1962 and had been licensed to operate at 1 MW (thermal). On June 30, 1975 the reactor was shutdown for modification and the core and control system was disassemble and replaced by that of TRIGA Mark III type while the pool cooling system, irradiation facilities and other were kept. Thus the name TRR-1/M1' has been designed due to this modification the fuel has been changed from HEU plate type to Uranium Zirconium Hydride (UZrH) Low Enrichment Uranium (LEU) which include 4 Fuel Follower Control Rods and 1 Air Follower Control Rod. The TRR-1/M1 went critical on November 7, 1977 and the purpose of the operation are training, isotope production and research. Nowadays the TRR-1/M1 has been operated with core loading No.12 which released power of 1,056 MWD. (as of October 1998). The TRR-1/M1 has been operated at the power of 1.2 MW, three days a week with 34 hours per week, Shut-down on Monday for weekly maintenance and Tuesday for special experiment. The everage energy released is about 40.8 MW-hour per week. Every year, the TRR-1/M1 is shut-down about 2 months between February to March for yearly maintenance. (author) 20. Testing of a Transport Cask for Research Reactor Spent Fuel - 13003 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mourao, Rogerio P.; Leite da Silva, Luiz [Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte (Brazil); Miranda, Carlos A.; Mattar Neto, Miguel [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, Sao Paulo (Brazil); Quintana, Jose F.A.; Saliba, Roberto O. [Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Bariloche (Argentina); Novara, Oscar E. [Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Buenos Aires (Argentina) 2013-07-01 Since the beginning of the last decade three Latin American countries that operate research reactors - Argentina, Brazil and Chile - have been joining efforts to improve the regional capability in the management of spent fuel elements from the TRIGA and MTR reactors operated in the region. A main drive in this initiative, sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, is the fact that no definite solution regarding the back end of the research reactor fuel cycle has been taken by any of the participating country. However, any long-term solution - either disposition in a repository or storage away from reactor - will involve at some stage the transportation of the spent fuel through public roads. Therefore, a licensed cask that provides adequate shielding, assurance of subcriticality, and conformance to internationally accepted safety, security and safeguards regimes is considered a strategic part of any future solution to be adopted at a regional level. As a step in this direction, a packaging for the transport of irradiated fuel for MTR and TRIGA research reactors was designed by the tri-national team and a half-scale model equipped with the MTR version of the internal basket was constructed in Argentina and Brazil and tested in Brazil. Three test campaigns have been carried out so far, covering both normal conditions of transportation and hypothetical accident conditions. After failing the tests in the first two test series, the specimen successfully underwent the last test sequence. A second specimen, incorporating the structural improvements in view of the previous tests results, will be tested in the near future. Numerical simulations of the free drop and thermal tests are being carried out in parallel, in order to validate the computational modeling that is going to be used as a support for the package certification. (authors) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) John D. Bess; Thomas L. Maddock; Margaret A. Marshall; Leland M. Montierth 2011-03-01 The neutron radiography (NRAD) reactor is a 250 kW TRIGA® (Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics) Mark II , tank-type research reactor currently located in the basement, below the main hot cell, of the Hot Fuel Examination Facility (HFEF) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). It is equipped with two beam tubes with separate radiography stations for the performance of neutron radiography irradiation on small test components. The 60-fuel-element operational core configuration of the NRAD LEU TRIGA reactor has been evaluated as an acceptable benchmark experiment. The initial critical configuration developed during the fuel loading process, which contains only 56 fuel elements, has not been evaluated as it is very similar to the evaluated core configuration. The benchmark eigenvalue is 1.0012 ± 0.0029. Calculated eigenvalues differ significantly (~±1%) from the benchmark eigenvalue and have demonstrated sensitivity to the thermal scattering treatment of hydrogen in the U-Er-Zr-H fuel. 2. A binary mixed integer coded genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization of nuclear research reactor fuel reloading Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Binh, Do Quang [University of Technical Education Ho Chi Minh City (Viet Nam); Huy, Ngo Quang [University of Industry Ho Chi Minh City (Viet Nam); Hai, Nguyen Hoang [Centre for Research and Development of Radiation Technology, Ho Chi Minh City (Viet Nam) 2014-12-15 This paper presents a new approach based on a binary mixed integer coded genetic algorithm in conjunction with the weighted sum method for multi-objective optimization of fuel loading patterns for nuclear research reactors. The proposed genetic algorithm works with two types of chromosomes: binary and integer chromosomes, and consists of two types of genetic operators: one working on binary chromosomes and the other working on integer chromosomes. The algorithm automatically searches for the most suitable weighting factors of the weighting function and the optimal fuel loading patterns in the search process. Illustrative calculations are implemented for a research reactor type TRIGA MARK II loaded with the Russian VVR-M2 fuels. Results show that the proposed genetic algorithm can successfully search for both the best weighting factors and a set of approximate optimal loading patterns that maximize the effective multiplication factor and minimize the power peaking factor while satisfying operational and safety constraints for the research reactor. Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) John D. Bess; Thomas L. Maddock; Margaret A. Marshall; Leland M. Montierth 2013-03-01 The neutron radiography (NRAD) reactor is a 250 kW TRIGA® (Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics) Mark II , tank-type research reactor currently located in the basement, below the main hot cell, of the Hot Fuel Examination Facility (HFEF) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). It is equipped with two beam tubes with separate radiography stations for the performance of neutron radiography irradiation on small test components. The initial critical configuration developed during the fuel loading process, which contains only 56 fuel elements, has been evaluated as an acceptable benchmark experiment. The 60-fuel-element operational core configuration of the NRAD LEU TRIGA reactor has also been evaluated as an acceptable benchmark experiment. Calculated eigenvalues differ significantly (~±1%) from the benchmark eigenvalue and have demonstrated sensitivity to the thermal scattering treatment of hydrogen in the U-Er-Zr-H fuel. 4. Design and testing of a boron carbide capsule for spectral-tailoring in mixed-spectrum reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Greenwood, L.R.; Wittman, R. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 (United States); Pierson, B.P. [Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (United States); Metz, L.A.; Payne, R.; Finn, E.C.; Friese, J.I. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 (United States) 2011-07-01 A boron carbide capsule has been designed and used for spectral-tailoring experiments at the TRIGA reactor at Washington State Univ.. Irradiations were conducted in pulsed mode and in continuous operation for up to 4 h. A cadmium cover was used to reduce thermal heating. The neutron spectrum calculated with the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code was found to be in good agreement with reactor dosimetry measurements using the STAY'SL computer code. The neutron spectrum resembles that of a fast reactor. The design of a capsule using boron carbide fully enriched in {sup 10}B shows that it is possible to produce a neutron spectrum similar to that of {sup 235}U fission. (authors) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) John D. Bess; Thomas L. Maddock; Margaret A. Marshall; Leland M. Montierth 2014-03-01 The neutron radiography (NRAD) reactor is a 250 kW TRIGA® (Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomics) Mark II , tank-type research reactor currently located in the basement, below the main hot cell, of the Hot Fuel Examination Facility (HFEF) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). It is equipped with two beam tubes with separate radiography stations for the performance of neutron radiography irradiation on small test components. The 60-fuel-element operational core configuration of the NRAD LEU TRIGA reactor has been evaluated as an acceptable benchmark experiment. The initial critical configuration developed during the fuel loading process, which contains only 56 fuel elements, has not been evaluated as it is very similar to the evaluated core configuration. The benchmark eigenvalue is 1.0012 ± 0.0029. Calculated eigenvalues differ significantly (~±1%) from the benchmark eigenvalue and have demonstrated sensitivity to the thermal scattering treatment of hydrogen in the U-Er-Zr-H fuel. 6. Multifunctional reactors NARCIS (Netherlands) Westerterp, K.R. 1992-01-01 Multifunctional reactors are single pieces of equipment in which, besides the reaction, other functions are carried out simultaneously. The other functions can be a heat, mass or momentum transfer operation and even another reaction. Multifunctional reactors are not new, but they have received much 7. Damage by radiation in structural materials of BWR reactor vessels; Dano por radiacion en materiales estructurales de vasijas de reactores BWR Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Robles, E.; Balcazar, M.; Alpizar, A.M.; Calderon, B.E. [Departamento de Sintesis y Caracterizacion de Materiales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico) 2002-07-01 The structural materials which are manufactured the pressure vessels of the BWR reactors undergo degradation in their mechanical properties mainly due to the damage produced by the fast neutrons (E> 1 MeV) coming from the reactor core. The mechanisms of neutron damage in this type of materials are experimentally studied, through the irradiation of vessel steel in experimental reactors for a quickly ageing. Alternately the neutron damage through steel irradiation with heavy ions is simulated. In this work the first results of the damage induced by irradiation of a similar steel to the vessel of a BWR reactor are shown. The irradiation was performed with fast neutrons (E> 1 MeV, fluence of 1.45 x 10{sup 18} n/cm{sup 2}) in the TRIGA Mark III Salazar reactor and separately with Ni{sup +3} ions in a Tandetrom accelerator (E= 4.8 MeV and an ion flux rank of 0.1 to 53 ions/A{sup 2}). (Author) 8. Reactor vessel OpenAIRE Makkee, M.; Kapteijn, F.; Moulijn, J.A 1999-01-01 A reactor vessel (1) comprises a reactor body (2) through which channels (3) are provided whose surface comprises longitudinal inwardly directed parts (4) and is provided with a catalyst (6), as well as buffer bodies (8, 12) connected to the channels (3) on both sides of the reactor body (2) and comprising connections for supplying (9, 10, 11) and discharging (13, 14, 15) via the channels (3) gases and/or liquids entering into a reaction with each other and substances formed upon this reactio... 9. Spent fuel management plans for the FiR 1 Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Salmenhaara, S. E. J. [V1T Processes Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Otakaari 3 A, P.O. Box 1404, FIN-02044 VTT, (Finland) 2002-07-01 The FiR 1-reactor, a 250 kW TRIGA reactor, has been in operation since 1962. The main purpose to run the reactor is now the Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). The BNCT work dominates the current utilization of the reactor: three days per week for BNCT purposes and only two days per week for other purposes such as the neutron activation analysis and isotope production. The final disposal site is situated in Olkiluoto, on the western coast of Finland. Olkiluoto is also one of the two nuclear power plant sites in Finland. In the new operating license of our reactor there is a special condition. We have to achieve a binding agreement between our Research Centre and either the domestic Nuclear Power Companies about the possibility to use the Olkiluoto final disposal facility for our spent fuel or US DOE about the return of our spent fuel back to USA. If we want to continue the reactor operation beyond the year 2006. the domestic final disposal is the only possibility. At the moment it seems to be reasonable to prepare to both possibilities: the domestic final disposal and the return to the USA offered by US DOE. Because the cost estimates of the both possibilities are on the same order of magnitude, the future of the reactor itself will decide, which of the spent fuel policies will be obeyed. In a couple of years' time it will be seen, if the funding of the reactor and the incomes from the BNCT treatments will cover the costs. If the BNCT and other irradiations develop satisfactorily, the reactor can be kept in operation beyond the year 2006 and the domestic final disposal will be implemented. If, however, there is still lack of money, there is no reason to continue the operation of the reactor and the choice of US DOE alternative is natural. (author) 10. NUCLEAR REACTOR Science.gov (United States) Miller, H.I.; Smith, R.C. 1958-01-21 This patent relates to nuclear reactors of the type which use a liquid fuel, such as a solution of uranyl sulfate in ordinary water which acts as the moderator. The reactor is comprised of a spherical vessel having a diameter of about 12 inches substantially surrounded by a reflector of beryllium oxide. Conventionnl control rods and safety rods are operated in slots in the reflector outside the vessel to control the operation of the reactor. An additional means for increasing the safety factor of the reactor by raising the ratio of delayed neutrons to prompt neutrons, is provided and consists of a soluble sulfate salt of beryllium dissolved in the liquid fuel in the proper proportion to obtain the result desired. 11. Reactor Neutrinos Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Soo-Bong Kim 2013-01-01 Full Text Available We review the status and the results of reactor neutrino experiments. Short-baseline experiments have provided the measurement of the reactor neutrino spectrum, and their interest has been recently revived by the discovery of the reactor antineutrino anomaly, a discrepancy between the reactor neutrino flux state of the art prediction and the measurements at baselines shorter than one kilometer. Middle and long-baseline oscillation experiments at Daya Bay, Double Chooz, and RENO provided very recently the most precise determination of the neutrino mixing angle θ13. This paper provides an overview of the upcoming experiments and of the projects under development, including the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy and the possible use of neutrinos for society, for nonproliferation of nuclear materials, and geophysics. 12. Chemical Reactors. Science.gov (United States) Kenney, C. N. 1980-01-01 Describes a course, including content, reading list, and presentation on chemical reactors at Cambridge University, England. A brief comparison of chemical engineering education between the United States and England is also given. (JN) 13. Delayed Gamma Measurements in Different Nuclear Research Reactors Bringing Out the Importance of the Delayed Contribution in Gamma Flux Calculations Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Fourmentel, D.; Radulovic, V.; Barbot, L.; Villard, J-F. [Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, CEA, DEN, DER, Instrumentation Sensors and Dosimetry Laboratory, Cadarache, 13108 Saint- Paul-Lez-Durance (France); Zerovnik, G.; Snoj, L. [Reactor Physics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia); Tarchalski, M.; Pytel, K. [National Centre for Nuclear Research A. Soltana 7, 05-400 Swierk (Poland); Malouch, F. [Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission - CEA, DEN, DM2S, Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette (France) 2015-07-01 Neutron and gamma flux levels are key parameters in nuclear research reactors. In Material Testing Reactors, such as the future Jules Horowitz Reactor, under construction at the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA Cadarache, France), the expected gamma flux levels are very high (nuclear heating is of the order of 20 W/g at 100 MWth). As gamma rays deposit their energy in the reactor structures and structural materials it is important to take them into account when designing irradiation devices. There are only a few sensors which allow measurements of the nuclear heating ; a recent development at the CEA Cadarache allows measurements of the gamma flux using a miniature ionization chamber (MIC). The measured MIC response is often compared with calculation using modern Monte Carlo (MC) neutron and photon transport codes, such as TRIPOLI-4 and MCNP6. In these calculations only the production of prompt gamma rays in the reactor is usually modelled thus neglecting the delayed gamma rays. Hence calculations and measurements are usually in better accordance for the neutron flux than for the gamma flux. In this paper we study the contribution of delayed gamma rays to the total MIC signal in order to estimate the systematic error in gamma flux MC calculations. In order to experimentally determine the delayed gamma flux contributions to the MIC response, we performed gamma flux measurements with CEA developed MIC at three different research reactors: the OSIRIS reactor (MTR - 70 MWth at CEA Saclay, France), the TRIGA MARK II reactor (TRIGA - 250 kWth at the Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia) and the MARIA reactor (MTR - 30 MWth at the National Center for Nuclear Research, Poland). In order to experimentally assess the delayed gamma flux contribution to the total gamma flux, several reactor shut down (scram) experiments were performed specifically for the purpose of the measurements. Results show that on average about 30 % of the MIC signal is due to 14. Reactor Neutrinos OpenAIRE Lasserre, T.; Sobel, H.W. 2005-01-01 We review the status and the results of reactor neutrino experiments, that toe the cutting edge of neutrino research. Short baseline experiments have provided the measurement of the reactor neutrino spectrum, and are still searching for important phenomena such as the neutrino magnetic moment. They could open the door to the measurement of coherent neutrino scattering in a near future. Middle and long baseline oscillation experiments at Chooz and KamLAND have played a relevant role in neutrin... 15. Somatic mutation and recombination induced with reactor thermal neutrons in Drosophila melanogaster; Mutacion y recombinacion somaticas inducidas con neutrones termicos de reactor en Drosophila melanogaster Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zambrano A, F.; Guzman R, J.; Paredes G, L.; Delfin L, A. [Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, 11801 Mexico D.F. (Mexico) 1997-07-01 The SMART test of Drosophila melanogaster was used to quantify the effect over the somatic mutation and recombination induced by thermal and fast neutrons at the TRIGA Mark III reactor of the ININ at the power of 300 k W for times of 30, 60 and 120 minutes with total equivalent doses respectively of 20.8, 41.6 and 83.2 Sv. A linear relation between the radiation equivalent dose and the frequency of the genetic effects such as mutation and recombination was observed. The obtained results allow to conclude that SMART is a sensitive system to the induced damage by neutrons, so this can be used for studying its biological effects. (Author) 16. Sonochemical Reactors. Science.gov (United States) Gogate, Parag R; Patil, Pankaj N 2016-10-01 Sonochemical reactors are based on the generation of cavitational events using ultrasound and offer immense potential for the intensification of physical and chemical processing applications. The present work presents a critical analysis of the underlying mechanisms for intensification, available reactor configurations and overview of the different applications exploited successfully, though mostly at laboratory scales. Guidelines have also been presented for optimum selection of the important operating parameters (frequency and intensity of irradiation, temperature and liquid physicochemical properties) as well as the geometric parameters (type of reactor configuration and the number/position of the transducers) so as to maximize the process intensification benefits. The key areas for future work so as to transform the successful technique at laboratory/pilot scale into commercial technology have also been discussed. Overall, it has been established that there is immense potential for sonochemical reactors for process intensification leading to greener processing and economic benefits. Combined efforts from a wide range of disciplines such as material science, physics, chemistry and chemical engineers are required to harness the benefits at commercial scale operation. 17. Influence of reactor irradiation on the mechanical behavior of ITER TF coil candidate insulation systems Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bittner-Rohrhofer, K. E-mail: [email protected]; Humer, K.; Fillunger, H.; Maix, R.K.; Wang, Z.D.; Weber, H.W 2003-09-01 Extensive material tests have to be performed in order to obtain information on the radiation induced change in the mechanical behavior of insulating materials for the ITER Toroidal Field (TF) coil. The investigated insulation systems are R-glass fiber reinforced tapes, vacuum impregnated with a DGEBA epoxy resin and interleafed with Kapton H-foils. According to the actual operating conditions of ITER-FEAT, the systems were irradiated in the TRIGA reactor (Vienna, Austria) to neutron fluences of 5x10{sup 21} and 1x10{sup 22} m{sup -2} (E>0.1 MeV). Static tensile, short-beam-shear (SBS) as well as double-lap-shear (DLS) tests were carried out at 77 K prior to and after irradiation. Furthermore, results on swelling and weight loss as well as on the material properties under tension-tension fatigue loading conditions are presented. 18. TRIGA control rod position and reactivity transient Monitoring by Neural Networks Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rosa, R.; Palomba, M.; Sepielli, M. [ENEA - Casaccia TRIGA Reactor (Italy) 2008-10-29 Plant sensors drift or malfunction and operator actions in nuclear reactor control can be supported by sensor on-line monitoring, and data validation through soft-computing process. On-line recalibration can often avoid manual calibration or drifting component replacement. DSP requires prompt response to the modified conditions. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy logic ensure: prompt response, link with field measurement and physical system behaviour, data incoming interpretation, and detection of discrepancy for mis-calibration or sensor faults. ANN (Artificial Neural Network) is a system based on the operation of biological neural networks. Although computing is day by day advancing, there are certain tasks that a program made for a common microprocessor is unable to perform. A software implementation of an ANN can be made with Pros and Cons. Pros: A neural network can perform tasks that a linear program can not; When an element of the neural network fails, it can continue without any problem by their parallel nature; A neural network learns and does not need to be reprogrammed; It can be implemented in any application; It can be implemented without any problem. Cons: The architecture of a neural network is different from the architecture of microprocessors therefore needs to be emulated; it requires high processing time for large neural networks; and the neural network needs training to operate. Three possibilities of training exist: Supervised learning: the network is trained providing input and matching output patterns; Unsupervised learning: input patterns are not a priori classified and the system must develop its own representation of the input stimuli; Reinforcement Learning: intermediate form of the above two types of learning, the learning machine does some action on the environment and gets a feedback response from the environment. Two TRIGAN ANN applications are considered: control rod position and fuel temperature. The outcome obtained in this 19. Nuclear reactor pulse tracing using a CdZnTe electro-optic radiation detector Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nelson, Kyle A., E-mail: [email protected] [S.M.A.R.T. Laboratory, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS 66506 (United States); Geuther, Jeffrey A. [TRIGA Mark II Nuclear Reactor, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS 66506 (United States); Neihart, James L.; Riedel, Todd A. [S.M.A.R.T. Laboratory, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS 66506 (United States); Rojeski, Ronald A. [Nanometrics, Inc., 1550 Buckeye Drive, Milpitas CA 95035 (United States); Ugorowski, Philip B.; McGregor, Douglas S. [S.M.A.R.T. Laboratory, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS 66506 (United States) 2012-07-11 CdZnTe has previously been shown to operate as an electro-optic radiation detector by utilizing the Pockels effect to measure steady-state nuclear reactor power levels. In the present work, the detector response to reactor power excursion experiments was investigated. Peak power levels during an excursion were predicted to be between 965 MW and 1009 MW using the Fuchs-Nordheim and Fuchs-Hansen models and confirmed with experimental data from the Kansas State University TRIGA Mark II nuclear reactor. The experimental arrangement of the Pockels cell detector includes collimated laser light passing through a transparent birefringent crystal, located between crossed polarizers, and focused upon a photodiode. The birefringent crystal, CdZnTe in this case, is placed in a neutron beam emanating from a nuclear reactor beam port. After obtaining the voltage-dependent Pockels characteristic response curve with a photodiode, neutron measurements were conducted from reactor pulses with the Pockels cell set at the 1/4 and 3/4 wave bias voltages. The detector responses to nuclear reactor pulses were recorded in real-time using data logging electronics, each showing a sharp increase in photodiode current for the 1/4 wave bias, and a sharp decrease in photodiode current for the 3/4 wave bias. The polarizers were readjusted to equal angles in which the maximum light transmission occurred at 0 V bias, thereby, inverting the detector response to reactor pulses. A high sample rate oscilloscope was also used to more accurately measure the FWHM of the pulse from the electro-optic detector, 64 ms, and is compared to the experimentally obtained FWHM of 16.0 ms obtained with the {sup 10}B-lined counter. 20. Documented Safety Analysis Addendum for the Neutron Radiography Reactor Facility Core Conversion Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Boyd D. Christensen 2009-05-01 1. Neutron flux parameters for k{sub 0}-NAA method at the Malaysian nuclear agency research reactor after core reconfiguration Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yavar, A.R. [School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 (Malaysia); Sarmani, S. [School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 (Malaysia); Wood, A.K. [Analytical Chemistry Application Group, Industrial Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency (MNA), Bangi, Kajang, Selangor 43000 (Malaysia); Fadzil, S.M. [School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 (Malaysia); Masood, Z. [Analytical Chemistry Application Group, Industrial Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency (MNA), Bangi, Kajang, Selangor 43000 (Malaysia); Khoo, K.S., E-mail: [email protected] [School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 (Malaysia) 2011-02-15 The Malaysian Nuclear Agency (MNA) research reactor, commissioned in 1982, is a TRIGA Mark II swimming pool type reactor. When the core configuration changed in June 2009, it became essential to re-determine such neutron flux parameters as thermal to epithermal neutron flux ratio (f), epithermal neutron flux shape factor ({alpha}), thermal neutron flux ({phi}{sub th}) and epithermal neutron flux ({phi}{sub epi}) in the irradiation positions of MNA research reactor in order to guarantee accuracy in the application of k{sub 0}-neutron activation analysis (k{sub 0}-NAA).The f and {alpha} were determined using the bare bi-isotopic monitor and bare triple monitor methods, respectively; Au and Zr monitors were utilized in present study. The results for four irradiation positions are presented and discussed in the present work. The calculated values of f and {alpha} ranged from 33.49 to 47.33 and -0.07 to -0.14, respectively. The {phi}{sub th} and the {phi}{sub epi} were measured as 2.03 x 10{sup 12} (cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}) and 6.05 x 10{sup 10} (cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}) respectively. These results were compared to those of previous studies at this reactor as well as to those of reactors in other countries. The results indicate a good conformity with other findings. 2. Gamma residual radioactivity measurements on rats and mice irradiated in the thermal column of a TRIGA Mark II reactor for BNCT. Science.gov (United States) Protti, Nicoletta; Manera, Sergio; Prata, Michele; Alloni, Daniele; Ballarini, Francesca; di Tigliole, Andrea Borio; Bortolussi, Silva; Bruschi, Piero; Cagnazzo, Marcella; Garioni, Maria; Postuma, Ian; Reversi, Luca; Salvini, Andrea; Altieri, Saverio 2014-12-01 Science.gov (United States) Tsotsis, Theodore T. (Inventor); Sahimi, Muhammad (Inventor); Fayyaz-Najafi, Babak (Inventor); Harale, Aadesh (Inventor); Park, Byoung-Gi (Inventor); Liu, Paul K. T. (Inventor) 2011-01-01 A hybrid adsorbent-membrane reactor in which the chemical reaction, membrane separation, and product adsorption are coupled. Also disclosed are a dual-reactor apparatus and a process using the reactor or the apparatus. 4. D and DR Reactors Data.gov (United States) Federal Laboratory Consortium — The world's second full-scale nuclear reactor was the D Reactor at Hanford which was built in the early 1940's and went operational in December of 1944.D Reactor ran... Science.gov (United States) Tsotsis, Theodore T.; Sahimi, Muhammad; Fayyaz-Najafi, Babak; Harale, Aadesh; Park, Byoung-Gi; Liu, Paul K. T. 2011-03-01 A hybrid adsorbent-membrane reactor in which the chemical reaction, membrane separation, and product adsorption are coupled. Also disclosed are a dual-reactor apparatus and a process using the reactor or the apparatus. 6. A neutron tomography facility at a low power research reactor CERN Document Server Körner, S; Von Tobel, P; Rauch, H 2001-01-01 Neutron radiography (NR) provides a very efficient tool in the field of non-destructive testing as well as for many applications in fundamental research. A neutron beam penetrating a specimen is attenuated by the sample material and detected by a two-dimensional (2D) imaging device. The image contains information about materials and structure inside the sample because neutrons are attenuated according to the basic law of radiation attenuation. Contrary to X-rays, neutrons can be attenuated by some light materials, as for example, hydrogen and boron, but penetrate many heavy materials. Therefore, NR can yield important information not obtainable by more traditional methods. Nevertheless, there are many aspects of structure, both quantitative and qualitative, that are not accessible from 2D transmission images. Hence, there is an interest in three-dimensional neutron imaging. At the 250 kW TRIGA Mark II reactor of the Atominstitut in Austria a neutron tomography facility has been installed. The neutron flux at ... 7. Reactor and method of operation Science.gov (United States) Wheeler, John A. 1976-08-10 A nuclear reactor having a flattened reactor activity curve across the reactor includes fuel extending over a lesser portion of the fuel channels in the central portion of the reactor than in the remainder of the reactor. 8. Application of a new operating license for the Finnish FiR 1 reactor and the change of generation of the reactor personnel Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Salmenhaara, Seppo; Auterinen, Iiro [VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Otaniemi, Espoo (Finland) 2008-10-29 The FiR 1 epithermal BNCT facility is a TRIGA Mark II reactor: 250 kW; 15 kg U containing 3 kg {sup 235}U (20% enrichment) in the special TRIGA uranium-zirconium hydride fuel (8-12 w% U, 91% Zr, 1% H); epithermal neutrons are created by the FLUENTAL{sup TM} neutron moderator; Neutron collimation: Bi + Li-Poly cone; epithermal neutron flux: 1.1 10{sup 9} /cm{sup 2}s; fast neutron dose: 2 Gy/10{sup 13} cm{sup -2}. The schedule of the Operating License Application is as follows: - 2009 decision to apply a new license; - 2010 preparation of the documents needed for the application; - 2011 the documents will be checked by the authorities and at the end of the year the new license should be granted by the Government; - 2012-2016 probable period of the new license The supplementary documents to the application for an operating license are: 1. Details of the site; 2. The quality and maximum amounts of the nuclear material 3. An outline of the technical operating principles and arrangements whereby the safety has been ensured; 4. A description of the safety principles that have been observed, and an evaluation of the fulfillment of the principles; 5. A description of the measures to restrict the burden caused by the nuclear facility on the environment; 6. The expertise available to the applicant and the operating organization; 7. Plans for arranging nuclear waste management. The applicant submits to the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority: 1. The final safety analysis report; 2. A probabilistic safety analysis; 3. A quality assurance programme for the operation of the nuclear facility; 4. Technical specifications; 5. A summary programme for periodic inspections; 6. A description of the arrangements for physical protection and emergencies; 7. A description on how to arrange the safeguards that are necessary to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons; 8. Administrative rules; 9. A programme for radiation monitoring in the environment. Reactor key persons and the 9. Thermo-fluid analysis of water cooled research reactors in natural convection; Analise termofluidodinamica de reatores nucleares de pesquisa refrigerados a agua em regime de conveccao natural Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2004-07-01 The STHIRP-1 computer program, which fundamentals are described in this work, uses the principles of the subchannels analysis and has the capacity to simulate, under steady state and transient conditions, the thermal and hydraulic phenomena which occur inside the core of a water-refrigerated research reactor under a natural convection regime. The models and empirical correlations necessary to describe the flow phenomena which can not be described by theoretical relations were selected according to the characteristics of the reactor operation. Although the primary objective is the calculation of research reactors, the formulation used to describe the fluid flow and the thermal conduction in the heater elements is sufficiently generalized to extend the use of the program for applications in power reactors and other thermal systems with the same features represented by the program formulations. To demonstrate the analytical capacity of STHIRP-l, there were made comparisons between the results calculated and measured in the research reactor TRIGA IPR-R1 of CDTN/CNEN. The comparisons indicate that the program reproduces the experimental data with good precision. Nevertheless, in the future there must be used more consistent experimental data to corroborate the validation of the program. (author) 10. Reactor Physics Programme Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) De Raedt, C 2000-07-01 The Reactor Physics and Department of SCK-CEN offers expertise in various areas of reactor physics, in particular in neutronics calculations, reactor dosimetry, reactor operation, reactor safety and control and non-destructive analysis on reactor fuel. This expertise is applied within the Reactor Physics and MYRRHA Research Department's own research projects in the VENUS critical facility, in the BR1 reactor and in the MYRRHA project (this project aims at designing a prototype Accelerator Driven System). Available expertise is also used in programmes external to the Department such as the reactor pressure steel vessel programme, the BR2 reactor dosimetry, and the preparation and interpretation of irradiation experiments. Progress and achievements in 1999 in the following areas are reported on: (1) investigations on the use of military plutonium in commercial power reactors; (2) neutron and gamma calculations performed for BR-2 and for other reactors; (3) the updating of neutron and gamma cross-section libraries; (4) the implementation of reactor codes; (6) the management of the UNIX workstations; and (6) fuel cycle studies. 11. Test of a prototype neutron spectrometer based on diamond detectors in a fast reactor CERN Document Server Osipenko, M; Ripani, M; Pillon, M; Ricco, G; Caiffi, B; Cardarelli, R; Verona-Rinati, G; Argiro, S 2015-01-01 A prototype of neutron spectrometer based on diamond detectors has been developed. This prototype consists of a $^6$Li neutron converter sandwiched between two CVD diamond crystals. The radiation hardness of the diamond crystals makes it suitable for applications in low power research reactors, while a low sensitivity to gamma rays and low leakage current of the detector permit to reach good energy resolution. A fast coincidence between two crystals is used to reject background. The detector was read out using two different electronic chains connected to it by a few meters of cable. The first chain was based on conventional charge-sensitive amplifiers, the other used a custom fast charge amplifier developed for this purpose. The prototype has been tested at various neutron sources and showed its practicability. In particular, the detector was calibrated in a TRIGA thermal reactor (LENA laboratory, University of Pavia) with neutron fluxes of $10^8$ n/cm$^2$s and at the 3 MeV D-D monochromatic neutron source na... 12. Fundamental approaches for analysis thermal hydraulic parameter for Puspati Research Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hashim, Zaredah, E-mail: [email protected]; Lanyau, Tonny Anak, E-mail: [email protected]; Farid, Mohamad Fairus Abdul; Kassim, Mohammad Suhaimi [Reactor Technology Centre, Technical Support Division, Malaysia Nuclear Agency, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan (Malaysia); Azhar, Noraishah Syahirah [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 80350, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim (Malaysia) 2016-01-22 The 1-MW PUSPATI Research Reactor (RTP) is the one and only nuclear pool type research reactor developed by General Atomic (GA) in Malaysia. It was installed at Malaysian Nuclear Agency and has reached the first criticality on 8 June 1982. Based on the initial core which comprised of 80 standard TRIGA fuel elements, the very fundamental thermal hydraulic model was investigated during steady state operation using the PARET-code. The main objective of this paper is to determine the variation of temperature profiles and Departure of Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR) of RTP at full power operation. The second objective is to confirm that the values obtained from PARET-code are in agreement with Safety Analysis Report (SAR) for RTP. The code was employed for the hot and average channels in the core in order to calculate of fuel’s center and surface, cladding, coolant temperatures as well as DNBR’s values. In this study, it was found that the results obtained from the PARET-code showed that the thermal hydraulic parameters related to safety for initial core which was cooled by natural convection was in agreement with the designed values and safety limit in SAR. 13. Operational tests and irradiation programming proposal for the industrial production of {sup 131} I in the TRIGA Mark III reactor of the Nuclear Centre (ININ); Pruebas operacionales y propuesta de programacion de irradiacion para la produccion industrial de {sup 131} I en el reactor TRIGA Mark III del Centro Nuclear (ININ) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Alanis M, J.; Reyes J, J.L.; Ruiz C, M.A. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2003-07-01 In the National Institute of Nuclear Research it was recently finished the project for the production of I-131 at industrial level, the one which can divide basically in: (a) Preparation of the raw materials (TeO{sub 2}), (b) Sintering, (c) Neutron irradiation and (d) Separation of the I-131. With the end of starting the industrial production of this process, in this work it is presented the operational tests and an irradiation proposal of the TeO{sub 2} to obtain quantities of I-131 that cover, if not totally, partially the national market. For this, they were carried out irradiation tests of 6 samples to different flows of neutrons. The result of these tests settles down that irradiating a mass of 240 g TeO{sub 2} to a neutron flow of 6.53 x 10{sup 12} n/cm{sup 2}s in 4 cycles of 30 h per week approximately 2.54 Ci/week of I-131 distilled are obtained, which represents 35% of the demand of the Plant of Radioisotopes production of the ININ. (Author) 14. LMFBR type reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kawakami, Hiroto 1995-02-07 A reactor container of the present invention has a structure that the reactor container is entirely at the same temperature as that at the inlet of the reactor and, a hot pool is incorporated therein, and the reactor container has is entirely at the same temperature and has substantially uniform temperature follow-up property transiently. Namely, if the temperature at the inlet of the reactor core changes, the temperature of the entire reactor container changes following this change, but no great temperature gradient is caused in the axial direction and no great heat stresses due to axial temperature distribution is caused. Occurrence of thermal stresses caused by the axial temperature distribution can be suppressed to improve the reliability of the reactor container. In addition, since the laying of the reactor inlet pipelines over the inside of the reactor is eliminated, the reactor container is made compact and the heat shielding structures above the reactor and a protection structure of container walls are simplified. Further, secondary coolants are filled to the outside of the reactor container to simplify the shieldings. The combined effects described above can improve economical property and reliability. (N.H.). 15. Light water reactor safety CERN Document Server Pershagen, B 2013-01-01 This book describes the principles and practices of reactor safety as applied to the design, regulation and operation of light water reactors, combining a historical approach with an up-to-date account of the safety, technology and operating experience of both pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors. The introductory chapters set out the basic facts upon which the safety of light water reactors depend. The central section is devoted to the methods and results of safety analysis. The accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl are reviewed and their implications for light wate 16. Nuclear reactor physics CERN Document Server Stacey, Weston M 2010-01-01 Nuclear reactor physics is the core discipline of nuclear engineering. Nuclear reactors now account for a significant portion of the electrical power generated worldwide, and new power reactors with improved fuel cycles are being developed. At the same time, the past few decades have seen an ever-increasing number of industrial, medical, military, and research applications for nuclear reactors. The second edition of this successful comprehensive textbook and reference on basic and advanced nuclear reactor physics has been completely updated, revised and enlarged to include the latest developme 17. Major update of Safety Analysis Report for Thai Research Reactor-1/Modification 1 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tippayakul, Chanatip [Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology, Bangkok (Thailand) 2013-07-01 required and work load had to be well managed due to limited number of personnel on the work. The key success factor for this work was to establish international cooperation with other organizations in the research reactor community especially the TRIGA owners. A lot of information exchange including external reviews was conducted through US-DOE and TINT collaboration program on Research Reactor Operation Action Sheet. Other organizations contributed greatly to the success of the work as well by providing consultation and information such as KAERI, JAEA and etc. The updated SAR has been successfully submitted to the regulatory body. 18. Spinning fluids reactor Science.gov (United States) Miller, Jan D; Hupka, Jan; Aranowski, Robert 2012-11-20 A spinning fluids reactor, includes a reactor body (24) having a circular cross-section and a fluid contactor screen (26) within the reactor body (24). The fluid contactor screen (26) having a plurality of apertures and a circular cross-section concentric with the reactor body (24) for a length thus forming an inner volume (28) bound by the fluid contactor screen (26) and an outer volume (30) bound by the reactor body (24) and the fluid contactor screen (26). A primary inlet (20) can be operatively connected to the reactor body (24) and can be configured to produce flow-through first spinning flow of a first fluid within the inner volume (28). A secondary inlet (22) can similarly be operatively connected to the reactor body (24) and can be configured to produce a second flow of a second fluid within the outer volume (30) which is optionally spinning. 19. MCNP5 and GEANT4 comparisons for preliminary Fast Neutron Pencil Beam design at the University of Utah TRIGA system Science.gov (United States) The main objective of this thesis is twofold. The starting objective was to develop a model for meaningful benchmarking of different versions of GEANT4 against an experimental set-up and MCNP5 pertaining to photon transport and interactions. The following objective was to develop a preliminary design of a Fast Neutron Pencil Beam (FNPB) Facility to be applicable for the University of Utah research reactor (UUTR) using MCNP5 and GEANT4. The three various GEANT4 code versions, GEANT4.9.4, GEANT4.9.3, and GEANT4.9.2, were compared to MCNP5 and the experimental measurements of gamma attenuation in air. The average gamma dose rate was measured in the laboratory experiment at various distances from a shielded cesium source using a Ludlum model 19 portable NaI detector. As it was expected, the gamma dose rate decreased with distance. All three GEANT4 code versions agreed well with both the experimental data and the MCNP5 simulation. Additionally, a simple GEANT4 and MCNP5 model was developed to compare the code agreements for neutron interactions in various materials. Preliminary FNPB design was developed using MCNP5; a semi-accurate model was developed using GEANT4 (because GEANT4 does not support the reactor physics modeling, the reactor was represented as a surface neutron source, thus a semi-accurate model). Based on the MCNP5 model, the fast neutron flux in a sample holder of the FNPB is obtained to be 6.52×107 n/cm2s, which is one order of magnitude lower than gigantic fast neutron pencil beam facilities existing elsewhere. The MCNP5 model-based neutron spectrum indicates that the maximum expected fast neutron flux is at a neutron energy of ~1 MeV. In addition, the MCNP5 model provided information on gamma flux to be expected in this preliminary FNPB design; specifically, in the sample holder, the gamma flux is to be expected to be around 108 γ/cm 2s, delivering a gamma dose of 4.54×103 rem/hr. This value is one to two orders of magnitudes below the gamma 20. Reactor Vessel Surveillance Program for Advanced Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jeong, Kyeong-Hoon; Kim, Tae-Wan; Lee, Gyu-Mahn; Kim, Jong-Wook; Park, Keun-Bae; Kim, Keung-Koo 2008-10-15 This report provides the design requirements of an integral type reactor vessel surveillance program for an integral type reactor in accordance with the requirements of Korean MEST (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Development) Notice 2008-18. This report covers the requirements for the design of surveillance capsule assemblies including their test specimens, test block materials, handling tools, and monitors of the surveillance capsule neutron fluence and temperature. In addition, this report provides design requirements for the program for irradiation surveillance of reactor vessel materials, a layout of specimens and monitors in the surveillance capsule, procedures of installation and retrieval of the surveillance capsule assemblies, and the layout of the surveillance capsule assemblies in the reactor. 1. SNTP program reactor design Science.gov (United States) Walton, Lewis A.; Sapyta, Joseph J. 1993-06-01 The Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (SNTP) program is evaluating the feasibility of a particle bed reactor for a high-performance nuclear thermal rocket engine. Reactors operating between 500 MW and 2,000 MW will produce engine thrusts ranging from 20,000 pounds to 80,000 pounds. The optimum reactor arrangement depends on the power level desired and the intended application. The key components of the reactor have been developed and are being tested. Flow-to-power matching considerations dominate the thermal-hydraulic design of the reactor. Optimal propellant management during decay heat cooling requires a three-pronged approach. Adequate computational methods exist to perform the neutronics analysis of the reactor core. These methods have been benchmarked to critical experiment data. 2. Fast Spectrum Reactors CERN Document Server Todd, Donald; Tsvetkov, Pavel 2012-01-01 Fast Spectrum Reactors presents a detailed overview of world-wide technology contributing to the development of fast spectrum reactors. With a unique focus on the capabilities of fast spectrum reactors to address nuclear waste transmutation issues, in addition to the well-known capabilities of breeding new fuel, this volume describes how fast spectrum reactors contribute to the wide application of nuclear power systems to serve the global nuclear renaissance while minimizing nuclear proliferation concerns. Readers will find an introduction to the sustainable development of nuclear energy and the role of fast reactors, in addition to an economic analysis of nuclear reactors. A section devoted to neutronics offers the current trends in nuclear design, such as performance parameters and the optimization of advanced power systems. The latest findings on fuel management, partitioning and transmutation include the physics, efficiency and strategies of transmutation, homogeneous and heterogeneous recycling, in addit... 3. Hybrid reactors. [Fuel cycle Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Moir, R.W. 1980-09-09 The rationale for hybrid fusion-fission reactors is the production of fissile fuel for fission reactors. A new class of reactor, the fission-suppressed hybrid promises unusually good safety features as well as the ability to support 25 light-water reactors of the same nuclear power rating, or even more high-conversion-ratio reactors such as the heavy-water type. One 4000-MW nuclear hybrid can produce 7200 kg of /sup 233/U per year. To obtain good economics, injector efficiency times plasma gain (eta/sub i/Q) should be greater than 2, the wall load should be greater than 1 MW.m/sup -2/, and the hybrid should cost less than 6 times the cost of a light-water reactor. Introduction rates for the fission-suppressed hybrid are usually rapid. 4. Multi purpose research reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Raina, V.K. [Research Reactor Design and Projects Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India)]. E-mail: [email protected]; Sasidharan, K. [Research Reactor Design and Projects Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India); Sengupta, Samiran [Research Reactor Design and Projects Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India); Singh, Tej [Research Reactor Services Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085 (India) 2006-04-15 At present Dhruva and Cirus reactors provide the majority of research reactor based facilities to cater to the various needs of a vast pool of researchers in the field of material sciences, physics, chemistry, bio sciences, research and development work for nuclear power plants and production of radio isotopes. With a view to further consolidate and expand the scope of research and development in nuclear and allied sciences, a new 20 MWt multi purpose research reactor is being designed. This paper describes some of the design features and safety aspects of this reactor. 5. INVAP's Research Reactor Designs Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Eduardo Villarino 2011-01-01 Full Text Available INVAP, an Argentine company founded more than three decades ago, is today recognized as one of the leaders within the research reactor industry. INVAP has participated in several projects covering a wide range of facilities, designed in accordance with the requirements of our different clients. For complying with these requirements, INVAP developed special skills and capabilities to deal with different fuel assemblies, different core cooling systems, and different reactor layouts. This paper summarizes the general features and utilization of several INVAP research reactor designs, from subcritical and critical assemblies to high-power reactors. 6. LMFBR type reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kanbe, Mitsuru 1997-04-04 An LMFBR type reactor comprises a plurality of reactor cores in a reactor container. Namely, a plurality of pot containing vessels are disposed in the reactor vessel and a plurality of reactor cores are formed in a state where an integrated-type fuel assembly is each inserted to a pot, and a coolant pipeline is connected to each of the pot containing-vessel to cool the reactor core respectively. When fuels are exchanged, the integrated-type fuel assembly is taken out together with the pot from the reactor vessel in a state where the integrated-type fuel assembly is immersed in the coolants in the pot as it is. Accordingly, coolants are supplied to each of the pot containing-vessel connected with the coolant pipeline and circulate while cooling the integrated-type fuel assembly for every pot. Then, when the fuels are exchanged, the integrated type fuel assembly is taken out to the outside of the reactor together with the pot by taking up the pot from the pot-containing vessel. Then, neutron economy is improved to thereby improve reactor power and the breeding ratio. (N.H.) 7. Light water reactor program Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Franks, S.M. 1994-12-31 The US Department of Energys Light Water Reactor Program is outlined. The scope of the program consists of: design certification of evolutionary plants; design, development, and design certification of simplified passive plants; first-of-a-kind engineering to achieve commercial standardization; plant lifetime improvement; and advanced reactor severe accident program. These program activities of the Office of Nuclear Energy are discussed. 8. Space Nuclear Reactor Engineering Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Poston, David Irvin [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) 2017-03-06 We needed to find a space reactor concept that could be attractive to NASA for flight and proven with a rapid turnaround, low-cost nuclear test. Heat-pipe-cooled reactors coupled to Stirling engines long identified as the easiest path to near-term, low-cost concept. 9. Reactor Materials Research Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Van Walle, E 2001-04-01 The activities of the Reactor Materials Research Department of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK-CEN in 2000 are summarised. The programmes within the department are focussed on studies concerning (1) fusion, in particular mechanical testing; (2) Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking (IASCC); (3) nuclear fuel; and (4) Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel (RPVS) 10. Nuclear reactor design CERN Document Server 2014-01-01 This book focuses on core design and methods for design and analysis. It is based on advances made in nuclear power utilization and computational methods over the past 40 years, covering core design of boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors, as well as fast reactors and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors. The objectives of this book are to help graduate and advanced undergraduate students to understand core design and analysis, and to serve as a background reference for engineers actively working in light water reactors. Methodologies for core design and analysis, together with physical descriptions, are emphasized. The book also covers coupled thermal hydraulic core calculations, plant dynamics, and safety analysis, allowing readers to understand core design in relation to plant control and safety. 11. Status of French reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ballagny, A. [Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique, Saclay (France) 1997-08-01 The status of French reactors is reviewed. The ORPHEE and RHF reactors can not be operated with a LEU fuel which would be limited to 4.8 g U/cm{sup 3}. The OSIRIS reactor has already been converted to LEU. It will use U{sub 3}Si{sub 2} as soon as its present stock of UO{sub 2} fuel is used up, at the end of 1994. The decision to close down the SILOE reactor in the near future is not propitious for the start of a conversion process. The REX 2000 reactor, which is expected to be commissioned in 2005, will use LEU (except if the fast neutrons core option is selected). Concerning the end of the HEU fuel cycle, the best option is reprocessing followed by conversion of the reprocessed uranium to LEU. 12. Slurry reactor design studies Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Fox, J.M.; Degen, B.D.; Cady, G.; Deslate, F.D.; Summers, R.L. (Bechtel Group, Inc., San Francisco, CA (USA)); Akgerman, A. (Texas A and M Univ., College Station, TX (USA)); Smith, J.M. (California Univ., Davis, CA (USA)) 1990-06-01 The objective of these studies was to perform a realistic evaluation of the relative costs of tublar-fixed-bed and slurry reactors for methanol, mixed alcohols and Fischer-Tropsch syntheses under conditions where they would realistically be expected to operate. The slurry Fischer-Tropsch reactor was, therefore, operated at low H{sub 2}/CO ratio on gas directly from a Shell gasifier. The fixed-bed reactor was operated on 2.0 H{sub 2}/CO ratio gas after adjustment by shift and CO{sub 2} removal. Every attempt was made to give each reactor the benefit of its optimum design condition and correlations were developed to extend the models beyond the range of the experimental pilot plant data. For the methanol design, comparisons were made for a recycle plant with high methanol yield, this being the standard design condition. It is recognized that this is not necessarily the optimum application for the slurry reactor, which is being proposed for a once-through operation, coproducing methanol and power. Consideration is also given to the applicability of the slurry reactor to mixed alcohols, based on conditions provided by Lurgi for an Octamix{trademark} plant using their standard tubular-fixed reactor technology. 7 figs., 26 tabs. 13. Gas cooled fast reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 1972-06-01 Although most of the development work on fast breeder reactors has been devoted to the use of liquid metal cooling, interest has been expressed for a number of years in alternative breeder concepts using other coolants. One of a number of concepts in which interest has been retained is the Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GCFR). As presently envisioned, it would operate on the uranium-plutonium mixed oxide fuel cycle, similar to that used in the Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR), and would use helium gas as the coolant. 14. Microfluidic electrochemical reactors Science.gov (United States) Nuzzo, Ralph G [Champaign, IL; Mitrovski, Svetlana M [Urbana, IL 2011-03-22 A microfluidic electrochemical reactor includes an electrode and one or more microfluidic channels on the electrode, where the microfluidic channels are covered with a membrane containing a gas permeable polymer. The distance between the electrode and the membrane is less than 500 micrometers. The microfluidic electrochemical reactor can provide for increased reaction rates in electrochemical reactions using a gaseous reactant, as compared to conventional electrochemical cells. Microfluidic electrochemical reactors can be incorporated into devices for applications such as fuel cells, electrochemical analysis, microfluidic actuation, pH gradient formation. 15. Fast Breeder Reactor studies Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Till, C.E.; Chang, Y.I.; Kittel, J.H.; Fauske, H.K.; Lineberry, M.J.; Stevenson, M.G.; Amundson, P.I.; Dance, K.D. 1980-07-01 This report is a compilation of Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) resource documents prepared to provide the technical basis for the US contribution to the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation. The eight separate parts deal with the alternative fast breeder reactor fuel cycles in terms of energy demand, resource base, technical potential and current status, safety, proliferation resistance, deployment, and nuclear safeguards. An Annex compares the cost of decommissioning light-water and fast breeder reactors. Separate abstracts are included for each of the parts. 16. Reactor BR2. Introduction Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gubel, P 2001-04-01 The BR2 is a materials testing reactor and is still one of SCK-CEN's important nuclear facilities. After an extensive refurbishment to compensate for the ageing of the installation, the reactor was restarted in April 1997. During the last three years, the availability of the installation was maintained at an average level of 97.6 percent. In the year 2000, the reactor was operated for a total of 104 days at a mean power of 56 MW. In 2000, most irradiation experiments were performed in the CALLISTO PWR loop. The report describes irradiations achieved or under preparation in 2000, including the development of advanced facilities and concept studies for new programmes. An overview of the scientific irradiation programmes as well as of the R and D programme of the BR2 reactor in 2000 is given. 17. Reactor Neutrino Spectra CERN Document Server Hayes, A C 2016-01-01 We present a review of the antineutrino spectra emitted from reactors. Knowledge of these and their associated uncertainties are crucial for neutrino oscillation studies. The spectra used to-date have been determined by either conversion of measured electron spectra to antineutrino spectra or by summing over all of the thousands of transitions that makeup the spectra using modern databases as input. The uncertainties in the subdominant corrections to beta-decay plague both methods, and we provide estimates of these uncertainties. Improving on current knowledge of the antineutrino spectra from reactors will require new experiments. Such experiments would also address the so-called reactor neutrino anomaly and the possible origin of the shoulder observed in the antineutrino spectra measured in recent high-statistics reactor neutrino experiments. 18. New reactor type proposed CERN Multimedia 2003-01-01 "Russian scientists at the Research Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering in Moscow are hoping to develop a new reactor that will use lead and bismuth as fuel instead of uranium and plutonium" (1/2 page). 19. Helias reactor studies Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Beidler, C.D. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Garching (Germany); Grieger, G. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Garching (Germany); Harmeyer, E. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Garching (Germany); Kisslinger, J. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Garching (Germany); Karulin, N. [Nuclear Fusion Institute, Moscow (Russian Federation); Maurer, W. [Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Technik und Umwelt (Germany); Nuehrenberg, J. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Garching (Germany); Rau, F. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Garching (Germany); Sapper, J. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Garching (Germany); Wobig, H. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Garching (Germany) 1995-10-01 The present status of Helias reactor studies is characterised by the identification and investigation of specific issues which result from the particular properties of this type of stellarator. On the technical side these are issues related to the coil system, while physics studies have concentrated on confinement, alpha-particle behaviour and ignition conditions. The usual assumptions have been made in those fields which are common to all toroidal fusion reactors: blanket and shield, refuelling and exhaust, safety and economic aspects. For blanket and shield sufficient space has been provided, a detailed concept will be developed in future. To date more emphasis has been placed on scoping and parameter studies as opposed to fixing a specific set of parameters and providing a detailed point study. One result of the Helias reactor studies is that physical dimensions are on the same order as those of tokamak reactors. However, it should be noticed that this comparison is difficult in view of the large spectrum of tokamak reactors ranging from a small reactor like Aries, to a large device such as SEAFP. The notion that the large aspect ratio of 10 or more in Helias configurations also leads to large reactors is misleading, since the large major radius of 22 m is compensated by the average plasma radius of 1.8 m and the average coil radius of 5 m. The plasma volume of 1400 m{sup 3} is about the same as the ITER reactor and the magnetic energy of the coil system is about the same or even slightly smaller than envisaged in ITER. (orig.) 20. Future Reactor Experiments OpenAIRE He, Miao 2013-01-01 The measurement of the neutrino mixing angle $\\theta_{13}$ opens a gateway for the next generation experiments to measure the neutrino mass hierarchy and the leptonic CP-violating phase. Future reactor experiments will focus on mass hierarchy determination and the precision measurement of mixing parameters. Mass hierarchy can be determined from the disappearance of reactor electron antineutrinos based on the interference effect of two separated oscillation modes. Relative and absolute measure... 1. Reactor Neutrino Experiments OpenAIRE Cao, Jun 2007-01-01 Precisely measuring $\\theta_{13}$ is one of the highest priority in neutrino oscillation study. Reactor experiments can cleanly determine $\\theta_{13}$. Past reactor neutrino experiments are reviewed and status of next precision $\\theta_{13}$ experiments are presented. Daya Bay is designed to measure $\\sin^22\\theta_{13}$ to better than 0.01 and Double Chooz and RENO are designed to measure it to 0.02-0.03. All are heading to full operation in 2010. Recent improvements in neutrino moment measu... 2. Department of Reactor Technology DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde The general development of the Department of Reactor Technology at Risø during 1981 is presented, and the activities within the major subject fields are described in some detail. Lists of staff, publications, and computer programs are included.......The general development of the Department of Reactor Technology at Risø during 1981 is presented, and the activities within the major subject fields are described in some detail. Lists of staff, publications, and computer programs are included.... 3. Moon base reactor system Science.gov (United States) Chavez, H.; Flores, J.; Nguyen, M.; Carsen, K. 1989-01-01 The objective of our reactor design is to supply a lunar-based research facility with 20 MW(e). The fundamental layout of this lunar-based system includes the reactor, power conversion devices, and a radiator. The additional aim of this reactor is a longevity of 12 to 15 years. The reactor is a liquid metal fast breeder that has a breeding ratio very close to 1.0. The geometry of the core is cylindrical. The metallic fuel rods are of beryllium oxide enriched with varying degrees of uranium, with a beryllium core reflector. The liquid metal coolant chosen was natural lithium. After the liquid metal coolant leaves the reactor, it goes directly into the power conversion devices. The power conversion devices are Stirling engines. The heated coolant acts as a hot reservoir to the device. It then enters the radiator to be cooled and reenters the Stirling engine acting as a cold reservoir. The engines' operating fluid is helium, a highly conductive gas. These Stirling engines are hermetically sealed. Although natural lithium produces a lower breeding ratio, it does have a larger temperature range than sodium. It is also corrosive to steel. This is why the container material must be carefully chosen. One option is to use an expensive alloy of cerbium and zirconium. The radiator must be made of a highly conductive material whose melting point temperature is not exceeded in the reactor and whose structural strength can withstand meteor showers. 4. Reactor Safety Planning for Prometheus Project, for Naval Reactors Information Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) P. Delmolino 2005-05-06 The purpose of this letter is to submit to Naval Reactors the initial plan for the Prometheus project Reactor Safety work. The Prometheus project is currently developing plans for cold physics experiments and reactor prototype tests. These tests and facilities may require safety analysis and siting support. In addition to the ground facilities, the flight reactor units will require unique analyses to evaluate the risk to the public from normal operations and credible accident conditions. This letter outlines major safety documents that will be submitted with estimated deliverable dates. Included in this planning is the reactor servicing documentation and shipping analysis that will be submitted to Naval Reactors. 5. REACTOR GROUT THERMAL PROPERTIES Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Steimke, J.; Qureshi, Z.; Restivo, M.; Guerrero, H. 2011-01-28 Savannah River Site has five dormant nuclear production reactors. Long term disposition will require filling some reactor buildings with grout up to ground level. Portland cement based grout will be used to fill the buildings with the exception of some reactor tanks. Some reactor tanks contain significant quantities of aluminum which could react with Portland cement based grout to form hydrogen. Hydrogen production is a safety concern and gas generation could also compromise the structural integrity of the grout pour. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a non-Portland cement grout to fill reactors that contain significant quantities of aluminum. Grouts generate heat when they set, so the potential exists for large temperature increases in a large pour, which could compromise the integrity of the pour. The primary purpose of the testing reported here was to measure heat of hydration, specific heat, thermal conductivity and density of various reactor grouts under consideration so that these properties could be used to model transient heat transfer for different pouring strategies. A secondary purpose was to make qualitative judgments of grout pourability and hardened strength. Some reactor grout formulations were unacceptable because they generated too much heat, or started setting too fast, or required too long to harden or were too weak. The formulation called 102H had the best combination of characteristics. It is a Calcium Alumino-Sulfate grout that contains Ciment Fondu (calcium aluminate cement), Plaster of Paris (calcium sulfate hemihydrate), sand, Class F fly ash, boric acid and small quantities of additives. This composition afforded about ten hours of working time. Heat release began at 12 hours and was complete by 24 hours. The adiabatic temperature rise was 54 C which was within specification. The final product was hard and displayed no visible segregation. The density and maximum particle size were within specification. 6. Scaleable, High Efficiency Microchannel Sabatier Reactor Project Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — A Microchannel Sabatier Reactor System (MSRS) consisting of cross connected arrays of isothermal or graded temperature reactors is proposed. The reactor array... 7. LMFBR type reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shimizu, Takeshi; Iida, Masaaki; Moriki, Yasuyuki 1994-10-18 A reactor core is divided into a plurality of coolants flowrate regions, and electromagnetic pumps exclusively used for each of the flowrate regions are disposed to distribute coolants flowrates in the reactor core. Further, the flowrate of each of the electromagnetic pumps is automatically controlled depending on signals from a temperature detector disposed at the exit of the reactor core, so that the flowrate of the region can be controlled optimally depending on the burning of reactor core fuels. Then, the electromagnetic pumps disposed for every divided region are controlled respectively, so that the coolants flowrate distribution suitable to each of the regions can be attained. Margin for fuel design is decreased, fuels are used effectively, as well as an operation efficiency can be improved. Moreover, since the electromagnetic pump has less flow resistance compared with a mechanical type pump, and flow resistance of the reactor core flowrate control mechanism is eliminated, greater circulating flowrate can be ensured after occurrence of accident in a natural convection using a buoyancy of coolants utilizable for after-heat removal as a driving force. (N.H.). 8. Characterization of a Neutron Beam Following Reconfiguration of the Neutron Radiography Reactor (NRAD Core and Addition of New Fuel Elements Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Aaron E. Craft 2016-02-01 9. Reactor Structural Materials: Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2000-07-01 The objectives of SCK-CEN's R and D programme on Rector Pressure Vessel (RPV) Steels are:(1) to complete the fracture toughness data bank of various reactor pressure vessel steels by using precracked Charpy specimens that were tested statically as well as dynamically; (2) to implement the enhanced surveillance approach in a user-friendly software; (3) to improve the existing reconstitution technology by reducing the input energy (short cycle welding) and modifying the stud geometry. Progress and achievements in 1999 are reported. 10. Thermionic Reactor Design Studies Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schock, Alfred 1994-08-01 Paper presented at the 29th IECEC in Monterey, CA in August 1994. The present paper describes some of the author's conceptual designs and their rationale, and the special analytical techniques developed to analyze their (thermionic reactor) performance. The basic designs, first published in 1963, are based on single-cell converters, either double-ended diodes extending over the full height of the reactor core or single-ended diodes extending over half the core height. In that respect they are similar to the thermionic fuel elements employed in the Topaz-2 reactor subsequently developed in the Soviet Union, copies of which were recently imported by the U.S. As in the Topaz-2 case, electrically heated steady-state performance tests of the converters are possible before fueling. 11. Nuclear Rocket Engine Reactor CERN Document Server Lanin, Anatoly 2013-01-01 The development of a nuclear rocket engine reactor (NRER ) is presented in this book. The working capacity of an active zone NRER under mechanical and thermal load, intensive neutron fluxes, high energy generation (up to 30 MBT/l) in a working medium (hydrogen) at temperatures up to 3100 K is displayed. Design principles and bearing capacity of reactors area discussed on the basis of simulation experiments and test data of a prototype reactor. Property data of dense constructional, porous thermal insulating and fuel materials like carbide and uranium carbide compounds in the temperatures interval 300 - 3000 K are presented. Technological aspects of strength and thermal strength resistance of materials are considered. The design procedure of possible emergency processes in the NRER is developed and risks for their origination are evaluated. Prospects of the NRER development for pilotless space devices and piloted interplanetary ships are viewed. 12. Operation of Reactor Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 1996-01-01 3.1 Annual Report of SPR Operation Chu Shaochu Having overseen by National Nuclear Safety Administration and specialists, the reactor restarted up successfully after Safety renovation on April 16, 1996. In August 1996 the normal operation of SPR was approved by the authorities of Naitonal Nuclear Safety Administration. 1 Operation status In 1996, the reactor operated safely for 40 d and the energy released was about 137.3 MW·d. The operation status of SPR is shown in table 1. The reactor started up to higher power (power more than 1 MW) and lower power (for physics experiments) 4 times and 14 times respectively. Measurement of control rod efficiency and other measurement tasks were 2 times and 5 times respectively. 13. An Overview of Reactor Concepts, a Survey of Reactor Designs. Science.gov (United States) 1985-02-01 Public Affairs Office and is releasaole to the National Technical Information Services (NTIS). At NTIS, it will be available to the general public...Reactors that use deu- terium (heavy water) as a coolant can use natural uranium as a fuel. The * Canadian reactor, CANDU , utilizes this concept...reactor core at the top and discharged at the Dotton while the reactor is in operation. The discharged fuel can then b inspected to see if it can De used 14. Oscillatory flow chemical reactors Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Slavnić Danijela S. 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Global market competition, increase in energy and other production costs, demands for high quality products and reduction of waste are forcing pharmaceutical, fine chemicals and biochemical industries, to search for radical solutions. One of the most effective ways to improve the overall production (cost reduction and better control of reactions is a transition from batch to continuous processes. However, the reactions of interests for the mentioned industry sectors are often slow, thus continuous tubular reactors would be impractically long for flow regimes which provide sufficient heat and mass transfer and narrow residence time distribution. The oscillatory flow reactors (OFR are newer type of tube reactors which can offer solution by providing continuous operation with approximately plug flow pattern, low shear stress rates and enhanced mass and heat transfer. These benefits are the result of very good mixing in OFR achieved by vortex generation. OFR consists of cylindrical tube containing equally spaced orifice baffles. Fluid oscillations are superimposed on a net (laminar flow. Eddies are generated when oscillating fluid collides with baffles and passes through orifices. Generation and propagation of vortices create uniform mixing in each reactor cavity (between baffles, providing an overall flow pattern which is close to plug flow. Oscillations can be created by direct action of a piston or a diaphragm on fluid (or alternatively on baffles. This article provides an overview of oscillatory flow reactor technology, its operating principles and basic design and scale - up characteristics. Further, the article reviews the key research findings in heat and mass transfer, shear stress, residence time distribution in OFR, presenting their advantages over the conventional reactors. Finally, relevant process intensification examples from pharmaceutical, polymer and biofuels industries are presented. 15. Perspectives on reactor safety Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Haskin, F.E. [New Mexico Univ., Albuquerque, NM (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering; Camp, A.L. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States) 1994-03-01 The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) maintains a technical training center at Chattanooga, Tennessee to provide appropriate training to both new and experienced NRC employees. This document describes a one-week course in reactor, safety concepts. The course consists of five modules: (1) historical perspective; (2) accident sequences; (3) accident progression in the reactor vessel; (4) containment characteristics and design bases; and (5) source terms and offsite consequences. The course text is accompanied by slides and videos during the actual presentation of the course. 16. Reactor Materials Research Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Van Walle, E 2002-04-01 The activities of SCK-CEN's Reactor Materials Research Department for 2001 are summarised. The objectives of the department are: (1) to evaluate the integrity and behaviour of structural materials used in nuclear power industry; (2) to conduct research to unravel and understand the parameters that determine the material behaviour under or after irradiation; (3) to contribute to the interpretation, the modelling of the material behaviour and to develop and assess strategies for optimum life management of nuclear power plant components. The programmes within the department are focussed on studies concerning (1) Irradiation Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking (IASCC); (2) nuclear fuel; and (3) Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel. 17. Tritium recovery as waste sub product in the Fluorine 18 production in a nuclear reactor; Recuperacion de tritio como subproducto de desecho en la produccion de F-18 en un reactor nuclear Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Flores R, H.; Palma G, F.A.; Ramirez, F.M 1990-09-15 The tritium is a radioisotope that can be used to carry out basic as applied research. The current researches on the labelling of the organic molecules as well as its application in diagnostic, radiotherapy and hydrology among others confirm the before said. Due to their utility, they have been carried out studies to recover it of radioactive or nuclear waste as well as, to concentrate it of the natural water, the one which due to the nuclear tests in the last decades has gotten rich in tritium. In this work previous studies to recover the tritium coming from the process that was used to produce F-18 following the reaction {sup 6} Li (n, {alpha}) {sup 3} H, {sup 16} O (t, n) {sup 18} F in made up of lithium oxygenated, in the TRIGA Mark III Nuclear Reactor of the Nuclear Center of Mexico. The method consists on purifying by ion exchange the waste solutions where F-18 took place, to distill them and to concentrate them for an electrochemical method. It was already adapts a system reported to concentrate big volumes (approximately 250 ml) in such a way that could be used for small volumes. It was recovered 30% of the considered initial quantity of tritium. A modification to the proposed methodology will allow to recover the waste tritium in a percentage greater to 80%. (Author) 18. Reactor operation environmental information document Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Haselow, J.S.; Price, V.; Stephenson, D.E.; Bledsoe, H.W.; Looney, B.B. 1989-12-01 The Savannah River Site (SRS) produces nuclear materials, primarily plutonium and tritium, to meet the requirements of the Department of Defense. These products have been formed in nuclear reactors that were built during 1950--1955 at the SRS. K, L, and P reactors are three of five reactors that have been used in the past to produce the nuclear materials. All three of these reactors discontinued operation in 1988. Currently, intense efforts are being extended to prepare these three reactors for restart in a manner that protects human health and the environment. To document that restarting the reactors will have minimal impacts to human health and the environment, a three-volume Reactor Operations Environmental Impact Document has been prepared. The document focuses on the impacts of restarting the K, L, and P reactors on both the SRS and surrounding areas. This volume discusses the geology, seismology, and subsurface hydrology. 195 refs., 101 figs., 16 tabs. 19. High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Data.gov (United States) Federal Laboratory Consortium — The HFIR at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is a light-water cooled and moderated reactor that is the United States’ highest flux reactor-based neutron source. HFIR... 20. Reactor operation safety information document Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1990-01-01 The report contains a reactor facility description which includes K, P, and L reactor sites, structures, operating systems, engineered safety systems, support systems, and process and effluent monitoring systems; an accident analysis section which includes cooling system anomalies, radioactive materials releases, and anticipated transients without scram; a summary of onsite doses from design basis accidents; severe accident analysis (reactor core disruption); a description of operating contractor organization and emergency planning; and a summary of reactor safety evolution. (MB) 1. The development of a under-water robot system for inspection of the contaminated inner wall of nuclear research reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kim, Kyung Hoon; Kim, Byung Man; Cho, Hyung Suk; Park, Ki Yong [Korea Advanced Inst. of Science and Technology, Taejon (Korea, Republic of); Park, Young Soo; Yoon, Ji Sup; Lee, Byung Jik [Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Taejon (Korea, Republic of) 1997-12-31 In this paper, an under-water robot system is developed in order to inspect the radiation level and decontaminate the contaminated inner wall of nuclear research reactor, TRIGA MARK III. This system is composed of the mobile robot which navigates autonomously under the water and the ground control unit which monitors and commands the motion of mobile robot. The mobile robot can move on the wall surface with five thruster systems and is composed of three parts, i.e., mechanical, control, and sensory parts. The five thruster system is configured such as one main thruster, two wall adhesion thruster, and two turning/buoyancy compensation thruster. The control part has 4 CPU boards and each board is configured such that one is in charge of supervisory control mode which controls the position of mobile robot and communicates with the ground control unit and the other board is designed to have motor control mode which drives two motors simultaneously. In secondary part, the laser scanner and fluorescent reflectors and the incilinometer are designed. The laser scanner with fluorescent reflectors provides the current position of the mobile robot on the wall surface and by incilinometer, the moving direction can be obtained. This paper describes the design and configuration procedures of under-water robot in detail and presents the experimental results for characteristic test of the thruster system. 11 refs., 4 tabs., 7 figs. 2. Thermal Reactor Safety Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1980-06-01 Information is presented concerning fire risk and protection; transient thermal-hydraulic analysis and experiments; class 9 accidents and containment; diagnostics and in-service inspection; risk and cost comparison of alternative electric energy sources; fuel behavior and experiments on core cooling in LOCAs; reactor event reporting analysis; equipment qualification; post facts analysis of the TMI-2 accident; and computational methods. 3. Chromatographic and Related Reactors. Science.gov (United States) 1988-01-07 special information about effects of surface heteroge- neity in the methanation reaction. Studies of an efficient multicolumn assembly for measuring...of organic basic catalysts such as pyridine and 4-methylpicoline. It was demonstrated that the chromatographic reactor gave special information about...Programmed Reaction to obtain special information about surface heterogeneity in the methanation reaction. Advantages of stopped flow over steady state 4. Nuclear Reactors and Technology Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cason, D.L.; Hicks, S.C. [eds. 1992-01-01 This publication Nuclear Reactors and Technology (NRT) announces on a monthly basis the current worldwide information available from the open literature on nuclear reactors and technology, including all aspects of power reactors, components and accessories, fuel elements, control systems, and materials. This publication contains the abstracts of DOE reports, journal articles, conference papers, patents, theses, and monographs added to the Energy Science and Technology Database during the past month. Also included are US information obtained through acquisition programs or interagency agreements and international information obtained through the International Energy Agencys Energy Technology Data Exchange or government-to-government agreements. The digests in NRT and other citations to information on nuclear reactors back to 1948 are available for online searching and retrieval on the Energy Science and Technology Database and Nuclear Science Abstracts (NSA) database. Current information, added daily to the Energy Science and Technology Database, is available to DOE and its contractors through the DOE Integrated Technical Information System. Customized profiles can be developed to provide current information to meet each users needs. 5. Fusion reactor materials Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) none, 1989-01-01 This paper discuses the following topics on fusion reactor materials: irradiation, facilities, test matrices, and experimental methods; dosimetry, damage parameters, and activation calculations; materials engineering and design requirements; fundamental mechanical behavior; radiation effects; development of structural alloys; solid breeding materials; and ceramics. 6. WATER BOILER REACTOR Science.gov (United States) King, L.D.P. 1960-11-22 As its name implies, this reactor utilizes an aqueous solution of a fissionable element salt, and is also conventional in that it contains a heat exchanger cooling coil immersed in the fuel. Its novelty lies in the utilization of a cylindrical reactor vessel to provide a critical region having a large and constant interface with a supernatant vapor region, and the use of a hollow sleeve coolant member suspended from the cover assembly in coaxial relation with the reactor vessel. Cool water is circulated inside this hollow coolant member, and a gap between its outer wall and the reactor vessel is used to carry off radiolytic gases for recombination in an external catalyst chamber. The central passage of the coolant member defines a reflux condenser passage into which the externally recombined gases are returned and condensed. The large and constant interface between fuel solution and vapor region prevents the formation of large bubbles and minimizes the amount of fuel salt carried off by water vapor, thus making possible higher flux densities, specific powers and power densities. 7. The First Reactor. Science.gov (United States) Department of Energy, Washington, DC. On December 2, 1942, in a racquet court underneath the West Stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, a team of scientists led by Enrico Fermi created the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. This updated and revised story of the first reactor (or "pile") is based on postwar interviews (as told to Corbin… 8. MULTISTAGE FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR Science.gov (United States) Jonke, A.A.; Graae, J.E.A.; Levitz, N.M. 1959-11-01 A multistage fluidized bed reactor is described in which each of a number of stages is arranged with respect to an associated baffle so that a fluidizing gas flows upward and a granular solid downward through the stages and baffles, whereas the granular solid stopsflowing downward when the flow of fluidizing gas is shut off. 9. Brazilian multipurpose reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2014-07-01 The Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor (RMB) Project is an action of the Federal Government, through the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MCTI) and has its execution under the responsibility of the Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN). Within the CNEN, the project is coordinated by the Research and Development Directorate (DPD) and developed through research units of this board: Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (IPEN); Nuclear Engineering Institute (IEN); Centre for Development of Nuclear Technology (CDTN); Regional Center of Nuclear Sciences (CRCN-NE); and Institute of Radiation Protection and Dosimetry (IRD). The Navy Technological Center in Sao Paulo (CTMSP) and also the participation of other research centers, universities, laboratories and companies in the nuclear sector are important and strategic partnerships. The conceptual design and the safety analysis of the reactor and main facilities, related to nuclear and environmental licensing, are performed by technicians of the research units of DPD / CNEN. The basic design was contracted to engineering companies as INTERTHECNE from Brazil and INVAP from Argentine. The research units from DPD/CNEN are also responsible for the design verification on all engineering documents developed by the contracted companies. The construction and installation should be performed by specific national companies and international partnerships. The Nuclear Reactor RMB will be a open pool type reactor with maximum power of 30 MW and have the OPAL nuclear reactor of 20 MW, built in Australia and designed by INVAP, as reference. The RMB reactor core will have a 5x5 configuration, consisting of 23 elements fuels (EC) of U{sub 3}Si{sub 2} dispersion-type Al having a density of up to 3.5 gU/cm{sup 3} and enrichment of 19.75% by weight of {sup 23{sup 5}}U. Two positions will be available in the core for materials irradiation devices. The main objectives of the RMB Reactor and the other nuclear and radioactive 10. Modeling Chemical Reactors I: Quiescent Reactors CERN Document Server Michoski, C E; Schmitz, P G 2010-01-01 We introduce a fully generalized quiescent chemical reactor system in arbitrary space $\\vdim =1,2$ or 3, with $n\\in\\mathbb{N}$ chemical constituents $\\alpha_{i}$, where the character of the numerical solution is strongly determined by the relative scaling between the local reactivity of species $\\alpha_{i}$ and the local functional diffusivity $\\mathscr{D}_{ij}(\\alpha)$ of the reaction mixture. We develop an operator time-splitting predictor multi-corrector RK--LDG scheme, and utilize $hp$-adaptivity relying only on the entropy $\\mathscr{S}_{\\mathfrak{R}}$ of the reactive system $\\mathfrak{R}$. This condition preserves these bounded nonlinear entropy functionals as a necessarily enforced stability condition on the coupled system. We apply this scheme to a number of application problems in chemical kinetics; including a difficult classical problem arising in nonequilibrium thermodynamics known as the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction where we utilize a concentration-dependent diffusivity tensor \\mathscr{D}_{ij}(... 11. Alternative approaches to fusion. [reactor design and reactor physics for Tokamak fusion reactors Science.gov (United States) Roth, R. J. 1976-01-01 The limitations of the Tokamak fusion reactor concept are discussed and various other fusion reactor concepts are considered that employ the containment of thermonuclear plasmas by magnetic fields (i.e., stellarators). Progress made in the containment of plasmas in toroidal devices is reported. Reactor design concepts are illustrated. The possibility of using fusion reactors as a power source in interplanetary space travel and electric power plants is briefly examined. 12. Reactor monitoring using antineutrino detectors Science.gov (United States) Bowden, N. S. 2011-08-01 Nuclear reactors have served as the antineutrino source for many fundamental physics experiments. The techniques developed by these experiments make it possible to use these weakly interacting particles for a practical purpose. The large flux of antineutrinos that leaves a reactor carries information about two quantities of interest for safeguards: the reactor power and fissile inventory. Measurements made with antineutrino detectors could therefore offer an alternative means for verifying the power history and fissile inventory of a reactor as part of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and/or other reactor safeguards regimes. Several efforts to develop this monitoring technique are underway worldwide. 13. Reactor vessel support system. [LMFBR Science.gov (United States) Golden, M.P.; Holley, J.C. 1980-05-09 A reactor vessel support system includes a support ring at the reactor top supported through a box ring on a ledge of the reactor containment. The box ring includes an annular space in the center of its cross-section to reduce heat flow and is keyed to the support ledge to transmit seismic forces from the reactor vessel to the containment structure. A coolant channel is provided at the outside circumference of the support ring to supply coolant gas through the keyways to channels between the reactor vessel and support ledge into the containment space. 14. Analysis of reactor power behaviour using estimation of period for the gain adaptation in a state feedback controller; Atomos para el desarrollo de Mexico Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Benitez R, J.S. [ININ, 52750 La Marquesa, Estado de Mexico (Mexico); Perez C, J.H. [CINVESTAV, IPN, A.P. 14740 07000 Mexico D.F. (Mexico); Rivero G, T. [ITT, 50140 Metepec, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2008-07-01 In this paper a novel procedure for power regulation in a TRIGA Mark III nuclear reactor is presented. The control scheme combines state variable feedback with a first order predictor, which is incorporated to speed up the power response of the reactor without exceeding the safety requirement imposed by the reactor period. The simulation results using the proposed control strategy attains different values of steady-state power from different values of initial power in short time, complying at all times with the safety restriction imposed on the reactor period. The predictor, derived from the theory of first order numerical integration, produces very good results during the ascent of power. These results include a fast response and independence of the wide variety of potential operating conditions something not easy and even impossible to obtain with other procedures. By using this control scheme, the reactor period is maintained within safety limits during the start up of the reactor, which is normally the operating condition where an occurrence of a period scram is common. However, the predictor can not be used when the power is reaching the desired power level because the instantaneous power increases far above the desired level. Thus, when the power increases above certain power level, the state feedback gain is set constant to a predefined value. This causes some oscillations that decrease in a few seconds. Afterwards, the power response smoothly approaches, with a small overshoot, the desired power. This constraint on the use of the predictor prevents the unbounded increase of the neutron power. The control law proposed requires all the system's state variables. Since only the neutron power is available, it is necessary the estimation of the non measurable states. The key issue of the existence of a solution to this problem has been previously considered. One of the conclusions is that the point kinetic equations are observable under certain restrictions 15. Methanogenesis in Thermophilic Biogas Reactors DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Ahring, Birgitte Kiær 1995-01-01 Methanogenesis in thermophilic biogas reactors fed with different wastes is examined. The specific methanogenic activity with acetate or hydrogen as substrate reflected the organic loading of the specific reactor examined. Increasing the loading of thermophilic reactors stabilized the process...... as indicated by a lower concentration of volatile fatty acids in the effluent from the reactors. The specific methanogenic activity in a thermophilic pilot-plant biogas reactor fed with a mixture of cow and pig manure reflected the stability of the reactor. The numbers of methanogens counted by the most...... against Methanothrix soehngenii or Methanothrix CALS-I in any of the thermophilic biogas reactors examined. Studies using 2-14C-labeled acetate showed that at high concentrations (more than approx. 1 mM) acetate was metabolized via the aceticlastic pathway, transforming the methyl-group of acetate... 16. MEANS FOR COOLING REACTORS Science.gov (United States) Wheeler, J.A. 1957-11-01 A design of a reactor is presented in which the fuel elements may be immersed in a liquid coolant when desired without the necessity of removing them from the reactor structure. The fuel elements, containing the fissionable material are in plate form and are disposed within spaced slots in a moderator material, such as graphite to form the core. Adjacent the core is a tank containing the liquid coolant. The fuel elements are mounted in spaced relationship on a rotatable shaft which is located between the core and the tank so that by rotation of the shaft the fuel elements may be either inserted in the slots in the core to sustain a chain reaction or immersed in the coolant. 17. Compact fusion reactors CERN Document Server CERN. Geneva 2015-01-01 Fusion research is currently to a large extent focused on tokamak (ITER) and inertial confinement (NIF) research. In addition to these large international or national efforts there are private companies performing fusion research using much smaller devices than ITER or NIF. The attempt to achieve fusion energy production through relatively small and compact devices compared to tokamaks decreases the costs and building time of the reactors and this has allowed some private companies to enter the field, like EMC2, General Fusion, Helion Energy, Lawrenceville Plasma Physics and Lockheed Martin. Some of these companies are trying to demonstrate net energy production within the next few years. If they are successful their next step is to attempt to commercialize their technology. In this presentation an overview of compact fusion reactor concepts is given. 18. Reactor Neutrino Spectra OpenAIRE Hayes, A. C.; Vogel, Petr 2016-01-01 We present a review of the antineutrino spectra emitted from reactors. Knowledge of these spectra and their associated uncertainties is crucial for neutrino oscillation studies. The spectra used to date have been determined either by converting measured electron spectra to antineutrino spectra or by summing over all of the thousands of transitions that make up the spectra, using modern databases as input. The uncertainties in the subdominant corrections to β-decay plague both methods, and we ... 19. REACTOR MODERATOR STRUCTURE Science.gov (United States) Greenstreet, B.L. 1963-12-31 A system for maintaining the alignment of moderator block structures in reactors is presented. Integral restraining grids are placed between each layer of blocks in the moderator structure, at the top of the uppermost layer, and at the bottom of the lowermost layer. Slots are provided in the top and bottom surfaces of the moderator blocks so as to provide a keying action with the grids. The grids are maintained in alignment by vertical guiding members disposed about their peripheries. (AEC) 20. BOILER-SUPERHEATED REACTOR Science.gov (United States) Heckman, T.P. 1961-05-01 A nuclear power reactor of the type in which a liquid moderator-coolant is transformed by nuclear heating into a vapor that may be used to drive a turbo- generator is described. The core of this reactor comprises a plurality of freely suspended tubular fuel elements, called fuel element trains, within which nonboiling pressurized liquid moderator-coolant is preheated and sprayed through orifices in the walls of the trains against the outer walls thereof to be converted into vapor. Passage of the vapor ovcr other unwetted portions of the outside of the fuel elements causes the steam to be superheated. The moderatorcoolant within the fuel elements remains in the liqUid state, and that between the fuel elements remains substantiaily in the vapor state. A unique liquid neutron-absorber control system is used. Advantages expected from the reactor design include reduced fuel element failure, increased stability of operation, direct response to power demand, and circulation of a minimum amount of liquid moderatorcoolant. (A.G.W.) 1. Thermionic Reactor Design Studies Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schock, Alfred 1994-06-01 During the 1960's and early 70's the author performed extensive design studies, analyses, and tests aimed at thermionic reactor concepts that differed significantly from those pursued by other investigators. Those studies, like most others under Atomic Energy Commission (AEC and DOE) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsorship, were terminated in the early 1970's. Some of this work was previously published, but much of it was never made available in the open literature. U.S. interest in thermionic reactors resumed in the early 80's, and was greatly intensified by reports about Soviet ground and flight tests in the late 80's. This recent interest resulted in renewed U.S. thermionic reactor development programs, primarily under Department of Defense (DOD) and Department of Energy (DOE) sponsorship. Since most current investigators have not had an opportunity to study all of the author's previous work, a review of the highlights of that work may be of value to them. The present paper describes some of the author's conceptual designs and their rationale, and the special analytical techniques developed to analyze their performance. The basic designs, first published in 1963, are based on single-cell converters, either double-ended diodes extending over the full height of the reactor core or single-ended diodes extending over half the core height. In that respect they are similar to the thermionic fuel elements employed in the Topaz-2 reactor subsequently developed in the Soviet Union, copies of which were recently imported by the U.S. As in the Topaz-2 case, electrically heated steady-state performance tests of the converters are possible before fueling. Where the author's concepts differed from the later Topaz-2 design was in the relative location of the emitter and the collector. Placing the fueled emitter on the outside of the cylindrical diodes permits much higher axial conductances to reduce ohmic 2. Turning points in reactor design Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Beckjord, E.S. 1995-09-01 This article provides some historical aspects on nuclear reactor design, beginning with PWR development for Naval Propulsion and the first commercial application at Yankee Rowe. Five turning points in reactor design and some safety problems associated with them are reviewed: (1) stability of Dresden-1, (2) ECCS, (3) PRA, (4) TMI-2, and (5) advanced passive LWR designs. While the emphasis is on the thermal-hydraulic aspects, the discussion is also about reactor systems. 3. Fast reactor programme in India Indian Academy of Sciences (India) P Chellapandi; P R Vasudeva Rao; Prabhat Kumar 2015-09-01 Role of fast breeder reactor (FBR) in the Indian context has been discussed with appropriate justification. The FBR programme since 1985 till 2030 is highlighted focussing on the current status and future direction of fast breeder test reactor (FBTR), prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) and FBR-1 and 2. Design and technological challenges of PFBR and design and safety targets with means to achieve the same are the major highlights of this paper. 4. Acceptability of reactors in space Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Buden, D. 1981-04-01 Reactors are the key to our future expansion into space. However, there has been some confusion in the public as to whether they are a safe and acceptable technology for use in space. The answer to these questions is explored. The US position is that when reactors are the preferred technical choice, that they can be used safely. In fact, it dies not appear that reactors add measurably to the risk associated with the Space Transportation System. 5. Spiral-shaped disinfection reactors KAUST Repository Ghaffour, Noreddine 2015-08-20 This disclosure includes disinfection reactors and processes for the disinfection of water. Some disinfection reactors include a body that defines an inlet, an outlet, and a spiral flow path between the inlet and the outlet, in which the body is configured to receive water and a disinfectant at the inlet such that the water is exposed to the disinfectant as the water flows through the spiral flow path. Also disclosed are processes for disinfecting water in such disinfection reactors. 6. Hydrogen Production in Fusion Reactors OpenAIRE Sudo, S.; Tomita, Y.; Yamaguchi, S.; Iiyoshi, A.; Momota, H; Motojima, O.; Okamoto, M.; Ohnishi, M.; Onozuka, M; Uenosono, C. 1993-01-01 As one of methods of innovative energy production in fusion reactors without having a conventional turbine-type generator, an efficient use of radiation produced in a fusion reactor with utilizing semiconductor and supplying clean fuel in a form of hydrogen gas are studied. Taking the candidates of reactors such as a toroidal system and an open system for application of the new concepts, the expected efficiency and a concept of plant system are investigated. 7. Neutrino Oscillation Studies with Reactors CERN Document Server Vogel, Petr; Zhang, Chao 2015-01-01 Nuclear reactors are one of the most intense, pure, controllable, cost-effective, and well-understood sources of neutrinos. Reactors have played a major role in the study of neutrino oscillations, a phenomenon that indicates that neutrinos have mass and that neutrino flavors are quantum mechanical mixtures. Over the past several decades reactors were used in the discovery of neutrinos, were crucial in solving the solar neutrino puzzle, and allowed the determination of the smallest mixing angle\\theta_{13}. In the near future, reactors will help to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to solve the puzzling issue of sterile neutrinos. 8. FAST NEUTRONIC REACTOR Science.gov (United States) Snell, A.H. 1957-12-01 This patent relates to a reactor and process for carrying out a controlled fast neutron chain reaction. A cubical reactive mass, weighing at least 920 metric tons, of uranium metal containing predominantly U/sup 238/ and having a U/sup 235/ content of at least 7.63% is assembled and the maximum neutron reproduction ratio is limited to not substantially over 1.01 by insertion and removal of a varying amount of boron, the reactive mass being substantially freed of moderator. 9. Biparticle fluidized bed reactor Science.gov (United States) Scott, C.D. 1993-12-14 A fluidized bed reactor system which utilizes a fluid phase, a retained fluidized primary particulate phase, and a migratory second particulate phase is described. The primary particulate phase is a particle such as a gel bead containing an immobilized biocatalyst. The secondary particulate phase, continuously introduced and removed in either cocurrent or countercurrent mode, acts in a secondary role such as a sorbent to continuously remove a product or by-product constituent from the fluid phase. Introduction and removal of the sorbent phase is accomplished through the use of feed screw mechanisms and multivane slurry valves. 3 figures. 10. Licensed reactor nuclear safety criteria applicable to DOE reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1991-04-01 The Department of Energy (DOE) Order DOE 5480.6, Safety of Department of Energy-Owned Nuclear Reactors, establishes reactor safety requirements to assure that reactors are sited, designed, constructed, modified, operated, maintained, and decommissioned in a manner that adequately protects health and safety and is in accordance with uniform standards, guides, and codes which are consistent with those applied to comparable licensed reactors. This document identifies nuclear safety criteria applied to NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) licensed reactors. The titles of the chapters and sections of USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.70, Standard Format and Content of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants, Rev. 3, are used as the format for compiling the NRC criteria applied to the various areas of nuclear safety addressed in a safety analysis report for a nuclear reactor. In each section the criteria are compiled in four groups: (1) Code of Federal Regulations, (2) US NRC Regulatory Guides, SRP Branch Technical Positions and Appendices, (3) Codes and Standards, and (4) Supplemental Information. The degree of application of these criteria to a DOE-owned reactor, consistent with their application to comparable licensed reactors, must be determined by the DOE and DOE contractor. 11. Reactor Physics Analysis Models for a CANDU Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Choi, Hang Bok 2007-10-15 Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU) reactor physics analysis is typically performed in three steps. At first, macroscopic cross-sections of the reference lattice is produced by modeling the reference fuel channel. Secondly macroscopic cross-sections of reactivity devices in the reactor are generated. The macroscopic cross-sections of a reactivity device are calculated as incremental cross-sections by subtracting macroscopic cross-sections of a three-dimensional lattice without reactivity device from those of a three-dimensional lattice with a reactivity device. Using the macroscopic cross-sections of the reference lattice and incremental cross-sections of the reactivity devices, reactor physics calculations are performed. This report summarizes input data of typical CANDU reactor physics codes, which can be utilized for the future CANDU reactor physics analysis. 12. Integrity assessment of research reactor fuel cladding and material testing using eddy current inspection; Avaliacao de integridade de revestimentos de combustiveis de reatores de pesquisa e teste de materiais utilizando o ensaio de correntes parasitas Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Alencar, Donizete Anderson de 2004-07-01 A methodology to perform the integrity assessment of research reactors nuclear fuels cladding, such as those installed in IPR-Rl (TRIGA) and IEA-R1 (MTR), using nondestructive electromagnetic inspection (eddy current) is presented. This methodology is constituted by: the development of calibration reference standards, specific for each type of fuel; the development of special test probes; the recommendations for the inspection equipment calibration; the construction of voltage based evaluation curves and the inspection procedures developed for the characterization of detected flaws. The test probes development, specially those designed for the inspection of MTR fuels cladding, which present access difficulties due to the narrow gap between fuel plates (2,89 mm for IEAR-R1), constituted a challenge that demanded the introduction of unusual materials and constructive techniques. The operational performance of the developed resources, as well as the special operative characteristics of the test probes, such as their immunity to adjacent fuel plates interference and electrical resistivity changes of the fuels meat are experimentally demonstrated. The practical applicability of the developed methodology is verified in non radioactive environment, using a dummy MTR fuel element model, similar to an IEA-R1 reactor fuel element, produced and installed in IPEN, Sao Paulo. The efficacy of the proposed methodology was verified by the achieved results. (author) 13. Brookhaven leak reactor to close CERN Multimedia MacIlwain, C 1999-01-01 The DOE has announced that the High Flux Beam Reactor at Brookhaven is to close for good. Though the news was not unexpected researchers were angry the decision had been taken before the review to assess the impact of reopening the reactor had been concluded (1 page). 14. Thermochemical reactor systems and methods Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lipinski, Wojciech; Davidson, Jane Holloway; Chase, Thomas Richard 2016-11-29 Thermochemical reactor systems that may be used to produce a fuel, and methods of using the thermochemical reactor systems, utilizing a reactive cylindrical element, an optional energy transfer cylindrical element, an inlet gas management system, and an outlet gas management system. 15. Chemical-vapor-deposition reactor Science.gov (United States) Chern, S. 1979-01-01 Reactor utilizes multiple stacked trays compactly arranged in paths of horizontally channeled reactant gas streams. Design allows faster and more efficient deposits of film on substrates, and reduces gas and energy consumption. Lack of dead spots that trap reactive gases reduces reactor purge time. 16. Antineutrino Monitoring of Thorium Reactors CERN Document Server Akindele, Oluwatomi A; Norman, Eric B 2015-01-01 Various groups have demonstrated that antineutrino monitoring can be successful in assessing the plutonium content in water-cooled nuclear reactors for nonproliferation applications. New reactor designs and concepts incorporate nontraditional fuels types and chemistry. Understanding how these properties affect the antineutrino emission from a reactor can extend the applicability of antineutrino monitoring.Thorium molten salt reactors (MSR) breed U-233, that if diverted constitute an IAEA direct use material. The antineutrino spectrum from the fission of U-233 has been determined, the feasibility of detecting the diversion of a significant quantity, 8 kg of U-233, within the IAEA timeliness goal of 30 days has been evaluated. The antineutrino emission from a thorium reactor operating under normal conditions is compared to a diversion scenario at a 25 meter standoff by evaluating the daily antineutrino count rate and the energy spectrum of the detected antineutrinos. It was found that the diversion of a signifi... 17. Engineering reactors for catalytic reactions Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Vivek V Ranade 2014-03-01 Catalytic reactions are ubiquitous in chemical and allied industries. A homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst which provides an alternative route of reaction with lower activation energy and better control on selectivity can make substantial impact on process viability and economics. Extensive studies have been conducted to establish sound basis for design and engineering of reactors for practising such catalytic reactions and for realizing improvements in reactor performance. In this article, application of recent (and not so recent) developments in engineering reactors for catalytic reactions is discussed. Some examples where performance enhancement was realized by catalyst design, appropriate choice of reactor, better injection and dispersion strategies and recent advances in process intensification/ multifunctional reactors are discussed to illustrate the approach. 18. Unsteady processes in catalytic reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Matros, Yu.Sh. 1985-01-01 In recent years a realization has occurred that reaction and reactor dynamics must be considered when designing and operating catalytic reactors. In this book, the author has focussed on both the processes occurring on individual porous-catalyst particles as well as the phenomena displayed by collections of these particles in fixed-bed reactors. The major topics discussed include the effects of unsteady-state heat and mass transfer, the influence of inhomogeneities and stagnant regions in fixed beds, and reactor operation during forced cycling of operating conditions. Despite the title of the book, attention is also paid to the determination of the number and stability of fixed-bed steady states, with the aim of describing the possibility of controlling reactors at unstable steady states. However, this development is somewhat dated, given the recent literature on multiplicity phenomena and process control. 19. A model of reactor kinetics Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Thompson, A.S.; Thompson, B.R. 1988-09-01 The analytical model of nuclear reactor transients, incorporating both mechanical and nuclear effects, simulates reactor kinetics. Linear analysis shows the stability borderline for small power perturbations. In a stable system, initial power disturbances die out with time. With an unstable combination of nuclear and mechanical characteristics, initial disturbances persist and may increase with time. With large instability, oscillations of great magnitude occur. Stability requirements set limits on the power density at which particular reactors can operate. The limiting power density depends largely on the product of two terms: the fraction of delayed neutrons and the frictional damping of vibratory motion in reactor core components. As the fraction of delayed neutrons is essentially fixed, mechanical damping largely determines the maximum power density. A computer program, based on the analytical model, calculates and plots reactor power as a nonlinear function of time in response to assigned values of mechanical and nuclear characteristics. 20. Metallic fuels for advanced reactors Science.gov (United States) Carmack, W. J.; Porter, D. L.; Chang, Y. I.; Hayes, S. L.; Meyer, M. K.; Burkes, D. E.; Lee, C. B.; Mizuno, T.; Delage, F.; Somers, J. 2009-07-01 In the framework of the Generation IV Sodium Fast Reactor Program, the Advanced Fuel Project has conducted an evaluation of the available fuel systems supporting future sodium cooled fast reactors. This paper presents an evaluation of metallic alloy fuels. Early US fast reactor developers originally favored metal alloy fuel due to its high fissile density and compatibility with sodium. The goal of fast reactor fuel development programs is to develop and qualify a nuclear fuel system that performs all of the functions of a conventional fast spectrum nuclear fuel while destroying recycled actinides. This will provide a mechanism for closure of the nuclear fuel cycle. Metal fuels are candidates for this application, based on documented performance of metallic fast reactor fuels and the early results of tests currently being conducted in US and international transmutation fuel development programs. 1. Neutrino Experiments at Reactors Science.gov (United States) Reines, F.; Gurr, H. S.; Jenkins, T. L.; Munsee, J. H. 1968-09-09 A description is given of the electron-antineutrino program using a large fission reactor. A search has been made for a neutral weak interaction via the reaction (electron antineutrino + d .> p + n + electron antineutrino), the reaction (electron antineutrino + d .> n + n + e{sup +}) has now been detected, and an effort is underway to observe the elastic scattering reaction (electron antineutrino + e{sup -} .> electron antineutrino + e{sup -}) as well as to measure more precisely the reaction (electron antineutrino + p .> n + e{sup+}). The upper limit on the elastic scattering reaction which we have obtained with our large composite NaI, plastic, liquid scintillation detector is now about 50 times the predicted value. 2. Neutronic Reactor Shield Science.gov (United States) Fermi, Enrico; Zinn, Walter H. The argument of the present Patent is a radiation shield suitable for protection of personnel from both gamma rays and neutrons. Such a shield from dangerous radiations is achieved to the best by the combined action of a neutron slowing material (a moderator) and a neutron absorbing material. Hydrogen is particularly effective for this shield since it is a good absorber of slow neutrons and a good moderator of fast neutrons. The neutrons slowed down by hydrogen may, then, be absorbed by other materials such as boron, cadmium, gadolinium, samarium or steel. Steel is particularly convenient for the purpose, given its effectiveness in absorbing also the gamma rays from the reactor (both primary gamma rays and secondary ones produced by the moderation of neutrons). In particular, in the present Patent a shield is described, made of alternate layers of steel and Masonite (an hydrolized ligno-cellulose material). The object of the present Patent is not discussed in any other published paper. 3. Licensed reactor nuclear safety criteria applicable to DOE reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1993-11-01 This document is a compilation and source list of nuclear safety criteria that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) applies to licensed reactors; it can be used by DOE and DOE contractors to identify NRC criteria to be evaluated for application to the DOE reactors under their cognizance. The criteria listed are those that are applied to the areas of nuclear safety addressed in the safety analysis report of a licensed reactor. They are derived from federal regulations, USNRC regulatory guides, Standard Review Plan (SRP) branch technical positions and appendices, and industry codes and standards. 4. Reactor service life extension program Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Caskey, G.R.; Sindelar, R.L.; Ondrejcin, R.S.; Baumann, E.W. 1990-12-31 A review of the Savannah River Site production reactor systems was initiated in 1980 and led to implementation of the Reactor Materials Program in 1984 to assess reactor safety and reactor service life. The program evaluated performance of the reactor tanks, primary coolant piping, and thermal shields, components of welded construction that were fabricated from Type 304 stainless steel. The structural integrity analysis of the primary coolant system has shown that the pressure boundary is not susceptible to gross rupture, including a double ended guillotine break or equivalent large area bank. Residual service life is potentially limited by two material degradation modes, irradiation damage and intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Analysis of the structural integrity of the tanks and piping has shown that continued safe operation of the reactors for several additional decades is not limited by the material performance of the primary coolant system. Although irradiation damage has not degraded material behavior to an unacceptable level, past experience has revealed serious difficulties with repair welding on irradiated stainless steel. Stress corrosion can be mitigated by newly identified limits on impurity concentrations in the coolant water and by stress mitigation of weld residual stresses. Work continues in several areas: the effects of helium on mechanical behavior of irradiated stainless steel; improved weld methods for piping and the reactor tanks; and a surveillance program to track irradiation effects on the tank walls. 5. Reactor service life extension program Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Caskey, G.R.; Sindelar, R.L.; Ondrejcin, R.S.; Baumann, E.W. 1990-01-01 A review of the Savannah River Site production reactor systems was initiated in 1980 and led to implementation of the Reactor Materials Program in 1984 to assess reactor safety and reactor service life. The program evaluated performance of the reactor tanks, primary coolant piping, and thermal shields, components of welded construction that were fabricated from Type 304 stainless steel. The structural integrity analysis of the primary coolant system has shown that the pressure boundary is not susceptible to gross rupture, including a double ended guillotine break or equivalent large area bank. Residual service life is potentially limited by two material degradation modes, irradiation damage and intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Analysis of the structural integrity of the tanks and piping has shown that continued safe operation of the reactors for several additional decades is not limited by the material performance of the primary coolant system. Although irradiation damage has not degraded material behavior to an unacceptable level, past experience has revealed serious difficulties with repair welding on irradiated stainless steel. Stress corrosion can be mitigated by newly identified limits on impurity concentrations in the coolant water and by stress mitigation of weld residual stresses. Work continues in several areas: the effects of helium on mechanical behavior of irradiated stainless steel; improved weld methods for piping and the reactor tanks; and a surveillance program to track irradiation effects on the tank walls. 6. Assessment of torsatrons as reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lyon, J.F. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States)); Painter, S.L. (Australian National Univ., Canberra, ACT (Australia)) 1992-12-01 Stellarators have significant operational advantages over tokamaks as ignited steady-state reactors because stellarators have no dangerous disruptions and no need for continuous current drive or power recirculated to the plasma, both easing the first wall, blanket, and shield design; less severe constraints on the plasma parameters and profiles; and better access for maintenance. This study shows that a reactor based on the torsatron configuration (a stellarator variant) could also have up to double the mass utilization efficiency (MUE) and a significantly lower cost of electricity (COE) than a conventional tokamak reactor (ARIES-I) for a range of assumptions. Torsatron reactors can have much smaller coil systems than tokamak reactors because the coils are closer to the plasma and they have a smaller cross section (higher average current density because of the lower magnetic field). The reactor optimization approach and the costing and component models are those used in the current stage of the ARIES-I tokamak reactor study. Typical reactor parameters for a 1-GW(e) Compact Torsatron reactor example are major radius R[sub 0] = 6.6-8.8 m, on-axis magnetic field B[sup 0] = 4.8-7.5 T, B[sub max] (on coils) = 16 T, MUE 140-210 kW(e)/tonne, and COE (in constant 1990 dollars) = 67-79 mill/kW(e)h. The results are relatively sensitive to assumptions on the level of confinement improvement and the blanket thickness under the inboard half of the helical windings but relatively insensitive to other assumptions. 7. Concept for LEU Burst Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Klein, Steven Karl [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Kimpland, Robert Herbert [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) 2016-03-07 Design and performance of a proposed LEU burst reactor are sketched. Salient conclusions reached are the following: size would be ~1,500 kg or greater, depending on the size of the central cavity; internal stresses during burst require split rings for relief; the reactor would likely require multiple control and safety rods for fine control; the energy spectrum would be comparable to that of HEU machines; and burst yields and steady-state power levels will be significantly greater in an LEU reactor. 8. Nuclear reactor downcomer flow deflector Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gilmore, Charles B. (Greensburg, PA); Altman, David A. (Pittsburgh, PA); Singleton, Norman R. (Murrysville, PA) 2011-02-15 A nuclear reactor having a coolant flow deflector secured to a reactor core barrel in line with a coolant inlet nozzle. The flow deflector redirects incoming coolant down an annulus between the core barrel and the reactor vessel. The deflector has a main body with a front side facing the fluid inlet nozzle and a rear side facing the core barrel. The rear side of the main body has at least one protrusion secured to the core barrel so that a gap exists between the rear side of the main body adjacent the protrusion and the core barrel. Preferably, the protrusion is a relief that circumscribes the rear side of the main body. 9. Safety of VVER-440 reactors CERN Document Server Slugen, Vladimir 2011-01-01 Safety of VVER-440 Reactors endeavours to promote an increase in the safety of VVER-440 nuclear reactors via the improvement of fission products limitation systems and the implementation of special non-destructive spectroscopic methods for materials testing. All theoretical and experimental studies performed the by author over the last 25 years have been undertaken with the aim of improving VVER-440 defence in depth, which is one of the most important principle for ensuring safety in nuclear power plants. Safety of VVER-440 Reactors is focused on the barrier system through which the safety pri 10. Random processes in nuclear reactors CERN Document Server Williams, M M R 1974-01-01 Random Processes in Nuclear Reactors describes the problems that a nuclear engineer may meet which involve random fluctuations and sets out in detail how they may be interpreted in terms of various models of the reactor system. Chapters set out to discuss topics on the origins of random processes and sources; the general technique to zero-power problems and bring out the basic effect of fission, and fluctuations in the lifetime of neutrons, on the measured response; the interpretation of power reactor noise; and associated problems connected with mechanical, hydraulic and thermal noise sources 11. Fuel Fabrication and Nuclear Reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Karpius, Peter Joseph [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) 2017-02-02 The uranium from the enrichment plant is still in the form of UF6. UF6 is not suitable for use in a reactor due to its highly corrosive chemistry as well as its phase diagram. UF6 is converted into UO2 fuel pellets, which are in turn placed in fuel rods and assemblies. Reactor designs are variable in moderators, coolants, fuel, performance etc.The dream of energy ‘too-cheap to meter’ is no more, and now the nuclear power industry is pushing ahead with advanced reactor designs. 12. Nuclear reactor PBMR and cogeneration; Reactor nuclear PBMR y cogeneracion Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ramirez S, J. R.; Alonso V, G., E-mail: [email protected] [ININ, Carretera Mexico-Toluca s/n, 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2013-10-15 In recent years the nuclear reactor designs for the electricity generation have increased their costs, so that at the moment costs are managed of around the 5000 US D for installed kw, reason for which a big nuclear plant requires of investments of the order of billions of dollars, the designed reactors as modular of low power seek to lighten the initial investment of a big reactor dividing the power in parts and dividing in modules the components to lower the production costs, this way it can begin to build a module and finished this to build other, differing the long term investment, getting less risk therefore in the investment. On the other hand the reactors of low power can be very useful in regions where is difficult to have access to the electric net being able to take advantage of the thermal energy of the reactor to feed other processes like the water desalination or the vapor generation for the processes industry like the petrochemical, or even more the possible hydrogen production to be used as fuel. In this work the possibility to generate vapor of high quality for the petrochemical industry is described using a spheres bed reactor of high temperature. (Author) 13. FASTER test reactor preconceptual design report summary Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Grandy, C. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Belch, H. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Brunett, A. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Heidet, F. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Hill, R. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Hoffman, E. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Jin, E. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Mohamed, W. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Moisseytsev, A. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Passerini, S. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Sienicki, J. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Sumner, T. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Vilim, R. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Hayes, Steven [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States) 2016-02-29 The FASTER reactor plant is a sodium-cooled fast spectrum test reactor that provides high levels of fast and thermal neutron flux for scientific research and development. The 120MWe FASTER reactor plant has a superheated steam power conversion system which provides electrical power to a local grid allowing for recovery of operating costs for the reactor plant. 14. ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL REACTORS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Vyacheslav K. Mayevski 2014-01-01 Full Text Available This paper describes a mathematical model of an industrial chemical reactor for production of synthetic rubber. During reactor operation the model parameters vary considerably. To create a control algorithm performed transformation of mathematical model of the reactor in order to obtain a dependency that can be used to determine the model parameters are changing during reactor operation. 15. FASTER Test Reactor Preconceptual Design Report Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Grandy, C. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Belch, H. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Brunett, A. J. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Heidet, F. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Hill, R. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Hoffman, E. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Jin, E. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Mohamed, W. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Moisseytsev, A. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Passerini, S. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Sienicki, J. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Sumner, T. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Vilim, R. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Hayes, S. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States) 2016-03-31 The FASTER test reactor plant is a sodium-cooled fast spectrum test reactor that provides high levels of fast and thermal neutron flux for scientific research and development. The 120MWe FASTER reactor plant has a superheated steam power conversion system which provides electrical power to a local grid allowing for recovery of operating costs for the reactor plant. 16. Breeder Reactors, Understanding the Atom Series. Science.gov (United States) Mitchell, Walter, III; Turner, Stanley E. The theory of breeder reactors in relationship to a discussion of fission is presented. Different kinds of reactors are characterized by the cooling fluids used, such as liquid metal, gas, and molten salt. The historical development of breeder reactors over the past twenty-five years includes specific examples of reactors. The location and a brief… 17. Evolution of the tandem mirror reactor concept Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Carlson, G.A.; Logan, B.G. 1982-03-09 We discuss the evolution of the tandem mirror reactor concept from the original conceptual reactor design (1977) through the first application of the thermal barrier concept to a reactor design (1979) to the beginning of the Mirror Advanced Reactor Study (1982). 18. Jules Horowitz Reactor, basic design Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bergamaschi, Y.; Bouilloux, Y.; Chantoin, P.; Guigon, B.; Bravo, X.; Germain, C.; Rommens, M.; Tremodeux, P 2003-07-01 Since the shutdown of the SILOE reactor in 1997, the OSIRIS reactor has ensured the needs regarding technological irradiation at CEA including those of its industrial partners and customers. The Jules Horowitz Reactor will replace it. It has the ambition to provide the necessary nuclear data and maintain a fission research capacity in Europe after 2010. This capacity should be service-oriented. It will be established in Cadarache. The Jules Horowitz reactor will also: - represent a significant step in term of performances and experimental capabilities, - be designed with a high flexibility, in order to satisfy the current demand from European industry, research and be able to accommodate future requirements, - reach a high level of safety, according to the best current practice. This paper will present the main functionalities and the design options resulting from the 'preliminary design' studies. (authors) 19. Advanced Catalytic Hydrogenation Retrofit Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Reinaldo M. Machado 2002-08-15 Industrial hydrogenation is often performed using a slurry catalyst in large stirred-tank reactors. These systems are inherently problematic in a number of areas, including industrial hygiene, process safety, environmental contamination, waste production, process operability and productivity. This program proposed the development of a practical replacement for the slurry catalysts using a novel fixed-bed monolith catalyst reactor, which could be retrofitted onto an existing stirred-tank reactor and would mitigate many of the minitations and problems associated with slurry catalysts. The full retrofit monolith system, consisting of a recirculation pump, gas/liquid ejector and monolith catalyst, is described as a monolith loop reactor or MLR. The MLR technology can reduce waste and increase raw material efficiency, which reduces the overall energy required to produce specialty and fine chemicals. 20. Advanced Carbothermal Electric Reactor Project Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — The overall objective of the Phase 1 effort was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the Advanced Carbothermal Electric (ACE) Reactor concept. Unlike... 1. Reactor operation environmental information document Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bauer, L.R.; Hayes, D.W.; Hunter, C.H.; Marter, W.L.; Moyer, R.A. 1989-12-01 This volume is a reactor operation environmental information document for the Savannah River Plant. Topics include meteorology, surface hydrology, transport, environmental impacts, and radiation effects. 48 figs., 56 tabs. (KD) 2. Unique features of space reactors Science.gov (United States) Buden, David Space reactors are designed to meet a unique set of requirements; they must be sufficiently compact to be launched in a rocket to their operational location, operate for many years without maintenance and servicing, operate in extreme environments, and reject heat by radiation to space. To meet these restrictions, operating temperatures are much greater than in terrestrial power plants, and the reactors tend to have a fast neutron spectrum. Currently, a new generation of space reactor power plants is being developed. The major effort is in the SP-100 program, where the power plant is being designed for seven years of full power, and no maintenance operation at a reactor outlet operating temperature of 1350 K. 3. Thermal Analysis for Mobile Reactor Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2008-01-01 <正>Mobile reactor design in the paper is consisted of two grades of thermal electric conversion. The first grade is the thermionic conversion inside the core and the second grade is thermocouple conversion 4. Teaching About Nature's Nuclear Reactors CERN Document Server Herndon, J M 2005-01-01 Naturally occurring nuclear reactors existed in uranium deposits on Earth long before Enrico Fermi built the first man-made nuclear reactor beneath Staggs Field in 1942. In the story of their discovery, there are important lessons to be learned about scientific inquiry and scientific discovery. Now, there is evidence to suggest that the Earth's magnetic field and Jupiter's atmospheric turbulence are driven by planetary-scale nuclear reactors. The subject of planetocentric nuclear fission reactors can be a jumping off point for stimulating classroom discussions about the nature and implications of planetary energy sources and about the geomagnetic field. But more importantly, the subject can help to bring into focus the importance of discussing, debating, and challenging current thinking in a variety of areas. 5. Advanced Carbothermal Electric Reactor Project Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — ORBITEC proposes to develop the Advanced Carbothermal Electric (ACE) reactor to efficiently extract oxygen from lunar regolith. Unlike state-of-the-art carbothermal... 6. Solid State Reactor Final Report Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mays, G.T. 2004-03-10 The Solid State Reactor (SSR) is an advanced reactor concept designed to take advantage of Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL's) recently developed graphite foam that has enhanced heat transfer characteristics and excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, to provide an inherently safe, self-regulated, source of heat for power and other potential applications. This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) program (Project No. 99-064) from August 1999 through September 30, 2002. The initial concept of utilizing the graphite foam as a basis for developing an advanced reactor concept envisioned that a suite of reactor configurations and power levels could be developed for several different applications. The initial focus was looking at the reactor as a heat source that was scalable, independent of any heat removal/power conversion process. These applications might include conventional power generation, isotope production and destruction (actinides), and hydrogen production. Having conducted the initial research on the graphite foam and having performed the scoping parametric analyses from neutronics and thermal-hydraulic perspectives, it was necessary to focus on a particular application that would (1) demonstrate the viability of the overall concept and (2) require a reasonably structured design analysis process that would synthesize those important parameters that influence the concept the most as part of a feasible, working reactor system. Thus, the application targeted for this concept was supplying power for remote/harsh environments and a design that was easily deployable, simplistic from an operational standpoint, and utilized the new graphite foam. Specifically, a 500-kW(t) reactor concept was pursued that is naturally load following, inherently safe, optimized via neutronic studies to achieve near-zero reactivity change with burnup, and proliferation resistant. These four major areas 7. Microchannel Reactors for ISRU Applications Science.gov (United States) Carranza, Susana; Makel, Darby B.; Blizman, Brandon; Ward, Benjamin J. 2005-02-01 Affordable planning and execution of prolonged manned space missions depend upon the utilization of local resources and the waste products which are formed in manned spacecraft and surface bases. Successful in-situ resources utilization (ISRU) will require component technologies which provide optimal size, weight, volume, and power efficiency. Microchannel reactors enable the efficient chemical processing of in situ resources. The reactors can be designed for the processes that generate the most benefit for each mission. For instance, propellants (methane) can be produced from carbon dioxide from the Mars atmosphere using the Sabatier reaction and ethylene can be produced from the partial oxidation of methane. A system that synthesizes ethylene could be the precursor for systems to synthesize ethanol and polyethylene. Ethanol can be used as a nutrient for Astrobiology experiments, as well as the production of nutrients for human crew (e.g. sugars). Polyethylene can be used in the construction of habitats, tools, and replacement parts. This paper will present recent developments in miniature chemical reactors using advanced Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and microchannel technology to support ISRU of Mars and lunar missions. Among other applications, the technology has been demonstrated for the Sabatier process and for the partial oxidation of methane. Microchannel reactors were developed based on ceramic substrates as well as metal substrates. In both types of reactors, multiple layers coated with catalytic material are bonded, forming a monolithic structure. Such reactors are readily scalable with the incorporation of extra layers. In addition, this reactor structure minimizes pressure drop and catalyst settling, which are common problems in conventional packed bed reactors. 8. Reactor antineutrinos and nuclear physics Science.gov (United States) Balantekin, A. B. 2016-11-01 Short-baseline reactor neutrino experiments successfully measured the neutrino parameters they set out to measure, but they also identified a shape distortion in the 5-7 MeV range as well as a reduction from the predicted value of the flux. Nuclear physics input into the calculations of reactor antineutrino spectra needs to be better refined if this anomaly is to be interpreted as due to sterile neutrino states. 9. Reactor Simulator Testing Science.gov (United States) Schoenfeld, Michael P.; Webster, Kenny L.; Pearson, Boise J. 2013-01-01 As part of the Nuclear Systems Office Fission Surface Power Technology Demonstration Unit (TDU) project, a reactor simulator test loop (RxSim) was design & built to perform integrated testing of the TDU components. In particular, the objectives of RxSim testing was to verify the operation of the core simulator, the instrumentation and control system, and the ground support gas and vacuum test equipment. In addition, it was decided to include a thermal test of a cold trap purification design and a pump performance test at pump voltages up to 150 V since the targeted mass flow rate of 1.75 kg/s was not obtained in the RxSim at the originally constrained voltage of 120 V. This paper summarizes RxSim testing. The gas and vacuum ground support test equipment performed effectively in NaK fill, loop pressurization, and NaK drain operations. The instrumentation and control system effectively controlled loop temperature and flow rates or pump voltage to targeted settings. The cold trap design was able to obtain the targeted cold temperature of 480 K. An outlet temperature of 636 K was obtained which was lower than the predicted 750 K but 156 K higher than the cold temperature indicating the design provided some heat regeneration. The annular linear induction pump (ALIP) tested was able to produce a maximum flow rate of 1.53 kg/s at 800 K when operated at 150 V and 53 Hz. 10. Novel Catalytic Membrane Reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Stuart Nemser, PhD 2010-10-01 There are many industrial catalytic organic reversible reactions with amines or alcohols that have water as one of the products. Many of these reactions are homogeneously catalyzed. In all cases removal of water facilitates the reaction and produces more of the desired chemical product. By shifting the reaction to right we produce more chemical product with little or no additional capital investment. Many of these reactions can also relate to bioprocesses. Given the large number of water-organic compound separations achievable and the ability of the Compact Membrane Systems, Inc. (CMS) perfluoro membranes to withstand these harsh operating conditions, this is an ideal demonstration system for the water-of-reaction removal using a membrane reactor. Enhanced reaction synthesis is consistent with the DOE objective to lower the energy intensity of U.S. industry 25% by 2017 in accord with the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and to improve the United States manufacturing competitiveness. The objective of this program is to develop the platform technology for enhancing homogeneous catalytic chemical syntheses. 11. LMFBR type reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Iwashige, Kengo 1996-06-21 In an LMFBR type reactor, partitions are disposed to a coolant channel at positions lower than the free liquid level, and the width of the partitions is adapted to have a predetermined condition. Namely, when low temperature fluid overflowing the wall of the coolant channel, flows down and collided against the free liquid surface in the coolant channel, since the dropping speed thereof is reduced abruptly, large pressure waves are caused by kinetic force of the low temperature fluid. However, if appropriate numbers of partitions having an appropriate shape are formed, the dropping speed of the low temperature fluid is moderated to reduce the pressure waves. In addition, since the pressure waves are dispersed to the circumferential and lateral directions of the coolant flow channel respectively, the propagation of the pressure waves can be prevented effectively. Further, when the flow of the low temperature fluid is changed to the circumferential direction, for example, by earthquakes, since the partitions act as members resisting against the circumferential change of the low temperature fluid, the change of the direction can be suppressed. (N.H.) 12. Calculation of reactor antineutrino spectra in TEXONO CERN Document Server Chen Dong Liang; Mao Ze Pu; Wong, T H 2002-01-01 In the low energy reactor antineutrino physics experiments, either for the researches of antineutrino oscillation and antineutrino reactions, or for the measurement of abnormal magnetic moment of antineutrino, the flux and the spectra of reactor antineutrino must be described accurately. The method of calculation of reactor antineutrino spectra was discussed in detail. Furthermore, based on the actual circumstances of NP2 reactors and the arrangement of detectors, the flux and the spectra of reactor antineutrino in TEXONO were worked out 13. Tritium management in fusion reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Galloway, T.R. 1978-05-01 This is a review paper covering the key environmental and safety issues and how they have been handled in the various magnetic and inertial confinement concepts and reference designs. The issues treated include: tritium accident analyses, tritium process control, occupational safety, HTO formation rate from the gas-phase, disposal of tritium contaminated wastes, and environmental impact--each covering the Joint European Tokamak (J.E.T. experiment), Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR), Russian T-20, The Next Step (TNS) designs by Westinghouse/ORNL and General Atomic/ANL, the ANL and ORNL EPR's, the G.A. Doublet Demonstration Reactor, the Italian Fintor-D and the ORNL Demo Studies. There are also the following full scale plant reference designs: UWMAK-III, LASL's Theta Pinch Reactor Design (RTPR), Mirror Fusion Reactor (MFR), Tandem Mirror Reactor (TMR), and the Mirror Hybrid Reactor (MHR). There are four laser device breakeven experiments, SHIVA-NOVA, LLL reference designs, ORNL Laser Fusion power plant, the German ''Saturn,'' and LLL's Laser Fusion EPR I and II. 14. Innovative hybrid biological reactors using membranes; Reactores biologico hibrido innovadores utilizando membranas Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Diez, R.; Esteban-Garcia, A. L.; Florio, L. de; Rodriguez-Hernandez, L.; Tejero, I. 2011-07-01 In this paper we present two lines of research on hybrid reactors including the use of membranes, although with different functions: RBPM, biofilm reactors and membranes filtration RBSOM, supported biofilm reactors and oxygen membranes. (Author) 14 refs. 15. Establishment of licensing process for development reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jo, Jong Chull; Yune, Young Gill; Kim, Woong Sik (and others) 2006-02-15 A study on licensing processes for development reactors has been performed to prepare the licensing of development reactors developed in Korea. The contents and results of the study are summarized as follows. The licensing processes for nuclear reactors in Korea, U.S.A., Japan, France, U.K., Canada, and IAEA were surveyed and analyzed to obtain technical bases necessary for establishing licensing processes applicable to development reactors in Korea. Based on the technical bases obtained the above analysis, the purpose, power output, and design characteristics of development reactors were analyzed in detail. The analysis results suggested that development reactors should be classified as a new reactor category (called as 'development reactor') separated from the current reactor categories such as the research reactor and the power reactor. Therefore, it is proposed to establish a new reactor category classified as 'development reactor' for the development reactors. And licensing processes, including licensing technical requirements, licensing document requirements, and other regulatory requirements, were also proposed for the development reactors. In order to institutionalize the licensing processes developed in this study, it is necessary to revise the current laws. Therefore, draft provisions of Atomic Energy Act, Enforcement Decree of the Atomic Energy Act, and Enforcement Regulation of the Atomic Energy Act have been developed for the preparation of the future legalization of the licensing processes proposed for the development reactors. Conclusively, a proposal of licensing processes and draft provisions of laws have been developed for the development reactors. The results proposed in this study can be applied directly to the licensing of the future development reactors. Furthermore, they will also contribute to establishing successfully the licensing processes of the development reactors. 16. Repairing liner of the reactor; Reparacion del liner del reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Aguilar H, F. [ININ, 52045 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico (Mexico) 2001-07-15 Due to the corrosion problems of the aluminum coating of the reactor pool, a periodic inspections program by ultrasound to evaluate the advance grade and the corrosion speed was settled down. This inspections have shown the necessity to repair some areas, in those that the slimming is significant, of not making it can arrive to the water escape of the reactor pool. The objective of the repair is to place patches of plates of 1/4 inch aluminum thickness in the areas of the reactor 'liner', in those that it has been detected by ultrasound a smaller thickness or similar to 3 mm. To carry out this the fuels are move (of the core and those that are decaying) to a temporary storage, the structure of the core is confined in a tank that this placed inside the pool of the reactor, a shield is placed in the thermal column and it is completely extracted the water for to leave uncover the 'liner' of the reactor. (Author) 17. Reactor Simulator Testing Science.gov (United States) Schoenfeld, Michael P.; Webster, Kenny L.; Pearson, Boise Jon 2013-01-01 As part of the Nuclear Systems Office Fission Surface Power Technology Demonstration Unit (TDU) project, a reactor simulator test loop (RxSim) was design & built to perform integrated testing of the TDU components. In particular, the objectives of RxSim testing was to verify the operation of the core simulator, the instrumentation and control system, and the ground support gas and vacuum test equipment. In addition, it was decided to include a thermal test of a cold trap purification design and a pump performance test at pump voltages up to 150 V since the targeted mass flow rate of 1.75 kg/s was not obtained in the RxSim at the originally constrained voltage of 120 V. This paper summarizes RxSim testing. The gas and vacuum ground support test equipment performed effectively in NaK fill, loop pressurization, and NaK drain operations. The instrumentation and control system effectively controlled loop temperature and flow rates or pump voltage to targeted settings. The cold trap design was able to obtain the targeted cold temperature of 480 K. An outlet temperature of 636 K was obtained which was lower than the predicted 750 K but 156 K higher than the cold temperature indicating the design provided some heat regeneration. The annular linear induction pump (ALIP) tested was able to produce a maximum flow rate of 1.53 kg/s at 800 K when operated at 150 V and 53 Hz. Keywords: fission, space power, nuclear, liquid metal, NaK. 18. Reactivity determination in accelerator driven reactors using reactor noise analysis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kostić Ljiljana 1 2002-01-01 Full Text Available Feynman-alpha and Rossi-alpha methods are used in traditional nuclear reactors to determine the subcritical reactivity of a system. The methods are based on the measurement of the mean value, variance and the covariance of detector counts for different measurement times. Such methods attracted renewed attention recently with the advent of the so-called accelerator driven reactors (ADS proposed some time ago. The ADS systems, intended to be used either in energy generation or transuranium transmutation, will use a subcritical core with a strong spallation source. A spallation source has statistical properties that are different from those traditionally used by radioactive sources. In such reactors the monitoring of the subcritical reactivity is very important, and a statistical method, such as the Feynman-alpha method, is capable of resolving this problem. 19. Heterogeneous Transmutation Sodium Fast Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) S. E. Bays 2007-09-01 The threshold-fission (fertile) nature of Am-241 is used to destroy this minor actinide by capitalizing upon neutron capture instead of fission within a sodium fast reactor. This neutron-capture and its subsequent decay chain leads to the breeding of even neutron number plutonium isotopes. A slightly moderated target design is proposed for breeding plutonium in an axial blanket located above the active “fast reactor” driver fuel region. A parametric study on the core height and fuel pin diameter-to-pitch ratio is used to explore the reactor and fuel cycle aspects of this design. This study resulted in both non-flattened and flattened core geometries. Both of these designs demonstrated a high capacity for removing americium from the fuel cycle. A reactivity coefficient analysis revealed that this heterogeneous design will have comparable safety aspects to a homogeneous reactor of comparable size. A mass balance analysis revealed that the heterogeneous design may reduce the number of fast reactors needed to close the current once-through light water reactor fuel cycle. 20. Thermonuclear Reflect AB-Reactor CERN Document Server Bolonkin, Alexander 2008-01-01 The author offers a new kind of thermonuclear reflect reactor. The remarkable feature of this new reactor is a three net AB reflector, which confines the high temperature plasma. The plasma loses part of its energy when it contacts with the net but this loss can be compensated by an additional permanent plasma heating. When the plasma is rarefied (has a small density), the heat flow to the AB reflector is not large and the temperature in the triple reflector net is lower than 2000 - 3000 K. This offered AB-reactor has significantly less power then the currently contemplated power reactors with magnetic or inertial confinement (hundreds-thousands of kW, not millions of kW). But it is enough for many vehicles and ships and particularly valuable for tunnelers, subs and space apparatus, where air to burn chemical fuel is at a premium or simply not available. The author has made a number of innovations in this reactor, researched its theory, developed methods of computation, made a sample computation of typical pr... 1. Imaging Fukushima Daiichi reactors with muons Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Haruo Miyadera 2013-05-01 Full Text Available A study of imaging the Fukushima Daiichi reactors with cosmic-ray muons to assess the damage to the reactors is presented. Muon scattering imaging has high sensitivity for detecting uranium fuel and debris even through thick concrete walls and a reactor pressure vessel. Technical demonstrations using a reactor mockup, detector radiation test at Fukushima Daiichi, and simulation studies have been carried out. These studies establish feasibility for the reactor imaging. A few months of measurement will reveal the spatial distribution of the reactor fuel. The muon scattering technique would be the best and probably the only way for Fukushima Daiichi to make this determination in the near future. 2. Fast breeder reactors an engineering introduction CERN Document Server Judd, A M 1981-01-01 Fast Breeder Reactors: An Engineering Introduction is an introductory text to fast breeder reactors and covers topics ranging from reactor physics and design to engineering and safety considerations. Reactor fuels, coolant circuits, steam plants, and control systems are also discussed. This book is comprised of five chapters and opens with a brief summary of the history of fast reactors, with emphasis on international and the prospect of making accessible enormous reserves of energy. The next chapter deals with the physics of fast reactors and considers calculation methods, flux distribution, 3. Plasma reactor waste management systems Science.gov (United States) Ness, Robert O., Jr.; Rindt, John R.; Ness, Sumitra R. 1992-01-01 The University of North Dakota is developing a plasma reactor system for use in closed-loop processing that includes biological, materials, manufacturing, and waste processing. Direct-current, high-frequency, or microwave discharges will be used to produce plasmas for the treatment of materials. The plasma reactors offer several advantages over other systems, including low operating temperatures, low operating pressures, mechanical simplicity, and relatively safe operation. Human fecal material, sunflowers, oats, soybeans, and plastic were oxidized in a batch plasma reactor. Over 98 percent of the organic material was converted to gaseous products. The solids were then analyzed and a large amount of water and acid-soluble materials were detected. These materials could possibly be used as nutrients for biological systems. 4. Nuclear Reactor Engineering Analysis Laboratory Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Carlos Chavez-Mercado; Jaime B. Morales-Sandoval; Benjamin E. Zayas-Perez 1998-12-31 The Nuclear Reactor Engineering Analysis Laboratory (NREAL) is a sophisticated computer system with state-of-the-art analytical tools and technology for analysis of light water reactors. Multiple application software tools can be activated to carry out different analyses and studies such as nuclear fuel reload evaluation, safety operation margin measurement, transient and severe accident analysis, nuclear reactor instability, operator training, normal and emergency procedures optimization, and human factors engineering studies. An advanced graphic interface, driven through touch-sensitive screens, provides the means to interact with specialized software and nuclear codes. The interface allows the visualization and control of all observable variables in a nuclear power plant (NPP), as well as a selected set of nonobservable or not directly controllable variables from conventional control panels. 5. Utilisation of thorium in reactors Science.gov (United States) Anantharaman, K.; Shivakumar, V.; Saha, D. 2008-12-01 India's nuclear programme envisages a large-scale utilisation of thorium, as it has limited deposits of uranium but vast deposits of thorium. The large-scale utilisation of thorium requires the adoption of closed fuel cycle. The stable nature of thoria and the radiological issues associated with thoria poses challenges in the adoption of a closed fuel cycle. A thorium fuel based Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) is being planned to provide impetus to development of technologies for the closed thorium fuel cycle. Thoria fuel has been loaded in Indian reactors and test irradiations have been carried out with (Th-Pu) MOX fuel. Irradiated thorium assemblies have been reprocessed and the separated 233U fuel has been used for test reactor KAMINI. The paper highlights the Indian experience with the use of thorium and brings out various issues associated with the thorium cycle. 6. A tubular focused sonochemistry reactor Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) ZHOU GuangPing; LIANG ZhaoFeng; LI ZhengZhong; ZHANG YiHui 2007-01-01 This paper presents a new sonochemistry reactor, which consists of a cylindrical tube with a certain length and piezoelectric transducers at tube's end with the longitudinal vibration. The tube can effectively transform the longitudinal vibration into the radial vibration and thereby generates ultrasound. Furthermore, ultrasound can be focused to form high-intensity ultrasonic field inside tube. The reactor boasts of simple structure and its whole vessel wall can radiate ultrasound so that the electroacoustic transfer efficiency is high. The focused ultrasonic field provides good condition for sonochemical reaction. The length of the reactor can be up to 2 meters, and liquids can pass through it continuously, so it can be widely applied in liquid processing such as sonochemistry. 7. A compact Tokamak transmutation reactor Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) QiuLi－Jian; XiaoBing－Jia 1997-01-01 The low aspect ration tokamak is proposed for the driver of a transmutation reactor.The main parameters of the reactor core,neutronic analysis of the blanket are given>the neutron wall loading can be lowered from the magnitude order of 1 MW/m2 to 0.5MW/m2 which is much easier to reach in the near future,and the transmutation efficiency (fission/absorption ratio)is raised further.The blanket power density is about 200MW/m3 which is not difficult to deal with.The key components such as diverter and center conductor post are also designed and compared with conventional TOkamak,Finally,by comparison with the other drivers such as FBR,PWR and accelerator,it can be anticipated that the low aspect ratio transmutation reactor would be one way of fusion energy applications in the near future. 8. Investigation of KW reactor incident Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sturges, D G [USAEC Hanford Operations Office, Richland, WA (United States); Hauff, T W; Greager, O H [General Electric Co., Richland, WA (United States). Hanford Atomic Products Operation 1955-02-11 The new KW reactor was placed in operation on January 4, 1955, and had been running at relatively low power levels for only 17 hours when it was shut down because of a process tube water leak which appeared to be associated with a slug rupture. After several days of unrewarding effort to remove the slugs and tube by customary methods, it developed that considerable melting of the tube and slugs had taken place. It was then evident that removal of the stuck mass and repairs to the damaged tube channel would require unusual measures that were certain to extend the reactor outage for several weeks. This report documents the work and findings of the Committee which investigated the KW reactor incident. Its content represents unanimous agreement among the three Committee members. 9. Fundamentals of Nuclear Reactor Physics CERN Document Server Lewis, E E 2008-01-01 This new streamlined text offers a one-semester treatment of the essentials of how the fission nuclear reactor works, the various approaches to the design of reactors, and their safe and efficient operation. The book includes numerous worked-out examples and end-of-chapter questions to help reinforce the knowledge presented. This textbook offers an engineering-oriented introduction to nuclear physics, with a particular focus on how those physics are put to work in the service of generating nuclear-based power, particularly the importance of neutron reactions and neutron behavior. Engin 10. PITR: Princeton Ignition Test Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1978-12-01 The principal objectives of the PITR - Princeton Ignition Test Reactor - are to demonstrate the attainment of thermonuclear ignition in deuterium-tritium, and to develop optimal start-up techniques for plasma heating and current induction, in order to determine the most favorable means of reducing the size and cost of tokamak power reactors. This report describes the status of the plasma and engineering design features of the PITR. The PITR geometry is chosen to provide the highest MHD-stable values of beta in a D-shaped plasma, as well as ease of access for remote handling and neutral-beam injection. 11. Analysis of Adiabatic Batch Reactor Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Erald Gjonaj 2016-05-01 Full Text Available A mixture of acetic anhydride is reacted with excess water in an adiabatic batch reactor to form an exothermic reaction. The concentration of acetic anhydride and the temperature inside the adiabatic batch reactor are calculated with an initial temperature of 20°C, an initial temperature of 30°C, and with a cooling jacket maintaining the temperature at a constant of 20°C. The graphs of the three different scenarios show that the highest temperatures will cause the reaction to occur faster. 12. External fuel thermionic reactor system. Science.gov (United States) Mondt, J. F.; Peelgren, M. L. 1971-01-01 Thermionic reactors are prime candidates for nuclear electric propulsion. The national thermionic reactor effort is concentrated on the flashlight concept with the external-fuel concept as the backup. The external-fuel concept is very adaptable to a completely modular power subsystem which is attractive for highly reliable long-life applications. The 20- to 25-cm long, externally-fueled converters have been designed, fabricated, and successfully tested with many thermal cycles by electrical heating. However, difficulties have been encountered during encapsulation for nuclear heated tests and none have been started to date. These nuclear tests are required to demonstrate the concept feasibility. 13. Reactor shutdown delays medical procedures Science.gov (United States) Gwynne, Peter 2008-01-01 A longer-than-expected maintenance shutdown of the Canadian nuclear reactor that produces North America's entire supply of molybdenum-99 - from which the radioactive isotopes technetium-99 and iodine-131 are made - caused delays to the diagnosis and treatment of thousands of seriously ill patients last month. Technetium-99 is a key component of nuclear-medicine scans, while iodine-131 is used to treat cancer and other diseases of the thyroid. Production eventually resumed, but only after the Canadian government had overruled the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC), which was still concerned about the reactor's safety. 14. Request for Naval Reactors Comment on Proposed Prometheus Space Flight Nuclear Reactor High Tier Reactor Safety Requirements and for Naval Reactors Approval to Transmit These Requirements to JPL Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) D. Kokkinos 2005-04-28 The purpose of this letter is to request Naval Reactors comments on the nuclear reactor high tier requirements for the PROMETHEUS space flight reactor design, pre-launch operations, launch, ascent, operation, and disposal, and to request Naval Reactors approval to transmit these requirements to Jet Propulsion Laboratory to ensure consistency between the reactor safety requirements and the spacecraft safety requirements. The proposed PROMETHEUS nuclear reactor high tier safety requirements are consistent with the long standing safety culture of the Naval Reactors Program and its commitment to protecting the health and safety of the public and the environment. In addition, the philosophy on which these requirements are based is consistent with the Nuclear Safety Policy Working Group recommendations on space nuclear propulsion safety (Reference 1), DOE Nuclear Safety Criteria and Specifications for Space Nuclear Reactors (Reference 2), the Nuclear Space Power Safety and Facility Guidelines Study of the Applied Physics Laboratory. 15. Reactor Antineutrino Signals at Morton and Boulby CERN Document Server Dye, Steve 2016-01-01 Increasing the distance from which an antineutrino detector is capable of monitoring the operation of a registered reactor, or discovering a clandestine reactor, strengthens the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty. This report presents calculations of reactor antineutrino interactions, from quasi-elastic neutrino-proton scattering and elastic neutrino-electron scattering, in a water-based detector operated >10 km from a commercial power reactor. It separately calculates signal from the proximal reactor and background from all other registered reactors. The main results are interaction rates and kinetic energy distributions of charged leptons scattered from quasi-elastic and elastic processes. Comparing signal and background distributions evaluates reactor monitoring capability. Scaling the results to detectors of different sizes, target media, and standoff distances is straightforward. Calculations are for two examples of a commercial reactor (P_th~3 GW) operating nearby (L~20 km) an underground facil... 16. Transmutation of actinides in power reactors. Science.gov (United States) Bergelson, B R; Gerasimov, A S; Tikhomirov, G V 2005-01-01 Power reactors can be used for partial short-term transmutation of radwaste. This transmutation is beneficial in terms of subsequent storage conditions for spent fuel in long-term storage facilities. CANDU-type reactors can transmute the main minor actinides from two or three reactors of the VVER-1000 type. A VVER-1000-type reactor can operate in a self-service mode with transmutation of its own actinides. 17. Laminar Entrained Flow Reactor (Fact Sheet) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2014-02-01 The Laminar Entrained Flow Reactor (LEFR) is a modular, lab scale, single-user reactor for the study of catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP). This system can be employed to study a variety of reactor conditions for both in situ and ex situ CFP. 18. Some new viewpoints in reactor noise analysis Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 罗征培; 李富; 等 1996-01-01 It is propsed that the linearity criterion and order criterion via frequency spectrum features without any limitation of the model's phase can be used in reactor noise analysis.The time constant,natural frequency as well as the recovered transfer function of reactors can bhe obtained via the analyzable model based on reactor noise. 19. Heat-pipe thermionic reactor concept DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Storm Pedersen, E. 1967-01-01 Main components are reactor core, heat pipe, thermionic converter, secondary cooling system, and waste heat radiator; thermal power generated in reactor core is transported by heat pipes to thermionic converters located outside reactor core behind radiation shield; thermionic emitters are in direct... 20. Heavy Water Reactor; Reacteurs a eau lourde Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yu, St.; HOpwood, J.; Meneley, D. [Energie Atomique du Canada (Canada) 2000-04-01 This document deals with the Heavy Water Reactor (HWR) technology and especially the Candu (Canada Deuterium Uranium) reactor. This reactors type offers many advantages that promote them for the future. General concepts, a description of the Candu nuclear power plants, the safety systems, the fuel cycle and economical and environmental aspects are included. (A.L.B.) 1. Operating Modes Of Chemical Reactors Of Polymerization Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Meruyert Berdieva 2012-05-01 Full Text Available In the work the issues of stable technological modes of operation of main devices of producing polysterol reactors have been researched as well as modes of stable operation of a chemical reactor have been presented, which enables to create optimum mode parameters of polymerization process, to prevent emergency situations of chemical reactor operation in industrial conditions. 2. Nuclear Reactors and Technology; (USA) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cason, D.L.; Hicks, S.C. (eds.) 1991-01-01 Nuclear Reactors and Technology (NRT) announces on a monthly basis the current worldwide information available from the open literature on nuclear reactors and technology, including all aspects of power reactors, components and accessories, fuel elements, control systems, and materials. This publication contains the abstracts of DOE reports, journal articles, conference papers, patents, theses, and monographs added to the Energy Science and Technology Database (EDB) during the past month. Also included are US information obtained through acquisition programs or interagency agreements and international information obtained through the International Energy Agency's Energy Technology Data Exchange or government-to-government agreements. The digests in NRT and other citations to information on nuclear reactors back to 1948 are available for online searching and retrieval on EDB and Nuclear Science Abstracts (NSA) database. Current information, added daily to EDB, is available to DOE and its contractors through the DOE integrated Technical Information System. Customized profiles can be developed to provide current information to meet each user's needs. 3. A Simple Tubular Reactor Experiment. Science.gov (United States) Hudgins, Robert R.; Cayrol, Bertrand 1981-01-01 Using the hydrolysis of crystal violet dye by sodium hydroxide as an example, the theory, apparatus, and procedure for a laboratory demonstration of tubular reactor behavior are described. The reaction presented can occur at room temperature and features a color change to reinforce measured results. (WB) 4. Silica-Immobilized Enzyme Reactors Science.gov (United States) 2007-08-01 immobilized artificial membrane chromatography and lysophospholipid micellar electrokinetic chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 810, 95-103. 50...Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies. Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Airbase...immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) can also be integrated directly to further analytical methods such as liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry.[6] In 5. British high flux beam reactor. Science.gov (United States) Egelstaff, P A 1970-10-24 The neutron scattering technique has become an accepted method for the study of condensed matter. Because of the great scientific and technical value of neutron experiments and the growing body of users, several proposals have been made during the past decade for a nuclear reactor devoted primarily to this technique. This article reviews the reasons for and history behind these proposals. 6. Nuclear reactors and fuel cycle Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2014-07-01 The Nuclear Fuel Center (CCN) of IPEN produces nuclear fuel for the continuous operation of the IEA-R1 research reactor of IPEN. The serial production started in 1988, when the first nuclear fuel element was delivered for IEA-R1. In 2011, CCN proudly presents the 100{sup th} nuclear fuel element produced. Besides routine production, development of new technologies is also a permanent concern at CCN. In 2005, U{sub 3}O{sub 8} were replaced by U{sub 3}Si{sub 2}-based fuels, and the research of U Mo is currently under investigation. Additionally, the Brazilian Multipurpose Research Reactor (RMB), whose project will rely on the CCN for supplying fuel and uranium targets. Evolving from an annual production from 10 to 70 nuclear fuel elements, plus a thousand uranium targets, is a huge and challenging task. To accomplish it, a new and modern Nuclear Fuel Factory is being concluded, and it will provide not only structure for scaling up, but also a safer and greener production. The Nuclear Engineering Center has shown, along several years, expertise in the field of nuclear, energy systems and correlated areas. Due to the experience obtained during decades in research and technological development at Brazilian Nuclear Program, personnel has been trained and started to actively participate in design of the main system that will compose the Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor (RMB) which will make Brazil self-sufficient in production of radiopharmaceuticals. The institution has participated in the monitoring and technical support concerning the safety, licensing and modernization of the research reactors IPEN/MB-01 and IEA-R1. Along the last two decades, numerous specialized services of engineering for the Brazilian nuclear power plants Angra 1 and Angra 2 have been carried out. The contribution in service, research, training, and teaching in addition to the development of many related technologies applied to nuclear engineering and correlated areas enable the institution to 7. Heterogeneous Recycling in Fast Reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Forget, Benoit; Pope, Michael; Piet, Steven J.; Driscoll, Michael 2012-07-30 Current sodium fast reactor (SFR) designs have avoided the use of depleted uranium blankets over concerns of creating weapons grade plutonium. While reducing proliferation risks, this restrains the reactor design space considerably. This project will analyze various blanket and transmutation target configurations that could broaden the design space while still addressing the non-proliferation issues. The blanket designs will be assessed based on the transmutation efficiency of key minor actinide (MA) isotopes and also on mitigation of associated proliferation risks. This study will also evaluate SFR core performance under different scenarios in which depleted uranium blankets are modified to include minor actinides with or without moderators (e.g. BeO, MgO, B4C, and hydrides). This will be done in an effort to increase the sustainability of the reactor and increase its power density while still offering a proliferation resistant design with the capability of burning MA waste produced from light water reactors (LWRs). Researchers will also analyze the use of recycled (as opposed to depleted) uranium in the blankets. The various designs will compare MA transmutation efficiency, plutonium breeding characteristics, proliferation risk, shutdown margins and reactivity coefficients with a current reference sodium fast reactor design employing homogeneous recycling. The team will also evaluate the out-of-core accumulation and/or burn-down rates of MAs and plutonium isotopes on a cycle-by-cycle basis. This cycle-by-cycle information will be produced in a format readily usable by the fuel cycle systems analysis code, VISION, for assessment of the sustainability of the deployment scenarios. 8. A new MTR fuel for a new MTR reactor: UMo for the Jules Horowitz reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Guigon, B. [CEA Cadarache, F-13108 Saint Paul lez Durance (France); Vacelet, H. [CERCA, Romans (France); Dornbusch, D. [Technicatome, Aix en Provence (France) 2000-07-01 Within some years, the Jules Horowitz Reactor will be the only working experimental reactor (material and fuel testing reactor) in France. It will have to provide facilities for a wide range of needs from activation analysis to power reactor fuel qualification. In this paper the main characteristics of the Jules Horowitz Reactor are presented. Safety criteria are explained. Finally, merits and disadvantages of UMo compared to the standard U{sub 3}Si{sub 2} fuel are discussed. (author) 9. Neutrino Mixing Discriminates Geo-reactor Models CERN Document Server Dye, S T 2009-01-01 Geo-reactor models suggest the existence of natural nuclear reactors at different deep-earth locations with loosely defined output power. Reactor fission products undergo beta decay with the emission of electron antineutrinos, which routinely escape the earth. Neutrino mixing distorts the energy spectrum of the electron antineutrinos. Characteristics of the distorted spectrum observed at the earth's surface could specify the location of a geo-reactor, discriminating the models and facilitating more precise power measurement. The existence of a geo-reactor with known position could enable a precision measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameter delta-mass-squared. 10. Reactor monitoring and safeguards using antineutrino detectors CERN Document Server Bowden, N S 2008-01-01 Nuclear reactors have served as the antineutrino source for many fundamental physics experiments. The techniques developed by these experiments make it possible to use these very weakly interacting particles for a practical purpose. The large flux of antineutrinos that leaves a reactor carries information about two quantities of interest for safeguards: the reactor power and fissile inventory. Measurements made with antineutrino detectors could therefore offer an alternative means for verifying the power history and fissile inventory of a reactors, as part of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other reactor safeguards regimes. Several efforts to develop this monitoring technique are underway across the globe. 11. Reactor assessments of advanced bumpy torus configurations Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Uckan, N.A.; Owen, L.W.; Spong, D.A.; Miller, R.L.; Ard, W.B.; Pipkins, J.F.; Schmitt, R.J. 1983-01-01 Recently, several configurational approaches and concept improvement schemes were introduced for enhancing the performance of the basic ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) concept and for improving its reactor potential. These configurations include planar racetrack and square geometries, Andreoletti coil systems, and bumpy torus-stellarator hybrids (which include twisted racetrack and helical axis stellarator-snakey torus). Preliminary evaluations of reactor implications of each of these configurations have been carried out based on magnetics (vacuum) calculations, transport and scaling relationships, and stability properties. Results indicate favorable reactor projections with a significant reduction in reactor physical size as compared to conventional EBT reactor designs carried out in the past. 12. Detection of antineutrinos for reactor monitoring Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kim, Yeong Duk [Center for Underground Physics, Institute of Basic Science, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of) 2016-04-15 Reactor neutrinos have been detected in the past 50 years by various detectors for different purposes. Beginning in the 1980s, neutrino physicists have tried to use neutrinos to monitor reactors and develop an optimized detector for nuclear safeguards. Recently, motivated by neutrino oscillation physics, the technology and scale of reactor neutrino detection have progressed considerably. In this review, I will give an overview of the detection technology for reactor neutrinos, and describe the issues related to further improvements in optimized detectors for reactor monitoring. 13. CFD Simulation on Ethylene Furnace Reactor Tubes Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2006-01-01 Different mathematical models for ethylene furnace reactor tubes were reviewed. On the basis of these models a new mathematical simulation approach for reactor tubes based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique was presented. This approach took the flow, heat transfer, mass transfer and thermal cracking reactions in the reactor tubes into consideration. The coupled reactor model was solved with the SIMPLE algorithm. Some detailed information about the flow field, temperature field and concentration distribution in the reactor tubes was obtained, revealing the basic characteristics of the hydrodynamic phenomena and reaction behavior in the reactor tubes. The CFD approach provides the necessary information for conclusive decisions regarding the production optimization, the design and improvement of reactor tubes, and the new techniques implementation. 14. Advanced reactor physics methods for heterogeneous reactor cores Science.gov (United States) Thompson, Steven A. To maintain the economic viability of nuclear power the industry has begun to emphasize maximizing the efficiency and output of existing nuclear power plants by using longer fuel cycles, stretch power uprates, shorter outage lengths, mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel and more aggressive operating strategies. In order to accommodate these changes, while still satisfying the peaking factor and power envelope requirements necessary to maintain safe operation, more complexity in commercial core designs have been implemented, such as an increase in the number of sub-batches and an increase in the use of both discrete and integral burnable poisons. A consequence of the increased complexity of core designs, as well as the use of MOX fuel, is an increase in the neutronic heterogeneity of the core. Such heterogeneous cores introduce challenges for the current methods that are used for reactor analysis. New methods must be developed to address these deficiencies while still maintaining the computational efficiency of existing reactor analysis methods. In this thesis, advanced core design methodologies are developed to be able to adequately analyze the highly heterogeneous core designs which are currently in use in commercial power reactors. These methodological improvements are being pursued with the goal of not sacrificing the computational efficiency which core designers require. More specifically, the PSU nodal code NEM is being updated to include an SP3 solution option, an advanced transverse leakage option, and a semi-analytical NEM solution option. 15. Reactor pulse repeatability studies at the annular core research reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) DePriest, K.R. [Applied Nuclear Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Mail Stop 1146, Post Office Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1146 (United States); Trinh, T.Q. [Nuclear Facility Operations, Sandia National Laboratories, Mail Stop 0614, Post Office Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1146 (United States); Luker, S. M. [Applied Nuclear Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Mail Stop 1146, Post Office Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1146 (United States) 2011-07-01 The Annular Core Research Reactor (ACRR) at Sandia National Laboratories is a water-moderated pool-type reactor designed for testing many types of objects in the pulse and steady-state mode of operations. Personnel at Sandia began working to improve the repeatability of pulse operations for experimenters in the facility. The ACRR has a unique UO{sub 2}-BeO fuel that makes the task of producing repeatable pulses difficult with the current operating procedure. The ACRR produces a significant quantity of photoneutrons through the {sup 9}Be({gamma}, n){sup 8}Be reaction in the fuel elements. The photoneutrons are the result of the gammas produced during fission and in fission product decay, so their production is very much dependent on the reactor power history and changes throughout the day/week of experiments in the facility. Because the photoneutrons interfere with the delayed-critical measurements required for accurate pulse reactivity prediction, a new operating procedure was created. The photoneutron effects at delayed critical are minimized when using the modified procedure. In addition, the pulse element removal time is standardized for all pulse operations with the modified procedure, and this produces less variation in reactivity removal times. (authors) 16. In-reactor performance of pressure tubes in CANDU reactors Science.gov (United States) Rodgers, D. K.; Coleman, C. E.; Griffiths, M.; Bickel, G. A.; Theaker, J. R.; Muir, I.; Bahurmuz, A. A.; Lawrence, S. St.; Resta Levi, M. 2008-12-01 The pressure tubes in CANDU reactors have been operating for times up to about 25 years. The in-reactor performance of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes has been evaluated by sampling and periodic inspection. This paper describes the behaviour and discusses the factors controlling the behaviour of these components in currently operating CANDU reactors. The mechanical properties (such as ultimate tensile strength, UTS, and fracture toughness), and delayed-hydride-cracking properties (crack growth rate Vc, and threshold stress intensity factor, KIH) change with irradiation; the former reach a limiting value at a fluence of Pressure tubes exhibit elongation and diametral expansion. The deformation behaviour is a function of operating conditions and material properties that vary from tube-to-tube and as a function of axial location. Semi-empirical predictive models have been developed to describe the deformation response of average tubes as a function of operating conditions. For corrosion and, more importantly deuterium pickup, semi-empirical predictive models have also been developed to represent the behaviour of an average tube. The effect of material variability on corrosion behaviour is less well defined compared with other properties. Improvements in manufacturing have increased fracture resistance by minimising trace elements, especially H and Cl, and reduced variability by tightening controls on forming parameters, especially hot-working temperatures. 17. Fluidized bed coal combustion reactor Science.gov (United States) Moynihan, P. I.; Young, D. L. (Inventor) 1981-01-01 A fluidized bed coal reactor includes a combination nozzle-injector ash-removal unit formed by a grid of closely spaced open channels, each containing a worm screw conveyor, which function as continuous ash removal troughs. A pressurized air-coal mixture is introduced below the unit and is injected through the elongated nozzles formed by the spaces between the channels. The ash build-up in the troughs protects the worm screw conveyors as does the cooling action of the injected mixture. The ash layer and the pressure from the injectors support a fluidized flame combustion zone above the grid which heats water in boiler tubes disposed within and/or above the combustion zone and/or within the walls of the reactor. 18. Nuclear reactor alignment plate configuration Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Altman, David A; Forsyth, David R; Smith, Richard E; Singleton, Norman R 2014-01-28 An alignment plate that is attached to a core barrel of a pressurized water reactor and fits within slots within a top plate of a lower core shroud and upper core plate to maintain lateral alignment of the reactor internals. The alignment plate is connected to the core barrel through two vertically-spaced dowel pins that extend from the outside surface of the core barrel through a reinforcement pad and into corresponding holes in the alignment plate. Additionally, threaded fasteners are inserted around the perimeter of the reinforcement pad and into the alignment plate to further secure the alignment plate to the core barrel. A fillet weld also is deposited around the perimeter of the reinforcement pad. To accomodate thermal growth between the alignment plate and the core barrel, a gap is left above, below and at both sides of one of the dowel pins in the alignment plate holes through with the dowel pins pass. 19. Transport simulation for EBT reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Uckan, T.; Uckan, N.A.; Jaeger, E.F. 1983-08-01 Transport simulation and modeling studies for the ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) reactor are carried out by using zero-dimensional (0-D) and one-and-one-half-dimensional (1 1/2-D) transport calculations. The time-dependent 0-D model is used for global analysis, whereas the 1 1/2-D radial transport code is used for accurate determination of density, temperature, and ambipolar potential profiles and of the role of these profiles in reactor plasma performance. Analysis with the 1 1/2-D transport code shows that profile effects near the outer edge of the hot electron ring lead to enhanced confinement by at least a factor of 2 to 5 beyond the simple scaling that is obtained from the global analysis. The radial profiles of core plasma density and temperatures (or core pressure) obtained from 1 1/2-D transport calculations are found to be similar to those theoretically required for stability. 20. Gas-liquid autoxidation reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Morbidelli, M.; Paludetto, R.; Carra, S. 1986-01-01 A procedure for the simulation of autoxidation gas-liquid reactors has been developed based both on mathematical models and laboratory experiments. It has been shown that the complex radical chain mechanism of the autoxidation process can be simulated through two global parallel reactions, whose rates are obtained by assuming pseudo-steady-state concentration values for all the radical species involved. Using ethylbenzene autoxidation as a model reaction, an experimental analysis has been performed in order to estimate all the kinetic parameters of the model. The effect of the interaction between gas-liquid mass-transfer phenomena and the complex kinetic mechanism on the overall performance of an autoxidation reactor has been examined in detail within the framework of the liquid film model. 1. Fast breeder reactor protection system Science.gov (United States) van Erp, J.B. 1973-10-01 Reactor protection is provided for a liquid-metal-fast breeder reactor core by measuring the coolant outflow temperature from each of the subassemblies of the core. The outputs of the temperature sensors from a subassembly region of the core containing a plurality of subassemblies are combined in a logic circuit which develops a scram alarm if a predetermined number of the sensors indicate an over temperature condition. The coolant outflow from a single subassembly can be mixed with the coolant outflow from adjacent subassemblies prior to the temperature sensing to increase the sensitivity of the protection system to a single subassembly failure. Coherence between the sensors can be required to discriminate against noise signals. (Official Gazette) 2. Reactor vessel lower head integrity Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rubin, A.M. 1997-02-01 On March 28, 1979, the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) nuclear power plant underwent a prolonged small break loss-of-coolant accident that resulted in severe damage to the reactor core. Post-accident examinations of the TMI-2 reactor core and lower plenum found that approximately 19,000 kg (19 metric tons) of molten material had relocated onto the lower head of the reactor vessel. Results of the OECD TMI-2 Vessel Investigation Project concluded that a localized hot spot of approximately 1 meter diameter had existed on the lower head. The maximum temperature on the inner surface of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in this region reached 1100{degrees}C and remained at that temperature for approximately 30 minutes before cooling occurred. Even under the combined loads of high temperature and high primary system pressure, the TMI-2 RPV did not fail. (i.e. The pressure varied from about 8.5 to 15 MPa during the four-hour period following the relocation of melt to the lower plenum.) Analyses of RPV failure under these conditions, using state-of-the-art computer codes, predicted that the RPV should have failed via local or global creep rupture. However, the vessel did not fail; and it has been hypothesized that rapid cooling of the debris and the vessel wall by water that was present in the lower plenum played an important role in maintaining RPV integrity during the accident. Although the exact mechanism(s) of how such cooling occurs is not known, it has been speculated that cooling in a small gap between the RPV wall and the crust, and/or in cracks within the debris itself, could result in sufficient cooling to maintain RPV integrity. Experimental data are needed to provide the basis to better understand these phenomena and improve models of RPV failure in severe accident codes. 3. The ARIES tokamak reactor study Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1989-10-01 The ARIES study is a community effort to develop several visions of tokamaks as fusion power reactors. The aims are to determine the potential economics, safety, and environmental features of a range of possible tokamak reactors, and to identify physics and technology areas with the highest leverage for achieving the best tokamak reactor. Three ARIES visions are planned, each having a different degree of extrapolation from the present data base in physics and technology. The ARIES-I design assumes a minimum extrapolation from current tokamak physics (e.g., 1st stability) and incorporates technological advances that can be available in the next 20 to 30 years. ARIES-II is a DT-burning tokamak which would operate at a higher beta in the 2nd MHD stability regime. It employs both potential advances in the physics and expected advances in technology and engineering. ARIES-II will examine the potential of the tokamak and the D{sup 3}He fuel cycle. This report is a collection of 14 papers on the results of the ARIES study which were presented at the IEEE 13th Symposium on Fusion Engineering (October 2-6, 1989, Knoxville, TN). This collection describes the ARIES research effort, with emphasis on the ARIES-I design, summarizing the major results, the key technical issues, and the central conclusions. 4. Actinide transmutation in nuclear reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bultman, J.H. 1995-01-17 An optimization method is developed to maximize the burning capability of the ALMR while complying with all constraints imposed on the design for reliability and safety. This method leads to a maximal transuranics enrichment, which is being limited by constraints on reactivity. The enrichment can be raised by using the neutrons less efficiently by increasing leakage from the fuel. With the developed optimization method, a metallic and an oxide fueled ALMR were optimized. Both reactors perform equally well considering the burning of transuranics. However, metallic fuel has a much higher heat conductivity coefficient, which in general leads to better safety characteristics. In search of a more effective waste transmuter, a modified Molten Salt Reactor was designed. A MSR operates on a liquid fuel salt which makes continuous refueling possible, eliminating the issue of the burnup reactivity loss. Also, a prompt negative reactivity feedback is possible for an overmoderated reactor design, even when the Doppler coefficient is positive, due to the fuel expansion with fuel temperature increase. Furthermore, the molten salt fuel can be reprocessed based on a reduction process which is not sensitive to the short-lived spontaneously fissioning actinides. (orig./HP). 5. Assessment of the thorium fuel cycle in power reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kasten, P.R.; Homan, F.J.; Allen, E.J. 1977-01-01 A study was conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to evaluate the role of thorium fuel cycles in power reactors. Three thermal reactor systems were considered: Light Water Reactors (LWRs); High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs); and Heavy Water Reactors (HWRs) of the Canadian Deuterium Uranium Reactor (CANDU) type; most of the effort was on these systems. A summary comparing thorium and uranium fuel cycles in Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) was also compiled. 6. Investigation of molten salt fast reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kubota, Kenichi; Konomura, Mamoru [Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Inst., Tokai, Ibaraki (Japan) 2002-05-01 On survey research for practicability strategy of fast reactor (FR) (phase 1), to extract future practicability image candidates of FR from wide options, in addition to their survey and investigation objects of not only solid fuel reactors of conventional research object but also molten salt reactor as a flowing fuel reactor, investigation on concept of molten salt FR plant was carried out. As a part of the first step of the survey research for practicability strategy, a basic concept on plant centered at nuclear reactor facility using chloride molten salt reactor capable of carrying out U-Pu cycle was examined, to perform a base construction to evaluate economical potential for a practical FBR. As a result, a result could be obtained that because of inferior fuel inventory and heat transmission to those in Na cooling reactor in present knowledge, mass of reactor vessel and intermediate heat exchanger were to widely increased to expect reduction of power generation unit price even on considering cheapness of its fuel cycle cost. Therefore, at present step further investigation on concept design of the chloride molten salt reactor plant system is too early in time, and it is at a condition where basic and elementary researches aiming at upgrading of economical efficiency such as wide reduction of fuel inventory, a measure expectable for remarkable rationalization effect of reprocessing system integrating a reactor to a processing facility, and so on. (G.K.) 7. Molten-Salt Depleted-Uranium Reactor CERN Document Server Dong, Bao-Guo; Gu, Ji-Yuan 2015-01-01 The supercritical, reactor core melting and nuclear fuel leaking accidents have troubled fission reactors for decades, and greatly limit their extensive applications. Now these troubles are still open. Here we first show a possible perfect reactor, Molten-Salt Depleted-Uranium Reactor which is no above accident trouble. We found this reactor could be realized in practical applications in terms of all of the scientific principle, principle of operation, technology, and engineering. Our results demonstrate how these reactors can possess and realize extraordinary excellent characteristics, no prompt critical, long-term safe and stable operation with negative feedback, closed uranium-plutonium cycle chain within the vessel, normal operation only with depleted-uranium, and depleted-uranium high burnup in reality, to realize with fission nuclear energy sufficiently satisfying humanity long-term energy resource needs, as well as thoroughly solve the challenges of nuclear criticality safety, uranium resource insuffic... 8. Performance of a multipurpose research electrochemical reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Henquin, E.R. [Programa de Electroquimica Aplicada e Ingenieria Electroquimica (PRELINE), Facultad de Ingenieria Quimica, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, S3000AOM Santa Fe (Argentina); Bisang, J.M., E-mail: [email protected] [Programa de Electroquimica Aplicada e Ingenieria Electroquimica (PRELINE), Facultad de Ingenieria Quimica, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, S3000AOM Santa Fe (Argentina) 2011-07-01 Highlights: > For this reactor configuration the current distribution is uniform. > For this reactor configuration with bipolar connection the leakage current is small. > The mass-transfer conditions are closely uniform along the electrode. > The fluidodynamic behaviour can be represented by the dispersion model. > This reactor represents a suitable device for laboratory trials. - Abstract: This paper reports on a multipurpose research electrochemical reactor with an innovative design feature, which is based on a filter press arrangement with inclined segmented electrodes and under a modular assembly. Under bipolar connection, the fraction of leakage current is lower than 4%, depending on the bipolar Wagner number, and the current distribution is closely uniform. When a turbulence promoter is used, the local mass-transfer coefficient shows a variation of {+-}10% with respect to its mean value. The fluidodynamics of the reactor responds to the dispersion model with a Peclet number higher than 10. It is concluded that this reactor is convenient for laboratory research. 9. Sulfide toxicity kinetics of a uasb reactor Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) D. R. Paula Jr. 2009-12-01 Full Text Available The effect of sulfide toxicity on kinetic parameters of anaerobic organic matter removal in a UASB (up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor is presented. Two lab-scale UASB reactors (10.5 L were operated continuously during 12 months. The reactors were fed with synthetic wastes prepared daily using glucose, ammonium acetate, methanol and nutrient solution. One of the reactors also received increasing concentrations of sodium sulfide. For both reactors, the flow rate of 16 L.d-1 was held constant throughout the experiment, corresponding to a hydraulic retention time of 15.6 hours. The classic model for non-competitive sulfide inhibition was applied to the experimental data for determining the overall kinetic parameter of specific substrate utilization (q and the sulfide inhibition coefficient (Ki. The application of the kinetic parameters determined allows prediction of methanogenesis inhibition and thus the adoption of operating parameters to minimize sulfide toxicity in UASB reactors. 10. Introduction to the neutron kinetics of nuclear power reactors CERN Document Server Tyror, J G; Grant, P J 2013-01-01 An Introduction to the Neutron Kinetics of Nuclear Power Reactors introduces the reader to the neutron kinetics of nuclear power reactors. Topics covered include the neutron physics of reactor kinetics, feedback effects, water-moderated reactors, fast reactors, and methods of plant control. The reactor transients following faults are also discussed, along with the use of computers in the study of power reactor kinetics. This book is comprised of eight chapters and begins with an overview of the reactor physics characteristics of a nuclear power reactor and their influence on system design and 11. Microstructured reactors for hydrogen production Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Aartun, Ingrid 2005-07-01 Small scale hydrogen production by partial oxidation (POX) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) have been studied over Rh-impregnated microchannel Fecralloy reactors and alumina foams. Trying to establish whether metallic microchannel reactors have special advantages for hydrogen production via catalytic POX or OSR with respect to activity, selectivity and stability was of special interest. The microchannel Fecralloy reactors were oxidised at 1000 deg C to form a {alpha}-Al2O3 layer in the channels in order to enhance the surface area prior to impregnation. Kr-BET measurements showed that the specific surface area after oxidation was approximately 10 times higher than the calculated geometric surface area. Approximately 1 mg Rh was deposited in the channels by impregnation with an aqueous solution of RhCl3. Annular pieces (15 mm o.d.,4 mm i.d., 14 mm length) of extruded {alpha}-Al2O3 foams were impregnated with aqueous solutions of Rh(NO3)3 to obtain 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 wt.% loadings, as predicted by solution uptake. ICP-AES analyses showed that the actual Rh loadings probably were higher, 0.025, 0.077 and 0.169 wt.% respectively. One of the microchannel Fecralloy reactors and all Al2O3 foams were equipped with a channel to allow for temperature measurement inside the catalytic system. Temperature profiles obtained along the reactor axes show that the metallic microchannel reactor is able to minimize temperature gradients as compared to the alumina foams. At sufficiently high furnace temperature, the gas phase in front of the Rh/Al2O3/Frecralloy microchannel reactor and the 0.025 wt.% Rh/Al2O3 foams ignites. Gas phase ignition leads to lower syngas selectivity and higher selectivity to total oxidation products and hydrocarbon by-products. Before ignition of the gas phase the hydrogen selectivity is increased in OSR as compared to POX, the main contribution being the water-gas shift reaction. After gas phase ignition, increased formation of hydrocarbon by 12. Plasma spark discharge reactor and durable electrode Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cho, Young I.; Cho, Daniel J.; Fridman, Alexander; Kim, Hyoungsup 2017-01-10 A plasma spark discharge reactor for treating water. The plasma spark discharge reactor comprises a HV electrode with a head and ground electrode that surrounds at least a portion of the HV electrode. A passage for gas may pass through the reactor to a location proximate to the head to provide controlled formation of gas bubbles in order to facilitate the plasma spark discharge in a liquid environment. 13. Experimental Breeder Reactor I Preservation Plan Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Julie Braun 2006-10-01 Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR I) is a National Historic Landmark located at the Idaho National Laboratory, a Department of Energy laboratory in southeastern Idaho. The facility is significant for its association and contributions to the development of nuclear reactor testing and development. This Plan includes a structural assessment of the interior and exterior of the EBR I Reactor Building from a preservation, rather than an engineering stand point and recommendations for maintenance to ensure its continued protection. 14. Reactor Bolshoi Moshchnosti Kalani; Reacteurs RBMK Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bastien, D. [Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers (CNAM), 75 - Paris (France) 2000-01-01 The Reactor Bolshoi Molshchnosti Kalani (RBMK) are pressure tubes reactor, boiling light water cooled. Exported since 1990 from the ex-USSR, they are today in three independent countries: Russian, Ukraine and Lithuania. Since this date, data exchange with the occident allowed the better knowledge of this reactor type. The design, the technical description (core, fuel, primary system), the safety and the improvement since Chernobyl are detailed. (A.L.B.) 15. NASA Reactor Facility Hazards Summary. Volume 1 Science.gov (United States) 1959-01-01 The Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration proposes to build a nuclear research reactor which will be located in the Plum Brook Ordnance Works near Sandusky, Ohio. The purpose of this report is to inform the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission in regard to the design Lq of the reactor facility, the characteristics of the site, and the hazards of operation at this location. The purpose of this research reactor is to make pumped loop studies of aircraft reactor fuel elements and other reactor components, radiation effects studies on aircraft reactor materials and equipment, shielding studies, and nuclear and solid state physics experiments. The reactor is light water cooled and moderated of the MTR-type with a primary beryllium reflector and a secondary water reflector. The core initially will be a 3 by 9 array of MTR-type fuel elements and is designed for operation up to a power of 60 megawatts. The reactor facility is described in general terms. This is followed by a discussion of the nuclear characteristics and performance of the reactor. Then details of the reactor control system are discussed. A summary of the site characteristics is then presented followed by a discussion of the larger type of experiments which may eventually be operated in this facility. The considerations for normal operation are concluded with a proposed method of handling fuel elements and radioactive wastes. The potential hazards involved with failures or malfunctions of this facility are considered in some detail. These are examined first from the standpoint of preventing them or minimizing their effects and second from the standpoint of what effect they might have on the reactor facility staff and the surrounding population. The most essential feature of the design for location at the proposed site is containment of the maximum credible accident. 16. Heat for industry from nuclear reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kikoin, I.K.; Novikov, V.M. Two factors which incline nations toward the use of heat from nuclear reactors for industrial use are: 1) exhaustion of cheap fossil fuel resources, and 2) ecological problems associated both with extraction of fossil fuel from the earth and with its combustion. In addition to the usual problems that beset nuclear reactors, special problems associated with using heat from nuclear reactors in various industries are explored. 17. D-D tokamak reactor studies Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Evans, K.E. Jr.; Baker, C.C.; Brooks, J.N.; Ehst, D.A.; Finn, P.A.; Jung, J.; Mattas, R.F.; Misra, B.; Smith, D.L.; Stevens, H.C. 1980-11-01 A tokamak D-D reactor design, utilizing the advantages of a deuterium-fueled reactor but with parameters not unnecessarily extended from existing D-T designs, is presented. Studies leading to the choice of a design and initial studies of the design are described. The studies are in the areas of plasma engineering, first-wall/blanket/shield design, magnet design, and tritium/fuel/vacuum requirements. Conclusions concerning D-D tokamak reactors are stated. 18. Initiating Events for Multi-Reactor Plant Sites Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Muhlheim, Michael David [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Flanagan, George F. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Poore, III, Willis P. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States) 2014-09-01 Inherent in the design of modular reactors is the increased likelihood of events that initiate at a single reactor affecting another reactor. Because of the increased level of interactions between reactors, it is apparent that the Probabilistic Risk Assessments (PRAs) for modular reactor designs need to specifically address the increased interactions and dependencies. 19. High Performance Photocatalytic Oxidation Reactor System Project Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Pioneer Astronautics proposes a technology program for the development of an innovative photocatalytic oxidation reactor for the removal and mineralization of... 20. Savannah River Site reactor safety assessment. Draft Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Woody, N.D.; Brandyberry, M.D. [eds.] [Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC (United States); Baker, W.H.; Brandyberry, M.D.; Kearnaghan, D.P.; OKula, K.R.; Woody, N.D. [Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC (United States); Amos, C.N.; Weingardt, J.J. [Science Applications International Corp., San Diego, CA (United States) 1991-02-28 This report gives the results of a Savannah River Site (SRS) Production Reactor risk assessment. Measures of adverse consequences to health and safety resulting from representations of severe accidents in SRS reactors are presented. In addition, the report gives a summary of the methods employed to represent these accidents and to assess the resultant consequences. The report is issued to provide timely information to the US Department of Energy (DOE) on the risk of operation of SRS reactors, for insights into severe accident phenomena that contribute to this risk, and in support of improved bases for other Site programs in Heavy Water Reactor safety. 1. History of fast reactor fuel development Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kittel, J.H.; Frost, B.R.T. (Argonne National Lab., IL (United States)); Mustelier, J.P. (COGEMA, Velizy-Villacoublay (France)) 1992-01-01 Most of the first generation of fast reactors that were operated at significant power levels employed solid metal fuels. They were constructed in the United States and United Kingdom in the 1950s and included Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBR)-I and -II operated by Argonne National Laboratory, United States, the Enrico Fermi Reactor operated by the Atomic Power Development Associates, United States and DFR operated by the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA). Their paper tracer pre-development of fast reactor fuel from these early days through the 1980s including ceramic fuels. 2. Advanced nuclear reactor types and technologies Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ignatiev, V. [ed.; Feinberg, O.; Morozov, A. [Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow (Russian Federation); Devell, L. [Studsvik Eco and Safety AB, Nykoeping (Sweden) 1995-07-01 The document is a comprehensive world-wide catalogue of concepts and designs of advanced fission reactor types and fuel cycle technologies. Two parts have been prepared: Part 1 Reactors for Power Production and Part 2 Heating and Other Reactor Applications. Part 3, which will cover advanced waste management technology, reprocessing and disposal for different nuclear fission options is planned for compilation during 1995. The catalogue was prepared according to a special format which briefly presents the project title, technical approach, development status, application of the technology, reactor type, power output, and organization which developed these designs. Part 1 and 2 cover water cooled reactors, liquid metal fast reactors, gas-cooled reactors and molten salt reactors. Subcritical accelerator-driven systems are also considered. Various reactor applications as power production, heat generation, ship propulsion, space power sources and transmutation of such waste are included. Each project is described within a few pages with the main features of an actual design using a table with main technical data and figure as well as references for additional information. Each chapter starts with an introduction which briefly describes main trends and approaches in this field. Explanations of terms and abbreviations are provided in a glossary. 3. Supercritical-pressure light water cooled reactors CERN Document Server Oka, Yoshiaki 2014-01-01 This book focuses on the latest reactor concepts, single pass core and experimental findings in thermal hydraulics, materials, corrosion, and water chemistry. It highlights research on supercritical-pressure light water cooled reactors (SCWRs), one of the Generation IV reactors that are studied around the world. This book includes cladding material development and experimental findings on heat transfer, corrosion and water chemistry. The work presented here will help readers to understand the fundamental elements of reactor design and analysis methods, thermal hydraulics, materials and water 4. Sandia National Laboratories Medical Isotope Reactor concept. Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Coats, Richard Lee; Dahl, James J.; Parma, Edward J., Jr. 2010-04-01 This report describes the Sandia National Laboratories Medical Isotope Reactor and hot cell facility concepts. The reactor proposed is designed to be capable of producing 100% of the U.S. demand for the medical isotope {sup 99}Mo. The concept is novel in that the fuel for the reactor and the targets for the {sup 99}Mo production are the same. There is no driver core required. The fuel pins that are in the reactor core are processed on a 7 to 21 day irradiation cycle. The fuel is low enriched uranium oxide enriched to less than 20% {sup 235}U. The fuel pins are approximately 1 cm in diameter and 30 to 40 cm in height, clad with Zircaloy (zirconium alloy). Approximately 90 to 150 fuel pins are arranged in the core in a water pool {approx}30 ft deep. The reactor power level is 1 to 2 MW. The reactor concept is a simple design that is passively safe and maintains negative reactivity coefficients. The total radionuclide inventory in the reactor core is minimized since the fuel/target pins are removed and processed after 7 to 21 days. The fuel fabrication, reactor design and operation, and {sup 99}Mo production processing use well-developed technologies that minimize the technological and licensing risks. There are no impediments that prevent this type of reactor, along with its collocated hot cell facility, from being designed, fabricated, and licensed today. 5. NCSU reactor sharing program. Final technical report Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Perez, P.B. 1997-01-10 The Nuclear Reactor Program at North Carolina State University provides the PULSTAR Research Reactor and associated facilities to eligible institutions with support, in part, from the Department of Energy Reactor Sharing Program. Participation in the NCSU Reactor Sharing Program continues to increase steadily with visitors ranging from advance high school physics and chemistry students to Ph.D. level research from neighboring universities. This report is the Final Technical Report for the DOE award reference number DE-FG05-95NE38136 which covers the period September 30, 1995 through September 30, 1996. 6. Molecular ecology of anaerobic reactor systems DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hofman-Bang, H. Jacob Peider; Zheng, D.; Westermann, Peter; 2003-01-01 Anaerobic reactor systems are essential for the treatment of solid and liquid wastes and constitute a core facility in many waste treatment plants. Although much is known about the basic metabolism in different types of anaerobic reactors, little is known about the microbes responsible...... to the abundance of each microbe in anaerobic reactor systems by rRNA probing. This chapter focuses on various molecular techniques employed and problems encountered when elucidating the microbial ecology of anaerobic reactor systems. Methods such as quantitative dot blot/fluorescence in-situ probing using various... 7. Advances in light water reactor technologies CERN Document Server Saito, Takehiko; Ishiwatari, Yuki; Oka, Yoshiaki 2010-01-01 ""Advances in Light Water Reactor Technologies"" focuses on the design and analysis of advanced nuclear power reactors. This volume provides readers with thorough descriptions of the general characteristics of various advanced light water reactors currently being developed worldwide. Safety, design, development and maintenance of these reactors is the main focus, with key technologies like full MOX core design, next-generation digital I&C systems and seismic design and evaluation described at length. This book is ideal for researchers and engineers working in nuclear power that are interested 8. Nanostructured Catalytic Reactors for Air Purification Project Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — This SBIR Phase I project proposes the development of lightweight compact nanostructured catalytic reactors for air purification from toxic gaseous organic... 9. Phosphorus removal in aerated stirred tank reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ghigliazza, R.; Lodi, A.; Rovatti, M. [Inst. of Chemical and Process Engineering G.B. Bonino, Univ. of Genoa (Italy) 1999-03-01 The possibility to obtain biological phosphorus removal in strictly aerobic conditions has been investigated. Experiments, carried out in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), show the feasibility to obtain phosphorus removal without the anaerobic phase. Reactor performance in terms of phosphorus abatement kept always higher then 65% depending on adopted sludge retention time (SRT). In fact increasing SRT from 5 days to 8 days phosphorus removal and reactor performance increase but overcoming this SRT value a decreasing in reactor efficiency was recorded. (orig.) With 6 figs., 3 tabs., 18 refs. 10. Sodium fast reactors with closed fuel cycle CERN Document Server Raj, Baldev; Vasudeva Rao, PR 0 2015-01-01 Sodium Fast Reactors with Closed Fuel Cycle delivers a detailed discussion of an important technology that is being harnessed for commercial energy production in many parts of the world. Presenting the state of the art of sodium-cooled fast reactors with closed fuel cycles, this book:Offers in-depth coverage of reactor physics, materials, design, safety analysis, validations, engineering, construction, and commissioning aspectsFeatures a special chapter on allied sciences to highlight advanced reactor core materials, specialized manufacturing technologies, chemical sensors, in-service inspecti 11. Autonomous Control of Space Nuclear Reactors Project Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Nuclear reactors to support future robotic and manned missions impose new and innovative technological requirements for their control and protection instrumentation.... 12. Neutron imaging on the VR-1 reactor Science.gov (United States) Crha, J.; Sklenka, L.; Soltes, J. 2016-09-01 Training reactor VR-1 is a low power research reactor with maximal thermal power of 1 kW. The reactor is operated by the Faculty of Nuclear Science and Physical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague. Due to its low power it suits as a tool for education of university students and training of professionals. In 2015, as part of student research project, neutron imaging was introduced as another type of reactor utilization. The low available neutron flux and the limiting spatial and construction capabilities of the reactor's radial channel led to the development of a special filter/collimator insertion inside the channel and choosing a nonstandard approach by placing a neutron imaging plate inside the channel. The paper describes preliminary experiments carried out on the VR-1 reactor which led to first radiographic images. It seems, that due to the reactor construction and low reactor power, the neutron imaging technique on the VR-1 reactor is feasible mainly for demonstration or educational and training purposes. 13. Microchannel Methanation Reactors Using Nanofabricated Catalysts Project Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Makel Engineering, Inc. (MEI) and the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) propose to develop and demonstrate a microchannel methanation reactor based on... 14. Nanostructured Catalytic Reactors for Air Purification Project Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — This SBIR Phase II project proposes the development of lightweight compact nanostructured catalytic reactors for air purification from toxic gaseous organic... 15. Continuous steroid biotransformations in microchannel reactors. Science.gov (United States) Marques, Marco P C; Fernandes, Pedro; Cabral, Joaquim M S; Znidaršič-Plazl, Polona; Plazl, Igor 2012-01-15 The use of microchannel reactor based technologies within the scope of bioprocesses as process intensification and production platforms is gaining momentum. Such trend can be ascribed a particular set of characteristics of microchannel reactors, namely the enhanced mass and heat transfer, combined with easier handling and smaller volumes required, as compared to traditional reactors. In the present work, a continuous production process of 4-cholesten-3-one by the enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol without the formation of any by-product was assessed. The production was carried out within Y-shaped microchannel reactors in an aqueous-organic two-phase system. Substrate was delivered from the organic phase to aqueous phase containing cholesterol oxidase and the product formed partitions back to the organic phase. The aqueous phase was then forced through a plug-flow reactor, containing immobilized catalase. This step aimed at the reduction of hydrogen peroxide formed as a by-product during cholesterol oxidation, to avoid cholesterol oxidase deactivation due to said by-product. This setup was compared with traditional reactors and modes of operation. The results showed that microchannel reactor geometry outperformed traditional stirred tank and plug-flow reactors reaching similar conversion yields at reduced residence time. Coupling the plug-flow reactor containing catalase enabled aqueous phase reuse with maintenance of 30% catalytic activity of cholesterol oxidase while eliminating hydrogen peroxide. A final production of 36 m of cholestenone was reached after 300 hours of operation. 16. Reactors for nuclear electric propulsion Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Buden, D.; Angelo, J.A. Jr. 1981-01-01 Propulsion is the key to space exploitation and power is the key to propulsion. This paper examines the role of nuclear fission reactors as the primary power source for high specific impulse electric propulsion systems for space missions of the 1980s and 1990s. Particular mission applications include transfer to and a reusable orbital transfer vehicle from low-Earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit, outer planet exploration and reconnaissance missions, and as a versatile space tug supporting lunar resource development. Nuclear electric propulsion is examined as an indispensable component in space activities of the next two decades. 17. Biodegradation of MTBE in reactors DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Waul, Christopher Kevin 2007-01-01 The fuel oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was first introduced in the 1970’s to improve gasoline combustion efficiency and reduce emission of harmful gases. However, it has caused groundwater contamination in Denmark and in many locations worldwide through accidental releases from leaking...... such as ammonium or benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) oxidizers, which can be present together in a single system. The competition resulted in reduced and/or delayed degradation of MTBE when there were limitations of oxygen or space in the reactor. The fraction of biologically active (BA) MTBE... 18. Coupled reactor kinetics and heat transfer model for heat pipe cooled reactors Science.gov (United States) Wright, Steven A.; Houts, Michael 2001-02-01 Heat pipes are often proposed as cooling system components for small fission reactors. SAFE-300 and STAR-C are two reactor concepts that use heat pipes as an integral part of the cooling system. Heat pipes have been used in reactors to cool components within radiation tests (Deverall, 1973); however, no reactor has been built or tested that uses heat pipes solely as the primary cooling system. Heat pipe cooled reactors will likely require the development of a test reactor to determine the main differences in operational behavior from forced cooled reactors. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of a systems code capable of modeling the coupling between the reactor kinetics and heat pipe controlled heat transport. Heat transport in heat pipe reactors is complex and highly system dependent. Nevertheless, in general terms it relies on heat flowing from the fuel pins through the heat pipe, to the heat exchanger, and then ultimately into the power conversion system and heat sink. A system model is described that is capable of modeling coupled reactor kinetics phenomena, heat transfer dynamics within the fuel pins, and the transient behavior of heat pipes (including the melting of the working fluid). This paper focuses primarily on the coupling effects caused by reactor feedback and compares the observations with forced cooled reactors. A number of reactor startup transients have been modeled, and issues such as power peaking, and power-to-flow mismatches, and loading transients were examined, including the possibility of heat flow from the heat exchanger back into the reactor. This system model is envisioned as a tool to be used for screening various heat pipe cooled reactor concepts, for designing and developing test facility requirements, for use in safety evaluations, and for developing test criteria for in-pile and out-of-pile test facilities. . 19. Compound cryopump for fusion reactors CERN Document Server Kovari, M; Shephard, T 2013-01-01 We reconsider an old idea: a three-stage compound cryopump for use in fusion reactors such as DEMO. The helium "ash" is adsorbed on a 4.5 K charcoal-coated surface, while deuterium and tritium are adsorbed at 15-22 K on a second charcoal-coated surface. The helium is released by raising the first surface to ~30 K. In a separate regeneration step, deuterium and tritium are released at ~110 K. In this way, the helium can be pre-separated from other species. In the simplest design, all three stages are in the same vessel, with a single valve to close the pump off from the tokamak during regeneration. In an alternative design, the three stages are in separate vessels, connected by valves, allowing the stages to regenerate without interfering with each other. The inclusion of the intermediate stage would not affect the overall pumping speed significantly. The downstream exhaust processing system could be scaled down, as much of the deuterium and tritium could be returned directly to the reactor. This could reduce ... 20. K-East and K-West Reactors Data.gov (United States) Federal Laboratory Consortium — Hanford's "sister reactors", the K-East and the K-West Reactors, were built side-by-side in the early 1950's. The two reactors went operational within four months of... 1. A new MTR fuel for a new MTR reactor: UMo for the Jules Horowitz reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Guigon, B. [CEA Cadarache, Dir. de l' Energie Nucleaire DEN, Reacteur Jules Horowitz, 13 - Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France); Vacelet, H. [Compagnie pour l' Etude et la Realisation de Combustibles Atomiques, CERCA, Etablissement de Romans, 26 (France); Dornbusch, D. [Technicatome, Service d' Architecture Generale, 13 - Aix-en-Provence (France) 2003-07-01 Within some years, the Jules Horowitz Reactor will be the only working experimental reactor (material and fuel testing reactor) in France. It will have to provide facilities for a wide range of needs: from activation analysis to power reactor fuel qualification. In this paper will be presented the main characteristics of the Jules Horowitz Reactor: its total power, neutron flux, fuel element... Safety criteria will be explained. Finally merits and disadvantages of UMo compared to the standard U{sub 3}Si{sub 2} fuel will be discussed. (authors) 2. Annual report on JEN-1 reactor; Informe periodico del Reactor JEN-1 correspondiente al ano 1971 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Montes, J. 1972-07-01 In the annual report on the JEN-1 reactor the main features of the reactor operations and maintenance are described. The reactor has been critical for 1831 hours, what means 65,8% of the total working time. Maintenance and pool water contamination have occupied the rest of the time. The maintenance schedule is shown in detail according to three subjects. The main failures and reactor scrams are also described. The daily maximum values of the water activity are given so as the activity of the air in the reactor hall. (Author) 3. Selective purge for hydrogenation reactor recycle loop Science.gov (United States) Baker, Richard W.; Lokhandwala, Kaaeid A. 2001-01-01 Processes and apparatus for providing improved contaminant removal and hydrogen recovery in hydrogenation reactors, particularly in refineries and petrochemical plants. The improved contaminant removal is achieved by selective purging, by passing gases in the hydrogenation reactor recycle loop or purge stream across membranes selective in favor of the contaminant over hydrogen. 4. Radiochemical problems of fusion reactors. 1. Facilities Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Crespi, M.B.A. 1984-02-01 A list of fusion reactor candidate materials is given, for use in connection with blanket structure, breeding, moderation, neutron multiplication, cooling, magnetic field generation, electrical insulation and radiation shielding. The phenomena being studied for each group of materials are indicated. Suitable irradiation test facilities are discussed under the headings (1) accelerator-based neutron sources, (2) fission reactors, and (3) ion accelerators. 5. Advanced tokamak concepts and reactor designs NARCIS (Netherlands) Oomens, A. A. M. 2000-01-01 From a discussion of fusion reactor designs based on today's well-established experience gained in the operation of large tokamaks, it is concluded that such reactors are economically not attractive. The physics involved in the various options for concept improvement is described, some examples 6. Startup of an industrial adiabatic tubular reactor NARCIS (Netherlands) Verwijs, J.W.; Berg, van den H.; Westerterp, K.R. 1992-01-01 The dynamic behaviour of an adiabatic tubular plant reactor during the startup is demonstrated, together with the impact of a feed-pump failure of one of the reactants. A dynamic model of the reactor system is presented, and the system response is calculated as a function of experimentally-determine 7. Rotor for a pyrolysis centrifuge reactor DEFF Research Database (Denmark) 2015-01-01 The present invention relates to a rotor for a pyrolysis centrifuge reactor, said rotor comprising a rotor body having a longitudinal centre axis, and at least one pivotally mounted blade being adapted to pivot around a pivot axis under rotation of the rotor body around the longitudinal centre axis....... Moreover, the present invention relates to a pyrolysis centrifuge reactor applying such a rotor.... 8. Helix reactor: great potential for flow chemistry NARCIS (Netherlands) Geerdink, P.; Runstraat, A. van den; Roelands, C.P.M.; Goetheer, E.L.V. 2009-01-01 The Helix reactor is highly suited for precise reaction control based on good hydrodynamics. The hydrodynamics are controlled by the Dean vortices, which create excellent heat transfer properties, approach plug flow and avoid turbulence. The flexibility of this reactor has been demonstrated using a 9. The Design of a Nuclear Reactor Indian Academy of Sciences (India) 2016-09-01 The aim of this largely pedagogical article is toemploy pre-college physics to arrive at an understanding of a system as complex as a nuclear reactor. We focus on three key issues: the fuelpin, the moderator, and lastly the dimensions ofthe nuclear reactor. 10. Design of an organic simplified nuclear reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shirvan, Koroush [Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (United States); Forrest, Eric [Primary Standards Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (United States) 2016-08-15 Numerous advanced reactor concepts have been proposed to replace light water reactors ever since their establishment as the dominant technology for nuclear energy production. While most designs seek to improve cost competitiveness and safety, the implausibility of doing so with affordable materials or existing nuclear fuel infrastructure reduces the possibility of near-term deployment, especially in developing countries. The organic nuclear concept, first explored in the 1950s, offers an attractive alternative to advanced reactor designs being considered. The advent of high temperature fluids, along with advances in hydrocracking and reforming technologies driven by the oil and gas industries, make the organic concept even more viable today. We present a simple, cost-effective, and safe small modular nuclear reactor for offshore underwater deployment. The core is moderated by graphite, zirconium hydride, and organic fluid while cooled by the organic fluid. The organic coolant enables operation near atmospheric pressure and use of plain carbon steel for the reactor tank and primary coolant piping system. The core is designed to mitigate the coolant degradation seen in early organic reactors. Overall, the design provides a power density of 40 kW/L, while reducing the reactor hull size by 40% compared with a pressurized water reactor while significantly reducing capital plant costs. 11. Technical features of the MR reactor decommissioning Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Craig David 2008-01-01 Full Text Available This paper presents a preliminary technical design for the dismantling of the MR reactor. The goal of the design is the removal of reactor components allowing the re-use of the building for a different nuclear related purpose. The sequence of segmentation procedures is established. Considerations on the size reduction and tooling are presented. 12. The First Reactor, 40th Anniversary (rev.) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Allardice, Corbin; Trapnell, Edward R; Fermi, Enrico; Fermi, Laura; Williams, Robert C 1982-12-01 This booklet, an updated version of the original booklet describing the first nuclear reactor, was written in honor of the 40th anniversary of the first reactor or "pile". It is based on firsthand accounts told to Corbin Allardice and Edward R. Trapnell, and includes recollections of Enrico and Laura Fermi. 13. MODERATOR ELEMENTS FOR UNIFORM POWER NUCLEAR REACTOR Science.gov (United States) Balent, R. 1963-03-12 This patent describes a method of obtaining a flatter flux and more uniform power generation across the core of a nuclear reactor. The method comprises using moderator elements having differing moderating strength. The elements have an increasing amount of the better moderating material as a function of radial and/or axial distance from the reactor core center. (AEC) 14. Parametric sensitivity and runaway in tubular reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Morbidelli, M.; Varma, A. 1982-09-01 Parametric sensitivity of tubular reactors is analyzed to provide critical values of the heat of reaction and heat transfer parameters defining runaway and stable operations for all positive-order exothermic reactions with finite activation energies, and for all reactor inlet temperatures. Evaluation of the critical values does not involve any trial and error. 15. Microbial degradation of MTBE in reactors DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Waul, Christopher Kevin; Arvin, Erik; Schmidt, Jens Ejbye 2007-01-01 , toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, may reduce the removal rates of MTBE, or prevent its removal in reactors. With mathematical modelling, the long startup time required for some MTBE degrading reactors could be predicted. Long startup times of up to 200 days were due to the low maximum growth rate... 16. Design of an Organic Simplified Nuclear Reactor Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Koroush Shirvan 2016-08-01 Full Text Available Numerous advanced reactor concepts have been proposed to replace light water reactors ever since their establishment as the dominant technology for nuclear energy production. While most designs seek to improve cost competitiveness and safety, the implausibility of doing so with affordable materials or existing nuclear fuel infrastructure reduces the possibility of near-term deployment, especially in developing countries. The organic nuclear concept, first explored in the 1950s, offers an attractive alternative to advanced reactor designs being considered. The advent of high temperature fluids, along with advances in hydrocracking and reforming technologies driven by the oil and gas industries, make the organic concept even more viable today. We present a simple, cost-effective, and safe small modular nuclear reactor for offshore underwater deployment. The core is moderated by graphite, zirconium hydride, and organic fluid while cooled by the organic fluid. The organic coolant enables operation near atmospheric pressure and use of plain carbon steel for the reactor tank and primary coolant piping system. The core is designed to mitigate the coolant degradation seen in early organic reactors. Overall, the design provides a power density of 40 kW/L, while reducing the reactor hull size by 40% compared with a pressurized water reactor while significantly reducing capital plant costs. 17. Verification of Remote Inspection Techniques for Reactor Internal Structures of Liquid Metal Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Joo, Young Sang; Lee, Jae Han 2007-02-15 The reactor internal structures and components of a liquid metal reactor (LMR) are submerged in hot sodium of reactor vessel. The division 3 of ASME code section XI specifies the visual inspection as major in-service inspection (ISI) methods of reactor internal structures and components. Reactor internals of LMR can not be visually examined due to opaque liquid sodium. The under-sodium viewing techniques using an ultrasonic wave should be applied for the visual inspection of reactor internals. Recently, an ultrasonic waveguide sensor with a strip plate has been developed for an application to the under-sodium inspection. In this study, visualization technique, ranging technique and monitoring technique have been suggested for the remote inspection of reactor internals by using the waveguide sensor. The feasibility of these remote inspection techniques using ultrasonic waveguide sensor has been evaluated by an experimental verification. 18. State space modeling of reactor core in a pressurized water reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ashaari, A.; Ahmad, T.; M, Wan Munirah W. [Department of Mathematical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor (Malaysia); Shamsuddin, Mustaffa [Institute of Ibnu Sina, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor (Malaysia); Abdullah, M. Adib [Swinburne University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak (Malaysia) 2014-07-10 The power control system of a nuclear reactor is the key system that ensures a safe operation for a nuclear power plant. However, a mathematical model of a nuclear power plant is in the form of nonlinear process and time dependent that give very hard to be described. One of the important components of a Pressurized Water Reactor is the Reactor core. The aim of this study is to analyze the performance of power produced from a reactor core using temperature of the moderator as an input. Mathematical representation of the state space model of the reactor core control system is presented and analyzed in this paper. The data and parameters are taken from a real time VVER-type Pressurized Water Reactor and will be verified using Matlab and Simulink. Based on the simulation conducted, the results show that the temperature of the moderator plays an important role in determining the power of reactor core. 19. State space modeling of reactor core in a pressurized water reactor Science.gov (United States) Ashaari, A.; Ahmad, T.; Shamsuddin, Mustaffa; M, Wan Munirah W.; Abdullah, M. Adib 2014-07-01 The power control system of a nuclear reactor is the key system that ensures a safe operation for a nuclear power plant. However, a mathematical model of a nuclear power plant is in the form of nonlinear process and time dependent that give very hard to be described. One of the important components of a Pressurized Water Reactor is the Reactor core. The aim of this study is to analyze the performance of power produced from a reactor core using temperature of the moderator as an input. Mathematical representation of the state space model of the reactor core control system is presented and analyzed in this paper. The data and parameters are taken from a real time VVER-type Pressurized Water Reactor and will be verified using Matlab and Simulink. Based on the simulation conducted, the results show that the temperature of the moderator plays an important role in determining the power of reactor core. 20. Precision spectroscopy with reactor anti-neutrinos CERN Document Server Huber, P; Huber, Patrick; Schwetz, Thomas 2004-01-01 In this work we present an accurate parameterization of the anti-neutrino flux produced by the isotopes 235U, 239Pu and 241Pu in nuclear reactors. We determine the coefficients of this parameterization, as well as their covariance matrix, by performing a fit to spectra inferred from experimentally measured beta spectra. Subsequently we show that flux shape uncertainties play only a minor role in the KamLAND experiment, however, we find that future reactor neutrino experiments to measure the mixing angle\\theta_{13}are sensitive to the fine details of the reactor neutrino spectra. Finally, we investigate the possibility to determine the isotopic composition in nuclear reactors through an anti-neutrino measurement. We find that with a 3 month exposure of a one ton detector the isotope fractions and the thermal reactor power can be determined at a few percent accuracy, which may open the possibility of an application for safeguard or non-proliferation objectives. 1. Scanning tunneling microscope assembly, reactor, and system Science.gov (United States) Tao, Feng; Salmeron, Miquel; Somorjai, Gabor A 2014-11-18 An embodiment of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) reactor includes a pressure vessel, an STM assembly, and three spring coupling objects. The pressure vessel includes a sealable port, an interior, and an exterior. An embodiment of an STM system includes a vacuum chamber, an STM reactor, and three springs. The three springs couple the STM reactor to the vacuum chamber and are operable to suspend the scanning tunneling microscope reactor within the interior of the vacuum chamber during operation of the STM reactor. An embodiment of an STM assembly includes a coarse displacement arrangement, a piezoelectric fine displacement scanning tube coupled to the coarse displacement arrangement, and a receiver. The piezoelectric fine displacement scanning tube is coupled to the coarse displacement arrangement. The receiver is coupled to the piezoelectric scanning tube and is operable to receive a tip holder, and the tip holder is operable to receive a tip. 2. Reactor assessments of advanced bumpy torus configurations Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Uckan, N.A.; Owen, L.W.; Spong, D.A.; Miller, R.L.; Ard, W.B.; Pipkins, J.F.; Schmitt, R.J. 1984-02-01 Recently, several innovative approaches were introduced for enhancing the performance of the basic ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) concept and for improving its reactor potential. These include planar racetrack and square geometries, Andreoletti coil systems, and bumpy torus-stellarator hybrids (which include twisted racetrack and helical axis stellarator - snakey torus). Preliminary evaluations of reactor implications of each approach have been carried out based on magnetics (vacuum) calculations, transport and scaling relationships, and stability properties deduced from provisional configurations that implement the approach but are not necessarily optimized. Further optimization is needed in all cases to evaluate the full potential of each approach. Results of these studies indicate favorable reactor projections with a significant reduction in reactor physical size as compared to conventional EBT reactor designs carried out in the past. 3. Reactivity control assembly for nuclear reactor. [LMFBR Science.gov (United States) Bollinger, L.R. 1982-03-17 This invention, which resulted from a contact with the United States Department of Energy, relates to a control mechanism for a nuclear reactor and, more particularly, to an assembly for selectively shifting different numbers of reactivity modifying rods into and out of the core of a nuclear reactor. It has been proposed heretofore to control the reactivity of a breeder reactor by varying the depth of insertion of control rods (e.g., rods containing a fertile material such as ThO/sub 2/) in the core of the reactor, thereby varying the amount of neutron-thermalizing coolant and the amount of neutron-capturing material in the core. This invention relates to a mechanism which can advantageously be used in this type of reactor control system. 4. Ceramic oxygen transport membrane array reactor and reforming method Science.gov (United States) Kelly, Sean M.; Christie, Gervase Maxwell; Robinson, Charles; Wilson, Jamie R.; Gonzalez, Javier E.; Doraswami, Uttam R. 2016-11-08 The invention relates to a commercially viable modular ceramic oxygen transport membrane reforming reactor configured using repeating assemblies of oxygen transport membrane tubes and catalytic reforming reactors. 5. Fast Spectrum Molten Salt Reactor Options Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gehin, Jess C [ORNL; Holcomb, David Eugene [ORNL; Flanagan, George F [ORNL; Patton, Bruce W [ORNL; Howard, Rob L [ORNL; Harrison, Thomas J [ORNL 2011-07-01 During 2010, fast-spectrum molten-salt reactors (FS-MSRs) were selected as a transformational reactor concept for light-water reactor (LWR)-derived heavy actinide disposition by the Department of Energy-Nuclear Energy Advanced Reactor Concepts (ARC) program and were the subject of a preliminary scoping investigation. Much of the reactor description information presented in this report derives from the preliminary studies performed for the ARC project. This report, however, has a somewhat broader scope-providing a conceptual overview of the characteristics and design options for FS-MSRs. It does not present in-depth evaluation of any FS-MSR particular characteristic, but instead provides an overview of all of the major reactor system technologies and characteristics, including the technology developments since the end of major molten salt reactor (MSR) development efforts in the 1970s. This report first presents a historical overview of the FS-MSR technology and describes the innovative characteristics of an FS-MSR. Next, it provides an overview of possible reactor configurations. The following design features/options and performance considerations are described including: (1) reactor salt options-both chloride and fluoride salts; (2) the impact of changing the carrier salt and actinide concentration on conversion ratio; (3) the conversion ratio; (4) an overview of the fuel salt chemical processing; (5) potential power cycles and hydrogen production options; and (6) overview of the performance characteristics of FS-MSRs, including general comparative metrics with LWRs. The conceptual-level evaluation includes resource sustainability, proliferation resistance, economics, and safety. The report concludes with a description of the work necessary to begin more detailed evaluation of FS-MSRs as a realistic reactor and fuel cycle option. 6. Radiation protection at new reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Brissaud, A. [EDF INDUSTRY, Basic Design Department, EDF-SEPTEN, VILLEURBANNE Cedex (France) 2000-05-01 The theoritical knowledge and the feedback of operating experience concerning radiations in reactors is now considerable. It is available to the designer in the form of predictive softwares and data bases. Thus, it is possible to include the radiation protection component throughout all the design process. In France, the existing reactors have not been designed with quantified radiation protection targets, although considerable efforts have been made to reduce sources of radiation illustrated by the decrease of the average dose rates (typically a factor 5 between the first 900 MWe and the last 1300 MWe units). The EDF ALARA PROJECT has demonstrated that good practises, radiation protection awareness, careful work organization had a strong impact on operation and maintenance work volume. A decrease of the average collective dose by a factor 2 has been achieved without noticeable modifications of the units. In the case of new nuclear facilities projects (reactor, intermediate storage facility,...), or special operations (such as steam generator replacement), quantified radiation protection targets are included in terms of collective and average individual doses within the frame of a general optimization scheme. The target values by themselves are less important than the application of an optimization process throughout the design. This is because the optimization process requires to address all the components of the dose, particularly the work volume for operation and maintenance. A careful study of this parameter contributes to the economy of the project (suppression of unecessary tasks, time-saving ergonomy of work sites). This optimization process is currently applied to the design of the EPR. General radiation protection provisions have been addressed during the basic design phase by applying general rules aiming at the reduction of sources and dose rates. The basic design optimization phase has mainly dealt with the possibility to access the containment at full 7. The research reactors their contribution to the reactors physics; Les reacteurs de recherche leur apport sur la physique des reacteurs Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Barral, J.C. [Electricite de France (EDF), 75 - Paris (France); Zaetta, A. [CEA/Cadarache, Direction des Reacteurs Nucleaires, DRN, 13 - Saint-Paul-lez-Durance (France); Johner, J. [CEA/Cadarache, Dept. de Recherches sur la Fusion Controlee (DRFC), 13 - Saint Paul lez Durance (France); Mathoniere, G. [CEA/Saclay, DEN, 91 - Gif sur Yvette (France)] [and others 2000-07-01 The 19 october 2000, the french society of nuclear energy organized a day on the research reactors. This associated report of the technical session, reactors physics, is presented in two parts. The first part deals with the annual meeting and groups general papers on the pressurized water reactors, the fast neutrons reactors and the fusion reactors industry. The second part presents more technical papers about the research programs, critical models, irradiation reactors (OSIRIS and Jules Horowitz) and computing tools. (A.L.B.) 8. PCCF flow analysis -- DR Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Calkin, J.F. 1961-04-26 This report contains an analysis of PCCF tube flow and Panellit pressure relations at DR reactor. Supply curves are presented at front header pressures from 480 to 600 psig using cold water and the standard 0.236 inch orifice with taper down stream and the pigtail valve (plug or ball) open. Demand curves are presented for slug column lengths of 200 inches to 400 inches using 1.44 inch O.D. solid poison pieces (either Al or Pb-Cd) and cold water with a rear header pressure of 50 psig. Figure 1 is a graph of Panellit pressure vs. flow with the above supply and demand curves and clearly shows the effect of front header pressure and charge length on flow. 9. Coacervates as prebiotic chemical reactors Science.gov (United States) Kolb, Vera M.; Swanson, Mercedes; Menger, Fredric M. 2012-10-01 Coacervates are colloidal systems that are comprised of two immiscible aqueous layers, the colloid-rich layer, so-called coacervate, and the colloid-poor layer, so-called equilibrium liquid. Although immiscible, the two phases are both water-rich. Coacervates are important for prebiotic chemistry, but also have various practical applications, notably as transport vehicles of personal care products and pharmaceuticals. Our objectives are to explore the potential of coacervates as prebiotic chemical reactors. Since the reaction medium in coacervates is water, this creates a challenge, since most organic reactants are not water-soluble. To overcome this challenge we are utilizing recent Green Chemistry examples of the organic reactions in water, such as the Passerini reaction. We have investigated this reaction in two coacervate systems, and report here our preliminary results. 10. Replacement reactor to revolutionise magnets CERN Document Server Atkins, G 2002-01-01 Electric motors, hearing aids and magnetic resonance imaging are only some of the applications that will benefit from the first advances in magnets in a quarter of a century. Magnets achieve their characteristics when electrons align themselves to produce a unified magnetic field. Neutrons can probe these magnetic structures. The focus is not just on making more powerful magnets, but also identifying the characteristics that make magnets cheaper and easier for industry to manufacture. Staff from the ANSTO's Neutron Scattering Group have already performed a number of studies on the properties of magnets using using HIFAR, but the Replacement Research Reactor that will produce cold neutrons would allow scientists to investigate the atomic properties of materials with large molecules. A suite of equipment will enable studies at different temperatures, pressures and magnetic fields 11. Dynamic analysis of process reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shadle, L.J.; Lawson, L.O.; Noel, S.D. 1995-06-01 The approach and methodology of conducting a dynamic analysis is presented in this poster session in order to describe how this type of analysis can be used to evaluate the operation and control of process reactors. Dynamic analysis of the PyGas{trademark} gasification process is used to illustrate the utility of this approach. PyGas{trademark} is the gasifier being developed for the Gasification Product Improvement Facility (GPIF) by Jacobs-Siffine Engineering and Riley Stoker. In the first step of the analysis, process models are used to calculate the steady-state conditions and associated sensitivities for the process. For the PyGas{trademark} gasifier, the process models are non-linear mechanistic models of the jetting fluidized-bed pyrolyzer and the fixed-bed gasifier. These process sensitivities are key input, in the form of gain parameters or transfer functions, to the dynamic engineering models. 12. Reactor operation environmental information document Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wike, L.D.; Specht, W.L.; Mackey, H.E.; Paller, M.H.; Wilde, E.W.; Dicks, A.S. 1989-12-01 The Savannah River Site (SRS) is a large United States Department of Energy installation on the upper Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina. The SRS contains diverse habitats, flora, and fauna. Habitats include upland terrestrial areas, varied wetlands including Carolina Bays, the Savannah River swamp system, and impoundment related and riparian wetlands, and the aquatic habitats of several stream systems, two large cooling reservoirs, and the Savannah River. These diverse habitats support a large variety of plants and animals including many commercially or recreational valuable species and several rare, threatened or endangered species. This volume describes the major habitats and their biota found on the SRS, and discuss the impacts of continued operation of the K, L, and P production reactors. 13. (Meeting on fusion reactor materials) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jones, R.H. (Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (USA)); Klueh, R.L.; Rowcliffe, A.F.; Wiffen, F.W. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (USA)); Loomis, B.A. (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA)) 1990-11-01 During his visit to the KfK, Karlsruhe, F. W. Wiffen attended the IEA 12th Working Group Meeting on Fusion Reactor Materials. Plans were made for a low-activation materials workshop at Culham, UK, for April 1991, a data base workshop in Europe for June 1991, and a molecular dynamics workshop in the United States in 1991. At the 11th IEA Executive Committee on Fusion Materials, discussions centered on the recent FPAC and Colombo panel review in the United States and EC, respectively. The Committee also reviewed recent progress toward a neutron source in the United States (CWDD) and in Japan (ESNIT). A meeting with D. R. Harries (consultant to J. Darvas) yielded a useful overview of the EC technology program for fusion. Of particular interest to the US program is a strong effort on a conventional ferritic/martensitic steel for fist wall/blanket operation beyond NET/ITER. 14. Design of an analytical aggregation of rules of a diffuse controller and its application in the model of a nuclear research reactor; Diseno de una agregacion analitica de reglas de un controlador difuso y su aplicacion en el modelo de un reactor nuclear de investigacion Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Najera H, M.C 2003-07-01 As they have gone being managed complex systems that fulfill tasks inside industrial or nuclear processes, it becomes necessary the development of technical novel of control, in which can incorporate heuristic knowledge of operation without to necessarily use the theories of classic control based mainly in mathematical models. One of the control techniques that allows to carry out this is the control based on diffuse logic. For the case of a model of the nuclear research reactor Triga Mark III of the National Institute of Nuclear Research have been developed diverse algorithms of diffuse control that have as objective the regulation of the neutron power in the nucleus. The aggregation stages and desdifussification in these algorithms discretize the universe of values of the control variable, being required a high number of operations for their execution. With the purpose of reducing this number of operations and to obtain results more exact in the generation of the aggregated group in each cycle of control and in the determination of the center of gravity of this added group, it is presented the development of an analytical method for these calculations. The main objectives outlined in this entitled thesis {sup D}esign of an analytical aggregate of a diffuse controller rules and their application in the pattern of a nuclear research reactor{sup ,} they are: to improve the behavior of control systems in closed knot based on diffuse logic by means of the development of an analytical method that determines an aggregated group resultant of the activation of rules in the diffuse controller and the obtaining of the exit variable using an exact solution of the technique of the center of gravity; and to compare the operation of these methods with those traditionally used ones that consider the discretization of the universe of the exit variable so much for the aggregation like for the desdiffusification. The chapters 1 and 2 present an introduction at two fundamental 15. Flexible Conversion Ratio Fast Reactor Systems Evaluation Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Neil Todreas; Pavel Hejzlar 2008-06-30 Conceptual designs of lead-cooled and liquid salt-cooled fast flexible conversion ratio reactors were developed. Both concepts have cores reated at 2400 MWt placed in a large-pool-type vessel with dual-free level, which also contains four intermediate heat exchanges coupling a primary coolant to a compact and efficient supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle power conversion system. Decay heat is removed passively using an enhanced Reactor Vessel Auxiliary Cooling System and a Passive Secondary Auxiliary Cooling System. The most important findings were that (1) it is feasible to design the lead-cooled and salt-cooled reactor with the flexible conversion ratio (CR) in the range of CR=0 and CR=1 n a manner that achieves inherent reactor shutdown in unprotected accidents, (2) the salt-cooled reactor requires Lithium thermal Expansion Modules to overcme the inherent salt coolant's large positive coolant temperature reactivity coefficient, (3) the preferable salt for fast spectrum high power density cores is NaCl-Kcl-MgCl2 as opposed to fluoride salts due to its better themal-hydraulic and neutronic characteristics, and (4) both reactor, but attain power density 3 times smaller than that of the sodium-cooled reactor. 16. The Swedish Zero Power Reactor R0 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Landergaard, Olof; Cavallin, Kaj; Jonsson, Georg 1961-05-15 The reactor R0 is a critical facility built for heavy water and natural uranium or fuel of low enrichment,, The first criticality was achieved September 25, 1959. During a first period of more than two years the R0 will be operated as a bare reactor in order to simplify interpretation of results. The reactor tank is 3. 2 m high and 2. 25 m in diameter. The fuel suspension system is quite flexible in order to facilitate fuel exchange and lattice variations. The temperature of the water can be varied between about 10 and 90 C by means of a heater and a cooler placed in the external circulating system. The instrumentation of the reactor has to meet the safety requirements not only during operation but also during rearrangements of the core in the shut-down state. Therefore, the shut-down state is always defined by a certain low 'safe' moderator level in the reactor tank. A number of safety rods are normally kept above the moderator ready for action. For manual or automatic control of the reactor power a specially designed piston pump is needed, by which the moderator level is varied. The pump speed is controlled from the reactor power error by means of a Ward-Leonard system. Moderator level measurement is made by means of a water gauge with an accuracy of {+-} 0. 1 mm. 17. Facility for a Low Power Research Reactor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Chalker, R. G. 1949-09-14 Preliminary investigation indicates that a reactor facility with ample research provisions for use by University or other interested groups, featuring safety in design, can be economically constructed in the Los Angeles area. The complete installation, including an underground gas-tight reactor building, with associated storage and experiment assembly building, administration offices, two general laboratory buildings, hot latoratory and lodge, can be constructed for approxinately1,500,000. This does not include the cost of the reactor itself or of its auxiliary equipment, 18. Pyrometric fuel particle measurements in pressurised reactors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hernberg, R.; Joutsenoja, T. [Tampere Univ. of Technology (Finland) 1996-12-01 A fiberoptic two-colour pyrometric technique for fuel particle temperature and size measurement is modified and applied to three pressurized reactors of different type in Finland, Germany and France. A modification of the pyrometric method for simultaneous in situ measurement of the temperature and size of individual pulverized coal particles at the pressurized entrained flow reactor in Jyvaeskylae was developed and several series of measurements were made. In Orleans a fiberoptic pyrometric device was installed to a pressurised thermogravimetric reactor and the two-colour temperatures of fuel samples were measured. Some results of these measurements are presented. The project belongs to EU`s Joule 2 extension research programme. (author) 19. Oxidation performance of graphite material in reactors Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) Xiaowei LUO; Xinli YU; Suyuan YU 2008-01-01 Graphite is used as a structural material and moderator for high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR). When a reactor is in operation, graphite oxida-tion influences the safety and operation of the reactor because of the impurities in the coolant and/or the acci-dent conditions, such as water ingress and air ingress. In this paper, the graphite oxidation process is introduced, factors influencing graphite oxidation are analyzed and discussed, and some new directions for further study are pointed out. 20. Sistemas de salvaguardia en reactores EPR OpenAIRE 2015-01-01 En este documento se describe brevemente el funcionamiento de los diversos sistemas de una planta nuclear operada con un reactor de tipo PWR. Más concretamente, el proyecto se centra en una descripción exhaustiva de los sistemas de salvaguardia y seguridad que regulan el funcionamiento de un reactor de tipo EPR, así como la central nuclear que contiene a dicho reactor. El proceso ha consistido en clasificar y resumir los distintos sistemas que operan en dicha planta, estudiando sus caracterís... 1. Packed fluidized bed blanket for fusion reactor Science.gov (United States) Chi, John W. H. 1984-01-01 A packed fluidized bed blanket for a fusion reactor providing for efficient radiation absorption for energy recovery, efficient neutron absorption for nuclear transformations, ease of blanket removal, processing and replacement, and on-line fueling/refueling. The blanket of the reactor contains a bed of stationary particles during reactor operation, cooled by a radial flow of coolant. During fueling/refueling, an axial flow is introduced into the bed in stages at various axial locations to fluidize the bed. When desired, the fluidization flow can be used to remove particles from the blanket. 2. Monitoring and control of anaerobic reactors DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Pind, Peter Frode; Angelidaki, Irini; Ahring, Birgitte Kiær; 2003-01-01 measurements are reviewed in detail. In the sequel, possible manipulated variables, such as the hydraulic retention time, the organic loading rate, the sludge retention time, temperature, pH and alkalinity are evaluated with respect to the two main reactor types: high-rate and low-rate. Finally, the different......The current status in monitoring and control of anaerobic reactors is reviewed. The influence of reactor design and waste composition on the possible monitoring and control schemes is examined. After defining the overall control structure, and possible control objectives, the possible process... 3. Transients in reactors for power systems compensation Science.gov (United States) Abdul Hamid, Haziah This thesis describes new models and investigations into switching transient phenomena related to the shunt reactors and the Mechanically Switched Capacitor with Damping Network (MSCDN) operations used for reactive power control in the transmission system. Shunt reactors and MSCDN are similar in that they have reactors. A shunt reactor is connected parallel to the compensated lines to absorb the leading current, whereas the MSCDN is a version of a capacitor bank designed as a C-type filter for use in the harmonic-rich environment. In this work, models have been developed and transient overvoltages due to shunt reactor deenergisation were estimated analytically using MathCad, a mathematical program. Computer simulations used the ATP/EMTP program to reproduce both single-phase and three-phase shunt reactor switching at 275 kV operational substations. The effect of the reactor switching on the circuit breaker grading capacitor was also examined by considering various switching conditions.. The main original achievement of this thesis is the clarification of failure mechanisms occurring in the air-core filter reactor due to MSCDN switching operations. The simulation of the MSCDN energisation was conducted using the ATP/EMTP program in the presence of surge arresters. The outcome of this simulation shows that extremely fast transients were established across the air-core filter reactor. This identified transient event has led to the development of a detailed air-core reactor model, which accounts for the inter-turn RLC parameters as well as the stray capacitances-to-ground. These parameters are incorporated into the transient simulation circuit, from which the current and voltage distribution across the winding were derived using electric field and equivalent circuit modelling. Analysis of the results has revealed that there are substantial dielectric stresses imposed on the winding insulation that can be attributed to a combination of three factors. (i) First, the 4. Assessing Pretreatment Reactor Scaling Through Empirical Analysis Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lischeske, James J.; Crawford, Nathan C.; Kuhn, Erik; Nagle, Nicholas J.; Schell, Daniel J.; Tucker, Melvin P.; McMillan, James D.; Wolfrum, Edward J. 2016-12-01 Pretreatment is a critical step in the biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. Due to the complexity of the physicochemical transformations involved, predictively scaling up technology from bench- to pilot-scale is difficult. This study examines how pretreatment effectiveness under nominally similar reaction conditions is influenced by pretreatment reactor design and scale using four different pretreatment reaction systems ranging from a 3 g batch reactor to a 10 dry-ton/d continuous reactor. The reactor systems examined were an Automated Solvent Extractor (ASE), Steam Explosion Reactor (SER), ZipperClave(R) reactor (ZCR), and Large Continuous Horizontal-Screw Reactor (LHR). To our knowledge, this is the first such study performed on pretreatment reactors across a range of reaction conditions (time and temperature) and at different reactor scales. The comparative pretreatment performance results obtained for each reactor system were used to develop response surface models for total xylose yield after pretreatment and total sugar yield after pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Near- and very-near-optimal regions were defined as the set of conditions that the model identified as producing yields within one and two standard deviations of the optimum yield. Optimal conditions identified in the smallest-scale system (the ASE) were within the near-optimal region of the largest scale reactor system evaluated. A reaction severity factor modeling approach was shown to inadequately describe the optimal conditions in the ASE, incorrectly identifying a large set of sub-optimal conditions (as defined by the RSM) as optimal. The maximum total sugar yields for the ASE and LHR were 95%, while 89% was the optimum observed in the ZipperClave. The optimum condition identified using the automated and less costly to operate ASE system was within the very-near-optimal space for the total xylose yield of both the ZCR and the LHR, and was 5. Passive compact molten salt reactor (PCMSR), modular thermal breeder reactor with totally passive safety system Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Harto, Andang Widi [Engineering Physics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia) 2012-06-06 Design Study Passive Compact Molten Salt Reactor (PCMSR) with totally passive safety system has been performed. The term of Compact in the PCMSR name means that the reactor system is designed to have relatively small volume per unit power output by using modular and integral concept. In term of modular, the reactor system consists of three modules, i.e. reactor module, turbine module and fuel management module. The reactor module is an integral design that consists of reactor, primary and intermediate heat exchangers and passive post shutdown cooling system. The turbine module is an integral design of a multi heating, multi cooling, regenerative gas turbine. The fuel management module consists of all equipments related to fuel preparation, fuel reprocessing and radioactive handling. The preliminary calculations show that the PCMSR has negative temperature and void reactivity coefficient, passive shutdown characteristic related to fuel pump failure and possibility of using natural circulation for post shutdown cooling system. 6. Neutron flux and power in RTP core-15 Science.gov (United States) Rabir, Mohamad Hairie; Zin, Muhammad Rawi Md; Usang, Mark Dennis; Bayar, Abi Muttaqin Jalal; Hamzah, Na'im Syauqi Bin 2016-01-01 PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor achieved initial criticality on June 28, 1982. The reactor is designed to effectively implement the various fields of basic nuclear research, manpower training, and production of radioisotopes. This paper describes the reactor parameters calculation for the PUSPATI TRIGA REACTOR (RTP); focusing on the application of the developed reactor 3D model for criticality calculation, analysis of power and neutron flux distribution of TRIGA core. The 3D continuous energy Monte Carlo code MCNP was used to develop a versatile and accurate full model of the TRIGA reactor. The model represents in detailed all important components of the core with literally no physical approximation. The consistency and accuracy of the developed RTP MCNP model was established by comparing calculations to the available experimental results and TRIGLAV code calculation. 7. Neutron flux and power in RTP core-15 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rabir, Mohamad Hairie, E-mail: [email protected]; Zin, Muhammad Rawi Md; Usang, Mark Dennis; Bayar, Abi Muttaqin Jalal; Hamzah, Na’im Syauqi Bin [Nuclear and reactor Physics Section, Nuclear Technology Center, Technical Support Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor (Malaysia) 2016-01-22 PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor achieved initial criticality on June 28, 1982. The reactor is designed to effectively implement the various fields of basic nuclear research, manpower training, and production of radioisotopes. This paper describes the reactor parameters calculation for the PUSPATI TRIGA REACTOR (RTP); focusing on the application of the developed reactor 3D model for criticality calculation, analysis of power and neutron flux distribution of TRIGA core. The 3D continuous energy Monte Carlo code MCNP was used to develop a versatile and accurate full model of the TRIGA reactor. The model represents in detailed all important components of the core with literally no physical approximation. The consistency and accuracy of the developed RTP MCNP model was established by comparing calculations to the available experimental results and TRIGLAV code calculation. 8. Advanced research reactor fuel development Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kim, Chang Kyu; Pak, H. D.; Kim, K. H. [and others 2000-05-01 The fabrication technology of the U{sub 3}Si fuel dispersed in aluminum for the localization of HANARO driver fuel has been launches. The increase of production yield of LEU metal, the establishment of measurement method of homogeneity, and electron beam welding process were performed. Irradiation test under normal operation condition, had been carried out and any clues of the fuel assembly breakdown was not detected. The 2nd test fuel assembly has been irradiated at HANARO reactor since 17th June 1999. The quality assurance system has been re-established and the eddy current test technique has been developed. The irradiation test for U{sub 3}Si{sub 2} dispersed fuels at HANARO reactor has been carried out in order to compare the in-pile performance of between the two types of U{sub 3}Si{sub 2} fuels, prepared by both the atomization and comminution processes. KAERI has also conducted all safety-related works such as the design and the fabrication of irradiation rig, the analysis of irradiation behavior, thermal hydraulic characteristics, stress analysis for irradiation rig, and thermal analysis fuel plate, for the mini-plate prepared by international research cooperation being irradiated safely at HANARO. Pressure drop test, vibration test and endurance test were performed. The characterization on powders of U-(5.4 {approx} 10 wt%) Mo alloy depending on Mo content prepared by rotating disk centrifugal atomization process was carried out in order to investigate the phase stability of the atomized U-Mo alloy system. The {gamma}-U phase stability and the thermal compatibility of atomized U-16at.%Mo and U-14at.%Mo-2at.%X(: Ru, Os) dispersion fuel meats at an elevated temperature have been investigated. The volume increases of U-Mo compatibility specimens were almost the same as or smaller than those of U{sub 3}Si{sub 2}. However the atomized alloy fuel exhibited a better irradiation performance than the comminuted alloy. The RERTR-3 irradiation test of nano 9. Hydrodynamics of multi-phase packed bed micro-reactors NARCIS (Netherlands) Márquez Luzardo, N.M. 2010-01-01 Why to use packed bed micro-reactors for catalyst testing? Miniaturized packed bed reactors have a large surface-to-volume ratio at the reactor and particle level that favors the heat- and mass-transfer processes at all scales (intra-particle, inter-phase and inter-particle or reactor level). If the 10. Progress of China Experimental Fast Reactor in 2011 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2011-01-01 1 Background Fast reactor is the reactor which realized the chain fission with fast neutron.As an optional type of generation Ⅳ reactor,fast reactor has three characters:1) It can change 238U to 239Pu and raise the uranium resource utilization 11. Uncertainties in the Anti-neutrino Production at Nuclear Reactors OpenAIRE Djurcic, Z.(Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, U.S.A.); Detwiler, J. A.; Piepke, A.; Foster Jr., V. R.; Miller, L.; Gratta, G. 2008-01-01 Anti-neutrino emission rates from nuclear reactors are determined from thermal power measurements and fission rate calculations. The uncertainties in these quantities for commercial power plants and their impact on the calculated interaction rates in electron anti-neutrino detectors is examined. We discuss reactor-to-reactor correlations between the leading uncertainties and their relevance to reactor anti-neutrino experiments. 12. Ex-vessel Steam Explosion Analysis for Pressurized Water Reactor and Boiling Water Reactor OpenAIRE Matjaž Leskovar; Mitja Uršič 2016-01-01 A steam explosion may occur during a severe accident, when the molten core comes into contact with water. The pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor ex-vessel steam explosion study, which was carried out with the multicomponent three-dimensional Eulerian fuel–coolant interaction code under the conditions of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Steam Explosion Resolution for Nuclear Applications project reactor exercise, is presented and discussed. In ... 13. Optimization of a sequence of reactors DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Vidal, Rene Victor Valqui 1991-01-01 Concerns the optimal production of sulphuric acid in a sequence of reactors. Using a suitable approximation to the objective function, this problem can easily be solved using the maximum principle. A numerical example documents the applicability of the suggested approach... 14. The Bifurcation Behavior of CO Coupling Reactor Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 徐艳; 马新宾; 许根慧 2005-01-01 The bifurcation behavior of the CO coupling reactor was examined based on the one-dimensional pseudohomogeneous axial dispersion dynamic model. The method of finite difference was used for solving the boundary value problem; the continuation technique and the direct method were applied to determine the bifurcation diagram.The effects of dimensionless adiabatic temperature rise, Damkoehler number, activation energy, heat transfer coefficient and feed ratio on the bifurcation behavior were investigated. It was shown that there existed static bifurcation and the oscillations did not occur in the reactor. The result also revealed that the reactor exhibited at most 1-3-1 multiplilicity patterns within the range of practical possible parameters and the measures, such as weakening the axial dispersion of reactor, enhancing heat transfer, decreasing the concentration of ethyl nitrite, were efficient for avoiding the possible risk of multiple steady states. 15. Heat pipe reactors for space power applications Science.gov (United States) Koenig, D. R.; Ranken, W. A.; Salmi, E. W. 1977-01-01 A family of heat pipe reactors design concepts has been developed to provide heat to a variety of electrical conversion systems. Three power plants are described that span the power range 1-500 kWe and operate in the temperature range 1200-1700 K. The reactors are fast, compact, heat-pipe cooled, high-temperature nuclear reactors fueled with fully enriched refractory fuels, UC-ZrC or UO2. Each fuel element is cooled by an axially located molybdenum heat pipe containing either sodium or lithium vapor. Virtues of the reactor designs are the avoidance of single-point failure mechanisms, the relatively high operating temperature, and the expected long lifetimes of the fuel element components. 16. Reactor Antineutrinos: From Confusion to Clarity Science.gov (United States) Dwyer, Dan 2016-09-01 Antineutrinos emitted by nuclear reactors have been a powerful tool for particle physics, demonstrating the existence of these weakly-interacting particles as well as their flavor oscillation. Despite these successes, our understanding of the total flux and energy spectra of reactor antineutrinos has been fraught with problems. I will give a brief overview of the unexpected developments in this field, and discuss upcoming measurements of antineutrinos, beta decays, and nuclear fission which are relevant to these questions. These measurements are expected to clarify many currently murky issues, including the hypothetical oscillation of reactor antineutrinos to sterile states. The results should also provide a unique perspective into the nuclear physics of fission reactors. DOE OHEP DE-AC02-05CH11231. 17. Chemical reactor modeling multiphase reactive flows CERN Document Server Jakobsen, Hugo A 2014-01-01 Chemical Reactor Modeling closes the gap between Chemical Reaction Engineering and Fluid Mechanics. The second edition consists of two volumes: Volume 1: Fundamentals. Volume 2: Chemical Engineering Applications In volume 1 most of the fundamental theory is presented. A few numerical model simulation application examples are given to elucidate the link between theory and applications. In volume 2 the chemical reactor equipment to be modeled are described. Several engineering models are introduced and discussed. A survey of the frequently used numerical methods, algorithms and schemes is provided. A few practical engineering applications of the modeling tools are presented and discussed. The working principles of several experimental techniques employed in order to get data for model validation are outlined. The monograph is based on lectures regularly taught in the fourth and fifth years graduate courses in transport phenomena and chemical reactor modeling, and in a post graduate course in modern reactor m... 18. µ-reactors for Heterogeneous Catalysis DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jensen, Robert catalyst surface area by reacting off an adsorbed layer of oxygen with CO. This procedure can be performed at temperatures low enough that sintering of Pt nanoparticles is not an issue. Some results from the reactors are presented. In particular an unexpected oscillation phenomenon of CO-oxidation on Pt...... nanoparticles are presented in detail. The sensitivity of the reactors are currently being investigated with CO oxidation on Pt thin films as a test reaction, and the results so far are presented. We have at this point shown that we are able to reach full conversion with a catalyst area of 38 µm2 with a turn......This thesis is the summary of my work on the µ-reactor platform. The concept of µ-reactors is presented and some of the experimental challenges are outlined. The various experimental issues regarding the platform are discussed and the actual implementation of three generations of the setup... 19. Corrosion Minimization for Research Reactor Fuel Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Eric Shaber; Gerard Hofman 2005-06-01 Existing university research reactors are being converted to use low-enriched uranium fue to eliminate the use of highly-enriched uranium. These conversions require increases in fuel loading that will result in the use of elements with more fuel plates, resulting in a net decrease in the water annulus between fuel plates. The proposed decrease in the water annulus raises questions about the requirements and stability of the surface hydroxide on the aluminum fuel cladding and the potential for runaway corrosion resulting in fuel over-temperature incidents. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), as regulator for these university reactors, must ensure that proposed fuel modifications will not result in any increased risk or hazard to the reactor operators or the public. This document reviews the characteristics and behavior of aluminum hydroxides, analyzes the drivers for fuel plate corrosion, reviews relevant historical incidents, and provides recommendations on fuel design, surface treatment, and reactor operational practices to avoid corrosion issues. 20. Interactions of Pellet with Reactor Relevant Plasma Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) PENGLilin; DENGBaiquan; YANJiancheng 2003-01-01 Extended algorithm has been developed for ablation rate calculations of Li, Be, B impurity pellets and five combinations of solid isotopic hydrogenic H2, HD, D2, DT, T2 pellets. 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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/year-12-cambridge-physics-problem-pressure-inside-a-vessel.615083/	# Homework Help: Year 12: Cambridge Physics Problem (Pressure inside a vessel) 1. Jun 19, 2012 ### johnconnor A vessel is divided into two parts of equal volume by a partition in which there is a very small hole. Initially, each part contains gas at 300K and a low pressure, p. One part of the vessel is now heated to 600K while the other is maintained at 300K. If a steady state is established when the rate at which molecules pass through the hole from each side is the same, find the resulting pressure difference between the two parts. Attempt: I'm assuming that the number and mass of molecules inside remain the same and that the temperature of the two parts during the steady state is the same. So we have $$N_1+N_2=2N$$, where N is the number of molecules inside each part before heating and N1 and N2 denote the number of molecules inside each part after heating. Also pressure is proportional to <c>2, implying T is proportional to <c>2, and that p is proportional to T. We also have $$N_1<c>_1=N_2<c>_2$$, where N_i<c>_i denotes the rate at which molecules pass through the hole from one side to another. So now $<c>^2 \propto T \text{and }N_1<c>_1=N_2<c>_2 \Rightarrow \dfrac{N_1}{N_2}= \dfrac{<c>_2}{<c>_1} \Rightarrow \dfrac{N_1^2}{N_2^2}= \dfrac{<c>_2^2}{<c>_1^2} \Rightarrow \dfrac{N_1^2}{N_2^2}= \dfrac{T_2}{T_1} \Rightarrow \dfrac{N_1}{N_2}= \(\dfrac{T_2}{T_1})^{1/2}$ And I'm stuck. I'm supposed to find the difference of pressure in terms of p but how do I do that when the terms which I have introduced are nowhere close to p? The closest one I could get are p1 and p2. Help? 2. Jun 19, 2012 ### Infinitum I believe this is for ideal gases. Let the volume of each compartment be V. Write down the ideal gas equations for the initial and final conditions(separately). The initial condition will give you an equation in p, which you can use to find out difference in pressures. $$(2V)p = 2N R T_i$$ 3. Jun 19, 2012 ### Aero51 This question is kind of stupid because if there is any kind of mass transfer between the two sections of the vessel, there will also be heat transfer making the problem quite difficult. If there is no heat transfer then as a first approximation you could apply the ideal gas law to each section of the vessel: PV = nRT; P = pressure V = volume n = number of molecules R = universal gas constant T = temperature of the section 4. Jun 19, 2012 ### Infinitum At the initial situation of the problem, the ideal gas law, as I suggested, can obviously be applied for the whole vessel. For the final situation, at equilibrium, meaning net transfer of heat being zero, the ideal gas law is applicable. 5. Jun 19, 2012 ### Aero51 You can have equilibrium with a temperature gradient inside both the chambers, which again would make the problem much more difficult. If you want to solve the problem at "steady state" you need to solve the heat equation and determine the temperature distribution inside both vessels. It may not vary with time but it certainly wont be an abrupt change at the interface. of the wall.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9333918690681458, "perplexity": 381.92664684304356}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863206.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619212507-20180619232507-00592.warc.gz"}
https://forum.aspose.com/t/merging-word-documents-loses-headers/258760	We're sorry Aspose doesn't work properply without JavaScript enabled. # Merging word documents loses headers I am trying to merge multiple Word documents together and a table of contents at the beginning. It all works, except that one customer makes extensive use of headers, and the headers are being lost after the documents are merged together. I am using Aspose.Words.NET v23.1.0 Here is an example document: 811_970.docx (36.3 KB) Here is my code: var mergedDoc = new Document(); var mergedDocBuilder = new DocumentBuilder(mergedDoc); mergedDocBuilder.Writeln(title); mergedDocBuilder.InsertBreak(BreakType.PageBreak); // https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/field-codes-toc-table-of-contents-field-1f538bc4-60e6-4854-9f64-67754d78d05c mergedDocBuilder.InsertTableOfContents(@"\h \z \f p"); mergedDocBuilder.InsertBreak(BreakType.PageBreak); var policiesWithDocuments = policies .Where(p => p.Document != null) .ToList(); var importFormatOptions = new ImportFormatOptions() { }; foreach (var policy in policiesWithDocuments) { using var vs = await _documentService.DownloadPolicyDocumentAsStreamAsync(policy.Document!.Id, false); var policyDoc = new Document(vs.Stream); var builder = new DocumentBuilder(policyDoc); builder.InsertField($@"TC ""{policy.Name}"" \f p"); mergedDocBuilder.InsertDocument(policyDoc, ImportFormatMode.KeepDifferentStyles, importFormatOptions); if (policy != policiesWithDocuments.Last()) { mergedDocBuilder.InsertBreak(BreakType.PageBreak); } } mergedDoc.UpdateFields(); mergedDoc.UpdatePageLayout(); var ms = new MemoryStream(); mergedDoc.Save(ms, SaveFormat.Pdf); There seems to be an issue with the InsertDocument method, as it is not copying the titles. I will continue to investigate this a bit more before raising it to the developer’s team. In the meantime, I made some workaround code to allow you to do what you wanted. private void Logic() { string title = "Some Title to display in the first page."; var target = new Document(); var docBuilder = new DocumentBuilder(target); docBuilder.ParagraphFormat.StyleIdentifier = StyleIdentifier.Heading1; docBuilder.Writeln(title); docBuilder.InsertBreak(BreakType.PageBreak); docBuilder.InsertTableOfContents(@"\h \z \f p"); var documentList = new List<Tuple<string,string>>() { new Tuple<string,string>("Document With Header",$@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentLooseHeader1_input.docx"), new Tuple<string,string>("Document without Header", $@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentLooseHeader2_input.docx"), new Tuple<string,string>("Another Document With Header",$@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentLooseHeader3_input.docx"), }; foreach (var tuple in documentList) { var source = new Document(tuple.Item2); source.FirstSection.PageSetup.SectionStart = SectionStart.NewPage; var builder = new DocumentBuilder(source); builder.InsertField($@"TC ""{tuple.Item1}"" \f p"); foreach (Section srcSection in source.Sections) { Node dstSection = target.ImportNode(srcSection, true, ImportFormatMode.KeepSourceFormatting); target.AppendChild(dstSection); } } target.UpdateFields(); target.UpdatePageLayout(); target.Save($@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentLooseHeaderOne_output.docx"); target.Save($@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentLooseHeaderOne_output.pdf", SaveFormat.Pdf); } The 3 random input files I used; MergedDocumentLooseHeader1_input.docx (36.3 KB) MergedDocumentLooseHeader2_input.docx (12.4 KB) MergedDocumentLooseHeader3_input.docx (24.0 KB) 1 Like That’s great, thank you! @jmunro If you always insert the documents at the end of the merged document. I would suggest you to use Document.AppenDocument method instead of DocumentBuuder.InsertDocument. Page setup as well as headers/footers in MS Word document are defined per section. If use Document.AppenDocument whole sections from the source documents are copied into the destination documents. For example see the following simplified code: Document mergedDoc = new Document(); DocumentBuilder mergedDocBuilder = new DocumentBuilder(mergedDoc); mergedDocBuilder.ParagraphFormat.StyleIdentifier = StyleIdentifier.Heading1; mergedDocBuilder.Writeln("Some title"); mergedDocBuilder.InsertBreak(BreakType.PageBreak); // https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/field-codes-toc-table-of-contents-field-1f538bc4-60e6-4854-9f64-67754d78d05c mergedDocBuilder.InsertTableOfContents(@"\h \z \f p"); // Append document insted of inserting it. Document policyDoc = new Document(@"C:\Temp\in.docx"); DocumentBuilder policyDocBuilder = new DocumentBuilder(policyDoc); // Configure that the appended document always start on a new page. policyDoc.FirstSection.PageSetup.SectionStart = SectionStart.NewPage; policyDocBuilder.InsertField($@"TC ""Test document"" \f p"); mergedDoc.AppendDocument(policyDoc, ImportFormatMode.KeepDifferentStyles); mergedDoc.UpdateFields(); mergedDoc.UpdatePageLayout(); mergedDoc.Save(@"C:\Temp\out.docx"); mergedDoc.Save(@"C:\Temp\out.pdf"); When using AppendDocument I have a different header problem - now if I merge a document that has headers with a document that doesn’t, the headers are applied to the second document. @jmunro If section does not have its own headers/footers they are inherited from the previous section. You can use HeaderFooterCollection.LinkToPrevious method to disable this: Document policyDoc = new Document(@"C:\Temp\in.docx"); DocumentBuilder policyDocBuilder = new DocumentBuilder(policyDoc); // Configure that the appended document always start on a new page. policyDoc.FirstSection.PageSetup.SectionStart = SectionStart.NewPage; 1 Like Thank you! Not sure if I should open a separate topic for this, but I have an issue with the page numbers in the merged document - the table of contents shows all page numbers being 1. I’ve tried ImportFormatOptions.KeepSourceNumbering both set to true and false but it doesn’t seem to make a difference. @jmunro ImportFormatOptions.KeepSourceNumbering option is for list numbering not for page numbering. Could you please attach your sample output document here for our reference? We will check the issue and provide you more information. @jmunro This occurs because PageSetup.RestartPageNumbering flag is set in the section in the source document. You can reset it before appending the documents so the numbering continues. I tried setting mergedDoc.LastSection.PageSetup.RestartPageNumbering = false; after inserting the ToC and before appending the documents but it didn’t work, did I misunderstand what to do? @jmunro. You were close, but is the other way around: mergedDoc.FirstSection.PageSetup.RestartPageNumbering = false; This way when the document is inserted, the document itselft since the first section wont restart the page number. Hmm, I still get all of them showing as page 1 This is the code I am running and the output: private void Logic() { string title = "Some Title to display in the first page."; var target = new Document(); target.Styles[StyleIdentifier.Toc1].Font.Size = 20; var docBuilder = new DocumentBuilder(target); docBuilder.Writeln(title); docBuilder.InsertBreak(BreakType.PageBreak); docBuilder.InsertTableOfContents(@"\h \z \f p"); var documentList = new List<Tuple<string,string>>() { new Tuple<string,string>("Document With Header", $@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentLooseHeader1_input.docx"), new Tuple<string,string>("Document without Header",$@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentLooseHeader2_input.docx"), new Tuple<string,string>("Another Document With Header", $@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentLooseHeader3_input.docx"), new Tuple<string,string>("Document with format in the Header",$@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentLooseHeader4_input.docx"), }; foreach (var tuple in documentList) { var source = new Document(tuple.Item2); source.FirstSection.PageSetup.SectionStart = SectionStart.NewPage; source.FirstSection.PageSetup.RestartPageNumbering = false; var builder = new DocumentBuilder(source); builder.Font.ClearFormatting(); builder.InsertField($@"TC ""{tuple.Item1}"" \f p"); target.AppendDocument(source, ImportFormatMode.KeepDifferentStyles); } target.UpdateFields(); target.UpdatePageLayout(); target.Save($@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentWithAppend_output.docx"); target.Save($@"{prefixPath}\Merges\MergedDocumentWithAppend_output.pdf", SaveFormat.Pdf); } Use it as a reference only as @alexey.noskov suggested a better way to handle the character style in the other post. The output: MergedDocumentWithAppend_output.docx (28.8 KB) Thanks, I was setting it on the wrong builder Now the problem is that the page number fields on the merged documents are changing to be correct for the merged document, but the customer wants them to show the original page numbers I’ve tried only calling Update on the ToC instead of UpdateFields on the whole document, but that didn’t fix it @jmunro I am afraid this is expected behavior of TOC field. It shows the value of PAGE on the page it refers to. If you restart numbering in section, value of PAGE field is also restarted. You can easily see this using the following code: Document doc = new Document(); DocumentBuilder builder = new DocumentBuilder(doc); builder.InsertTableOfContents(@"\h \z \f p"); builder.InsertBreak(BreakType.PageBreak); builder.InsertField(@"TC ""Test"" \f p"); builder.InsertField(@"PAGE"); builder.InsertBreak(BreakType.SectionBreakNewPage); builder.PageSetup.RestartPageNumbering = true; builder.InsertField(@"TC ""Test1"" \f p"); builder.InsertField(@"PAGE"); builder.InsertBreak(BreakType.SectionBreakNewPage); builder.PageSetup.RestartPageNumbering = true; builder.InsertField(@"TC ""Test2"" \f p"); builder.InsertField(@"PAGE"); builder.InsertBreak(BreakType.SectionBreakNewPage); builder.PageSetup.RestartPageNumbering = true; builder.InsertField(@"TC ""Test3"" \f p"); builder.InsertField(@"PAGE"); doc.UpdateFields(); doc.UpdatePageLayout(); doc.Save(@"C:\Temp\out.docx", SaveFormat.Docx); doc.Save(@"C:\Temp\out.pdf", SaveFormat.Pdf); In your case you can either omit page numbers in the TOC at all or build TOC manually. In first case you can simply add \n switch in the TC fields. The second case is more complex. You can use bookmarks as a reference points and use LayoutCollector to determine the absolute page index of the bookmarks. Here is simplified code that shows the main idea of the approach: Document doc = new Document(); DocumentBuilder builder = new DocumentBuilder(doc); // Insert placeholder where the manual TOC will be built. BookmarkStart manualTocPlaceholderStart = builder.StartBookmark("manualTocPlaceholder"); builder.EndBookmark(manualTocPlaceholderStart.Name); // Put some dummy sections where page numbers are restarted. List<string> bookmakrs = new List<string>(); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { builder.InsertBreak(BreakType.SectionBreakNewPage); builder.PageSetup.RestartPageNumbering = true; // Insert bookmark. string bkName = string.Format("document_{0}", i); builder.StartBookmark(bkName); builder.EndBookmark(bkName); builder.Write(bkName + " PAGE field value is "); builder.InsertField("PAGE"); bookmakrs.Add(bkName); } // Now build the manual TOC using the inserted bookmakrs. LayoutCollector collector = new LayoutCollector(doc); builder.MoveToBookmark(manualTocPlaceholderStart.Name); // Configure tab stop to show page numbers at the right like in real TOC. builder.ParagraphFormat.TabStops.Clear(); double tabPosition = builder.PageSetup.PageWidth - builder.PageSetup.LeftMargin - builder.PageSetup.RightMargin; builder.ParagraphFormat.TabStops.Add(tabPosition, TabAlignment.Right, TabLeader.Dots); foreach (string bkName in bookmakrs) { // Determine absolute page number where bookmakr starts. int pageIndex = collector.GetStartPageIndex(doc.Range.Bookmarks[bkName].BookmarkStart); // insert hyperlink to the bookmark. builder.InsertHyperlink(string.Format("{0}\t{1}", bkName, pageIndex), bkName, true); builder.Writeln(); } doc.Save(@"C:\Temp\out.docx", SaveFormat.Docx); doc.Save(@"C:\Temp\out.pdf", SaveFormat.Pdf); 1 Like Could I replace the page number fields on the documents with the appropriate text before I append them? Would that be easier? I can’t get the manual ToC to work - if I save it as a DOCX then the ToC hyperlinks point to blank pages before the appended documents and if I save it as PDF then the ToC is missing completely. download.docx (21.3 KB) download.pdf (139.3 KB) Here’s my code: var mergedDoc = new Document(); var mergedDocBuilder = new DocumentBuilder(mergedDoc); mergedDocBuilder.ParagraphFormat.StyleIdentifier = StyleIdentifier.Title; mergedDocBuilder.Writeln(title); mergedDocBuilder.InsertBreak(BreakType.PageBreak); var tocBookmark = mergedDocBuilder.StartBookmark("ComplyVision_ToC"); mergedDocBuilder.EndBookmark(tocBookmark.Name); var policiesByBookmark = new Dictionary<string, string>(); var policiesWithDocuments = policies .Where(p => p.Document != null) .ToList(); var importFormatOptions = new ImportFormatOptions() { IgnoreHeaderFooter = true, SmartStyleBehavior = true }; foreach (var policy in policiesWithDocuments) { mergedDocBuilder.InsertBreak(BreakType.SectionBreakNewPage); mergedDocBuilder.PageSetup.RestartPageNumbering = true; var bookmarkName =$"ComplyVision__Policy_{policy.Id}"; mergedDocBuilder.StartBookmark(bookmarkName); mergedDocBuilder.EndBookmark(bookmarkName); using var vs = await _documentService.DownloadPolicyDocumentAsStreamAsync(policy.Document!.Id, false); var policyDoc = new Document(vs.Stream); mergedDoc.AppendDocument(policyDoc, ImportFormatMode.KeepDifferentStyles, importFormatOptions); } // build the manual TOC using the inserted bookmakrs. var collector = new LayoutCollector(mergedDoc); mergedDocBuilder.MoveToBookmark(tocBookmark.Name); // Configure tab stop to show page numbers at the right like in real TOC. mergedDocBuilder.ParagraphFormat.TabStops.Clear(); var tabPosition = mergedDocBuilder.PageSetup.PageWidth - mergedDocBuilder.PageSetup.LeftMargin - mergedDocBuilder.PageSetup.RightMargin; foreach (var (bookmarkName, policyName) in policiesByBookmark) { // Determine absolute page number where bookmakr starts. var pageIndex = collector.GetStartPageIndex(mergedDoc.Range.Bookmarks[bookmarkName].BookmarkStart); // insert hyperlink to the bookmark. mergedDocBuilder.InsertHyperlink($"{policyName}\t{pageIndex}", bookmarkName, true); mergedDocBuilder.Writeln(); } // save as PDF var ms = new MemoryStream(); mergedDoc.Save(ms, SaveFormat.Pdf); @jmunro In your cade you insert a bookmark into the empty section, which is displayed as an empty page. In your case you should insert the target bookmark at the beginning of the appended document. Please modify your code like the following: foreach (var policy in policiesWithDocuments) { var bookmarkName =$"ComplyVision__Policy_{policy.Id}"; using var vs = await _documentService.DownloadPolicyDocumentAsStreamAsync(policy.Document!.Id, false); Document policyDoc = new Document(vs.Stream); policyDoc.FirstSection.PageSetup.SectionStart = SectionStart.NewPage; DocumentBuilder policyBuilder = new DocumentBuilder(policyDoc); policyBuilder.StartBookmark(bookmarkName); policyBuilder.EndBookmark(bookmarkName); mergedDoc.AppendDocument(policyDoc, ImportFormatMode.KeepDifferentStyles, importFormatOptions); } This will not work because { PAGE } field in the document’s header or footer has different value depending on page number. If replace { PAGE } field with simple text, the same value will be shown on each page where the appropriate header or footer is displayed. 1 Like Thanks, that fixed the bookmarks! I still have the problem that when I save it as a PDF the whole table of contents is missing. I attached an example PDF to my previous message. I tried debugging it by adding text before and after the hyperlinks, but although the “before” text appears the “after” text doesn’t - I have no idea what’s going on. // build the manual TOC using the inserted bookmakrs. var collector = new LayoutCollector(mergedDoc); mergedDocBuilder.MoveToBookmark(tocBookmark.Name); mergedDocBuilder.ParagraphFormat.StyleIdentifier = StyleIdentifier.Toc1; mergedDocBuilder.Write("before"); // Configure tab stop to show page numbers at the right like in real TOC. mergedDocBuilder.ParagraphFormat.TabStops.Clear(); var tabPosition = mergedDocBuilder.PageSetup.PageWidth - mergedDocBuilder.PageSetup.LeftMargin - mergedDocBuilder.PageSetup.RightMargin - 10;	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2639109194278717, "perplexity": 8386.703376884005}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950363.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401221921-20230402011921-00605.warc.gz"}
https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/43267/golf-me-some-cash-from-the-atm	# Golf me some cash from the ATM The task is simple. Get me some 1000, 500 and 100 notes. How ? you might ask. Don't worry, no need of robbing a bank as there is an ATM nearby which accepts your credit card. But your credit limit is just enough for the task so you have to be careful with the withdrawals. Challenge Given the number of 1000, 500 and 100 notes required, calculate the specific withdrawals needed to get at least those many notes. In each withdrawal, the ATM can spit out each of the note based on the following rules: • Amount withdrawn (A) is less than 5000 • If A%1000 == 0, then ATM spits 1 500 note, 5 100 notes and rest 1000 notes • Else if A%500 == 0, the ATM spits 5 100 notes, rest 1000 notes • Else if A%1000 < 500, the ATM spits floor(A/1000) 1000 notes and rest 100 notes • Else if A%1000 > 500, the ATM spits floor(A/1000) 1000 notes, 1 500 and rest 100 notes • Amount withdrawn is greater than equal to 5000 • If A%1000 == 0, then the ATM spits 2 500 notes and rest 1000 notes • Else if, A%500 == 0, the ATM spits 1 500 note and rest 1000 notes • Else if A%1000 < 500, the ATM spits floor(A/1000) 1000 notes and rest 100 notes • Else if A%1000 > 500, the ATM spits floor(A/1000) 1000 notes, 1 500 and rest 100 notes For clarification, here is a complete table of notes withdrawn for all possible amounts up to 7000 (you can withdraw more, but the pattern does not change afterwards). The order is <1000> <500> <100>: 100 => 0 0 1 2500 => 2 0 5 4800 => 4 1 3 200 => 0 0 2 2600 => 2 1 1 4900 => 4 1 4 300 => 0 0 3 2700 => 2 1 2 5000 => 4 2 0 400 => 0 0 4 2800 => 2 1 3 5100 => 5 0 1 500 => 0 0 5 2900 => 2 1 4 5200 => 5 0 2 600 => 0 1 1 3000 => 2 1 5 5300 => 5 0 3 700 => 0 1 2 3100 => 3 0 1 5400 => 5 0 4 800 => 0 1 3 3200 => 3 0 2 5500 => 5 1 0 900 => 0 1 4 3300 => 3 0 3 5600 => 5 1 1 1000 => 0 1 5 3400 => 3 0 4 5700 => 5 1 2 1100 => 1 0 1 3500 => 3 0 5 5800 => 5 1 3 1200 => 1 0 2 3600 => 3 1 1 5900 => 5 1 4 1300 => 1 0 3 3700 => 3 1 2 6000 => 5 2 0 1400 => 1 0 4 3800 => 3 1 3 6100 => 6 0 1 1500 => 1 0 5 3900 => 3 1 4 6200 => 6 0 2 1600 => 1 1 1 4000 => 3 1 5 6300 => 6 0 3 1700 => 1 1 2 4100 => 4 0 1 6400 => 6 0 4 1800 => 1 1 3 4200 => 4 0 2 6500 => 6 1 0 1900 => 1 1 4 4300 => 4 0 3 6600 => 6 1 1 2000 => 1 1 5 4400 => 4 0 4 6700 => 6 1 2 2100 => 2 0 1 4500 => 4 0 5 6800 => 6 1 3 2200 => 2 0 2 4600 => 4 1 1 6900 => 6 1 4 2300 => 2 0 3 4700 => 4 1 2 7000 => 6 2 0 2400 => 2 0 4 List provided by Martin The Catch Since the credit limit in your credit card is just enough, you need to make sure that the total amount withdrawn across the withdrawals is the minimum possible for the given input/requirement of notes. Input Input can be in any favorable format for three numbers corresponding to the number of notes required of value 1000, 500 and 100. Not necessarily in that order. Output Output is the amount to be withdrawn in each transaction separated by a new line. Examples Input (format <1000> <500> <100>): 3 4 1 Output: 600 600 600 3600 few more: 7 2 5 5000 3500 1 2 3 600 1700 21 14 2 600 600 600 1600 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 Assumptions • You may assume that the ATM has infinite number of notes of each amount. • You may also assume that you can make any number of transactions. • Furthermore, the solution to some input values might not be unique, so you can output any 1 of the solution which fulfills the minimum amount possible and minimum notes required conditions. As usual, you may write a full program reading input via STDIN/ARGV and printing output to STDOUT or a function taking input via arguments and returns either a list of integer corresponding to the amounts or a string with amounts separated by a new line. This is code-golf so shortest code in bytes wins. • @nutki indeed . Edited. – Optimizer Jan 7 '15 at 10:18 • Are there any speed restrictions? Should the last test case 21 14 2 finish in a reasonable time? – Jakube Jan 7 '15 at 12:46 • @Jakube In a reasonable time - yes (say less than 5-6 hours). But as such, no limit as this is code-golf. – Optimizer Jan 7 '15 at 13:35 • So, if I withdraw 0, it will give me five 100 notes? – AJMansfield Jan 11 '15 at 21:32 • @AJMansfield of course not. You cannot withdraw 0 amount – Optimizer Jan 11 '15 at 21:51 # JavaScript, 184 148 function g(a,b,c){x=[];while(a>0\|\|b>0\|\|c>0){i=b<3\|\|a<4?a:4;a-=i;if(i>3&&b>1){b-=2;i++}else{i+=(c--<b&&i>4?0:.1)+(b-->0?.5:0)}x.push(i1e3)}return x} http://jsfiddle.net/vuyv4r0p/2/ returns a list of integers corresponding to the withdrawal amounts • Try g(5,1,1). One better solution: 5600. – jimmy23013 Jan 10 '15 at 6:56 • should be fixed now – hoffmale Jan 10 '15 at 7:08 • g(5,1,0), solution: 5500. – jimmy23013 Jan 10 '15 at 7:12 • that should now also be fixed ^^ thanks for pointing that out, i must be too sleepy – hoffmale Jan 10 '15 at 7:44 • g(5,2,0), solution: 6000. – jimmy23013 Jan 10 '15 at 7:47 # Perl 5: 223 ## Edit This solution was done with a wrong assumption that 7K is the ATM limit. This actually made the task more interesting as it required dynamic programming (the move pattern was quite regular, but hard-coding it would be likely longer than calculating live as I did). With any amount possible the move pattern is so regular that it is trivial to hard-code it. I don't know if the solution by @hoffmale is now correct, but it will be among these lines. So sadly it will be another task where first somebody comes with a solution and then it gets ported to a golfing language for a win. A bit slower than the original solution (but still sub-second for parameters below 100). #!perl -pa $c{0,0}=$f=($a,$b,$c)=@F;for$i(0..$b){for$j(0..$a){ /.(?=.$)/>($n=$c{$i-$,$j-$'})\|\|${$r=$c{i,j}}<(x=n+&)&&r orf=r="x n".('.&+5)."00 "for 204..206,105,106,11..15,110..114}}_=f."100 "x(c-f+3);s/.\b3// Faster 259 solution. #!perl -pa c{0,0}=(a,b,c)=@F;fori(0..b){forj(0..a){ /\B./<(%=c{i-&,j-'}+)&&(!{r=$c{$i,$j}}\|\|$$r>%)andd{i,j}=_,$$r=$%for qw/024 025 026 015 016/,101..105,110..114}}$d{$b,$a}=~/\B./,$c-=$,$b-=$&,$a-=$',print$'.$+5$&,"00 "while$a+$b;$_="100 "x$c Uses STDIN: $perl atm.pl <<<"21 14 2" 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 600 600 600 1600 • Try 10 0 0. Better solution: 10100`. – jimmy23013 Jan 10 '15 at 7:52 • @user23013 oops, I misunderstood the question. I assumed 7k is the maximum amount :( I hope I will be able to fix it. – nutki Jan 10 '15 at 8:07	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3965514004230499, "perplexity": 1383.5373656505967}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529007.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723064353-20190723090353-00003.warc.gz"}
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05163-y	Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Non-covalent control of spin-state in metal-organic complex by positioning on N-doped graphene Abstract Nitrogen doping of graphene significantly affects its chemical properties, which is particularly important in molecular sensing and electrocatalysis applications. However, detailed insight into interaction between N-dopant and molecules at the atomic scale is currently lacking. Here we demonstrate control over the spin state of a single iron(II) phthalocyanine molecule by its positioning on N-doped graphene. The spin transition was driven by weak intermixing between orbitals with z-component of N-dopant (pz of N-dopant) and molecule (dxz, dyz, dz2) with subsequent reordering of the Fe d-orbitals. The transition was accompanied by an electron density redistribution within the molecule, sensed by atomic force microscopy with CO-functionalized tip. This demonstrates the unique capability of the high-resolution imaging technique to discriminate between different spin states of single molecules. Moreover, we present a method for triggering spin state transitions and tuning the electronic properties of molecules through weak non-covalent interaction with suitably functionalized graphene. Introduction Graphene, a two-dimensional nanoallotrope of carbon, is currently at the forefront of scientific interest owing to its unique electronic, mechanical, optical, and transport properties1,2. It shows remarkable physical characteristics, such as large values of intrinsic mobility, Young’s modulus, surface area, thermal and electric conductivity, and optical transmittance1,2,3,4,5,6. Hence, both pristine and chemically functionalized graphene have been found to be effective in a broad portfolio of applications, including electronics/optoelectronics, energy generation and storage, and various medical, chemical, catalytic, and environmental processes7,8. Doping of the graphene with foreign elements has been identified as an emerging strategy to open the zero band gap and tune its electronic, magnetic, and optical properties. Nitrogen in various structural configurations is the most frequently studied n-type dopant for improving the conductivity, transport features and magnetic properties of graphene, offering a multitude of applications in related fields like spintronics, energy generation/storage and nanoelectronics9,10,11,12,13. Importantly, the performance of graphene in these technologies is governed by the nitrogen concentration and its local environment in the graphene lattice (e.g., pyridinic, pyrrolic, graphitic), which determine its electronic features, including the closed or open electron shell arrangement. In addition to allowing control over the intrinsic physicochemical properties of graphene, nitrogen doping can significantly affect its interaction with molecular species, as well as phenomena at the phase boundary of the graphene-molecule, which are particularly important in sensing and electrocatalysis applications14,15,16. Thus, graphene and its derivatives are attractive materials for sensing a vast variety of chemicals, (bio)molecules, and gases17,18,19. It is well accepted that adsorption of gas molecules onto the surface of graphene can be enhanced by nitrogen doping, causing changes in the local carrier concentration. Such graphene-based sensors can detect even a single gas molecule attached to or detached from the surface of graphene20. Similarly, N-doped carbon allotropes, including graphene, have been shown to act as superior electrocatalysts, establishing the emerging field of metal-free catalysis, with enormous prospects for fuel cells, metal-air batteries and oxygen-reduction reactions21. Moreover, very recent work using scanning probe microscopy (SPM) imaging techniques has demonstrated that N-doping of graphene can even tune the physicochemical properties of molecules adsorbed on its surface via non-covalent interactions. In particular, it was shown that 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphyrin molecules adsorbed on N-doped graphene undergo a downshift of their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) states if these molecules are located near to nitrogen defects22. This work indicated direct relevance of the graphene-molecule interaction for advanced organic electronics22. However, owing to the absence of a central metal atom, the possibility of discriminating or even controlling the spin state of a metal ion has remained challenging. In the present work, we used high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a non-magnetic CO-functionalized tip and inelastic spin excitation spectroscopy to characterize molecular electronic states. This state-of-the-art AFM technique has been shown to offer unprecedented spatial resolution, allowing investigation of the chemical structure of molecules23,24,25 and atomic clusters26, bond order analysis27, molecular electrostatic field28 or identification of different products of on-surface synthesis29. Here, we demonstrate that high-resolution images can also be used to discriminate different spin states of iron(II) phthalocyanine (FePc) molecules immobilized on N-doped graphene. The spin crossover was confirmed independently by inelastic spin excitation spectroscopy and theoretical quantum calculations. Importantly, we were able to control the spin state by changing the molecular positioning on N-doped graphene. This is the first example, to the best of our knowledge, of a spin transition induced by non-covalent interaction of a molecule with doped graphene caused by reordering of iron d-orbitals without the use of an external stimulus, such as an external magnetic field, electric field, light, pressure, or temperature. Hence, we show the unique capability of doped graphene to behave as a non-covalent tuner of the electronic and spin properties of molecules. Results FePc adsorption on pristine and N-doped graphene We investigated the possibility of tuning the electronic and magnetic properties of iron(II) phthalocyanine molecules via non-covalent interaction with single nitrogen dopants in graphene. We used ion implantation followed by a thermal annealing procedure30 to prepare N-doped graphene grown on a SiC(0001) surface with the majority of nitrogen defects in the substitutional positions. Hence, the term N-dopant refers to the substitutional (graphitic) variant in the following discussion, unless stated otherwise. We found that the behavior of FePc was very specific depending on whether it was adsorbed on pristine or N-doped graphene. Submonolayer amounts of FePc deposited onto pristine graphene formed large and well-ordered flat islands, which were stabilized by intermolecular non-covalent interactions, as shown in the detailed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) image in Fig. 1a. The molecules in the island were arranged in a square pattern with a lattice constant of about ≈1.40 nm, similar to FePc islands on HOPG31 and G/Pt(111)32. On the other hand, deposition of FePc onto N-doped graphene resulted in strikingly different features. The large-scale STM image obtained at 5 K in Fig. 1b reveals single molecules and small clusters of molecules distributed over the substrate without any particular order. This strongly suggests that energetic barriers prevent lateral motion of FePc on N-doped graphene at low temperatures. Instead, they become pinned to dopant sites. We performed lateral manipulation of individual molecules by SPM to identify their exact adsorption sites with respect to the location of the N-dopants. Figure 1c shows an STM image of a single FePc adsorbed on N-doped graphene acquired at –2.0 V. We intentionally moved the molecule laterally and then rescanned the same area at a lower bias of –0.05 V to allow resolution of the substitutional N-dopant that had been hidden below the molecule (Fig. 1d). The observed atomic contrast of the substitutional N-dopant agreed well with previous atomically resolved STM studies30,33,34. By comparing the pairs of images acquired before and after the FePc lateral movement, we could precisely determine the register of the FePc molecules with respect to the N-dopants beneath (marked by a red dot in Fig. 1c). We found a systematic preference for the FePc molecules to be located asymmetrically with respect to the N-dopant, as shown in the scheme in Fig. 1e. The fact that we were able to easily manipulate molecules across the surface indicates that the FePc molecules have a low diffusion barrier across the surface. By revealing the N-dopants below the molecules, we learned that FePc was preferentially located in the vicinity of the N-dopants rather than on graphene. This observation suggests augmented interaction with the implanted N atoms in graphene, in agreement with ideas put forward from previous AFM spectroscopic measurements30. Manipulation of different molecular clusters revealed an N-dopant only under one of the molecules (Supplementary Figure 7). Therefore, the N-dopants seem to act as nucleation centers for FePc clusters on doped graphene. Concurrently, the random distribution of the N-dopants prevents any long-range ordering of the molecules. Effect of N-dopant on the FePc electronic structure The ability to control the position of single molecules by SPM also permitted investigation of the effect of the proximity of the N-dopant on their electronic structure. Figure 2a shows an example of the STM contrast change obtained after molecular manipulation, which depended on the distance from the N-dopant at which the FePc molecule was placed. In these experiments, we intentionally moved one of the molecules laterally to various positions with respect to the N-dopant, while the other remained stable on graphene and served thereby as a reference. The molecules were imaged after each step change in position at the same bias (–2 V) and the exact position of the N-dopant was resolved in the situation 1 by changing the bias voltage to −0.05 V below the plotted yellow dashed line, depicted on Fig. 2a. When the FePc was located over an N-dopant (situation 1 and 2), it exhibited a brighter contrast with four discernible lobes. In contrast, the FePc molecule on pristine graphene exhibited the characteristic eight lobes resolved at the π-rings of the molecule35. However, in situations 3 and 4, the influence of the N-dopant was diminished and contrast image of the manipulated FePc appeared similar to that of the reference unperturbed molecule. This indicates that the N-dopant had a very local effect on the electronic structure of FePc. Note that in situation 3, the center of the FePc was located only ≈1 nm from the N-dopant. However, the molecule showed almost identical appearance to that in situation 4, where FePc was located on pristine graphene. The proximity of the N-dopant was also clearly manifested by changes in the differential conductance (dI/dV) spectra. Figure 2b shows dI/dV spectra acquired from over the centers of two FePc molecules, one located on graphene and the other above an N-dopant. The FePc adsorbed on graphene exhibited two resonances, at –1.9 and 0.5 V, whereas the spectrum of the molecule adsorbed above the N-dopant showed shifts of the resonances to –1.2 and 0.3 V, effectively lowering the molecular gap by ~0.9 eV. This trend was very reproducible, as we observed it repeatedly during more than ten sessions with different tips on several molecules (Supplementary Figure 6 and Supplementary Figure 5). As mentioned above, the STM images of FePc molecules adsorbed at either graphene or N-dopants and acquired at energies near the dI/dV resonances, showed a different contrast and number of lobes (Fig. 2c). These types of images are typically attributed to single particle HOMO and LUMO signatures in the dI/dV36. However, according to recent studies on similar molecular systems37,38, these resonances should not be directly interpreted as such. Instead, they reflect the many body spectral functions of electron tunneling processes in and out of the molecule. Nevertheless, the differences in molecular shape measured at the resonance indicate substantial modification of the electronic structure of FePc molecules near the N-dopant compared to those located far away. Local electric field of the N-dopant and its effect on the FePc molecule One explanation for the altered electronic structure could be varying charge transfer between the molecule and substrate depending upon the adsorption site37. However, this hypothesis was discarded because of the location of the dI/dV resonances far from the Fermi level (Fig. 2b) and by our Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements. Figure 3e presents the frequency shift dependence on the applied bias acquired at a constant height over FePc molecules adsorbed on pristine graphene and above an N-dopant. Over the FePc molecules, we did not observe any substantial variation of the local contact potential difference (LCPD). At the same time, the reference spectra obtained above graphene and the N-dopant showed a significant difference due to the doping effect of the N atom, as seen in the LCPD map (Fig. 3a, b). In particular, the LCPD over the N-dopant shifted to a lower value, reflecting a lower local work function induced by the positive net charge localized at the dopant. Our experimental observations were supported by both periodic and cluster DFT calculations (see Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Figure 1 for more details). FePc molecules adsorbed non-covalently on pure and N-doped graphene in very similar planar configurations, located about 3.3 Å above the surface. According to our calculations, the interaction energy of FePc was 7 kcal/mol higher on the N-dopant than on pristine graphene (see Supplementary Table 1). Notably, there was an energy barrier of 8 kcal/mol preventing lateral motion of FePc near the N-dopant, whereas it was negligible on pristine graphene. This explains the FePc stabilization in the vicinity of the dopants observed in the experiment. The optimized position of FePc showed that the central iron atom was laterally displaced by ~2 Å from the N-dopant (Fig. 1e) with the whole FePc molecule tilted slightly with respect to the surface, in perfect agreement with our experimental observations (Supplementary Figure 4). The non-centric position of the FePc molecule with respect to the N-dopant was caused by interaction of its positive charge with the Fe2+ ion and the negatively charged pyrrolic-N in the FePc molecule. The presence of the positive charge on the N-dopant was evident in both our KPFM measurements (discussed above) and the electrostatic Hartree potential obtained from DFT calculations. Indeed, the electrostatic potential over the N-dopant obtained from DFT calculations (Fig. 3d) showed similar character to the LCPD map (Fig. 3b). The positive charge on the N-dopant originated from incorporation of one of its valence electrons into the linear graphene π-band, causing its partial delocalization and subsequent shift of the Dirac cone below the Fermi level39. Spin crossover of FePc positioned on an N-dopant To gain more insight into the influence of the N-dopant on FePc molecules, we performed high-resolution AFM imaging with a CO-functionalized tip23. Figure 4a shows an AFM high-resolution image of three FePc molecules, two of them (right and left side of image) were adsorbed on pure graphene, whereas the other (middle) molecule was adsorbed on an N-dopant (the red dot indicates the exact location of the N-dopant, determined by removing the molecules after the AFM measurements). For all three molecules, the four peripheral benzenes were resolved similarly with almost equal brightness, which indicates that the molecules were adsorbed in a nearly planar configuration40 and at very similar distances above the surface (Supplementary Figure 9). Note, one benzene of the FePc molecule at the N-dopant appeared slightly brighter, suggesting a very small tilt of the whole molecule with respect to the substrate. This observation is in good agreement with the optimized structures obtained from the total energy DFT calculation discussed above. Interestingly, the cores of the molecules displayed more significant variation. A cross-shaped feature was observed in the middle of both molecules adsorbed on pure graphene (Fig. 4b), whereas for FePc adsorbed on the N-dopant, a square-like feature was clearly resolved (Fig. 4c). This variation in the AFM contrast was very reproducible with different CO-functionalized tips and molecules (Supplementary Figure 8). To understand the origin of this contrast difference, we have to consider the mechanism of the high-resolution imaging23,41,42. AFM images reflect the distribution of the total electron density within the inspected molecule43 and its variation can significantly affect the submolecular contrast28. Our total energy DFT calculations showed a tiny shortening of internal Fe–N bond by ~1% when located on the N-dopant accompanying the transition between the triplet and singlet states. The whole molecule is slightly tilted, due to asymmetric position of the N-dopant with respect to center of the molecule. However, importantly, we do not observe any vertical relaxation of internal Fe or N atoms out of the molecular plane (Supplementary Figure 4). Therefore, we can rule out that the contrast variation is caused by the internal vertical relaxation of Fe and N atoms out of molecular plane. Consequently, we focused our attention on the electronic structure of the FePc molecule, which is well known to change, depending on its environment and external stimuli44,45,46,47,48,49,50. The results from dI/dV spectroscopy provided strong evidence that the electronic structure of FePc was modified in the proximity of an N-dopant, which may be accompanied by variation of the molecular spin state. To investigate such a possibility, we compared total electron densities of free standing FePc molecule in triplet and singlet states calculated using both DFT and the multi-configurational self-consistent field method (MCSCF). Figure 4d and e show that there was substantial density variation in the center of the molecule. In the singlet state, there was a substantially lower density in the central region, contrary to the triplet state, which showed an excess of electrons. This difference originated from differing occupancy of the dz2 Fe orbital, as shown in Fig. 4f. Therefore, one may expect that when using a CO-functionalized tip, the relaxation alters due to changes in the Pauli and electrostatic interactions at close distances to the molecule42. Indeed, simulated AFM images with the electron density of the triplet and singlet states of FePc reproduced the experimental images obtained for molecules on graphene and the N-dopant, respectively (Fig. 4d, e) (see Supplementary Table 2). This is a remarkable result since it extends already outstanding capabilities of high-resolution AFM technique by a possibility to discriminate different molecular spin states without need for magnetic tips. Although the case of FePc may seem very specific, we want to stress that a similar approach should be possible whenever changes in the spin state are associated with a considerable local change in electron density within the molecule. However, the unambiguous confirmation of the spin crossover should be always confirmed by independent measurements, such as inelastic spin excitation spectroscopy. To reinforce our interpretation of the spin transition, we carried out inelastic spin excitation spectroscopy51. We acquired dI/dV spectroscopy of FePc molecules adsorbed on pristine graphene and on an N-dopant near the Fermi level, see Fig. 5. Two molecules show the distinct characteristic STM contrasts, very similar to those presented in Fig. 2, indicating the different electronic configuration. The dI/dV spectroscopy (see Fig. 5b) acquired for these two molecules with the same tip termination reveals very distinct character. In the case of the FePc molecule located on the N-dopant, there is no evidence of any symmetric steps in bias voltages associated with the spin excitation signal. This observation fully supports our claims that the molecule is found in singlet state, where the spin excitations are not expected. On the other hand, in the case of the FePc on pristine graphene it is found in the triplet state. The degeneracy of the triplet state is partially lifted by spin–orbit interaction which gives rise to the lowest spin state S = 1, ms = 0 and doubly degenerated S = 1, ms = ±1 states. This splitting occurs even in absence of magnetic field and it is called zero-field splitting.43 This effect is well described by interaction Hamiltonian $${\cal H}_{SO} = DS_z^2 + E\left( {S_x^2 - S_y^2} \right)$$, where D is vertical magnetic anisotropy (origin of the zero-field splitting) and E is in-plane magnetic anisotropy, which for planar molecules typically vanishes. Consequently, the Hamiltonian reduces to $${\cal H}_{SO} = DS_z^2$$ and inelastic spin excitation spectra of FePc molecule in the triplet S = 1 state should show a single inelastic signal symmetric in bias voltage of the magnitude D. Indeed, we observe a symmetric step-wise increase of the conductance at bias voltages approximately ±7 meV. Consequently, we interpret this feature as inelastic spin excitations of the S = 1 spin multiplet (ms = 0 and ms = ±1) due to the zero field splitting driven spin–orbit interaction44. We would like to stress, that very similar spectra were also obtained for Fe-tetraphenyl-porphyrin molecule52, which were also attributed to inelastic spin excitation the S = 1 spin state. Therefore, we believe that the additional inelastic spin excitation measurements fully support the scenario of the spin transition of FePc from triplet (pristine graphene) to singlet (on N-dopant) state. The presence of the spin transition was also supported by our DFT calculations. The most stable electronic configuration of FePc adsorbed on pure graphene corresponded to the high-spin (triplet) state. Strikingly, in the proximity of the N-dopant, the low-spin (singlet) state was found to be about 5 kcal/mol more stable than the triplet state. We attributed this effect to weak intermixing between orbitals with z-component, i.e., pz of the N-dopant points outward from the surface and the (dyz, dxz) and dz2-like molecular orbitals of Fe. This causes an upward energy shift of the dz2-orbital with respect to (dyz, dxz), which promotes electron transfer from dz2 to (dyz, dxz), leaving the dz2 orbital empty with a closed shell electron configuration, as shown in Fig. 4f. This orbital reordering of the z-component d-orbitals is facilitated by the fact they are very close in energies (Supplementary Figure 2). A relatively large distance between the Fe atom and the N-dopant (around 3.7 Å) prevents significant overlap between the orbitals, and thus formation of a strong dative bond. In our case, there was only a weak interaction between Fe and the N-dopant (Wiberg bond index of 0.01 compared with 0.57 for dative bonds between Fe and N within FePc). On the other hand, analysis of electronic structure of pristine and N-doped graphene reveals, in the case of graphitic N-dopant, a presence of a localized state near the Fermi level (see Supplementary Figure 3c)). The charge density of this localized state substantially protrudes out of the surface compared with the pristine graphene (see Supplementary Figure 3a and b). Therefore, this charge density localization enhances the interaction between the protruding pz-orbitals of the graphitic N-dopant and three adjacent C atoms and z-component d-orbitals of Fe contrary to pristine graphene. This effect is also supported by lowering of calculated Wiberg bond index between FePc and pristine graphene by one half with respect to the case of FePc on N-defect. Consequently, we attribute the orbital reordering and the related spin transition to this effect of charge localization. Discussion The possibility that the spin crossover was due to the local electrostatic field of the N-dopant was ruled out by analysis of a double substitutional nitrogen defect in the para configuration, which has an even stronger local electrostatic field. Supplementary Figure 10 shows a series of STM pictures where the FePc molecule is manipulated between a single and para N-defect. When the molecule was located near the para N-defect, it exhibited a similar STM contrast and dI/dV spectrum to those of molecules located on pristine graphene. However, the contrast and dI/dV spectrum significantly changed when the molecule was manipulated onto a single N-defect due to the spin crossover. Again, this scenario was supported by our DFT calculations, which predicted that the molecule would be in the triplet state when located over the para N-defect. These results also strongly support the role of an open-shell like character of the single substitutional N-defect. The para N-defect has a closed-shell electronic structure which is more stable than the biradical one. The unique chemical activity of graphitic N-defects for spin crossover was further supported by theoretical analysis with different model cases, including a closed-shell pyridinic defect (for details, see Supplementary Materials), for which proximity to the molecule again stabilized FePc in the triplet state. These results demonstrate the diverse chemical activity of nitrogen impurities incorporated into graphene, opening a new way for not only tuning the electronic properties of molecules but also chemical functionalization of graphene. The unique character of the substitutional N-defect allows not only stabilization of the FePc molecule in its vicinity but is also responsible for the spin crossover of FePc. For comparison, such spin crossover of FePc is usually triggered by strong ligands or ligands with unpaired electrons forming covalent dative bonds53,54 in classical coordination chemistry. In our case, we demonstrated that such a transition can be achieved just by sliding the molecule over the surface of N-doped graphene. Thus, the electronic states of FePc molecules on graphene can be tuned locally by means of weak non-covalent interaction with N-dopants causing reordering of the selected iron d-orbitals driven by their weak hybridization with the pz orbital of a single graphitic nitrogen defect. This offers a way for controlling the spin state of a molecular system by simple positioning of the molecule onto a suitably functionalized graphene substrate. We also showed that high-resolution AFM using a non-magnetic CO-functionalized tip can distinguish between different spin states of molecules on a surface. This extends further the outstanding capabilities of the technique and opens new possibilities for studying magnetic properties at the single molecule level. Methods STM/AFM measurements STM/AFM measurements were carried out in a UHV chamber equipped with a low-temperature STM/AFM with qPlus tuning fork sensor operated at 5 K (Createc GmbH). During the AFM measurements, a Pt/Ir tip mounted onto the sensor (frequency ≈30 kHz; stiffness ≈1800 N/m) was oscillated with a constant amplitude of 50 pm. To obtain high-resolution AFM/STM images, prior to the experiment, the tip was functionalized with a CO molecule gathered from a Au(111) surface. dI/dV measurements were acquired with the conventional lock-in technique with an amplitude modulation of 20 mV at 960 Hz. The metallic tip for dI/dV spectroscopy was formed by repeated indentations into a Au(111) surface until the surface state was clearly visible. Inelastic spin excitation spectroscopies were acquired at 500 MΩ of tunnel resistance with voltage modulation of 0.5 mV at 170 Hz. A graphene sample was prepared on a SiC(0001) substrate by annealing in Ar and was degassed in a UHV system at ≈800 °C55. N atom implantation was achieved by sputtering the graphene sample with N atoms accelerated at 120 eV and subsequent annealing to ≈800 °C. Iron(II) phthalocyanine (FePc) was thermally evaporated from a Ta pocket in UHV onto the graphene surface, which was kept at RT. After deposition, the sample was briefly annealed at temperatures below 200 °C to increase the surface mobility. STM/AFM images were analyzed using WSxM and WSPA software56. DFT calculations Optimized structures of FePc molecules on N-doped and pristine graphene were calculated using both the cluster and slab models in the Turbomole, Gaussian, and VASP program packages based on ab initio density functional theory (DFT) (for details, see Supplementary Methods). 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The authors also acknowledge support of the Czech Science Foundation under projects no. 16–16959S and 17-24210Y, and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic under projects LO1305, LM2015087, LM2015073, and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754. P.J. acknowledges support from the Czech Academy of Sciences through a Praemium Academiae award. M.O. acknowledges to ERC consolidator grant 683024 from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme. Author information Authors Contributions B.T. and M.Š. performed SPM experimental measurements. J.R. prepared graphene samples. Pr.H., O.K., and P.J. preformed AFM simulations and their analysis. R.L., D.M., A.S., D.N., P.B., M.O., P.J., and Pa.H. performed DFT simulations. D.M., D.N., and Pa.H performed MCSCF calculations. B.T., R.Z., Pa.H. and P.J. conceived and designed the experiments. J.T. participated in manuscript writing. B.T., R.Z., Pa.H., and P.J. wrote manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Radek Zbořil, Pavel Hobza or Pavel Jelínek. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Reprints and Permissions About this article Cite this article de la Torre, B., Švec, M., Hapala, P. et al. Non-covalent control of spin-state in metal-organic complex by positioning on N-doped graphene. Nat Commun 9, 2831 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05163-y Download citation • Received: • Accepted: • Published: • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05163-y Further reading • Iron(II) phthalocyanine (FePc) over carbon support for oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts operating in alkaline electrolyte • Maida Aysla Costa de Oliveira • Valerio C. A. Ficca • Plamen Atanassov Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry (2021) • Selective control of molecule charge state on graphene using tip-induced electric field and nitrogen doping • Van Dong Pham • Sukanya Ghosh • Jérôme Lagoute npj 2D Materials and Applications (2019) Comments By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Search Quick links Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7881836891174316, "perplexity": 4054.3452051352183}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00347.warc.gz"}
https://codedump.io/share/9UN1lIi9AVrx/1/running-both-python-27-and-35-on-pc	HUSMEN - 7 months ago 43 Python Question Running both Python 2.7 and 3.5 on PC I have both versions of Python installed on my PC running Windows 10 and I can switch between them manually as needed, but I was wondering if there is a way to edit their path environment variables so that I can launch both of them from the CMD easily. For example, instead of typing "python" to launch whatever is the default one right now, I want to just type python2 for one, and python3 for the other, is that possible? Update: it turned out that you don't need any trick for this, you just use either py -2 or py -3 accordingly. Alternatively, you can configure your own aliases in cmd as mentioned below. DOSKEY python3=C:\path\to\python3.exe $* DOSKEY python2=C:\path\to\python2.exe$* to define the alias. You can then put those in a .cmd file e.g. env.cmd and use cmd.exe /K env.cmd	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.855257511138916, "perplexity": 1832.6851867624296}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171620.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00139-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/553035-problem-pulling-text-from-mysql-database/	Problem pulling text from MySQL database Recommended Posts RonHiler 214 Hey gang, I'm at a bit of a loss as to why this function is not working. Here is the relevant code: //--------------------------------------------------------------------------- bool DatabaseClass::GetNewsItem(NewsStruct NewsEntry, unsigned int Index) { ostringstream QueryString; ConnectToDatabase(); if (Connection == false) { Error = mysql_error(mysql); return false; } QueryString << "select from news limit " << Index << ",1"; if (QueryDatabase(QueryString.str()) == false) return false; Row = mysql_fetch_row(Result); if (Row == NULL) { Error = mysql_error(mysql); mysql_free_result(Result); DisconnectFromDatabase(); return false; } else { NewsEntry->Timestamp = Row[1]; NewsEntry->Title = Row[2]; NewsEntry->Body = Row[3]; } mysql_free_result(Result); DisconnectFromDatabase(); return true; } //--------------------------------------------------------------------------- bool DatabaseClass::QueryDatabase(string Query) { int res; res = mysql_real_query(mysql, Query.c_str(), Query.length()); if (res != 0) { Error = mysql_error(mysql); return false; } Result = mysql_use_result(mysql); if (Result == NULL) { Error = mysql_error(mysql); return false; } //warning, we do NOT free up Result here. Do so in the calling routine! return true; } The database has a table called 'news' with four columns (NewsIndex, Timestamp, Title, and Body), which are of values INT(primary key), DATETIME, TINYTEXT, and TEXT, respectively. There is one row in the database, which just contains some test data that I threw in. As you can see from the code, I'm trying to pull the last three columns of that row into my NewsEntry structure: { NewsEntry->Timestamp = Row[1]; NewsEntry->Title = Row[2]; NewsEntry->Body = Row[3]; } The program gets to the first line of that block and pulls timestamp just fine, but then it gets to the second line and throws an exception because Row[2] is a bad pointer. Am I doing something wrong? Is there somethng special I need to do to pull text columns out of a database? Share on other sites RonHiler 214 Okay, I got it. I guess you can't use 'select ' when pulling text entries from a database, you have to be explicit, e.g. 'select Body'. Share on other sites Kylotan 9871 I doubt that's actually the problem! Perhaps it was because you're not handling a null value? Share on other sites RonHiler 214 Quote: Original post by KylotanI doubt that's actually the problem! Perhaps it was because you're not handling a null value? There were no NULL values in the database, if that's what you are getting at. And I think I covered the error handling in the code (but feel free to check it if you are doubting, maybe I missed something). I don't know why the 'select ' didn't work for the text values. It DID pull integer values just fine, but gave bad pointers for the text values. Certainly I'm not an expert with mySQL database commands, so perhaps I messed something else up. But here is what I discovered: Given the code and database setup I showed in the OP, this query: select * from news limit 0, 1 gave good data in Row[0] and Row[1] (the index and timestamp values), but bad pointers in Row[2] and Row[3] (title and body, both text fields). Trying to read either of these values caused an exception. By contrast, this query select Title from news limit 0,1 with NO other changes in the code or database, gave the title entry from the database just fine (in Row[0], naturally). And similarly for select Body from news limit 0,1 So if you have another explanation, I'm all ears. To me, it seems pretty conclusive that 'select ' simply won't pull text rows, you have to explicitely grab them by name. Share on other sites ApochPiQ 23005 Erm, if MySQL didn't allow directly pulling strings out of the database, there would be hell to pay [wink] So I'm going to have to agree with Kylotan that this is probably not your actual problem. When you say Row[2] is a bad pointer, what kind of value is in there? NULL? 0xffffffff? Some other combination of hex/gibberish/etc.? Consider using mysql_num_fields() to determine if you're reading too many fields in the returned row. Also, note that if you don't copy the string values from the row, when you call mysql_free_result() you can no longer safely access those pointers. I don't know the definition of your NewsEntry class/struct, so I can't say for sure, if you're just storing char fields in NewsEntry, I'd suggest upgrading to std::strings. Share on other sites Atrix256 539 I agree with Kylotan, select * with text entries should be just fine (: What are the columns of the table you are querying? I'll bet you the problem is just that you weren't getting the columns you thought you were. For instance, lets say my table has the following columns: MyNumberA, MyTimeStampA, MyTextA, MyNumberB, MyTextB if you do a select like this: Select MyTextA,MyTextB,MyNumberA from MyTable then... Row[0] == MyTextA Row[1] == MyTextB Row[2] == MyNumberA if you change it to this: select * from MyTable and still assume that Row [0], [1] and [2] are the same things... Row[0] will APPEAR to be a bad pointer when in fact, it's not a pointer at all, just a number. In this case, Row[0] is the column "MyNumberA". I'll bet you (2:1 odds!) that this is the problem you hit (: Share on other sites RonHiler 214 Alright, I believe you guys, but then I have no idea what is going wrong with the 'select ' code. This is NewsStruct, since someone asked: struct NewsStruct { string Title; string Timestamp; string Body; }; very simple. The database, as I've already said, is set up like such: Quote: The database has a table called 'news' with four columns (NewsIndex, Timestamp, Title, and Body), which are of values INT(primary key), DATETIME, TINYTEXT, and TEXT, respectively. There is one row in the database, which just contains some test data that I threw in. So, given the code that I posted in the OP, why is this crashing?: else { NewsEntry->Timestamp = Row[1]; NewsEntry->Title = Row[2]; NewsEntry->Body = Row[3]; } at the second line of the block (NewsEntry->Title = Row[2];) when I do a "select from news limit 0, 1" Am I accessing the Row[2] improperly? [And sorry ApochPiQ, I don't have the program right here in front of me or I'd tell you what was in Row[2]. I want to say it contained 0x7fffffff, but don't quote me on that]. Share on other sites Codeka 1239 The strings returned from mysql_fetch_row are not NULL terminated, they are counted. That means you can't just say "std::string str = row[0]" or whatever and expect it to work in all situations. You need to use mysql_fetch_lengths to get the length of the string and copy them yourself. For example: int num_fields = mysql_num_fields(Result);MYSQL_ROW row = mysql_fetch_row(Result);unsigned long lengths = mysql_fetch_lengths(Result);for(i = 0; i < num_fields; i++){ std::string value = std::string(row[i], lengths[i]); // use value...} Also, Quote: Original post by RonHilerThe database has a table called 'news' with four columns (NewsIndex, Timestamp, Title, and Body), which are of values INT(primary key), DATETIME, TINYTEXT, and TEXT, respectively. There is one row in the database, which just contains some test data that I threw in. The reason SELECT is a bad idea is because you don't always know the order that it's going to return the fields in. I believe MySQL will return fields in the order they're defined in the database (that is, the order you specify in your CREATE TABLE statement) but if you go and change the order of fields (or add a new field in the middle, for example) that's going to screw up all code that references that table. That's why it's always best to explicitly select the fields you want, SELECT Timestamp, Title, Body FROM news This way, if you ever reorder the fields in your table, you don't have to go searching for every place in your code that references that table. The other benefit of doing this is you reduce the network traffic required to return the result: MySQL doesn't need to send you the NewsIndex field if you don't ask for it. It's probably not a big deal for a small integer column, but if you had a larger column, it could make a big difference. Share on other sites RonHiler 214 Quote: Original post by CodekaThe strings returned from mysql_fetch_row are not NULL terminated, they are counted. That means you can't just say "std::string str = row[0]" or whatever and expect it to work in all situations. Ahhhh, I didn't know that. Thanks Codeka, that's probably what the issue was. I'll give that a try. Quote: That's why it's always best to explicitly select the fields you want,SELECT Timestamp, Title, Body FROM newsThis way, if you ever reorder the fields in your table, you don't have to go searching for every place in your code that references that table. Okay, sounds like good advice, I will do it that way, thanks for the tip. Share on other sites Atrix256 539 Quote: I'll bet you (2:1 odds!) that this is the problem you hit (: Darn i was wrong, i owe you 2 internets now!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24294821918010712, "perplexity": 3304.0955025932935}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110792.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822143101-20170822163101-00195.warc.gz"}
https://planetmath.org/MaximalCondition	# maximal condition A group is said to satisfy the maximal condition if every strictly ascending chain of subgroups $G_{1}\subset G_{2}\subset G_{3}\subset\cdots$ is finite. This is also called the ascending chain condition. A group satisfies the maximal condition if and only if the group and all its subgroups are finitely generated. Similar properties are useful in other classes of algebraic structures: see for example the Noetherian condition for rings and modules. Title maximal condition MaximalCondition 2013-03-22 13:58:47 2013-03-22 13:58:47 mclase (549) mclase (549) 6 mclase (549) Definition msc 20D30 ascending chain condition	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 1, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.684270977973938, "perplexity": 1570.7039333136952}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088471.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416012946-20210416042946-00593.warc.gz"}
http://sca21.wikia.com/wiki/Thorium	## FANDOM 3,056 Pages Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only four radioactive elements that still occur in quantity in nature as a primordial element (the other three being Bi, Pu, and U).[lower-alpha 1] It was discovered in 1828 by the Norwegian mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark and identified by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. A thorium atom has 90 protons and therefore 90 electrons, of which four are valence electrons. Thorium metal is silvery and tarnishes black when exposed to air. Thorium is weakly radioactive: all its known isotopes are unstable, with the six naturally occurring ones (thorium-227, 228, 230, 231, 232, and 234) having half-lives between 25.52 hours and 14.05 billion years. Thorium-232, which has 142 neutrons, is the most stable isotope of thorium and accounts for nearly all natural thorium, with the other five natural isotopes occurring only in traces: it decays very slowly through alpha decay to radium-228, starting a decay chain named the thorium series that ends at Pb-208. Thorium is estimated to be about three to four times more abundant than uranium in the Earth's crust, and is chiefly refined from monazite sands as a by-product of extracting rare earth metals. Thorium was once commonly used as the light source in gas mantles and as an alloying material, but these applications have declined due to concerns about its radioactivity. Thorium is also used as an alloying element in nonconsumable TIG welding electrodes. It remains popular as a material in high-end optics and scientific instrumentation; thorium and uranium are the only radioactive elements with major commercial applications that do not rely on their radioactivity. Thorium is predicted to be able to replace uranium as nuclear fuel in nuclear reactors, but only a few thorium reactors have yet been completed. ## Characteristics Edit ### Physical Edit Thorium is a soft, paramagnetic, bright silvery radioactive actinide metal. In the periodic table, it is located to the right of the actinide actinium, to the left of the actinide protactinium and below the lanthanide cerium. Pure thorium is soft, very ductile, and can be cold-rolled, swaged, and drawn.[2] The measured properties of thorium vary widely depending on the amount of impurities in the sample used: the major impurity is usually thorium dioxide (Template:ThO2). The purest thorium specimens usually contain about a tenth of a percent of the dioxide.[2] Its density has been calculated to be 11.724 g/cm3, while experimental measurements give values between 11.5 and 11.66 g/cm3:[2] these values lie intermediate between those of its neighbours actinium (10.07 g/cm3) and protactinium (15.37 g/cm3), showing the continuity of trends across the actinide series.[2] However, thorium's melting point of 1750 °C is above both that of actinium (1227 °C) and that of protactinium (1562±15 °C): the melting points of the actinides do not have a clear dependence on their number of f electrons, although there is a smooth trend downward from thorium to plutonium where the number of f electrons increases from zero to six.[3] Thorium is a soft metal, having a bulk modulus of 54 GPa, comparable to those of tin and scandium. The hardness of thorium is similar to that of soft steel, so heated pure thorium can be rolled in sheets and pulled into wire.[3] Thorium becomes superconductive below 1.40 K.[2][lower-alpha 2] Nevertheless, while thorium is nearly half as dense as uranium and plutonium, it is harder than either of them.[3] Among the actinides, thorium has the highest melting point and second-lowest density (second only to actinium).[2] The thermal expansion, electrical and thermal conductivities of thorium, protactinium, and uranium are comparable and are typical of post-transition metals.[4] Thorium can also form alloys with many other metals. With chromium and uranium, it forms eutectic mixtures, and thorium is completely miscible in both solid and liquid states with its lighter congener cerium.[2] ### Chemical Edit Thorium is a highly reactive metal. At standard temperature and pressure, thorium is slowly attacked by water, but does not readily dissolve in most common acids, the exception being hydrochloric acid.[2][5] It dissolves in concentrated nitric acid containing a small amount of catalytic fluoride or fluorosilicate ions;[2][6] if these are not present, passivation can occur.[2] At high temperatures, it is easily attacked by O, H, N, the halogens, and S. It can also form binary compounds with C and P.[2] When thorium dissolves in hydrochloric acid, a black residue, probably ThO(OH,Cl)H, is left behind.[2] Finely divided thorium metal presents a fire hazard due to its pyrophoricity and must therefore be handled carefully.[2] When heated in air, thorium turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light to produce the dioxide. In bulk, the reaction of pure thorium with air is slow, although corrosion may eventually occur after several months; most thorium samples are however contaminated with varying degrees of the dioxide, which greatly accelerates corrosion.[2] Such samples slowly tarnish in air, becoming gray and finally black.[2] The most important oxidation state of thorium is +4, represented in compounds such as thorium dioxide (ThO2) and thorium tetrafluoride (ThF4), although some compounds are known with thorium in lower formal oxidation states.[7][8][9] Owing to thorium(IV)'s lack of electrons on 6d and 5f orbitals, the tetravalent thorium compounds are colorless.[3] In aqueous solution, thorium occurs exclusively as the tetrapositive aqua ion [Th(H2O)9]4+, which has tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry:[10][11] at pH < 3, the solutions of thorium salts are dominated by this cation.[10] The Th–O bond distance is (245 ± 1) pm, the coordination number of Th4+ is (10.8 ± 0.5), the effective charge is 3.82 and the second coordination sphere contains 13.4 water molecules.[10] The Th4+ ion is relatively large and is the largest of the tetrapositive actinide ions, and depending on the coordination number can have a radius between 0.95 and 1.14 Å. As a result, thorium salts have a weak tendency to hydrolyze, weaker than that of many multiply charged ions such as Fe3+.[10] The distinctive ability of thorium salts is their high solubility, not only in water, but also in polar organic solvents.[3] Thorium has been shown to activate carbon–hydrogen bonds, forming unusual compounds. Thorium atoms can also bond to more atoms than any other element: for instance, in the compound thorium aminodiboranate, thorium has a coordination number of fifteen.[12] ### Atomic Edit A thorium atom has 90 electrons, of which four are valence electrons. Four atomic orbitals are theoretically available for the valence electrons to occupy: 5f, 6d, 7s, and 7p. However, the 7p orbital is greatly destabilized and hence it is not occupied in the ground state of any thorium ion.[13] Despite thorium's position in the f-block of the periodic table, it has an anomalous [Rn]6d27s2 electron configuration in the ground state. However, in metallic thorium, the [Rn]5f16d17s2 configuration is a low-lying excited state and hence the 5f orbitals contribute, existing in a rather broad energy band.[13] The ground-state electron configurations of thorium ions are as follows: Th+, [Rn]6d27s1; Th2+, [Rn]5f16d1;[lower-alpha 3] Th3+, [Rn]5f1; Th4+, [Rn]. This shows the increasing stabilization of the 5f orbital as ion charge increases; however, this stabilization is insufficient to chemically stabilize Th3+ with its lone 5f valence electron, and therefore the stable and most common form of thorium in chemicals is Th4+ with all four valence electrons lost, leaving behind an inert core of inner electrons with the electron configuration of the noble gas radon.[13][14] The first ionization potential of thorium was measured to be (6.08 ± 0.12) eV in 1974;[15] more recent measurements have refined this to 6.3067 eV.[16] ### Isotopes Edit Main article: Isotopes of thorium Although thorium has 6 naturally occurring isotopes, none of these isotopes are stable; however, one isotope, 232Th, is relatively stable, with a half-life of 14.05 billion years, considerably longer than the age of the earth, and even slightly longer than the generally accepted age of the universe (about 13.8 billion years).[lower-alpha 4] This isotope is the longest-lived of all isotopes with more than 83 protons and makes up nearly all natural thorium. As such, thorium is most commonly considered to be mononuclidic.[17][18][19] However, in deep seawaters the isotope 230Th becomes significant enough that IUPAC reclassified thorium as a binuclidic element in 2013.[20] In fact, uranium ores with low thorium concentrations can be purified to produce gram-sized thorium samples of which over a quarter is the 230Th isotope.[21] Thorium has a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, consisting largely of 232Th and a little 230Th, and thus an atomic mass can be given, which is 232.0377(4) u.[20] 232Th is the longest-lived isotope in the 4n decay chain which includes isotopes with a mass number divisible by 4, begins with the alpha decay of 232Th to 228Ra,[lower-alpha 5] and terminates at stable 208Pb, and its longevity means that the isotopes in its decay chain still exist in nature as radiogenic nuclides despite their short half-lives.[17][lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7] As such, natural thorium samples can be chemically purified to extract its useful daughter nuclides, such as lead-212 (212Pb), which is used in nuclear medicine for cancer therapy.[22][23] Thirty radioisotopes have been characterized, which range in mass number from 209[24] to 238.[21] The most stable of them (after 232Th) are 230Th with a half-life of 75,380 years, 229Th with a half-life of 7,340 years, 228Th with a half-life of 1.92 years, 234Th with a half-life of 24.10 days, and 227Th with a half-life of 18.68 days: all of these isotopes except 229Th occur in nature as trace radioisotopes due to their presence in the decay chains of 232Th, 235U, and 238U. All of the remaining thorium isotopes have half-lives that are less than thirty days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than ten minutes. The isotope 229Th has a nuclear isomer (or metastable state) with a remarkably low excitation energy,[25] recently measured to be (7.6 ± 0.5) eV.[26] In the early history of the study of radioactivity, the different natural isotopes of thorium were given different names. In this scheme, 227Th was named radioactinium (RdAc), 228Th radiothorium (RdTh), 230Th ionium (Io), 231Th uranium Y (UY), 232Th thorium (Th), and 234Th uranium X1 (UX1).[21] When it was realized that all of these are isotopes of thorium, many of these names fell out of use, and "thorium" came to refer to all isotopes, not just 232Th.[21] However, the name ionium is still encountered for 230Th in the context of ionium-thorium dating.[27][28] Different isotopes of thorium behave identically chemically, but do have slightly differing physical properties: for example, the densities of 228Th, 229Th, 230Th, and 232Th in g·cm−3 are respectively expected to be 11.524, 11.575, 11.626, and 11.727.[29] The isotope 229Th is expected to be fissionable with a bare critical mass of 2839 kg, although with steel reflectors this value could drop to 994 kg.[29] While 232Th, the most common thorium isotope, is not fissionable, it is fertile as it can be converted to fissile 233U using neutron capture.[29][30] Known properties of the allotropes of thorium[2] Thorium allotrope α (measured at 0 °C) β (measured at 1450 °C) high-pressure (measured at 102 GPa) Transition temperature (α→β) 1360 °C (β→liquid) 1750 °C high pressure Symmetry Face-centered cubic Body-centered cubic Body-centered tetragonal Density (g·cm−3) 11.724 11.724 unknown Lattice parameters (pm) a = 508.42 a = 411 a = 228.2, c = 441.1 ## History Edit ### Discovery Edit In 1815, the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius analyzed a mineral from a copper mine in Falun. Assuming that a new element was contained in the mineral, he named the supposed element "thorium" after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. However, the mineral later proved to actually be an yttrium mineral, primarily composed of yttrium orthophosphate.[30] As the yttrium in this mineral was initially mistaken as being a new element, the mineral was named xenotime from the Greek words κενός (vain) and τιμή (honor).[31][32] In 1828, Morten Thrane Esmark found a black mineral on Løvøya island, Norway, and gave a sample to his father, Jens Esmark, a noted mineralogist. The elder Esmark was not able to identify it and sent a sample to the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius for examination. Berzelius determined that it contained a new element.[30] He published his findings in 1829.[33][34][35] Berzelius reused the name of the previous supposed element discovery.[33][36] Thus, he named the source mineral thorite, which has the chemical composition (Th,U)SiO4.[30] ### Subsequent developments Edit In Dmitri Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table, thorium and the rare earth elements were placed outside the main body of the table, at the end of each vertical period after the alkaline earth metals. This reflected the belief at that time that thorium and the rare earth metals were divalent.[lower-alpha 8] With the later recognition that the rare earths were mostly trivalent and thorium was tetravalent, Mendeleev moved cerium and thorium to group IV in 1871, which contained the modern carbon group, titanium group, cerium, and thorium, because their maximum oxidation state was +4.[37][38] While cerium was soon removed from the main body of the table and placed in a separate lanthanide series, it was not until 1945 that Glenn T. Seaborg realized that thorium was the second member of the actinide series and was filling an f-block row, instead of being the heavier congener of hafnium and filling a fourth d-block row.[39][lower-alpha 9] Thorium was first observed to be radioactive in 1898, independently, by the Polish-French physicist Marie Curie and the German chemist Gerhard Carl Schmidt.[41][42][43] Between 1900 and 1903, Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy showed how thorium decayed at a fixed rate over time into a series of other elements. This observation led to the identification of half-life as one of the outcomes of the alpha particle experiments that led to their disintegration theory of radioactivity.[44] Although thorium was discovered in 1828, it had no applications until 1885, when Carl Auer von Welsbach invented the gas mantle.[30] After 1885, many applications were found for thorium and its compounds. In recent decades, however, most of these applications that do not depend on thorium's radioactivity have declined due to safety and environmental concerns.[30] ## Occurrence Edit Main article: Occurrence of thorium Thorium-232 is a primordial nuclide, having existed in its current form for over 4.5 billion years, predating the formation of the Earth; it was forged in the cores of dying stars through the r-process and scattered across the galaxy by supernovae.[45] Its radioactive decay produces a significant amount of the Earth's internal heat.[46] Natural thorium is essentially isotopically pure 232Th, which is the longest-lived and most stable isotope of thorium, having a half-life comparable to the age of the universe. If the source contains no uranium, the only other thorium isotope present would be 228Th, which occurs in the decay chain of thorium-232 (the thorium series): the ratio of 228Th to 232Th would be under 10−10.[21] However, if uranium is present, tiny traces of several other isotopes will be present: 231Th and 227Th from the decay chain of uranium-235 (the actinium series), and slightly larger but still tiny traces of 234Th and 230Th from the decay chain of uranium-238 (the uranium series).[21] Earlier in the Earth's history, 229Th would also have been produced in the now extinct decay chain of 237Np (the neptunium series): it is now only produced as a daughter of artificial uranium-233, itself produced from neutron irradiation of 232Th.[21] On Earth, thorium is not a rare element as was previously thought, having an abundance comparable to that of lead and molybdenum, twice that of arsenic, and thrice that of tin.[47] In nature, it occurs in the +4 oxidation state, together with uranium(IV), zirconium(IV), hafnium(IV), and cerium(IV), but also with the scandium, yttrium, and the trivalent lanthanides which have similar ionic radii.[47] However, thorium only occurs as a minor constituent of most minerals.[47] Thorium minerals occur on all continents.[5][48][49] Thorium is several times more abundant in Earth's crust than all isotopes of uranium combined and thorium-232 is several hundred times more abundant than uranium-235.[47] Because of thorium's radioactivity, minerals containing significant quantities of thorium are often metamict, their crystal structure having been partially or totally destroyed by the alpha radiation produced in the radioactive decay of thorium.[50][lower-alpha 10] An extreme example is ekanite ((Ca,Fe,Pb)2(Th,U)Si8O20), which almost never occurs in nonmetamict form due to thorium being an essential part of its chemical composition.[51] Monazite is the most important commercial source of thorium because it occurs in large deposits worldwide and contains 2.5% thorium. It is a chemically unreactive phosphate mineral that has a high specific gravity and is found as yellow or brown monazite sand; its low reactivity makes it difficult to extract thorium from it.[47] Allanite can have 0.1–2% thorium and zircon up to 0.4% thorium.[47] Thorium dioxide occurs as the rare mineral thorianite, which usually contains up to 12% ThO2. However, due to its being isotypic with uranium dioxide, the two actinide dioxides can form solid-state solutions and the name of the mineral changes according to the ThO2 content.[47][lower-alpha 11] Thorite, or thorium silicate (ThSiO4),[lower-alpha 12] also has a high thorium content and is the mineral in which thorium was first discovered.[47] In thorium silicate minerals, the Th4+ and SiO4− 4 ions are often replaced with M3+ (M = Sc, Y, Ln) and phosphate (PO3− 4 ) ions respectively.[47][lower-alpha 13] ## Production Edit Thorium is extracted mostly from monazite: thorium diphosphate (Th(PO4)2) is reacted with nitric acid, and the produced thorium nitrate treated with tributyl phosphate. Rare-earth impurities are separated by increasing the pH in sulfate solution.[52] In another extraction method, monazite is decomposed with a 45% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at 140 °C. Mixed metal hydroxides are extracted first, filtered at 80 °C, washed with water and dissolved with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Next, the acidic solution is neutralized with hydroxides to pH = 5.8 that results in precipitation of thorium hydroxide (Th(OH)4) contaminated with ~3% of rare-earth hydroxides; the remaining rare-earth hydroxides remain in solution. Thorium hydroxide is dissolved in an inorganic acid and then purified from the rare earth elements. An efficient method is the dissolution of thorium hydroxide in nitric acid, because the resulting solution can be purified by extraction with organic solvents:[52] Th(OH)4 + 4 HNO3 → Th(NO3)4 + 4 H2O Metallic thorium is separated from the anhydrous oxide or chloride by reacting it with calcium in an inert atmosphere:[53] ThO2 + 2 Ca → 2 CaO + Th Sometimes thorium is extracted by electrolysis of a fluoride in a mixture of sodium and potassium chloride at 700–800 °C in a graphite crucible. Highly pure thorium can be extracted from its iodide with the crystal bar process.[54] ## Compounds Edit ### Oxides and hydroxides Edit In air, thorium turnings burn to form the simple dioxide, ThO2, also called thoria or thorina.[55] Thoria, a refractory material, has the highest melting point (3390 °C) of all known oxides.[56] It is somewhat hygroscopic and reacts readily with water and many gases.[8] When heated, it emits intense blue light, which becomes white when mixed with its lighter homolog cerium dioxide (Template:CeO2, ceria): this is the basis for its previously common application in gas mantles.[8] Reports of thorium peroxide, initially supposed to be Th2O7 and be formed from reacting thorium salts with hydrogen peroxide, were later discovered to contain both peroxide anions and the anions of the reacting thorium salt.[8] Thorium monoxide has recently been produced through laser ablation of thorium in the presence of oxygen.[57] This highly polar molecule has the largest known internal electric field.[58] Thorium hydroxide, Th(OH)4, can be prepared by adding a hydroxide of ammonium or an alkali metal to a thorium salt solution, where it appears as a gelatinous precipitate that will dissolve in dilute acids, among other substances.[8] It can also be prepared by electrolysis of thorium nitrates.[8] It is stable from 260–450 °C; at 470 °C and above it continuously decomposes to become thoria.[8] It easily absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide to form the hydrated carbonate ThOCO3·xH2O and, under high-pressure conditions in a carbon dioxide atmosphere, Th(CO3)2·0.5H2O or Th(OH)2CO3·2H2O.[8][59] ### Halides Edit All four thorium tetrahalides are known, as are some low-valent bromides and iodides.[9] Additionally, many related polyhalide ions are also known.[9] Thorium tetrafluoride (ThF4) is most easily produced by reacting various thorium salts, thoria, or thorium hydroxide with hydrogen fluoride: methods that involve steps in the aqueous phase are more difficult because they result in hydroxide and oxide fluorides that have to be reduced with hydrogen fluoride or fluorine gas.[9] It has a monoclinic crystal structure and is isotypic with zirconium tetrafluoride and hafnium tetrafluoride, where the Th4+ ions are coordinated with F ions in somewhat distorted square antiprisms.[9] It is a white, hygroscopic powder: at temperatures above 500 °C, it reacts with atmospheric moisture to produce the oxyfluoride ThOF2.[60] Thorium tetrachloride (ThCl4) can be produced in many ways. The usual method is crystallization from an aqueous solution and then heating the product above 100 °C to dehydrate it.[9] Further purification can be achieved by subliming it. Its melting and boiling points are respectively 770 °C and 921 °C.[9] It undergoes a phase transition at 405 °C, with a low-temperature α phase and high-temperature β phase. Nevertheless, the β phase usually persists below the transition temperature. Both phases crystallize in the tetragonal crystal system and the structural differences are small.[9] Below −203 °C, a low-temperature form exists with a complex structure.[9] Thorium tetrabromide (ThBr4) can be produced either by reacting thorium(IV) hydroxide with hydrobromic acid (which has the disadvantage of often resulting in products contaminated with oxybromides) or by directly reacting bromine or hydrogen bromide with thorium metal or compounds.[9] The product can then be purified by sublimation at 600 °C in a vacuum.[9] The melting and boiling points are 679 °C and 857 °C.[9] Like the tetrachloride, both an α and a β form exist and both are isotypic to the tetrachloride forms, though the phase transition here occurs at 426 °C. There is also a low-temperature form.[9] Incomplete reports of the lower bromides ThBr3, ThBr2, and ThBr are known (the last only known as a gas-phase molecular species): ThBr3 and ThBr2 are known to be very reactive and at high temperatures disproportionate.[9] Thorium tetraiodide (ThI4) is prepared by direct reaction of the elements in a sealed silica ampoule. Water and oxygen must not be present, or else ThOI2 and ThO2 can contaminate the product.[9] It has a different crystal structure from the other tetrahalides, being monoclinic.[9] The lower iodides ThI3 and ThI2 can be prepared by reducing the tetraiodide with thorium metal. (ThI is also predicted to form as an intermediate in the dissociation of ThI4 to thorium metal.)[9] These do not contain Th(III) and Th(II), but instead contain Th4+ and could be more clearly formulated as Th4+(I)3(e) and Th4+(I)2(e)2 respectively.[9] Depending on the amount of time allowed for the reaction between ThI4 and thorium, two modifications of ThI3 can be produced: shorter times give thin lustrous rods of α-ThI3, while longer times give small β-ThI3 crystals with green to brass-colored luster.[9] ThI2 also has two modifications, which can be produced by varying the reaction temperature: at 600 °C, α-ThI2 is formed, while a reaction temperature of 700–850 °C produces β-ThI2, which has a golden luster.[9] Many polynary halides with the alkali metals, barium, thallium, and ammonium are known for thorium fluorides, chlorides, and bromides.[9] For example, when treated with potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid, Th4+ forms the complex anion ThF2− 6 , which precipitates as an insoluble salt, K2ThF6.[6] ### Chalcogenides and pnictides Edit The heavier chalcogens sulfur, selenium, and tellurium are known to form thorium chalcogenides, many of which have more complex structure than the oxides. Apart from several binary compounds, the oxychalcogenides ThOS (yellow), ThOSe, and ThOTe are also known.[61] The five binary thorium sulfides – ThS (lustrous metallic), Th2S3 (brown metallic), Th7S12 (black), ThS2 (purple-brown), and Th2S5 (orange-brown) – may be produced by reacting hydrogen sulfide with thorium, its halides, or thoria (the last if carbon is present): they all hydrolyze in acidic solutions.[61] The six selenides are analogous to the sulfides, with the addition of ThSe3.[61] The five tellurides are also similar to the sulfides and selenides (although Th2Te5 is unknown), but have slightly different crystal structures: for example, ThS has the sodium chloride structure, but ThTe has the caesium chloride structure.[61] All five chemically characterized pnictogens (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) also form compounds with thorium.[62] Three thorium nitrides are known: ThN, Th3N4, and Th2N3. The brass-colored Th3N4 is most easily produced by heating thorium metal in a nitrogen atmosphere. Th3N4 and Th2N3 decompose to the golden-yellow ThN, and indeed ThN can often be seen covering the surface of Th3N4 samples because Th3N4 is hygroscopic and water vapor in the air can decompose it: thin films of ThN are metallic in character and, like all other actinide mononitrides, has the sodium chloride structure. ThN is also a low-temperature superconductor. All three nitrides can react with thorium halides to form halide nitrides ThNX (X = F, Cl, Br, I).[62] The heavier pnictogens also form analogous monopnictides, except ThBi which has not yet been structurally characterized. The other well-characterized thorium pnictides are Th3P4, Th2P11, ThP7, Th3As4, ThAs2, Th3Sb4, ThSb2, and ThBi2.[62] ### Other inorganic Edit Thorium reacts with hydrogen to form the thorium hydrides ThH2 and Th4H15, the latter of which is superconducting below the transition temperature of 7.5–8 K; at standard temperature and pressure, it conducts electricity like a metal.[7] Finely divided thorium metal reacts very readily with hydrogen at standard conditions, but large pieces may need to be heated to 300–400 °C for a reaction to take place.[7] Around 850 °C, the reaction forming first ThH2 and then Th4H15 occurs without breaking up the structure of the thorium metal.[7] Thorium hydrides react readily with oxygen or steam to form thoria, and at 250–350 °C quickly react with hydrogen halides, sulfides, phosphides, and nitrides to form the corresponding thorium binary compounds.[7] Three binary thorium borides are known: ThB6, ThB4, and ThB12. The last is isotypic with UB12. While reports of ThB66 and ThB76 exist, they may simply be thorium-stabilized boron allotropes.[63] The three known binary thorium carbides are ThC2, Th2C3, and ThC: all are produced by reacting thorium or thoria with carbon. ThC and ThC2 are refractory solids and have melting points over 2600 °C.[63] Many other inorganic thorium compounds with polyatomic anions are known, such as the perchlorates, sulfates, sulfites, nitrates, carbonates, phosphates, vanadates, molybdates, chromates, and other oxometallates,[lower-alpha 14] many of which are known in hydrated forms.[59] These are important in thorium purification and the disposal of nuclear waste, but most have not yet been fully characterized, especially on their structural properties.[59] For example, thorium perchlorate is very water-soluble and crystallizes from acidic solutions as the tetrahydrate Th(ClO4)4·4H2O, while thorium nitrate forms tetra- and pentahydrates, is soluble in water and alcohols, and is an important intermediate in the purification of thorium and its compounds.[59] ### Organometallic and other carbon-containing compounds Edit Like many of the early and middle actinides (thorium through americium, and also expected for curium), thorium forms the yellow cyclooctatetraenide complex Th(C8H8)2, thorocene. It is isotypic with the more well-known analogous uranium compound, uranocene.[64] It can be prepared by reacting K2C8H8 with thorium tetrachloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at the temperature of dry ice, or by reacting thorium tetrafluoride with MgC8H8.[64] It is an unstable compound in air and outright decomposes in water or at 190 °C.[64] Many other organothorium compounds are known, many involving the cyclopentadienyl anion.[64] Some coordination complexes with carboxylates and acetylacetonates are also known, although these are not organothorium compounds.[59] ## Applications Edit ### Nuclear Edit Due to thorium's radioactivity, the most important possible use of thorium is in the thorium fuel cycle as a nuclear fuel and in radiometric dating.[30] #### Nuclear energy Edit Main article: Thorium fuel cycle In thermal breeder reactors, the fertile isotope 232Th, the most common thorium isotope, is bombarded by slow neutrons, undergoing neutron capture to become 233Th, which undergoes two consecutive beta decays to become first 233Pa and then the fissile 233U:[30] ${}_{\ 90}^{232}\mathrm{Th} + \mathrm{n} \rightarrow {}_{\ 90}^{233} \mathrm{Th} + \gamma\ \xrightarrow{\beta^-}\ {}_{\ 91}^{233}\mathrm{Pa}\ \xrightarrow{\beta^-}\ {}_{\ 92}^{233}\mathrm{U}$ 233U is fissile and hence can be used as a nuclear fuel in much the same way as the more-commonly used 235U or 239Pu. When 233U undergoes nuclear fission, the neutrons emitted can strike further 232Th nuclei, restarting the cycle.[30] This closely parallels the uranium fuel cycle in fast breeder reactors where 238U undergoes neutron capture to become 239U, beta decaying to first 239Np and then fissile 239Pu.[65] The main advantage of the thorium fuel cycle is that thorium is more abundant than uranium and hence can satisfy world energy demands for longer. An added advantage 233U and 239Pu enjoy over all other fissile nuclei (except the naturally occurring 235U) is that they can be bred from the naturally-occurring quantity isotopes 232Th and 238U.[66][67][lower-alpha 15] Additionally, 233U is easily detected, can be mixed with 238Ucitation needed to prevent direct use in nuclear weapons citation needed and limit nuclear proliferation, and has a higher neutron yield than 239Pu. Thorium fuels also result in a safer and better-performing reactor core[30] because thoria has a higher melting point, higher thermal conductivity, and lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the now-common fuel uranium dioxide (UO2): thoria also exhibits greater chemical stability Script error and, unlike uranium dioxide, does not further oxidize.[1] 230Th → 231Th ← 232Th → 233Th (White actinides: t½<27d) ↓ ↓ 231Pa → 232Pa ← 233Pa → 234Pa (Colored : t½>68y) ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ 231U ← 232U ↔ 233U ↔ 234U ↔ 235U ↔ 236U → 237U ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ (Fission products with t½<90y or t½>200ky) 237Np A single neutron capture by 238U would produce transuranic waste, along with it fissile 239Pu, whereas six captures are generally necessary to do so from 232Th. 98–99% of thorium-cycle fuel nuclei would fission at either 233U or 235U, so fewer long-lived transuranics are produced. Because of this, thorium is a potentially attractive alternative to uranium in mixed oxide (MOX) fuels to minimize the generation of transuranics and maximize the destruction of plutonium.[2] A disadvantage of the thorium fuel cycle is the need to neutron irradiate and process natural 232Th before these advantages become real, and this requires more advanced technology than the presently used fuels based on uranium and plutonium; nevertheless, advances are being made in this technology.[3] Another common criticism centers around the low commercial viability of the thorium fuel cycle:[4][5][6] some entities like the Nuclear Energy Agency go further and predict that the thorium cycle will never be commercially viable while uranium is available in abundance—a situation which Trevor Findlay predicts will persist "in the coming decades".[7] In 1997, the U.S. Energy Department underwrote research into thorium fuel, and research also was begun in 1996 by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to study the use of thorium reactors. Nuclear scientist Alvin Radkowsky of Tel Aviv University in Israel founded a consortium to develop thorium reactors, which included other companies: Raytheon Nuclear Inc., Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow.[8] Radkowsky was chief scientist in the U.S. nuclear submarine program directed by Admiral Hyman Rickover and later headed the design team that built the USA's first civilian nuclear power plant at Shippingport, Pennsylvania, which was a scaled-up version of the first naval reactor.[8] The third Shippingport core, initiated in 1977, bred thorium.[9] Even earlier examples of reactors using fuel with thorium exist, including the first core at the Indian Point Energy Center in 1962.[10] However, in most countries uranium was relatively abundant and hence research into thorium fuel waned for a while. A notable exception was India's three-stage nuclear power programme.[11] In the twenty-first century thorium's potential for improving proliferation resistance and waste characteristics led to renewed interest in the thorium fuel cycle.[12][13][14] Currently, some countries such as India are developing technology for thorium nuclear reactors.[15][16] #### Radiometric dating Edit Two radiometric dating methods involve thorium isotopes: uranium-thorium dating, involving the decay of 234U to 230Th (ionium), and ionium-thorium dating, which measures the ratio of 232Th to 230Th. These rely on the fact that 232Th is a primordial radioisotope, but 230Th only occurs as an intermediate decay product in the decay chain of 238U.[17] Uranium-thorium dating is a relatively short-range process because of the short half-lives of 234U and 230Th relative to the age of the Earth: it is also accompanied by a sister process involving the alpha decay of 235U into 231Th, which very quickly becomes the longer-lived 231Pa, and this process is often used to check the results of uranium-thorium dating. Uranium-thorium dating is commonly used to determine the age of calcium carbonate materials such as speleothem or coral, because while uranium is rather soluble in H2O, Th and Template:Protactinium are not, and so they are selectively precipitated into ocean-floor sediments, from which their ratios are measured. The scheme has a range of several hundred thousand years.[17][18] Ionium-thorium dating is a related process, which exploits the insolubility of thorium (both 232Th and 230Th) and thus its presence in ocean sediments to date these sediments by measuring the ratio of 232Th to 230Th.[19][20] Both of these dating methods assume that the proportion of thorium-230 to thorium-232 is a constant during the time period when the sediment layer was formed, that the sediment did not already contain thorium before contributions from the decay of uranium, and that the thorium cannot shift within the sediment layer.[19][20] ### Non-nuclear Edit Many non-nuclear applications of thorium are becoming obsolete due to environmental concerns largely stemming from the radioactivity of thorium and its decay products.[3] A notable exception is the use of thoria in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) to increase the high-temperature strength of tungsten electrodes and improve arc stability.Script error The electrodes labeled EWTH-1 contain 1% thoria, while those labeled EWTH-2 contain 2%.[1] In electronic equipment, thorium coating of tungsten wire improves the electron emission of heated cathodes.[2] The melting point of thoria is 3300 °C – the highest of all known oxides. Only a few elements (including tungsten and carbon) and a few compounds (including tantalum carbide) have higher melting points.[3] This means that when heated to high temperatures, it does not melt, but merely glows with an intense blue light; addition of cerium dioxide gives a bright white light.[4] This property of thoria means that thoria and thorium nitrate are used in mantles of portable gas lights, including natural gas lamps, oil lamps and camping lights.[5] A study in 1981 estimated that the dose from using a thorium mantle every weekend for a year would be 0.3–0.6 millirems (mrem), tiny in comparison to the normal annual dose of a few hundred millirems (a person actually ingesting a mantle would receive a dose of 200 mrem (2 mSv)).[6][7] However, the radioactivity is a major concern for people involved with the manufacture of mantles, and an issue with contamination of soil around some former factory sites.[8] Due to these concerns, some manufacturers have switched to other materials, such as yttrium, although these are usually either more expensive or less efficient. Other manufacturers continue to make thorium mantles, but moved their factories to developing countries.[7] Thoria is a material for heat-resistant ceramics, as used in high-temperature laboratory crucibles.[9] When added to glass, it helps increase refractive index and decrease dispersion. Such glass finds application in high-quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments.[2] The radiation from these lenses can darken them and turn them yellow over a period of years and degrade film, but the health risks are minimal.[10] Yellowed lenses may be restored to their original colorless state with lengthy exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation. Thoria was used to control the grain size of tungsten metal used for spirals of electric lamps. Thoriated tungsten elements are found in the filaments of vacuum tubes, e.g. magnetron found in microwave oven. Thorium is added because it lowers the effective work function with the result that the thoriated tungsten thermocathode emits electrons at considerably lower temperatures.[9] Thoria has been used as a catalyst in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid,[9] in petroleum cracking and in producing sulfuric acid.[9] It is the active ingredient of Thorotrast, which was used as radiocontrast agent for X-ray diagnostics because of thorium's high opacity to X-rays. This use has been abandoned due to its carcinogenic nature.[2] Thorium tetrafluoride is used as an antireflection material in multilayered optical coatings. It has excellent optical transparency in the range of 0.35–12 µm, and its radiation is primarily due to alpha particles, which can be easily stopped by a thin cover layer of another material.[11] Thorium tetrafluoride was also used in manufacturing carbon arc lamps, which provided high-intensity illumination for movie projectors and search lights.[5] ## Precautions Edit As thorium occurs naturally, it exists in very small quantities almost everywhere on Earth: the average human contains about 100 micrograms of thorium and typically consumes three micrograms per day of thorium.[12] This exposure is raised for people who live near uranium, phosphate, or tin processing factories, thorium deposits, radioactive waste disposal sites, and for those who work in uranium, thorium, tin, or phosphate mining or gas mantle production industries.[13] When thorium is ingested, 99.98% does not remain in the body. Out of the thorium that does remain in the body, three quarters of it accumulates in the skeleton. While absorption through the skin is possible, it is not a likely means of thorium exposure.[14] Powdered thorium metal is pyrophoric and often ignites spontaneously in air.[15] The chemical toxicity of thorium is low because thorium and its most common compounds (mostly the dioxide) are poorly soluble in water.[18] Nevertheless, some thorium compounds are chemically moderately toxic. People who work with thorium compounds are at a risk of dermatitis. It can take as much as thirty years after the ingestion of thorium for symptoms to manifest themselves.[12] ## References Edit 1. Script error 2. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CRC 3. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Emsley 4. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wickleder7077 5. 5.0 5.1 Script error 6. Stoves – Survival Unlimited 7. 7.0 7.1 The Straight Dope: Are camp lanterns radioactive? 8. http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/hhazweb/hhw_no_3.pdf 9. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wickleder523 10. Thoriated Camera Lens (ca. 1970s) 11. Script error 12. 12.0 12.1 Script error 13. Thorium ToxFAQs – Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 Thorium: Radiation Protection – US EPA 15. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wickleder6163 16. Natural Decay Series: Uranium, Radium, and Thorium. Argonne National Laboratory, EVS: Human Health Fact Sheet, August 2005] 17. Radioactivity in Lantern Mantles. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency 18. B. Merkel, G. Dudel et al.: Untersuchungen zur radiologischen Emission des Uran-Tailings Schneckenstein, 1988 (PDF; 4 MB), TU Bergakademie Freiberg and TU Dresden. • Script error • Script error • Script error • Script error	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 1, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7883490920066833, "perplexity": 6074.977003884648}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105961.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820015021-20170820035021-00021.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/r-of-hydrogen-atom-in-ground-state.8351/	<r> of hydrogen atom in ground state • Start date • #1 211 2 Using the ground state of the hydrogen atom Psi 1,0,0 = sqrt([pi]a3) e-r/a I get <r> the expected radius as <r> = 3a/2 where a = Bohr radius. Anybody happen to know if this correct? It would have been cooler if the Bohr radius in physical constants were <r> and the scale factor were in Psi 1,0,0. • #2 841 1 • Last Post Replies 12 Views 553 • Last Post Replies 2 Views 20K • Last Post Replies 11 Views 4K • Last Post Replies 4 Views 1K • Last Post Replies 26 Views 1K • Last Post Replies 3 Views 41K • Last Post Replies 4 Views 1K • Last Post Replies 3 Views 6K • Last Post Replies 1 Views 1K • Last Post Replies 15 Views 5K	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8912397623062134, "perplexity": 20123.305097411234}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988759.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506175146-20210506205146-00547.warc.gz"}
https://www.hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-5276-post-47058.html	Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. 12-05-2015, 09:19 AM Post: #1 [email protected] Senior Member Posts: 499 Joined: Nov 2014 Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. Hi, I am think have found what I was wanted to find, that it is : To see in first line of display : PRIME FACTORS in good mathematic presentation TO see in 2nd line of display : The integer wich is PRIME FACTORED. I reach do this this night, but it is not runing well as far. If I reach good I will put in forum. I put a result in attachement. Gérard. 12-05-2015, 12:46 PM (This post was last modified: 12-05-2015 12:48 PM by [email protected].) Post: #2 [email protected] Senior Member Posts: 499 Joined: Nov 2014 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. Hi, The difficulty is to translate the codes to input in ALPHA REGISTER. A way to do this is go in base HEX, for instance the exponant sign is 5E in the array of code characters in manual, 2 is 32 in array which is HEXA, SPACE is 06 in the array, so I go HEXA I put the code hexa of what I want, for example : 2^2[space] I do 32 x->a 5e x->a 32 x->a, it is "2^2" in alpha register. Of course I have made a routine for translate what I need ! numbers 2 to 9 (it is sufficient I think), and ^, ., SPACE, after I display alpha register and I have my result. Gérard. 12-08-2015, 09:23 PM (This post was last modified: 12-09-2015 12:49 PM by Dieter.) Post: #3 Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-05-2015 12:46 PM)[email protected] Wrote: The difficulty is to translate the codes to input in ALPHA REGISTER. Why should one want to do this? Codes? Why do you want to use codes ?-) (12-05-2015 12:46 PM)[email protected] Wrote: A way to do this is go in base HEX, for instance the exponant sign is 5E in the array of code characters in manual, 2 is 32 in array which is HEXA, SPACE is 06 in the array, so I go HEXA I put the code hexa of what I want, for example : 2^2[space] I do 32 x->a 5e x->a 32 x->a, it is "2^2" in alpha register. Of course I have made a routine for translate what I need ! numbers 2 to 9 (it is sufficient I think), and ^, ., SPACE, after I display alpha register and I have my result. Maybe I do not understand why you want to use such a complicated method. But why don't you just directly append the characters and numbers you want? Let's assume the factor is in register 1 and the exponent in register 2, why don't you simply do it this way: Code: αIP 01 "^" αIP 02 Remember: unlike the HP41, there is no "append" character on the 34s. Every alpha entry is automatically appended to the existing alpha string. So you always have to use CLα if you want to start a new alpha string. The exponent character "^" is in the alpha calatog at [f] [→], a space is [h] [0] (=PSE) and a multiplication symbol is also available at [f] [x]. However, I did not find a centered dot like "·". Walter? Anyway, the 34s alpha display is of not much use here as the number of displayed characters is very limited. Unlike the HP41, the display does not scroll. Dieter 12-09-2015, 07:22 AM Post: #4 walter b On Vacation Posts: 1,957 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-08-2015 09:23 PM)Dieter Wrote: However, I did not find a centered dot like "·". Walter? There is no center dot provided on the WP 34S - there will be one on the WP 43S. d:-) 12-09-2015, 01:05 PM (This post was last modified: 12-09-2015 01:33 PM by Dieter.) Post: #5 Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-08-2015 09:23 PM)Dieter Wrote: Anyway, the 34s alpha display is of not much use here as the number of displayed characters is very limited. Unlike the HP41, the display does not scroll. Output on a single line may be shortened by using the ² and ³ characters. Which can be done in a dedicated output routine. But even this way results with more than 10 or 11 characters can not be displayed – everything beyond that simply is not shown. This may be solved by removing the first characters until the output line does not exceed this limit: Code: αLENG #010 - x>0? αSL→X A more sophisticated version may remove the first characters until it comes across a "×": Code: 2^5×5^3×7 → …5^3×7×41 These problems with single-line output are the reason why I prefer the following method: Code: 492000 XEQ"PRF" 2^5 [R/S] ×3 [R/S] ×5^3 [R/S] ×41 Simple and straightforward. ;-) Dieter 12-09-2015, 02:33 PM Post: #6 fhub Member Posts: 188 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-09-2015 01:05 PM)Dieter Wrote: Simple and straightforward. ;-) But what if the number itself is a prime with more than 11 digits, e.g. 100000000003? You can't completely show it in the alpha display, so if you really want to get prime factor with their exponent, then I guess the only way would be to display the prime factor in X and then exponent in alpha. Franz 12-09-2015, 06:29 PM Post: #7 Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-09-2015 02:33 PM)fhub Wrote: But what if (...) You can't (...) Yes, you can't. Choose any method, and there will be a limit where it doesn't work. One more reason to return the prime factors one at a time (via R/S). Or use a printer. Apropos: the 34s seems to behave differenlty compared to the 41-series (and maybe also the 42s) in that the VIEW commands (including AVIEW resp. VIEWα and VWα+) do not print, so that a separate print command is required if output should also appear on the printer. The [printer]? test command does not help much here as it does not test whether a printer is connected and ready or not. There is no equivalent to the 41/42 flags 21 and 55. Maybe all this can be improved in, err... "future projects". ;-) Dieter 12-09-2015, 06:32 PM (This post was last modified: 12-09-2015 06:33 PM by fhub.) Post: #8 fhub Member Posts: 188 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-09-2015 06:29 PM)Dieter Wrote: Yes, you can't. Choose any method, and there will be a limit where it doesn't work. One more reason to return the prime factors one at a time (via R/S). Yes, here's the way I would do it (separated primefactors in X and exponents in alpha), thus no limit to 11 digits - it's just a modification of my old 'PF' in the WP34s library: Code: /* Prime Factorization: list of 'true' prime factors (1<pf<n) Input: X:n (positive integer) Output: X:pf1 (primefactor1) Alpha:^ex1 (exponent1) [R/S] X:pf2 (primefactor2) Alpha:^ex2 (exponent2) [R/S] ..... [R/S] n Used: XYZT */ 0001 LBL'PF' 0002 LocR 004 0003 INT? 0004 x<1? 0005 RTN 0006 STO .00 0007 2 0008 RCL Y 0009 [sqrt] 0010 IP 0011 STO .03 0012 DROP 0013 x>? .03 0014 SKIP 013 0015 [cmplx]ENTER 0016 MOD 0017 x=0? 0018 SKIP 005 0019 DROP 0020 INC X 0021 EVEN? 0022 INC X 0023 BACK 010 0024 DROP 0025 XEQ 00 0026 STO/ Y 0027 BACK 019 0028 DROP 0029 XEQ 00 0030 CLSTK 0031 RCL .00 0032 LBL 00 0033 x[!=]? .01 0034 SKIP 002 0035 INC .02 0036 SKIP 011 0037 # 001 0038 RCL Y 0039 [cmplx]x[<->] .01 0040 x=0? 0041 SKIP 005 0042 CL[alpha] 0043 [alpha] ^ 0044 [alpha]IP Y 0045 PROMPT 0046 CL[alpha] 0047 [cmplx]DROP 0048 END Franz 12-09-2015, 07:33 PM Post: #9 Marcus von Cube Senior Member Posts: 760 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-09-2015 06:29 PM)Dieter Wrote: The [printer]? test command does not help much here as it does not test whether a printer is connected and ready or not. There is no equivalent to the 41/42 flags 21 and 55. Maybe all this can be improved in, err... "future projects". ;-) Sorry, but the IR printer cannot talk back to the calculator so there is no chance to check if the printer is ready. The [printer]? test command just tells whether the correct firmware for printing is installed. Marcus von Cube Wehrheim, Germany http://www.mvcsys.de http://wp34s.sf.net http://mvcsys.de/doc/basic-compare.html 12-09-2015, 08:10 PM Post: #10 walter b On Vacation Posts: 1,957 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. Please allow me to quote the entry for ⎙? in the IOP of the manual: Quote:Tests if a quartz crystal and the necessary firmware are installed for printing. I.e. ⎙? will return true if XTAL? returns true and calc_ir.bin (or calc_ir_full.bin) is loaded. The IR diode must be checked visually. HTH d:-) 12-09-2015, 09:33 PM Post: #11 Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-09-2015 08:10 PM)walter b Wrote: Please allow me to quote the entry for ⎙? in the IOP of the manual: Walter, I know very well what the [printer]? test does – and what it doesn't. That's exactly my point: There is no way of checking whether a printer is connected and ready or not. Dieter 12-10-2015, 07:48 AM Post: #12 walter b On Vacation Posts: 1,957 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. Fine. We can agree on that. d:-) 12-10-2015, 11:06 AM Post: #13 Marcus von Cube Senior Member Posts: 760 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-09-2015 09:33 PM)Dieter Wrote: There is no way of checking whether a printer is connected and ready or not. And we have no chance to change that without different printer hardware. Marcus von Cube Wehrheim, Germany http://www.mvcsys.de http://wp34s.sf.net http://mvcsys.de/doc/basic-compare.html 12-10-2015, 05:24 PM (This post was last modified: 12-10-2015 05:40 PM by Dieter.) Post: #14 Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-09-2015 06:32 PM)fhub Wrote: Yes, here's the way I would do it (separated primefactors in X and exponents in alpha), thus no limit to 11 digits - Right, now the limit is at 12 digits. OK, unless you use the functions to view all mantissa digits. But if this is allowed you can just as well view the complete alpha string. ;-) BTW, is there a special reason why in this thread noone ever mentioned the NEXTP function to obtain the next divisor? Instead the programs simply test all odd divisors. #-) I have modified your program accordingly, and it still works fine. Just a bit faster. Dieter 12-10-2015, 05:35 PM Post: #15 Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-10-2015 11:06 AM)Marcus von Cube Wrote: (12-09-2015 09:33 PM)Dieter Wrote: There is no way of checking whether a printer is connected and ready or not. And we have no chance to change that without different printer hardware. Yes, I see the hardware limits. Do you see any chance to overcome this problem, e.g. for the 43s project? Is there a way to connect a different kind of printer? Dieter 12-10-2015, 05:43 PM Post: #16 fhub Member Posts: 188 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-10-2015 05:24 PM)Dieter Wrote: BTW, is there a special reason why in this thread noone ever mentioned the NEXTP function to obtain the next divisor? Instead the programs simply test all odd divisors. #-) I have modified your program accordingly, and it still works fine. Just a bit faster. I remember that long time ago a member here mentioned, that NEXTP (which is still in my original version in the WP34s library) would be MUCH slower (on a real calc) than simply using INC, so I've changed this for the current version. It's strange that you state it would be faster!? Franz 12-10-2015, 06:12 PM Post: #17 Marcus von Cube Senior Member Posts: 760 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-10-2015 05:35 PM)Dieter Wrote: Do you see any chance to overcome this problem, e.g. for the 43s project? Is there a way to connect a different kind of printer? I don't know if the new hardware will support Bluetooth or USB OTG. If not, I don't see a chance. Marcus von Cube Wehrheim, Germany http://www.mvcsys.de http://wp34s.sf.net http://mvcsys.de/doc/basic-compare.html 12-10-2015, 06:25 PM Post: #18 fhub Member Posts: 188 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-10-2015 05:43 PM)fhub Wrote: (12-10-2015 05:24 PM)Dieter Wrote: BTW, is there a special reason why in this thread noone ever mentioned the NEXTP function to obtain the next divisor? Instead the programs simply test all odd divisors. #-) I have modified your program accordingly, and it still works fine. Just a bit faster. I remember that long time ago a member here mentioned, that NEXTP (which is still in my original version in the WP34s library) would be MUCH slower (on a real calc) than simply using INC, so I've changed this for the current version. It's strange that you state it would be faster!? Ok, I've now checked both versions with the emulator, I've used the biggest 12-digit primenumber 999999999989: the new version (with INC X, EVEN?, INC X) needs about 5 secs and the old version (with NEXTP) needs about 50 secs, i.e. it is 10-times slower! (I don't think this would be much different on a real WP34s) Franz 12-10-2015, 06:45 PM (This post was last modified: 12-10-2015 06:46 PM by Dieter.) Post: #19 Dieter Senior Member Posts: 2,397 Joined: Dec 2013 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-10-2015 06:25 PM)fhub Wrote: Ok, I've now checked both versions with the emulator, I did so with some moderate 5...8-digit primes on "real hardware". But the results are comparable: Indeed the simple INC method is much faster than NEXTP. For instance factoring 1234577 (=1x1234577 ;-)) takes about 15 vs. less than 2 seconds. I don't know how I got to my previous conclusion that NEXTP was faster – sorry, my fault. Dieter 12-18-2015, 02:03 PM Post: #20 [email protected] Senior Member Posts: 499 Joined: Nov 2014 RE: Prime Factors in the ALPHA REG. (12-08-2015 09:23 PM)Dieter Wrote: (12-05-2015 12:46 PM)[email protected] Wrote: The difficulty is to translate the codes to input in ALPHA REGISTER. Why should one want to do this? Codes? Why do you want to use codes ?-) (12-05-2015 12:46 PM)[email protected] Wrote: A way to do this is go in base HEX, for instance the exponant sign is 5E in the array of code characters in manual, 2 is 32 in array which is HEXA, SPACE is 06 in the array, so I go HEXA I put the code hexa of what I want, for example : 2^2[space] I do 32 x->a 5e x->a 32 x->a, it is "2^2" in alpha register. Of course I have made a routine for translate what I need ! numbers 2 to 9 (it is sufficient I think), and ^, ., SPACE, after I display alpha register and I have my result. Maybe I do not understand why you want to use such a complicated method. But why don't you just directly append the characters and numbers you want? Let's assume the factor is in register 1 and the exponent in register 2, why don't you simply do it this way: Code: αIP 01 "^" αIP 02 Remember: unlike the HP41, there is no "append" character on the 34s. Every alpha entry is automatically appended to the existing alpha string. So you always have to use CLα if you want to start a new alpha string. The exponent character "^" is in the alpha calatog at [f] [→], a space is [h] [0] (=PSE) and a multiplication symbol is also available at [f] [x]. However, I did not find a centered dot like "·". Walter? Anyway, the 34s alpha display is of not much use here as the number of displayed characters is very limited. Unlike the HP41, the display does not scroll. Dieter Hi Dieter my friend, Now at home I am able to reply, I have do this because Walter in manual say, characters are in internal codes, so of course it is complicated and health stoped my research. I had look "append" but I know it is not. At hospital, I have programed all codes for characters, but you seem saying it is not usefull. I am happy to retrieved you all ! Gérard. « Next Oldest \| Next Newest » User(s) browsing this thread: 1 Guest(s)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.411358118057251, "perplexity": 3504.18513341401}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348513230.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606093706-20200606123706-00210.warc.gz"}
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/e/enhanced+observing+period.html	#### Sample records for enhanced observing period 1. Aerial Observation; A Bibliography of Periodical Articles. Science.gov (United States) 1982-04-01 99,90, Jan 1944. ’If not an Air OP why not locatinc7," 2CRA, ?0:115-123, Apr 1953. Jackson , I-ian E. "FDC an- the Artillery Air Observer," FM, 34...194, 1886. Thom.pson, Percy N;. "Organization and ’aneuver of Ficld Artillery Observation," .IL RVW, 25:53-60, Apr 1945. "To See or not to see," JORA 2. Chaos and bifurcations in periodic windows observed in plasmas International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Qin, J.; Wang, L.; Yuan, D.P.; Gao, P.; Zhang, B.Z. 1989-01-01 We report the experimental observations of deterministic chaos in a steady-state plasma which is not driven by any extra periodic forces. Two routes to chaos have been found, period-doubling and intermittent chaos. The fine structures in chaos such as periodic windows and bifurcations in windows have also been observed 3. Periodic Properties and Inquiry: Student Mental Models Observed during a Periodic Table Puzzle Activity Science.gov (United States) Larson, Kathleen G.; Long, George R.; Briggs, Michael W. 2012-01-01 The mental models of both novice and advanced chemistry students were observed while the students performed a periodic table activity. The mental model framework seems to be an effective way of analyzing student behavior during learning activities. The analysis suggests that students do not recognize periodic trends through the examination of… 4. Slow light enhancement and limitations in periodic media DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Grgic, Jure in the vicinity of the band edge. The minimum attainable group velocity will depend on the amount of imperfections. Since imperfections are inherited as part of any periodic structure it is necessary to take them into account when we are interested in slow light applications. Slowly propagating light gives rise......Properties of periodic dielectric media have attracted a big interest in the last two decades due to numerous exciting physical phenomena that cannot occur in homogeneous media. Due to their strong dispersive properties, the speed of light can be significantly slowed down in periodic structures....... When light velocity is much smaller than the speed of light in a vacuum, we describe this phenomena as slow light. In this thesis, we analyze important properties of slow light enhancement and limitations in periodic structures. We analyze quantitatively and qualitatively different technologies... 5. Non-resonant terahertz field enhancement in periodically arranged nanoslits DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Novitsky, Andrey; Ivinskaya, Aliaksandra; Zalkovskij, Maksim 2012-01-01 We analyze ultra strong non-resonant field enhancement of THz field in periodic arrays of nanoslits cut in ultrathin metal films. The main feature of our approach is that the slit size and metal film thickness are several orders of magnitude smaller than the wavelength λ of the impinging radiatio...... by the microscopic Drude-Lorentz model taking into account retardation processes in the metal film and validated by the finite difference frequency domain method. We expect sensor and modulation applications of the predicted giant broadband field enhancement.......We analyze ultra strong non-resonant field enhancement of THz field in periodic arrays of nanoslits cut in ultrathin metal films. The main feature of our approach is that the slit size and metal film thickness are several orders of magnitude smaller than the wavelength λ of the impinging radiation...... approaches the THz wavelength but before entering the Raleigh-Wood anomaly, the field enhancement in nanoslit stays close to that in a single isolated slit, i.e., the well-known inversefrequency dependence. Both regimes are non-resonant and thus extremely broadband for P 6. Broadband solar absorption enhancement via periodic nanostructuring of electrodes. KAUST Repository Adachi, Michael M; Labelle, André J; Thon, Susanna M; Lan, Xinzheng; Hoogland, Sjoerd; Sargent, Edward H 2013-01-01 Solution processed colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells have great potential for large area low-cost photovoltaics. However, light utilization remains low mainly due to the tradeoff between small carrier transport lengths and longer infrared photon absorption lengths. Here, we demonstrate a bottom-illuminated periodic nanostructured CQD solar cell that enhances broadband absorption without compromising charge extraction efficiency of the device. We use finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations to study the nanostructure for implementation in a realistic device and then build proof-of-concept nanostructured solar cells, which exhibit a broadband absorption enhancement over the wavelength range of λ = 600 to 1,100 nm, leading to a 31% improvement in overall short-circuit current density compared to a planar device containing an approximately equal volume of active material. Remarkably, the improved current density is achieved using a light-absorber volume less than half that typically used in the best planar devices. 7. Broadband solar absorption enhancement via periodic nanostructuring of electrodes. KAUST Repository 2013-10-14 Solution processed colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells have great potential for large area low-cost photovoltaics. However, light utilization remains low mainly due to the tradeoff between small carrier transport lengths and longer infrared photon absorption lengths. Here, we demonstrate a bottom-illuminated periodic nanostructured CQD solar cell that enhances broadband absorption without compromising charge extraction efficiency of the device. We use finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations to study the nanostructure for implementation in a realistic device and then build proof-of-concept nanostructured solar cells, which exhibit a broadband absorption enhancement over the wavelength range of λ = 600 to 1,100 nm, leading to a 31% improvement in overall short-circuit current density compared to a planar device containing an approximately equal volume of active material. Remarkably, the improved current density is achieved using a light-absorber volume less than half that typically used in the best planar devices. 8. Short-Period Binary Stars: Observations, Analyses, and Results CERN Document Server Milone, Eugene F; Hobill, David W 2008-01-01 Short-period binaries run the gamut from widely separated stars to black-hole pairs; in between are systems that include neutron stars and white dwarfs, and partially evolved systems such as tidally distorted and over-contact systems. These objects represent stages of evolution of binary stars, and their degrees of separation provide critical clues to how their evolutionary paths differ from that of single stars. The widest and least distorted systems provide astronomers with the essential precise data needed to study all stars: mass and radius. The interactions of binary star components, on the other hand, provide a natural laboratory to observe how the matter in these stars behaves under different and often varying physical conditions. Thus, cataclysmic variables with and without overpoweringly strong magnetic fields, and stars with densities from that found in the Sun to the degenerate matter of white dwarfs and the ultra-compact states of neutron stars and black holes are all discussed. The extensive inde... 9. Linear theory period ratios for surface helium enhanced double-mode Cepheids International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cox, A.N.; Hodson, S.W.; King, D.S. 1979-01-01 Linear nonadiabatic theory period ratios for models of double-mode Cepheids with their two periods between 1 and 7 days have been computed, assuming differing amounts and depths of surface helium enhancement. Evolution theory masses and luminosities are found to be consistent with the observed periods. All models give Pi 1 /Pi 0 approx. =0.70 as observed for the 11 known variables, contrary to previous theoretical conclusions. The composition structure that best fits the period ratios has the helium mass fraction in the outer 10 -3 of the stellar mass (T< or =250,000 K) as 0.65, similar to a previous model for the triple-mode pulsator AC And. This enrichment can be established by a Cepheid wind and downward inverted μ gradient instability mixing in the lifetime of these low-mass classical Cepheids 10. Clinical observations over 20 years period of Bikini victims International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kumatori, Toshiyuki 1976-01-01 The author outlined the results of medical examinations performed in a period of 20 years on the Japanese fishermen who were exposed at Bikini in 1954. Exposure doses were estimated, and the progress of medical examinations for skin injury, hematological changes, cytogenetic changes, and spermatogenetic disturbance was described. In view of internal exposure, none of the long half-life nuclides was retained in the body. The victims were compared with the victims exposed in Marshall Islands. (Serizawa, K.) 11. Biomimetic Wind Turbine Design with Lift Enhancing Periodic Stall NARCIS (Netherlands) Stamhuis, Eize Jan 2017-01-01 A wind turbine includes a rotor; a blade; and a periodic stall system. The periodic stall system selectively moves at least part of the blade in an oscillating motion whereby an angle of incidence continuously varies to invoke periodic stall. The periodic stall system can move the entire blade or 12. Observation of quasi-periodic solar radio bursts associated with propagating fast-mode waves Science.gov (United States) Goddard, C. R.; Nisticò, G.; Nakariakov, V. M.; Zimovets, I. V.; White, S. M. 2016-10-01 13. Observations of an enhanced convection channel in the cusp ionosphere International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Pinnock, M.; Rodger, A.S.; Dudeney, J.R.; Baker, K.B.; Neweli, P.T.; Greenwald, R.A.; Greenspan, M.E. 1993-01-01 Transient or patchy magnetic field line merging on the dayside magnetopause, giving rise to flux transfer events (FTEs), is thought to play a significant role in energizing high-latitude ionospheric convection during periods of southward interplanetary magnetic field. Several transient velocity patterns in the cusp ionosphere have been presented as candidate FTE signatures. Instrument limitations, combined with uncertainties about ionospheric signature of FTEs have yet to be presented. This paper describes combined observations by the PACE HF backscatter radar and the DMSP F9 polar-orbiting satellite of a transient velocity signature in the southern hemispheric cusp. The prevailing solar wind conditions suggest that it is the result of enhanced magnetic merging at the magnetopause. The satellite particle precipitation data associated with the transient are typically cusplike in nature. The presence of spatially discrete patches of accelerated ions at the equatorward edge of the cusp is consistent with the ion acceleration that could occur with merging. The combined radar line-of-sight velocity data and the satellite transverse plasma drift data are consistent with a channel of enhanced convection superposed on the ambient cusp plasma flow. This channel is at least 900 km in longitudinal extent but only 100 km wide. It is zonally aligned for most of its extent, except at the western limit where it rotates sharply poleward. Weak return flow is observed outside the channel. These observations are compared with and contrasted to similar events seen by the EISCAT radar and by optical instruments. 30 refs., 2 figs 14. High Density Periodic Metal Nanopyramids for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy NARCIS (Netherlands) Jin, Mingliang 2012-01-01 The work presented in this thesis is focused on two areas. First, a new type of nanotextured noble-metal surface has been developed. The new nanotextured surface is demonstrated to enhance inelastic (Raman) scattering, called surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), from molecules adsorbed on the 15. Periodic variations of cosmic ray intensity with period of -37 minute observed on April 25th, 1984 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sakai, Takasuke; Kato, Masahito; Takei, Ryoji; Tamai, Eiji 1985-01-01 Existence of cosmic ray variation with period ranging from a few hours to seconds during geomagnetically quiet and perturb period at different altitude with different detector, was reported previously. As short period variation is thought to be transient with small amplitude fluctuation, consequently high counting rate of cosmic ray and appropriate method for finding short periodicity, is required. Further, there is similar phenomenon in which short variation, followed by storm sudden commencement (SSC) and/or Forbush decrease (FD) occurs. In 1979, Kato et al. used 3 minutes data at Mt. Norikura and obtained -6 x 10 5 count/min, and tried to find out short periodicity of cosmic ray around SSC, but no clear conclusion was obtained. T. Sakai, et al., used plastic scintillation counter of Akeno observatory, following their preceding work. The counter has an area about 154 m 2 . High counting rate of -2 x 10 6 counts/min. was observed at Akeno which revealed the existence of -37 minute periodical oscillation with an amplitude of 0.1 % in p-p during the time period of 1300 - 1900 UT on April 25th 1984, one day before FD. Observed periodical oscillation of cosmic ray counting rate may be the result of the changes in magnetic field. But, it must be noted that there remains possibility of oscillation of cosmic ray intensity in the interplanetary space during the period, independent of geomagnetic field. (author) 16. Fundamental Limitations to Gain Enhancement in Periodic Media and Waveguides DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Grgic, Jure; Ott, Johan Raunkjær; Wang, Fengwen 2012-01-01 A common strategy to compensate for losses in optical nanostructures is to add gain material in the system. By exploiting slow-light effects it is expected that the gain may be enhanced beyond its bulk value. Here we show that this route cannot be followed uncritically: inclusion of gain inevitably... 17. Overview of the first HyMeX special observation period over Croatia Science.gov (United States) Ivančan-Picek, Branka; Tudor, Martina; Horvath, Kristian; Stanešić, Antonio; Ivatek-Šahdan, Stjepan 2016-12-01 The HYdrological cycle in the Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX) is intended to improve the capabilities of predicting high-impact weather events. Within its framework, the aim of the first special observation period (SOP1), 5 September to 6 November 2012, was to study heavy precipitation events and flash floods. Here, we present high-impact weather events over Croatia that occurred during SOP1. Particular attention is given to eight intense observation periods (IOPs), during which high precipitation occurred over the eastern Adriatic and Dinaric Alps. During the entire SOP1, the operational model forecasts generally well represented medium intensity precipitation, but heavy precipitation was frequently underestimated by the ALADIN model at an 8 km grid spacing and was overestimated at a higher resolution (2 km grid spacing). During IOP2, intensive rainfall occurred over a wider area around the city of Rijeka in the northern Adriatic. The short-range maximum rainfall totals were the largest ever recorded at the Rijeka station since the beginning of measurements in 1958. The rainfall amounts measured in intervals of 20, 30 and 40 min were exceptional, with return periods that exceeded a thousand, a few hundred and one hundred years, respectively. The operational precipitation forecast using the ALADIN model at an 8 km grid spacing provided guidance regarding the event but underestimated the rainfall intensity. An evaluation of numerical sensitivity experiments suggested that the forecast was slightly enhanced by improving the initial conditions through variational data assimilation. The operational non-hydrostatic run at a 2 km grid spacing using a configuration with the ALARO physics package further improved the forecast. This article highlights the need for an intensive observation period in the future over the Adriatic region to validate the simulated mechanisms and improve numerical weather predictions via data assimilation and model improvements in descriptions 18. Enhancing quantum effects via periodic modulations in optomechanical systems Science.gov (United States) Farace, Alessandro; Giovannetti, Vittorio 2012-07-01 Parametrically modulated optomechanical systems have been recently proposed as a simple and efficient setting for the quantum control of a micromechanical oscillator: relevant possibilities include the generation of squeezing in the oscillator position (or momentum) and the enhancement of entanglement between mechanical and radiation modes. In this paper we further investigate this modulation regime, considering an optomechanical system with one or more parameters being modulated over time. We first apply a sinusoidal modulation of the mechanical frequency and characterize the optimal regime in which the visibility of purely quantum effects is maximal. We then introduce a second modulation on the input laser intensity and analyze the interplay between the two. We find that an interference pattern shows up, so that different choices of the relative phase between the two modulations can either enhance or cancel the desired quantum effects, opening new possibilities for optimal quantum control strategies. 19. Long-period and short-period variations of ionospheric parameters studied from complex observations performed on Cuba Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Laso, B; Lobachevskii, L A; Potapova, N I; Freizon, I A; Shapiro, B S 1980-09-01 Cuban data from 1978 are used to study long-period (i.e., diurnal) variations of Doppler shift on a 3000 km path at frequencies of 10 and 15 MHz these variations are related to variations of parameters on the ionospheric path. Short-period variations were also studied on the basis of Doppler shift data and vertical sounding data in the 0.000111-0.00113 Hz frequency range. The relation between the observed variations and internal gravity waves are discussed. 20. Haematological and Biochemical Parameters during the Laying Period in Common Pheasant Hens Housed in Enhanced Cages Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Petra Hrabčáková 2014-01-01 Full Text Available The development of selected haematological and biochemical parameters during the laying period was monitored in common pheasant hens housed in an enhanced cage system. The cages were enhanced by the addition of two perches and a shelter formed by strips of cloth hanging in the corner of the cage. The results showed significant changes in the haematological and biochemical parameters monitored during egg laying. At the time when laying capacity approached a maximum, a decrease was observed (P<0.05 in haematocrit, erythrocytes, and haemoglobin values, whereas monocytes, eosinophils, the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, phosphorus, and calcium exhibited an increase (P<0.05. At the end of the laying period, an increase (P<0.05 was recorded in the count of leukocytes, heterophils, lymphocytes and basophils, the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and the concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, phosphorus, and calcium, whereas lower values (P<0.05 were recorded for haematocrit and plasma total protein in comparison with the values of the indicators at the beginning of the laying period. The results provide new information about dynamic changes in selected haematological and biochemical parameters in clinically healthy common pheasant hens during the laying period. 1. Enhanced diffusion with abnormal temperature dependence in underdamped space-periodic systems subject to time-periodic driving Science.gov (United States) Marchenko, I. G.; Marchenko, I. I.; Zhiglo, A. V. 2018-01-01 We present a study of the diffusion enhancement of underdamped Brownian particles in a one-dimensional symmetric space-periodic potential due to external symmetric time-periodic driving with zero mean. We show that the diffusivity can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude at an appropriate choice of the driving amplitude and frequency. The diffusivity demonstrates abnormal (decreasing) temperature dependence at the driving amplitudes exceeding a certain value. At any fixed driving frequency Ω normal temperature dependence of the diffusivity is restored at low enough temperatures, T oscillation frequency at the potential minimum, the diffusivity is shown to decrease with Ω according to a power law, with the exponent related to the transient superdiffusion exponent. This behavior is found similar for the cases of sinusoidal in time and piecewise constant periodic ("square") driving. 2. Enhancement of optical properties of InAs quantum dots grown by using periodic arsine interruption International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kim, Jungsub; Yang, Changjae; Sim, Uk; Lee, Jaeyel; Yoon, Euijoon; Lee, Youngsoo 2009-01-01 We investigated the morphological and optical properties of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown by using periodic arsine interruption (PAI) and compared them with QDs grown conventionally. In the conventional growth, the formation of large islands was observed, which suppresses the nucleation and growth of QDs. Furthermore, the growth of capping layers was significantly degraded by these large islands. On the other hand, in the PAI growth, the formation of large islands was completely suppressed, resulting in the increase of the density and aspect ratio of QDs and the uniform growth of capping layers. As a result of photoluminescence (PL) measurements, we found that the emission efficiency was enhanced and the full-width-half-maximum was reduced to 32 meV. The temperature dependence of these optical properties also revealed the enhancement of the uniformity of QDs grown by the PAI method. 3. Observation of a Short Period Quasi-periodic Pulsation in Solar X-Ray, Microwave, and EUV Emissions Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kumar, Pankaj; Cho, Kyung-Suk [Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Daejeon, 305-348 (Korea, Republic of); Nakariakov, Valery M., E-mail: [email protected] [Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL (United Kingdom) 2017-02-10 This paper presents the multiwavelength analysis of a 13 s quasi-periodic pulsation (QPP) observed in hard X-ray (12–300 keV) and microwave (4.9–34 GHz) emissions during a C-class flare that occurred on 2015 September 21. Atmospheric Image Assembly (AIA) 304 and 171 Å images show an emerging loop/flux tube (L1) moving radially outward, which interacts with the preexisting structures within the active region (AR). The QPP was observed during the expansion of and rising motion of L1. The Nobeyama Radioheliograph microwave images in 17/34 GHz channels reveal a single radio source that was co-spatial with a neighboring loop (L2). In addition, using AIA 304 Å images, we detected intensity oscillations in the legs of L2 with a period of about 26 s. A similar oscillation period was observed in the GOES soft X-ray flux derivative. This oscillation period seems to increase with time. We suggest that the observed QPP is most likely generated by the interaction between L2 and L3 observed in the AIA hot channels (131 and 94 Å). The merging speed of loops L2 and L3 was ∼35 km s{sup −1}. L1 was destroyed possibly by its interaction with preexisting structures in the AR, and produced a cool jet with the speed of ∼106–118 km s{sup −1} associated with a narrow CME (∼770 km s{sup −1}). Another mechanism of the QPP in terms of a sausage oscillation of the loop (L2) is also possible. 4. Synchronization enhancement of indirectly coupled oscillators via periodic modulation in an optomechanical system. Science.gov (United States) Du, Lei; Fan, Chu-Hui; Zhang, Han-Xiao; Wu, Jin-Hui 2017-11-20 We study the synchronization behaviors of two indirectly coupled mechanical oscillators of different frequencies in a doublecavity optomechanical system. It is found that quantum synchronization is roughly vanishing though classical synchronization seems rather good when each cavity mode is driven by an external field in the absence of temporal modulations. By periodically modulating cavity detunings or driving amplitudes, however, it is possible to observe greatly enhanced quantum synchronization accompanied with nearly perfect classical synchronization. The level of quantum synchronization observed here is, in particular, much higher than that for two directly coupled mechanical oscillators. Note also that the modulation on cavity detunings is more appealing than that on driving amplitudes when the robustness of quantum synchronization is examined against the bath's mean temperature or the oscillators' frequency difference. 5. Giant enhancement of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in ultrathin manganite films via nanoscale 1D periodic depth modulation Science.gov (United States) Rajapitamahuni, Anil; Zhang, Le; Singh, Vijay; Burton, John; Koten, Mak; Shield, Jeffrey; Tsymbal, Evgeny; Hong, Xia We report a unusual giant enhancement of in-plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) in ultrathin colossal magnetoresistive oxide films due to 1D nanoscale periodic depth modulation. High quality epitaxial thin films of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) of thickness 6 nm were grown on (001) SrTiO3 substrates via off-axis radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The top 2 nm of LSMO films are patterned into periodic nano-stripes using e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The resulting structure consists of nano-stripes of 2 nm height and 100-200 nm width on top of a 4 nm thick continuous base layer. We employed planar Hall effect measurements to study the in-plane magnetic anisotropy of the unpatterned and nanopatterned films. The unpatterned films show a biaxial anisotropy with easy axis along [110]. The extracted anisotropy energy density is ~1.1 x 105 erg/cm3, comparable to previously reported values. In the nanopatterned films, a strong uniaxial anisotropy is developed along one of the biaxial easy axes. The corresponding anisotropy energy density is ~5.6 x 106 erg/cm3 within the nano-striped volume, comparable to that of Co. We attribute the observed uniaxial MCA to MnO6 octahedral rotations/tilts and the enhancement in the anisotropy energy density to the strain gradient within the nano-stripes. 6. Developing methods of determining unknown roational periods of asteroids via observations of (3122) Florence by the Harvard Observing Project Science.gov (United States) Abrams, Natasha Sarah; Bieryla, Allyson; Gomez, Sebastian; Huang, Jane; Lewis, John; Todd, Zoe; Alam, Munazza; Carmichael, Theron; Garrison, Lehman H.; Weaver, Ian; Chen, Chen; McGruder, Chima; Medina, Amber 2018-06-01 (3122) Florence is an asteroid that made the headlines with its close approach to Earth in late 2017. It is one of the biggest and brightest near-Earth asteroids that has been discovered and it has recently been found to have two moons. By observing the light reflected off an asteroid, we can measure its brightness over time and determine the rotational period of the asteroid. An asteroid’s rotational period can reveal information about its physical characteristics, such as its shape, and further our knowledge about processes that contribute to asteroid rotation in general. The Harvard Observing Project (HOP) is an initiative that allows undergraduates to learn about observational astronomy and take part in formal data collection and analysis. Over the course of the fall 2017 semester, HOP obtained four multi-hour, continuous observations in the R-band of the asteroid using the Harvard University 16-inch Clay Telescope. In our analysis, we reduced the images and performed astrometry and photometry on the data. The asteroid’s light curve was produced using AstroImageJ and we used the Python package gatspy to determine its rotational period. We found the rotational period to be 2.22 hours +/- 0.25, which agrees with the known rotational period of 2.3580 hours +/- 0.0002. This spring 2018 semester we are applying our methods to data collected on asteroids with unknown rotational periods and plan to present our findings. 7. Analysis of Enhanced Velocity Signals Observed during Solar Flares ... 2003-10-28 Oct 28, 2003 ... close to the vicinity of the hard X-ray source regions as observed with. RHESSI. The power maps of the active region show enhancement in the frequency regime 5–6.5mHz, while there is feeble or no enhancement of these signals in 2–4 mHz frequency band. High energy particles with sufficient momentum ... 8. Resonant Plasmonic Enhancement of InGaN/GaN LED using Periodically Structured Ag Nanodisks DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Fadil, Ahmed; Iida, Daisuke; Zhu, Xiaolong 2013-01-01 Ag nanodisks are fabricated on GaN-based LED to enhance emission efficiency. Nanosphere lithography is used to obtain a periodic nano-structure, and a photoluminescence enhancement of 2.7 is reported with Ag nanodisk diameter of 330 nm.......Ag nanodisks are fabricated on GaN-based LED to enhance emission efficiency. Nanosphere lithography is used to obtain a periodic nano-structure, and a photoluminescence enhancement of 2.7 is reported with Ag nanodisk diameter of 330 nm.... Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ayodele Abiola Periola 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Radio astronomy organisations desire to optimise the terrestrial radio astronomy observations by mitigating against interference and enhancing angular resolution. Ground telescopes (GTs experience interference from intersatellite links (ISLs. Astronomy source radio signals received by GTs are analysed at the high performance computing (HPC infrastructure. Furthermore, observation limitation conditions prevent GTs from conducting radio astronomy observations all the time, thereby causing low HPC utilisation. This paper proposes mechanisms that protect GTs from ISL interference without permanent prevention of ISL data transmission and enhance angular resolution. The ISL transmits data by taking advantage of similarities in the sequence of observed astronomy sources to increase ISL connection duration. In addition, the paper proposes a mechanism that enhances angular resolution by using reconfigurable earth stations. Furthermore, the paper presents the opportunistic computing scheme (OCS to enhance HPC utilisation. OCS enables the underutilised HPC to be used to train learning algorithms of a cognitive base station. The performances of the three mechanisms are evaluated. Simulations show that the proposed mechanisms protect GTs from ISL interference, enhance angular resolution, and improve HPC utilisation. 10. DMS photochemistry during the Asian dust-storm period in the Spring of 2001: model simulations vs. field observations. Science.gov (United States) Shon, Zang-Ho; Kim, Ki-Hyun; Swan, Hilton; Lee, Gangwoong; Kim, Yoo-Keun 2005-01-01 11. Experimental observation of parametric effects near period doubling in a loss-modulated CO2 laser OpenAIRE Chizhevsky, V. N. 1996-01-01 A number of parametric effects, such as suppression of period doubling, shift of the bifurcation point, scaling law relating the shift and the perturbation amplitude, influence of the detuning on the suppression, reaching of the maximum gain between the original and shifted bifurcation points, and scaling law for idler power are experimentally observed near period doubling bifurcation in a loss-driven CO2 laser that is subjected to periodic loss perturbations at a frequency that is close to a... 12. 76 FR 40648 - Safety Enhancements Part 139, Certification of Airports; Reopening of Comment Period Science.gov (United States) 2011-07-11 ... that was published on February 1, 2011. In that document, the FAA proposed several safety enhancements...-0247; Notice No. 11-01] RIN 2120-AJ70 Safety Enhancements Part 139, Certification of Airports... comment period for the NPRM published on February 1, 2011 (76 FR 5510) and reopened (76 FR 20570) April 13... 13. Quasi-periodic fluctuations of atmospheric pressure and cosmic rays observed in the stratosphere International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kodama, Masahiro; Abe, Toshiaki; Sakai, Takasuke; Kato, Masato; Kogami, Shinichi. 1976-01-01 Quasi-periodicities of barometric pressure and cosmic ray intensity, with 5.5-minute period and one hour persistency, have been observed by means of a high-precision barometer and a large plastic scintillation counter in a balloon at an altitude of --18 km over the Pacific Ocean. From characteristics of such short period fluctuations, it is suggested that the observed pressure fluctuation may possibly be caused by the internal atmospheric gravity wave whose amplitude and wave length are --30 m and --30 km respectively. (auth.) 14. Intelligent Architecture for Enhanced Observability for Active Distribution System DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Pokhrel, Basanta Raj; Nainar, Karthikeyan; Bak-Jensen, Birgitte 2017-01-01 There is a rapid increase of renewable energy resources (RE) and demand response resources (DRR) in the distribution networks. This is challenging for the reliable and stable operation of the grid. So, to ensure secure, optimized and economical operation in such active distribution grids they need...... for active distribution network which satisfies the need for higher observability reach with less field observation. Improved state estimation with composite load forecasting model is aimed for enhanced observability. This paper also summarizes the application of intelligent architecture in the operation... 15. Observations and light curve solutions of four ultrashort-period binaries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kjurkchieva D. 2016-01-01 Full Text Available The paper presents light curve solutions of our observations of four new ultrashort-period eclipsing binaries with MS components. Two of them have periods almost at the upper limit (0.22 days of the ultrashort-period binaries, while the periods of around 0.18 days of CSS J171508.5+350658 and CSS J214633.8+120016 are amongst the shortest known orbital periods. CSS J171410.0+ 445850, CSS J214633.8+120016 and CSS J224326.0+154532 are over contact binaries with fill out factors around 0.25 while CSS J171508.5+350658 is a semidetached system. The two targets with shortest periods consist of M dwarfs. 16. Quantum mechanical limit to plasmonic enhancement as observed by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Science.gov (United States) Zhu, Wenqi; Crozier, Kenneth B 2014-10-14 Plasmonic nanostructures enable light to be concentrated into nanoscale 'hotspots', wherein the intensity of light can be enhanced by orders of magnitude. This plasmonic enhancement significantly boosts the efficiency of nanoscale light-matter interactions, enabling unique linear and nonlinear optical applications. Large enhancements are often observed within narrow gaps or at sharp tips, as predicted by the classical electromagnetic theory. Only recently has it become appreciated that quantum mechanical effects could emerge as the feature size approaches atomic length-scale. Here we experimentally demonstrate, through observations of surface-enhanced Raman scattering, that the emergence of electron tunnelling at optical frequencies limits the maximum achievable plasmonic enhancement. Such quantum mechanical effects are revealed for metallic nanostructures with gap-widths in the single-digit angstrom range by correlating each structure with its optical properties. This work furthers our understanding of quantum mechanical effects in plasmonic systems and could enable future applications of quantum plasmonics. 17. Critical period of memory enhancement during taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis. Science.gov (United States) Takahashi, Tomoyo; Takigami, Satoshi; Sunada, Hiroshi; Lukowiak, Ken; Sakakibara, Manabu 2013-01-01 The present study investigated the optimal training procedure leading to long-lasting taste avoidance behavior in Lymnaea. A training procedure comprising 5 repeated pairings of a conditional stimulus (CS, sucrose), with an unconditional stimulus (US, a tactile stimulation to the animal's head), over a 4-day period resulted in an enhanced memory formation than 10 CS-US repeated pairings over a 2-day period or 20 CS-US repeated pairings on a single day. Backward conditioning (US-CS) pairings did not result in conditioning. Thus, this taste avoidance conditioning was CS-US pairing specific. Food avoidance behavior was not observed following training, however, if snails were immediately subjected to a cold-block (4°C for 10 min). It was critical that the cold-block be applied within 10 min to block long-term memory (LTM) formation. Further, exposure to the cold-block 180 min after training also blocked both STM and LTM formation. The effects of the cold-block on subsequent learning and memory formation were also examined. We found no long lasting effects of the cold-block on subsequent memory formation. If protein kinase C was activated before the conditioning paradigm, snails could still acquire STM despite exposure to the cold-block. 18. Critical period of memory enhancement during taste avoidance conditioning in Lymnaea stagnalis. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tomoyo Takahashi Full Text Available The present study investigated the optimal training procedure leading to long-lasting taste avoidance behavior in Lymnaea. A training procedure comprising 5 repeated pairings of a conditional stimulus (CS, sucrose, with an unconditional stimulus (US, a tactile stimulation to the animal's head, over a 4-day period resulted in an enhanced memory formation than 10 CS-US repeated pairings over a 2-day period or 20 CS-US repeated pairings on a single day. Backward conditioning (US-CS pairings did not result in conditioning. Thus, this taste avoidance conditioning was CS-US pairing specific. Food avoidance behavior was not observed following training, however, if snails were immediately subjected to a cold-block (4°C for 10 min. It was critical that the cold-block be applied within 10 min to block long-term memory (LTM formation. Further, exposure to the cold-block 180 min after training also blocked both STM and LTM formation. The effects of the cold-block on subsequent learning and memory formation were also examined. We found no long lasting effects of the cold-block on subsequent memory formation. If protein kinase C was activated before the conditioning paradigm, snails could still acquire STM despite exposure to the cold-block. 19. Solar wind plasma periodicities observed at 1 AU by IMP 8 Science.gov (United States) Paularena, K. I.; Szabo, A.; Lazarus, A. J. 1995-01-01 The IMP 8 spacecraft has been in Earth orbit since 1973, gathering plasma data over one complete 22-year solar cycle. These data are being examined to look for periodicities at time scales ranging from several hours to the entire span of the data set. A 1.3-year periodicity in the radial speed observed by IMP 8 and Voyager 2 has already been reported for the years from 1987 to 1993. The periodogram method, useful for unevenly sampled data such as the IMP 8 plasma data, has been used to search for other periods. It is interesting to note that the 13-year period is not present in the out-of-the-ecliptic component of the velocity (Vz), although a 1-year period is very obvious both visually and on the periodogram. Both components show a very strong peak associated with the 11-year solar cycle variation. This work will be extended to the thermal speed (a measure of the wind's temperature) and density, although the frequent correlations between these parameters and the velocity are expected to cause similar results. Additionally, the fine resolution data will be examined for shorter time periods than are visible using the hourly average data which are appropriate for longer periods. A comparison with periods observed at other spacecraft may also be made. 20. Observed periodicities and the spectrum of field variations in Holocene magnetic records DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Panovska, S.; Finlay, Chris; Hirt, A.M. 2013-01-01 , globally observed, periods. Rather we find a continuous broadband spectrum, with a slope corresponding to a power law with exponent of -2.3 ± 0.6 for the period range between 300 and 4000 yr. This is consistent with the hypothesis that chaotic convection in the outer core drives the majority of secular......In order to understand mechanisms that maintain and drive the evolution of the Earth's magnetic field, a characterization of its behavior on time scales of centuries to millennia is required. We have conducted a search for periodicities in Holocene sediment magnetic records, by applying three... 1. The dependence of Pi2 waveforms on periodic velocity enhancements within bursty bulk flows Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) K. R. Murphy 2011-03-01 Full Text Available Pi2s are a category of Ultra Low Frequency (ULF waves associated with the onset of magnetic substorms. Recent work has suggested that the deceleration of bulk plasma flows in the central plasmasheet, known as bursty bulk flows (BBFs, are able to directly-drive Pi2 oscillations. Some of these studies have further shown evidence that there is a one-to-one correlation between Pi2 magnetic waveforms observed on the ground and periodic peaks in flow velocity within the BBF, known as flow bursts. Utilising a favourable conjunction between the Geotail spacecraft and the Canadian Array for Real-time Investigations of Magnetic Activity (CARISMA magnetometer array on 31 May 1998, we examine the causality of the link between BBF flow bursts and Pi2 waveforms. Using a series of analytical tests in both the time and frequency domains, we find that while the Pi2 and BBF waveforms are very similar, the ground response for this event occurs prior to the observed flow enhancements in the magnetotail. We conclude that during this specific case study the temporal variations of the flow bursts within the BBF are not directly-driving the observed ground-based Pi2 waveforms, despite the fact that a visual inspection of both time-series might initially suggest that there is a causal relationship. We postulate that rather than there being a direct causal relation, the similar waveforms observed in both Pi2s and BBFs may result from temporal variations in a common source for both the BBFs and the Pi2s, such as magnetic reconnection in the tail, this source modulating both the Pi2 and BBF at the same frequency. 2. Enhanced transmission of transverse electric waves through periodic arrays of structured subwavelength apertures DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Xiao, Sanshui; Peng, Liang; Mortensen, Asger 2010-01-01 Transmission through sub-wavelength apertures in perfect metals is expected to be strongly suppressed. However, by structural engineering of the apertures, we numerically demonstrate that the transmission of transverse electric waves through periodic arrays of subwavelength apertures in a thin...... metallic film can be significantly enhanced. Based on equivalent circuit theory analysis, periodic arrays of square structured subwavelength apertures are obtained with a 1900-fold transmission enhancement factor when the side length a of the apertures is 10 times smaller than the wavelength (a/λ =0... 3. Resonantly-enhanced transmission through a periodic array of subwavelength apertures in heavily-doped conducting polymer films Science.gov (United States) Matsui, Tatsunosuke; Vardeny, Z. Valy; Agrawal, Amit; Nahata, Ajay; Menon, Reghu 2006-02-01 We observed resonantly-enhanced terahertz transmission through two-dimensional (2D) periodic arrays of subwavelength apertures with various periodicities fabricated on metallic organic conducting polymer films of polypyrrole heavily doped with PF6 molecules [PPy(PF6)]. The "anomalous transmission" spectra are in good agreement with a model involving surface plasmon polariton excitations on the film surfaces. We also found that the anomalous transmission' peaks are broader in the exotic metallic PPy (PF6) films compared to those formed in 2D aperture array in regular metallic films such as silver, showing that the surface plasmon polaritons on the PPy (PF6) film surfaces have higher attenuation. 4. Transition region of TEC enhancement phenomena during geomagnetically disturbed periods at mid-latitudes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) K. Unnikrishnan 2005-12-01 Full Text Available Large-scale TEC perturbations/enhancements observed during the day sectors of major storm periods, 12-13 February 2000, 23 September 1999, 29 October 2003, and 21 November 2003, were studied using a high resolution GPS network over Japan. TEC enhancements described in the present study have large magnitudes (≥25×1016 electrons/m2 compared to the quiet-time values and long periods (≥120 min. The sequential manner of development and the propagation of these perturbations show that they are initiated at the northern region and propagate towards the southern region of Japan, with velocities >350 m/s. On 12 February 2000, remarkably high values of TEC and background content are observed at the southern region, compared to the north, because of the poleward expansion of the equatorial anomaly crest, which is characterized by strong latitudinal gradients near 35° N (26° N geomagnetically. When the TEC enhancements, initiating at the north, propagate through the region 39-34° N (30-25° N geomagnetically, they undergo transitions characterized by a severe decrease in amplitude of TEC enhancements. This may be due to their interaction with the higher background content of the expanded anomaly crest. However, at the low-latitude region, below 34° N, an increase in TEC is manifested as an enhanced ionization pattern (EIP. This could be due to the prompt penetration of the eastward electric field, which is evident from high values of the southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field component (IMF Bz and AE index. The TEC perturbations observed on the other storm days also exhibit similar transitions, characterized by a decreasing magnitude of the perturbation component, at the region around 39-34° N. In addition to this, on the other storm days, at the low-latitude region, below 34° N, an increase in TEC (EIP feature also indicates the repeatability of the above scenario. It is found that, the latitude and 5. Transition region of TEC enhancement phenomena during geomagnetically disturbed periods at mid-latitudes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) K. Unnikrishnan 2005-12-01 Full Text Available Large-scale TEC perturbations/enhancements observed during the day sectors of major storm periods, 12-13 February 2000, 23 September 1999, 29 October 2003, and 21 November 2003, were studied using a high resolution GPS network over Japan. TEC enhancements described in the present study have large magnitudes (≥25×1016 electrons/m2 compared to the quiet-time values and long periods (≥120 min. The sequential manner of development and the propagation of these perturbations show that they are initiated at the northern region and propagate towards the southern region of Japan, with velocities >350 m/s. On 12 February 2000, remarkably high values of TEC and background content are observed at the southern region, compared to the north, because of the poleward expansion of the equatorial anomaly crest, which is characterized by strong latitudinal gradients near 35° N (26° N geomagnetically. When the TEC enhancements, initiating at the north, propagate through the region 39-34° N (30-25° N geomagnetically, they undergo transitions characterized by a severe decrease in amplitude of TEC enhancements. This may be due to their interaction with the higher background content of the expanded anomaly crest. However, at the low-latitude region, below 34° N, an increase in TEC is manifested as an enhanced ionization pattern (EIP. This could be due to the prompt penetration of the eastward electric field, which is evident from high values of the southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field component (IMF Bz and AE index. The TEC perturbations observed on the other storm days also exhibit similar transitions, characterized by a decreasing magnitude of the perturbation component, at the region around 39-34° N. In addition to this, on the other storm days, at the low-latitude region, below 34° N, an increase in TEC (EIP feature also indicates the repeatability of the above scenario. It is found that, the latitude and time at which the decrease in magnitude 6. Observation of short period fluctuation of CygX-1 with balloon International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Nakagawa, Michio; Sakurai, Takahisa; Uchida, Masayoshi 1977-01-01 CygX-1 presents very complex short period fluctuation of X-ray, therefore the hard X-ray was especially observed in 1972 and 1973 with large balloons, and the data were analyzed. This short period fluctuation and energy spectra of CygX-1 in the normal and flare time bands were compared. The observing apparatuses consisted of the 3 in diameter NaI detector and a high pressure proportional counter. The observing method is to turn the gondora alternately to the directions of source (ON) and background (OFF). As for the data analysis, the events at ON and OFF in the observation data in 1972 and 1973 were plotted for time interval. The background component is in agreement with Poisson's distribution, but source component is not. This difference for Poisson's distribution means the behavior of CygX-1. The power spectrum was analyzed, and the strong power density was observed at 5.4 x 10 -2 Hz in ON, but such power density was not observed in OFF. Accordingly this is presumed to be caused by CygX-1. The events for time interval in flare time are shown. The rise of about 2.9 σ exists at 80 msec. The count rates were compared for photon energy in the normal and flare times. The short period fluctuation of hard X-ray from CygX-1 deviates from Poisson's distribution and is different in the normal and flare times. (Nakai, Y.) 7. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on periodic metal nanotips with tunable sharpness International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Linn, Nicholas C; Sun, C-H; Arya, Ajay; Jiang Peng; Jiang Bin 2009-01-01 This paper reports on a scalable bottom-up technology for producing periodic gold nanotips with tunable sharpness as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. Inverted silicon pyramidal pits, which are templated from non-close-packed colloidal crystals prepared by a spin-coating technology, are used as structural templates to replicate arrays of polymer nanopyramids with nanoscale sharp tips. The deposition of a thin layer of gold on the polymer nanopyramids leads to the formation of SERS-active substrates with a high enhancement factor (up to 10 8 ). The thickness of the deposited metal determines the sharpness of the nanotips and the resulting Raman enhancement factor. Finite-element electromagnetic modeling shows that the nanotips can significantly enhance the local electromagnetic field and the sharpness of nanotips greatly affects the SERS enhancement. 8. LOW-FREQUENCY OBSERVATIONS OF TRANSIENT QUASI-PERIODIC RADIO EMISSION FROM THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sasikumar Raja, K.; Ramesh, R., E-mail: [email protected] [Indian Institute of Astrophysics, II Block, Koramangala, Bangalore 560 034 (India) 2013-09-20 We report low-frequency observations of quasi-periodic, circularly polarized, harmonic type III radio bursts whose associated sunspot active regions were located close to the solar limb. The measured periodicity of the bursts at 80 MHz was ≈5.2 s, and their average degree of circular polarization (dcp) was ≈0.12. We calculated the associated magnetic field B (1) using the empirical relationship between the dcp and B for the harmonic type III emission, and (2) from the observed quasi-periodicity of the bursts. Both the methods result in B ≈ 4.2 G at the location of the 80 MHz plasma level (radial distance r ≈ 1.3 R{sub ☉}) in the active region corona. 9. Relative outflow enhancements during major geomagnetic storms – Cluster observations Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A. Schillings 2017-12-01 Full Text Available The rate of ion outflow from the polar ionosphere is known to vary by orders of magnitude, depending on the geomagnetic activity. However, the upper limit of the outflow rate during the largest geomagnetic storms is not well constrained due to poor spatial coverage during storm events. In this paper, we analyse six major geomagnetic storms between 2001 and 2004 using Cluster data. The six major storms fulfil the criteria of Dst  < −100 nT or Kp  > 7+. Since the shape of the magnetospheric regions (plasma mantle, lobe and inner magnetosphere are distorted during large magnetic storms, we use both plasma beta (β and ion characteristics to define a spatial box where the upward O+ flux scaled to an ionospheric reference altitude for the extreme event is observed. The relative enhancement of the scaled outflow in the spatial boxes as compared to the data from the full year when the storm occurred is estimated. Only O+ data were used because H+ may have a solar wind origin. The storm time data for most cases showed up as a clearly distinguishable separate peak in the distribution toward the largest fluxes observed. The relative enhancement in the outflow region during storm time is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to less disturbed time. The largest relative scaled outflow enhancement is 83 (7 November 2004 and the highest scaled O+ outflow observed is 2 × 1014 m−2 s−1 (29 October 2003. 10. Effect of loss on slow-light-enhanced second-harmonic generation in periodic nanostructures DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Saravi, Sina; Quintero-Bermudez, Rafael; Setzpfandt, Frank 2016-01-01 We theoretically analyze the dependence of second-harmonic generation efficiency on the group index in periodic optical waveguides with loss. We investigate different possible scenarios of using slow light to enhance the efficiency of this process and show that in some cases there exists a maxima... 11. Enhanced activation of periodate by iodine-doped granular activated carbon for organic contaminant degradation. Science.gov (United States) Li, Xiaowan; Liu, Xitao; Lin, Chunye; Qi, Chengdu; Zhang, Huijuan; Ma, Jun 2017-08-01 12. Periodicities observed on solar flux index (F10.7) during geomagnetic disturbances Science.gov (United States) Adhikari, B.; Narayan, C.; Chhatkuli, D. N. 2017-12-01 Solar activities change within the period of 11 years. Sometimes the greatest event occurs in the period of solar maxima and the lowest activity occurs in the period of solar minimum. During the time period of solar activity sunspots number will vary. A 10.7 cm solar flux measurement is a determination of the strength of solar radio emission. The solar flux index is more often used for the prediction and monitoring of the solar activity. This study mainly focused on the variation on solar flux index and amount of electromagnetic wave in the atmosphere. Both seasonal and yearly variation on solar F10.7 index. We also analyzed the dataset obatained from riometer.Both instruments show seasonal and yearly variations. We also observed the solar cycle dependence on solar flux index and found a strong dependence on solar activity. Results also show that solar intensities higher during the rising phase of solar cycle. We also observed periodicities on solar flux index using wavelet analysis. Through this analysis, it was found that the power intensities of solar flux index show a high spectral variability. 13. Analysis and enhancement of flexural wave stop bands in 2D periodic plates Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Song, Yubao [Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, National University of Defense Technology, 410073 Changsha (China); The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research, KTH – The Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm (Sweden); Feng, Leping [The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research, KTH – The Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm (Sweden); Wen, Jihong, E-mail: [email protected] [Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, National University of Defense Technology, 410073 Changsha (China); Yu, Dianlong; Wen, Xisen [Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, National University of Defense Technology, 410073 Changsha (China) 2015-07-17 The band structure and enhancement of flexural wave stop bands in a 2D periodic plate are investigated. A unified method for analysing and designing the stop band of the plates with various attached structures is proposed. The effect of attached structures is considered based on their equivalent parameters (added equivalent mass and equivalent moment of inertia). The influences of the equivalent parameters on the band structures are studied. Three cases are considered: adding pure equivalent mass, pure equivalent moment of inertia and the combination of these two. The stop bands are enhanced via the multi interaction between the host plate and the attached structure. The enhancement pattern is determined, and several ways to obtain a wider combined stop band are presented. The frequency response functions of corresponding finite periodic plates are calculated to verify the stop bands and their enhancement in a number of typical cases. - Highlights: • A unified method for studying the stop band of the plates with various simplified attached structures is proposed. • The enhancement of flexural wave stop bands in a 2D phononic plate is investigated. • The stop bands are widened via multi interaction between the host plate and the attached structure. • The enhancement pattern is determined and several ways to get a wider stop band are presented. 14. Observations of interplanetary energetic ion enhancements near magnetic sector boundaries International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Briggs, P.R.; Armstrong, T.P. 1984-01-01 We have examined all energetic medium nuclei (carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) flux increases observed all the satellites IMP 7 and IMP 8 at 1 AU during Bartels rotations 1906-1974. After removing flare-related increases, the remaining 14 ''events'' were compared to interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind parameters. We have discovered a class of flux enhancements in which the ion increases occur close to the onset of magnetic sector boundary crossings. We interpret this observation as a facilitated access to 1 AU of energetic ions from the corona or chromopshere via the magnetic sector structure. It appears that this access is more significant for medium than for lighter nuclei, ''suggesting a possible charge- or rigidity-dependent transport mechanism 15. Aerosol chemical composition at Cabauw, The Netherlands as observed in two intensive periods in May 2008 and March 2009 Science.gov (United States) Mensah, A. A.; Holzinger, R.; Otjes, R.; Trimborn, A.; Mentel, Th. F.; ten Brink, H.; Henzing, B.; Kiendler-Scharr, A. 2012-05-01 Observations of aerosol chemical composition in Cabauw, the Netherlands, are presented for two intensive measurement periods in May 2008 and March 2009. Sub-micron aerosol chemical composition was measured by an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and is compared to observations from aerosol size distribution measurements as well as composition measurements with a Monitor for AeRosol and GAses (MARGA) based instrument and a Thermal-Desorption Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass-Spectrometer (TD-PTR-MS). An overview of the data is presented and the data quality is discussed. In May 2008 enhanced pollution was observed with organics contributing 40% to the PM1 mass. In contrast the observed average mass loading was lower in March 2009 and a dominance of ammonium nitrate (42%) was observed. The semi-volatile nature of ammonium nitrate is evident in the diurnal cycles with maximum concentrations observed in the morning hours in May 2008 and little diurnal variation observed in March 2009. Size dependent composition data from AMS measurements are presented and show a dominance of organics in the size range below 200 nm. A higher O:C ratio of the organics is observed for May 2008 than for March 2009. Together with the time series of individual tracer ions this shows the dominance of OOA over HOA in May 2008. 16. Aerosol chemical composition at Cabauw, The Netherlands as observed in two intensive periods in May 2008 and March 2009 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A. A. Mensah 2012-05-01 Full Text Available Observations of aerosol chemical composition in Cabauw, the Netherlands, are presented for two intensive measurement periods in May 2008 and March 2009. Sub-micron aerosol chemical composition was measured by an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS and is compared to observations from aerosol size distribution measurements as well as composition measurements with a Monitor for AeRosol and GAses (MARGA based instrument and a Thermal-Desorption Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass-Spectrometer (TD-PTR-MS. An overview of the data is presented and the data quality is discussed. In May 2008 enhanced pollution was observed with organics contributing 40% to the PM1 mass. In contrast the observed average mass loading was lower in March 2009 and a dominance of ammonium nitrate (42% was observed. The semi-volatile nature of ammonium nitrate is evident in the diurnal cycles with maximum concentrations observed in the morning hours in May 2008 and little diurnal variation observed in March 2009. Size dependent composition data from AMS measurements are presented and show a dominance of organics in the size range below 200 nm. A higher O:C ratio of the organics is observed for May 2008 than for March 2009. Together with the time series of individual tracer ions this shows the dominance of OOA over HOA in May 2008. 17. EVOLUTIONARY TRACKS OF TRAPPED, ACCRETING PROTOPLANETS: THE ORIGIN OF THE OBSERVED MASS-PERIOD RELATION International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Pudritz, Ralph E. 2012-01-01 The large number of observed exoplanets (∼>700) provides important constraints on their origin as deduced from the mass-period diagram of planets. The most surprising features in the diagram are (1) the (apparent) pileup of gas giants at a period of ∼500 days (∼1 AU) and (2) the so-called mass-period relation, which indicates that planetary mass is an increasing function of orbital period. We construct the evolutionary tracks of growing planets at planet traps in evolving protoplanetary disks and show that they provide a good physical understanding of how these observational properties arise. The fundamental feature of our model is that inhomogeneities in protoplanetary disks give rise to multiple (up to 3) trapping sites for rapid (type I) planetary migration of planetary cores. The viscous evolution of disks results in the slow radial movement of the traps and their cores from large to small orbital periods. In our model, the slow inward motion of planet traps is coupled with the standard core accretion scenario for planetary growth. As planets grow, type II migration takes over. Planet growth and radial movement are ultimately stalled by the dispersal of gas disks via photoevaporation. Our model makes a number of important predictions: that distinct sub-populations of planets that reflect the properties of planet traps where they have grown result in the mass-period relation, that the presence of these sub-populations naturally explains a pileup of planets at ∼1 AU, and that evolutionary tracks from the ice line do put planets at short periods and fill an earlier claimed p lanet desert — a sparse population of planets in the mass-semimajor axis diagram. 18. SuperDARN Hokkaido radar observation of westward flow enhancement in subauroral latitudes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R. Kataoka 2009-04-01 Full Text Available Westward flow enhancement in subauroral latitudes is investigated based on the first one and a half year observation of the SuperDARN Hokkaido radar. A total of 15 events are identified with the criteria of westward flow speed of >1.0 km/s in magnetic latitude from 45 to 65 deg during geomagnetically disturbed period of Kp>3+ at 20 magnetic local time. It is found that especially during the storm recovery phase, the flow enhancement occurs in broad range of Dst amplitude, and the occurrence latitude depends on the amplitude of Dst. It is also found that the disturbed Kp condition is not sufficient for the appearance of the subauroral flow enhancement as seen by Hokkaido radar while storm-like Dst condition is necessary, supporting the idea that ring current particles play an essential role to enhance the westward flow in subauroral latitudes via magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling through the field-aligned current. 19. Effect of the menstrual cycle on background parenchymal enhancement observed on breast MRIs in Korean women International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Park, Vivan Young Jean; KIm, Eun Kyung; Moon, Hee Jung; Yoon, Jung Hyun; Kim, Min Jung 2015-01-01 To evaluate the effect of the menstrual cycle on background parenchymal enhancement observed on breast MRIs in Korean women, and to suggest an optimal period for scheduling breast MRIs. Between March and December 2012, 214 premenopausal breast cancer patients who underwent breast MRIs for preoperative evaluation were included. Levels of background parenchymal enhancement were retrospectively compared according to the menstrual cycle. There was no significant difference between levels of background parenchymal enhancement (minimal, mild, moderate, and marked) according to the weeks of the menstrual cycle. However, the 1st and 2nd week of the menstrual cycle showed a significantly higher proportion of patients with minimal background parenchymal enhancement than the 3rd and 4th week of the menstrual cycle (47.0% vs. 32.0%; p = 0.025). For screening purposes and for the follow-up of Korean breast cancer patients, breast MRIs should be performed during the 1st or 2nd week of the menstrual cycle 20. Effect of the menstrual cycle on background parenchymal enhancement observed on breast MRIs in Korean women Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Park, Vivan Young Jean; KIm, Eun Kyung; Moon, Hee Jung; Yoon, Jung Hyun; Kim, Min Jung [Dept. of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of) 2015-09-15 To evaluate the effect of the menstrual cycle on background parenchymal enhancement observed on breast MRIs in Korean women, and to suggest an optimal period for scheduling breast MRIs. Between March and December 2012, 214 premenopausal breast cancer patients who underwent breast MRIs for preoperative evaluation were included. Levels of background parenchymal enhancement were retrospectively compared according to the menstrual cycle. There was no significant difference between levels of background parenchymal enhancement (minimal, mild, moderate, and marked) according to the weeks of the menstrual cycle. However, the 1st and 2nd week of the menstrual cycle showed a significantly higher proportion of patients with minimal background parenchymal enhancement than the 3rd and 4th week of the menstrual cycle (47.0% vs. 32.0%; p = 0.025). For screening purposes and for the follow-up of Korean breast cancer patients, breast MRIs should be performed during the 1st or 2nd week of the menstrual cycle. 1. Enhancement of observability and protection of smart power system Science.gov (United States) Siddique, Abdul Hasib It is important for a modern power grid to be smarter in order to provide reliable and sustainable supply of electricity. Traditional way of receiving data from the wired system is a very old and outdated technology. For a quicker and better response from the electric system, it is important to look at wireless systems as a feasible option. In order to enhance the observability and protection it is important to integrate wireless technology with the modern power system. In this thesis, wireless network based architecture for wide area monitoring and an alternate method for performing current measurement for protection of generators and motors, has been adopted. There are basically two part of this project. First part deals with the wide area monitoring of the power system and the second part focuses more on application of wireless technology from the protection point of view. A number of wireless method have been adopted in both the part, these includes Zigbee, analog transmission (Both AM and FM) and digital transmission. The main aim of our project was to propose a cost effective wide area monitoring and protection method which will enhance the observability and stability of power grid. A new concept of wireless integration in the power protection system has been implemented in this thesis work. 2. Effects of corner radius on periodic nanoantenna for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Chao, Bo-Kai; Lin, Shih-Che; Nien, Li-Wei; Hsueh, Chun-Hway; Li, Jia-Han 2015-01-01 Corner radius is a concept to approximate the fabrication limitation due to the effective beam broadening at the corner in using electron-beam lithography. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of corner radius on the electromagnetic field enhancement and resonance wavelength for three periodic polygon dimers of bowtie, twin square, and twin pentagon. The enhancement factor of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy due to the localized surface plasmon resonances in fabricated gold bowtie nanostructures was investigated using both Raman spectroscopy and finite-difference time-domain simulations. The simulated enhancement factor versus corner radius relation was in agreement with measurements and it could be fitted by a power-law relation. In addition, the resonance wavelength showed blue shift with the increasing corner radius because of the distribution of concentrated charges in a larger area. For different polygons, the corner radius instead of the tip angle is the dominant factor of the electromagnetic field enhancement because the surface charges tend to localize at the corner. Greater enhancements can be obtained by having both the smaller gap and sharper corner although the corner radius effect on intensity enhancement is less than the gap size effect. (paper) 3. New O-C Observations for 150 Algols: Insight to the Origins of Period Shifts Science.gov (United States) Hoffman, D. I.; Harrison, T. E.; McNamara, B. J.; Vestrand, W. T. 2005-12-01 Many eclipsing binaries of type Algol, RS CVn, and W UMa have observed orbital period shifts. Of these, many show both increasing and decreasing period shifts. Two leading explanations for these shifts are third body effects and magnetic activity changing the oblateness of the secondary, though neither one can explain all of the observed period oscillations. The first-generation Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE-I) based in Los Alamos, NM, was primarily designed to look for the optical counterparts to gamma-ray bursts as well as searching for other optical transients not detected in gamma-rays. The telescope, consisting of four 200mm camera lenses, can image the entire northern sky twice in a night, which is a very useful tool in monitoring relatively bright eclipsing binaries for period shifts. The public data release from ROTSE-I, the Northern Sky Variability Survey (NSVS), spans one year of data stating in April, 1999. O-C data for 150 eclipsing binaries are presented using the NSVS data. We revisit work by Borkovits and Hegedüs on some third body candidates in several eclipsing binary systems using recent AAVSO and NSVS data. Some unusual light curves of eclipsing binaries produced from NSVS data is presented and discussed. 4. Elemental GCR Observations during the 2009-2010 Solar Minimum Period Science.gov (United States) Lave, K. A.; Israel, M. H.; Binns, W. R.; Christian, E. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Davis, A. J.; deNolfo, G. A.; Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Stone, E. C.; 2013-01-01 Using observations from the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) onboard the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), we present new measurements of the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) elemental composition and energy spectra for the species B through Ni in the energy range approx. 50-550 MeV/nucleon during the record setting 2009-2010 solar minimum period. These data are compared with our observations from the 1997-1998 solar minimum period, when solar modulation in the heliosphere was somewhat higher. For these species, we find that the intensities during the 2009-2010 solar minimum were approx. 20% higher than those in the previous solar minimum, and in fact were the highest GCR intensities recorded during the space age. Relative abundances for these species during the two solar minimum periods differed by small but statistically significant amounts, which are attributed to the combination of spectral shape differences between primary and secondary GCRs in the interstellar medium and differences between the levels of solar modulation in the two solar minima. We also present the secondary-to-primary ratios B/C and (Sc+Ti+V)/Fe for both solar minimum periods, and demonstrate that these ratios are reasonably well fit by a simple "leaky-box" galactic transport model that is combined with a spherically symmetric solar modulation model. 5. International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Harrison, Thomas E.; McNamara, Bernard J.; Bornak, Jillian; Gelino, Dawn M.; Wachter, Stefanie; Rupen, Michael P.; Gelino, Christopher R. 2011-01-01 GX17+2 is a low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) that is also a member of a small family of LMXBs known as 'Z-sources' that are believed to have persistent X-ray luminosities that are very close to the Eddington limit. GX17+2 is highly variable at both radio and X-ray frequencies, a feature common to Z-sources. What sets GX17+2 apart is its dramatic variability in the near-infrared, where it changes by ΔK ∼ 3 mag. Previous investigations have shown that these brightenings are periodic, recurring every 3.01 days. Given its high extinction (A V ≥ 9 mag), it has not been possible to ascertain the nature of these events with ground-based observations. We report mid-infrared Spitzer observations of GX17+2 which indicate a synchrotron spectrum for the infrared brightenings. In addition, GX17+2 is highly variable in the mid-infrared during these events. The combination of the large-scale outbursts, the presence of a synchrotron spectrum, and the dramatic variability in the mid-infrared suggest that the infrared brightening events are due to the periodic transit of a synchrotron jet across our line of sight. An analysis of both new, and archival, infrared observations has led us to revise the period for these events to 3.0367 days. We also present new Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) data for GX17+2 obtained during two predicted infrared brightening events. Analysis of these new data, and data from the RXTE archive, indicates that there is no correlation between the X-ray behavior of this source and the observed infrared brightenings. We examine various scenarios that might produce periodic jet emission. 6. On the Diurnal Periodicity of Representative Earthquakes in Greece: Comparison of Data from Different Observation Systems Science.gov (United States) Desherevskii, A. V.; Sidorin, A. Ya. 2017-12-01 Due to the initiation of the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network (HUSN) in late 2007, the quality of observation significantly improved by 2011. For example, the representative magnitude level considerably has decreased and the number of annually recorded events has increased. The new observational system highly expanded the possibilities for studying regularities in seismicity. In view of this, the authors revisited their studies of the diurnal periodicity of representative earthquakes in Greece that was revealed earlier in the earthquake catalog before 2011. We use 18 samples of earthquakes of different magnitudes taken from the catalog of Greek earthquakes from 2011 to June 2016 to derive a series of the number of earthquakes for each of them and calculate its average diurnal course. To increase the reliability of the results, we compared the data for two regions. With a high degree of statistical significance, we have obtained that no diurnal periodicity can be found for strongly representative earthquakes. This finding differs from the estimates obtained earlier from an analysis of the catalog of earthquakes at the same area for 1995-2004 and 2005-2010, i.e., before the initiation of the Hellenic Unified Seismic Network. The new results are consistent with the hypothesis of noise discrimination (observational selection) explaining the cause of the diurnal variation of earthquakes with different sensitivity of the seismic network in daytime and nighttime periods. 7. Summer weather characteristics and periodicity observed over the period 1888-2013 in the region of Belgrade, Serbia Science.gov (United States) Vujović, Dragana; Todorović, Nedeljko; Paskota, Mira 2018-04-01 With the goal of finding summer climate patterns in the region of Belgrade (Serbia) over the period 1888-2013, different techniques of multivariate statistical analysis were used in order to analyze the simultaneous changes of a number of climatologic parameters. An increasing trend of the mean daily minimum temperature was detected. In the recent decades (1960-2013), this increase was much more pronounced. The number of days with the daily minimum temperature greater or equal to 20 °C also increased significantly. Precipitation had no statistically significant trend. Spectral analysis showed a repetitive nature of the climatologic parameters which had periods that roughly can be classified into three groups, with the durations of the following: (1) 6 to 7 years, (2) 10 to 18 years, and (3) 21, 31, and 41 years. The temperature variables mainly had one period of repetitiveness of 5 to 7 years. Among other variables, the correlations of regional fluctuations of the temperature and precipitation and atmospheric circulation indices were analyzed. The North Atlantic oscillation index had the same periodicity as that of the precipitation, and it was not correlated to the temperature variables. Atlantic multidecadal oscillation index correlated well to the summer mean daily minimum and summer mean temperatures. The underlying structure of the data was analyzed by principal component analysis, which detected the following four easily interpreted dimensions: More sunshine-Higher temperature, Precipitation, Extreme heats, and Changeable summer. 8. Enhanced persistency of resting and active periods of locomotor activity in schizophrenia. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Wataru Sano Full Text Available Patients with schizophrenia frequently exhibit behavioral abnormalities associated with its pathological symptoms. Therefore, a quantitative evaluation of behavioral dynamics could contribute to objective diagnoses of schizophrenia. However, such an approach has not been fully established because of the absence of quantitative biobehavioral measures. Recently, we studied the dynamical properties of locomotor activity, specifically how resting and active periods are interwoven in daily life. We discovered universal statistical laws ("behavioral organization" and their alterations in patients with major depressive disorder. In this study, we evaluated behavioral organization of schizophrenic patients (n = 19 and healthy subjects (n = 11 using locomotor activity data, acquired by actigraphy, to investigate whether the laws could provide objective and quantitative measures for a possible diagnosis and assessment of symptoms. Specifically, we evaluated the cumulative distributions of resting and active periods, defined as the periods with physical activity counts successively below and above a predefined threshold, respectively. Here we report alterations in the laws governing resting and active periods; resting periods obeyed a power-law cumulative distribution with significantly lower parameter values (power-law scaling exponents, whereas active periods followed a stretched exponential distribution with significantly lower parameter values (stretching exponents, in patients. Our findings indicate enhanced persistency of both lower and higher locomotor activity periods in patients with schizophrenia, probably reflecting schizophrenic pathophysiology. 9. Sensitivity Enhancement in Low Cutoff Wavelength Long-Period Fiber Gratings by Cladding Diameter Reduction Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ignacio Del Villar 2017-09-01 Full Text Available The diameter of long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs fabricated in optical fibers with a low cutoff wavelength was be reduced by hydrofluoric acid etching, enhancing the sensitivity to refractive index by more than a factor of 3, to 2611 nm/refractive index unit in the range from 1.333 to 1.4278. The grating period selected for the LPFGs allowed access to the dispersion turning point at wavelengths close to the visible range of the optical spectrum, where optical equipment is less expensive. As an example of an application, a pH sensor based on the deposition of a polymeric coating was analyzed in two situations: with an LPFG without diameter reduction and with an LPFG with diameter reduction. Again, a sensitivity increase of a factor of near 3 was obtained, demonstrating the ability of this method to enhance the sensitivity of thin-film-coated LPFG chemical sensors. 10. Sensitivity Enhancement in Low Cutoff Wavelength Long-Period Fiber Gratings by Cladding Diameter Reduction. Science.gov (United States) Del Villar, Ignacio; Partridge, Matthew; Rodriguez, Wenceslao Eduardo; Fuentes, Omar; Socorro, Abian Bentor; Diaz, Silvia; Corres, Jesus Maria; James, Stephen Wayne; Tatam, Ralph Peter 2017-09-13 The diameter of long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) fabricated in optical fibers with a low cutoff wavelength was be reduced by hydrofluoric acid etching, enhancing the sensitivity to refractive index by more than a factor of 3, to 2611 nm/refractive index unit in the range from 1.333 to 1.4278. The grating period selected for the LPFGs allowed access to the dispersion turning point at wavelengths close to the visible range of the optical spectrum, where optical equipment is less expensive. As an example of an application, a pH sensor based on the deposition of a polymeric coating was analyzed in two situations: with an LPFG without diameter reduction and with an LPFG with diameter reduction. Again, a sensitivity increase of a factor of near 3 was obtained, demonstrating the ability of this method to enhance the sensitivity of thin-film-coated LPFG chemical sensors. 11. Using Total Lightning Observations to Enhance Lightning Safety Science.gov (United States) Stano, Geoffrey T. 2012-01-01 12. SOHO/SWAN OBSERVATIONS OF SHORT-PERIOD SPACECRAFT TARGET COMETS International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Combi, M. R.; Lee, Y.; Patel, T. S.; Maekinen, J. T. T.; Bertaux, J.-L.; Quemerais, E. 2011-01-01 SWAN, the Solar Wind ANisotropies all-sky hydrogen Lyα camera on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory spacecraft that makes all-sky images of interplanetary neutral hydrogen, has an ongoing campaign to make special observations of comets, both short- and long-period ones, in addition to the serendipitous observations of comets as part of the all-sky monitoring program. We report here on a study of several short-period comets that were detected by SWAN: 21P/Giacobini-Zinner (1998 and 2005 apparitions), 19P/Borrelly (2001 apparition), 81P/Wild 2 (1997 apparition), and 103P/Hartley 2 (1997 apparition). SWAN observes comets over long continuous stretches of their visible apparitions and therefore provides excellent temporal coverage of the water production. For some of the observations we are also able to analyze an entire sequence of images over many days to several weeks/months using our time-resolved model and extract daily average water production rates over continuous periods of several days to months. The short-term (outburst) and long-term behavior can be correlated with other observations. The overall long-term variation is examined in light of seasonal effects seen in the pre- to post-perihelion differences. For 21P/Giacobini-Zinner and 81P/Wild 2 the activity variations over each apparition were more continuously monitored but nonetheless consistent with previous observations. For 19P/Borrelly we found a very steep variation of water production rates, again consistent with some previous observations, and a variation over six months around perihelion that was reasonably consistent with the spin-axis model of Schleicher et al. and the illumination of the main active areas. During the 1997-1998 apparition of 103P/Hartley 2, the target comet of the EPOXI mission (the Deep Impact extended mission), we found a variation with heliocentric distance (∼r -3.6 ) that was almost as steep as 19P/Borrelly and, given the small measured radius near aphelion, this places 13. Period Study and Analyses of 2017 Observations of the Totally Eclipsing, Solar Type Binary, MT Camelopardalis Science.gov (United States) Faulkner, Danny R.; Samec, Ronald G.; Caton, Daniel B. 2018-06-01 We report here on a period study and the analysis of BVRcIc light curves (taken in 2017) of MT Cam (GSC03737-01085), which is a solar type (T ~ 5500K) eclipsing binary. D. Caton observed MT Cam on 05, 14, 15, 16, and 17, December 2017 with the 0.81-m reflector at Dark Sky Observatory. Six times of minimum light were calculated from four primary eclipses and two secondary eclipses:HJD I = 24 58092.4937±0.0002, 2458102.74600±0.0021, 2458104.5769±0.0002, 2458104.9434±0.0029HJD II = 2458103.6610±0.0001, 2458104.7607±0.0020,Six times of minimum light were also calculated from data taken by Terrell, Gross, and Cooney, in their 2016 and 2004 observations (reported in IBVS #6166; TGC, hereafter). In addition, six more times of minimum light were taken from the literature. From all 18 times of minimum light, we determined the following light elements:JD Hel Min I=2458102.7460(4) + 0.36613937(5) EWe found the orbital period was constant over the 14 years spanning all observations. We note that TGC found a slightly increasing period. However, our results were obtained from a period study rather than comparison of observations from only two epochs by the Wilson-Devinney (W-D) Program. A BVRcIc Johnson-Cousins filtered simultaneous W-D Program solution gives a mass ratio (0.3385±0.0014) very nearly the same as TGC’s (0.347±0.003), and a component temperature difference of only ~40 K. As with TGC, no spot was needed in the modeling. Our modeling (beginning with Binary Maker 3.0 fits) was done without prior knowledge of TGC’s. This shows the agreement achieved when independent analyses are done with the W-D code. The present observations were taken 1.8 years later than the last curves by TGC, so some variation is expected.The Roche Lobe fill-out of the binary is ~13% and the inclination is ~83.5 degrees. The system is a shallow contact W-type W UMa Binary, albeit, the amplitudes of the primary and secondary eclipse are very nearly identical. An eclipse duration of ~21 14. On the observed excess of retrograde orbits among long-period comets International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fernandez, J.A. 1981-01-01 The distribution of orbital inclinations of the observed long-period comets is analysed. An excess of retrograde orbits is found which increases with the perihelion distance, except for the range 1.1 10 3 A U) has the same behaviour as the total sample. It is thus suggested that the excess of retrograde orbits among long-period comets is related to an already existent excess among the incoming new comets (i.e. comets driven into the planetary region by stellar perturbations). Using theoretical considerations and a numerical model it is proposed that an important fraction of the so-called new comets are actually repeating passages through the planetary region. Nearly a half of the new comets with q > 2 A U may be repeating passages. An important consequence of the presence of comets repeating passages among the new ones is the production of an excess of retrograde orbits in the whole sample. (author) 15. Subarcsecond bright points and quasi-periodic upflows below a quiescent filament observed by IRIS Science.gov (United States) Li, T.; Zhang, J. 2016-05-01 Context. The new Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) mission provides high-resolution observations of UV spectra and slit-jaw images (SJIs). These data have become available for investigating the dynamic features in the transition region (TR) below the on-disk filaments. Aims: The driver of "counter-streaming" flows along the filament spine is still unknown yet. The magnetic structures and the upflows at the footpoints of the filaments and their relations with the filament mainbody have not been well understood. We study the dynamic evolution at the footpoints of filaments in order to find some clues for solving these questions. Methods: Using UV spectra and SJIs from the IRIS, along with coronal images and magnetograms from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), we present the new features in a quiescent filament channel: subarcsecond bright points (BPs) and quasi-periodic upflows. Results: The BPs in the TR have a spatial scale of about 350-580 km and lifetimes of more than several tens of minutes. They are located at stronger magnetic structures in the filament channel with a magnetic flux of about 1017-1018 Mx. Quasi-periodic brightenings and upflows are observed in the BPs, and the period is about 4-5 min. The BP and the associated jet-like upflow comprise a "tadpole-shaped" structure. The upflows move along bright filament threads, and their directions are almost parallel to the spine of the filament. The upflows initiated from the BPs with opposite polarity magnetic fields have opposite directions. The velocity of the upflows in the plane of sky is about 5-50 km s-1. The emission line of Si IV 1402.77 Å at the locations of upflows exhibits obvious blueshifts of about 5-30 km s-1, and the line profile is broadened with the width of more than 20 km s-1. Conclusions: The BPs seem to be the bases of filament threads, and the upflows are able to convey mass for the dynamic balance of the filament. The "counter-streaming" flows in previous observations 16. Enhanced transmission of terahertz radiation through a periodically modulated slab of layered superconductor International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kadygrob, D V; Slipchenko, T M; Yampol'skii, V A; Makarov, N M; Pérez-Rodríguez, F 2013-01-01 We predict the enhanced transparency of a modulated slab of layered superconductor for terahertz radiation due to the diffraction of an incident wave and the resonance excitation of eigenmodes. The electromagnetic field is transferred from the irradiated side of the slab to the other by excited waveguide modes (WGMs) which do not decay in layered superconductors, in contrast to metals, where the enhanced light transmission is caused by the excitation of evanescent surface waves. We show that a series of resonance peaks can be observed in the dependence of transmittance on the incidence angle when the dispersion curve of the diffracted wave crosses successive dispersion curves for the WGMs. (paper) 17. Climatic trends in Estonia during the period of instrumental observations and climate scenarios International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jaagus, J. 1996-01-01 Weather conditions in Estonia are quite variable. Long-term periodical fluctuations have been observed in meteorological values. At the same time, the climate change during the last 100-150 years is marked. As a general tendency, the climate has become more maritime. Air pressure is characterized by an increasing trend in spring and summer, and by a decreasing trend in autumn and winter. Mean air temperature has increased, particularly over the colder half of the year. Precipitation area totals have risen, most of all in autumn and winter. Snow cover duration has decreased significantly. General circulation model-based climate change scenarios expect a general increase in air temperature in Estonia with warming in winter more significant than that in summer. Moreover, they indicate an increase in precipitation, but the results of the individual models are quite variable. The transient scenario shows that the main increase in precipitation will not occur during next decades, but only at the end of the transient period, around 2070. It can be stated that observed tendencies of climate change in Estonia concur with expected changes caused by global warming. According to the long-term fluctuations of meteorological values in Estonia, changes different from general trends can take place during the next decade. An increase in mean air pressure, sunshine duration and snow cover duration, as well as a decrease in mean air temperature and precipitation is expected in the following years 18. Observability-Enhanced PMU Placement Considering Conventional Measurements and Contingencies Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M. Esmaili 2014-12-01 Full Text Available Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs are in growing attention in recent power systems because of their paramount abilities in state estimation. PMUs are placed in existing power systems where there are already installed conventional measurements, which can be helpful if they are considered in PMU optimal placement. In this paper, a method is proposed for optimal placement of PMUs incorporating conventional measurements of zero injection buses and branch flow measurements using a permutation matrix. Furthermore, the effect of single branch outage and single PMU failure is included in the proposed method. When a branch with a flow measurement goes out, the network loses one observability path (the branch and one conventional measurement (the flow measurement. The permutation matrix proposed here is able to model the outage of a branch equipped with a flow measurement or connected to a zero injection bus. Also, measurement redundancy, and consequently measurement reliability, is enhanced without increasing the number of PMUs this implies a more efficient usage of PMUs than previous methods. The PMU placement problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming that results in the global optimal solution. Results obtained from testing the proposed method on four well-known test systems in diverse situations confirm its efficiency. 19. Possible signature of the magnetic fields related to quasi-periodic oscillations observed in microquasars Science.gov (United States) Kološ, Martin; Tursunov, Arman; Stuchlík, Zdeněk 2017-12-01 The study of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of X-ray flux observed in the stellar-mass black hole binaries can provide a powerful tool for testing of the phenomena occurring in the strong gravity regime. Magnetized versions of the standard geodesic models of QPOs can explain the observationally fixed data from the three microquasars. We perform a successful fitting of the HF QPOs observed for three microquasars, GRS 1915+105, XTE 1550-564 and GRO 1655-40, containing black holes, for magnetized versions of both epicyclic resonance and relativistic precession models and discuss the corresponding constraints of parameters of the model, which are the mass and spin of the black hole and the parameter related to the external magnetic field. The estimated magnetic field intensity strongly depends on the type of objects giving the observed HF QPOs. It can be as small as 10^{-5} G if electron oscillatory motion is relevant, but it can be by many orders higher for protons or ions (0.02-1 G), or even higher for charged dust or such exotic objects as lighting balls, etc. On the other hand, if we know by any means the magnetic field intensity, our model implies strong limit on the character of the oscillating matter, namely its specific charge. 20. Possible signature of the magnetic fields related to quasi-periodic oscillations observed in microquasars Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kolos, Martin; Tursunov, Arman; Stuchlik, Zdenek [Silesian University in Opava, Institute of Physics and Research Centre of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Philosophy and Science, Opava (Czech Republic) 2017-12-15 The study of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of X-ray flux observed in the stellar-mass black hole binaries can provide a powerful tool for testing of the phenomena occurring in the strong gravity regime. Magnetized versions of the standard geodesic models of QPOs can explain the observationally fixed data from the three microquasars. We perform a successful fitting of the HF QPOs observed for three microquasars, GRS 1915+105, XTE 1550-564 and GRO 1655-40, containing black holes, for magnetized versions of both epicyclic resonance and relativistic precession models and discuss the corresponding constraints of parameters of the model, which are the mass and spin of the black hole and the parameter related to the external magnetic field. The estimated magnetic field intensity strongly depends on the type of objects giving the observed HF QPOs. It can be as small as 10{sup -5} G if electron oscillatory motion is relevant, but it can be by many orders higher for protons or ions (0.02-1 G), or even higher for charged dust or such exotic objects as lighting balls, etc. On the other hand, if we know by any means the magnetic field intensity, our model implies strong limit on the character of the oscillating matter, namely its specific charge. (orig.) 1. Enhancing Earth Observation Capacity in the Himalayan Region Science.gov (United States) Shrestha, B. R. 2012-12-01 Earth observations bear special significance in the Himalayan Region owing to the fact that routine data collections are often hampered by highly inaccessible terrain and harsh climatic conditions. The ongoing rapid environmental changes have further emphasized its relevance and use for informed decision-making. The International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), with a regional mandate is promoting the use of earth observations in line with the GEOSS societal benefit areas. ICIMOD has a proven track record to utilize earth observations notably in the areas of understanding glaciers and snow dynamics, disaster risk preparedness and emergency response, carbon estimation for community forestry user groups, land cover change assessment, agriculture monitoring and food security analysis among others. This paper presents the challenges and lessons learned as a part of capacity building of ICIMOD to utilize earth observations with the primary objectives to empower its member countries and foster regional cooperation. As a part of capacity building, ICIMOD continues to make its efforts to augment as a regional resource center on earth observation and geospatial applications for sustainable mountain development. Capacity building possesses multitude of challenges in the region: the complex geo-political reality with differentiated capacities of member states, poorer institutional and technical infrastructure; addressing the needs for multiple user and target groups; integration with different thematic disciplines; and high resources intensity and sustainability. A capacity building framework was developed based on detailed needs assessment with a regional approach and strategy to enhance capability of ICIMOD and its network of national partners. A specialized one-week training course and curriculum have been designed for different thematic areas to impart knowledge and skills that include development practitioners, professionals, researchers and 2. Estimating interevent time distributions from finite observation periods in communication networks Science.gov (United States) Kivelä, Mikko; Porter, Mason A. 2015-11-01 A diverse variety of processes—including recurrent disease episodes, neuron firing, and communication patterns among humans—can be described using interevent time (IET) distributions. Many such processes are ongoing, although event sequences are only available during a finite observation window. Because the observation time window is more likely to begin or end during long IETs than during short ones, the analysis of such data is susceptible to a bias induced by the finite observation period. In this paper, we illustrate how this length bias is born and how it can be corrected without assuming any particular shape for the IET distribution. To do this, we model event sequences using stationary renewal processes, and we formulate simple heuristics for determining the severity of the bias. To illustrate our results, we focus on the example of empirical communication networks, which are temporal networks that are constructed from communication events. The IET distributions of such systems guide efforts to build models of human behavior, and the variance of IETs is very important for estimating the spreading rate of information in networks of temporal interactions. We analyze several well-known data sets from the literature, and we find that the resulting bias can lead to systematic underestimates of the variance in the IET distributions and that correcting for the bias can lead to qualitatively different results for the tails of the IET distributions. 3. Surface plasmon effects in the absorption enhancements of amorphous silicon solar cells with periodical metal nanowall and nanopillar structures. Science.gov (United States) Lin, Hung-Yu; Kuo, Yang; Liao, Cheng-Yuan; Yang, C C; Kiang, Yean-Woei 2012-01-02 The authors numerically investigate the absorption enhancement of an amorphous Si solar cell, in which a periodical one-dimensional nanowall or two-dimensional nanopillar structure of the Ag back-reflector is fabricated such that a dome-shaped grating geometry is formed after Si deposition and indium-tin-oxide coating. In this investigation, the effects of surface plasmon (SP) interaction in such a metal nanostructure are of major concern. Absorption enhancement in most of the solar spectral range of significant amorphous Si absorption (320-800 nm) is observed in a grating solar cell. In the short-wavelength range of high amorphous Si absorption, the weakly wavelength-dependent absorption enhancement is mainly caused by the broadband anti-reflection effect, which is produced through the surface nano-grating structures. In the long-wavelength range of diminishing amorphous Si absorption, the highly wavelength-sensitive absorption enhancement is mainly caused by Fabry-Perot resonance and SP interaction. The SP interaction includes the contributions of surface plasmon polariton and localized surface plasmon. 4. The Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE): Observing Mass Loss on Short-Period Exoplanets Science.gov (United States) Egan, Arika; Fleming, Brian; France, Kevin 2018-06-01 The Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE) is an NUV spectrograph packaged into a 6U CubeSat, designed to characterize the interaction between exoplanetary atmospheres and their host stars. CUTE will conduct a transit spectroscopy survey, gathering data over multiple transits on more than 12 short-period exoplanets with a range of masses and radii. The instrument will characterize the spectral properties of the transit light curves to atomic and molecular absorption features predicted to exist in the upper atmospheres of these planets, including Mg I, Mg II, Fe II, and OH. The shape and evolution of these spectral light curves will be used to quantify mass loss rates, the stellar drives of that mass loss, and the possible existence of exoplanetary magnetic fiends. This poster presents the science motivation for CUTE, planned observation and data analysis methods, and expected results. 5. Periodic array-based substrates for surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy Science.gov (United States) Mayerhöfer, Thomas G.; Popp, Jürgen 2018-01-01 At the beginning of the 1980s, the first reports of surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (SEIRS) surfaced. Probably due to signal-enhancement factors of only 101 to 103, which are modest compared to those of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), SEIRS did not reach the same significance up to date. However, taking the compared to Raman scattering much larger cross-sections of infrared absorptions and the enhancement factors together, SEIRS reaches about the same sensitivity for molecular species on a surface in terms of the cross-sections as SERS and, due to the complementary nature of both techniques, can valuably augment information gained by SERS. For the first 20 years since its discovery, SEIRS relied completely on metal island films, fabricated by either vapor or electrochemical deposition. The resulting films showed a strong variance concerning their structure, which was essentially random. Therefore, the increase in the corresponding signal-enhancement factors of these structures stagnated in the last years. In the very same years, however, the development of periodic array-based substrates helped SEIRS to gather momentum. This development was supported by technological progress concerning electromagnetic field solvers, which help to understand plasmonic properties and allow targeted design. In addition, the strong progress concerning modern fabrication methods allowed to implement these designs into practice. The aim of this contribution is to critically review the development of these engineered surfaces for SEIRS, to compare the different approaches with regard to their performance where possible, and report further gain of knowledge around and in relation to these structures. 6. Observed hierarchy of student proficiency with period, frequency, and angular frequency Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nicholas T. Young 2018-01-01 Full Text Available In the context of a generic harmonic oscillator, we investigated students’ accuracy in determining the period, frequency, and angular frequency from mathematical and graphical representations. In a series of studies including interviews, free response tests, and multiple choice tests developed in an iterative process, we assessed students in both algebra-based and calculus-based, traditionally instructed university-level introductory physics courses. Using the results, we categorized nine skills necessary for proficiency in determining period, frequency, and angular frequency. Overall results reveal that, postinstruction, proficiency is quite low: only about 20%–40% of students mastered most of the nine skills. Next, we used a semiquantitative, intuitive method to investigate the hierarchical structure of the nine skills. We also employed the more formal item tree analysis method to verify this structure and found that the skills form a multilevel, nonlinear hierarchy, with mastery of some skills being prerequisite for mastery in other skills. Finally, we implemented a targeted, 30-min group-work activity to improve proficiency in these skills and found a 1 standard deviation gain in accuracy. Overall, the results suggest that many students currently lack these essential skills, targeted practice may lead to required mastery, and that the observed hierarchical structure in the skills suggests that instruction should especially attend to the skills lower in the hierarchy. 7. Quasi-16-day period oscillations observed in middle atmospheric ozone and temperature in Antarctica Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Demissie, T.D.; Hibbins, R.E.; Espy, P.J. [Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim (Norway); Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Bergen (Norway); Kleinknecht, N.H.; Straub, C. [Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim (Norway) 2013-09-01 Nightly averaged mesospheric temperature derived from the hydroxyl nightglow at Rothera station (67 34' S, 68 08' W) and nightly midnight measurements of ozone mixing ratio obtained from Troll station (72 01' S, 2 32' E) in Antarctica have been used to investigate the presence and vertical profile of the quasi-16-day planetary wave in the stratosphere and mesosphere during the Antarctic winter of 2009. The variations caused by planetary waves on the ozone mixing ratio and temperature are discussed, and spectral and cross-correlation analyses are performed to extract the wave amplitudes and to examine the vertical structure of the wave from 34 to 80 km. The results show that while planetary-wave signatures with periods 3-12 days are strong below the stratopause, the oscillations associated with the 16-day wave are the strongest and present in both the mesosphere and stratosphere. The period of the wave is found to increase below 42 km due to the Doppler shifting by the strong eastward zonal wind. The 16-day oscillation in the temperature is found to be correlated and phase coherent with the corresponding oscillation observed in O{sub 3} volume mixing ratio at all levels, and the wave is found to have vertical phase fronts consistent with a normal mode structure. (orig.) 8. Detecting atmospheric normal modes with periods less than 6 h by barometric observations Science.gov (United States) Ermolenko, S. I.; Shved, G. M.; Jacobi, Ch. 2018-04-01 The theory of atmospheric normal modes (ANMs) predicts the existence of relatively short-period gravity-inertia ANMs. Simultaneous observations of surface air-pressure variations by barometers at distant stations of the Global Geodynamics Project network during an interval of 6 months were used to detect individual gravity-inertia ANMs with periods of ∼2-5 h. Evidence was found for five ANMs with a lifetime of ∼10 days. The data of the stations, which are close in both latitude and longitude, were utilized for deriving the phases of the detected ANMs. The phases revealed wave propagation to the west and increase of zonal wavenumbers with frequency. As all the detected gravity-inertia ANMs are westward propagating, they are suggested to be generated due to the breakdown of migrating solar tides and/or large-scale Rossby waves. The existence of an ANM background will complicate the detection of the translational motions of the Earth's inner core. 9. Extreme value analysis of meterological parameters observed at Narora during the period 1989-2001 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Varakhedkar, V.K.; Dube, B.; Gurg, R.P. 2002-08-01 The design of engineering structures requires an understanding of extreme weather conditions that may occur at the site of interest, which is very essential, so that the structures can be designed to withstand weather stresses. In this report an analysis of extreme values of meteorological parameters observed at Narora for the period 1989- 2001 is described. The parameters considered are maximum and minimum air temperature, minimum relative humidity, maximum wind speed, maximum rainfall in a day and month, and annual rainfall. The extreme value analysis reveals that the variables such as annual maximum air temperature, minimum relative humidity and monthly maximum rainfall obey Fisher -Tippet Type -I extreme value distribution where as annual minimum air temperature, maximum hourly wind speed, daily maximum rainfall and maximum and minimum annual rainfall, obey Fisher -Tippet Type -2 extreme value distribution function. Various distribution function parameters for each variable are determined. Extreme values corresponding to return periods of 50 years and 100 years are worked out. These derived extreme values are particularly useful for arriving at suitable design values to ensure the safety of any civil structure in Narora area with respect to stresses due to weather conditions. (author) 10. "Radiative Closure Studies for Clear Skies During the ARM 2003 Aerosol Intensive Observation Period" Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) J. J. Michalsky, G. P. Anderson, J. Barnard, J. Delamere, C. Gueymard, S. Kato, P. Kiedron, A. McComiskey, and P. Ricchiazzi 2006-04-01 11. Metabolic observations during the treatment of obese patients by periods of total starvation NARCIS (Netherlands) Riet, H.G. van; Schwarz, F.; Kinderen, P.J. der; Veeman, W. Ten very obese female patients were treated by periods of total starvation lasting 10 days each. In the interval between these starvation periods, a diet of 600 calories was given. Twenty-one periods were completed, 6 patients went through 3 periods each. The fasting was generally well tolerated; 12. IUE observations of long period eclipsing binaries: a study of accretion onto non-degenerate stars International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Plavec, M.J. 1980-01-01 It has long been thought that β Lyrae is a unique system, by virtue of its UV spectrum and its nature. The author argues that a whole class of interacting long-period binaries exists, similar to β Lyrae. According to IUE observations made in 1978-79 this group comprises: RX Cas, SX Cas, V 367 Cyg, W Cru, β Lyr, and W Ser. AR Pav is a transition case linking them with the symbiotics. The author also suggests that HD 218393 (KX And), HD 72754, and HD 51480 are their non-eclipsing counterparts. The whole group is called the W Serpentis stars. These systems are mass-transfering binaries (case B) in which the mass transfer rate is relatively high, probably on the order 10 -6 to 10 -4 solar masses/year. They display an ultraviolet continuum with a color temperature definitely higher than the one observed in the optical region. Even more characteristical is the presence of strong emission lines of N V, C IV, Si IV, Fe III, Al III, and lower ions of C and Si. The author discusses these phenomena on the assumption that they are due to accretion onto non-degenerate stars. (Auth.) 13. Peer Observation of Teaching: Enhancing Academic Engagement for New Participants Science.gov (United States) Carroll, Conor; O'Loughlin, Deirdre 2014-01-01 This research aims to uncover key motivations, barriers and outcomes associated with first-time users of peer observation of teaching within an Irish higher level academic context. Following preliminary research, a peer observation process was piloted on five self-selected peer observation faculty pairs involving peer observation training and… 14. Periodic imidazolium-bridged hybrid monolith for high-efficiency capillary liquid chromatography with enhanced selectivity. Science.gov (United States) Qiao, Xiaoqiang; Zhang, Niu; Han, Manman; Li, Xueyun; Qin, Xinying; Shen, Shigang 2017-03-01 A novel periodic imidazolium-bridged hybrid monolithic column was developed. With diene imidazolium ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide as both cross-linker and organic functionalized reagent, a new periodic imidazolium-bridged hybrid monolithic column was facilely prepared in capillary with homogeneously distributed cationic imidazolium by a one-step free-radical polymerization with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane methacryl substituted. The successful preparation of the new column was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and surface area analysis. Most interestingly, the bonded amount of 1-allyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide of the new column is three times higher than that of the conventional imidazolium-embedded hybrid monolithic column and the specific surface area of the column reached 478 m 2 /g. The new column exhibited high stability, excellent separation efficiency, and enhanced separation selectivity. The column efficiency reached 151 000 plates/m for alkylbenzenes. Furthermore, the new column was successfully used for separation of highly polar nucleosides and nucleic acid bases with pure water as mobile phase and even bovine serum albumin tryptic digest. All these results demonstrate the periodic imidazolium-bridged hybrid monolithic column is a good separation media and can be used for chromatographic separation of small molecules and complex biological samples with high efficiency. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. 15. Desertification, resilience, and re-greening in the African Sahel - a matter of the observation period? Science.gov (United States) Kusserow, Hannelore 2017-12-01 Since the turn of the millennium various scientific publications have been discussing a re-greening of the Sahel after the 1980s drought mainly based on coarse-resolution satellite data. However, the author's own field studies suggest that the situation is far more complex and that both paradigms, the encroaching Sahara and the re-greening Sahel, need to be questioned.This paper discusses the concepts of desertification, resilience, and re-greening by addressing four main aspects: (i) the relevance of edaphic factors for a vegetation re-greening, (ii-iii) the importance of the selected observation period in the debate on Sahel greening or browning, and (iv) modifications in the vegetation pattern as possible indicators of ecosystem changes (shift from originally diffuse to contracted vegetation patterns).The data referred to in this paper cover a time period of more than 150 years and include the author's own research results from the early 1980s until today. A special emphasis, apart from fieldwork data and remote sensing data, is laid on the historical documents.The key findings summarised at the end show the following: (i) vegetation recovery predominantly depends on soil types; (ii) when discussing Sahel greening vs. Sahel browning, the majority of research papers only focus on post-drought conditions. Taking pre-drought conditions (before the 1980s) into account, however, is essential to fully understand the situation. Botanical investigations and remote-sensing-based time series clearly show a substantial decline in woody species diversity and cover density compared to pre-drought conditions; (iii) the self-organised patchiness of vegetation is considered to be an important indicator of ecosystem changes. 16. Observed ozone exceedances in Italy: statistical analysis and modelling in the period 2002-2015 Science.gov (United States) Falasca, Serena; Curci, Gabriele; Candeloro, Luca; Conte, Annamaria; Ippoliti, Carla 2017-04-01 concentrations. On the other hand, high-temperature events have similar duration and higher mean temperature with respect to recent years, pointing out that temperature is not the only driver of high-ozone events. The statistical model confirms a significant impact of the meteorological variables (positive for temperature and pressure, negative for humidity and wind speed) on the probability of ozone events. Significant predictors are also the altitude (negative) and the number of inhabitants (positive). The decreasing observed recent trend is explained by the introduction of the Euro regulations, rather than natural variability. However, we find an inversion of trend for the more recent period under Euro6 (from September 2014), but we cautionary wait a confirmation from additional data at least for the year 2016. 17. Periodically arranged colloidal gold nanoparticles for enhanced light harvesting in organic solar cells DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Mirsafaei, Mina; Fernandes Cauduro, André Luis; Kunstmann-Olsen, Casper 2016-01-01 Although organic solar cells show intriguing features such as low-cost, mechanical flexibility and light weight, their efficiency is still low compared to their inorganic counterparts. One way of improving their efficiency is by the use of light-trapping mechanisms from nano- or microstructures......, which makes it possible to improve the light absorption and charge extraction in the device’s active layer. Here, periodically arranged colloidal gold nanoparticles are demonstrated experimentally and theoretically to improve light absorption and thus enhance the efficiency of organic solar cells....... Surface-ordered gold nanoparticle arrangements are integrated at the bottom electrode of organic solar cells. The resulting optical interference and absorption effects are numerically investigated in bulk hetero-junction solar cells based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) and Transfer Matrix... 18. Enhancing the Out-Coupling Efficiency of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Two-Dimensional Periodic Nanostructures Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Qingyang Yue 2012-01-01 Full Text Available The out-coupling efficiency of planar organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs is only about 20% due to factors, such as, the total internal reflection, surface plasmon coupling, and metal absorption. Two-dimensional periodic nanostructures, such as, photonic crystals (PhCs and microlenses arrays offer a potential method to improve the out-coupling efficiency of OLEDs. In this work, we employed the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD method to explore different mechanisms that embedded PhCs and surface PhCs to improve the out-coupling efficiency. The effects of several parameters, including the filling factor, the depth, and the lattice constant were investigated. The result showed that embedded PhCs play a key role in improving the out-coupling efficiency, and an enhancement factor of 240% was obtained in OLEDs with embedded PhCs, while the enhancement factor of OLEDs with surface PhCs was only 120%. Furthermore, the phenomena was analyzed using the mode theory and it demonstrated that the overlap between the mode and PhCs was related to the distribution of vertical mode profiles. The enhancement of the extraction efficiency in excess of 290% was observed for the optimized OLEDs structure with double PhCs. This proposed structure could be a very promising candidate for high extraction efficiency OLEDs. 19. Surface plasmon enhanced absorption and suppressed transmission in periodic arrays of graphene ribbons Science.gov (United States) Nikitin, A. Yu.; Guinea, F.; Garcia-Vidal, F. J.; Martin-Moreno, L. 2012-02-01 Resonance diffraction in the periodic array of graphene microribbons is theoretically studied following a recent experiment [L. Ju , Nature Nanotech.1748-338710.1038/nnano.2011.146 6, 630 (2011)]. Systematic studies over a wide range of parameters are presented. It is shown that a much richer resonant picture would be observable for higher relaxation times of charge carriers: More resonances appear and transmission can be totally suppressed. The comparison with the absorption cross-section of a single ribbon shows that the resonant features of the periodic array are associated with leaky plasmonic modes. The longest-wavelength resonance provides the highest visibility of the transmission dip and has the strongest spectral shift and broadening with respect to the single-ribbon resonance, due to collective effects. 20. Observed temporal evolution of global mean age of stratospheric air for the 2002 to 2010 period Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) G. P. Stiller 2012-04-01 Full Text Available An extensive observational data set, consisting of more than 106 SF6 vertical profiles from MIPAS measurements distributed over the whole globe has been condensed into monthly zonal means of mean age of air for the period September 2002 to January 2010, binned at 10° latitude and 1–2 km altitude. The data were analysed with respect to their temporal variation by fitting a regression model consisting of a constant and a linear increase term, 2 proxies for the QBO variation, sinusoidal terms for the seasonal and semi-annual variation and overtones for the correction of the shapes to the observed data set. The impact of subsidence of mesospheric SF6-depleted air and in-mixing into non-polar latitudes on mid-latitudinal absolute age of air and its linear increase was assessed and found to be small. The linear increase of mean age of stratospheric air was found to be positive and partly larger than the trend derived by Engel et al. (2009 for most of the Northern mid-latitudes, the middle stratosphere in the tropics, and parts of the Southern mid-latitudes, as well as for the Southern polar upper stratosphere. Multi-year decrease of age of air was found for the lowermost and the upper stratospheric tropics, for parts of Southern mid-latitudes, and for the Northern polar regions. Analysis of the amplitudes and phases of the seasonal variation shed light on the coupling of stratospheric regions to each other. In particular, the Northern mid-latitude stratosphere is well coupled to the tropics, while the Northern lowermost mid-latitudinal stratosphere is decoupled, confirming the separation of the shallow branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation from the deep branch. We suggest an overall increased tropical upwelling, together with weakening of mixing barriers, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, as a hypothetical model to explain the observed pattern of linear multi-year increase/decrease, and amplitudes 1. Enhanced optical fiber fluorometer using a periodic perturbation in the fiber core Science.gov (United States) Chiniforooshan, Yasser; Bock, Wojtek J.; Ma, Jianjun 2013-10-01 Tracing of the specific chemicals and biological agents in a solution is becoming a vital interest in health, security and safety industries. Although a number of standard laboratory-based testing systems exists for detecting such targets, but the fast, real-time and on-site methods could be more efficient and cost-effective. One of the most common ways to detect a target in the solution is to use the fluorophore molecules which will be selectively attached to the targets and will emit or quench the fluorescence in presence of the target. The fiber-optic fluorometers are developed for inexpensive and portable detection. In this paper, we explain a novel multi-segment fiber structure which uses the periodic perturbation on the side-wall of a highly multi-mode fiber to enhance collecting the fluorescent light. This periodic perturbation is fabricated and optimized on the core of the fiber using a CO2 laser. The theoretical explanation to show the physical principle of the structure is followed by the experimental evidence of its functioning. 2. Extraordinary Effects in Quasi-Periodic Gold Nanocavities: Enhanced Transmission and Polarization Control of Cavity Modes. Science.gov (United States) Dhama, Rakesh; Caligiuri, Vincenzo; Petti, Lucia; Rashed, Alireza R; Rippa, Massimo; Lento, Raffaella; Termine, Roberto; Caglayan, Humeyra; De Luca, Antonio 2018-01-23 Plasmonic quasi-periodic structures are well-known to exhibit several surprising phenomena with respect to their periodic counterparts, due to their long-range order and higher rotational symmetry. Thanks to their specific geometrical arrangement, plasmonic quasi-crystals offer unique possibilities in tailoring the coupling and propagation of surface plasmons through their lattice, a scenario in which a plethora of fascinating phenomena can take place. In this paper we investigate the extraordinary transmission phenomenon occurring in specifically patterned Thue-Morse nanocavities, demonstrating noticeable enhanced transmission, directly revealed by near-field optical experiments, performed by means of a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM). SNOM further provides an intuitive picture of confined plasmon modes inside the nanocavities and confirms that localization of plasmon modes is based on size and depth of nanocavities, while cross talk between close cavities via propagating plasmons holds the polarization response of patterned quasi-crystals. Our performed numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results. Thus, the control on cavity size and incident polarization can be used to alter the intensity and spatial properties of confined cavity modes in such structures, which can be exploited in order to design a plasmonic device with customized optical properties and desired functionalities, to be used for several applications in quantum plasmonics. 3. OBSERVATIONS OF ENHANCED RADIATIVE GRAIN ALIGNMENT NEAR HD 97300 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2010-01-01 We have obtained optical multi-band polarimetry toward sightlines through the Chamaeleon I cloud, particularly in the vicinity of the young B9/A0 star HD 97300. We show, in agreement with earlier studies, that the radiation field impinging on the cloud in the projected vicinity of the star is dominated by the flux from the star, as evidenced by a local enhancement in the grain heating. By comparing the differential grain heating with the differential change in the location of the peak of the polarization curve, we show that the grain alignment is enhanced by the increase in the radiation field. We also find a weak, but measurable, variation in the grain alignment with the relative angle between the radiation field anisotropy and the magnetic field direction. Such an anisotropy in the grain alignment is consistent with a unique prediction of modern radiative alignment torque theory and provides direct support for radiatively driven grain alignment. 4. Suppression of enhanced physiological tremor via stochastic noise: initial observations. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Full Text Available Enhanced physiological tremor is a disabling condition that arises because of unstable interactions between central tremor generators and the biomechanics of the spinal stretch reflex. Previous work has shown that peripheral input may push the tremor-related spinal and cortical systems closer to anti-phase firing, potentially leading to a reduction in tremor through phase cancellation. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether peripherally applied mechanical stochastic noise can attenuate enhanced physiological tremor and improve motor performance. Eight subjects with enhanced physiological tremor performed a visuomotor task requiring the right index finger to compensate a static force generated by a manipulandum to which Gaussian noise (3-35 Hz was applied. The finger position was displayed on-line on a monitor as a small white dot which the subjects had to maintain in the center of a larger green circle. Electromyogram (EMG from the active hand muscles and finger position were recorded. Performance was measured by the mean absolute deviation of the white dot from the zero position. Tremor was identified by the acceleration in the frequency range 7-12 Hz. Two different conditions were compared: with and without superimposed noise at optimal amplitude (determined at the beginning of the experiment. The application of optimum noise reduced tremor (accelerometric amplitude and EMG activity and improved the motor performance (reduced mean absolute deviation from zero. These data provide the first evidence of a significant reduction of enhanced physiological tremor in the human sensorimotor system due to application of external stochastic noise. 5. Optimization of enhanced biological phosphorus removal after periods of low loading. Science.gov (United States) Miyake, Haruo; Morgenroth, Eberhard 2005-01-01 6. Mathematical observations on the relation between eclosion periods and the copulation rate of cicadas. Science.gov (United States) Saisho, Yasumasa 2010-04-01 In many species of cicadas the peak of eclosion of males precedes that of females. In this paper, we construct a stochastic model and consider whether this sexual difference of eclosion periods works against mating or not. We also discuss the relation between the peak period of copulations and the development of population number by using this model. 7. High-latitude long-period pulsations in the atmospheric electricity according to observations at Schpitzbergen International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Klejmenova, N.G.; Kozyreva, O.V.; Mikhnovski, S.; Shimanski, A.; Ermolenko, D.Yu. 1992-01-01 The spectrum of long-period oscillations in the electric and magnetic fields is investigated for the first time using the data on simultaneous digital recording in the high altitudes at Schpitzbergen. It is established that during both tranquil and perturbed period at any time of the day, spectrum variation in electric and magnetic fields feature a decline discrete nature 8. 78 FR 16474 - Extension of the Period for Comments on the Enhancement of Quality of Software-Related Patents Science.gov (United States) 2013-03-15 ...] Extension of the Period for Comments on the Enhancement of Quality of Software-Related Patents AGENCY... announcing the formation of a partnership with the software community to enhance the quality of software... quality of software-related patents and the preparation of software-related patent applications including... 9. Social interaction enhances motor resonance for observed human actions. Science.gov (United States) Hogeveen, Jeremy; Obhi, Sukhvinder S 2012-04-25 Understanding the neural basis of social behavior has become an important goal for cognitive neuroscience and a key aim is to link neural processes observed in the laboratory to more naturalistic social behaviors in real-world contexts. Although it is accepted that mirror mechanisms contribute to the occurrence of motor resonance (MR) and are common to action execution, observation, and imitation, questions remain about mirror (and MR) involvement in real social behavior and in processing nonhuman actions. To determine whether social interaction primes the MR system, groups of participants engaged or did not engage in a social interaction before observing human or robotic actions. During observation, MR was assessed via motor-evoked potentials elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Compared with participants who did not engage in a prior social interaction, participants who engaged in the social interaction showed a significant increase in MR for human actions. In contrast, social interaction did not increase MR for robot actions. Thus, naturalistic social interaction and laboratory action observation tasks appear to involve common MR mechanisms, and recent experience tunes the system to particular agent types. 10. Enhanced Global Monsoon in Present Warm Period Due to Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jing Chai 2018-04-01 Full Text Available In this study, we investigate global monsoon precipitation (GMP changes between the Present Warm Period (PWP, 1900–2000 and the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1250–1850 by performing millennium sensitivity simulations using the Community Earth System Model version 1.0 (CESM1. Three millennium simulations are carried out under time-varying solar, volcanic and greenhouse gas (GHG forcing, respectively, from 501 to 2000 AD. Compared to the global-mean surface temperature of the cold LIA, the global warming in the PWP caused by high GHG concentration is about 0.42 °C, by strong solar radiation is 0.14 °C, and by decreased volcanic activity is 0.07 °C. The GMP increases in these three types of global warming are comparable, being 0.12, 0.058, and 0.055 mm day−1, respectively. For one degree of global warming, the GMP increase induced by strong GHG forcing is 2.2% °C−1, by strong solar radiation is 2.8% °C−1, and by decreased volcanic forcing is 5.5% °C−1, which means that volcanic forcing is most effective in terms of changing the GMP among these three external forcing factors. Under volcanic inactivity-related global warming, both monsoon moisture and circulation are enhanced, and the enhanced circulation mainly occurs in the Northern Hemisphere (NH. The circulation, however, is weakened in the other two cases, and the GMP intensification is mainly caused by increased moisture. Due to large NH volcanic aerosol concentration in the LIA, the inter-hemispheric thermal contrast of PWP global warming tends to enhance NH monsoon circulation. Compared to the GHG forcing, solar radiation tends to warm low-latitude regions and cause a greater monsoon moisture increase, resulting in a stronger GMP increase. The finding in this study is important for predicting the GMP in future anthropogenic global warming when a change in natural solar or volcanic activity occurs. 11. Observation of enhanced nuclear stability near the 162 neutron shell Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lougheed, R.W.; Moody, K.J.; Wild, J.F.; Hulet, E.K.; McQuaid, J.H. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (United States); Lazarev, Yu.A.; Lobanov, Yu.V.; Oganessian, Yu.Ts.; Utyonkov, V.K.; Abdullin, F.Sh.; Buklanov, G.V.; Gikal, B.N.; Iliev, S.; Mezentsev, A.N.; Polyakov, A.N.; Sedykh, I.M.; Shirokovsky, I.V.; Subbotin, V.G.; Sukhov, A.M.; Tsyganov, Yu.S.; Zhuchko, V.E. [Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russian Federation) 1993-09-22 In bombardments of {sup 248}Cm with {sup 22}Ne the authors discovered two new isotopes, {sup 265}106 and {sup 266}106, by establishing genetic links between {alpha} decays of the 106 nuclides and SF or {alpha} decays of the daughter (grand-daughter) nuclides. For {sup 266}106 they measured E{sub {alpha}}=8.62{+-}0.06 MeV followed by the SF decay of {sup 262}104 for which they measured a half-life value of 1.2{sup +1.0}{sub {minus}0.5} s. For {sup 265}106 they measured E{sub {alpha}}=8.82{+-}0.06 MeV. They estimated {alpha} half-lives of 10-30 s for {sup 266}106 and 2-30 s for {sup 265}106 with SF branches of {approximately}50% or less. The decay properties of {sup 266}106 indicate a large enhancement in the SF stability of this N=160 nuclide and confirm the existence of the predicted neutron-deformed shell N=162. 12. Establishing a ultraviolet radiation observational network and enhancing the study on ultraviolet radiation Science.gov (United States) Bai, Jianhui; Wang, Gengchen 2003-09-01 On the basis of analyzing observational data on solar radiation, meteorological parameters, and total ozone amount for the period of January 1990 to December 1991 in the Beijing area, an empirical calculation method for ultraviolet radiation (UV) in clear sky is obtained. The results show that the calculated values agree well with the observed, with maximum relative bias of 6.2% and mean relative bias for 24 months of 1.9%. Good results are also obtained when this method is applied in Guangzhou and Mohe districts. The long-term variation of UV radiation in clear sky over the Beijing area from 1979 to 1998 is calculated, and the UV variation trends and causes are discussed: direct and indirect UV energy absorption by increasing pollutants in the troposphere may have caused the UV decrease in clear sky in the last 20 years. With the enhancement of people’s quality of life and awareness of health, it will be valuable and practical to provid UV forecasts for typical cities and rural areas. So, we should develop and enhance UV study in systematic monitoring, forecasting, and developing a good and feasible method for UV radiation reporting in China, especially for big cities. 13. Turing patterns in parabolic systems of conservation laws and numerically observed stability of periodic waves Science.gov (United States) Barker, Blake; Jung, Soyeun; Zumbrun, Kevin 2018-03-01 Turing patterns on unbounded domains have been widely studied in systems of reaction-diffusion equations. However, up to now, they have not been studied for systems of conservation laws. Here, we (i) derive conditions for Turing instability in conservation laws and (ii) use these conditions to find families of periodic solutions bifurcating from uniform states, numerically continuing these families into the large-amplitude regime. For the examples studied, numerical stability analysis suggests that stable periodic waves can emerge either from supercritical Turing bifurcations or, via secondary bifurcation as amplitude is increased, from subcritical Turing bifurcations. This answers in the affirmative a question of Oh-Zumbrun whether stable periodic solutions of conservation laws can occur. Determination of a full small-amplitude stability diagram - specifically, determination of rigorous Eckhaus-type stability conditions - remains an interesting open problem. 14. Extreme values of meteorological parameters observed at Kalpakkam during the period 1968-1999 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Balagurunathan, M.R.; Chandresekharan, E.; Rajan, M.P.; Gurg, R.P. 2001-05-01 In the design phase of engineering structures, an understanding of extreme weather conditions that may occur at the site of interest is very essential, so that the structures can be designed to withstand climatological stresses during its life time. In this report an analysis of extreme values of meteorological parameters at Kalpakkam for the period 1968-99, which provide an insight into such situations is described. The extreme value analysis reveals that all the variables obey Fisher-Tippet Type-I extreme value distribution function. Parameter values of extreme value analysis functions are presented for the variables studied and the 50- and 100- year return period extreme values are arrived at. Frequency distribution of rainfall parameters is investigated. Time series of annual rainfall data suggests a cycle of 2-3 years period. (author) 15. Aerosol chemical composition at Cabauw, the Netherlands as observed in two intensive periods in May 2008 and March 2009 NARCIS (Netherlands) Mensah, A.A.; Holzinger, R.; Otjes, R.; Trimborn, A.; Mentel, T.F.; Brink, H. ten; Henzing, B.; Kiendler-Scharr, A. 2012-01-01 Observations of aerosol chemical composition in Cabauw, the Netherlands, are presented for two intensive measurement periods in May 2008 and March 2009. Sub-micron aerosol chemical composition was measured by an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and is compared to observations from aerosol 16. Observed Hierarchy of Student Proficiency with Period, Frequency, and Angular Frequency Science.gov (United States) Young, Nicholas T.; Heckler, Andrew F. 2018-01-01 In the context of a generic harmonic oscillator, we investigated students' accuracy in determining the period, frequency, and angular frequency from mathematical and graphical representations. In a series of studies including interviews, free response tests, and multiple-choice tests developed in an iterative process, we assessed students in both… 17. Quasi-periodic VLF emissions observed during daytime at a low ... at a low latitude Indian ground station Jammu. K K Singh1, J .... Figure 4. Typical example of pulsing VLF hiss emission of longer period recorded during daytime at Jammu on 20 ..... Further,. Ward (1983) also paid attention to a certain simi-. 18. Influence of composite period and date of observation on phenological metrics extracted from MODIS data CSIR Research Space (South Africa) 2009-05-01 Full Text Available ) The 8-day, 500m MODIS data (MOD09) for the Skukuza EOS site were downloaded from the MODIS ASCII Subsets website (http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/MODIS/GR_1/button.slim.pl). The data comprised 14 x 14 pixels of data covering a 7x7 km area for the period... 19. X-ray and optical observations of the ultrashort period dwarf nova SW Ursae Majoris - A likely new DQ Herculis star Science.gov (United States) Shafter, A. W.; Szkody, P.; Thorstensen, J. R. 1986-01-01 Time-resolved X-ray and optical photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of the ultrashort period cataclysmic variable SW UMa are reported. The spectroscopic observations reveal the presence of an s-wave component which is almost in phase with the extreme line wings and presumably the white dwarf. This very unusual phasing in conjunction with the available optical and X-ray data seems to indicate that a region of enhanced emission exists on the opposite side of the disk from the expected location of the hot spot. The photometric observations reveal the presence of a hump in the light curve occurring at an orbital phase which is consistent with the phase at which the region of enhanced line emission is most favorably seen. Changes in the hump amplitude are seen from night to night, and a 15.9 min periodicity is evident in the light curve. The optical and X-ray periodicities suggest that SW UMa is a member of the DQ Her class of cataclysmic variables. 20. Mimicry Enhances Observational Learning in 16-Month-Old Infants. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Eszter Somogyi Full Text Available We examined the effect of mimicry on how 16-month-old infants learn by observation a novel tool use action, which consisted of using a rake to retrieve a toy. Across four conditions, we manipulated whether during an initial play phase, an adult mimicked the infant's play or not (testing the effect of mimicry, the infant played with the adult or played alone (controlling the effect of interacting with a contingent partner and whether the infant saw a demonstration of the tool's use or not (evaluating baseline performance. We found that infants who had been mimicked learned best from a demonstration of the rake's use and performed better than infants who only played with the experimenter without mimicry or played by themselves before the demonstration. As expected, infants did not learn from a demonstration of the rake's use when they played by themselves and thus had no previous interaction with an experimenter. The mechanisms driving this powerful learning effect of mimicry are discussed. 1. Behaviour of 7Be air concentration observed during a period of 13 years and comparison with sun activity International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cannizzaro, F.; Greco, G.; Raneli, M.; Spitale, M.C.; Tomarchio, E. 1995-01-01 The study reported in this work is addressed to review the time variations of the air-borne concentration of cosmogenic 7 Be obtained in the period January 1982-December 1994. Among other things, the observation of a long-term modulation present in the average monthly concentrations led us to perform a comparison with the behaviour in the same period of solar activity owing to its important influence on cosmic rays, from which the 7 Be production originates. (author) 2. Conjugate observations of quasi-periodic emissions by Cluster and DEMETER spacecraft Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Němec, F.; Santolík, Ondřej; Parrot, M.; Pickett, J. S.; Hayosh, Mykhaylo; Cornilleau-Wehrlin, N. 2013-01-01 Roč. 118, č. 1 (2013), s. 198-208 ISSN 2169-9380 R&D Projects: GA ČR GAP205/10/2279; GA ČR(CZ) GAP209/11/2280 Grant - others:GA ČR(CZ) GPP209/12/P658 Program:GP Institutional support: RVO:68378289 Keywords : quasi-periodic QP emissions Subject RIV: BL - Plasma and Gas Discharge Physics Impact factor: 3.440, year: 2013 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JA018380/abstract 3. Enhanced export of carbon by salps during the northeast monsoon period in the northern Arabian Sea Science.gov (United States) Ramaswamy, V.; Sarin, M. M.; Rengarajan, R. 2005-07-01 A drifting sediment trap was deployed and 234Th activity in the water column was measured to calculate export flux of carbon at a time-series station in the northern Arabian Sea (lat. 21°30' N; long. 64°00' E) during the winter monsoon, 10-23 February 1997. The sampling period was characterised by an extensive salp swarm, and salp faecal pellets were the dominant contributors to the particulate matter in the sediment traps. Average 234Th flux out of the photic zone was 2300 dpm m -2 d -1 and average POC/ 234Th ratio in trap-derived particles was 0.14 mg/dpm. Average 234Th-derived export flux of carbon was about 332 mg m -2 d -1, representing 36% of the daily primary production (PP) (925 mg C m -2 d -1). Export of about one-third of the daily PP during the end of the winter monsoon could be due to the episodic nature of salp swarms. Salp swarms are frequently observed in the Arabian Sea and may be a significant pathway for rapid export of carbon from the euphotic zone. 4. Observation of self-assembled periodic nano-structures induced by femtosecond laser in both ablation and deposition regimes Science.gov (United States) Tang, Mingzhen; Zhang, Haitao; Her, Tsing-Hua 2008-02-01 We observed the spontaneous formation of periodic nano-structures in both femtosecond laser ablation and deposition. The former involved 400-nm femtosecond pulses from a 250-KHz regenerated amplified mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser and periodic nanocracks and the nano-structure are in the form of periodic nanocracks in the substrate, the latter applied an 80-MHz mode-locked Ti:sapphire oscillator with pulse energy less than half nanojoule in a laser-induced chemical vapor deposition configuration and tungsten nanogratings grow heterogeneously on top of the substrates. These two observed periodic nanostructures have opposite orientations respecting to laser polarization: the periodic nanocracks are perpendicular to, whereas the deposited tungsten nanogratings are parallel to laser polarization direction. By translating the substrate respecting to the laser focus, both the periodic nanocrack and tungsten nanograting extend to the whole scanning range. The deposited tungsten nanogratings possess excellent uniformity on both the grating period and tooth length. Both the attributes can be tuned precisely by controlling the laser power and scanning speed. Furthermore, we discovered that the teeth of transverse tungsten nanogratings are self aligned along their axial direction during multiple scanning with appropriate offset between scans. We demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating large-area one-dimensional grating by exploiting such unique property. These distinct phenomena of nanocracks and tungsten nanogratings indicate different responsible mechanisms. 5. Family Interaction in the Newborn Period: Some Findings, Some Observations, and Some Unresolved Issues. Science.gov (United States) Parke, Ross D. This paper presents two studies which explored the manner in which the father interacts with his newborn infant and compared paternal and maternal interaction patterns. In contrast to earlier studies, a direct observational approach was employed that permitted a detailed specification of father behaviors in the presence of the newborn. In the… 6. Effective mobility enhancement of amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistors by holographically generated periodic conductor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jeong, Jaewook [School of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Joonwoo; Jeong, Soon Moon [Division of Nano and Energy Convergence Research, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Donghyun; Hong, Yongtaek, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Jeon, Heonsu [Department of Physics & Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul (Korea, Republic of) 2016-08-15 In this study, we demonstrate a mobility enhancement structure for fully transparent amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs) by embedding a holographically generated periodic nano-conductor in the back-channel regions. The intrinsic field-effect mobility was enhanced up to 2 times compared to that of a reference sample. The enhancement originated from a decrease in the effective channel length due to the highly conductive nano-conductor region. By combining conventional and holographic lithography, the performance of the a-IGZO TFT can be effectively improved without varying the composition of the channel layer. 7. Effective mobility enhancement of amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistors by holographically generated periodic conductor International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jeong, Jaewook; Kim, Joonwoo; Jeong, Soon Moon; Kim, Donghyun; Hong, Yongtaek; Jeon, Heonsu 2016-01-01 In this study, we demonstrate a mobility enhancement structure for fully transparent amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs) by embedding a holographically generated periodic nano-conductor in the back-channel regions. The intrinsic field-effect mobility was enhanced up to 2 times compared to that of a reference sample. The enhancement originated from a decrease in the effective channel length due to the highly conductive nano-conductor region. By combining conventional and holographic lithography, the performance of the a-IGZO TFT can be effectively improved without varying the composition of the channel layer. 8. Seasonal and Lunar Month Periods Observed in Natural Neutron Flux at High Altitude Science.gov (United States) Stenkin, Yuri; Alekseenko, Victor; Cai, Zeyu; Cao, Zhen; Cattaneo, Claudio; Cui, Shuwang; Giroletti, Elio; Gromushkin, Dmitry; Guo, Cong; Guo, Xuewen; He, Huihai; Liu, Ye; Ma, Xinhua; Shchegolev, Oleg; Vallania, Piero; Vigorito, Carlo; Zhao, Jing 2017-07-01 Air radon concentration measurement is useful for research on geophysical effects, but it is strongly sensitive to site geology and many geophysical and microclimatic processes such as wind, ventilation, air humidity and so on inducing very big fluctuations on the concentration of radon in air. On the contrary, monitoring the radon concentration in soil by measuring the thermal neutron flux reduces environmental effects. In this paper, we report some experimental results on the natural thermal neutron flux as well as on the concentration of air radon and its variations at 4300 m asl. These results were obtained with unshielded thermal neutron scintillation detectors (en-detectors) and radon monitors located inside the ARGO-YBJ experimental hall. The correlation of these variations with the lunar month and 1-year period is undoubtedly confirmed. A method for earthquake prediction provided by a global net of en-detectors is currently under study. 9. EARLY OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS BY THE TAROT TELESCOPES: PERIOD 2001-2008 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Klotz, A.; Boer, M.; Atteia, J. L.; Gendre, B. 2009-01-01 The Telescopes a Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires telescopes are two robotic observatories designed to observe the prompt optical emission counterpart and the early afterglow of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We present data acquired between 2001 and 2008 and discuss the properties of the optical emission of GRBs, noting various interesting results. The optical emission observed during the prompt GRB phase is rarely very bright: we estimate that 5%-20% of GRBs exhibit a bright optical flash (R < 14) during the prompt gamma-ray emission, and that more than 50% of the GRBs have an optical emission fainter than R = 15.5 when the gamma-ray emission is active. We study the apparent optical brightness distribution of GRBs at 1000 s showing that our observations confirm the distribution derived by other groups. The combination of these results with those obtained by other rapid slewing telescopes allows us to better characterize the early optical emission of GRBs and to emphasize the importance of very early multiwavelength GRB studies for the understanding of the physics of the ejecta. 10. The HyMeX Special Observation Period in Central Italy: precipitation measurements, retrieval techniques and preliminary results Science.gov (United States) Silvio Marzano, Frank; Baldini, Luca; Picciotti, Errico; Colantonio, Matteo; Barbieri, Stefano; Di Fabio, Saverio; Montopoli, Mario; Vulpiani, Gianfranco; Roberto, Nicoletta; Adirosi, Elisa; Gorgucci, Eugenio; Anagnostou, Marios N.; Kalogiros, John; Anagnostou, Emmanouil N.; Ferretti, Rossella; Gatlin, Patrick.; Wingo, Matt; Petersen, Walt 2013-04-01 The Mediterranean area concentrates the major natural risks related to the water cycle, including heavy precipitation and flash-flooding during the fall season. The capability to predict such high-impact events remains weak because of the contribution of very fine-scale processes and their non-linear interactions with the larger scale processes. These societal and science issues motivate the HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment, http://www.hymex.org/) experimental programme. HyMeX aims at a better quantification and understanding of the water cycle in the Mediterranean with emphasis on intense events. The observation strategy of HyMEX is organized in a long-term (4 years) Enhanced Observation Periods (EOP) and short-term (2 months) Special Observation Periods (SOP). HyMEX has identified 3 main Mediterranean target areas: North-West (NW), Adriatic (A) and South-East (SE). Within each target area several hydrometeorological sites for heavy rainfall and flash flooding have been set up. The hydrometeorological site in Central Italy (CI) is interested by both western and eastern fronts coming from the Atlantic Ocean and Siberia, respectively. Orographic precipitations play an important role due to the central Apennine range, which reaches nearly 3000 m (Gran Sasso peak). Moreover, convective systems commonly develop in CI during late summer and beginning of autumn, often causing localized hailstorms with cluster organized cells. Western fronts may heavily hit the Tiber basin crossing large urban areas (Rome), whereas eastern fronts can cause flash floods along the Adriatic coastline. Two major basins are involved within CI region: Tiber basin (1000 km long) and its tributary Aniene and the Aterno-Pescara basin (300 km long). The first HyMeX SOP1.1 was carried out from Sept. till Nov. 2012 in the NW target area. The Italian SOP1.1 was coordinated by the Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L'Aquila, a city located in the CI heart. The CI area 11. Enhancing Endogenous Nitric Oxide by Whole Body Periodic Acceleration Elicits Neuroprotective Effects in Dystrophic Neurons. Science.gov (United States) Lopez, Jose R; Uryash, A; Kolster, J; Estève, E; Zhang, R; Adams, J A 2018-03-26 We have previously shown that inadequate dystrophin in cortical neurons in mdx mice is associated with age-dependent dyshomeostasis of resting intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and Na + ([Na + ] i ), elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increase in neuronal damage and cognitive deficit. In this study, we assessed the potential therapeutic properties of the whole body periodic acceleration (pGz) to ameliorate the pathology observed in cortical neurons from the mdx mouse. pGz adds small pulses to the circulation, thereby increasing pulsatile shear stress to the vascular endothelium, which in turn increases production of nitric oxide (NO). We found [Ca 2+ ] i and [Na + ] i overload along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in mdx neurons and cognitive dysfunction. mdx neurons showed increased activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and calpain as well as decreased cell viability. mdx neurons were more susceptible to hypoxia-reoxygenation injury than WT. pGz ameliorated the [Ca 2+ ] i , and [Na + ] i elevation and ROS overproduction and further increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced the malondialdehyde and calpains. pGz diminished cell damage and elevated [Ca 2+ ] i during hypoxia-reoxygenation and improved cognitive function in mdx mice. Moreover, pGz upregulated the expression of utrophin, dystroglycan-β and CAPON, constitutive nitric oxide synthases, prosaposin, brain-derived neurotrophic, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors. The present study demonstrated that pGz is an effective therapeutic approach to improve mdx neurons function, including cognitive functions. 12. Postaccident changes in heath status of the Chornobyl cleanup workers 1986-1987 (period of observation 1988-2012) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Buzunov, V.O.; Vojchulene, Yu.S.; Domashevs'ka, T.Je.; Khabarova, T.P.; Kortushyin, G.Yi. 2015-01-01 Long-term cohort epidemiological study (period of observation 1988-2012) has been conducted using data of the State Registry of Ukraine of Persons Affected by the Chornobyl Accident. Study cohort - 196,423 males-participants of the Chornobyl recovery operations in 1986-1987. Epidemiological and mathematical- and-statistical methods were used. We have found a dramatic deterioration of the Chornobyl cleanup workers' health due to the growth of wide range of nontumor diseases, especially circulatory, digestive, respiratory, endocrine, genitourinary and nervous system diseases. In postaccident period, disability and mortality have increased significantly due to nontumor diseases. Circulatory diseases make major contribution to the structure of causes of disability and death. When studying the dynamics of nontumor incidence, we have found that in 1988-1992 the highest, throughout postaccident period, rate of mental and behavioral disorders, diseases of the nervous system was mainly due to disorders of the autonomic nervous system. Since 1993-1997, rate of this pathology has significantly reduced and remained stable in subsequent years of observation. Thus, we can assume that in the early postaccident period, stress factor in combination with radiation one had the greatest impact on health of cleanup workers, resulting in the development of other nontumor diseases in the remote postaccident period. The study revealed an evident increase in nontumor incidence, disability and mortality from nontumor diseases among Chornobyl cleanup workers 1986-1987; the highest rate of nontumor incidence was observed 12-21 years after the Chornobyl accident 13. The academic trend of Oriental Medicine during the Japanese colonial period as observed through the publication of medical books Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) KIM Nam-il 2006-06-01 14. He+ dominance in the plasmasphere during geomagnetically disturbed periods: 1. Observational results Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) C. R. Wilford Full Text Available Observations made by the DMSP F10 satellite during the recovery phase from geomagnetic disturbances in June 1991 show regions of He+ dominance around 830 km altitude at 09:00 MLT. These regions are co-located with a trough in ionisation observed around 55° in the winter hemisphere. Plasma temperature and concentration observations made during the severe geomagnetic storm of 24 March 1991 are used as a case study to determine the effects of geomagnetic disturbances along the orbit of the F10 satellite. Previous explanations for He+ dominance in this trough region relate to the part of the respective flux tubes that is in darkness. Such conditions are not relevant for this study, since the whole of the respective flux tubes are sunlit. A new mechanism is proposed to explain the He+ dominance in the trough region. This mechanism is based on plasma transport and chemical reaction effects in the F-region and topside ionosphere, and on the time scales for such chemical reactions. Flux tubes previously depleted by geomagnetic storm effects refill during the recovery phase from the ionosphere as a result of pressure differences along the flux tubes. Following a geomagnetic disturbance, the He+ ion recovers quickly via the rapid photoionisation of neutral helium, in the F-region and the topside. The recovery of the O+ and H+ ions is less rapid. This is proposed as a result of the respective charge exchange reactions with neutral atomic hydrogen and oxygen. Preliminary model calculations support the proposed mechanism.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (storms and sub-storms, plasmasphere 15. Suzaku And Multi-Wavelength Observations of OJ 287 During the Periodic Optical Outburst in 2007 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2011-12-01 Suzaku observations of the blazar OJ 287 were performed in 2007 April 10-13 and November 7-9. They correspond to a quiescent and a flaring state, respectively. The X-ray spectra of the source can be well described with single power-law models in both exposures. The derived X-ray photon index and the flux density at 1 keV were found to be {Lambda} = 1.65 {+-} 0.02 and S{sub 1keV} = 215 {+-} 5 nJy, in the quiescent state. In the flaring state, the source exhibited a harder X-ray spectrum ({Lambda} = 1.50 {+-} 0.01) with a nearly doubled X-ray flux density S{sub 1keV} = 404{sub -5}{sup +6} nJy. Moreover, significant hard X-ray signals were detected up to {approx} 27 keV. In cooperation with the Suzaku, simultaneous radio, optical, and very-high-energy {gamma}-ray observations of OJ 287 were performed with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array, the KANATA telescope, and the MAGIC telescope, respectively. The radio and optical fluxes in the flaring state (3.04 {+-} 0.46 Jy and 8.93 {+-} 0.05 mJy at 86.75 Hz and in the V-band, respectively) were found to be higher by a factor of 2-3 than those in the quiescent state (1.73 {+-} 0.26 Jy and 3.03 {+-} 0.01 mJy at 86.75 Hz and in the V-band, respectively). No notable {gamma}-ray events were detected in either observation. The spectral energy distribution of OJ 287 indicated that the X-ray spectrum was dominated by inverse Compton radiation in both observations, while synchrotron radiation exhibited a spectral cutoff around the optical frequency. Furthermore, no significant difference in the synchrotron cutoff frequency was found between the quiescent and flaring states. According to a simple synchrotron self-Compton model, the change of the spectral energy distribution is due to an increase in the energy density of electrons with small changes of both the magnetic field strength and the maximum Lorentz factor of electrons. 16. Nonlinear microscopy of localized field enhancements in fractal shaped periodic metal nanostructures DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Beermann, I.; Evlyukhin, A.; Boltasseva, Alexandra 2008-01-01 Fractal shaped periodic nanostructures formed with a 100 nm period square lattice of gold nanoparticles placed on a gold film are characterized using far-field nonlinear scanning optical microscopy, in which two-photon photoluminescence (TPL) excited with a strongly focused femtosecond laser beam... 17. How useful is slow light in enhancing nonlinear interactions in lossy periodic nanostructures? DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Saravi, Sina; Quintero-Bermudez, Rafael; Setzpfandt, Frank 2016-01-01 We investigate analytically, and with nonlinear simulations, the extent of usefulness of slow light for enhancing the efficiency of second harmonic generation in lossy nanostructures, and find that the slower is not always the better.... 18. Observations of short period seismic scattered waves by small seismic arrays Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M. Simini 1997-06-01 Full Text Available The most recent observations of well correlated seismic phases in the high frequency coda of local earthquakes recorded throughout the world are reported. In particular the main results, obtained on two active volcanoes, Teide and Deception, using small array are described. The ZLC (Zero Lag Cross-correlation method and polarization analysis have been applied to the data in order to distinguish the main phases in the recorded seismograms and their azimuths and apparent velocities. The results obtained at the Teide volcano demonstrate that the uncorrelated part of the seismograms may be produced by multiple scattering from randomly distributed heterogeneity, while the well correlated part, showing SH type polarization or the possible presence of Rayleigh surface waves, may be generated by single scattering by strong scatterers. At the Deception Volcano strong scattering, strongly focused in a precise direction, is deduced from the data. In that case, all the coda radiation is composed of surface waves. 19. Efficient optical absorption enhancement in organic solar cells by using a 2-dimensional periodic light trapping structure Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zu, Feng-Shuo [Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 (China); Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR (China); Shi, Xiao-Bo; Liang, Jian; Xu, Mei-Feng; Wang, Zhao-Kui, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected]; Liao, Liang-Sheng, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 (China); Lee, Chun-Sing, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR (China) 2014-06-16 We have investigated the effects induced by periodic nanosphere arrays on the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Two-dimensional periodic arrays of polystyrene nanospheres were formed by using a colloidal lithography method together with plasma etching to trim down the size to various degrees on the substrates of OSCs. It is found that the devices prepared on such substrates can have improved light harvesting, resulting in as high as 35% enhancement in power conversion efficiency over that of the reference devices. The measured external quantum efficiency and finite-difference time-domain simulation reveal that the controlled periodic morphology of the substrate can efficiently increase light scattering in the device and thus enhance the absorption of incident light. 20. A possible edge effect in enhanced network. [solar K-line observations by multichannel spectrometer Science.gov (United States) Jones, H. P.; Brown, D. R. 1977-01-01 K-line observations of enhanced network taken with the NASA/SPO Multichannel Spectrometer on September 28, 1975, in support of OSO-8 are discussed. The data show a correlation between core brightness and asymmetry for spatial scans which cross enhanced network boundaries. The implications of this result concerning mass flow in and near supergranule boundaries are discussed. 1. Effect of Loss on Slow-light-enhanced Second Harmonic Generation in Periodic Nanostructures DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Saravi, Sina; Quintero-Bermudez, Rafael; Setzpfandt, Frank 2016-01-01 We analyze, analytically and through nonlinear simulations, the dependence of SHG efficiency on the group index in lossy periodic structures, and find that the optimal efficiency is reached for finite values of the group index.... 2. Piezoelectric Tailoring with Enhanced Electromechanical Coupling for Concurrent Vibration Control of Mistuned Periodic Structures National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Wang, Kon-Well 2006-01-01 The objective of this research is to advance the state of the art of vibration control of mistuned periodic structures utilizing the electromechanical coupling and damping characteristics of piezoelectric networking... 3. Selective loads periodization attenuates biochemical disturbances and enhances performance in female futsal players during competitive season Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ricelli Endrigo Ruppel da Rocha 2015-06-01 Full Text Available This study evaluated the effect of selective loads periodization on physical performance and biochemical parameters in professional female futsal players during competitive season. Twelve elite female futsal players from Kindermann team (Brazil participated in the study. Variables of physical performance and erythrogram, leukogram, plasma cortisol, plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA in the beginning of the preparatory period (PP, in the competitive period (CP and in the final competitive period (FCP were evaluated. Using selective loads periodization, all variables of physical performance increased (p < .01 during CP and were maintained during FCP (p < .05. White blood cells did not modify during CP and the increase of FCP in 28% remained within normal ranges. Plasma cortisol also increased during CP (p < .01 and was within the normal ranges during FCP. Plasma IgA also was within the normal ranges during CP and FCP. Selective loads periodization is adequate and attends the requirements of the sport during competitive season in female futsal players. 4. Enhanced Light Narrow Transmission through Cascaded Metallic Structure with Periodic Aperture Arrays International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Yang Hong-Yan; Zhong Yan-Ru; Xiao Gong-Li; Zhang Zhen-Rong 2012-01-01 We present experimental and numerical studies on the enhanced light narrow transmission through cascaded Au/SiO x N y /Au aperture arrays by varying the refractive index and thickness of SiO x N y . It is found that the enhancement as well as narrowing of the optical transmission originates from the coupling role of surface plasmon polaritons. The results indicate that the transmission enhancement is highly dependent on the refractive index and thickness of SiO x N y . A higher transmission efficiency and narrower peak are obtained in Au/SiO 2.1 N 0.3 /Au structure with a small refractive index (1.6) and thin thickness (0.2 μm) 5. Tidally distorted exoplanets: Density corrections for short-period hot-Jupiters based solely on observable parameters Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Burton, J. R.; Watson, C. A.; Fitzsimmons, A.; Moulds, V. [Astrophysics Research Centre, Queen' s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN (United Kingdom); Pollacco, D.; Wheatley, P. J. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL (United Kingdom); Littlefair, S. P., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH (United Kingdom) 2014-07-10 The close proximity of short-period hot-Jupiters to their parent star means they are subject to extreme tidal forces. This has a profound effect on their structure and, as a result, density measurements that assume that the planet is spherical can be incorrect. We have simulated the tidally distorted surface for 34 known short-period hot-Jupiters, assuming surfaces of constant gravitational equipotential for the planet, and the resulting densities have been calculated based only on observed parameters of the exoplanet systems. Comparing these results to the density values, assuming the planets are spherical, shows that there is an appreciable change in the measured density for planets with very short periods (typically less than two days). For one of the shortest-period systems, WASP-19b, we determine a decrease in bulk density of 12% from the spherical case and, for the majority of systems in this study, this value is in the range of 1%-5%. On the other hand, we also find cases where the distortion is negligible (relative to the measurement errors on the planetary parameters) even in the cases of some very short period systems, depending on the mass ratio and planetary radius. For high-density gas planets requiring apparently anomalously large core masses, density corrections due to tidal deformation could become important for the shortest-period systems. 6. Measurement of filling factor 5/2 quasiparticle interference with observation of charge e/4 and e/2 period oscillations. Science.gov (United States) Willett, R L; Pfeiffer, L N; West, K W 2009-06-02 A standing problem in low-dimensional electron systems is the nature of the 5/2 fractional quantum Hall (FQH) state: Its elementary excitations are a focus for both elucidating the state's properties and as candidates in methods to perform topological quantum computation. Interferometric devices may be used to manipulate and measure quantum Hall edge excitations. Here we use a small-area edge state interferometer designed to observe quasiparticle interference effects. Oscillations consistent in detail with the Aharonov-Bohm effect are observed for integer quantum Hall and FQH states (filling factors nu = 2, 5/3, and 7/3) with periods corresponding to their respective charges and magnetic field positions. With these factors as charge calibrations, periodic transmission through the device consistent with quasiparticle charge e/4 is observed at nu = 5/2 and at lowest temperatures. The principal finding of this work is that, in addition to these e/4 oscillations, periodic structures corresponding to e/2 are also observed at 5/2 nu and at lowest temperatures. Properties of the e/4 and e/2 oscillations are examined with the device sensitivity sufficient to observe temperature evolution of the 5/2 quasiparticle interference. In the model of quasiparticle interference, this presence of an effective e/2 period may empirically reflect an e/2 quasiparticle charge or may reflect multiple passes of the e/4 quasiparticle around the interferometer. These results are discussed within a picture of e/4 quasiparticle excitations potentially possessing non-Abelian statistics. These studies demonstrate the capacity to perform interferometry on 5/2 excitations and reveal properties important for understanding this state and its excitations. 7. Physicians' attentional performance following a 24-hour observation period: do we need to regulate sleep prior to work? Science.gov (United States) Smyth, P; Maximova, K; Jirsch, J D 2017-08-01 The tradition of physicians working while sleep deprived is increasingly criticised. Medical regulatory bodies have restricted resident physician duty-hours, not addressing the greater population of physicians. We aimed to assess factors such as sleep duration prior to a 24-hour observation period on physicians' attention. We studied 70 physicians (mean age 38 years old (SD 10.8 years)): 36 residents and 34 faculty from call rosters at the University of Alberta. Among 70 physicians, 52 (74%) performed overnight call; 18 did not perform overnight call and were recruited to control for the learning effect of repetitive neuropsychological testing. Attentional Network Test (ANT) measured physicians' attention at the beginning and end of the 24-hour observation period. Participants self-reported ideal sleep needs, sleep duration in the 24 hours prior to (ie, baseline) and during the 24-hour observation period (ie, follow-up). Median regression models examined effects on ANT parameters. Sleep deprivation at follow-up was associated with reduced attentional accuracy following the 24-hour observation period, but only for physicians more sleep deprived at baseline. Other components of attention were not associated with sleep deprivation after adjusting for repetitive testing. Age, years since medical school and caffeine use did not impact changes in ANT parameters. Our study suggests that baseline sleep before 24 hours of observation impacts the accuracy of physicians' attentional testing at 24 hours. Further study is required to determine if optimising physician sleep prior to overnight call shifts is a sustainable strategy to mitigate the effects of sleep deprivation. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/. 8. Enhancement of Single-Channel Periodic Signals in the Time-Domain DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jensen, Jesper Rindom; Benesty, Jacob; Christensen, Mads Græsbøll 2012-01-01 speech. That is, signal-dependent methods based on the signal statistics will introduce undesired distortion for some parts of speech compared to signal-independent methods based on the noise statistics. Since both the signal-independent and signal-dependent approaches to speech enhancement have... 9. Observation of a periodic runaway in the reactive Ar/O2 high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2015-11-01 Full Text Available This paper reports the observation of a periodic runaway of plasma to a higher density for the reactive discharge of the target material (Ti with moderate sputter yield. Variable emission of secondary electrons, for the alternating transition of the target from metal mode to oxide mode, is understood to be the main reason for the runaway occurring periodically. Increasing the pulsing frequency can bring the target back to a metal (or suboxide mode, and eliminate the periodic transition of the target. Therefore, a pulsing frequency interval is defined for the reactive Ar/O2 discharge in order to sustain the plasma in a runaway-free mode without exceeding the maximum power that the magnetron can tolerate. 10. X-RAY AND EUV OBSERVATIONS OF SIMULTANEOUS SHORT AND LONG PERIOD OSCILLATIONS IN HOT CORONAL ARCADE LOOPS International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kumar, Pankaj; Cho, Kyung-Suk; Nakariakov, Valery M. 2015-01-01 We report decaying quasi-periodic intensity oscillations in the X-ray (6–12 keV) and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) channels (131, 94, 1600, 304 Å) observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor and Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), respectively, during a C-class flare. The estimated periods of oscillation and decay time in the X-ray channel (6–12 keV) were about 202 and 154 s, respectively. A similar oscillation period was detected at the footpoint of the arcade loops in the AIA 1600 and 304 Å channels. Simultaneously, AIA hot channels (94 and 131 Å) reveal propagating EUV disturbances bouncing back and forth between the footpoints of the arcade loops. The period of the oscillation and decay time were about 409 and 1121 s, respectively. The characteristic phase speed of the wave is about 560 km s −1 for about 115 Mm of loop length, which is roughly consistent with the sound speed at the temperature about 10–16 MK (480–608 km s −1 ). These EUV oscillations are consistent with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation Doppler-shift oscillations interpreted as the global standing slow magnetoacoustic wave excited by a flare. The flare occurred at one of the footpoints of the arcade loops, where the magnetic topology was a 3D fan-spine with a null-point. Repetitive reconnection at this footpoint could have caused the periodic acceleration of non-thermal electrons that propagated to the opposite footpoint along the arcade and that are precipitating there, causing the observed 202 s periodicity. Other possible interpretations, e.g., the second harmonics of the slow mode, are also discussed 11. X-RAY AND EUV OBSERVATIONS OF SIMULTANEOUS SHORT AND LONG PERIOD OSCILLATIONS IN HOT CORONAL ARCADE LOOPS Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kumar, Pankaj; Cho, Kyung-Suk [Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Daejeon, 305-348 (Korea, Republic of); Nakariakov, Valery M., E-mail: [email protected] [Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL (United Kingdom) 2015-05-01 We report decaying quasi-periodic intensity oscillations in the X-ray (6–12 keV) and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) channels (131, 94, 1600, 304 Å) observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor and Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), respectively, during a C-class flare. The estimated periods of oscillation and decay time in the X-ray channel (6–12 keV) were about 202 and 154 s, respectively. A similar oscillation period was detected at the footpoint of the arcade loops in the AIA 1600 and 304 Å channels. Simultaneously, AIA hot channels (94 and 131 Å) reveal propagating EUV disturbances bouncing back and forth between the footpoints of the arcade loops. The period of the oscillation and decay time were about 409 and 1121 s, respectively. The characteristic phase speed of the wave is about 560 km s{sup −1} for about 115 Mm of loop length, which is roughly consistent with the sound speed at the temperature about 10–16 MK (480–608 km s{sup −1}). These EUV oscillations are consistent with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation Doppler-shift oscillations interpreted as the global standing slow magnetoacoustic wave excited by a flare. The flare occurred at one of the footpoints of the arcade loops, where the magnetic topology was a 3D fan-spine with a null-point. Repetitive reconnection at this footpoint could have caused the periodic acceleration of non-thermal electrons that propagated to the opposite footpoint along the arcade and that are precipitating there, causing the observed 202 s periodicity. Other possible interpretations, e.g., the second harmonics of the slow mode, are also discussed. 12. Period variations in pulsating X-ray sources. I. Accretion flow parameters and neutron star structure from timing observations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lamb, F.K.; Pines, D.; Shaham, J. 1978-01-01 We show that valuable information about both accretion flows and neutron star structure can be obtained from X-ray timing observations of period variations in pulsating sources. Such variations can result from variations in the accretion flow, or from internal torque variations, associated with oscillations of the fluid core or the unpinning of vortices in the inner crust. We develop a statistical description of torque variations in terms of noise processes, indicate how the applicability of such a description may be tested observationally, and show how it may be used to determine from observation both the properties of accretion flows and the internal structure of neutron stars, including the relative inertial moments of the crust and superfluid neutron core, the crust-core coupling time, and the frequencies of any low-frequency internal collective modes. Particular attention is paid to the physical origin of spin-down episodes; it is shown that usyc episodes may result either from external torque reversals or from internal torque variations.With the aid of the statistical description, the response of the star to torque fluctuations is calculated for three stellar models: (i) a completely rigid star; (ii) a two-component star; and (iii) a two-component star with a finite-frequency internal mode, such as the Tkachenko mode of a rotating neutron superfluid. Our calculations show that fluctuating torques could account for the period the period variations and spin-down episodes observed in Her X-1 and Cen X-3, including the large spin-down event observed in the latter source during 1972 September-October. The torque noise strengths inferred from current timing observations using the simple two-component models are shown to be consistent with those to be expected from fluctuations in accretion flows onto magnetic neutron stars 13. Local Scale Radiobrightness Modeling During the Intensive Observing Period-4 of the Cold Land Processes Experiment-1 Science.gov (United States) Kim, E.; Tedesco, M.; de Roo, R.; England, A. W.; Gu, H.; Pham, H.; Boprie, D.; Graf, T.; Koike, T.; Armstrong, R.; Brodzik, M.; Hardy, J.; Cline, D. 2004-12-01 The NASA Cold Land Processes Field Experiment (CLPX-1) was designed to provide microwave remote sensing observations and ground truth for studies of snow and frozen ground remote sensing, particularly issues related to scaling. CLPX-1 was conducted in 2002 and 2003 in Colorado, USA. One of the goals of the experiment was to test the capabilities of microwave emission models at different scales. Initial forward model validation work has concentrated on the Local-Scale Observation Site (LSOS), a 0.8~ha study site consisting of open meadows separated by trees where the most detailed measurements were made of snow depth and temperature, density, and grain size profiles. Results obtained in the case of the 3rd Intensive Observing Period (IOP3) period (February, 2003, dry snow) suggest that a model based on Dense Medium Radiative Transfer (DMRT) theory is able to model the recorded brightness temperatures using snow parameters derived from field measurements. This paper focuses on the ability of forward DMRT modelling, combined with snowpack measurements, to reproduce the radiobrightness signatures observed by the University of Michigan's Truck-Mounted Radiometer System (TMRS) at 19 and 37~GHz during the 4th IOP (IOP4) in March, 2003. Unlike in IOP3, conditions during IOP4 include both wet and dry periods, providing a valuable test of DMRT model performance. In addition, a comparison will be made for the one day of coincident observations by the University of Tokyo's Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer-7 (GBMR-7) and the TMRS. The plot-scale study in this paper establishes a baseline of DMRT performance for later studies at successively larger scales. And these scaling studies will help guide the choice of future snow retrieval algorithms and the design of future Cold Lands observing systems. 14. Fiber optic index sensor enhanced by gold nanoparticle assembly on long period grating Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Tian, F.; Li, X.; Kaňka, Jiří; Du, H. 2017-01-01 Roč. 132, March (2017), s. 445-449 ISSN 0030-4026 R&D Projects: GA MŠk(CZ) LH11038 Institutional support: RVO:67985882 Keywords : Layer-by-layer * Long period grating * Au nanoparticle Subject RIV: JA - Electronics ; Optoelectronics, Electrical Engineering OBOR OECD: Electrical and electronic engineering Impact factor: 0.835, year: 2016 15. On the number of observable customers, served during he busy period of GI/GI/infinity queue International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dvurechenskij, A. 1982-01-01 It is proved that the number of observable customers, served during the busy period of the GI/GI infinity queue with infinitely many servers has a geometric distribution. The parameter of this distribution is determined, too. It is shown that the normalized distributions converge to the exponential distribution. As a particular result is obtained that the distribution of the number of nonabsorbing streamers in a streamer blob has a geometric distribution 16. Observations of the magnetic fluctuation enhancement in the earth's foreshock region Science.gov (United States) Le, G.; Russell, C. T. 1990-01-01 Upstream waves have been postulated to be a major source of energy for the dayside magnetic pulsations within the magnetosphere. Thus, it is of interest to determine over what frequency range in the ion foreshock the power of fluctuations in the solar wind is enhanced. The magnetic field data from pairs of spacecraft, when they stay on either side of the ion foreshock boundary, were examined. It was found that the power of magnetic fluctuations is enhanced only at periods less than about two minutes, not at longer periods. Thus the upstream waves may contribute to Pc 3 and Pc 4 pulsations in the dayside magnetosphere, but they cannot be directly responsible for the longer-period waves. 17. Observations of the magnetic fluctuation enhancement in the Earth's foreshock region International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Le, G.; Russell, C.T. 1990-01-01 Upstream waves have been postulated to be a major source of energy for the dayside magnetic pulsations within the magnetosphere. Thus it is of interest to determine over what frequency range in the ion foreshock the power of fluctuations in the solar wind is enhanced. The authors have examined the magnetic field data from pairs of spacecraft when they are on either side of the ion fore-shock boundary. They find that the power of magnetic fluctuations is enhanced only at periods less than about two minutes, not at longer periods. Thus the upstream waves may contribute to Pc 3 and Pc 4 pulsations in the dayside magnetosphere, but they can not be directly responsible for the longer period waves 18. Enhancement of Light Localization in Hybrid Thue-Morse/Periodic Photonic Crystals Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Rihab Asmi 2016-01-01 Full Text Available The electric field intensity in one-dimensional (1D quasiperiodic and hybrid photonics band-gap structures is studied in the present paper. The photonic structures are ordered according to Fibonacci, Thue-Morse, Cantor, Rudin-Shapiro, Period-Doubling, Paper-Folding, and Baum-Sweet sequences. The study shows that the electric field intensity is higher for the Thue-Morse multilayer systems. After that the Thue-Morse structure will be combined with a periodic structure to form a hybrid photonic structure. It is shown that this hybrid system is the best for a strong localization of light. The proposed structures have been modeled using the Transfer Matrix Method. 19. Topology optimization of periodic microstructures for enhanced dynamic properties of viscoelastic composite materials DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Andreassen, Erik; Jensen, Jakob Søndergaard 2014-01-01 We present a topology optimization method for the design of periodic composites with dissipative materials for maximizing the loss/attenuation of propagating waves. The computational model is based on a finite element discretization of the periodic unit cell and a complex eigenvalue problem...... with a prescribed wave frequency. The attenuation in the material is described by its complex wavenumber, and we demonstrate in several examples optimized distributions of a stiff low loss and a soft lossy material in order to maximize the attenuation. In the examples we cover different frequency ranges and relate...... the results to previous studies on composites with high damping and stiffness based on quasi-static conditions for low frequencies and the bandgap phenomenon for high frequencies. Additionally, we consider the issues of stiffness and connectivity constraints and finally present optimized composites... 20. The Effectiveness of Life Skills Training on Enhancement of Self-Esteem and Marital Satisfaction among Addicts in Treatment Period Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R Nooripour 2014-11-01 Full Text Available Objective: This study has been done to determine the impact of life skills training on enhancement of self-esteem and marital satisfaction among addicts in treatment period. Method: The research design was semi experimental pretest-posttest with witness group. For each group 12men addicts in treatment period in Qazvin city were selected by available sampling. Rosenberg self-esteem and Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaires were administered among selected samples. Training workshop was conducted on role playing, questioning and answering which was taught by psychology professors in experimental group. Results: Results showed life skills training improved self-esteem and marital satisfaction of addicts in treatment period. Conclusion: Life skills training have a positive impact on self-esteem and marital satisfaction of individuals especially on addicts in treatment period, also life skills training in the field of smoking prevention enhances individuals’ skills (such as self-esteem, marital satisfaction, etc…. Life skills training empower person to actualize his knowledge, attitudes and values, and enable him to have motivation for healthy behavior which this will have significant impact on his relationship with his wife. 1. Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed During Sudden Stratospheric Warming, Equinox and Solstice Periods with Kharkiv and Millstone Hill Incoherent Scatter Radars Science.gov (United States) Goncharenko, L. P.; Panasenko, S.; Aksonova, K.; Erickson, P. J.; Domnin, I. F. 2016-12-01 Travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) play a key role in the coupling of different ionospheric regions through momentum an energy transfer. They are thought to be mostly associated with atmospheric gravity waves and are known to strongly affect radio propagation conditions. The incoherent scatter (IS) method enables TIDs detection in such ionospheric parameters as electron density, ion and electron temperatures, and plasma velocity along radar beam, thus providing critical information needed to examine different hypothesis about association of TIDs with their sources. In 2016, several joint measuring campaigns were conducted using Kharkiv (49.6 N, 36.4 E) and Millstone Hill (42.6 N, 288.5 E) IS radars. These campaigns covered the periods of sudden stratospheric warnings (SSW) in February, vernal equinox and summer solstice. For consistency, the data acquired by radars were processed using the same data analysis methods. The results obtained show the TIDs to be detected throughout all observation intervals in February measurements. The differences found in the behavior of TIDs over Kharkiv and Millstone Hill sites may be partially explained by variations in stratospheric wind velocity vectors during SSW period. As for March equinox and June solstice, the prevailing TIDs are observed near solar terminators. Their periods vary mostly in the range of 40 - 80 minutes, relative amplitudes are about 0.05 - 0.3 of the background electron density, and the maximum values are observed at the heights of 200 - 250 km. Systematic long-term observations of wave processes in the ionosphere with multiple IS facilities can reveal interhemispheric variability in TID parameters, give better understanding the mechanisms of TID generation and propagation, and improve regional and global ionospheric models. 2. Improvement of observer performance during fluoroscopy by local adaptive contrast enhancement International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gould, R.G.; Demas, B.E.; Maroney, T.P. 1988-01-01 The ability of a video processor (FluoroVision FV-1), which performs two-dimensional locally adaptive contrast enhancement, to improve the detection of a low-contrast object was evaluated by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Three independent observers viewed a videotape of 50 fluoroscopic images of a varied background, in which a test object was present in 25. Each observer viewed the tape under four conditions: (1) no processing, (2) temporal noise reduction (gaussian weighted time averaging, (3) contrast enhancement, and (4) both noise reduction and contrast enhancement. The results were that detection was significantly improved by the locally adaptive contrast enhancement. Noise reduction did not significantly improve performance, probably because washer detection was limited by background contrast variations as well as noise and because only a small amount of noise reduction was used. The authors conclude that the processing device is potentially valuable in improving the quality of clinical fluoroscopic images 3. The first coordinated observations of mid-latitude E-region quasi-periodic radar echoes and lower thermospheric 557.7-nm airglow Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) T. Ogawa 2005-10-01 Full Text Available We present the first coordinated observations of quasi-periodic (QP radar echoes from sporadic-E (Es field-aligned irregularities (FAIs, OI 557.7-nm airglow, and neutral winds in a common volume over Shigaraki, Japan (34.9° N, 136.1° E on the night of 5 August 2002 during the SEEK-2 campaign. QP echo altitudes of 90-110 km were lower than usual by 10 km, enabling us to make a detailed comparison among QP echoes, airglow intensity, and neutral wind at around 96 km altitude. Eastward movement of the QP echo regions is consistent with the motions of neutral winds, airglow structures, and FAIs, suggesting that the electrodynamics of Es-layers is fundamentally controlled by the neutral atmospheric dynamics. During the QP echo event, the echo altitudes clearly went up (down in harmony with an airglow enhancement (subsidence that also moved to the east. This fact suggests that the eastward-moving enhanced airglow region included an upward (downward component of neutral winds to raise (lower the altitude of the wind-shear node responsible for the Es formation. The airglow intensity, echo intensity, and Doppler velocity of FAIs at around 96 km altitude fluctuated with periods from 10 min to 1h, indicating that these parameters were modulated with short-period atmospheric disturbances. Some QP echo regions below 100km altitude contained small-scale QP structures in which very strong neutral winds exceeding 100 m/s existed. The results are compared with recent observations, theories, and simulations of QP echoes. Keywords. Ionosphere (Ionosphere-atmosphere interactions; Ionospheric irregularities; Mid-latitude ionosphere 4. A Spatio-Temporal Enhanced Metadata Model for Interdisciplinary Instant Point Observations in Smart Cities Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nengcheng Chen 2017-02-01 Full Text Available Due to the incomprehensive and inconsistent description of spatial and temporal information for city data observed by sensors in various fields, it is a great challenge to share the massive, multi-source and heterogeneous interdisciplinary instant point observation data resources. In this paper, a spatio-temporal enhanced metadata model for point observation data sharing was proposed. The proposed Data Meta-Model (DMM focused on the spatio-temporal characteristics and formulated a ten-tuple information description structure to provide a unified and spatio-temporal enhanced description of the point observation data. To verify the feasibility of the point observation data sharing based on DMM, a prototype system was established, and the performance improvement of Sensor Observation Service (SOS for the instant access and insertion of point observation data was realized through the proposed MongoSOS, which is a Not Only SQL (NoSQL SOS based on the MongoDB database and has the capability of distributed storage. For example, the response time of the access and insertion for navigation and positioning data can be realized at the millisecond level. Case studies were conducted, including the gas concentrations monitoring for the gas leak emergency response and the smart city public vehicle monitoring based on BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS used for recording the dynamic observation information. The results demonstrated the versatility and extensibility of the DMM, and the spatio-temporal enhanced sharing for interdisciplinary instant point observations in smart cities. 5. Enhancing public project implementation in Botswana during the NDP 11 period Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Emmanuel Botlhale 2017-08-01 Full Text Available Successful project implementation is critical in development planning. If there is poor project implementation, economic development will be stalled. Generally, public project implementation has a chequered history. This is particularly true in developing countries which are characterised by low levels of project management maturity. The objective of this article is to review public project implementation in Botswana and recommend improvements for the National Development Plan (NDP 11 period (2017/2018-2022/2023. The article used the survey strategy and adopted the descriptive approach. Data collection sources were mixed, that is, primary and secondary sources. It concluded that public projects are either poorly implemented (i.e. not implemented in accordance with the ‘Project Management Triple Constraint’ of cost, time and scope or not implemented at all. Given a constrained revenue envelope post 2008, there is a need for improved project implementation. Amongst others, this calls for professional public project implementation so that NDPs become a reality. 6. Auroral ion acoustic wave enhancement observed with a radar interferometer system Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) N. M. Schlatter 2015-07-01 Full Text Available Measurements of naturally enhanced ion acoustic line (NEIAL echoes obtained with a five-antenna interferometric imaging radar system are presented. The observations were conducted with the European Incoherent SCATter (EISCAT radar on Svalbard and the EISCAT Aperture Synthesis Imaging receivers (EASI installed at the radar site. Four baselines of the interferometer are used in the analysis. Based on the coherence estimates derived from the measurements, we show that the enhanced backscattering region is of limited extent in the plane perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. Previously it has been argued that the enhanced backscatter region is limited in size; however, here the first unambiguous observations are presented. The size of the enhanced backscatter region is determined to be less than 900 × 500 m, and at times less than 160 m in the direction of the longest antenna separation, assuming the scattering region to have a Gaussian scattering cross section in the plane perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. Using aperture synthesis imaging methods volumetric images of the NEIAL echo are obtained showing the enhanced backscattering region to be aligned with the geomagnetic field. Although optical auroral emissions are observed outside the radar look direction, our observations are consistent with the NEIAL echo occurring on field lines with particle precipitation. 7. Experimental observation of percolation-enhanced nonlinear light scattering from semicontinuous metal films Science.gov (United States) Breit, M.; Podolskiy, V. A.; Grésillon, S.; von Plessen, G.; Feldmann, J.; Rivoal, J. C.; Gadenne, P.; Sarychev, Andrey K.; Shalaev, Vladimir M. 2001-09-01 Strongly enhanced second-harmonic generation (SHG), which is characterized by a nearly isotropic intensity distribution, is observed for gold-glass films near the percolation threshold. The diffuselike SHG scattering, which can be thought of as nonlinear critical opalescence, is in sharp contrast with highly collimated linear reflection and transmission from these nanostructured semicontinuous metal films. Our observations, which can be explained by giant fluctuations of local nonlinear sources for SHG due to plasmon localization, verify recent predictions of percolation-enhanced nonlinear scattering. 8. Enhanced water collection through a periodic array of tiny holes in dropwise condensation Science.gov (United States) Song, Kyungjun; Kim, Gyeonghee; Oh, Sunjong; Lim, Hyuneui 2018-02-01 This paper introduces a simple method of water collection by increasing the coalescence effects in dropwise condensation with the use of microscale holes. The tiny holes modified the surface free energy states of the droplets on the plate, yielding a surface free energy barrier between the flat solid surface and the holes. The spatial difference in the surface free energy of the droplets enabled the droplets to move toward the adjacent droplets, thus increasing the possibility of coalescence. The water collection experiments were performed using a Peltier-based cooling system at 2 °C inside a chamber at 30 °C and 70% humidity. The results demonstrated that the perforated plates without any additional treatment provided the water collection rate of up to 22.64 L/m2 day, which shows an increase of 30% compared to that demonstrated by the bare plate. By comparing the experimental results for the surface of filmwise condensation, it was proved that the dominant water collecting improvement results from the increased coalescence effects. This simple technique can enhance the performance of systems exposed to water condensation, including water collection, heat-transfer, and dehumidifying systems. 9. Greatly enhanced adsorption of platinum on periodic graphene nanobuds: A first-principles study Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ashrafian, S.; Jahanshahi, M. [Nanoscale Simulation Group, Nanotechnology Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Babol (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Ganji, M. Darvish, E-mail: [email protected] [Young Researchers and Elite club, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Agheb, R. [Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Khaje Nasir Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1355, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of) 2015-10-01 Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Pt adsorption on periodic graphene nanobuds (PGNBs) was investigated applying DFT. • We have been performed full structural relaxation for all the possible interaction sites. • Binding energies and electronics analysis were calculated for the considered systems. • Type II PGNB captured Pt atom, stronger than the other countrparts. • Ab initio MD simulation was performed for the energetically favorable configurations. - Abstract: The structural and electronic properties of platinum atom adsorbed on periodic graphene nanobuds (PGNBs) have been investigated and compared with graphene by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our result based on the generalized gradient approximation has been validated by the state-of-the-art B3LYP level of theory for Pt adsorption on the graphene surface. We demonstrate that the bridge site over the C–C bond center intervening between two hexagonal rings of type I PGNB and the hollow site over the nonagonal ring center of type II PGNB serve as the most thermodynamically favorable states amongst several considering starting configurations. The binding energies of about −3.34 and −3.78 eV were obtained for I PGNB and II PGNB, respectively, within the BSSE corrections, which are more stronger than the Pt binding energy of −2.12 eV for a pure graphene. The electronic structures for the most favorite configurations of Pt atom adsorbed on the systems of interest, in terms of the Mulliken population, the electronic density of states (DOS), and the projected density of states (PDOS) analysis have been discussed. The stability of the Pt–PGNBs and Pt–graphene complexes was confirmed within ab initio molecular dynamics simulation carrying out at ambient temperature. We also indicate that oxygen binding energies at the most energetically favorable configurations on the Pt–PGNB I and Pt–PGNB II complexes are weaker than the O{sub 2} binding energy on a Pt 10. Observer enhanced control for spin-stabilized tethered formation in earth orbit Science.gov (United States) Guang, Zhai; Yuyang, Li; Liang, Bin 2018-04-01 This paper addresses the issues relevant to control of spin-stabilized tethered formation in circular orbit. Due to the dynamic complexities and nonlinear perturbations, it is challenging to promote the control precision for the formation deployment and maintenance. In this work, the formation dynamics are derived with considering the spinning rate of the central body, then major attention is dedicated to develop the nonlinear disturbance observer. To achieve better control performance, the observer-enhanced controller is designed by incorporating the disturbance observer into the control loop, benefits from the disturbance compensation are demonstrated, and also, the dependences of the disturbance observer performance on some important parameters are theoretically and numerically analyzed. 11. Observations of long-period waves in the nearshore waters of central west coast of India during the fall inter-monsoon period Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India) Amrutha, M.M.; SanilKumar, V.; Jesbin, G. variability in both long period waves and short period waves need more detailed study. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the Earth System Science Organization, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi for providing the financial support to conduct part... Geraldton. Proceedings of the 2009 Pacific Coasts and Ports Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. Mehta, A. V., & Krishnamurti, T. N., 1988. Interannual variability of the 30 to 50 day wave motions. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 66... 12. Turbulence kinetic energy budget during the afternoon transition - Part 1: Observed surface TKE budget and boundary layer description for 10 intensive observation period days Science.gov (United States) Nilsson, Erik; Lohou, Fabienne; Lothon, Marie; Pardyjak, Eric; Mahrt, Larry; Darbieu, Clara 2016-07-01 The decay of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and its budget in the afternoon period from midday until zero-buoyancy flux at the surface is studied in a two-part paper by means of measurements from the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) field campaign for 10 intensive observation period days. Here, in Part 1, near-surface measurements from a small tower are used to estimate a TKE budget. The overall boundary layer characteristics and mesoscale situation at the site are also described based upon taller tower measurements, radiosoundings and remote sensing instrumentation. Analysis of the TKE budget during the afternoon transition reveals a variety of different surface layer dynamics in terms of TKE and TKE decay. This is largely attributed to variations in the 8 m wind speed, which is responsible for different amounts of near-surface shear production on different afternoons and variations within some of the afternoon periods. The partitioning of near-surface production into local dissipation and transport in neutral and unstably stratified conditions was investigated. Although variations exist both between and within afternoons, as a rule of thumb, our results suggest that about 50 % of the near-surface production of TKE is compensated for by local dissipation near the surface, leaving about 50 % available for transport. This result indicates that it is important to also consider TKE transport as a factor influencing the near-surface TKE decay rate, which in many earlier studies has mainly been linked with the production terms of TKE by buoyancy and wind shear. We also conclude that the TKE tendency is smaller than the other budget terms, indicating a quasi-stationary evolution of TKE in the afternoon transition. Even though the TKE tendency was observed to be small, a strong correlation to mean buoyancy production of -0.69 was found for the afternoon period. For comparison with previous results, the TKE budget terms are normalized with 13. Turbulence kinetic energy budget during the afternoon transition – Part 1: Observed surface TKE budget and boundary layer description for 10 intensive observation period days Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) E. Nilsson 2016-07-01 Full Text Available The decay of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE and its budget in the afternoon period from midday until zero-buoyancy flux at the surface is studied in a two-part paper by means of measurements from the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST field campaign for 10 intensive observation period days. Here, in Part 1, near-surface measurements from a small tower are used to estimate a TKE budget. The overall boundary layer characteristics and mesoscale situation at the site are also described based upon taller tower measurements, radiosoundings and remote sensing instrumentation. Analysis of the TKE budget during the afternoon transition reveals a variety of different surface layer dynamics in terms of TKE and TKE decay. This is largely attributed to variations in the 8 m wind speed, which is responsible for different amounts of near-surface shear production on different afternoons and variations within some of the afternoon periods. The partitioning of near-surface production into local dissipation and transport in neutral and unstably stratified conditions was investigated. Although variations exist both between and within afternoons, as a rule of thumb, our results suggest that about 50 % of the near-surface production of TKE is compensated for by local dissipation near the surface, leaving about 50 % available for transport. This result indicates that it is important to also consider TKE transport as a factor influencing the near-surface TKE decay rate, which in many earlier studies has mainly been linked with the production terms of TKE by buoyancy and wind shear. We also conclude that the TKE tendency is smaller than the other budget terms, indicating a quasi-stationary evolution of TKE in the afternoon transition. Even though the TKE tendency was observed to be small, a strong correlation to mean buoyancy production of −0.69 was found for the afternoon period. For comparison with previous results, the TKE 14. Effects of linear and nonlinear time-delayed feedback on the noise-enhanced stability phenomenon in a periodically driven bistable system International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jia, Zheng-Lin; Mei, Dong-Cheng 2011-01-01 We investigate numerically the effects of time delay on the phenomenon of noise-enhanced stability (NES) in a periodically modulated bistable system. Three types of time-delayed feedback, including linear delayed feedback, nonlinear delayed feedback and global delayed feedback, are considered. We find a non-monotonic behaviour of the mean first-passage time (MFPT) as a function of the delay time τ, with a maximum in the case of linear delayed feedback and with a minimum in the case of nonlinear delayed feedback. There are two peculiar values of τ around which the NES phenomenon is enhanced or weakened. For the case of global delayed feedback, the increase of τ always weakens the NES phenomenon. Moreover, we also show that the amplitude A and the frequency Ω of the periodic forcing play an opposite role in the NES phenomenon, i.e. the increase of A weakens the NES effect while the increase of Ω enhances it. These observations demonstrate that the time-delayed feedback can be used as a feasible control scheme for the NES phenomenon 15. Image enhancement filters significantly improve reading performance for low vision observers Science.gov (United States) Lawton, T. B. 1992-01-01 As people age, so do their photoreceptors; many photoreceptors in central vision stop functioning when a person reaches their late sixties or early seventies. Low vision observers with losses in central vision, those with age-related maculopathies, were studied. Low vision observers no longer see high spatial frequencies, being unable to resolve fine edge detail. We developed image enhancement filters to compensate for the low vision observer's losses in contrast sensitivity to intermediate and high spatial frequencies. The filters work by boosting the amplitude of the less visible intermediate spatial frequencies. The lower spatial frequencies. These image enhancement filters not only reduce the magnification needed for reading by up to 70 percent, but they also increase the observer's reading speed by 2-4 times. A summary of this research is presented. 16. The CEOS Atmospheric Composition Constellation: Enhancing the Value of Space-Based Observations Science.gov (United States) Eckman, Richard; Zehner, Claus; Al-Saadi, Jay 2015-01-01 The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) coordinates civil space-borne observations of the Earth. Participating agencies strive to enhance international coordination and data exchange and to optimize societal benefit. In recent years, CEOS has collaborated closely with the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) in implementing the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) space-based objectives. The goal of the CEOS Atmospheric Composition Constellation (ACC) is to collect and deliver data to improve monitoring, assessment and predictive capabilities for changes in the ozone layer, air quality and climate forcing associated with changes in the environment through coordination of existing and future international space assets. A project to coordinate and enhance the science value of a future constellation of geostationary sensors measuring parameters relevant to air quality supports the forthcoming European Sentinel-4, Korean GEMS, and US TEMPO missions. Recommendations have been developed for harmonization to mutually improve data quality and facilitate widespread use of the data products. 17. Occurrence of blowing snow events at an alpine site over a 10-year period: Observations and modelling Science.gov (United States) Vionnet, V.; Guyomarc'h, G.; Naaim Bouvet, F.; Martin, E.; Durand, Y.; Bellot, H.; Bel, C.; Puglièse, P. 2013-05-01 Blowing snow events control the evolution of the snow pack in mountainous areas and cause inhomogeneous snow distribution. The goal of this study is to identify the main features of blowing snow events at an alpine site and assess the ability of the detailed snowpack model Crocus to reproduce the occurrence of these events in a 1D configuration. We created a database of blowing snow events observed over 10 years at our experimental site. Occurrences of blowing snow events were divided into cases with and without concurrent falling snow. Overall, snow transport is observed during 10.5% of the time in winter and occurs with concurrent falling snow 37.3% of the time. Wind speed and snow age control the frequency of occurrence. Model results illustrate the necessity of taking the wind-dependence of falling snow grain characteristics into account to simulate periods of snow transport and mass fluxes satisfactorily during those periods. The high rate of false alarms produced by the model is investigated in detail for winter 2010/2011 using measurements from snow particle counters. 18. QUASI-PERIODIC FLUCTUATIONS AND CHROMOSPHERIC EVAPORATION IN A SOLAR FLARE RIBBON OBSERVED BY HINODE /EIS, IRIS , AND RHESSI Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Brosius, Jeffrey W.; Inglis, Andrew R. [Catholic University of America at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar Physics Laboratory, Code 671, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (United States); Daw, Adrian N., E-mail: [email protected] [NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar Physics Laboratory, Code 671, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (United States) 2016-10-20 The Hinode /Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) obtained rapid cadence (11.2 s) EUV stare spectra of an M7.3 flare ribbon in AR 12036 on 2014 April 18. Quasi-periodic ( P ≈ 75.6 ± 9.2 s) intensity fluctuations occurred in emission lines of O iv, Mg vi, Mg vii, Si vii, Fe xiv, and Fe xvi during the flare's impulsive rise, and ended when the maximum intensity in Fe xxiii was reached. The profiles of the O iv–Fe xvi lines reveal that they were all redshifted during most of the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, while the Fe xxiii profile revealed multiple components including one or two highly blueshifted ones. This indicates that the flare underwent explosive chromospheric evaporation during its impulsive rise. Fluctuations in the relative Doppler velocities were seen, but their amplitudes were too subtle to extract significant quasi-periodicities. RHESSI detected 25–100 keV hard-X-ray sources in the ribbon near the EIS slit's pointing position during the peaks in the EIS intensity fluctuations. The observations are consistent with a series of energy injections into the chromosphere by nonthermal particle beams. Electron densities derived with Fe xiv (4.6 × 10{sup 10} cm{sup −3}) and Mg vii (7.8 × 10{sup 9} cm{sup −3}) average line intensity ratios during the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, combined with the radiative loss function of an optically thin plasma, yield radiative cooling times of 32 s at 2.0 × 10{sup 6} K, and 46 s at 6.3 × 10{sup 5} K (about half the quasi-period); assuming Fe xiv's density for Fe xxiii yields a radiative cooling time of 10{sup 3} s (13 times the quasi-period) at 1.4 × 10{sup 7} K. 19. Real-time observations of mechanical stimulus-induced enhancements of mechanical properties in osteoblast cells International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zhang Xu; Liu Xiaoli; Sun Jialun; He Shuojie; Lee, Imshik; Pak, Hyuk Kyu 2008-01-01 Osteoblast, playing a key role in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, is one of the mechanical stress sensitive cells. The effects of mechanical load-induced changes of mechanical properties in osteoblast cells were studied at real-time. Osteoblasts obtained from young Wister rats were exposed to mechanical loads in different frequencies and resting intervals generated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe tip and simultaneously measured the changes of the mechanical properties by AFM. The enhancement of the mechanical properties was observed and quantified by the increment of the apparent Young's modulus, E * . The observed mechanical property depended on the frequency of applied tapping loads. For the resting interval is 50 s, the mechanical load-induced enhancement of E * -values disappears. It seems that the enhanced mechanical property was recover able under no additional mechanical stimulus 20. Enhancement of indium incorporation to InGaN MQWs on AlN/GaN periodic multilayers Science.gov (United States) Monavarian, Morteza; Hafiz, Shopan; Das, Saikat; Izyumskaya, Natalia; Özgür, Ümit; Morkoç, Hadis; Avrutin, Vitaliy 2016-02-01 The effect of compressive strain in buffer layer on strain relaxation and indium incorporation in InGaN multi-quantum wells (MQWs) is studied for two sets of samples grown side by side on both relaxed GaN layers and strained 10-pairs of AlN/GaN periodic multilayers. The 14-nm AlN layers were utilized in both multilayers, while GaN thickness was 4.5 and 2.5 nm in the first and the second set, respectively. The obtained results for the InGaN active layers on relaxed GaN and AlN/GaN periodic multilayers indicate enhanced indium incorporation for more relaxed InGaN active layers providing a variety of emission colors from purple to green. 1. Periodic 48 h feed withdrawal improves glucose tolerance in growing pigs by enhancing adipogenesis and lipogenesis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mir Priya S 2012-02-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Adipocyte numbers and peroxisome proliferators activated receptorγ (PPARγ expression of retroperitoneal tissue increased while area under the curve (AUC during the glucose tolerance test (GTT was reduced in rats subjected to certain feed withdrawal (FW regimens. Thus, using pigs as the experimental model, the hypothesis that FW regimens influence glucose tolerance by influencing fat cell function was evaluated with the objective of determining the effect of a single (FWx1; at age of 19 wk for 48 h or periodic, multiple (FWx4; 24 h FW at 7 and 11 wk of age and 48 h FW at 15 and 19 wk of age FW on AUC of glucose and insulin during the GTT relative to pigs that did not experience FW (Control. Methods Growth, body composition, adipocyte numbers, PPARγ expression, lipogenic potential as glucose uptake into fat of adipocytes of varying diameter in omental (OM and subcutaneous (SQ fat as affected by FW regimens were determined in pigs initiated into the study at 5 wk of age and fed the same diet, ad libitum. Results Blood glucose concentrations for prior to and 120 min post glucose meal tended to be lower (p = 0.105 and 0.097, respectively in pigs in FW treatments. In OM fat; cell numbers, glucose Universal14C [U14C] incorporation into fat and rate of incorporation per 104 cells was greatest for cells with diameters of 90-119 μm. Pigs undergoing FWx4 tended to have greater (p = 0.0685; by 191% number of adipocytes, increased (p = 0.0234 glucose U14C incorporation into adipocytes and greater (p = 0.0872 rate of glucose uptake into cells of 119-150 μm diameter than of cells from control or FWx1 pigs. Subcutaneous adipocyte numbers in 22-60 and 61-90 μm diameter ranges from pigs in FWx1 tended to be greater (p = 0.08 and 0.06, respectively than for those in FWx4 treatment, yet PPARγ expression and total cell number were not affected by treatment. Conclusions Results suggest that FW regimens influence fat cell function or 2. FASTSAT-HSV01 Synergistic Observations of the Magnetospheric Response During Active Periods: MINI-ME, PISA and TTI Science.gov (United States) Casas, Joseph C.; Collier, Michael R.; Rowland, Douglas E.; Sigwarth, John B.; Boudreaux, Mark E. 2010-01-01 Understanding the complex processes within the inner magnetosphere of Earth particularly during storm periods requires coordinated observations of the particle and field environment using both in-situ and remote sensing techniques. In fact in order to gain a better understanding of our Heliophysics and potentially improve our space weather forecasting capabilities, new observation mission approaches and new instrument technologies which can provide both cost effective and robust regular observations of magnetospheric activity and other space weather related phenomenon are necessary. As part of the effort to demonstrate new instrument techniques and achieve necessary coordinated observation missions, NASA's Fast Affordable Science and Technology Satellite Huntsville 01 mission (FASTSAT-HSVOI) scheduled for launch in 2010 will afford a highly synergistic solution which satisfies payload mission opportunities and launch requirements as well as contributing iri the near term to our improved understanding of Heliophysics. NASA's FASTSAT-HSV01 spacecraft on the DoD Space Test Program-S26 (STP-S26) Mission is a multi-payload mission executed by the DoD Space Test Program (STP) at the Space Development and Test Wing (SDTW), Kirtland AFB, NM. and is an example of a responsive and economical breakthrough in providing new possibilities for small space technology-driven and research missions. FASTSAT-HSV is a unique spacecraft platform that can carry multiple small instruments or experiments to low-Earth orbit on a wide range of expendable launch vehicles for a fraction of the cost traditionally required for such missions. The FASTSAT-HSV01 mission allows NASA to mature and transition a technical capability to industry while increasing low-cost access to space for small science and technology (ST) payloads. The FASTSAT-HSV01 payload includes three NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) new technology built instruments that will study the terrestrial space environment and 3. Observations of enhanced nonlinear instability in the surface reflection of internal tides NARCIS (Netherlands) Xie, X.; Shang, X.; van Haren, H.; Chen, G. 2013-01-01 Enhanced vertically standing waves formed by the superposition of two upward and downward going near-diurnal (D1) waves are observed during one semidiurnal (D2) spring tide in an approximately 75day long velocity record from the northeastern South China Sea. Bicoherence estimates suggest that the 4. Prebiotics enhance survival and prolong the retention period of specific probiotic inocula in an in vivo murine model. Science.gov (United States) Su, P; Henriksson, A; Mitchell, H 2007-12-01 To identify novel prebiotics that could be used to maintain persistence of three representative probiotic strains in vivo. Test mice were treated with prebiotics soybean oligosaccharide (SOS), fructooligosaccharide (FOS) or inulin, followed by probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI L10 (L10), Bifidobacterium lactis LAFTI B94 (B94) or Lactobacillus casei L26 LAFTI (L26). Faecal samples were then collected and analysed using selective medium and PCR analysis to determine the presence of the probiotic strains. In contrast to the control groups, in mice fed prebiotics, the survival and retention time of the test probiotics was increased extensively. SOS and FOS prolonged the retention period of L10 from 24 to 30 h. Of the three prebiotics, FOS gave the best result with B94, prolonging the retention period from 3 to > or =10 days. Of the three prebiotics, inulin gave the best result for L26, prolonging the retention period from 2 to > or =6 days. The prebiotics SOS, FOS and inulin significantly enhance survival and prolong the retention period of L10, B94 and L26 in vivo. Our results demonstrate the potential use of FOS, inulin and SOS as prebiotics in conjunction with the probiotic strains L10, B94 and L26 for new synbiotic products. 5. Observations in equatorial anomaly region of total electron content enhancements and depletions Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) N. Dashora 2005-10-01 Full Text Available A GSV 4004A GPS receiver has been operational near the crest of the equatorial anomaly at Udaipur, India for some time now. The receiver provides the line-of-sight total electron content (TEC, the phase and amplitude scintillation index, σφ and S4, respectively. This paper presents the first results on the nighttime TEC depletions associated with the equatorial spread F in the Indian zone. The TEC depletions are found to be very well correlated with the increased S4 index. A new feature of low-latitude TEC is also reported, concerning the observation of isolated and localized TEC enhancements in the nighttime low-latitude ionosphere. The TEC enhancements are not correlated with the S4 index. The TEC enhancements have also been observed along with the TEC depletions. The TEC enhancements have been interpreted as the manifestation of the plasma density enhancements reported by Le et al. (2003. Keywords. Ionosphere (Equatorial ionosphere; Ionospheric irregularities 6. Activities of the Oil Implementation Task Force, reporting period March--August 1991; Contracts for field projects and supporting research on enhanced oil recovery, reporting period October--December 1990 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1991-10-01 Activities of DOE's Oil Implementation Task Force for the period March--August 1991 are reviewed. Contracts for fields projects and supporting research on enhanced oil recovery are discussed, with a list of related publications given. Enhanced recovery processes covered include chemical flooding, gas displacement, thermal recovery, and microbial recovery. 7. Meteorological and dust aerosol conditions over the western Saharan region observed at Fennec Supersite-2 during the intensive observation period in June 2011 Science.gov (United States) Todd, M. C.; Allen, C. J. T.; Bart, M.; Bechir, M.; Bentefouet, J.; Brooks, B. J.; Cavazos-Guerra, C.; Clovis, T.; Deyane, S.; Dieh, M.; Engelstaedter, S.; Flamant, C.; Garcia-Carreras, L.; Gandega, A.; Gascoyne, M.; Hobby, M.; Kocha, C.; Lavaysse, C.; Marsham, J. H.; Martins, J. V.; McQuaid, J. B.; Ngamini, J. B.; Parker, D. J.; Podvin, T.; Rocha-Lima, A.; Traore, S.; Wang, Y.; Washington, R. 2013-08-01 The climate of the Sahara is relatively poorly observed and understood, leading to errors in forecast model simulations. We describe observations from the Fennec Supersite-2 (SS2) at Zouerate, Mauritania during the June 2011 Fennec Intensive Observation Period. These provide an improved basis for understanding and evaluating processes, models, and remote sensing. Conditions during June 2011 show a marked distinction between: (i) a "Maritime phase" during the early part of the month when the western sector of the Sahara experienced cool northwesterly maritime flow throughout the lower troposphere with shallow daytime boundary layers, very little dust uplift/transport or cloud cover. (ii) A subsequent "heat low" phase which coincided with a marked and rapid westward shift in the Saharan heat low towards its mid-summer climatological position and advection of a deep hot, dusty air layer from the central Sahara (the "Saharan residual layer"). This transition affected the entire western-central Sahara. Dust advected over SS2 was primarily from episodic low-level jet (LLJ)-generated emission in the northeasterly flow around surface troughs. Unlike Fennec SS1, SS2 does not often experience cold pools from moist convection and associated dust emissions. The diurnal evolution at SS2 is strongly influenced by the Atlantic inflow (AI), a northwesterly flow of shallow, cool and moist air propagating overnight from coastal West Africa to reach SS2 in the early hours. The AI cools and moistens the western Saharan and weakens the nocturnal LLJ, limiting its dust-raising potential. We quantify the ventilation and moistening of the western flank of the Sahara by (i) the large-scale flow and (ii) the regular nocturnal AI and LLJ mesoscale processes. 8. Period-doubling bifurcation cascade observed in a ferromagnetic nanoparticle under the action of a spin-polarized current Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Horley, Paul P., E-mail: [email protected] [Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Chihuahua/Monterrey, 120 Avenida Miguel de Cervantes, 31109 Chihuahua (Mexico); Kushnir, Mykola Ya. [Yuri Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, 2 Kotsyubynsky str., 58012 Chernivtsi (Ukraine); Morales-Meza, Mishel [Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Chihuahua/Monterrey, 120 Avenida Miguel de Cervantes, 31109 Chihuahua (Mexico); Sukhov, Alexander [Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany); Rusyn, Volodymyr [Yuri Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, 2 Kotsyubynsky str., 58012 Chernivtsi (Ukraine) 2016-04-01 We report on complex magnetization dynamics in a forced spin valve oscillator subjected to a varying magnetic field and a constant spin-polarized current. The transition from periodic to chaotic magnetic motion was illustrated with bifurcation diagrams and Hausdorff dimension – the methods developed for dissipative self-organizing systems. It was shown that bifurcation cascades can be obtained either by tuning the injected spin-polarized current or by changing the magnitude of applied magnetic field. The order–chaos transition in magnetization dynamics can be also directly observed from the hysteresis curves. The resulting complex oscillations are useful for development of spin-valve devices operating in harmonic and chaotic modes. 9. Extreme value analysis of meteorological parameters observed during the period 1994-2001 at Kakrapar Atomic Power Station International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ramkumar, S.; Dole, M.L.; Nankar, D.P.; Rajan, M.P.; Gurg, R.P. 2003-01-01 In the design of engineering structures, an understanding of extreme weather conditions that may occur at the site of interest is very essential, so that the structures can be designed to withstand such situations. In this report an analysis of extreme values of meteorological parameters observed at Kakrapar Atomic Power Station site for the period 1994 -2001 is described. The parameters considered are maximum and minimum air temperature, maximum wind speed and gust, and maximum rainfall in a month, in a day, in an hour and annual rainfall. The extreme value analysis reveals that annual rainfall, maximum monthly rainfall, minimum air temperature and maximum wind speed at 10 m obey Fisher-Tippet Type -1 distribution whereas maximum daily rainfall, maximum hourly rainfall, maxinlum air temperature and maximum wind speed at 30 m obey Fisher-Tippet Type -2 distribution function. There is no difference in correlation coefficients and fit both extreme value distribution function. Co-efficients of the distribution functions for each variable are established. Extreme values of parameters corresponding to return periods of 50 and 100 years are derived. These derived extreme values are particularly useful for arriving at suitable design basis values to ensure the safety of any civil structure in and around Kakrapar Atomic Power Station site with respect to stresses due to weather conditions. (author) 10. Assessing spatial patterns of extreme droughts associated to return periods from observed dataset: Case study of Segura River Basin (Spain) Science.gov (United States) García Galiano, Sandra G.; Diego Giraldo Osorio, Juan 2013-04-01 In basins of South-eastern Spain, such as the Segura River Basin (SRB), a strong decrease in runoff from the end of the 1970s has been observed. In the SRB, due to intensive reforestation aimed at halting desertification and erosion, added to climate variability and change, the default assumption of stationarity in water resources systems cannot be guaranteed. Therefore there is an important need for improvement in the ability of monitoring and predicting the impacts associated with the change of hydrologic regime. It is thus necessary to apply non-stationary probabilistic models, which are able to reproduce probability density functions whose parameters vary with time. From a high-resolution daily gridded rainfall dataset of more than 50 years (1950-2007 time period), the spatial distribution of lengths of maximum dry spells for several thresholds are assessed, applying GAMLSS (Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape) models at grid site. Results reveal an intensification of extreme drought events in some headbasins of the SRB important for water supply. The identification of spatial patterns of drought hazards at basin scale, associated to return periods, contribute to designing strategies of drought contingency preparedness and recovery operations, which are the leading edge of adaptation strategies. 11. Experimental observation of chaotic phase synchronization of a periodically pump-modulated multimode microchip Nd:YVO{sub 4} laser Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lin, Chien-Hui; Kuo, Chie-Tong [Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC (China); Hsu, Tzu-Fang, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Applied Physics, National Pingtung University of Education, Pingtung 900, Taiwan, ROC (China); Jan, Hengtai; Han, Shiang-Yi [Department of Physics, National Kaohsiung Normal University, No. 62, Shenjhong Rd., Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 824, Taiwan, ROC (China); Ho, Ming-Chung, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Physics, National Kaohsiung Normal University, No. 62, Shenjhong Rd., Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 824, Taiwan, ROC (China); Jiang, I-Min [Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC (China) 2012-03-12 In this Letter we demonstrate the experimental observation of chaotic phase synchronization (CPS) in a periodically pump-modulated multimode microchip Nd:YVO{sub 4} laser. PS transition is displayed via the stroboscopic technique. We apply the recurrence probability and correlation probability of recurrence to estimate the degree of PS. The degree of PS is studied taking into account the modulation amplitude and modulation frequency. We also propose an experimental compatible numerical simulation to reflect the fact that the Arnold tongues are experimentally and numerically exhibited in the periodically pump-modulated multimode microchip Nd:YVO{sub 4} laser. -- Highlights: ► We show chaotic phase synchronization in a pump-modulated microchip Nd:YVO{sub 4} laser. ► Phase synchronization (PS) transition is displayed via the stroboscopic technique. ► The degree of PS is studied taking into account the modulation parameters. ► The Arnold tongues are experimentally and numerically exhibited in the laser. 12. Quasi-periodic oscillations in accreting magnetic white dwarfs. II. The asset of numerical modelling for interpreting observations Science.gov (United States) Busschaert, C.; Falize, É.; Michaut, C.; Bonnet-Bidaud, J.-M.; Mouchet, M. 2015-07-01 Context. Magnetic cataclysmic variables are close binary systems containing a strongly magnetized white dwarf that accretes matter coming from an M-dwarf companion. The high magnetic field strength leads to the formation of an accretion column instead of an accretion disk. High-energy radiation coming from those objects is emitted from the column close to the white dwarf photosphere at the impact region. Its properties depend on the characteristics of the white dwarf and an accurate accretion column model allows the properties of the binary system to be inferred, such as the white dwarf mass, its magnetic field, and the accretion rate. Aims: We study the temporal and spectral behaviour of the accretion region and use the tools we developed to accurately connect the simulation results to the X-ray and optical astronomical observations. Methods: The radiation hydrodynamics code Hades was adapted to simulate this specific accretion phenomena. Classical approaches were used to model the radiative losses of the two main radiative processes: bremsstrahlung and cyclotron. Synthetic light curves and X-ray spectra were extracted from numerical simulations. A fast Fourier analysis was performed on the simulated light curves. The oscillation frequencies and amplitudes in the X-ray and optical domains are studied to compare those numerical results to observational ones. Different dimensional formulae were developed to complete the numerical evaluations. Results: The complete characterization of the emitting region is described for the two main radiative regimes: when only the bremsstrahlung losses and when both cyclotron and bremsstrahlung losses are considered. The effect of the non-linear cooling instability regime on the accretion column behaviour is analysed. Variation in luminosity on short timescales (~1 s quasi-periodic oscillations) is an expected consequence of this specific dynamic. The importance of secondary shock instability on the quasi-periodic oscillation 13. Image tuning techniques for enhancing the performance of pure permanent magnet undulators with small gap/period ratios Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tatchyn, R. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States) 1995-12-31 The on-axis field of a small-gap undulator constricted out of pure permanent magnet (PM) blocks arranged in an alternating-dipole (i.e., 2 dipoles/period) array can be substantially varied by positioning monolithic permeable plates above and below the undulator jaws. This simple technique, which can be used to control the 1st harmonic energy in conventional synchrotron radiation (SR) or Free Electron Laser (FEL) applications requiring sub-octave tuning, can also be shown to suppress magnetic inhomogeneities that can contribute to the undulators on-axis field errors. If a standard 4 block/period Halbach undulator, composed of PM blocks with square cross sections, is rearranged into an alternating-dipole array with the same period, the peak field that can be generated with superimposed image plates can substantially exceed that of the pure-PM Halbach array. This design technique, which can be viewed as intermediate between the {open_quotes}pure-PM{close_quotes} and standard {open_quotes}hybrid/PM{close_quotes} configurations, provides a potentially cost-effective method of enhancing the performance of small-gap, pure-PM insertion devices. In this paper we report on the analysis and recent characterization of pure-PM undulator structures with superimposed image plates, and discuss possible applications to FEL research. 14. EXCESS OPTICAL ENHANCEMENT OBSERVED WITH ARCONS FOR EARLY CRAB GIANT PULSES Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Strader, M. J.; Mazin, B. A.; Spiro Jaeger, G. V.; Gwinn, C. R.; Meeker, S. R.; Szypryt, P.; Van Eyken, J. C.; Marsden, D.; Walter, A. B.; Ulbricht, G. [Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (United States); Johnson, M. D. [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); O' Brien, K. [Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH (United Kingdom); Stoughton, C. [Fermilab Center for Particle Astrophysics, Batavia, IL 60510 (United States); Bumble, B. [NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States) 2013-12-10 We observe an extraordinary link in the Crab pulsar between the enhancement of an optical pulse and the timing of the corresponding giant radio pulse. At optical through infrared wavelengths, our observations use the high time resolution of ARray Camera for Optical to Near-IR Spectrophotometry, a unique superconducting energy-resolving photon-counting array at the Palomar 200 inch telescope. At radio wavelengths, we observe with the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope and the Green Bank Ultimate Pulsar Processing Instrument backend. We see an 11.3% ± 2.5% increase in peak optical flux for pulses that have an accompanying giant radio pulse arriving near the peak of the optical main pulse, in contrast to a 3.2% ± 0.5% increase when an accompanying giant radio pulse arrives soon after the optical peak. We also observe that the peak of the optical main pulse is 2.8% ± 0.8% enhanced when there is a giant radio pulse accompanying the optical interpulse. We observe no statistically significant spectral differences between optical pulses accompanied by and not accompanied by giant radio pulses. Our results extend previous observations of optical-radio correlation to the time and spectral domains. Our refined temporal correlation suggests that optical and radio emission are indeed causally linked, and the lack of spectral differences suggests that the same mechanism is responsible for all optical emission. 15. EXCESS OPTICAL ENHANCEMENT OBSERVED WITH ARCONS FOR EARLY CRAB GIANT PULSES International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Strader, M. J.; Mazin, B. A.; Spiro Jaeger, G. V.; Gwinn, C. R.; Meeker, S. R.; Szypryt, P.; Van Eyken, J. C.; Marsden, D.; Walter, A. B.; Ulbricht, G.; Johnson, M. D.; O'Brien, K.; Stoughton, C.; Bumble, B. 2013-01-01 We observe an extraordinary link in the Crab pulsar between the enhancement of an optical pulse and the timing of the corresponding giant radio pulse. At optical through infrared wavelengths, our observations use the high time resolution of ARray Camera for Optical to Near-IR Spectrophotometry, a unique superconducting energy-resolving photon-counting array at the Palomar 200 inch telescope. At radio wavelengths, we observe with the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope and the Green Bank Ultimate Pulsar Processing Instrument backend. We see an 11.3% ± 2.5% increase in peak optical flux for pulses that have an accompanying giant radio pulse arriving near the peak of the optical main pulse, in contrast to a 3.2% ± 0.5% increase when an accompanying giant radio pulse arrives soon after the optical peak. We also observe that the peak of the optical main pulse is 2.8% ± 0.8% enhanced when there is a giant radio pulse accompanying the optical interpulse. We observe no statistically significant spectral differences between optical pulses accompanied by and not accompanied by giant radio pulses. Our results extend previous observations of optical-radio correlation to the time and spectral domains. Our refined temporal correlation suggests that optical and radio emission are indeed causally linked, and the lack of spectral differences suggests that the same mechanism is responsible for all optical emission 16. Cometary ion dynamics observed in the close vicinity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during the intermediate activity period Science.gov (United States) Berčič, L.; Behar, E.; Nilsson, H.; Nicolaou, G.; Wieser, G. Stenberg; Wieser, M.; Goetz, C. 2018-06-01 Aims: Cometary ions are constantly produced in the coma, and once produced they are accelerated and eventually escape the coma. We describe and interpret the dynamics of the cometary ion flow, of an intermediate active comet, very close to the nucleus and in the terminator plane. Methods: We analysed in situ ion and magnetic field measurements, and characterise the velocity distribution functions (mostly using plasma moments). We propose a statistical approach over a period of one month. Results: On average, two populations were observed, separated in phase space. The motion of the first is governed by its interaction with the solar wind farther upstream, while the second one is accelerated in the inner coma and displays characteristics compatible with an ambipolar electric field. Both populations display a consistent anti-sunward velocity component. Conclusions: Cometary ions born in different regions of the coma are seen close to the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with distinct motions governed in one case by the solar wind electric field and in the other case by the position relative to the nucleus. A consistent anti-sunward component is observed for all cometary ions. An asymmetry is found in the average cometary ion density in a solar wind electric field reference frame, with higher density in the negative (south) electric field hemisphere. There is no corresponding signature in the average magnetic field strength. 17. Synchronous observations of long-periodic geomagnetic pulsations on the ATS-6 satellite and on the Earth surface International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Barfild, Dzh.N.; Bondarenko, N.M.; Buloshnikov, A.M.; Gokhberg, M.B.; Kalisher, A.L.; Mak-Ferron, R.L.; Troitskaya, V.A. 1977-01-01 Geomagnetic pulsations of the Pi2 and Pc4 types recorded by the ATS-6 geostationary satellite and by observatories located near the geomagnetic longitude of the space satellite from the 24th of May, 1974 to the 1st of September, 1976 are compared. The periods of the Pi2 pulsations measured by the space satellite and on the Earth practically coincide, dynamic spectra and spectral densities are similar. The amplitude of the Pi2 pulsations recorded in auroral latitudes is several times wider than the amplitude measured by the ATS-6 while in middle latitudes the amplitude is much smaller than on the satellite. The Pc4 pulsations are not practically observed on the Earth for they are probably excited in narrow local areas of the magnitosphere. In order to arrive to the single-valued solution of the problem of the mechanism of the generation and localization of the pulsation source it is necessary to carry out simultaneous observations on the Earth and in the magnitosphere 18. Subjective and objective observation of skin graft recovery on Indonesian local cat with different periods of transplantation time. Science.gov (United States) Erwin; Gunanti; Handharyani, Ekowati; Noviana, Deni 2016-05-01 The success of a skin graft in a cat is highly dependent on the granulation formed by the base of recipient bed. Granulation by the base of recipient bed will form after several days after injury. This research aimed to observe subjective and objective profile of skin graft recovery on forelimb of cats with different periods of donor skin placement. Nine male Indonesian local cats aged 1-2 years old, weighing 3-4 kg were divided into three groups. The first surgery for creating defect wound of 2 cm×2 cm in size was performed in the whole group. The wound was left for several days with the respective interval for each group, respectively: Group I (for 2 days), Group II (for 4 days), and Group III (for 6 days). In the whole group, the second surgery was done by the harvesting skin of thoracic area which then applied on recipient bed of respective groups. The donor skin on Group II was accepted faster compared to Group I and Group III. The donor skin did not show color differences compared to surrounding skin, painless, bright red in bleeding test had faster both hair growth and drug absorption. Test toward the size of donor skin and the effect of drugs did not show a significant difference between each group. The observe subjective and objective profile of skin graft recovery on forelimb of cats on Group II were accepted faster compared to Group I and III. 19. TIME DELAYS IN QUASI-PERIODIC PULSATIONS OBSERVED DURING THE X2.2 SOLAR FLARE ON 2011 FEBRUARY 15 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dolla, L.; Marque, C.; Seaton, D. B.; Dominique, M.; Berghmans, D.; Cabanas, C.; De Groof, A.; Verdini, A.; West, M. J.; Zhukov, A. N. [Solar-Terrestrial Center of Excellence, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Avenue Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels (Belgium); Van Doorsselaere, T. [Centrum voor Plasma-Astrofysica, Department of Mathematics, KULeuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B bus 2400, B-3001 Leuven (Belgium); Schmutz, W. [Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Davos Dorf (Switzerland); Zender, J., E-mail: [email protected] [European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk (Netherlands) 2012-04-10 We report observations of quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) during the X2.2 flare of 2011 February 15, observed simultaneously in several wavebands. We focus on fluctuations on timescale 1-30 s and find different time lags between different wavebands. During the impulsive phase, the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager channels in the range 25-100 keV lead all the other channels. They are followed by the Nobeyama RadioPolarimeters at 9 and 17 GHz and the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) channels of the Euv SpectroPhotometer (ESP) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory. The zirconium and aluminum filter channels of the Large Yield Radiometer on board the Project for On-Board Autonomy satellite and the soft X-ray (SXR) channel of ESP follow. The largest lags occur in observations from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, where the channel at 1-8 A leads the 0.5-4 A channel by several seconds. The time lags between the first and last channels is up to Almost-Equal-To 9 s. We identified at least two distinct time intervals during the flare impulsive phase, during which the QPPs were associated with two different sources in the Nobeyama RadioHeliograph at 17 GHz. The radio as well as the hard X-ray channels showed different lags during these two intervals. To our knowledge, this is the first time that time lags are reported between EUV and SXR fluctuations on these timescales. We discuss possible emission mechanisms and interpretations, including flare electron trapping. 20. The enhanced greenhouse signal versus natural variations in observed climate time series: a statistical approach Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schoenwiese, C D [J.W. Goethe Univ., Frankfurt (Germany). Inst. for Meteorology and Geophysics 1996-12-31 It is a well-known fact that human activities lead to an atmospheric concentration increase of some IR-active trace gases (greenhouse gases GHG) and that this influence enhances the greenhouse effect. However, there are major quantitative and regional uncertainties in the related climate model projections and the observational data reflect the whole complex of both anthropogenic and natural forcing of the climate system. This contribution aims at the separation of the anthropogenic enhanced greenhouse signal in observed global surface air temperature data versus other forcing using statistical methods such as multiple (multiforced) regressions and neural networks. The competitive natural forcing considered are volcanic and solar activity, in addition the ENSO (El Nino/Southern Oscillation) mechanism. This analysis will be extended also to the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and anthropogenic sulfate formation in the troposphere 1. The enhanced greenhouse signal versus natural variations in observed climate time series: a statistical approach Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schoenwiese, C.D. [J.W. Goethe Univ., Frankfurt (Germany). Inst. for Meteorology and Geophysics 1995-12-31 It is a well-known fact that human activities lead to an atmospheric concentration increase of some IR-active trace gases (greenhouse gases GHG) and that this influence enhances the greenhouse effect. However, there are major quantitative and regional uncertainties in the related climate model projections and the observational data reflect the whole complex of both anthropogenic and natural forcing of the climate system. This contribution aims at the separation of the anthropogenic enhanced greenhouse signal in observed global surface air temperature data versus other forcing using statistical methods such as multiple (multiforced) regressions and neural networks. The competitive natural forcing considered are volcanic and solar activity, in addition the ENSO (El Nino/Southern Oscillation) mechanism. This analysis will be extended also to the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) and anthropogenic sulfate formation in the troposphere 2. A novel partial SOI LDMOSFET with periodic buried oxide for breakdown voltage and self heating effect enhancement Science.gov (United States) Jamali Mahabadi, S. E.; Rajabi, Saba; Loiacono, Julian 2015-09-01 In this paper a partial silicon on insulator (PSOI) lateral double diffused metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (LDMOSFET) with periodic buried oxide layer (PBO) for enhancing breakdown voltage (BV) and self-heating effects (SHEs) is proposed for the first time. This new structure is called periodic buried oxide partial silicon on insulator (PBO-PSOI). In this structure, periodic small pieces of SiO2 were used as the buried oxide (BOX) layer in PSOI to modulate the electric field in the structure. It was demonstrated that the electric field is distributed more evenly by producing additional electric field peaks, which decrease the common peaks near the drain and gate junctions in the PBO-PSOI structure. Hence, the area underneath the electric field curve increases which leads to higher breakdown voltage. Also a p-type Si window was introduced in the source side to force the substrate to share the vertical voltage drop, leading to a higher vertical BV. Furthermore, the Si window under the source and those between periodic pieces of SiO2 create parallel conduction paths between the active layer and substrate thereby alleviating the SHEs. Simulations with the two dimensional ATLAS device simulator from the Silvaco suite of simulation tools show that the BV of PBO-PSOI is 100% higher than that of the conventional partial SOI (C-PSOI) structure. Furthermore the PBO-PSOI structure alleviates SHEs to a greater extent than its C-PSOI counterpart. The achieved drain current for the PBO-PSOI structure (100 μA), at drain-source voltage of VDS = 100 V and gate-source voltage of VGS = 25 V, is shown to be significantly larger than that in C-PSOI and fully depleted SOI (FD-SOI) structures (87 μA and 51 μA respectively). Drain current can be further improved at the expense of BV by increasing the doping of the drift region. 3. Enhanced activation of motor execution networks using action observation combined with imagination of lower limb movements. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Michael Villiger Full Text Available The combination of first-person observation and motor imagery, i.e. first-person observation of limbs with online motor imagination, is commonly used in interactive 3D computer gaming and in some movie scenes. These scenarios are designed to induce a cognitive process in which a subject imagines himself/herself acting as the agent in the displayed movement situation. Despite the ubiquity of this type of interaction and its therapeutic potential, its relationship to passive observation and imitation during observation has not been directly studied using an interactive paradigm. In the present study we show activation resulting from observation, coupled with online imagination and with online imitation of a goal-directed lower limb movement using functional MRI (fMRI in a mixed block/event-related design. Healthy volunteers viewed a video (first-person perspective of a foot kicking a ball. They were instructed to observe-only the action (O, observe and simultaneously imagine performing the action (O-MI, or imitate the action (O-IMIT. We found that when O-MI was compared to O, activation was enhanced in the ventralpremotor cortex bilaterally, left inferior parietal lobule and left insula. The O-MI and O-IMIT conditions shared many activation foci in motor relevant areas as confirmed by conjunction analysis. These results show that (i combining observation with motor imagery (O-MI enhances activation compared to observation-only (O in the relevant foot motor network and in regions responsible for attention, for control of goal-directed movements and for the awareness of causing an action, and (ii it is possible to extensively activate the motor execution network using O-MI, even in the absence of overt movement. Our results may have implications for the development of novel virtual reality interactions for neurorehabilitation interventions and other applications involving training of motor tasks. 4. Local processing enhancements associated with superior observational drawing are due to enhanced perceptual functioning, not weak central coherence. Science.gov (United States) Chamberlain, Rebecca; McManus, I C; Riley, Howard; Rankin, Qona; Brunswick, Nicola 2013-01-01 Individuals with drawing talent have previously been shown to exhibit enhanced local visual processing ability. The aim of the current study was to assess whether local processing biases associated with drawing ability result from a reduced ability to cohere local stimuli into global forms, or an increased ability to disregard global aspects of an image. Local and global visual processing ability was assessed in art students and controls using the Group Embedded Figures Task, Navon shape stimuli, the Block Design Task and the Autism Spectrum Quotient, whilst controlling for nonverbal IQ and artistic ability. Local processing biases associated with drawing appear to arise from an enhancement of local processing alongside successful filtering of global information, rather than a reduction in global processing. The relationship between local processing and drawing ability is independent of individual differences in nonverbal IQ and artistic ability. These findings have implications for bottom-up and attentional theories of observational drawing, as well as explanations of special skills in autism. 5. Utilizing visual art to enhance the clinical observation skills of medical students. Science.gov (United States) Jasani, Sona K; Saks, Norma S 2013-07-01 Clinical observation is fundamental in practicing medicine, but these skills are rarely taught. Currently no evidence-based exercises/courses exist for medical student training in observation skills. The goal was to develop and teach a visual arts-based exercise for medical students, and to evaluate its usefulness in enhancing observation skills in clinical diagnosis. A pre- and posttest and evaluation survey were developed for a three-hour exercise presented to medical students just before starting clerkships. Students were provided with questions to guide discussion of both representational and non-representational works of art. Quantitative analysis revealed that the mean number of observations between pre- and posttests was not significantly different (n=70: 8.63 vs. 9.13, p=0.22). Qualitative analysis of written responses identified four themes: (1) use of subjective terminology, (2) scope of interpretations, (3) speculative thinking, and (4) use of visual analogies. Evaluative comments indicated that students felt the exercise enhanced both mindfulness and skills. Using visual art images with guided questions can train medical students in observation skills. This exercise can be replicated without specially trained personnel or art museum partnerships. 6. Upper-level enhancement of microphysical processes in extratropical cyclones observed during OLYMPEX Science.gov (United States) Rowe, A.; McMurdie, L. A.; Houze, R.; Zagrodnik, J. P.; Schuldt, T.; Chaplin, M. 2017-12-01 Data collected during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX) of fall 2015-winter 2016 offer a unique opportunity to document enhancement of precipitation on the windward side of a mountain range as mid-latitude cyclones encountered the complex terrain of the Olympic Mountains. During the campaign, extensive instrumentation was deployed, including ground-based dual-polarization Doppler radars on the windward and leeward sides of the mountains and research aircraft providing in situ microphysical measurements and triple-frequency radar data over the ground-based sites and highest elevations. These datasets provide unprecedented detail on microphysical and dynamical processes associated with precipitation enhancement. Previous studies of precipitation enhancement over mountains have focused on surface rainfall amounts. However, the airflow over the terrain affects precipitation throughout the vertical columns of the atmosphere passing over the mountains. The OLYMPEX data were collected in a way that allows the mechanisms leading to enhancement to be examined at all levels. In particular, NASA's S-band and the NSF/CSWR DOW6 X-band dual-polarization radars provided high-resolution vertical cross sections in sectors upwind and over the mountains. The degree of upper-level enhancement seen in these radar data was most pronounced when the integrated vapor transport was strong, stability was moist neutral, and melting levels were relatively high. These conditions were often found within the warm sectors of the mid-latitude cyclones observed in OLYMPEX. Within widespread stratiform echo, radar data revealed layers of enhanced differential reflectivity aloft in addition to the enhanced reflectivity. In situ microphysical probe data from the University of North Dakota Citation aircraft were obtained in the context of these ground-based radar observations, which along with observations from the APR3 radar aboard the DC8 research aircraft, provide a unique dataset for 7. Enhanced refractive index sensor using a combination of a long period fiber grating and a small core singlemode fiber structure International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wu, Qiang; Ma, Youqiao; Yang, Minwei; Semenova, Yuliya; Wang, Pengfei; Farrell, Gerald; Chan, Hai Ping; Yuan, Jinhui; Yan, Binbin; Yu, Chongxiu 2013-01-01 An enhanced refractive index (RI) sensor based on a combination of a long period fiber grating (LPG) and a small core singlemode fiber (SCSMF) structure is proposed and developed. Since the LPG and SCSMF transmission spectra experience a blue and a red shift respectively as the surrounding RI (SRI) increases, the sensitivity is improved by measuring the separation between the resonant wavelengths of the LPG and SCSMF structures. Experimental results show that the sensor has a sensitivity of 1028 nm/SRI unit in the SRI range from 1.422 to 1.429, which is higher than individual sensitivities of either structure alone used in the experiment. Experimental results agree well with simulation results. (paper) 8. AtlantOS - Optimizing and Enhancing the Integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing System Science.gov (United States) Reitz, Anja; Visbeck, Martin; AtlantOS Consortium, the 2016-04-01 Ocean Cooperation. The EU Horizon 2020 AtlantOS project pools the efforts of 57 European and 5 non-European partners (research institutes, universities, marine service providers, multi-institutional organisations, and the private sector) from 18 countries to collaborate on optimizing and enhancing Atlantic Ocean observing. The project has a budget of € 21M for 4 years (April 2015 - June 2019) and is coordinated by GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany (Prof. Dr. Martin Visbeck). The project is organized along work packages on: i) observing system requirements and design studies, ii) enhancement of ship-based and autonomous observing networks, iii) interfaces with coastal ocean observing systems, iv) integration of regional observing systems, v) cross-cutting issues and emerging networks, vi) data flow and data integration, vii) societal benefits from observing /information systems, viii) system evaluation and resource sustainability. Engagement with wider stakeholders including end-users of Atlantic Ocean observation products and services will also be key throughout the project. The AtlantOS initiative contributes to achieving the aims of the Galway Statement on Atlantic Ocean Cooperation that was signed in 2013 by the EU, Canada and the US, launching a Transatlantic Ocean Research Alliance to enhance collaboration to better understand the Atlantic Ocean and sustainably manage and use its resources. 9. Efficacy of enhanced HIV counseling for risk reduction during pregnancy and in the postpartum period: a randomized controlled trial. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Suzanne Maman Full Text Available Pregnancy and the postpartum period present important intervention opportunities. Counseling can leverage the motivation women have during this time to change behaviors that may negatively affect their health and the heath of their infants.Pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in South Africa were randomly allocated to treatment (n=733 and control arms (n=747. Treatment arm participants received enhanced HIV pre- and post-test counseling, legal support and access to support groups at baseline, which occurred at the first antenatal visit, and then six and ten weeks postpartum. Control arm participants received standard HIV testing and counseling (HTC and two postpartum attention control sessions. Outcomes were incidence of sexually transmitted infection (STI by 14 weeks postpartum and past 30-day inconsistent condom use at 14 weeks and 9 months postpartum.There were no intervention effects on incident STIs for either HIV-negative (adjusted risk ratio (aRR 1.01, 95% CI 0.71-1.44 or HIV-positive participants (aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.61-1.23. The intervention was associated with a 28% decrease in risk of past 30-day inconsistent condom use at nine-months among HIV-negative women (aRR 0.72,95% CI 0.59-0.88, but did not affect inconsistent condom use among HIV-positive women (aRR1.08; 95% CI 0.67-1.75.An enhanced counseling intervention during pregnancy and the postpartum period can lead to reductions in inconsistent condom use among HIV-negative women. Results underscore the importance of the counseling that accompanies HIV HTC. More work is needed to understand how to promote and sustain risk reduction among HIV-positive women.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01683461. 10. [Evaluation of immunosuppressive treatment on homocystein levels in patients after kidney transplantation during a 2 year observation period]. Science.gov (United States) Aksamit, Dariusz; Janda, Katarzyna; Kuźniewski, Marek; Krzanowski, Marcin; Ignacak, Ewa; Betkowska-Prokop, Alina; Chowaniec, Eve; Sułowicz, Wladysław 2012-01-01 The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the type of prescribed immunosuppression: cyclosporine A (CsA) vs. tacrolimus (Tac) on remote homocystein levels in patients (pts) after kidney transplantation (Ktx). The study included 51 pts (17 F, 34 M) aged 15 to 62 years (mean 38.1) after cadaver Ktx. The mean observation period equaled 21.2 months (6 -24); while total observation period was 90 personlyears. Before Ktx, 46 pts were treated with maintenance hemodialysis (HD), while 5 by peritoneal dialysis (PD). After Ktx, patients had immunosuppression prescribed according to the following schemes: prednisone (P) + CsA + azathioprine (AZA) - 12 pts; P + CsA + mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) -26 pts; P + Tac + MMF - 11 pts; and P + Tac + AZA - 2 pts. Hcy level was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Serum creatinine level was measured by standard method using the Hitachi 917 analyzer. Creatinine clearance was calculated based on the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Patient's blood was drawn before Ktx and 3, 6, 9, 12,15, 18, 21 and 24 months post procedure. Delayed graft function (DGF) after Ktx was diagnosed in 29 pts (56.9%) and this group required from 4 to 28 HD sessions (mean 14 sessions). Hcy level did not significantly differ between pts requiring (29 pts) and not requiring (22 pts) HD treatment after Ktx. It was also noted that the number of performed HD sessions did not significantly correlate with Hcy levels 24 months after Ktx (R =0.04, p=0.81). No relationship was found (non-parametric Spearman test) between the drop in Hcy level 3 months after Ktx as compare with value before Ktx and ischemia time (R=0.09, p=0.49), number of compatible HLA A and B (R=0.07, p=0.63), and DR antigens (R=0.09, p=0.51). Decrease in Hcy level (before Ktx and 24 months after Ktx) did not significantly correlate with the above parameters, respectively: R=-0.14, p=0.40; R=0.06, p=0.73; R=0.12, p=0.45; R=0.11, p=0.50. Decrease in Hcy level (before Ktx and 3 11. Can the periodic spectral modulations observed in 236 Sloan Sky Survey stars be due to dark matter effects? Science.gov (United States) Tamburini, Fabrizio; Licata, Ignazio 2017-09-01 The search for dark matter (DM) is one of the most active and challenging areas of current research. Possible DM candidates are ultralight fields such as axions and weak interacting massive particles (WIMPs). Axions piled up in the center of stars are supposed to generate matter/DM configurations with oscillating geometries at a very rapid frequency, which is a multiple of the axion mass m B (Brito et al (2015); Brito et al (2016)). Borra and Trottier (2016) recently found peculiar ultrafast periodic spectral modulations in 236 main sequence stars in the sample of 2.5 million spectra of galactic halo stars of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (˜1% of main sequence stars in the F-K spectral range) that were interpreted as optical signals from extraterrestrial civilizations, suggesting them as possible candidates for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) program. We argue, instead, that this could be the first indirect evidence of bosonic axion-like DM fields inside main sequence stars, with a stable radiative nucleus, where a stable DM core can be hosted. These oscillations were not observed in earlier stellar spectral classes probably because of the impossibility of starting a stable oscillatory regime due to the presence of chaotic motions in their convective nuclei. The axion mass values, (50< {m}B< 2.4× {10}3) μ {eV}, obtained from the frequency range observed by Borra and Trottier, (0.6070< f< 0.6077) THz, agree with the recent theoretical results from high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics (Borsanyi et al (2016); Borsanyi et al (2016b)). 12. Subjective and objective observation of skin graft recovery on Indonesian local cat with different periods of transplantation time Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Erwin 2016-05-01 Full Text Available Aim: The success of a skin graft in a cat is highly dependent on the granulation formed by the base of recipient bed. Granulation by the base of recipient bed will form after several days after injury. This research aimed to observe subjective and objective profile of skin graft recovery on forelimb of cats with different periods of donor skin placement. Materials and Methods: Nine male Indonesian local cats aged 1-2 years old, weighing 3-4 kg were divided into three groups. The first surgery for creating defect wound of 2 cm×2 cm in size was performed in the whole group. The wound was left for several days with the respective interval for each group, respectively: Group I (for 2 days, Group II (for 4 days, and Group III (for 6 days. In the whole group, the second surgery was done by the harvesting skin of thoracic area which then applied on recipient bed of respective groups. Result: The donor skin on Group II was accepted faster compared to Group I and Group III. The donor skin did not show color differences compared to surrounding skin, painless, bright red in bleeding test had faster both hair growth and drug absorption. Test toward the size of donor skin and the effect of drugs did not show a significant difference between each group. Conclusion: The observe subjective and objective profile of skin graft recovery on forelimb of cats on Group II were accepted faster compared to Group I and III. 13. Hydrometeorological aspects of the Real-Time Ultrafinescale Forecast Support during the Special Observing Period of the MAP* Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R. Benoit 2003-01-01 Full Text Available During the Special Observation Period (SOP, 7 September–15 November, 1999 of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP, the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community Model (MC2 was run in real time at a horizontal resolution of 3 km on a computational domain of 350☓300☓50 grid points, covering the whole of the Alpine region. The WATFLOOD model was passively coupled to the MC2; the former is an integrated set of computer programs to forecast flood flows, using all available data, for catchments with response times ranging from one hour to several weeks. The unique aspect of this contribution is the operational application of numerical weather prediction data to forecast flows over a very large, multinational domain. An overview of the system performance from the hydrometeorological aspect is presented, mostly for the real-time results, but also from subsequent analyses. A streamflow validation of the precipitation is included for large basins covering upper parts of the Rhine and the Rhone, and parts of the Po and of the Danube. In general, the MC2/WATFLOOD model underestimated the total runoff because of the under-prediction of precipitation by MC2 during the MAP SOP. After the field experiment, a coding error in the cloud microphysics scheme of MC2 explains this underestimation to a large extent. A sensitivity study revealed that the simulated flows reproduce the major features of the observed flow record for most of the flow stations. The experiment was considered successful because two out of three possible flood events in the Swiss-Italian border region were predicted correctly by data from the numerical weather models linked to the hydrological model and no flow events were missed. This study has demonstrated that a flow forecast from a coupled atmospheric-hydrological model can serve as a useful first alert and quantitative forecast. Keywords: mesoscale atmospheric model, hydrological model, flood forecasting, Alps 14. Numerical Exploration of Kaldorian Interregional Macrodynamics: Enhanced Stability and Predominance of Period Doubling under Flexible Exchange Rates Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2010-01-01 Full Text Available We present a discrete two-regional Kaldorian macrodynamic model with flexible exchange rates and explore numerically the stability of equilibrium and the possibility of generation of business cycles. We use a grid search method in two-dimensional parameter subspaces, and coefficient criteria for the flip and Hopf bifurcation curves, to determine the stability region and its boundary curves in several parameter ranges. The model is characterized by enhanced stability of equilibrium, while its predominant asymptotic behavior when equilibrium is unstable is period doubling. Cycles are scarce and short-lived in parameter space, occurring at large values of the degree of capital movement β. By contrast to the corresponding fixed exchange rates system, for cycles to occur sufficient amount of trade is required together with high levels of capital movement. Rapid changes in exchange rate expectations and decreased government expenditure are factors contributing to the creation of interregional cycles. Examples of bifurcation and Lyapunov exponent diagrams illustrating period doubling or cycles, and their development into chaotic attractors, are given. The paper illustrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the numerical approach for dynamical systems of moderately high dimensionality and several parameters. 15. Enhanced long-distance transport of periodic electron beams in an advanced double layer cone-channel target Science.gov (United States) Ji, Yanling; Duan, Tao; Zhou, Weimin; Li, Boyuan; Wu, Fengjuan; Zhang, Zhimeng; Ye, Bin; Wang, Rong; Wu, Chunrong; Tang, Yongjian 2018-02-01 An enhanced long-distance transport of periodic electron beams in an advanced double layer cone-channel target is investigated using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The target consists of a cone attached to a double-layer hollow channel with a near-critical-density inner layer. The periodic electron beams are generated by the combination of ponderomotive force and longitudinal laser electric field. Then a stable electron propagation is achieved in the double-layer channel over a much longer distance without evident divergency, compared with a normal cone-channel target. Detailed simulations show that the much better long-distance collimation and guidance of energetic electrons is attributed to the much stronger electromagnetic fields at the inner wall surfaces. Furthermore, a continuous electron acceleration is obtained by the more intense laser electric fields and extended electron acceleration length in the channel. Our investigation shows that by employing this advanced target, both the forward-going electron energy flux in the channel and the energy coupling efficiency from laser to electrons are about threefold increased in comparison with the normal case. 16. Enhanced long-distance transport of periodic electron beams in an advanced double layer cone-channel target Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yanling Ji 2018-02-01 Full Text Available An enhanced long-distance transport of periodic electron beams in an advanced double layer cone-channel target is investigated using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The target consists of a cone attached to a double-layer hollow channel with a near-critical-density inner layer. The periodic electron beams are generated by the combination of ponderomotive force and longitudinal laser electric field. Then a stable electron propagation is achieved in the double-layer channel over a much longer distance without evident divergency, compared with a normal cone-channel target. Detailed simulations show that the much better long-distance collimation and guidance of energetic electrons is attributed to the much stronger electromagnetic fields at the inner wall surfaces. Furthermore, a continuous electron acceleration is obtained by the more intense laser electric fields and extended electron acceleration length in the channel. Our investigation shows that by employing this advanced target, both the forward-going electron energy flux in the channel and the energy coupling efficiency from laser to electrons are about threefold increased in comparison with the normal case. 17. Enhancing the Value of Sensor-based Observations by Capturing the Knowledge of How An Observation Came to Be Science.gov (United States) Fredericks, J.; Rueda-Velasquez, C. A. 2016-12-01 18. The features of sporadic hyperbolic meteors observed by television techniques in the period of 2007-2009 Science.gov (United States) Guliyev, Ayyub; Nabiyev, Shaig 2015-12-01 The features of 238 hyperbolic meteors observed within the framework of the Japanese program SonotaCo in the period of 2007-2009 are investigated in this paper. Irregularity of the eccentricities, explicitly dominance of retrograde orbits over direct ones, absence of domination of perihelia closes the ecliptic, irregular distribution of angular elements for these bodies' orbits were noticed. The values of eccentricities are distributed in the interval from 1 up to 1.31. The significant concentration of these particles perihelia closes the anti-apex of the Sun's peculiarity movements in the Galaxy was noticed. Distribution of elements of orbits in the galactic system of coordinates was considered also, however it was not possible to find the appreciable regularities. The distributions of the distant nodes and MOID-Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance of the hyperbolic meteors relatively to the orbits of the planets-giants were investigated as well. However it was not possible to prove, that the majority of the particles could receive the hyperbolic excess of speed due to the gravitational influence of the planets-giants. The statistics of relation of the hyperbolic meteors with 14 known trans-Neptunian planetary bodies brighter 3m.5 is considered. Testing of the distant nodes and MOID values only for 2003 MW12, 2007 OR10 and Qaoaor have the positive results. In the next stage we have made analogical calculations for the 78 TNO having absolute brightness 5m.5 also and obtained the reasonable results for 9 of them. 19. Remote Cloud Sensing Intensive Observation Period (RCS-IOP) millimeter-wave radar calibration and data intercomparison Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sekelsky, S.M.; Firda, J.M.; McIntosh, R.E. [Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States)] [and others 1996-04-01 20. Intestinal stoma in patients with colorectal cancer from the perspective of 20-year period of clinical observation. Science.gov (United States) Banaszkiewicz, Zbigniew; Woda, Łukasz P; Zwoliński, Tomasz; Tojek, Krzysztof; Jarmocik, Paweł; Jawień, Arkadiusz 2015-01-01 Intestinal stoma is a procedure most often performed in patients with colorectal cancer. To identify the percentage of patients with colorectal cancer in which the intestinal stoma was performed. We retrospectively analysed 443 patients treated during a 20-year period (1994-2013) due to colorectal cancer, in which the intestinal stoma was made during the first surgical intervention. In the second analysed decade, a significant decrease in the percentage of created stomas, definitive stomas in particular, was observed. Stomas were made significantly more often in patients with a tumour located in the rectum, the left half of the colon, and in patients undergoing urgent surgeries. An increased incidence of intestinal stomas was associated with a higher severity of illness and higher proportion of unresectable and non-radical procedures. The definitive stomas were significantly more often made in men and in patients with tumours located in the rectum, whereas temporary stomas were created significantly more often in patients undergoing urgent operations. In the last decade (2004-2013) the number of intestinal stomas in patients operated due to colorectal cancer was significantly reduced. 1. Periodicities in the X-ray Emission from the Solar Corona: SphinX and SOXS Observations Science.gov (United States) Steślicki, M.; Awasthi, A. K.; Gryciuk, M.; Jain, R. The structure and evolution of the solar magnetic field is driven by a magnetohydrodynamic dynamo operating in the solar interior, which induces various solar activities that exhibit periodic variations on different timescales. Therefore, probing the periodic nature of emission originating from the solar corona may provide insights of the convection-zone-photosphere-corona coupling processes. We present the study of the mid-range periodicities, between rotation period (˜27 days) and the Schwabe cycle period (˜11 yr), in the solar soft X-ray emission, based on the data obtained by two instruments: SphinX and SOXS in various energy bands. 2. Enhancing our Understanding of Snowfall Modes with Ground-Based Observations Science.gov (United States) Pettersen, C.; Kulie, M.; Petersen, W. A.; Bliven, L. F.; Wood, N. 2016-12-01 Snowfall can be broadly categorized into deep and shallow events based on the vertical distribution of the precipitating ice. Remotely sensed data refine these precipitation categories and aid in discerning the underlying macro- and microphysical mechanisms. The unique patterns in the remotely sensed instruments observations can potentially connect distinct modes of snowfall to specific processes. Though satellites can observe and recognize these patterns in snowfall, these measurements are limited - particularly in cases of shallow and light precipitation, as the snow may be too close to the surface or below the detection limits of the instrumentation. By enhancing satellite measurements with ground-based instrumentation, whether with limited-term field campaigns or long-term strategic sites, we can further our understanding and assumptions about different snowfall modes and how they are measured from spaceborne instruments. Presented are three years of data from a ground-based instrument suite consisting of a MicroRain Radar (MRR; optimized for snow events) and a Precipitation Imaging Package (PIP). These instruments are located at the Marquette, Michigan National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office to: a) use coincident meteorological measurements and observations to enhance our understanding of the thermodynamic drivers and b) showcase these instruments in an operational setting to enhance forecasts of shallow snow events. Three winters of MRR and PIP measurements are partitioned, based on meteorological surface observations, into two-dimensional histograms of reflectivity and particle size distribution data. These statistics improve our interpretation of deep versus shallow precipitation. Additionally, these statistical techniques are applied to similar datasets from Global Precipitation Measurement field campaigns for further insight into cloud and precipitation macro- and microphysical processes. 3. Observations of magnetospheric ionization enhancements using upper-hybrid resonance noise band data from the RAE-1 satellite Science.gov (United States) Mosier, S. R. 1975-01-01 Noise bands associated with the upper-hybrid resonance were used to provide direct evidence for the existence of regions of enhanced density in the equatorial magnetosphere near L = 2. Density enhancements ranging from several percent to as high as 45 percent are observed with radial dimensions of several hundred kilometers. The enhancement characteristics strongly suggest their identification as magnetospheric whistler ducts. 4. Observation of vacuum-enhanced electron spin resonance of optically levitated nanodiamonds Science.gov (United States) Li, Tongcang; Hoang, Thai; Ahn, Jonghoon; Bang, Jaehoon Electron spins of diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are important quantum resources for nanoscale sensing and quantum information. Combining such NV spin systems with levitated optomechanical resonators will provide a hybrid quantum system for many novel applications. Here we optically levitate a nanodiamond and demonstrate electron spin control of its built-in NV centers in low vacuum. We observe that the strength of electron spin resonance (ESR) is enhanced when the air pressure is reduced. To better understand this novel system, we also investigate the effects of trap power and measure the absolute internal temperature of levitated nanodiamonds with ESR after calibration of the strain effect. Our results show that optical levitation of nanodiamonds in vacuum not only can improve the mechanical quality of its oscillation, but also enhance the ESR contrast, which pave the way towards a novel levitated spin-optomechanical system for studying macroscopic quantum mechanics. The results also indicate potential applications of NV centers in gas sensing. 5. Pulsations and period changes of the non-Blazhko RR lyrae variable Y oct observed from Dome A, Antarctica Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zhihua, Huang; Jianning, Fu; Weikai, Zong; Lingzhi, Wang; Zonghong, Zhu [Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 (China); M, Macri Lucas; Lifan, Wang [Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX (United States); Ashley, Michael C. B.; S, Lawrence Jon; Daniel, Luong-Van [School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW (Australia); Xiangqun, Cui; Long-Long, Feng; Xuefei, Gong; Qiang, Liu; Huigen, Yang; Xiangyan, Yuan; Xu, Zhou; Zhenxi, Zhu [Chinese Center for Antarctic Astronomy, Nanjing (China); R, Pennypacker Carl [Center for Astrophysics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA (United States); G, York Donald, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics and Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States) 2015-01-01 During the operation of the Chinese Small Telescope Array (CSTAR) in Dome A of Antarctica in the years 2008, 2009, and 2010, large amounts of photometric data have been obtained for variable stars in the CSTAR field. We present here the study of one of six RR Lyrae variables, Y Oct, observed with CSTAR in Dome A, Antarctica. Photometric data in the i band were obtained in 2008 and 2010, with a duty cycle (defined as the fraction of time representing scientifically available data to CSTAR observation time) of about 44% and 52%, respectively. In 2009, photometric data in the g and r bands were gathered for this star, with a duty cycle of 65% and 60%, respectively. Fourier analysis of the data in the three bands only shows the fundamental frequency and its harmonics, which is characteristic of the non-Blazhko RR Lyrae variables. Values of the fundamental frequency and the amplitudes, as well as the total pulsation amplitude, are obtained from the data in the three bands separately. The amplitude of the fundamental frequency and the total pulsation amplitude in the g band are the largest, and those in the i band the smallest. Two-hundred fifty-one times of maximum are obtained from the three seasons of data, which are analyzed together with 38 maximum times provided in the GEOS RR Lyrae database. A period change rate of −0.96 ± 0.07 days Myr{sup −1} is then obtained, which is a surprisingly large negative value. Based on relations available in the literature, the following physical parameters are derived: [Fe/H] = −1.41 ± 0.14, M{sub V} = 0.696 ± 0.014 mag, V−K = 1.182 ± 0.028 mag, logT{sub eff} = 3.802 ± 0.003 K, logg = 2.705 ± 0.004, logL/L{sub ⊙} = 1.625 ± 0.013, and logM/M{sub ⊙} = −0.240 ± 0.019. 6. Cervical Proprioception in a Young Population Who Spend Long Periods on Mobile Devices: A 2-Group Comparative Observational Study. Science.gov (United States) Portelli, Andrew; Reid, Susan A 2018-02-01 The purpose of this study was to evaluate if young people with insidious-onset neck pain who spend long periods on mobile electronic devices (known as "text neck") have impaired cervical proprioception and if this is related to time on devices. A 2-group comparative observational study was conducted at an Australian university. Twenty-two participants with text neck and 22 asymptomatic controls, all of whom were 18 to 35 years old and spent ≥4 hours per day on unsupported electronic devices, were assessed using the head repositioning accuracy (HRA) test. Differences between groups were calculated using independent sample t-tests, and correlations between neck pain intensity, time on devices, and HRA test were performed using Pearson's bivariate analysis. During cervical flexion, those with text neck (n = 22, mean age ± standard deviation [SD]: 21 ± 4 years, 59% female) had a 3.9° (SD: 1.4°) repositioning error, and the control group (n = 22, 20 ± 1 years, 68% female) had a 2.9° (SD: 1.2°) error. The mean difference was 1° (95% confidence interval: 0-2, P = .02). For other cervical movements, there was no difference between groups. There was a moderately significant correlation (P ≤ .05) between time spent on electronic devices and cervical pain intensity and between cervical pain intensity and HRA during flexion. The participants with text neck had a greater proprioceptive error during cervical flexion compared with controls. This could be related to neck pain and time spent on electronic devices. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc. 7. Observational calibration of the projection factor of Cepheids. IV. Period-projection factor relation of Galactic and Magellanic Cloud Cepheids Science.gov (United States) Gallenne, A.; Kervella, P.; Mérand, A.; Pietrzyński, G.; Gieren, W.; Nardetto, N.; Trahin, B. 2017-11-01 Context. The Baade-Wesselink (BW) method, which combines linear and angular diameter variations, is the most common method to determine the distances to pulsating stars. However, the projection factor, p-factor, used to convert radial velocities into pulsation velocities, is still poorly calibrated. This parameter is critical on the use of this technique, and often leads to 5-10% uncertainties on the derived distances. Aims: We focus on empirically measuring the p-factor of a homogeneous sample of 29 LMC and 10 SMC Cepheids for which an accurate average distances were estimated from eclipsing binary systems. Methods: We used the SPIPS algorithm, which is an implementation of the BW technique. Unlike other conventional methods, SPIPS combines all observables, i.e. radial velocities, multi-band photometry and interferometry into a consistent physical modelling to estimate the parameters of the stars. The large number and their redundancy insure its robustness and improves the statistical precision. Results: We successfully estimated the p-factor of several Magellanic Cloud Cepheids. Combined with our previous Galactic results, we find the following P-p relation: -0.08± 0.04(log P-1.18) + 1.24± 0.02. We find no evidence of a metallicity dependent p-factor. We also derive a new calibration of the period-radius relation, log R = 0.684± 0.007(log P-0.517) + 1.489± 0.002, with an intrinsic dispersion of 0.020. We detect an infrared excess for all stars at 3.6 μm and 4.5 μm, which might be the signature of circumstellar dust. We measure a mean offset of Δm3.6 = 0.057 ± 0.006 mag and Δm4.5 = 0.065 ± 0.008 mag. Conclusions: We provide a new P-p relation based on a multi-wavelength fit that can be used for the distance scale calibration from the BW method. The dispersion is due to the LMC and SMC width we took into account because individual Cepheids distances are unknown. The new P-R relation has a small intrinsic dispersion: 4.5% in radius. This precision will 8. A novel louvered fin design to enhance thermal and drainage performances during periodic frosting/defrosting conditions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kim, Min-Hwan; Kim, Hisuk; Kim, Dong Rip; Lee, Kwan-Soo 2016-01-01 Highlights: • Thermal and drainage performances of a novel design louvered fin were investigated. • The thermal performance of the asymmetric fin was improved in the re-frosting cycle. • The asymmetric louvered fin exhibited better drainage on the leading edge of fins. • Lower surface tension between fin surface and water droplet improved the drainage. - Abstract: The retention water on fin surface can significantly degrade the thermal performance of heat exchangers under periodic frosting/defrosting conditions, which also leads to a decrease in the energy efficiency of air-source heat pumps. A novel louvered fin design was suggested to improve the drainage and the thermal performance of heat exchanger. The novel louvered fin had an asymmetric louver arrangement by flattening two louvers on the leading edge. The retention water formed on fin surface markedly decreased the heat transfer rate of the conventional symmetric louvered fins in re-frosting cycles. On the other hand, the asymmetric louvered fins improved the drainage performance of the retention water, which enhanced the heat transfer rate. To identify the reason of the difference in drainage performance between two fin geometries, additional experiments were carried out with enlargement models. The improvement in drainage performance of the asymmetric fin design originated from the lowered surface tension between the fin surface and water droplet. 9. Numerical Exploration of Kaldorian Macrodynamics: Enhanced Stability and Predominance of Period Doubling and Chaos with Flexible Exchange Rates Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2008-01-01 Full Text Available We explore a discrete Kaldorian macrodynamic model of an open economy with flexible exchange rates, focusing on the effects of variation of the model parameters, the speed of adjustment of the goods market α, and the degree of capital mobility β. We determine by a numerical grid search method the stability region in parameter space and find that flexible rates cause enhanced stability of equilibrium with respect to variations of the parameters. We identify the Hopf-Neimark bifurcation curve and the flip bifurcation curve, and find that the period doubling cascades which leads to chaos is the dominant behavior of the system outside the stability region, persisting to large values of β. Cyclical behavior of noticeable presence is detected for some extreme values of a state parameter. Bifurcation and Lyapunov exponent diagrams are computed illustrating the complex dynamics involved. Examples of attractors and trajectories are presented. The effect of the speed of adaptation of the expected rate is also briefly discussed. Finally, we explore a special model variation incorporating the “wealth effect” which is found to behave similarly to the basic model, contrary to the model of fixed exchange rates in which incorporation of this effect causes an entirely different behavior. 10. Observation of Enhanced Hole Extraction in Br Concentration Gradient Perovskite Materials. Science.gov (United States) Kim, Min-Cheol; Kim, Byeong Jo; Son, Dae-Yong; Park, Nam-Gyu; Jung, Hyun Suk; Choi, Mansoo 2016-09-14 Enhancing hole extraction inside the perovskite layer is the key factor for boosting photovoltaic performance. Realization of halide concentration gradient perovskite materials has been expected to exhibit rapid hole extraction due to the precise bandgap tuning. Moreover, a formation of Br-rich region on the tri-iodide perovskite layer is expected to enhance moisture stability without a loss of current density. However, conventional synthetic techniques of perovskite materials such as the solution process have not achieved the realization of halide concentration gradient perovskite materials. In this report, we demonstrate the fabrication of Br concentration gradient mixed halide perovskite materials using a novel and facile halide conversion method based on vaporized hydrobromic acid. Accelerated hole extraction and enhanced lifetime due to Br gradient was verified by observing photoluminescence properties. Through the combination of secondary ion mass spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, the diffusion behavior of Br ions in perovskite materials was investigated. The Br-gradient was found to be eventually converted into a homogeneous mixed halide layer after undergoing an intermixing process. Br-substituted perovskite solar cells exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 18.94% due to an increase in open circuit voltage from 1.08 to 1.11 V and an advance in fill-factor from 0.71 to 0.74. Long-term stability was also dramatically enhanced after the conversion process, i.e., the power conversion efficiency of the post-treated device has remained over 97% of the initial value under high humid conditions (40-90%) without any encapsulation for 4 weeks. 11. Sporadic and Thermospheric Enhanced Sodium Layers Observed by a Lidar Chain over China Science.gov (United States) Xue, X. 2013-12-01 We report the statistical features of sporadic sodium layers (SSLs) and the thermospheric enhanced sodium layers (TeSLs) observed by a lidar chain located at Beijing (40.2N,116.2E), Hefei (31.8N, 117.3E), Wuhan (30.5N, 114.4E), and Haikou (19.5N, 109.1E). The average SSL occurrence rate was approximately 46.0, 12.3, 13.8, and 15.0 hr per SSL at Beijing, Hefei, Wuhan, and Haikou, respectively. However, the TeSLs occurred relatively infrequently and were more likely to appear at low and high latitudinal sites. Both the SSLs and TeSLs at four lidar sites showed evident summer enhancements and correlated well with Es (foEs>4MHz). The co-observations of SSLs at three lidar site pairs, i.e., Hefei -- Beijing, Hefei -- Wuhan and Hefei -- Beijing, indicated that a large-scale SSL extended horizontally for at least a few hundred kilometers and exhibited a tidal-induced modulation. Moreover, the SSLs were better correlated for the Hefei -- Wuhan and Hefei -- Haikou pairs than the Hefei -- Beijing pair, which suggested a difference in the dynamical/chemical process in mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) between the Beijing site and the other sites. 12. Enhancement of photovoltaic effects and photoconductivity observed in Co-doped amorphous carbon/silicon heterostructures Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jiang, Y. C.; Gao, J., E-mail: [email protected] [Research Center for Solid State Physics and Materials, School of Mathematics and Physics, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu (China) 2016-08-22 Co-doped amorphous carbon (Co-C)/silicon heterostructures were fabricated by growing Co-C films on n-type Si substrates using pulsed laser deposition. A photovoltaic effect (PVE) has been observed at room temperature. Open-circuit voltage V{sub oc} = 320 mV and short-circuit current density J{sub sc }= 5.62 mA/cm{sup 2} were measured under illumination of 532-nm light with the power of 100 mW/cm{sup 2}. In contrast, undoped amorphous carbon/Si heterostructures revealed no significant PVE. Based on the PVE and photoconductivity (PC) investigated at different temperatures, it was found that the energy conversion efficiency increased with increasing the temperature and reached the maximum at room temperature, while the photoconductivity showed a reverse temperature dependence. The observed competition between PVE and PC was correlated with the way to distribute absorbed photons. The possible mechanism, explaining the enhanced PVE and PC in the Co-C/Si heterostructures, might be attributed to light absorption enhanced by localized surface plasmons in Co nanoparticles embedded in the carbon matrix. 13. Magnet Cycles and Stability Periods of the CMS Structures from 2008 to 2013 as Observed by the Link Alignment System International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Arce, P.; Barcala, J.M.; Calvo, E.; Ferrando, A.; Josa, M.I.; Molinero, A.; Navarrete, J.; Oller, J.C. 2015-01-01 In this document Magnet Cycles and Stability Periods of the CMS Experiment are studied with the recorded Alignment Link System data along the 2008 to 2013 years of operation. The motions of the mechanical structures due to the magnetic field forces are studied including an in-depth analysis of the relative distance between the endcap structures and the central Tracker body during the Stability Periods to verify the mechanical stability of the detector during the physics data taking. 14. Non-equilibrium ionization by a periodic electron beam. I. Synthetic coronal spectra and implications for interpretation of observations Science.gov (United States) Dzifčáková, E.; Dudík, J.; Mackovjak, Š. 2016-05-01 Context. Coronal heating is currently thought to proceed via the mechanism of nanoflares, small-scale and possibly recurring heating events that release magnetic energy. Aims: We investigate the effects of a periodic high-energy electron beam on the synthetic spectra of coronal Fe ions. Methods: Initially, the coronal plasma is assumed to be Maxwellian with a temperature of 1 MK. The high-energy beam, described by a κ-distribution, is then switched on every period P for the duration of P/ 2. The periods are on the order of several tens of seconds, similar to exposure times or cadences of space-borne spectrometers. Ionization, recombination, and excitation rates for the respective distributions are used to calculate the resulting non-equilibrium ionization state of Fe and the instantaneous and period-averaged synthetic spectra. Results: Under the presence of the periodic electron beam, the plasma is out of ionization equilibrium at all times. The resulting spectra averaged over one period are almost always multithermal if interpreted in terms of ionization equilibrium for either a Maxwellian or a κ-distribution. Exceptions occur, however; the EM-loci curves appear to have a nearly isothermal crossing-point for some values of κs. The instantaneous spectra show fast changes in intensities of some lines, especially those formed outside of the peak of the respective EM(T) distributions if the ionization equilibrium is assumed. Movies 1-5 are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org 15. Connecting qualitative observation and quantitative measurement for enhancing quantitative literacy in plant anatomy course Science.gov (United States) Nuraeni, E.; Rahmat, A. 2018-05-01 Forming of cognitive schemes of plant anatomy concepts is performed by processing of qualitative and quantitative data obtained from microscopic observations. To enhancing student’s quantitative literacy, strategy of plant anatomy course was modified by adding the task to analyze quantitative data produced by quantitative measurement of plant anatomy guided by material course. Participant in this study was 24 biology students and 35 biology education students. Quantitative Literacy test, complex thinking in plant anatomy test and questioner used to evaluate the course. Quantitative literacy capability data was collected by quantitative literacy test with the rubric from the Association of American Colleges and Universities, Complex thinking in plant anatomy by test according to Marzano and questioner. Quantitative literacy data are categorized according to modified Rhodes and Finley categories. The results showed that quantitative literacy of biology education students is better than biology students. 16. Broadband photocurrent enhancement and light-trapping in thin film Si solar cells with periodic Al nanoparticle arrays on the front DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Uhrenfeldt, C.; Villesen, T. F.; Tetu, A. 2015-01-01 Plasmonic resonances in metal nanoparticles are considered candidates for improved thin film Si photovoltaics. In periodic arrays the influence of collective modes can enhance the resonant properties of such arrays. We have investigated the use of periodic arrays of Al nanoparticles placed...... on the front of a thin film Si test solar cell. It is demonstrated that the resonances from the Al nanoparticle array cause a broadband photocurrent enhancement ranging from the ultraviolet to the infrared with respect to a reference cell. From the experimental results as well as from numerical simulations... 17. Observational Evidence for Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Reinforcing Wintertime Arctic Amplification and Sea Ice Melting Onset Science.gov (United States) Cao, Y.; Liang, S. 2017-12-01 Despite an apparent hiatus in global warming, the Arctic climate continues to experience unprecedented changes. Summer sea ice is retreating at an accelerated rate, and surface temperatures in this region are rising at a rate double that of the global average, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. Although a lot of efforts have been made, the causes this unprecedented phenomenon remain unclear and are subjects of considerable debate. In this study, we report strong observational evidence, for the first time from long-term (1984-2014) spatially complete satellite records, that increased cloudiness and atmospheric water vapor in winter and spring have caused an extraordinary downward longwave radiative flux to the ice surface, which may then amplify the Arctic wintertime ice-surface warming. In addition, we also provide observed evidence that it is quite likely the enhancement of the wintertime greenhouse effect caused by water vapor and cloudiness has advanced the time of onset of ice melting in mid-May through inhibiting sea-ice refreezing in the winter and accelerating the pre-melting process in the spring, and in turn triggered the positive sea-ice albedo feedback process and accelerated the sea ice melting in the summer. 18. Intergranular attack observed in radiation-enhanced corrosion of mild steel International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Reda, R.J.; Kelly, J.L.; Harna, S.L.A. 1988-01-01 19. Aircraft observations of enhancement and depletion of black carbon mass in the springtime Arctic Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J. R. Spackman 2010-10-01 20. Using dissolved gases to observe the evolution of groundwater age in a mountain watershed over a period of thirteen years Science.gov (United States) Manning, Andrew H. 2011-01-01 Baseflows in snowmelt-dominated mountain streams are critical for sustaining ecosystems and water resources during periods of greatest demand. Future climate predictions for mountainous areas throughout much of the western U.S. include increasing temperatures, declining snowpacks, and earlier snowmelt periods. The degree to and rate at which these changes will affect baseflows in mountain streams remains unknown, largely because baseflows are groundwater-fed and the relationship between climate and groundwater recharge/discharge rates in mountain watersheds is uncertain. We use groundwater age determinations from multiple dissolved gas tracers (CFCs, SF6, and 3H/3He) to track changes in groundwater age over a period of thirteen years in the Sagehen Creek watershed, Sierra Nevada Mountains, CA. Data were collected from springs and wells in 2009 and 2010 and combined with those obtained in prior studies from 1997 to 2003. Apparent ages range from 0 to >60 years. Comparison between variations in age and variations in snow water equivalent (SWE) and mean annual air temperature reveals the degree of correlation between these climate variables and recharge rate. Further, comparison of apparent ages from individual springs obtained at different times and using different tracers helps constrain the age distribution in the sampled waters. The age data are generally more consistent with an exponential age distribution than with piston-flow. However, many samples, even those with relatively old mean ages, must have a disproportionately large very young fraction that responds directly to annual SWE variations. These findings have important implications for how future baseflows may respond to decreasing SWE. 1. Simultaneous observations of quasi-periodic ELF/VLF wave emissions and electron precipitation by DEMETER satellite: A case study Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Hayosh, Mykhaylo; Pasmanik, D. L.; Demekhov, A. G.; Santolík, Ondřej; Parrot, M.; Titova, E. E. 2013-01-01 Roč. 118, č. 7 (2013), s. 4523-4533 ISSN 2169-9380 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GAP209/11/2280; GA MŠk LH12231 Institutional support: RVO:68378289 Keywords : quasi-periodic ELF/VLF emission s in the magnetosphere * wave-particle interactions * demeter spacecraft measurements * whistler-mode waves Subject RIV: DG - Athmosphere Sciences, Meteorology Impact factor: 3.440, year: 2013 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgra.50179/abstract 2. Enhanced ULF radiation observed by DEMETER two months around the strong 2010 Haiti earthquake Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M. A. Athanasiou 2011-04-01 Full Text Available In this paper we study the energy of ULF electromagnetic waves that were recorded by the satellite DEMETER, during its passing over Haiti before and after a destructive earthquake. This earthquake occurred on 12 January 2010, at geographic Latitude 18.46° and Longitude 287.47°, with Magnitude 7.0 R. Specifically, we are focusing on the variations of energy of Ez-electric field component concerning a time period of 100 days before and 50 days after the strong earthquake. In order to study these variations, we have developed a novel method that can be divided in two stages: first we filter the signal, keeping only the ultra low frequencies and afterwards we eliminate its trend using techniques of Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA, combined with a third-degree polynomial filter. As it is shown, a significant increase in energy is observed for the time interval of 30 days before the earthquake. This result clearly indicates that the change in the energy of ULF electromagnetic waves could be related to strong precursory earthquake phenomena. Moreover, changes in energy associated with strong aftershock activity were also observed 25 days after the earthquake. Finally, we present results concerning the comparison between changes in energy during night and day passes of the satellite over Haiti, which showed differences in the mean energy values, but similar results as far as the rate of the energy change is concerned. 3. Observations of cloud and rainfall enhancement over irrigated agriculture in an arid environment Science.gov (United States) Garcia-Carreras, Luis; Marsham, John H.; Spracklen, Dominick V. 2017-04-01 The impact of irrigated agriculture on clouds and rainfall remains uncertain, particularly in less studied arid regions. Irrigated crops account for 20% of global cropland area, and non-renewable groundwater accounts for 20% of global irrigation water demand. Quantifying the feedbacks between agriculture and the atmosphere are therefore not only necessary to better understand the climate impacts of land-use change, but are also crucial for predicting long-term water use in water-scarce regions. Here we use high spatial-resolution satellite data to show the impact of irrigated crops in the arid environment of northern Saudi Arabia on cloud cover and rainfall patterns. Land surface temperatures over the crops are 5-10 K lower than their surroundings, linked to evapotranspiration rates of up to 20 mm/ month. Daytime cloud cover is up to 30% higher over the cropland compared to its immediate surroundings, and this enhancement is highly correlated with the seasonal variability in leaf area index. The cloud enhancement is associated with a much more rapid cloud cloud development during the morning. Afternoon rainfall is 85% higher over, and just downwind, of the cropland during the growing season, although rainfall remains very low in absolute terms. The feedback sign we find is the opposite to what has been observed in tropical and semiarid regions, where temperature gradients promote convergence and clouds on the warmer side of land-surface type discontinuities. This suggests that different processes are responsible for the land-atmosphere feedback in very dry environments, where lack of moisture may be a stronger constraint. Increased cloud and rainfall, and associated increases in diffuse radiation and reductions in temperature, can affect vegetation growth thus producing an internal feedback. These effects will therefore need to be taken into account to properly assess the impact of climate change on crop productivity and water use, as well as how global land 4. Enhancing Famine Early Warning Systems with Improved Forecasts, Satellite Observations and Hydrologic Simulations Science.gov (United States) Funk, C. C.; Verdin, J.; Thiaw, W. M.; Hoell, A.; Korecha, D.; McNally, A.; Shukla, S.; Arsenault, K. R.; Magadzire, T.; Novella, N.; Peters-Lidard, C. D.; Robjohn, M.; Pomposi, C.; Galu, G.; Rowland, J.; Budde, M. E.; Landsfeld, M. F.; Harrison, L.; Davenport, F.; Husak, G. J.; Endalkachew, E. 2017-12-01 Drought early warning science, in support of famine prevention, is a rapidly advancing field that is helping to save lives and livelihoods. In 2015-2017, a series of extreme droughts afflicted Ethiopia, Southern Africa, Eastern Africa in OND and Eastern Africa in MAM, pushing more than 50 million people into severe food insecurity. Improved drought forecasts and monitoring tools, however, helped motivate and target large and effective humanitarian responses. Here we describe new science being developed by a long-established early warning system - the USAID Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET). FEWS NET is a leading provider of early warning and analysis on food insecurity. FEWS NET research is advancing rapidly on several fronts, providing better climate forecasts and more effective drought monitoring tools that are being used to support enhanced famine early warning. We explore the philosophy and science underlying these successes, suggesting that a modal view of climate change can support enhanced seasonal prediction. Under this modal perspective, warming of the tropical oceans may interact with natural modes of variability, like the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, to enhance Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature gradients during both El Niño and La Niña-like climate states. Using empirical data and climate change simulations, we suggest that a sequence of droughts may commence in northern Ethiopia and Southern Africa with the advent of a moderate-to-strong El Niño, and then continue with La Niña/West Pacific related droughts in equatorial eastern East Africa. Scientifically, we show that a new hybrid statistical-dynamic precipitation forecast system, the FEWS NET Integrated Forecast System (FIFS), based on reformulations of the Global Ensemble Forecast System weather forecasts and National Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) seasonal climate predictions, can effectively anticipate recent East and Southern African drought events. Using cross-validation, we 5. Daytime descending intermediate layers observed over a sub-tropical Indian station Waltair during low-solar activity period Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) K. Niranjan 2010-03-01 Full Text Available Study on daytime descending intermediate layer over subtropical Indian station Waltair (17.7° N, 83.3° E geographic, 6.4° N, 10° E geomagnetic, 20° N dip located in the equatorial anomaly transition region, using an IPS 42 Digital Ionosonde during the low solar activity year 2004 showed that the layers occur in the altitude range of 140–160 km with maximum occurrence during winter solstice. The layers observed during daytime occur with a double peak variation throughout the year with less occurrence probability and shorter duration presence during forenoon hours. The morning layer descent was associated with a density increase where as during afternoon hours a decrease in density was observed. The downward drift velocity was about 8 km/h during morning hours and between 7–11 km/h during afternoon hours, with a low descent rate of around 4.5 km/h during summer morning hours. The results indicate the presence of a 6 h tide at this location as observed from the characteristics of the descending layers, unlike at majority of locations where a significant semi diurnal trend is observed. The study brings out the complex nature of the tidal interaction at different locations. 6. Clinical outcomes with olanzapine long-acting injection: impact of the 3-hour observation period on patient satisfaction and well-being Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Anand E 2016-10-01 Full Text Available Ernie Anand,1 Lovisa Berggren,2 John Landry,3 Ágoston Tóth,4 Holland C Detke5 1Neuroscience Medical Affairs, Eli Lilly & Company Ltd, Windlesham, UK; 2Global Statistical Sciences, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany; 3Global Statistical Sciences, Eli Lilly Canada Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada; 4Neuroscience, Lilly Hungary, Budapest, Hungary; 5Psychiatry and Pain Disorders, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA Background: The objective of the present analysis is to determine the impact of the 3-hour observation period for olanzapine long-acting injection (LAI on patient satisfaction and well-being by comparing data collected before and after its implementation. Methods: This is a post hoc analysis of patients treated with olanzapine LAI in 1 a 6-month fixed-dose randomized controlled trial and/or 2 a 6-year open-label safety study. This analysis was limited to patients with schizophrenia who were treated with olanzapine LAI consistent with the approved indication and dosing recommendations of the European Union Summary of Product Characteristics (N=966. Of the 966 patients, the analysis further focused only on those patients who received both 1 at least one injection before the implementation of the 3-hour observation period and 2 at least one injection after implementation of the 3-hour observation period (N=487. Patient satisfaction was assessed with the three-item Patient Satisfaction with Medication Questionnaire-Modified. Responses were averaged across all postbaseline visits occurring before (ie, without the implementation of the 3-hour observation period and across all postbaseline visits occurring after (ie, with the implementation of the 3-hour observation period. In addition, the rate of postinjection delirium/sedation syndrome events was calculated. Results: There was no meaningful change after implementation of the 3-hour observation period in satisfaction (before: mean [SD] =4.0 [1.02] and 7. Debris flow recurrence periods and multi-temporal observations of colluvial fan evolution in central Spitsbergen (Svalbard) Science.gov (United States) Bernhardt, H.; Reiss, D.; Hiesinger, H.; Hauber, E.; Johnsson, A. 2017-11-01 Fan-shaped accumulations of debris flow deposits are common landforms in polar regions such as Svalbard. Although depositional processes in these environments are of high interest to climate as well as Mars-analog research, several parameters, e.g., debris flow recurrence periods, remain poorly constrained. Here, we present an investigation based on remote sensing as well as in situ data of a 0.4 km2 large colluvial fan in Hanaskogdalen, central Spitsbergen. We analyzed high resolution satellite and aerial images covering five decades from 1961 to 2014 and correlated them with lichenometric dating as well as meteorological data. Image analyses and lichenometry deliver consistent results and show that the recurrence period of large debris flows (≥ 400 m3) is about 5 to 10 years, with smaller flows averaging at two per year in the period from 2008 to 2013. While this is up to two orders of magnitude shorter than previous estimates for Svalbard (80 to 500 years), we found the average volume of 220 m3 per individual flow to be similar to previous estimates for the region. Image data also reveal that an avulsion took place between 1961 and 1976, when the active part of the fan moved from its eastern to its western portion. A case study of the effects of a light rain event ( 5 mm/day) in the rainy summer of 2013, which triggered a large debris flow, further shows that even light precipitation can trigger major flows. This is made possible by multiple light rain events or gradual snow melt pre-saturating the permafrost ground and has to be taken into account when predicting the likelihood of potentially hazardous mass wasting in polar regions. Furthermore, our findings imply a current net deposition rate on the colluvial fan of 480 m3/year, which is slightly less than the integrated net deposition rate of 576 to 720 m3/year resulting from the current fan volume divided by the 12,500 to 10,000 years since the onset of fan build-up after the area's deglaciation. However 8. Chromospheric activity of periodic variable stars (including eclipsing binaries) observed in DR2 LAMOST stellar spectral survey Science.gov (United States) Zhang, Liyun; Lu, Hongpeng; Han, Xianming L.; Jiang, Linyan; Li, Zhongmu; Zhang, Yong; Hou, Yonghui; Wang, Yuefei; Cao, Zihuang 2018-05-01 The LAMOST spectral survey provides a rich databases for studying stellar spectroscopic properties and chromospheric activity. We cross-matched a total of 105,287 periodic variable stars from several photometric surveys and databases (CSS, LINEAR, Kepler, a recently updated eclipsing star catalogue, ASAS, NSVS, some part of SuperWASP survey, variable stars from the Tsinghua University-NAOC Transient Survey, and other objects from some new references) with four million stellar spectra published in the LAMOST data release 2 (DR2). We found 15,955 spectra for 11,469 stars (including 5398 eclipsing binaries). We calculated their equivalent widths (EWs) of their Hα, Hβ, Hγ, Hδ and Caii H lines. Using the Hα line EW, we found 447 spectra with emission above continuum for a total of 316 stars (178 eclipsing binaries). We identified 86 active stars (including 44 eclipsing binaries) with repeated LAMOST spectra. A total of 68 stars (including 34 eclipsing binaries) show chromospheric activity variability. We also found LAMOST spectra of 12 cataclysmic variables, five of which show chromospheric activity variability. We also made photometric follow-up studies of three short period targets (DY CVn, HAT-192-0001481, and LAMOST J164933.24+141255.0) using the Xinglong 60-cm telescope and the SARA 90-cm and 1-m telescopes, and obtained new BVRI CCD light curves. We analyzed these light curves and obtained orbital and starspot parameters. We detected the first flare event with a huge brightness increase of more than about 1.5 magnitudes in R filter in LAMOST J164933.24+141255.0. 9. Observed tail current systems associated with bursty bulk flows and auroral streamers during a period of multiple substorms Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) C. Forsyth 2008-02-01 Full Text Available We present a multi-instrument study of a substorm bursty bulk flow (BBF and auroral streamer. During a substorm on 25 August 2003, which was one of a series of substorms that occurred between 00:00 and 05:00 UT, the Cluster spacecraft encountered a BBF event travelling Earthwards and duskwards with a velocity of ~500 km s−1 some nine minutes after the onset of the substorm. Coincident with this event the IMAGE spacecraft detected an auroral streamer in the substorm auroral bulge in the Southern Hemisphere near the footpoints of the Cluster spacecraft. Using FluxGate Magnetometer (FGM data from the four Cluster spacecraft, we determine the field-aligned currents in the BBF, using the curlometer technique, to have been ~5 mA km−2. When projected into the ionosphere, these currents give ionospheric field-aligned currents of ~18 A km−2, which is comparable with previously observed ionospheric field-aligned currents associated with BBFs and auroral streamers. The observations of the BBF are consistent with the plasma "bubble" model of Chen and Wolf (1993. Furthermore, we show that the observations of the BBF are consistent with the creation of the BBF by the reconnection of open field lines Earthward of a substorm associated near-Earth neutral line. 10. Observed tail current systems associated with bursty bulk flows and auroral streamers during a period of multiple substorms Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) C. Forsyth 2008-02-01 Full Text Available We present a multi-instrument study of a substorm bursty bulk flow (BBF and auroral streamer. During a substorm on 25 August 2003, which was one of a series of substorms that occurred between 00:00 and 05:00 UT, the Cluster spacecraft encountered a BBF event travelling Earthwards and duskwards with a velocity of ~500 km s−1 some nine minutes after the onset of the substorm. Coincident with this event the IMAGE spacecraft detected an auroral streamer in the substorm auroral bulge in the Southern Hemisphere near the footpoints of the Cluster spacecraft. Using FluxGate Magnetometer (FGM data from the four Cluster spacecraft, we determine the field-aligned currents in the BBF, using the curlometer technique, to have been ~5 mA km−2. When projected into the ionosphere, these currents give ionospheric field-aligned currents of ~18 A km−2, which is comparable with previously observed ionospheric field-aligned currents associated with BBFs and auroral streamers. The observations of the BBF are consistent with the plasma "bubble" model of Chen and Wolf (1993. Furthermore, we show that the observations of the BBF are consistent with the creation of the BBF by the reconnection of open field lines Earthward of a substorm associated near-Earth neutral line. 11. Optimizing and Enhancing the Integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing System to enhance the societal, scientific and economic benefit Science.gov (United States) Reitz, Anja; Karstensen, Johannes; Visbeck, Martin; AtlantOS Consortium, the 2017-04-01 Atlantic Ocean observation is currently undertaken through loosely-coordinated, in-situ observing networks, satellite observations and data management arrangements of heterogeneous international, national and regional design to support science and a wide range of information products. Thus there is tremendous opportunity to develop the systems towards a fully integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing System consistent with the recently developed 'Framework of Ocean Observing'. The vision of AtlantOS is to improve and innovate Atlantic Ocean observing by establishing an international, more sustainable, more efficient, more integrated, and fit-for-purpose system. Hence, the EU Horizon 2020 project AtlantOS with its 62 partners from 18 countries (European and international) and several members will have a long-lasting and sustainable contribution to the societal, economic and scientific benefit by supporting the full cycle of the integrated ocean observation value chain from requirements via data gathering and observation, product generation, information, prediction, dissemination and stakeholder dialogue towards information and product provision. The benefits will be delivered by improving the value for money, extent, completeness, quality and ease of access to Atlantic Ocean data required by industries, product supplying agencies, scientist and citizens. The overarching target of the AtlantOS initiative is to deliver an advanced framework for the development of an integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing System that goes beyond the state-of -the-art, and leaves a legacy of sustainability after the life of the project. The legacy will derive from the following aims: i) to improve international collaboration in the design, implementation and benefit sharing of ocean observing, ii) to promote engagement and innovation in all aspects of ocean observing, iii) to facilitate free and open access to ocean data and information, iv) to enable and disseminate methods of achieving quality 12. An observational study of atmospheric ice nuclei number concentration during three fog-haze weather periods in Shenyang, northeastern China Science.gov (United States) Li, Liguang; Zhou, Deping; Wang, Yangfeng; Hong, Ye; Cui, Jin; Jiang, Peng 2017-05-01 Characteristics of ice nuclei (IN) number concentrations during three fog-haze weather periods from November 2010 to January 2012 in Shenyang were presented in this paper. A static diffusion chamber was used and sampling of IN aerosols was conducted using a membrane filter method. Sampling membrane filter processing conditions were unified in the activation temperature at - 15 °C under conditions of 20% ice supersaturation and 3% water supersaturation. The variations of natural IN number concentrations in different weather conditions were investigated. The relations between the meteorological factors and the IN number concentrations were analyzed, and relationships between pollutants and IN number concentrations were also studied. The results showed that mean IN number concentration were 38.68 L- 1 at - 20 °C in Shenyang, for all measurements. Mean IN number concentrations are higher during haze days (55.92 L- 1 at - 20 °C) and lower after rain. Of all meteorological factors, wind speed, boundary stability, and airflow direction appeared to influence IN number concentrations. IN number concentrations were positively correlated with particulate matters PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 during haze weather. 13. Multi-point ground-based ULF magnetic field observations in Europe during seismic active periods in 2004 and 2005 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) G. Prattes 2008-05-01 Full Text Available We present the results of ground-based Ultra Low Frequency (ULF magnetic field measurements observed from June to August 2004 during the Bovec earthquake on 12 July 2004. Further we give information about the seismic activity in the local observatory region for an extended time span 2004 and 2005. ULF magnetic field data are provided by the South European Geomagnetic Array (SEGMA where the experience and heritage from the CHInese MAGnetometer (CHIMAG fluxgate magnetometer comes to application. The intensities of the horizontal H and vertical Z magnetic field and the polarization ratio R of the vertical and horizontal magnetic field intensity are analyzed taking into consideration three SEGMA observatories located at different close distances and directions from the earthquake epicenter. We observed a significant increase of high polarization ratios during strong seismic activity at the observatory nearest to the Bovec earthquake epicenter. Apart from indirect ionospheric effects electromagnetic noise could be emitted in the lithosphere due to tectonic effects in the earthquake focus region causing anomalies of the vertical magnetic field intensity. Assuming that the measured vertical magnetic field intensities are of lithospheric origin, we roughly estimate the amplitude of electromagnetic noise in the Earths crust considering an average electrical conductivity of <σ>=10−3 S/m and a certain distance of the observatory to the earthquake epicenter. 14. Dose- and age-dependent cardiovascular mortality among inhabitants of the Chornobyl contaminated areas. 1988-2010 observation period International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Buzunov, V.O.; Prikashchikova, K.Je.; Domashevs'ka, T.Je.; Kostyuk, G.V.; Gubyina, Yi.G.; Tereshchenko, S.O. 2014-01-01 Cardiovascular mortality among inhabitants of contaminated areas of Ukraine is dependent on the total cumulative effective doses and age at the time of the Chornobyl accident. It is proved by a significantly higher (p < 0.05) mortality in people exposed to 21.00-50.0 mSv radiation doses compared to those having 5.6-20.99 mSv exposures. Mortality was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in age groups with higher doses as opposed to those with low ones. Maximum mortality was observed among inhabitants aged 40-60, while the lowest death rate - in patients younger than 18 years old. The data obtained also suggest that the radiation factor can be considered here as one accelerating the aging and pathophysiological abnormalities in survivors. Coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, arterial hypertension, diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries are the main causes of death from cardiovascular disease in people under investigation 15. Modeling long period swell in Southern California: Practical boundary conditions from buoy observations and global wave model predictions Science.gov (United States) Crosby, S. C.; O'Reilly, W. C.; Guza, R. T. 2016-02-01 Accurate, unbiased, high-resolution (in space and time) nearshore wave predictions are needed to drive models of beach erosion, coastal flooding, and alongshore transport of sediment, biota and pollutants. On highly sheltered shorelines, wave predictions are sensitive to the directions of onshore propagating waves, and nearshore model prediction error is often dominated by uncertainty in offshore boundary conditions. Offshore islands and shoals, and coastline curvature, create complex sheltering patterns over the 250km span of southern California (SC) shoreline. Here, regional wave model skill in SC was compared for different offshore boundary conditions created using offshore buoy observations and global wave model hindcasts (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Wave Watch 3, WW3). Spectral ray-tracing methods were used to transform incident offshore swell (0.04-0.09Hz) energy at high directional resolution (1-deg). Model skill is assessed for predictions (wave height, direction, and alongshore radiation stress) at 16 nearshore buoy sites between 2000 and 2009. Model skill using buoy-derived boundary conditions is higher than with WW3-derived boundary conditions. Buoy-driven nearshore model results are similar with various assumptions about the true offshore directional distribution (maximum entropy, Bayesian direct, and 2nd derivative smoothness). Two methods combining offshore buoy observations with WW3 predictions in the offshore boundary condition did not improve nearshore skill above buoy-only methods. A case example at Oceanside harbor shows strong sensitivity of alongshore sediment transport predictions to different offshore boundary conditions. Despite this uncertainty in alongshore transport magnitude, alongshore gradients in transport (e.g. the location of model accretion and erosion zones) are determined by the local bathymetry, and are similar for all predictions. 16. Observations and modeling of the companions of short period binary millisecond pulsars: evidence for high-mass neutron stars International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Schroeder, Joshua; Halpern, Jules 2014-01-01 We present observations of fields containing eight recently discovered binary millisecond pulsars using the telescopes at MDM Observatory. Optical counterparts to four of these systems are detected, one of which, PSR J2214+3000, is a novel detection. Additionally, we present the fully phase-resolved B, V, and R light curves of the optical counterparts to two objects, PSR J1810+1744 and PSR J2215+5135 for which we employ model fitting using the eclipsing light curve (ELC) model of Orosz and Hauschildt to measure the unknown system parameters. For PSR J1810+1744, we find that the system parameters cannot be fit even assuming that 100% of the spin-down luminosity of the pulsar is irradiating the secondary, and so radial velocity measurements of this object will be required for the complete solution. However, PSR J2215+5135 exhibits light curves that are extremely well constrained using the ELC model and we find that the mass of the neutron star is constrained by these and the radio observations to be M NS > 1.75 M ☉ at the 3σ level. We also find a discrepancy between the model temperature and the measured colors of this object, which we interpret as possible evidence for an additional high-temperature source such as a quiescent disk. Given this and the fact that PSR J2215+5135 contains a relatively high mass companion (M c > 0.1 M ☉ ), we propose that similar to the binary pulsar systems PSR J1023+0038 and IGR J18245–2452, the pulsar may transition between accretion- and rotation-powered modes. 17. Enhanced tropospheric BrO over Antarctic sea ice in mid winter observed by MAX-DOAS on board the research vessel Polarstern Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) T. Wagner 2007-06-01 Full Text Available We present Multi AXis-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS observations of tropospheric BrO carried out on board the German research vessel Polarstern during the Antarctic winter 2006. Polarstern entered the area of first year sea ice around Antarctica on 24 June 2006 and stayed within this area until 15 August 2006. For the period when the ship cruised inside the first year sea ice belt, enhanced BrO concentrations were almost continuously observed. Outside the first year sea ice belt, typically low BrO concentrations were found. Based on back trajectory calculations we find a positive correlation between the observed BrO differential slant column densities (ΔSCDs and the duration for which the air masses had been in contact with the sea ice surface prior to the measurement. While we can not completely rule out that in several cases the highest BrO concentrations might be located close to the ground, our observations indicate that the maximum BrO concentrations might typically exist in a (possibly extended layer around the upper edge of the boundary layer. Besides the effect of a decreasing pH of sea salt aerosol with altitude and therefore an increase of BrO with height, this finding might be also related to vertical mixing of air from the free troposphere with the boundary layer, probably caused by convection over the warm ocean surface at polynyas and cracks in the ice. Strong vertical gradients of BrO and O3 could also explain why we found enhanced BrO levels almost continuously for the observations within the sea ice. Based on our estimated BrO profiles we derive BrO mixing ratios of several ten ppt, which is slightly higher than many existing observations. Our observations indicate that enhanced BrO concentrations around Antarctica exist about one month earlier than observed by satellite instruments. From detailed radiative transfer simulations we find that MAX-DOAS observations are up to about one order of 18. Evolution of ventricular outpouching through the fetal and postnatal periods: Unabating dilemma of serial observation or surgical correction Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Niraj Kumar Dipak 2017-07-01 Full Text Available Ventricular outpouching is a rare finding in prenatal sonography and the main differential diagnoses are diverticulum, aneurysm, and pseudoaneurysm in addition to congenital cysts and clefts. The various modes of fetal presentation of congenital ventricular outpouching include an abnormal four-chamber view on fetal two-dimensional echocardiogram, fetal arrhythmia, fetal hydrops, and pericardial effusion. Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA/nonapical diverticula are usually isolated defects. Apical diverticula are always associated with midline thoracoabdominal defects (epigastric pulsating diverticulum or large omphalocele and other structural malformations of the heart. Most patients with LVA/congenital ventricular diverticulum remain clinically asymptomatic but they can potentially give rise to complications such as ventricular tachyarrhythmias, systemic embolism, sudden death, spontaneous rupture, and severe valvular regurgitation. The treatment of asymptomatic LVA and isolated congenital ventricular diverticulum is still undefined. In this review, our aim is to outline a systematic approach to a fetus detected with ventricular outpouching. Starting with prevalence and its types, issues in fetal management, natural course and evolution postbirth, and finally the perpetual dilemma of serial observation or surgical correction is discussed. 19. EVALUATION OF THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF HIGH-INTENSITY PULSED-PERIODIC LASER RADIATION (CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) V. V. Sokolov 2016-01-01 Full Text Available From the experience of clinical observations, we have shown a high therapeutic effectiveness of the medical laser KULON-MED in: cosmetics, non-cancer inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and cancer (cancer of the stomach and colon as at different wavelengths, and with different types of photosensitizers. In the area of anti-tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT, based on experimental studies, we have showed the high antitumor (sarcoma S‑37 effectiveness of the laser (with the inhibition of tumor growth of up to 100% for repetitively pulsed irradiation mode, and for mode fractionation doses laser radiation. In addition, significant differences are shown in the effectiveness of anticancer PDT methods in the application of high-intensity lasers, continuous and pulsed caused fundamental properties of laser radiation characteristics – time structure of the radiation pulses. Thus, for the first time we have shown that the time of high-intensity laser pulses structure significantly affects therapeutic efficacy laser system, and hence on the mechanisms of interaction of laser radiation with biological tissue. 20. Long-period effects of the Denali earthquake on water bodies in the Puget Lowland: Observations and modeling Science.gov (United States) Barberopoulou, A.; Qamar, A.; Pratt, T.L.; Steele, W.P. 2006-01-01 Analysis of strong-motion instrument recordings in Seattle, Washington, resulting from the 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake reveals that amplification in the 0.2-to 1.0-Hz frequency band is largely governed by the shallow sediments both inside and outside the sedimentary basins beneath the Puget Lowland. Sites above the deep sedimentary strata show additional seismic-wave amplification in the 0.04- to 0.2-Hz frequency range. Surface waves generated by the Mw 7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake of 3 November 2002 produced pronounced water waves across Washington state. The largest water waves coincided with the area of largest seismic-wave amplification underlain by the Seattle basin. In the current work, we present reports that show Lakes Union and Washington, both located on the Seattle basin, are susceptible to large water waves generated by large local earthquakes and teleseisms. A simple model of a water body is adopted to explain the generation of waves in water basins. This model provides reasonable estimates for the water-wave amplitudes in swimming pools during the Denali earthquake but appears to underestimate the waves observed in Lake Union. 1. The statistical properties of spread F observed at Hainan station during the declining period of the 23rd solar cycle Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) G. J. Wang 2010-06-01 Full Text Available The temporal variations of the low latitude nighttime spread F (SF observed by DPS-4 digisonde at low latitude Hainan station (geog. 19.5° N, 109.1° E, dip lat. 9.5° N during the declining solar cycle 23 from March 2002 to February 2008 are studied. The spread F measured by the digisonde were classified into four types, i.e., frequency SF (FSF, range SF (RSF, mixed SF (MSF, and strong range SF (SSF. The statistical results show that MSF and SSF are the outstanding irregularities in Hainan, MSF mainly occurs during summer and low solar activity years, whereas SSF mainly occurs during equinoxes and high solar activity years. The SSF has a diurnal peak before midnight and usually appears during 20:00–02:00 LT, whereas MSF peaks nearly or after midnight and occurs during 22:00–06:00 LT. The time of maximum occurrence of SSF is later in summer than in equinoxes and this time delay can be caused by the later reversal time of the E×B drift in summer. The SunSpot Number (SSN dependence of each type SF is different during different season. The FSF is independent of SSN during each season; RSF with SSN is positive relation during equinoxes and summer and is no relationship during the winter; MSF is significant dependence on SSN during the summer and winter, and does not relate to SSN during the equinoxes; SSF is clearly increasing with SSN during equinoxes and summer, while it is independent of SSN during the winter. The occurrence numbers of each type SF and total SF have the same trend, i.e., increasing as Kp increases from 0 to 1, and then decreasing as increasing Kp. The correlation with Kp is negative for RSF, MSF, SSF and total SF, but is vague for the FSF. 2. Enhancing a Socio-technical Data Ecosystem for Societally Relevant, Sustained Arctic Observing Science.gov (United States) Pulsifer, P. L. 2017-12-01 In recent years, much has been learned about the state of data and related systems for the Arctic region, however work remains to be done to achieve an envisioned integrated and well-defined pan-Arctic observing and data network. The envisioned comprehensive network will enables access to high quality data, expertise and information in support of scientific understanding, stakeholder needs, and agency operations. In this paper we argue that priorities for establishing such a network are in the areas of better understanding the current system, machine-enhanced data discovery and mediation, and the human aspects of community building. The author has engaged extensively in international, Canadian and U.S.-based data coordination and system design efforts. This includes a series of meetings, workshops, systems design activities, and publications. The results of these efforts have been analyzed and a synthesis of these analyses are presented here. Analysis reveals that there are a large number of polar data resources interacting in a complex network that functions as a data ecosystem. Understanding this ecosystem is critical and required to guide design. Given the size and complexity of the network, achieving broad data discovery and access and meaningful data integration will require advanced techniques including machine learning, semantic mediation, and the use of highly connected virtual research environments. To achieve the aforementioned goal will require a community of engaged researchers, technologists, and stakeholders to establish requirements and the social and organizational context needed for effective approaches. The results imply that: i) an effective governance mechanism must be established that includes "bottom up" and "top down" control; ii) the established governance mechanism must include effective networking of actors in the system; iii) funders must adopt a long-term, sustainable infrastructure approach to systems development; iv) best practices 3. Atypical energetic particle events observed prior energetic particle enhancements associated with corotating interaction regions Science.gov (United States) Khabarova, Olga; Malandraki, Olga; Zank, Gary; Jackson, Bernard; Bisi, Mario; Desai, Mihir; Li, Gang; le Roux, Jakobus; Yu, Hsiu-Shan 2017-04-01 Recent studies of mechanisms of particle acceleration in the heliosphere have revealed the importance of the comprehensive analysis of stream-stream interactions as well as the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) - stream interactions that often occur in the solar wind, producing huge magnetic cavities bounded by strong current sheets. Such cavities are usually filled with small-scale magnetic islands that trap and re-accelerate energetic particles (Zank et al. ApJ, 2014, 2015; le Roux et al. ApJ, 2015, 2016; Khabarova et al. ApJ, 2015, 2016). Crossings of these regions are associated with unusual variations in the energetic particle flux up to several MeV/nuc near the Earth's orbit. These energetic particle flux enhancements called "atypical energetic particle events" (AEPEs) are not associated with standard mechanisms of particle acceleration. The analysis of multi-spacecraft measurements of energetic particle flux, plasma and the interplanetary magnetic field shows that AEPEs have a local origin as they are observed by different spacecraft with a time delay corresponding to the solar wind propagation from one spacecraft to another, which is a signature of local particle acceleration in the region embedded in expanding and rotating background solar wind. AEPEs are often observed before the arrival of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) or stream interaction regions (SIRs) to the Earth's orbit. When fast solar wind streams catch up with slow solar wind, SIRs of compressed heated plasma or more regular CIRs are created at the leading edge of the high-speed stream. Since coronal holes are often long-lived structures, the same CIR re-appears often for several consecutive solar rotations. At low heliographic latitudes, such CIRs are typically bounded by forward and reverse waves on their leading and trailing edges, respectively, that steepen into shocks at heliocentric distances beyond 1 AU. Energetic ion increases have been frequently observed in association with CIR 4. Eelgrass Enhancement and Restoration in the Lower Columbia River Estuary, Period of Performance: Feb 2008-Sep 2009. Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Judd, C.; Thom, R; Borde, A. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 2009-09-08 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability to enhance distribution of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in the Columbia River Estuary to serve as refuge and feeding habitat for juvenile salmon, Dungeness crab, and other fish and wildlife. We strongly suspected that limited eelgrass seed dispersal has resulted in the present distribution of eelgrass meadows, and that there are other suitable places for eelgrass to survive and form functional meadows. Funded as part of the Bonneville Power Administration's call for Innovative Projects, we initiated a multistage study in 2008 that combined modeling, remote sensing, and field experimentation to: (1) Spatially predict habitat quality for eelgrass; (2) Conduct experimental plantings; and (3) Evaluate restoration potential. Baseline in-situ measurements and remote satellite observations were acquired for locations in the Lower Columbia River Estuary (LCRE) to determine ambient habitat conditions. These were used to create a habitat site-selection model, using data on salinity, temperature, current velocity, light availability, wave energy, and desiccation to predict the suitability of nearshore areas for eelgrass. Based on this model and observations in the field, five sites that contained no eelgrass but appeared to have suitable environmental conditions were transplanted with eelgrass in June 2008 to test the appropriateness of these sites for eelgrass growth. We returned one year after the initial planting to monitor the success rate of the transplants. During the year after transplanting, we carried out a concurrent study on crab distribution inside and outside eelgrass meadows to study crab usage of the habitat. One year after the initial transplant, two sites, one in Baker Bay and one in Young's Bay, had good survival or expansion rates with healthy eelgrass. Two sites had poor survival rates, and one site had a total loss of the transplanted eelgrass. For submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) restoration 5. On the observational characteristics of lithium-enhanced giant stars in comparison with normal red giants† Science.gov (United States) Takeda, Yoichi; Tajitsu, Akito 2017-08-01 While lithium is generally deficient in the atmosphere of evolved giant stars because of the efficient mixing-induced dilution, a small fraction of red giants show unusually strong Li lines indicative of conspicuous abundance excess. With the aim of shedding light on the origin of these peculiar stars, we carried out a spectroscopic study on the observational characteristics of 20 selected bright giants already known to be Li-rich from past studies, in comparison with the reference sample of a large number of normal late G-early K giants. Special attention was paid to clarifying any difference between the two samples from a comprehensive point of view (i.e., with respect to stellar parameters, rotation, activity, kinematic properties, 6Li/7Li ratio, and the abundances of Li, Be, C, O, Na, S, and Zn). Our sample stars are roughly divided into a “bump/clump group” and a “luminous group” according to their positions on the HR diagram. Regarding the former group [1.5 ≲ log (L/L⊙) ≲ 2 and M ∼ 1.5-3 M⊙], Li-enriched giants and normal giants appear practically similar in almost all respects except for Li, suggesting that surface Li enhancement in this group may be a transient episode which normal giants undergo at certain evolutionary stages in their lifetime. Meanwhile, those Li-rich giants belonging to the latter group [log (L/L⊙) ∼ 3 and M ∼ 3-5 M⊙] appear more anomalous in the sense that they tend to show higher rotation as well as higher activity, and that their elemental abundances (especially those derived from high-excitation lines) are apt to show apparent overabundances, though this might be due to a spurious effect reflecting the difficulty of abundance derivation in stars of higher rotation and activity. Our analysis confirmed considerable Be deficiency as well as absence of 6Li as the general characteristics of Li-rich giants under study, which implies that engulfment of planets is rather unlikely for the origin of Li-enrichment. 6. Long-period ground motions at near-regional distances caused by the PL wave from, inland earthquakes: Observation and numerical simulation of the 2004 Mid-Niigata, Japan, Mw6.6 earthquake Science.gov (United States) Furumura, T.; Kennett, B. L. N. 2017-12-01 We examine the development of large, long-period ground motions at near-regional distances (D=50-200 km) generated by the PL wave from large, shallow inland earthquakes, based on the analysis of strong motion records and finite-difference method (FDM) simulations of seismic wave propagation. PL wave can be represented as leaking modes of the crustal waveguide and are commonly observed at regional distances between 300 to 1000 km as a dispersed, long-period signal with a dominant period of about 20 s. However, observations of recent earthquakes at the dense K-NET and KiK-net strong motion networks in Japan demonstrate the dominance of the PL wave at near-regional (D=50-200 km) distances as, e.g., for the 2004 Mid Niigata, Japan, earthquake (Mw6.6; h=13 km). The observed PL wave signal between P and S wave shows a large, dispersed wave packet with dominant period of about T=4-10 s with amplitude almost comparable to or larger than the later arrival of the S and surface waves. Thus, the early arrivals of the long-period PL wave immediately after P wave can enhance resonance with large-scale constructions such as high-rise buildings and large oil-storage tanks etc. with potential for disaster. Such strong effects often occurred during the 2004 Mid Niigata earthquakes and other large earthquakes which occurred nearby the Kanto (Tokyo) basin. FDM simulation of seismic wave propagation employing realistic 3-D sedimentary structure models demonstrates the process by which the PL wave develops at near-regional distances from shallow, crustal earthquakes by constructive interference of the P wave in the long-period band. The amplitude of the PL wave is very sensitive to low-velocity structure in the near-surface. Lowered velocities help to develop large SV-to-P conversion and weaken the P-to-SV conversion at the free surface. Both effects enhance the multiple P reflections in the crustal waveguide and prevent the leakage of seismic energy into the mantle. However, a very 7. [Evaluation of the interdependence between homocystein and folic acid levels in patients after kidney transplantation during a 2 year observation period]. Science.gov (United States) Janda, Katarzyna; Aksamit, Dariusz; Krzanowski, Marcin; Kuzniewski, Marek; Sułowicz, Władysław 2013-01-01 Patients on maintenance dialysis have increased heomocystein (Hcy) serum levels. The aim of the study was to evaluate the interdependence between Hcy and folic acid (FA) levels in renal transplant patients (pts) at various time periods during a two year observation period after kidney transplantation (Ktx). The study included 51 pts (17 F, 34 M) aged 15-62 years (median 38.1) after deceased donors Ktx. Before Ktx, 46 pts were treated with maintenance hemodialysis (HD), while 5 by peritoneal dialysis (PD). The mean observation period equaled 21.2 months (6-24 months); while total observation period was 90 person/years. Hcy level was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). FA level was measured using chemiluminesence method (standard methods) using the Immulite 2000 analyzer. Patients blood was drawn before Ktx and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 months after procedure. An increased Hcy level (>15 micromol/l) - mean 28.5 +/- 17.8 micromol/l (range from 10.2 micromol/l to 116.8 micromol/I) was noted in the blood of 44 pts before Ktx (86.3% of the examined population). In 31 pts after Ktx (60.8% of the examined population), mean Hcy level remained increased above 15 micromol/I (mean Hcy - 19.2 +/- 5.8 micromol/I). A negative correlation was found between the levels of Hcy and FA directly before Ktx (R= -0.28, p15 micromol/l (36.4 ng/ml vs. 62.5 ng/ml). Statistically significant decrease of Hcy concentration was observed after Ktx as compare with values before procedure, however not reached normal values. Significant decrease of FA concentration after Ktx is most likely associated with the discontinuation of FA supplementation, as well as due to the restoration of the erythropoietic line. 8. Highly Ordered Periodic Au/TiO₂ Hetero-Nanostructures for Plasmon-Induced Enhancement of the Activity and Stability for Ethanol Electro-oxidation. Science.gov (United States) Jin, Zhao; Wang, Qiyu; Zheng, Weitao; Cui, Xiaoqiang 2016-03-02 The catalytic electro-oxidation of ethanol is the essential technique for direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) in the area of alternative energy for the ability of converting the chemical energy of alcohol into the electric energy directly. Developing highly efficient and stable electrode materials with antipoisoning ability for ethanol electro-oxidation remains a challenge. A highly ordered periodic Au-nanoparticle (NP)-decorated bilayer TiO2 nanotube (BTNT) heteronanostructure was fabricated by a two-step anodic oxidation of Ti foil and the subsequent photoreduction of HAuCl4. The plasmon-induced charge separation on the heterointerface of Au/TiO2 electrode enhances the electrocatalytic activity and stability for the ethanol oxidation under visible light irradiation. The highly ordered periodic heterostructure on the electrode surface enhanced the light harvesting and led to the greater performance of ethanol electro-oxidation under irradiation compared with the ordinary Au NPs-decorated monolayer TiO2 nanotube (MTNT). This novel Au/TiO2 electrode also performed a self-cleaning property under visible light attributed to the enhanced electro-oxidation of the adsorbed intermediates. This light-driven enhancement of the electrochemical performances provides a development strategy for the design and construction of DAFCs. 9. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Will An Additional Observer Enhance Adenoma Detection During Colonoscopy? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kevin D Mullen 2012-07-01 Full Text Available Background: Due to varied level of experience, the detection rate of adenoma on colonoscopy is different. In presence of both fellows and attending the incidence rates of adenoma are shown to increase in a small study reported by Rogart et al [4]. Based on similar hypothesis, a study was undertaken with much larger sample size to improve the power of the study. Aims and objective: To know if presence of additional observer will enhance adenoma detection during colonoscopy. Material and Methods: 2236 consecutive colonoscopies performed at Metro Health Medical Centre, Cleveland, Ohio were included in the study from July 2005 to August 2006. Cases with history of colorectal, surgical resection of colon, inflammatory bowel diseases and hereditary polyposis syndrome were excluded. Inpatient colonoscopies were also excluded. With all usual precautions for colonoscopy and after giving polyethylene glycol electrolyte (PEGEL colonoscopies were performed by one of the nine experienced staff attending using an Olympus colonoscope and Evis Exera processors. All colonoscopies performed by fellows were supervised by an attending throughout the procedure. Advanced adenomas were defined as adenomas greater than 1 cm size. Statistical analysis was done using Tall hassee, FL software; Fisher’s exact test, unpaired t test and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed. p-value of <0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Results: Of the total 2236 colonoscopies included in the study, 1527 were performed by fellows under supervision of attending and 709 by the attending. There was no significant difference in patient demographics, caecal intubation or poor preparation colonoscopies. The mean age of the group was 55 years in both of the groups. There was no statistically significant different in the polyp detection rate (35% Vs 36.8% as well as overall adenoma detection rate (28.4% Vs 27.7% between these two groups of performers. However 10. Observation of enhanced field-free molecular alignment by two laser pulses DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Bisgaard, Christer; Poulsen, Mikael Dahlerup; Peronne, Emmanuel 2004-01-01 We show experimentally that field-free alignment of iodobenzene molecules, induced by a single, intense, linearly polarized 1.4-ps-long laser pulse, can be strongly enhanced by dividing the pulse into two optimally synchronized pulses of the same duration. For a given total energy of the two... 11. High energy X-ray observations of CYG X-3 from from OSO-8: Further evidence of a 34.1 day period Science.gov (United States) Dolan, J. F.; Crannell, C. J.; Dennis, B. R.; Frost, K. J.; Orwig, L. E. 1981-01-01 The X-ray source Cyg X-3 (=4U2030+40) was observed with the high energy X-ray spectrometer on OSO-8 for two weeks in 1975 and in 1976 and for one week in 1977. No change in spectral shape and intensity above 23 keV was observed from year to year. No correlation is observed between the source's intensity and the phase of the 34.1 day period discovered by Molteni, et al. (1980). The pulsed fraction of the 4.8 hour light curve between 23 and 73 keV varies from week to week, however, and the magnitude of the pulsed fraction appears to be correlated with the 34.1 day phase. No immediate explanation of this behavior is apparent in terms of previously proposed models of the source. 12. Unmanned observatory for auroral physics study on the Antarctic Continent-Multipoint ground-based observations during the IMS period (1976-1978- Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Masaru Ayukawa 1999-07-01 Full Text Available The International Magnetospheric Study (IMS was carried out for three years from 1976. The Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE participated in this IMS project. The main purpose of the IMS project in JARE was the synthetic observation of polar magnetic substorms. In order to study polar magnetic substorms, a multipoint ground observation network was planned around Syowa, including unmanned stations. In the construction of an unmanned observatory system in Antarctica, there have been difficulties, such as insuffcient information about enviromental conditions, the construction support capability, power supply and others. During the IMS period, the U. S. A., former Soviet Union, Australia and the United Kingdom also started to develop unmanned observation systems. In this report, we describe the development of a JARE unmanned observatory for upper atmosphere physics and also the scientific results. 13. Enhancing the Frequency Adaptability of Periodic Current Controllers with a Fixed Sampling Rate for Grid-Connected Power Converters DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Yang, Yongheng; Zhou, Keliang; Blaabjerg, Frede 2016-01-01 Grid-connected power converters should employ advanced current controllers, e.g., Proportional Resonant (PR) and Repetitive Controllers (RC), in order to produce high-quality feed-in currents that are required to be synchronized with the grid. The synchronization is actually to detect...... of the resonant controllers and by approximating the fractional delay using a Lagrange interpolating polynomial for the RC, respectively, the frequency-variation-immunity of these periodic current controllers with a fixed sampling rate is improved. Experiments on a single-phase grid-connected system are presented...... the instantaneous grid information (e.g., frequency and phase of the grid voltage) for the current control, which is commonly performed by a Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) system. Hence, harmonics and deviations in the estimated frequency by the PLL could lead to current tracking performance degradation, especially... 14. Observation of ion confining potential enhancement due to thermal barrier potential formation and its scaling law in the tandem mirror GAMMA 10 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cho, Teruji; Nakashima, Yousuke; Foote, J.H. 1987-01-01 In the tandem mirror GAMMA 10, (i) the enhancement of the ion confining potential, φ c , only during the period of the thermal barrier potential φ b -formation, has been observed first by using not only end-loss-analysers (ELA's) of GAMMA 10 but an end-loss-ion-spectrometer (ELIS) installed from TMX-U. This results in strong end-loss-ion plugging with increased central cell density. (ii) The first experimental observation of the φ c vs φ b -scaling law is obtained, where φ c increases with φ b . This scaling law is consistently interpreted by Cohen's theories of the weak-ECH and the strong-ECH in the plug region. (iii) Good agreement of the plug potential measured with the ELA's and the ELIS is achieved. (author) 15. Individualized Sampling Parameters for Behavioral Observations: Enhancing the Predictive Validity of Competing Stimulus Assessments Science.gov (United States) DeLeon, Iser G.; Toole, Lisa M.; Gutshall, Katharine A.; Bowman, Lynn G. 2005-01-01 Recent studies have used pretreatment analyses, termed competing stimulus assessments, to identify items that most effectively displace the aberrant behavior of individuals with developmental disabilities. In most studies, there appeared to have been no systematic basis for selecting the sampling period (ranging from 30 s to 10 min) in which items… 16. Simple, complex and hyper-complex understanding - enhanced sensitivity in observation of information DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Bering Keiding, Tina for construction and analysis of empirical information. A quick overview on empirical research drawing on Luhmann reveals a diverse complex of analytical strategies and empirical methods. Despite differences between strategies and methods they have in common that understanding of uttered information is crucial...... in their production of empirically founded knowledge. However research generally seems to pay more attention to production of uttered information than to selection of understanding. The aim of this contribution is to sketch out a suggestion to how selection of understanding can be systematized in order to produce...... enhanced transparency in selection of understanding as well as enhanced sensitivity and definition in dept. The contribution suggest that we distinguish between three types of understanding; simple, complex and hyper-complex understanding. Simple understanding is the simultaneous selection of understanding... 17. Reactive surface organometallic complexes observed using dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy KAUST Repository Pump, Eva; Viger-Gravel, Jasmine; Abou-Hamad, Edy; Samantaray, Manoja; Hamzaoui, Bilel; Gurinov, Andrei; Anjum, Dalaver H.; Gajan, David; Lesage, Anne; Bendjeriou-Sedjerari, Anissa; Emsley, Lyndon; Basset, Jean-Marie 2016-01-01 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Surface Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy (DNP SENS) is an emerging technique that allows access to high-sensitivity NMR spectra from surfaces. However, DNP SENS usually requires the use of radicals as an exogenous source of polarization, which has so far limited applications for organometallic surface species to those that do not react with the radicals. Here we show that reactive surface species can be studied if they are immobilized inside porous materials with suitably small windows, and if bulky nitroxide bi-radicals (here TEKPol) are used as the polarization source and which cannot enter the pores. The method is demonstrated by obtaining significant DNP enhancements from highly reactive complelxes [(equivalent to Si-O-)W(Me)(5)] supported on MCM-41, and effects of pore size (6.0, 3.0 and 2.5 nm) on the performance are discussed. 18. Reactive surface organometallic complexes observed using dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy KAUST Repository Pump, Eva 2016-08-15 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Surface Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy (DNP SENS) is an emerging technique that allows access to high-sensitivity NMR spectra from surfaces. However, DNP SENS usually requires the use of radicals as an exogenous source of polarization, which has so far limited applications for organometallic surface species to those that do not react with the radicals. Here we show that reactive surface species can be studied if they are immobilized inside porous materials with suitably small windows, and if bulky nitroxide bi-radicals (here TEKPol) are used as the polarization source and which cannot enter the pores. The method is demonstrated by obtaining significant DNP enhancements from highly reactive complelxes [(equivalent to Si-O-)W(Me)(5)] supported on MCM-41, and effects of pore size (6.0, 3.0 and 2.5 nm) on the performance are discussed. 19. Observation of Significant Quantum Efficiency Enhancement from a Polarized Photocathode with Distributed Bragg Reflector Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zhang, Shukui [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Poelker, Matthew [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Stutzman, Marcy L. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA (United States); Chen, Yiqiao [SVT Associates, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN (United States); Moy, Aaron [SVT Associates, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN (United States) 2015-09-01 Polarized photocathodes with higher Quantum efficiency (QE) would help to reduce the technological challenge associated with producing polarized beams at milliampere levels, because less laser light would be required, which simplifies photocathode cooling requirements. And for a given amount of available laser power, higher QE would extend the photogun operating lifetime. The distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) concept was proposed to enhance the QE of strained-superlattice photocathodes by increasing the absorption of the incident photons using a Fabry-Perot cavity formed between the front surface of the photocathode and the substrate that includes a DBR, without compromising electron polarization. Here we present recent results showing QE enhancement of a GaAs/GaAsP strained-superlattice photocathode made with a DBR structure. Typically, a GaAs/GaAsP strained-superlattice photocathode without DBR provides a QE of 1%, at a laser wavelength corresponding to peak polarization. In comparison, the GaAs/GaAsP strained-superlattice photocathodes with DBR exhibited an enhancement of over 2 when the incident laser wavelength was tuned to meet the resonant condition for the Fabry-Perot resonator. 20. Enhanced excitatory input to MCH neurons during developmental period of high food intake is mediated by GABA Science.gov (United States) Li, Ying; van den Pol, Anthony N. 2010-01-01 In contrast to the local axons of GABA neurons of the cortex and hippocampus, lateral hypothalamic neurons containing melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and GABA send long axons throughout the brain and play key roles in energy homeostasis and mental status. In adults, MCH neurons maintain a hyperpolarized membrane potential and most of the synaptic input is inhibitory. In contrast, we found that developing MCH neurons received substantially more excitatory synaptic input. Based on gramicidicin-perforated patch recordings in hypothalamic slices from MCH-GFP transgenic mice, we found that GABA was the primary excitatory synaptic transmitter in embryonic and neonatal ages up to postnatal day 10. Surprisingly, glutamate assumed only a minor excitatory role, if any. GABA plays a complex role in developing MCH neurons, with its actions conditionally dependent on a number of factors. GABA depolarization could lead to an increase in spikes either independently or in summation with other depolarizing stimuli, or alternately, depending on the relative timing of other depolarizing events, could lead to shunting inhibition. The developmental shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing occurred later in the dendrites than in the cell body. Early GABA depolarization was based on a Cl− dependent inward current. An interesting secondary depolarization in mature neurons that followed an initial hyperpolarization was based on a bicarbonate mechanism. Thus during the early developmental period when food consumption is high, MCH neurons are more depolarized than in the adult, and an increased level of excitatory synaptic input to these orexigenic cells is mediated by GABA. PMID:19955372 1. Enhanced excitatory input to melanin concentrating hormone neurons during developmental period of high food intake is mediated by GABA. Science.gov (United States) Li, Ying; van den Pol, Anthony N 2009-12-02 In contrast to the local axons of GABA neurons of the cortex and hippocampus, lateral hypothalamic neurons containing melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and GABA send long axons throughout the brain and play key roles in energy homeostasis and mental status. In adults, MCH neurons maintain a hyperpolarized membrane potential and most of the synaptic input is inhibitory. In contrast, we found that developing MCH neurons received substantially more excitatory synaptic input. Based on gramicidin-perforated patch recordings in hypothalamic slices from MCH-green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, we found that GABA was the primary excitatory synaptic transmitter in embryonic and neonatal ages up to postnatal day 10. Surprisingly, glutamate assumed only a minor excitatory role, if any. GABA plays a complex role in developing MCH neurons, with its actions conditionally dependent on a number of factors. GABA depolarization could lead to an increase in spikes either independently or in summation with other depolarizing stimuli, or alternately, depending on the relative timing of other depolarizing events, could lead to shunting inhibition. The developmental shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing occurred later in the dendrites than in the cell body. Early GABA depolarization was based on a Cl(-)-dependent inward current. An interesting secondary depolarization in mature neurons that followed an initial hyperpolarization was based on a bicarbonate mechanism. Thus during the early developmental period when food consumption is high, MCH neurons are more depolarized than in the adult, and an increased level of excitatory synaptic input to these orexigenic cells is mediated by GABA. 2. Simulation and measurement of enhanced turbulent heat transfer in a channel with periodic ribs on one principal wall International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Tongmin Liou; Jennjiang Hwang; Shihhui Chen 1993-01-01 This paper performs a numerical and experimental analysis to investigate the heat transfer and fluid flow behaviour in a rectangular channel flow with streamwise-periodic ribs mounted on one of the principal walls. The k --A PDM turbulence model together with a smoothed hybrid central/skew upstream difference scheme (SCSUDS) and the PISO pressure-velocity coupling algorithm was applied to solving the accelerated, separated and recirculating flows. The real-time holographic interferometry technique was adopted to measure the time-dependent temperature field in the ribbed duct. The predicted fluid flow and temperature field were tested by previous laser-Doppler velocimetry measurements and present holographic interferometry data, and reasonable agreement was achieved. By the examination of the local wall temperature distribution for the uniform wall heat flux (UHF) boundary condition the regions susceptible to the hot spots are identified. Moreover, the study provided the numerical solution to investigate the effect of geometry and flow parameters on the local as well as average heat transfer coefficients. The compact correlation of the average heat transfer coefficient was further developed and accounted for the rib height, rib spacing, and Reynolds number. (Author) 3. Clinical Observation of Recombinant Human Vascular Endostatin Durative Transfusion Combined with Window Period Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy in the Treatment of  Advanced Lung Squamous Carcinoma Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yuan LV 2015-08-01 Full Text Available Background and objective Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in China. The aim of this study is to observe the efficacy and safety of recombinant human vascular endostatin (endostar durative transfusion combined with window period arterial infusion chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced lung squamous carcinoma. Methods From February 2014 to January 2015, 10 cases of the cytological or histological pathology diagnosed stage IIIb - stage IV lung squamous carcinoma were treated with recombinant human vascular endostatin (30 mg/d durative transfusion combined with window period arterial infusion chemotherapy. Over the same period of 10 cases stage IIIb - stage IV lung squamous carcinoma patients for pure arterial perfusion chemotherapy were compared. Recombinant human vascular endostatin was durative transfused every 24 hours for 7 days in combination group, and in the 4th day of window period, the 10 patients were received artery infusion chemotherapy, using docetaxel combined with cisplatin. Pure treatment group received the same arterial perfusion chemotherapy regimen. 4 weeks was a cycle. 4 weeks after 2 cycles, to evaluate the short-term effects and the adverse drug reactions. Results 2 groups of patients were received 2 cycles treatments. The response rate (RR was 70.0%, and the disease control rate (DCR was 90.0% in the combination group; In the pure treatment group were 50.0%, 70.0% respectively, there were no statistically significant difference (P=0.650, 0.582. The adverse reactions of the treatment were mild, including level 1-2 of gastrointestinal reaction and blood toxicity, there were no statistically significant difference (P=0.999, P=0.628. In the combination group, 1 patient occurred level 1 of cardiac toxicity. Conclusion Recombinant human vascular endostatin durative transfusion combined with window period arterial infusion chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced lung squamous carcinoma could take a 4. Water vapour inter-comparison effort in the framework of the hydrological cycle in the mediterranean experiment - special observation period (hymex-sop1) Science.gov (United States) Summa, Donato; Di Girolamo, Paolo; Flamant, Cyrille; De Rosa, Benedetto; Cacciani, Marco; Stelitano, Dario 2018-04-01 Accurate measurements of the vertical profiles of water vapour are of paramount importance for most key areas of atmospheric sciences. A comprehensive inter-comparison between different remote sensing and in-situ sensors has been carried out in the frame work of the first Special Observing Period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment for the purpose of obtaining accurate error estimates for these sensors. The inter-comparison involves a ground-based Raman lidar (BASIL), an airborne DIAL (LEANDRE2), a microwave radiometer, radiosondes and aircraft in-situ sensors. 5. Water vapour inter-comparison effort in the framework of the hydrological cycle in the mediterranean experiment – special observation period (hymex-sop1 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Summa Donato 2018-01-01 Full Text Available Accurate measurements of the vertical profiles of water vapour are of paramount importance for most key areas of atmospheric sciences. A comprehensive inter-comparison between different remote sensing and in-situ sensors has been carried out in the frame work of the first Special Observing Period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment for the purpose of obtaining accurate error estimates for these sensors. The inter-comparison involves a ground-based Raman lidar (BASIL, an airborne DIAL (LEANDRE2, a microwave radiometer, radiosondes and aircraft in-situ sensors. 6. Statistical characteristics of sudden stratospheric warming as observed over the observatoire de Haute Provence (44°N, 6°E) during the 1981-2001 period CSIR Research Space (South Africa) Sivakumar, V 2006-04-01 Full Text Available of stratospheric sudden warming as observed over the Observatoire de Haute Provence (44°N, 6°E) during the period 1981-2001 D.V. Acharyulu, V. Sivakumar, H. Bencherif, B. Morel, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), CNRS–UMR 8105, Université de... La Réunion, FRANCE. Also at National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, SOUTH AFRICA. A. Hauchecorne Service d’Aéronomie, CNRS, Paris, FRANCE. D.N. Rao National Atmosphere Research Laboratory... 7. Mortality coefficients among personnel of radiochemical plants of open-quotes Mayakclose quotes-Combine for 40-year period of observation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Koshurnikova, N.A.; Komleva, N.S.; Baisogolov, G.D. 1993-01-01 The results of the epidemiological research, conducted among the personnel of the radiochemical plants of open-quotes Mayakclose quotes. Combine are as follows: during the 40-year-period of observation the mortality rate from all and separate causes, except age, is lower, than the expected one, which is calculated on the basis of the National Statistics. Oncological mortality rate is reliably higher, than the expected one, which is conditioned by the high frequency of lung cancer and leucaemia. Internal α-irradiation plays the leading role in the induction of lung cancer, and the increase of mortality rate from leukemia is closely connected with external γ-irradiation 8. Observation of enhanced infrared absorption in silicon supersaturated with gold by pulsed laser melting of nanometer-thick gold films Science.gov (United States) Chow, Philippe K.; Yang, Wenjie; Hudspeth, Quentin; Lim, Shao Qi; Williams, Jim S.; Warrender, Jeffrey M. 2018-04-01 We demonstrate that pulsed laser melting (PLM) of thin 1, 5, and 10 nm-thick vapor-deposited gold layers on silicon enhances its room-temperature sub-band gap infrared absorption, as in the case of ion-implanted and PLM-treated silicon. The former approach offers reduced fabrication complexity and avoids implantation-induced lattice damage compared to ion implantation and pulsed laser melting, while exhibiting comparable optical absorptance. We additionally observed strong broadband absorptance enhancement in PLM samples made using 5- and 10-nm-thick gold layers. Raman spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering analysis indicate that such an enhancement could be explained by absorption by a metastable, disordered and gold-rich surface layer. The sheet resistance and the diode electrical characteristics further elucidate the role of gold-supersaturation in silicon, revealing the promise for future silicon-based infrared device applications. 9. A rightly balanced intellectual property rights regime as a mechanism to enhance commercial earth observation activities Science.gov (United States) Doldirina, Catherine 2010-09-01 Earth observation by satellites is one of the developing sectors of space activities with the growing involvement in private capital or actors. This leads to the question of how efficient legal rules governing this activity are. Copyright law is one of the key fields of law applicable to earth observation activities and is the subject of the present analysis. This paper describes the current state of copyright regulations in different jurisdictions. It also addresses the issue of defining earth observation data for the purpose of applying copyright protection to them. Finally, it analyses whether more or less copyright protection would be beneficial for the commercialisation of the earth observation activities, and the distribution and further use of data they produce. The paper is largely based on my current doctoral research. Draft chapter on file with the author. 10. Characterization by Raman scattering, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy of (AlAs)m(InAs)m short period superlattices grown by migration enhanced epitaxy DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Bradshaw, J.; Song, X.J.; Shealy, J.R. 1992-01-01 We report growth of (InAs)1(AlAs)1 and (InAs)2(AlAs)2 strained layer superlattices by migration enhanced epitaxy. The samples were grown on InP (001) substrates and characterized by Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Satellite peaks in the x-ray data...... confirm the intended periodicity and indicate the presence of some disorder in the monolayer sample. The energies of the zone folded and quantum confined optic phonons are in reasonable agreement with calculations based on one-dimensional elastic continuum and linear chain models. Journal of Applied... 11. Decreased CSF-flow artefacts in T2 imaging of the cervical spine with periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER/BLADE) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ragoschke-Schumm, Andreas; Schmidt, Peter; Mayer, Thomas E.; Schumm, Julia; Reimann, Georg; Mentzel, Hans-Joachim; Kaiser, Werner A. 2011-01-01 12. Aspect sensitive E- and F-region SPEAR-enhanced incoherent backscatter observed by the EISCAT Svalbard radar Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R. S. Dhillon 2009-01-01 Full Text Available Previous studies of the aspect sensitivity of heater-enhanced incoherent radar backscatter in the high-latitude ionosphere have demonstrated the directional dependence of incoherent scatter signatures corresponding to artificially excited electrostatic waves, together with consistent field-aligned signatures that may be related to the presence of artificial field-aligned irregularities. These earlier high-latitude results have provided motivation for repeating the investigation in the different geophysical conditions that obtain in the polar cap ionosphere. The Space Plasma Exploration by Active Radar (SPEAR facility is located within the polar cap and has provided observations of RF-enhanced ion and plasma line spectra recorded by the EISCAT Svalbard UHF incoherent scatter radar system (ESR, which is collocated with SPEAR. In this paper, we present observations of aspect sensitive E- and F-region SPEAR-induced ion and plasma line enhancements that indicate excitation of both the purely growing mode and the parametric decay instability, together with sporadic E-layer results that may indicate the presence of cavitons. We note consistent enhancements from field-aligned, vertical and also from 5° south of field-aligned. We attribute the prevalence of vertical scatter to the importance of the Spitze region, and of that from field-aligned to possible wave/irregularity coupling. 13. Further evidences for enhanced nuclear cross-sections observed in 44 GeV carbon ion interactions with copper International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Brandt, R.; Abdullaev, I.G.; Adloff, J.C. 1995-01-01 The work of enhanced nuclear cross-sections of secondary fragments produced in the interaction of 44 GeV 12 C with copper has been deepened and extended. The earlier experiment on the emission of secondary fragments into large angles producing enhanced amounts of 24 Na in copper (Phys. Rev. C, 45, 1194(1992)) was confirmed and refined both experimentally and theoretically. In this context, one looked for another signature of such enhanced production, namely for enhanced neutron production. In order to search for this, a 20 cm thick massive copper target was irradiated with 18 and 44 GeV 12 C-ions. Secondary fragments already described could interact again with copper. Outside the metallic target, secondary neutrons got moderated and low energy nuclear reactions were studied in La and U radiochemically via (n,γ)-reactions and also with various solid state nuclear track detectors. One observed an indication, however not yet significant, of enhanced production rates for low energy nuclear reactions only with 44 GeV 12 C, when compared to 18 GeV 12 C-ions. Besides some proton irradiations at SATURNE, Saclay (France) at 2.6 GeV and at PSI, Villigen (Switzerland) at 0.6 GeV all other irradiations were carried out at the Synchrophasotron, LHE, JINR, Dubna (Russia). 46 refs., 14 figs., 8 tabs 14. Magnetic enhancement and softening of fault gouges during seismic slip: Laboratory observation and implications Science.gov (United States) Yang, T.; Chen, J.; Dekkers, M. J. 2017-12-01 Anomalous rock magnetic properties have been reported in slip zones of many previous earthquakes (e.g., the 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan; the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China). However, it is unclear whether short-duration frictional heating can actually induce such rock magnetic anomalies in fault zones; identification of this process in natural fault zones is not that straightforward. A promising approach to solve this problem is to conduct high-velocity friction (HVF) experiments that reproduce seismic fault movements and frictional heating in a simulated fault zone. Afterwards natural fault zones can be analyzed with renewed insight. Our HVF experiments on fault gouges that are simulating large amounts of earthquake slip, show significant magnetic enhancement and softening of sheared gouges. Mineral magnetic measurements reveal that magnetite was formed due to thermal decomposition of smectite during the HVF experiment on the paramagnetic fault gouge. Also, goethite was transformed to intermediate magnetite during the HVF experiment on the goethite-bearing fault gouge. Magnetic susceptibility, saturation remanence and saturation magnetization of sheared samples are linearly increasing with and strongly depend on the temperature rise induced by frictional heating; in contrast, coecivities are decreasing with increasing temperature. Thus, frictional heating can induce thermal decomposition/transformation during short-duration, high-velocity seismic slip, leading to magnetic enhancement and softening of a slip zone. Mineral magnetic methods are suited for diagnosing earthquake slip and estimating the temperature rise of co-seismic frictional heating. 15. Rayleigh lidar observations of enhanced stratopause temperature over Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E) during major stratospheric warming in 2006 Science.gov (United States) Sridharan, S.; Sathishkumar, S.; Raghunath, K. 2009-01-01 Rayleigh lidar observations of temperature structure and gravity wave activity were carried out at Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E) during January-February 2006. A major stratospheric warming event occurred at high latitude during the end of January and early February. There was a sudden enhancement in the stratopause temperature over Gadanki coinciding with the date of onset of the major stratospheric warming event which occurred at high latitudes. The temperature enhancement persisted even after the end of the high latitude major warming event. During the same time, the UKMO (United Kingdom Meteorological Office) zonal mean temperature showed a similar warming episode at 10° N and cooling episode at 60° N around the region of stratopause. This could be due to ascending (descending) motions at high (low) latitudes above the critical level of planetary waves, where there was no planetary wave flux. The time variation of the gravity wave potential energy computed from the temperature perturbations over Gadanki shows variabilities at planetary wave periods, suggesting a non-linear interaction between gravity waves and planetary waves. The space-time analysis of UKMO temperature data at high and low latitudes shows the presence of similar periodicities of planetary wave of zonal wavenumber 1. 16. Rayleigh lidar observations of enhanced stratopause temperature over Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E during major stratospheric warming in 2006 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) S. Sridharan 2009-01-01 Full Text Available Rayleigh lidar observations of temperature structure and gravity wave activity were carried out at Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E during January–February 2006. A major stratospheric warming event occurred at high latitude during the end of January and early February. There was a sudden enhancement in the stratopause temperature over Gadanki coinciding with the date of onset of the major stratospheric warming event which occurred at high latitudes. The temperature enhancement persisted even after the end of the high latitude major warming event. During the same time, the UKMO (United Kingdom Meteorological Office zonal mean temperature showed a similar warming episode at 10° N and cooling episode at 60° N around the region of stratopause. This could be due to ascending (descending motions at high (low latitudes above the critical level of planetary waves, where there was no planetary wave flux. The time variation of the gravity wave potential energy computed from the temperature perturbations over Gadanki shows variabilities at planetary wave periods, suggesting a non-linear interaction between gravity waves and planetary waves. The space-time analysis of UKMO temperature data at high and low latitudes shows the presence of similar periodicities of planetary wave of zonal wavenumber 1. 17. Future enhanced clinical role of pharmacists in emergency departments in England:multi-site observational evaluation OpenAIRE Hughes, Elizabeth; Terry, David; Huynh, Chi; Petridis, Konstantinos; Aiello, Matthew; Mazard, Louis; Ubhi, Hirminder; Terry, Alex; Wilson, Keith; Sinclair, Anthony 2017-01-01 Background There are concerns about maintaining appropriate clinical staffing levels in Emergency Departments. Pharmacists may be one possible solution. Objective To determine if Emergency Department attendees could be clinically managed by pharmacists with or without advanced clinical practice training. Setting Prospective 49 site cross-sectional observational study of patients attending Emergency Departments in England. Method Pharmacist data collectors identified patient attendance at thei... 18. Cubesats and drones: bridging the spatio-temporal divide for enhanced earth observation Science.gov (United States) McCabe, M. F.; Aragon, B.; Parkes, S. D.; Mascaro, J.; Houborg, R. 2017-12-01 In just the last few years, a range of advances in remote sensing technologies have enabled an unprecedented opportunity in earth observation. Parallel developments in cubesats and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have overcome one of the outstanding challenges in observing the land surface: the provision of timely retrievals at a spatial resolution that is sufficiently detailed to make field-level decisions. Planet cubesats have revolutionized observing capacity through their objective of near daily global retrieval. These nano-satellite systems provide high resolution (approx. 3 m) retrievals in red-green-blue and near-infrared wavelengths, offering capacity to develop vegetation metrics for both hydrological and precision agricultural applications. Apart from satellite based advances, nearer to earth technology is being exploited for a range of observation needs. UAVs provide an adaptable platform from which a variety of sensing systems can be deployed. Combinations of optical, thermal, multi- and hyper-spectral systems allow for the estimation of a range of land surface variables, including vegetation structure, vegetation health, land surface temperature and evaporation. Here we explore some of these exciting developments in the context of agricultural hydrology, providing examples of cubesat and UAV imagery that has been used to inform upon crop health and water use. An investigation of the spatial and temporal advantage of these complementary systems is undertaken, with examples of multi-day high-resolution vegetation dynamics from cubesats presented alongside diurnal-cycle responses derived from multiple within-day UAV flights. 19. The inter-observer agreement in the assessment of carotid plaque neovascularization by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography: The impact of plaque thickness. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Jian; Zhang, Yan-Ming; Song, Ze-Zhou; Fu, Yan-Fei; Geng, Yu 2018-04-10 The interobserver agreement in the assessment of the grade of carotid plaque neovascularization by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is poorly established. We examined 140 carotid plaques in 66 patients (all patients had bilateral plaques, and 8 patients had 2 plaques on one side). We performed conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to analyze the presence of carotid plaque neovascularization, which was graded by two independent observers whose interobserver agreement (κ) was evaluated according to the thickness of carotid plaque. For all carotid plaques, the mean κ was 0.689 (95% confidence interval 0.604-0.774). It was 0.689 (0.569-0.808), 0.637 (0.487-0.787), and 0.740 (0.585-0.896), respectively for carotid plaques with maximal thickness 3 mm. The interobserver agreement for assessing carotid plaque neovascularization by using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is substantial and acceptable for research purposes, regardless of the maximal thickness of the plaque. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 20. Day-to-day thermosphere parameter variation as deduced from Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar observations during March 16-22, 1990 magnetic storm period Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A. V. Mikhailov 1997-11-01 Full Text Available A self-consistent method for day-time F2-region modelling was applied to the analysis of Millstone Hill incoherent scatter observations during the storm period of March 16-22, 1990. The method allows us to calculate in a self-consistent way neutral composition, temperature and meridional wind as well as the ionized species height distribution. Theoretically calculated Ne(h profiles fit the observed daytime ones with great accuracy in the whole range of heights above 150 km for both quiet and disturbed days. The overall increase in Tex by 270 K from March 16 to March 22 reflects the increase of solar activity level during the period in question. A 30% decrease in [O] and a two-fold increase in [N2] are calculated for the disturbed day of March 22 relative to quiet time prestorm conditions. Only a small reaction to the first geomagnetic disturbance on March 18 and the initial phase of the second storm on March 20 was found in [O] and [N2] variations. The meridional neutral wind inferred from plasma vertical drift clearly demonstrates the dependence on the geomagnetic activity level being more equatorward on disturbed days. Small positive F2-layer storm effects on March 18 and 20 are totally attributed to the decrease in the northward neutral wind but not to changes in neutral composition. A moderate (by a factor of 1.5 O/N2 ratio decrease relative to the MSIS-83 model prediction is required to describe the observed NmF2 decrease on the most disturbed day of March 22, but virtually no change of this ratio is needed for March 21. 1. Survival of inlays and partial crowns made of IPS empress after a 10-year observation period and in relation to various treatment parameters. Science.gov (United States) Stoll, Richard; Cappel, I; Jablonski-Momeni, Anahita; Pieper, K; Stachniss, V 2007-01-01 This study evaluated the long-term survival of inlays and partial crowns made of IPS Empress. For this purpose, the patient data of a prospective study were examined in retrospect and statistically evaluated. All of the inlays and partial crowns fabricated of IPS-Empress within the Department of Operative Dentistry at the School of Dental Medicine of Philipps University, Marburg, Germany were systematically recorded in a database between 1991 and 2001. The corresponding patient files were revised at the end of 2001. The information gathered in this way was used to evaluate the survival of the restorations using the method described by Kaplan and Meyer. A total of n = 1624 restorations were fabricated of IPS-Empress within the observation period. During this time, n = 53 failures were recorded. The remaining restorations were observed for a mean period of 18.77 months. The failures were mainly attributed to fractures, endodontic problems and cementation errors. The last failure was established after 82 months. At this stage, a cumulative survival probability of p = 0.81 was registered with a standard error of 0.04. At this time, n = 30 restorations were still being observed. Restorations on vital teeth (n = 1588) showed 46 failures, with a cumulative survival probability of p = 0.82. Restorations performed on non-vital teeth (n = 36) showed seven failures, with a cumulative survival probability of p = 0.53. Highly significant differences were found between the two groups (p < 0.0001) in a log-rank test. No significant difference (p = 0.41) was found between the patients treated by students (n = 909) and those treated by qualified dentists (n = 715). Likewise, no difference (p = 0.13) was established between the restorations seated with a high viscosity cement (n = 295) and those placed with a low viscosity cement (n = 1329). 2. Beam-induced and cosmic-ray backgrounds observed in the ATLAS detector during the LHC 2012 proton-proton running period International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; Abdinov, O.; Abeloos, B.; Aben, R.; Abolins, M.; AbouZeid, O.S.; Abraham, N.L.; Abramowicz, H.; Abreu, H.; Abreu, R.; Abulaiti, Y.; Acharya, B.S.; Adamczyk, L.; Adams, D.L.; Adelman, J. 2016-01-01 This paper discusses various observations on beam-induced and cosmic-ray backgrounds in the ATLAS detector during the LHC 2012 proton-proton run. Building on published results based on 2011 data, the correlations between background and residual pressure of the beam vacuum are revisited. Ghost charge evolution over 2012 and its role for backgrounds are evaluated. New methods to monitor ghost charge with beam-gas rates are presented and observations of LHC abort gap population by ghost charge are discussed in detail. Fake jets from colliding bunches and from ghost charge are analysed with improved methods, showing that ghost charge in individual radio-frequency buckets of the LHC can be resolved. Some results of two short periods of dedicated cosmic-ray background data-taking are shown; in particular cosmic-ray muon induced fake jet rates are compared to Monte Carlo simulations and to the fake jet rates from beam background. A thorough analysis of a particular LHC fill, where abnormally high background was observed, is presented. Correlations between backgrounds and beam intensity losses in special fills with very high β * are studied. 3. Martian soil stratigraphy and rock coatings observed in color-enhanced Viking Lander images Science.gov (United States) Strickland, E. L., III 1979-01-01 Subtle color variations of martian surface materials were enhanced in eight Viking Lander (VL) color images. Well-defined soil units recognized at each site (six at VL-1 and four at VL-2), are identified on the basis of color, texture, morphology, and contact relations. The soil units at the Viking 2 site form a well-defined stratigraphic sequence, whereas the sequence at the Viking 1 site is only partially defined. The same relative soil colors occur at the two sites, suggesting that similar soil units are widespread on Mars. Several types of rock surface materials can be recognized at the two sites; dark, relatively 'blue' rock surfaces are probably minimally weathered igneous rock, whereas bright rock surfaces, with a green/(blue + red) ratio higher than that of any other surface material, are interpreted as a weathering product formed in situ on the rock. These rock surface types are common at both sites. Soil adhering to rocks is common at VL-2, but rare at VL-1. The mechanism that produces the weathering coating on rocks probably operates planet-wide. 4. Chronological observation in early radiation myelopathy of the cervical spinal cord; Gadolinium-enhanced MRI findings in two cases Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hirota, Saeko; Yoshida, Shoji; Soejima, Toshinori (Hyogo Medical Center for Adults, Akashi (Japan)) (and others) 5. Enhancing Earth Observation and Modeling for Tsunami Disaster Response and Management Science.gov (United States) Koshimura, Shunichi; Post, Joachim 2017-04-01 In the aftermath of catastrophic natural disasters, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, our society has experienced significant difficulties in assessing disaster impact in the limited amount of time. In recent years, the quality of satellite sensors and access to and use of satellite imagery and services has greatly improved. More and more space agencies have embraced data-sharing policies that facilitate access to archived and up-to-date imagery. Tremendous progress has been achieved through the continuous development of powerful algorithms and software packages to manage and process geospatial data and to disseminate imagery and geospatial datasets in near-real time via geo-web-services, which can be used in disaster-risk management and emergency response efforts. Satellite Earth observations now offer consistent coverage and scope to provide a synoptic overview of large areas, repeated regularly. These can be used to compare risk across different countries, day and night, in all weather conditions, and in trans-boundary areas. On the other hand, with use of modern computing power and advanced sensor networks, the great advances of real-time simulation have been achieved. The data and information derived from satellite Earth observations, integrated with in situ information and simulation modeling provides unique value and the necessary complement to socio-economic data. Emphasis also needs to be placed on ensuring space-based data and information are used in existing and planned national and local disaster risk management systems, together with other data and information sources as a way to strengthen the resilience of communities. Through the case studies of the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami disaster, we aim to discuss how earth observations and modeling, in combination with local, in situ data and information sources, can support the decision-making process before, during and after a disaster strikes. 6. Enhanced Formation Flying for the Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) New Millennium Mission Science.gov (United States) Folta, David; Quinn, David 1997-01-01 With scientific objectives for Earth observation programs becoming more ambitious and spacecraft becoming more autonomous, the need for new technical approaches on the feasibility of achieving and maintaining formations of spacecraft has come to the forefront. The trend to develop small low cost spacecraft has led many scientists to recognize the advantage of flying several spacecraft in formation, an example of which is shown in the figure below, to achieve the correlated instrument measurements formerly possible only by flying many instruments on a single large platform. Yet, formation flying imposes additional complications on orbit maintenance, especially when each spacecraft has its own orbit requirements. However, advances in automation proposed by GSFC Codes 550 and 712 allow more of the burden in maneuver planning and execution to be placed onboard the spacecraft, mitigating some of the associated operational concerns. The purpose of this analysis is to develop the fundamentals of formation flying mechanics, concepts for understanding the relative motion of free flying spacecraft, and an operational control theory for formation maintenance of the Earth Observing-1 (EO-l) spacecraft that is part of the New Millennium. Results of this development can be used to determine the appropriateness of formation flying for a particular case as well as the operational impacts. Applications to the Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) Earth Observing System (EOS) and New Millennium (NM) were highly considered in analysis and applications. This paper presents the proposed methods for the guidance and control of the EO-1 spacecraft to formation fly with the Landsat-7 spacecraft using an autonomous closed loop three axis navigation control, GPS, and Cross link navigation support. Simulation results using various fidelity levels of modeling, algorithms developed and implemented in MATLAB, and autonomous 'fuzzy logic' control using AutoCon will be presented. The results of these 7. Foetal loss and enhanced fertility observed in mice treated with Zidovudine or Nevirapine. Science.gov (United States) Onwuamah, Chika K; Ezechi, Oliver C; Herbertson, Ebiere C; Audu, Rosemary A; Ujah, Innocent A O; Odeigah, Peter G C 2014-01-01 Health concerns for HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have moved from morbidity to the challenges of long-term ART. We investigated the effect of Zidovudine or Nevirapine on reproductive capacity across two mouse generations. A prospective mouse study with drugs administered through one spermatogenic cycle. Mouse groups (16 males and 10 females) were given Zidovudine or Nevirapine for 56 days. Males were mated to untreated virgin females to determine dominant lethal effects. Twenty females (10 treated and 10 untreated) mated with the treated males per dose and gave birth to the F1 generation. Parental mice were withdrawn from drugs for one spermatogenic cycle and mated to the same dams to ascertain if effects are reversible. The F1 generation were exposed for another 56 days and mated to produce the F2 generation. Foetal loss was indicated in the dominant lethal assay as early as four weeks into drug administration to the males. At the first mating of the parental generation to produce the F1 generation, births from 10 dams/dose when the 'father-only' was exposed to Zidovudine (10, 100 and 250 mg/kg) was 3, 2 and 1 while it was 7, 1 and 4 respectively when 'both-parents' were exposed. Similarly births from the parental generation first mating when the 'father-only' was exposed to Nevirapine (5, 50 and 150 mg/kg) was 2, 2 and 0 while it was 6, 5 and 9 respectively when 'both-parents' were exposed. However, fertility was not significantly different neither by dose nor by the parental exposure. The F1 mice mated to produce the F2 generation recorded only one birth. The dominant lethal analysis showed foetal loss occurred when the "fathers-only" were treated while fertility was enhanced when "both-parents" were on therapy at the time of mating. 8. Foetal loss and enhanced fertility observed in mice treated with Zidovudine or Nevirapine. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Chika K Onwuamah Full Text Available Health concerns for HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART have moved from morbidity to the challenges of long-term ART. We investigated the effect of Zidovudine or Nevirapine on reproductive capacity across two mouse generations.A prospective mouse study with drugs administered through one spermatogenic cycle. Mouse groups (16 males and 10 females were given Zidovudine or Nevirapine for 56 days. Males were mated to untreated virgin females to determine dominant lethal effects. Twenty females (10 treated and 10 untreated mated with the treated males per dose and gave birth to the F1 generation. Parental mice were withdrawn from drugs for one spermatogenic cycle and mated to the same dams to ascertain if effects are reversible. The F1 generation were exposed for another 56 days and mated to produce the F2 generation.Foetal loss was indicated in the dominant lethal assay as early as four weeks into drug administration to the males. At the first mating of the parental generation to produce the F1 generation, births from 10 dams/dose when the 'father-only' was exposed to Zidovudine (10, 100 and 250 mg/kg was 3, 2 and 1 while it was 7, 1 and 4 respectively when 'both-parents' were exposed. Similarly births from the parental generation first mating when the 'father-only' was exposed to Nevirapine (5, 50 and 150 mg/kg was 2, 2 and 0 while it was 6, 5 and 9 respectively when 'both-parents' were exposed. However, fertility was not significantly different neither by dose nor by the parental exposure. The F1 mice mated to produce the F2 generation recorded only one birth.The dominant lethal analysis showed foetal loss occurred when the "fathers-only" were treated while fertility was enhanced when "both-parents" were on therapy at the time of mating. 9. Correlation between the luminosity and spin-period changes during outbursts of 12 Be binary pulsars observed by the MAXI/GSC and the Fermi/GBM Science.gov (United States) Sugizaki, Mutsumi; Mihara, Tatehiro; Nakajima, Motoki; Makishima, Kazuo 2017-12-01 To study observationally the spin-period changes of accreting pulsars caused by the accretion torque, the present work analyzes X-ray light curves of 12 Be binary pulsars obtained by the MAXI Gas-Slit Camera all-sky survey and their pulse periods measured by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor pulsar project, both covering more than six years, from 2009 August to 2016 March. The 12 objects were selected because they are accompanied by clear optical identification and accurate measurements of surface magnetic fields. The luminosity L and the spin-frequency derivatives \\dot{ν}, measured during large outbursts with L ≳ 1 × 1037 erg s-1, were found to follow approximately the theoretical relations in the accretion torque models, represented by \\dot{ν} ∝ L^{α} (α ≃ 1), and the coefficient of proportionality between \\dot{ν} and Lα agrees, within a factor of ˜3, with that proposed by Ghosh and Lamb (1979b, ApJ, 234, 296). In the course of the present study, the orbital elements of several sources were refined. 10. Improvement of the management of infants, children and adults with a molecular diagnosis of Enterovirus meningitis during two observational study periods. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Christine Archimbaud Full Text Available Enteroviruses (EVs are a major cause of aseptic meningitis, and RNA detection using molecular assay is the gold standard diagnostic test. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an EV positive diagnosis on the clinical management of patients admitted for meningitis over the course of two observational study periods (2005 and 2008-09 in the same clinical departments. We further investigated in multivariate analysis various factors possibly associated with hospital length of stay (LOS in all age groups (infants, children, and adults. The results showed an overall improvement in the management of patients (n = 142 between the study periods, resulting in a significantly shorter hospital LOS for adults and children, and a shorter duration of antibiotic use for adults and infants. In multivariate analysis, we observed that the time from molecular test results to discharge of patients and the median duration of antibiotic treatment were associated with an increase in LOS in all age groups. In addition, among adults, the turnaround time of the molecular assay was significantly correlated with LOS. The use of CT scan in children and hospital admission outside the peak of EV prevalence in infants tended to increase LOS. In conclusion, the shorter length of stay of patients with meningitis in this study was due to various factors including the rapidity of the EV molecular test (particularly in adults, greater physician responsiveness after a positive result (in adults and children, and greater experience on the part of physicians in handling EV meningitis, as evidenced by the shorter duration of antibiotic use in adults and infants. 11. Improvement of the Management of Infants, Children and Adults with a Molecular Diagnosis of Enterovirus Meningitis during Two Observational Study Periods Science.gov (United States) Archimbaud, Christine; Ouchchane, Lemlih; Mirand, Audrey; Chambon, Martine; Demeocq, François; Labbé, André; Laurichesse, Henri; Schmidt, Jeannot; Clavelou, Pierre; Aumaître, Olivier; Regagnon, Christel; Bailly, Jean-Luc; Henquell, Cécile; Peigue-Lafeuille, Hélène 2013-01-01 Enteroviruses (EVs) are a major cause of aseptic meningitis, and RNA detection using molecular assay is the gold standard diagnostic test. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an EV positive diagnosis on the clinical management of patients admitted for meningitis over the course of two observational study periods (2005 and 2008–09) in the same clinical departments. We further investigated in multivariate analysis various factors possibly associated with hospital length of stay (LOS) in all age groups (infants, children, and adults). The results showed an overall improvement in the management of patients (n = 142) between the study periods, resulting in a significantly shorter hospital LOS for adults and children, and a shorter duration of antibiotic use for adults and infants. In multivariate analysis, we observed that the time from molecular test results to discharge of patients and the median duration of antibiotic treatment were associated with an increase in LOS in all age groups. In addition, among adults, the turnaround time of the molecular assay was significantly correlated with LOS. The use of CT scan in children and hospital admission outside the peak of EV prevalence in infants tended to increase LOS. In conclusion, the shorter length of stay of patients with meningitis in this study was due to various factors including the rapidity of the EV molecular test (particularly in adults), greater physician responsiveness after a positive result (in adults and children), and greater experience on the part of physicians in handling EV meningitis, as evidenced by the shorter duration of antibiotic use in adults and infants. PMID:23874676 12. Aromatherapy massage seems to enhance relaxation in children with burns: an observational pilot study. Science.gov (United States) O'Flaherty, Linda-Anne; van Dijk, Monique; Albertyn, Rene; Millar, Alastair; Rode, Heinz 2012-09-01 This observational pilot study investigated effects of aromatherapy massage in paediatric burn patients. The setting was a 17 beds level I burn unit in Cape Town, South Africa. Between January and October 2009 heart rates and respiratory rates of patients who underwent aromatherapy massage sessions were read before and after the sessions. Primary outcomes were decline in heart rates and respiratory rates, a sign of relaxation. Behavioural responses (sleep/awake state, facial expression, body posture) were documented as secondary outcomes. A convenience sample of 71 paediatric burn patients (median age 3 years) underwent a total of 126 massage sessions. Mean heart rate decreased significantly from 118 (SD 20) to 109 (SD 21), t=9.8, pAromatherapy massage seems to be a helpful nonpharmacological approach to reduce hospitalized paediatric burn patients' distress. Future studies with better research designs and validated outcome measures should confirm our findings. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved. 13. Sliding mode disturbance observer-enhanced adaptive control for the air-breathing hypersonic flight vehicle Science.gov (United States) An, Hao; Wang, Changhong; Fidan, Baris 2017-10-01 This paper presents a backstepping procedure to design an adaptive controller for the air-breathing hypersonic flight vehicle (AHFV) subject to external disturbances and actuator saturations. In each step, a sliding mode exact disturbance observer (SMEDO) is exploited to exactly estimate the lumped disturbance in finite time. Specific dynamics are introduced to handle the possible actuator saturations. Based on SMEDO and introduced dynamics, an adaptive control law is designed, along with the consideration on ;explosion of complexity; in backstepping design. The developed controller is equipped with fast disturbance rejection and great capability to accommodate the saturated actuators, which also lead to a wider application scope. A simulation study is provided to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed controller. 14. Future enhanced clinical role of pharmacists in Emergency Departments in England: multi-site observational evaluation. Science.gov (United States) Hughes, Elizabeth; Terry, David; Huynh, Chi; Petridis, Konstantinos; Aiello, Matthew; Mazard, Louis; Ubhi, Hirminder; Terry, Alex; Wilson, Keith; Sinclair, Anthony 2017-08-01 Background There are concerns about maintaining appropriate clinical staffing levels in Emergency Departments. Pharmacists may be one possible solution. Objective To determine if Emergency Department attendees could be clinically managed by pharmacists with or without advanced clinical practice training. Setting Prospective 49 site cross-sectional observational study of patients attending Emergency Departments in England. Method Pharmacist data collectors identified patient attendance at their Emergency Department, recorded anonymized details of 400 cases and categorized each into one of four possible options: cases which could be managed by a community pharmacist; could be managed by a hospital pharmacist independent prescriber; could be managed by a hospital pharmacist independent prescriber with additional clinical training; or medical team only (unsuitable for pharmacists to manage). Impact indices sensitive to both workload and proportion of pharmacist manageable cases were calculated for each clinical group. Main outcome measure Proportion of cases which could be managed by a pharmacist. Results 18,613 cases were observed from 49 sites. 726 (3.9%) of cases were judged suitable for clinical management by community pharmacists, 719 (3.9%) by pharmacist prescribers, 5202 (27.9%) by pharmacist prescribers with further training, and 11,966 (64.3%) for medical team only. Impact Indices of the most frequent clinical groupings were general medicine (13.18) and orthopaedics (9.69). Conclusion The proportion of Emergency Department cases that could potentially be managed by a pharmacist was 36%. Greatest potential for pharmacist management was in general medicine and orthopaedics (usually minor trauma). Findings support the case for extending the clinical role of pharmacists. 15. Statistically Optimized Inversion Algorithm for Enhanced Retrieval of Aerosol Properties from Spectral Multi-Angle Polarimetric Satellite Observations Science.gov (United States) Dubovik, O; Herman, M.; Holdak, A.; Lapyonok, T.; Taure, D.; Deuze, J. L.; Ducos, F.; Sinyuk, A. 2011-01-01 The proposed development is an attempt to enhance aerosol retrieval by emphasizing statistical optimization in inversion of advanced satellite observations. This optimization concept improves retrieval accuracy relying on the knowledge of measurement error distribution. Efficient application of such optimization requires pronounced data redundancy (excess of the measurements number over number of unknowns) that is not common in satellite observations. The POLDER imager on board the PARASOL microsatellite registers spectral polarimetric characteristics of the reflected atmospheric radiation at up to 16 viewing directions over each observed pixel. The completeness of such observations is notably higher than for most currently operating passive satellite aerosol sensors. This provides an opportunity for profound utilization of statistical optimization principles in satellite data inversion. The proposed retrieval scheme is designed as statistically optimized multi-variable fitting of all available angular observations obtained by the POLDER sensor in the window spectral channels where absorption by gas is minimal. The total number of such observations by PARASOL always exceeds a hundred over each pixel and the statistical optimization concept promises to be efficient even if the algorithm retrieves several tens of aerosol parameters. Based on this idea, the proposed algorithm uses a large number of unknowns and is aimed at retrieval of extended set of parameters affecting measured radiation. 16. Enhancing Interoperability and Capabilities of Earth Science Data using the Observations Data Model 2 (ODM2 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Leslie Hsu 2017-02-01 Full Text Available Earth Science researchers require access to integrated, cross-disciplinary data in order to answer critical research questions. Partially due to these science drivers, it is common for disciplinary data systems to expand from their original scope in order to accommodate collaborative research. The result is multiple disparate databases with overlapping but incompatible data. In order to enable more complete data integration and analysis, the Observations Data Model Version 2 (ODM2 was developed to be a general information model, with one of its major goals to integrate data collected by 'in situ' sensors with those by 'ex-situ' analyses of field specimens. Four use cases with different science drivers and disciplines have adopted ODM2 because of benefits to their users. The disciplines behind the four cases are diverse – hydrology, rock geochemistry, soil geochemistry, and biogeochemistry. For each case, we outline the benefits, challenges, and rationale for adopting ODM2. In each case, the decision to implement ODM2 was made to increase interoperability and expand data and metadata capabilities. One of the common benefits was the ability to use the flexible handling and comprehensive description of specimens and data collection sites in ODM2’s sampling feature concept. We also summarize best practices for implementing ODM2 based on the experience of these initial adopters. The descriptions here should help other potential adopters of ODM2 implement their own instances or to modify ODM2 to suit their needs. 17. Beam-induced and cosmic-ray backgrounds observed in the ATLAS detector during the LHC 2012 proton-proton running period CERN Document Server 2016-05-20 This paper discusses various observations on beam-induced and cosmic-ray backgrounds in the ATLAS detector during the LHC 2012 proton-proton run. Building on published results based on 2011 data, the correlations between background and residual pressure of the beam vacuum are revisited. Ghost charge evolution over 2012 and its role for backgrounds are evaluated. New methods to monitor ghost charge with beam-gas rates are presented and observations of LHC abort gap population by ghost charge are discussed in detail. Fake jets from colliding bunches and from ghost charge are analysed with improved methods, showing that ghost charge in individual radio-frequency buckets of the LHC can be resolved. Some results of two short periods of dedicated cosmic-ray background data-taking are shown; in particular cosmic-ray muon induced fake jet rates are compared to Monte Carlo simulations and to the fake jet rates from beam background. A thorough analysis of a particular LHC fill, where abnormally high background was obse... 18. Random-sign observables nonvanishing upon averaging: Enhancement of weak perturbations and parity nonconservation in compound nuclei International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Flambaum, V.V.; Gribakin, G.F. 1994-01-01 Weak perturbations can be strongly enhanced in many-body systems that have dense spectra of excited states (compound nuclei, rare-earth atoms, molecules, clusters, quantum dots, etc.). Statistical consideration shows that in the case of zero-width states the probability distribution for the effect of the perturbation has an infinitte variance and does not obey the standard central limit theorem, i.e., the probability density for the average effect X=1/n tsum i=1 n x i does not tend to a Gaussian (normal) distribution with variance σ n =σ 1 / √n , where n is the ''number of measurements.'' Since for probability densities of this form [f(x)congruent a/x 2 at large x] the central limit theorem is F n (X)=a/X 2 +π 2 a 2 at n much-gt 1, the breadth of the distribution does not decrease with the increase of n. This means the following. (1) In spite of the random signs of observable effects for different compound states the probability of finding a large average effect for n levels is the same as that for a single-resonance measurements. (2) In some cases one does not need to resolve individual compound resonances and the enhanced value of the effect can be observed in the integral spectrum. This substantially increases the chances to observe statistical enhancement of weak perturbations in different reactions and systems. (3) The average value of parity and time-nonconserving effects in low-energy nucleon scattering cannot be described by a smooth weak optical potential. This ''potential'' would randomly fluctuate as a function of energy, with typical magnitudes much larger than the nucleon-nucleus weak potential. The effect of finite compound-state widths is considered 19. Observation of largely enhanced hardness in nanomultilayers of the Ag-Nb system with positive enthalpy of formation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lai, W. S.; Yang, M. J. 2007-01-01 Ag/Nb nanomultilayers with different modulation wavelengths Λ were prepared on silicon wafers by electron beam evaporation. Nanoindenter measurements show that with decreasing Λ of the multilayers, the nanohardness increases up to ∼80% for Λ=4 nm, whereas the modulus is almost unchanged. This unusual behavior originates from a unique microstructure where amorphous Ag-Nb alloys form at the interfaces and grain boundaries of silver nanoparticles, as observed by cross-section high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The amorphous phases favor hardness enhancement by preventing dislocation emission and movement, whereas they have a negative contribution to the modulus because of their free volume 20. Plasma density enhancement in atmospheric-pressure dielectric-barrier discharges by high-voltage nanosecond pulse in the pulse-on period: a PIC simulation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sang Chaofeng; Sun Jizhong; Wang Dezhen 2010-01-01 A particle-in-cell (PIC) plus Monte Carlo collision simulation is employed to investigate how a sustainable atmospheric pressure single dielectric-barrier discharge responds to a high-voltage nanosecond pulse (HVNP) further applied to the metal electrode. The results show that the HVNP can significantly increase the plasma density in the pulse-on period. The ion-induced secondary electrons can give rise to avalanche ionization in the positive sheath, which widens the discharge region and enhances the plasma density drastically. However, the plasma density stops increasing as the applied pulse lasts over certain time; therefore, lengthening the pulse duration alone cannot improve the discharge efficiency further. Physical reasons for these phenomena are then discussed. 1. Plasma density enhancement in atmospheric-pressure dielectric-barrier discharges by high-voltage nanosecond pulse in the pulse-on period: a PIC simulation Science.gov (United States) Sang, Chaofeng; Sun, Jizhong; Wang, Dezhen 2010-02-01 A particle-in-cell (PIC) plus Monte Carlo collision simulation is employed to investigate how a sustainable atmospheric pressure single dielectric-barrier discharge responds to a high-voltage nanosecond pulse (HVNP) further applied to the metal electrode. The results show that the HVNP can significantly increase the plasma density in the pulse-on period. The ion-induced secondary electrons can give rise to avalanche ionization in the positive sheath, which widens the discharge region and enhances the plasma density drastically. However, the plasma density stops increasing as the applied pulse lasts over certain time; therefore, lengthening the pulse duration alone cannot improve the discharge efficiency further. Physical reasons for these phenomena are then discussed. 2. The potential of satellite-observed crop phenology to enhance yield gap assessments in smallholder landscapes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) John M A Duncan 2015-08-01 Full Text Available Many of the undernourished people on the planet obtain their entitlements to food via agricultural-based livelihood strategies, often on underperforming croplands and smallholdings. In this context, expanding cropland extent is not a viable strategy for smallholders to meet their food needs. Therefore, attention must shift to increasing productivity on existing plots and ensuring yield gaps do not widen. Thus, supporting smallholder farmers to sustainably increase the productivity of their lands is one part of a complex solution to realising universal food security. However, the information (e.g. location and causes of cropland underperformance required to support measures to close yield gaps in smallholder landscapes are often not available. This paper reviews the potential of crop phenology, observed from satellites carrying remote sensing sensors, to fill this information gap. It is suggested that on a theoretical level phenological approaches can reveal greater intra-cropland thematic detail, and increase the accuracy of crop extent maps and crop yield estimates. However, on a practical level the spatial mismatch between the resolution at which crop phenology can be estimated from satellite remote sensing data and the scale of yield variability in smallholder croplands inhibits its use in this context. Similarly, the spatial coverage of remote sensing-derived phenology offers potential for integration with ancillary spatial datasets to identify causes of yield gaps. To reflect the complexity of smallholder cropping systems requires ancillary datasets at fine spatial resolutions which, often, are not available. This further precludes the use of crop phenology in attempts to unpick the causes of yield gaps. Research agendas should focus on generating fine spatial resolution crop phenology, either via data fusion or through new sensors (e.g. Sentinel-2 in smallholder croplands. This has potential to transform the applied use of remote sensing 3. The Drop of the Coherence of the Lower Kilohertz Quasi-periodic Brightness Variations is Also Observed in XTE J1701-462 Science.gov (United States) Barret, D.; Bachetti, M.; Miller, M. Coleman 2011-02-01 We investigate the quality factor and root mean square (rms) amplitude of the lower kilohertz quasi-periodic brightness variations (kHz QPOs) from XTE J1701-462, a unique X-ray source which was observed in both the so-called Z and atoll states. Correcting for the frequency drift of the QPO, we show that, as in all sources for which such a correction can be applied, the quality factor and rms amplitude drops sharply above a critical frequency. For XTE J1701-462, this frequency is estimated to be ~800 Hz, where the quality factor reaches a maximum of ~200 (e.g., a value consistent with the one observed from more classical systems, such as 4U 1636-536). Such a drop has been interpreted as the signature of the innermost stable circular orbit, and that interpretation is consistent with the observations we report here. The kHz QPOs in the Z state are much less coherent and lower amplitude than they are in the atoll state. We argue that the change of the QPO properties between the two source states is related to the change of the scale height of the accretion disk; a prediction of the toy model proposed by Barret et al. As a by-product of our analysis, we also increased the significance of the upper kHz QPO detected in the atoll phase up to 4.8σ (single trial significance) and show that the frequency separation (266.5 ± 13.1 Hz) is comparable with the one measured from simultaneous twin QPOs in the Z phase. 4. Chemically enhanced phytoextraction of risk elements from a contaminated agricultural soil using Zea mays and Triticum aestivum: performance and metal mobilization over a three year period. Science.gov (United States) Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W; Tlustos, Pavel; Komárek, Michael; Száková, Jirina; Jakoubková, Lucie 2012-09-01 Enhanced phytoextraction using EDTA for the remediation of an agricultural soil contaminated with less mobile risk elements Cd and Pb originating from smelting activities in Príbram (Czech Republic) was assessed on the laboratory and the field scale. EDTA was applied to the first years crop Zea mays. Metal mobilization and metal uptake by the plants in the soil were monitored for two additional years when Triticum aestivum was planted. The application ofEDTA effectively increased water-soluble Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil. These concentrations decreased over time. Anyhow, increased concentrations could be still observed in the third experimental year indicating a low possibility of groundwater pollution after the addition of EDTA during and also after the enhanced phytoextraction process under prevailing climatic conditions. EDTA-applications caused phytotoxicity and thereby decreased biomass production and increased Cd and Pb uptake by the plants. Phytoextraction efficiency and phytoextraction potential were too low for Cd and Pb phytoextraction in the field in a reasonable time frame (as less than one-tenth of a percent of total Cd and Pb could be removed). This strongly indicates that EDTA-enhanced phytoextraction as implemented in this study is not a suitable remediation technique for risk metal contaminated soils. 5. Enhancing observation by drawing: Alveolinids models by Manfred Reichel (1896-1984) Science.gov (United States) Leria, Maria 2017-04-01 Graphic representation is a fundamental tool in morphological studies, as paleontology. A paradigmatic example is the alveolinid drawings of Prof. Manfred Reichel (1896-1984). Thanks to these drawings his research on foraminifera, had an important impact on micropaleontology. Manfred Reichel studied Fine Arts, but later he began a scientific career on biological sciences and becoming a professor in micropaleontology, at the Geological and Paleontological Institute of the University of Basel, Switzerland. His background in art had a benefit in his scientific production, especially with the extremely complex foraminiferal structures. By means of illustrations, inspired by the French naturalists, he was able to solve the most complex internal architecture of forams. His drawings display foraminifera's internal 3D structure in such a comprehensible way that has not been improved using modern techniques. His work has been used by different generations of paleontologist to understand the internal architecture of forams and are still used today. The aim of this study is to analyze the process that Reichel followed to create some of his most representative drawings. This study is based on the examination of a selection of Reichel's drawings (n>40) held at the Natural History Museum in Basel. In addition, his family and students have been interviewed supplying useful information to understand how he applied his artistic skills to teach and research. This study illustrates the steps followed by Reichel in the creation of a drawing of alveolinid. The process represents the transformation of the morphological data from 2D images (polished rock sections) into a comprehensible 3D image. A description of the process of observation, comparison, sketches and studies, concluding with the final three-dimensional drawing is shown. The results show that that the classical convention in drawing is still and irreplaceable tool in natural sciences, because it allows to define aspects that 6. AtlantOS WP2, Enhancement of ship-based observing networks - Bathymetric integration and visualization of Europe's data holdings Science.gov (United States) Wölfl, Anne-Cathrin; Devey, Colin; Augustin, Nico 2017-04-01 The European Horizon 2020 research and innovation project AtlantOS - Optimising and Enhancing the Integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing Systems - aims to improve the present-day ocean observing activities in the Atlantic Ocean by establishing a sustainable, efficient and integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing System. 62 partners from 18 countries are working on solutions I) to improve international collaboration in the design, implementation and benefit sharing of ocean observing, II) to promote engagement and innovation in all aspects of ocean observing, III) to facilitate free and open access to ocean data and information, IV) to enable and disseminate methods of achieving quality and authority of ocean information, V) to strengthen the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and to sustain observing systems that are critical for the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service and its applications and VI) to contribute to the aims of the Galway Statement on Atlantic Ocean Cooperation. The Work Package 2 of the AtlantOS project focuses on improving, expanding, integrating and innovating ship-based observations. One of the tasks is the provision of Europe's existing and future bathymetric data sets from the Atlantic Ocean in accessible formats enabling easy processing and visualization for stakeholders. Furthermore, a new concept has recently been implemented, where three large German research vessels continuously collect bathymetric data during their transits. All data sets are gathered and processed with the help of national data centers and partner institutions and integrated into existing open access data systems, such as Pangaea in Germany, EMODnet at European level and GMRT (Global Multi-Resolution Topography synthesis) at international level. The processed data will be linked to the original data holdings, that can easily be accessed if required. The overall aim of this task is to make bathymetric data publicly available for specialists and non-specialists both 7. Humour production may enhance observational learning of a new tool-use action in 18-month-old infants. Science.gov (United States) Esseily, Rana; Rat-Fischer, Lauriane; Somogyi, Eszter; O'Regan, Kevin John; Fagard, Jacqueline 2016-01-01 Many studies have shown that making children laugh enhances certain cognitive capacities such as attention, motivation, perception and/or memory, which in turn enhance learning. However, no study thus far has investigated whether laughing has an effect on learning earlier in infancy. The goal of this study was to see whether using humour with young infants in a demonstration of a complex tool-use task can enhance their learning. Fifty-three 18-month-old infants participated in this study and were included either in a humorous or a control demonstration group. In both groups infants observed an adult using a tool to retrieve an out-of-reach toy. What differed between groups was that in the humorous demonstration group, instead of playing with the toy, the adult threw it on the floor immediately after retrieval. The results show that infants who laughed at the demonstration in the humorous demonstration group reproduced significantly more frequent target actions than infants who did not laugh and those in the control group. This effect is discussed with regard to individual differences in terms of temperament and social capacities as well as positive emotion and dopamine release. 8. Enhancement of current commensurate with mutual noise-noise correlation in a symmetric periodic substrate: The benefits of noise and nonlinearity Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ghosh, Pradipta [Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073 (India); Chattopadhyay, Sudip, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Chemistry, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah 711103 (India); Chaudhuri, Jyotipratim Ray, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Physics, Katwa College, Katwa, Burdwan 713130 (India) 2012-06-19 Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Exploration of directed transport in stochastic systems with embedded nonlinearity. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Formalism is valid for open system in the presence of arbitrary periodic potential. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Effective temperature depends on correlation time and extent of correlation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Study of the directed motion in presence of external cross-correlated noises. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Steady state current increases with increase in the extent of correlation. - Abstract: Starting from a Langevin description of a particle submerged in a heat bath that offers a state dependent dissipation, we examine the noise-induced transport of a Brownian particle in the presence of two external, mutually correlated noises and envisage that in a symmetric periodic potential, the steady state current increases with an increase in the extent of correlation. The study of inhomogeneous diffusion in the presence of colored noise makes the present development formally interesting since this brings in a direct implication that exercising control on the degree of correlation can enhance the current in a properly designed experiment. As an offshoot of this development, we also envisage an effective temperature that depends on the correlation time and the extent of correlation. 9. Observation of enhanced ozone in an electrically active storm over Socorro, NM: Implications for ozone production from corona discharges Science.gov (United States) Minschwaner, K.; Kalnajs, L. E.; Dubey, M. K.; Avallone, L. M.; Sawaengphokai, P. C.; Edens, H. E.; Winn, W. P. 2008-09-01 Enhancements in ozone were observed between about 3 and 10 km altitude within an electrically active storm in central New Mexico. Measurements from satellite sensors and ground-based radar show cloud top pressures between 300 and 150 mb in the vicinity of an ozonesonde launched from Socorro, NM, and heavy precipitation with radar reflectivities exceeding 50 dBZ. Data from a lightning mapping array and a surface electric field mill show a large amount of electrical activity within this thunderstorm. The observed ozone enhancements are large (50% above the mean) and could have resulted from a number of possible processes, including the advection of polluted air from the urban environments of El Paso and Juarez, photochemical production by lightning-generated NOx from aged thunderstorm outflow, downward mixing of stratospheric air, or local production from within the thunderstorm. We find that a large fraction of the ozone enhancement is consistent with local production from corona discharges, either from cloud particles or by corona associated with lightning. The implied global source of ozone from thunderstorm corona discharge is estimated to be 110 Tg O3 a-1 with a range between 40 and 180 Tg O3 a-1. This value is about 21% as large as the estimated ozone production rate from lightning NOx, and about 3% as large as the total chemical production rate of tropospheric ozone. Thus while the estimated corona-induced production of ozone may be significant on local scales, it is unlikely to be as important to the global ozone budget as other sources. 10. Compensatory plasticity in the action observation network: virtual lesions of STS enhance anticipatory simulation of seen actions. Science.gov (United States) Avenanti, Alessio; Annella, Laura; Candidi, Matteo; Urgesi, Cosimo; Aglioti, Salvatore M 2013-03-01 Observation of snapshots depicting ongoing motor acts increases corticospinal motor excitability. Such motor facilitation indexes the anticipatory simulation of observed (implied) actions and likely reflects computations occurring in the parietofrontal nodes of a cortical network subserving action perception (action observation network, AON). However, direct evidence for the active role of AON in simulating the future of seen actions is lacking. Using a perturb-and-measure transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) approach, we show that off-line TMS disruption of regions within (inferior frontal cortex, IFC) and upstream (superior temporal sulcus, STS) the parietofrontal AON transiently abolishes and enhances the motor facilitation to observed implied actions, respectively. Our findings highlight the critical role of IFC in anticipatory motor simulation. More importantly, they show that disruption of STS calls into play compensatory motor simulation activity, fundamental for counteracting the noisy visual processing induced by TMS. Thus, short-term plastic changes in the AON allow motor simulation to deal with any gap or ambiguity of ever-changing perceptual worlds. These findings support the active, compensatory, and predictive role of frontoparietal nodes of the AON in the perception and anticipatory simulation of implied actions. 11. The FIRO-2017 Field Campaign: Findings from a Unique Observing Period in the Russian River Watershed in Northern California during Jan - Mar 2017 Science.gov (United States) Wilson, A. M.; Ralph, M.; Demirdjian, R.; Kawzenuk, B.; Cannon, F.; Cordeira, J. M. 2017-12-01 Forecast Informed Reservoir Operations (FIRO) is a proposed water management strategy that aims to improve water supply, maintain reduction in flood risk, and achieve ecosystem sustainability using data from state of the art watershed monitoring and weather and water forecasting. The first testbed for this strategy is Lake Mendocino, in the Russian River Watershed in northern California. In order to accomplish these goals, it is necessary to understand and better predict Atmospheric Rivers (ARs), which provide 50% of the annual precipitation, and cause most of the heavy rain and flood events in this watershed. To support this effort, a field campaign was held during January-March 2017 in the Russian River Watershed with the science objectives of understanding AR evolution as the AR makes landfall and interacts with terrain, assess reasons for additional variance in the relationship between storm total precipitation and bulk water vapor flux, and to form a unique database for model verification. Coastal and inland field sites equipped with multiple ground-based sensors as well as Vaisala radiosonde systems were deployed to support these objectives. The 2017 water year was among the wettest recorded in California. During the January-March 2017 period, the coastal/inland pair of radiosonde systems captured 13 storms with maximum integrated vapor transport (IVT) values nearing 1200 kg/m/s. This presentation will provide an overview of the water year and the field campaign observations. Results indicate that bulk upslope water vapor flux measured by the ARO, which is the measurement regularly available to forecasters and researchers, correlates extremely well with integrated vapor transport (IVT). The profiles of water vapor flux observed by the coastal and inland sites are very different both in maximum flux magnitude and height of the maximum flux. 12. Comparison of 37 months global net radiation flux derived from PICARD-BOS over the same period observations of CERES and ARGO Science.gov (United States) Zhu, Ping; Wild, Martin 2016-04-01 The absolute level of the global net radiation flux (NRF) is fixed at the level of [0.5-1.0] Wm-2 based on the ocean heat content measurements [1]. The space derived global NRF is at the same order of magnitude than the ocean [2]. Considering the atmosphere has a negligible effects on the global NRF determination, the surface global NRF is consistent with the values determined from space [3]. Instead of studying the absolute level of the global NRF, we focus on the interannual variation of global net radiation flux, which were derived from the PICARD-BOS experiment and its comparison with values over the same period but obtained from the NASA-CERES system and inferred from the ocean heat content survey by ARGO network. [1] Allan, Richard P., Chunlei Liu, Norman G. Loeb, Matthew D. Palmer, Malcolm Roberts, Doug Smith, and Pier-Luigi Vidale (2014), Changes in global net radiative imbalance 1985-2012, Geophysical Research Letters, 41 (no.15), 5588-5597. [2] Loeb, Norman G., John M. Lyman, Gregory C. Johnson, Richard P. Allan, David R. Doelling, Takmeng Wong, Brian J. Soden, and Graeme L. Stephens (2012), Observed changes in top-of-the-atmosphere radiation and upper-ocean heating consistent within uncertainty, Nature Geoscience, 5 (no.2), 110-113. [3] Wild, Martin, Doris Folini, Maria Z. Hakuba, Christoph Schar, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Seiji Kato, David Rutan, Christof Ammann, Eric F. Wood, and Gert Konig-Langlo (2015), the energy balance over land and oceans: an assessment based on direct observations and CMIP5 climate models, Climate Dynamics, 44 (no.11-12), 3393-3429. 13. Inter-annual variability of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Atlantic Ocean based on MODIS-Aqua observations over the period 2002-2012 Science.gov (United States) Gkikas, Antonis; Hatzianastassiou, Nikolaos 2013-04-01 The tropical Atlantic Ocean is affected by dust and biomass burning aerosol loads transported from the western parts of the Saharan desert and the sub-Sahel regions, respectively. The spatial and temporal patterns of this transport are determined by the aerosol emission rates, their deposition (wet and dry), by the latitudinal shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the prevailing wind fields. More specifically, in summer, Saharan dust aerosols are transported towards the Atlantic Ocean, even reaching the Gulf of Mexico, while in winter the Atlantic Ocean transport takes place in more southern latitudes, near the equator, sometimes reaching the northern parts of South America. In the later case, dust is mixed with biomass burning aerosols originating from agricultural activities in the sub-Sahel, associated with prevailing north-easterly airflow (Harmattan winds). Satellite observations are the appropriate tool for describing this African aerosol export, which is important to atmospheric, oceanic and climate processes, offering the advantage of complete spatial coverage. In the present study, we use satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth at 550nm (AOD550nm), on a daily and monthly basis, derived from MODIS-Aqua platform, at 1ox1o spatial resolution (Level 3), for the period 2002-2012. The primary objective is to determine the pixel-level and regional mean anomalies of AOD550nm over the entire study period. The regime of the anomalies of African export is interpreted in relation to the aerosol source areas, precipitation, wind patterns and temporal variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI). In order to ensure availability of AOD over the Sahara desert, MODIS-Aqua Deep Blue products are also used. As for precipitation, Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) data at 2.5ox2.5o are used. The wind fields are taken from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Apart from the regime of African aerosol export 14. Filling the gap: using non-invasive geophysical methods to monitor the processes leading to enhanced carbon turnover induced by periodic water table fluctuations Science.gov (United States) Mellage, A.; Pronk, G.; Atekwana, E. A.; Furman, A.; Rezanezhad, F.; Van Cappellen, P. 2017-12-01 Subsurface transition environments such as the capillary fringe are characterized by steep gradients in redox conditions. Spatial and temporal variations in electron acceptor and donor availability - driven by hydrological changes - may enhance carbon turnover, in some cases resulting in pulses of CO2-respiration. Filling the mechanistic knowledge gap between the hydrological driver and its biogeochemical effects hinges on our ability to monitor microbial activity and key geochemical markers at a high spatial and temporal resolution. However, direct access to subsurface biogeochemical processes is logistically difficult, invasive and usually expensive. In-line, non-invasive geophysical techniques - Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) and Electrodic Potential (EP), specifically - offer a comparatively inexpensive alternative and can provide data with high spatial and temporal resolution. The challenge lies in linking electrical responses to specific changes in biogeochemical processes. We conducted SIP and EP measurements on a soil column experiment where an artificial soil mixture was subjected to monthly drainage and imbibition cycles. SIP responses showed a clear dependence on redox zonation and microbial abundance. Temporally variable responses exhibited no direct moisture dependence suggesting that the measured responses recorded changes in microbial activity and coincided with the depth interval over which enhanced carbon turnover was observed. EP measurements detected the onset of sulfate mineralization and mapped its depth zonation. SIP and EP signals thus detected enhanced microbial activity within the water table fluctuation zone as well as the timing of the development of specific reactive processes. These findings can be used to relate measured electrical signals to specific reaction pathways and help inform reactive transport models, increasing their predictive capabilities. 15. Enhanced Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Martin I. Bayala 2014-06-01 Full Text Available Land Surface Temperature (LST is a key parameter in the energy balance model. However, the spatial resolution of the retrieved LST from sensors with high temporal resolution is not accurate enough to be used in local-scale studies. To explore the LST–Normalised Difference Vegetation Index relationship potential and obtain thermal images with high spatial resolution, six enhanced image sharpening techniques were assessed: the disaggregation procedure for radiometric surface temperatures (TsHARP, the Dry Edge Quadratic Function, the Difference of Edges (Ts∗DL and three models supported by the relationship of surface temperature and water stress of vegetation (Normalised Difference Water Index, Normalised Difference Infrared Index and Soil wetness index. Energy Balance Station data and in situ measurements were used to validate the enhanced LST images over a mixed agricultural landscape in the sub-humid Pampean Region of Argentina (PRA, during 2006–2010. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (EOS-MODIS thermal datasets were assessed for different spatial resolutions (e.g., 960, 720 and 240 m and the performances were compared with global and local TsHARP procedures. Results suggest that the Ts∗DL technique is the most adequate for simulating LST to high spatial resolution over the heterogeneous landscape of a sub-humid region, showing an average root mean square error of less than 1 K. 16. 3D periodic multiscale TiO_2 architecture: a platform decorated with graphene quantum dots for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Xu, Zhen; Yin, Min; Lu, Linfeng; Chen, Xiaoyuan; Li, Dongdong; Sun, Jing; Ding, Guqiao; Chang, Paichun 2016-01-01 Micropatterned TiO_2 nanorods (TiO_2NRs) via three-dimensional (3D) geometry engineering in both microscale and nanoscale decorated with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been demonstrated successfully. First, micropillar (MP) and microcave (MC) arrays of anatase TiO_2 films are obtained through the sol–gel based thermal nanoimprinting method. Then they are employed as seed layers in hydrothermal growth to fabricate the 3D micropillar/microcave arrays of rutile TiO_2NRs (NR), which show much-improved photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance than the TiO_2NRs grown on flat seed layer. The zero-dimensional GQDs are sequentially deposited onto the surfaces of the microscale patterned nanorods. Owing to the fast charge separation that resulted from the favorable band alignment of the GQDs and rutile TiO_2, the MP-NR-GQDs electrode achieves a photocurrent density up to 2.92 mA cm"−"2 under simulated one-sun illumination. The incident-photon-to-current-conversion efficiency (IPCE) value up to 72% at 370 nm was achieved on the MP-NR-GQDs electrode, which outperforms the flat-NR counterpart by 69%. The IPCE results also imply that the improved photocurrent mainly benefits from the distinctly enhanced ultraviolet response. The work provides a cost-effective and flexible pathway to develop periodic 3D micropatterned photoelectrodes and is promising for the future deployment of high performance optoelectronic devices. (paper) 17. Enhanced online model identification and state of charge estimation for lithium-ion battery with a FBCRLS based observer International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wei, Zhongbao; Meng, Shujuan; Xiong, Binyu; Ji, Dongxu; Tseng, King Jet 2016-01-01 Highlights: • Integrated online model identification and SOC estimate is explored. • Noise variances are online estimated in a data-driven way. • Identification bias caused by noise corruption is attenuated. • SOC is online estimated with high accuracy and fast convergence. • Algorithm comparison shows the superiority of proposed method. - Abstract: State of charge (SOC) estimators with online identified battery model have proven to have high accuracy and better robustness due to the timely adaption of time varying model parameters. In this paper, we show that the common methods for model identification are intrinsically biased if both the current and voltage sensors are corrupted with noises. The uncertainties in battery model further degrade the accuracy and robustness of SOC estimate. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel technique which integrates the Frisch scheme based bias compensating recursive least squares (FBCRLS) with a SOC observer for enhanced model identification and SOC estimate. The proposed method online estimates the noise statistics and compensates the noise effect so that the model parameters can be extracted without bias. The SOC is further estimated in real time with the online updated and unbiased battery model. Simulation and experimental studies show that the proposed FBCRLS based observer effectively attenuates the bias on model identification caused by noise contamination and as a consequence provides more reliable estimate on SOC. The proposed method is also compared with other existing methods to highlight its superiority in terms of accuracy and convergence speed. 18. Stabilization of silver nanoparticles in nonanoic acid: A temperature activated conformation reaction observed with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Henneke, Dale E.; Malyavanatham, Gokul; Kovar, Desiderio; O'Brien, D.T.; Becker, M.F.; Nichols, William T.; Keto, J.W. 2003-01-01 Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by ultraviolet (λ=248 nm) laser ablation of an aerosol of micron-sized source particles entrained in nitrogen. As a result of thermionic electron emission and photoionization, nanoparticles produced in this manner were highly charged. The resulting aerosol was primarily composed of nanometer sized particles. The charged nanoparticles were deflected by an electric field that was perpendicular to the aerosol flow. Deflected nanoparticles were deposited directly into n-nonanoic acid flowing along the negative collection electrode. Suspensions of nanoparticles collected in this manner were dark gray in color and were found to be flocculated. When the suspensions were heated to temperatures above 75 deg. C, a color change from gray to clear was observed. Ultraviolet/visible extinction spectroscopy was performed on each suspension following annealing at different temperatures and times. By modeling the absorption decrease as a first order reaction, a good fit for the data was found. Analysis by dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the initial mean flocculent size of the gray suspensions was 602 nm. DLS analysis of the suspensions taken at different annealing intervals showed that the flocculent size decreased, but maintained a narrow size distribution until the size shrank below the instrument resolution limit. The reduction in flocculent size coincided with the observed color change, and an irreversible transition to a deflocculated primary nanoparticle suspension is observed. Surface enhanced Raman scattering is used to confirm that the reaction results from a change in the orientation of the nonanoic molecule on the surface of the nanoparticle 19. Enhancement of motor-imagery ability via combined action observation and motor-imagery training with proprioceptive neurofeedback. Science.gov (United States) Ono, Yumie; Wada, Kenya; Kurata, Masaya; Seki, Naoto 2018-04-23 Varied individual ability to control the sensory-motor rhythms may limit the potential use of motor-imagery (MI) in neurorehabilitation and neuroprosthetics. We employed neurofeedback training of MI under action observation (AO: AOMI) with proprioceptive feedback and examined whether it could enhance MI-induced event-related desynchronization (ERD). Twenty-eight healthy young adults participated in the neurofeedback training. They performed MI while watching a video of hand-squeezing motion from a first-person perspective. Eleven participants received correct proprioceptive feedback of the same hand motion with the video, via an exoskeleton robot attached to their hand, upon their successful generation of ERD. Another nine participants received random feedback. The training lasted for approximately 20 min per day and continued for 6 days within an interval of 2 weeks. MI-ERD power was evaluated separately, without AO, on each experimental day. The MI-ERD power of the participants receiving correct feedback, as opposed to random feedback, was significantly increased after training. An additional experiment in which the remaining eight participants were trained with auditory instead of proprioceptive feedback failed to show statistically significant increase in MI-ERD power. The significant training effect obtained in shorter training time relative to previously proposed methods suggests the superiority of AOMI training and physiologically-congruent proprioceptive feedback to enhance the MI-ERD power. The proposed neurofeedback training could help patients with motor deficits to attain better use of brain-machine interfaces for rehabilitation and/or prosthesis. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 20. Coronary heart disease among adult population evacuated from the 30-km zone of the Chernobyl NPP (Descriptive epidemiologic research results. Observation period 1988-2012 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Olga A. Kapustynskaia 2015-02-01 determination and analyses of the dynamics of the evacuated adults sickness rate of the coronary heart disease also including its particular types including of age at the time of the accident sex and from the moment of the accident. The materials of the Ukrainian public register of people who suffered from the Chernobyl accident (UPR and the statistical data of the Ministry of Healthcare about the sickness of the Ukrainian population are used in the article. Subject of inquiry: adult population at the time of the accident avacuated from the 30-km Zone of the Chernobyl APP. Object of research - Coronary heart disease. The research was made on the coronary heart disease in whole and also due to nosological forms: angina pectoris; cardiac infarction; chronic coronary heart disease. Descriptive epidemiologic research was made for the period of 1988-2010 years. The cohort of adult avacuated population constituted 55022 people, 22056 men and 32966 women off them. For the comparison the statistic data about the sickness of adult population of Ukraine were used. In the article was also used the method of inner comparison, which allows to evaluate the credibility of the sickness rate figures difference for the periods of observation. The analisys is carried through following five periods (1988-1992 years, 1993-1997 years, 1998-2002 years, 2003-2008 years, 2009-2010 years. In accordance with the 24-years medical observation was determined that the coronary heart disease incidence of the adult evacuated population has significant differences due to age, sex and time. The increase in the coronary heart disease incidence regardless age at the moment of the accident is to be considered for the period of 12-22 years. The peak of the sickness for those, who were 40-60 at the time of the accident, was registered for the third period of observation, i. e. after 12-16 years from the moment of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP, for those, evacuated at the age of 18-39 – after 17-22 years and 1. Investigation of a sample of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars observed with FORS and GMOS Science.gov (United States) Caffau, E.; Gallagher, A. J.; Bonifacio, P.; Spite, M.; Duffau, S.; Spite, F.; Monaco, L.; Sbordone, L. 2018-06-01 Aims: Carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars represent a sizeable fraction of all known metal-poor stars in the Galaxy. Their formation and composition remains a significant topic of investigation within the stellar astrophysics community. Methods: We analysed a sample of low-resolution spectra of 30 dwarf stars, obtained using the visual and near UV FOcal Reducer and low dispersion Spectrograph for the Very Large Telescope (FORS/VLT) of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrographs (GMOS) at the GEMINI telescope, to derive their metallicity and carbon abundance. Results: We derived C and Ca from all spectra, and Fe and Ba from the majority of the stars. Conclusions: We have extended the population statistics of CEMP stars and have confirmed that in general, stars with a high C abundance belonging to the high C band show a high Ba-content (CEMP-s or -r/s), while stars with a normal C abundance or that are C-rich, but belong to the low C band, are normal in Ba (CEMP-no). Based on observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 099.D-0791.Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory (processed using the Gemini IRAF package), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil).Tables 1 and 2 are also available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/614/A68 2. Enhancing access and usage of earth observations to support environmental decision making in Eastern and Southern Africa Science.gov (United States) Shukla, S.; Husak, G. J.; Macharia, D.; Peterson, P.; Landsfeld, M. F.; Funk, C.; Flores, A. 2017-12-01 Remote sensing, reanalysis and model based earth observations (EOs) are crucial for environmental decision making, particularly in a region like Eastern and Southern Africa, where ground-based observations are sparse. NASA and the Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) provide several EOs relevant for monitoring, providing early warning of agroclimatic conditions. Nonetheless, real-time application of those EOs for decision making in the region is still limited. This presentation reports on an ongoing SERVIR-supported Applied Science Team (AST) project that aims to fill that gap by working in close collaboration with Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development (RCMRD), the NASA SERVIR regional hub. The three main avenues being taken to enhance access and usage of EOs in the region are: (1) Transition and implementation of web-based tools to RCMRD to allow easy processing and visualization of EOs (2) Capacity building of personnel from regional and national agroclimate service agencies in using EOs, through training using targeted case studies, and (3) Development of new datasets to meet the specific needs of RCMRD and regional stakeholders. The presentation will report on the initial success, lessons learned, and feedback thus far in this project regarding the implementation of web-based tool and capacity building efforts. It will also briefly describe three new datasets, currently in development, to improve agroclimate monitoring in the region, which are: (1) Satellite infrared and stations based temperature maximum dataset (CHIRTS) (2) NASA's GEOS5 and NCEP's CFSv2 based seasonal scale reference evapotranspiration forecasts and (3) NCEP's GEFS based medium range weather forecasts which are bias-corrected to USGS and UCSB's rainfall monitoring dataset (CHIRPS). 3. Sensitivity enhanced NMR spectroscopy by quenching scalar coupling mediated relaxation: Application to the direct observation of hydrogen bonds in 13C/15N-labeled proteins Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Liu Aizhuo; Hu Weidong; Qamar, Seema; Majumdar, Ananya [Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program (United States) 2000-05-15 In this paper, we demonstrate that the sensitivity of triple-resonance NMR experiments can be enhanced significantly through quenching scalar coupling mediated relaxation by using composite-pulse decoupling (CPD) or an adiabatic decoupling sequence on aliphatic, in particular alpha-carbons in {sup 13}C/{sup 15}N-labeled proteins. The CPD-HNCO experiment renders 50% sensitivity enhancement over the conventional CT-HNCO experiment performed on a 12 kDa FK506 binding protein, when a total of 266 ms of amide nitrogen-carbonyl carbon defocusing and refocusing periods is employed. This is a typical time period for the direct detection of hydrogen bonds in proteins via trans-hydrogen bond {sup 3h}J{sub NC'} couplings. The experimental data fit theoretical analysis well. The significant enhancement in sensitivity makes the experiment more applicable to larger-sized proteins without resorting to perdeuteration. 4. Look at That!: Using Madagascar Hissing Cockroaches to Develop and Enhance the Scientific Inquiry Skill of Observation in Middle School Students Science.gov (United States) Wagler, Ron 2011-01-01 Middle school students can develop and enhance their observation skills by participating in teacher-guided scientific inquiry (NRC 1996) activities where they observe animals that tend to act in known, predictable ways. Madagascar hissing cockroaches ("Gromphadorhina portentosa") are one such animal. This article presents beginning, intermediate,… 5. Raman lidar measurements of water vapor and aerosols during the atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) remote clouds sensing (RCS) intensive observation period (IOP) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Melfi, S.H.; Starr, D.OC.; Whiteman, D. [NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States)] [and others 1996-04-01 The first Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) remote Cloud Study (RCS) Intensive Operations Period (IOP) was held during April 1994 at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. This experiment was conducted to evaluate and calibrate state-of-the-art, ground based remote sensing instruments and to use the data acquired by these instruments to validate retrieval algorithms developed under the ARM program. 6. Intense energetic electron flux enhancements in Mercury's magnetosphere: An integrated view with high-resolution observations from MESSENGER. Science.gov (United States) Baker, Daniel N; Dewey, Ryan M; Lawrence, David J; Goldsten, John O; Peplowski, Patrick N; Korth, Haje; Slavin, James A; Krimigis, Stamatios M; Anderson, Brian J; Ho, George C; McNutt, Ralph L; Raines, Jim M; Schriver, David; Solomon, Sean C 2016-03-01 The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission to Mercury has provided a wealth of new data about energetic particle phenomena. With observations from MESSENGER's Energetic Particle Spectrometer, as well as data arising from energetic electrons recorded by the X-Ray Spectrometer and Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) instruments, recent work greatly extends our record of the acceleration, transport, and loss of energetic electrons at Mercury. The combined data sets include measurements from a few keV up to several hundred keV in electron kinetic energy and have permitted relatively good spatial and temporal resolution for many events. We focus here on the detailed nature of energetic electron bursts measured by the GRNS system, and we place these events in the context of solar wind and magnetospheric forcing at Mercury. Our examination of data at high temporal resolution (10 ms) during the period March 2013 through October 2014 supports strongly the view that energetic electrons are accelerated in the near-tail region of Mercury's magnetosphere and are subsequently "injected" onto closed magnetic field lines on the planetary nightside. The electrons populate the plasma sheet and drift rapidly eastward toward the dawn and prenoon sectors, at times executing multiple complete drifts around the planet to form "quasi-trapped" populations. 7. Enhancing Extreme Heat Health-Related Intervention and Preparedness Activities Using Remote Sensing Analysis of Daily Surface Temperature, Surface Observation Networks and Ecmwf Reanalysis Science.gov (United States) Garcia, R. L.; Booth, J.; Hondula, D.; Ross, K. W.; Stuyvesant, A.; Alm, G.; Baghel, E. 2015-12-01 Extreme heat causes more human fatalities in the United States than any other natural disaster, elevating the concern of heat-related mortality. Maricopa County Arizona is known for its high heat index and its sprawling metropolitan complex which makes this region a perfect candidate for human health research. Individuals at higher risk are unequally spatially distributed, leaving the poor, homeless, non-native English speakers, elderly, and the socially isolated vulnerable to heat events. The Arizona Department of Health Services, Arizona State University and NASA DEVELOP LaRC are working to establish a more effective method of placing hydration and cooling centers in addition to enhancing the heat warning system to aid those with the highest exposure. Using NASA's Earth Observation Systems from Aqua and Terra satellites, the daily spatial variability within the UHI was quantified over the summer heat seasons from 2005 - 2014, effectively establishing a remotely sensed surface temperature climatology for the county. A series of One-way Analysis of Variance revealed significant differences between daily surface temperature averages of the top 30% of census tracts within the study period. Furthermore, synoptic upper tropospheric circulation patterns were classified to relate surface weather types and heat index. The surface weather observation networks were also reviewed for analyzing the veracity of the other methods. The results provide detailed information regarding nuances within the UHI effect and will allow pertinent recommendations regarding the health department's adaptive capacity. They also hold essential components for future policy decision-making regarding appropriate locations for cooling centers and efficient warning systems. 8. Feeding broiler breeders a reduced balanced protein diet during the rearing and laying period impairs reproductive performance but enhances broiler offspring performance. Science.gov (United States) Lesuisse, J; Li, C; Schallier, S; Leblois, J; Everaert, N; Buyse, J 2017-09-01 Mammalian studies have shown that nutritional constraints during the perinatal period are able to program the progeny (metabolism, performance). The presented research aimed to investigate if broiler breeders and their offspring performance could be influenced by reducing the dietary crude protein (CP) level with 25%. A total of 160 day-old pure line A breeder females were randomly divided over 2 dietary treatments. The control group was fed commercial diets, whereas the reduced balanced protein (RP) breeders received an isoenergetic diet that was decreased with 25% in dietary CP and amino acid during their entire lifespan. The RP birds required an increased feed allowance, varying between 3 and 15%, to meet the same BW goals as their control fed counterparts. The difference in feed allocations and reduction of the dietary CP level resulted in a net protein reduction varying between 14 and 23%. At wk 27 and 40, the body composition of the breeders was changed as a result of the dietary treatment. At both ages, the proportional abdominal fat pad weight of the RP breeders was increased (P < 0.001), whereas the proportional breast muscle weight was only higher at wk 27 in the control group compared to the RP group (P < 0.001). Egg weight (P < 0.001) and egg production (P < 0.001) was decreased for the RP fed birds. The lower dietary CP level reduced the proportional albumen weight of the RP eggs (P = 0.006). Male offspring from RP breeders were characterized by an increase in BW from 28 d until 35 d of age (P = 0.015). Moreover, female progeny of RP breeders showed a reduced FCR (P = 0.025), whereas male progeny showed a tendency (P = 0.052) towards a lower FCR at 5 wk of age. In conclusion, lowering dietary CP levels in rearing and laying phase of breeders had a negative effect on breeder performance but enhanced live performance of the offspring. © 2017 Poultry Science Association Inc. 9. Minimum period and the gap in periods of Cataclysmic binaries International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Paczynski, B.; Sienkiewicz, R. 1983-01-01 The 81 minute cutoff to the orbital periods of hydrogen-rich cataclysmic binaries is consistent with evolution of those systems being dominated by angular momentum losses due to gravitational radiation. Unfortunately, many uncertainties, mainly poorly known atmospheric opacities below 2000 K, make is physically impossible to verify the quadrupole formula for gravitational radiation by using the observed cutoff at 81 minutes. The upper boundary of the gap in orbital periods observed at about 3 hours is almost certainly due to enhanced angular momentum losses from cataclysmic binaries which have longer periods. The physical mechanism of those losses is not identified, but a possible importance of stellar winds is pointed out. The lower boundary of the gap may be explained with the oldest cataclysmic binaries, whose periods evolved past the minimum at 81 minutes and reached the value of 2 hours within about 12 x 10 9 years after the binary had formed. Those binaries should have secondary components of only 0.02 solar masses, and their periods could be used to estimate ages of the oldest cataclysmic stars, and presumably the age of Galaxy. An alternative explanation for the gap requires that binaries should be detached while crossing the gap. A possible mechanism for this phenomenon is discussed. It requires the secondary components to be about 0.2 solar masses in the binaries just below the gap 10. Observation of silicon self-diffusion enhanced by the strain originated from end-of-range defects using isotope multilayers Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Isoda, Taiga; Uematsu, Masashi; Itoh, Kohei M., E-mail: [email protected] [School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522 (Japan) 2015-09-21 Si self-diffusion in the presence of end-of-range (EOR) defects is investigated using {sup nat}Si/{sup 28}Si isotope multilayers. The isotope multilayers were amorphized by Ge ion implantation, and then annealed at 800–950 °C. The behavior of Si self-interstitials is investigated through the {sup 30}Si self-diffusion. The experimental {sup 30}Si profiles show further enhancement of Si self-diffusion at the EOR defect region, in addition to the transient enhanced diffusion via excess Si self-interstitials by EOR defects. To explain this additional enhanced diffusion, we propose a model which takes into account enhanced diffusion by tensile strain originated from EOR defects. The calculation results based on this model have well reproduced the experimental {sup 30}Si profiles. 11. Prevalence of Cancers of Female Organs among Patients with Diabetes Type 2 in Kelantan, Malaysia: Observations over an 11 Year Period and Strategies to Reduce the Incidence. Science.gov (United States) Jalil, Nur Asyilla Che; Zin, Anani Aila Mat; Othman, Nor Hayati 2015-01-01 Kelantan is one of the states in Malaysia which has a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM2). Other than with endometrial carcinoma, the association of DM2 with particular female cancers is not known. To determine the proportion of breast, cervical, ovarian and endometrial cancers among females with DM2 diagnosed in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) over an 11 year period. All histologically confirmed cases of breast, endometrial, cervical and ovarian carcinomas admitted to the Hospital were included in the study. The patient diabetic status was traced from the hospital medical records. There was a total of 860 cases of breast, cervical, ovarian and endometrial carcinomas over this period. Breast carcinoma was the commonest, accounting for 437/860 (50.8%) followed by cervix, 159/860 (18.5%), ovarian, 143/860 (16.6%) and endometrial carcinomas, 121/860 (14.1%). Out of these, 228/860 (26.5%) were confirmed diabetics. Endometrial carcinoma patients showed the highest proportion being diabetics, 42.1% (51/121), followed by ovarian cancer, 25.9% (37/143), breast carcinoma, 23.6% (103/437) and cervical cancer 23.3% (37/159). There is a significant proportion of DM2 among women with these four cancers, endometrial carcinoma being the highest followed by ovarian, breast and cervical carcinoma. The rising trend of these four cancers is in tandem with an increasing trend of DM2 in the community. In populations where diabetes is prevalent, screening for epithelial cancers should be rigourous. Diabetic clinics should include screening for these cancers among their female patients and gynecology clinics should screen the women they treat for their diabetes status. 12. Principal component analysis of the main factors of line intensity enhancements observed in oscillating direct current plasma International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Stoiljkovic, Milovan M.; Pasti, Igor A.; Momcilovic, Milos D.; Savovic, Jelena J.; Pavlovic, Mirjana S. 2010-01-01 Enhancement of emission line intensities by induced oscillations of direct current (DC) arc plasma with continuous aerosol sample supply was investigated using multivariate statistics. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to evaluate enhancements of 34 atomic spectral lines belonging to 33 elements and 35 ionic spectral lines belonging to 23 elements. Correlation and classification of the elements were done not only by a single property such as the first ionization energy, but also by considering other relevant parameters. Special attention was paid to the influence of the oxide bond strength in an attempt to clarify/predict the enhancement effect. Energies of vaporization, atomization, and excitation were also considered in the analysis. In the case of atomic lines, the best correlation between the enhancements and first ionization energies was obtained as a negative correlation, with weak consistency in grouping of elements in score plots. Conversely, in the case of ionic lines, the best correlation of the enhancements with the sum of the first ionization energies and oxide bond energies was obtained as a positive correlation, with four distinctive groups of elements. The role of the gas-phase atom-oxide bond energy in the entire enhancement effect is underlined. 13. Evaluation of ERA-Interim, MERRA, NCEP-DOE R2 and CFSR Reanalysis precipitation Data using Gauge Observation over Ethiopia for a period of 33 years Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tewodros Woldemariam Tesfaye 2017-09-01 Full Text Available The vital demand of reliable climatic and hydrologic data of fine spatial and temporal resolution triggered the employment of reanalysis datasets as a surrogate in most of the hydrological modelling exercises. This study examines the performance of four widely used reanalysis datasets: ERA-Interim, NCEP-DOE R2, MERRA and CFSR, in reproducing the spatio-temporal characteristics of observed daily precipitation of different stations spread across Ethiopia, East Africa. The appropriateness of relying on reanalysis datasets for hydrologic modelling, climate change impact assessment and regional modelling studies is assessed using various statistical and non-parametric techniques. ERA-Interim is found to exhibit higher correlation and least root mean square error values with observed daily rainfall, which is followed by CFSR and MERRA in most of the stations. The variability of daily precipitation is better captured by ERA, CFSR and MERRA, while NCEP-DOE R2 overestimated the spread of the precipitation data. While ERA overestimates the probability of moderate rainfall, it is seemingly better in capturing the probability of low rainfall. CFSR captures the overall distribution reasonable well. NCEP-DOE R2 appears to be outperforming others in capturing the probabilities of higher magnitude rainfall. Climatological seasonal cycle and the characteristics of wet and dry spells are compared further, where ERA seemingly replicates the pattern more effectively. However, observed rainfall exhibits higher frequency of short wet spells when compared to that of any reanalysis datasets. MERRA relatively underperforms in simulating the wet spell characteristics of observed daily rainfall. CFSR overestimates the mean wet spell length and mean dry spell length. Spatial trend analysis indicates that the northern and central western Ethiopia show increasing trends, whereas the Central and Eastern Ethiopia as well as the Southern Ethiopia stations show either no trend 14. Field observation of morpho-dynamic processes during storms at a Pacific beach, Japan: role of long-period waves in storm-induced berm erosion. Science.gov (United States) Mizuguchi, Masaru; Seki, Katsumi 2015-01-01 Many ultrasonic wave gages were placed with a small spacing across the swash zone to monitor either sand level or water level. Continuous monitoring conducted for a few years enabled the collection of data on the change in wave properties as well as swash-zone profiles. Data sets including two cases of large-scale berm erosion were analyzed. The results showed that 1) shoreline erosion started when high waves with significant power in long-period (1 to 2 min.) waves reached the top of a well-developed berm with the help of rising tide; 2) the beach in the swash zone was eroded with higher elevation being more depressed, while the bottom elevation just outside the swash zone remained almost unchanged; and 3) erosion stopped in a few hours after the berm was completely eroded or the swash-zone slope became uniformly mild. These findings strongly suggest that long waves play a dominant role in the swash-zone dynamics associated with these erosional events. 15. The role of nocturnal delivery and delivery during the holiday period in Finland on obstetric anal sphincter rupture rates- a population based observational study Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Vehviläinen-Julkunen Katri 2010-02-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Obstetric anal sphincter rupture (OASR is a serious complication of delivery, which frequently results in faecal incontinence despite primary repair and has serious implications for women's health. The objective of this study was to assess whether human factors, workload and staffing at night, at weekends and during holidays has an effect on the increasing OASR rates among all singleton vaginal deliveries (n = 514,741 having occurred between 1997 and 2007 in Finland. Women (n = 2,849 with OASR were compared in terms of possible risk factors to women without OASR using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Findings In Finland, the increase in OASR rate is striking, from 0.2% in 1997 to 0.9% in 2007. OASR rates varied from 0.49% to 0.58% (≤ 0.001 according to the time of day, and were lowest at night. After adjustment for patient-mix and the use of interventions, the risk of OASR was 11% lower (95% CI 3-18% at night and 15% lower (95% CI 3-26% in July - the main holiday month. Only 14% of the increased OASR risk during the day time (8-23.59 was attributable to vacuum assistance and birth weight, whereas the holiday period had no effect. Conclusions Decreased OASR rates at night and in July suggest that human factors such as decreased alertness due to fatigue or hospitals' administrative factors such as workload and staffing did not increase the rates of OASR. 16. Revisiting the Brazilian scenario of registry and protection of cultivars: an analysis of the period from 1998 to 2010, its dynamics and legal observations. Science.gov (United States) Marinho, C D; Martins, F J O; Amaral, S C S; Amaral Júnior, A T; Gonçalves, L S A; de Mello, M P 2011-05-03 During the last 20 years, the national production of grains has increased 156.1%; productivity increased 93.8% and there has been an increase of 29.1% in cultivated area. Currently, agribusiness is responsible for 40% of Brazilian exports. Nevertheless, there is little quantitative information on the main plant species of economic interest that have been registered and protected in the Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supply Ministry (MAPA) by public and private companies, as well as by public-private partnerships. Consequently, we investigated the registry and protection of 27 species of economic interest, including the 15 that are the basis of the Brazilian diet, based on the information available on the site CultivarWeb, of MAPA, for the period from 1998 to August 30, 2010. We also examined the legislation that regulates registration and protection procedures and its implications for plant breeding and plant product development. It was found that the private sector controls 73.1% of the registrations and 53.56% of the protections, while 10.73% of the protections were of material developed overseas. Public-private partnerships contributed little to the development of new cultivars, with 0.5% of the registries and 3.61% of the protections. We conclude that plant protection directed private investment to development of wheat and rice varieties, with the greatest public investments directed to corn and sorghum. After the Cultivar Protection Law was implemented, there was restriction of access to germplasm banks, which could inhibit advances in Brazilian plant breeding programs, indicating a need for revision of this legal barrier. 17. Increase in tumour permeability following TGF-? type I receptor-inhibitor treatment observed by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI OpenAIRE Minowa, T; Kawano, K; Kuribayashi, H; Shiraishi, K; Sugino, T; Hattori, Y; Yokoyama, M; Maitani, Y 2009-01-01 Background: To enhance the success rate of nanocarrier-mediated chemotherapy combined with an anti-angiogenic agent, it is crucial to identify parameters for tumour vasculature that can predict a response to the treatment of the anti-angiogenic agent. Methods: To apply transforming growth factor (TGF)-? type I receptor (T?R-I) inhibitor, A-83-01, to combined therapy, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) was carried out in mice bearing colon 26 cells using gadolinium ... 18. Deciphering Periodic Methanol Masers Science.gov (United States) Stecklum, Bringfried; Caratti o Garatti, Alessio; Henning, Thomas; Hodapp, Klaus; Hopp, Ulrich; Kraus, Alex; Linz, Hendrik; Sanna, Alberto; Sobolev, Andrej; Wolf, Verena 2018-05-01 Impressive progress has been made in recent years on massive star formation, yet the involved high optical depths even at submm/mm wavelengths make it difficult to reveal its details. Recently, accretion bursts of massive YSOs have been identified to cause flares of Class II methanol masers (methanol masers for short) due to enhanced mid-IR pumping. This opens a new window to protostellar accretion variability, and implies that periodic methanol masers hint at cyclic accretion. Pinning down the cause of the periodicity requires joint IR and radio monitoring. We derived the first IR light curve of a periodic maser host from NEOWISE data. The source, G107.298+5.639, is an intermediate-mass YSO hosting methanol and water masers which flare every 34.5 days. Our recent joint K-band and radio observations yielded first but marginal evidence for a phase lag between the rise of IR and maser emission, respectively, and revealed that both NEOWISE and K-band light curves are strongly affected by the light echo from the ambient dust. Both the superior resolution of IRAC over NEOWISE and the longer wavelengths compared to our ground-based imaging are required to inhibit the distractive contamination by the light echo. Thus, we ask for IRAC monitoring of G107 to cover one flare cycle, in tandem with 100-m Effelsberg and 2-m Wendelstein radio and NIR observations to obtain the first high-quality synoptic measurements of this kind of sources. The IR-maser phase lag, the intrinsic shape of the IR light curves and their possible color variation during the cycle allow us to constrain models for the periodic maser excitation. Since methanol masers are signposts of intermediate-mass and massive YSOs, deciphering their variability offers a clue to the dynamics of the accretion-mediated growth of massive stars and their feedback onto the immediate natal environment. The Spitzer light curve of such a maser-hosting YSO would be a legacy science product of the mission. 19. Problem Periods Science.gov (United States) ... ovary syndrome. Read our information on PCOS for teens , and see your doctor if you think you may have PCOS. Major weight loss. Girls who have anorexia will often stop having periods. When to see ... 20. Core-cladding mode coupling and recoupling in photonic crystal fiber for enhanced overlap of evanescent field using long-period gratings Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database He, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Kaňka, Jiří; Du, H. 2010-01-01 Roč. 18, č. 2 (2010), s. 507-512 ISSN 1094-4087 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA102/08/1719 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z20670512 Keywords : Photonic crystal fiber * Long-period grating * Fiber-optic evanescent sensor Subject RIV: JA - Electronics ; Optoelectronics, Electrical Engineering Impact factor: 3.749, year: 2010 1. Chromium supplementation alters the performance and health of feedlot cattle during the receiving period and enhances their metabolic response to a lipopolysaccharide challenge Science.gov (United States) Crossbred steers (n = 180; 230 +/- 6 kg) were fed during a 56-d receiving period to determine if supplementing chromium (Cr; KemTRACE®brandChromiumPropionate0.04%, Kemin Industries) would improve feedlot performance and health of newly-received cattle. A completely randomized block design (36 pens; ... 2. Periodicity in tumor vasculature targeting kinetics of ligand-functionalized nanoparticles studied by dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and intravital microscopy DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hak, Sjoerd; Cebulla, Jana; Huuse, Else Marie 2014-01-01 In the past two decades advances in the development of targeted nanoparticles have facilitated their application as molecular imaging agents and targeted drug delivery vehicles. Nanoparticle-enhanced molecular imaging of the angiogenic tumor vasculature has been of particular interest. Not only...... because angiogenesis plays an important role in various pathologies, but also since endothelial cell surface receptors are directly accessible for relatively large circulating nanoparticles. Typically, nanoparticle targeting towards these receptors is studied by analyzing the contrast distribution...... kinetics. These kinetics will not only depend on nanoparticle characteristics, but also on receptor binding and recycling. In this study, we monitored the in vivo targeting kinetics of αvβ3-integrin specific nanoparticles with intravital microscopy and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging... 3. An enhancement at the Σanti K threshold (1680) MeV observed in K-p reactions at 4.2 GeV/c International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dionisi, C.; Diaz, J.; Armenteros, R.; Gavillet, Ph.; Gurtu, A.; Hemingway, R.J.; Mazzucato, M.; Blokzijl, R.; Kluyver, J.C.; Massaro, G.G.G.; Metzger, W.J.; Schotanus, J.; Tiecke, H.G.; Foster, B.; Lamb, P.R.; McDowell, W.L. 1978-01-01 An enhancement in the (Σanti K) mass spectrum at threshold is observed in K - p interactions at 4.2 GeV/c. It appears both in the neutral and negative charge states. Corresponding Λanti K mass distributions show weak evidence for an effect close to this threshold (approximately 1680 MeV). Although the interpretation of the (Σanti K) enhancement by itself is ambiguous, a (Σanti K) - (Λanti K) coupled channel analysis gives results compatible with its interpretation as a new Ψ*. (Auth.) 4. Types of Lightning Discharges that Abruptly Terminate Enhanced Fluxes of Energetic Radiation and Particles Observed at Ground Level International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Chilingarian, A.; Khanikyants, Y.; Pokhsraryan, D.; Soghomonyan, S.; Mareev, E.; Rakov, V. 2017-01-01 We present ground-based measurements of thunderstorm-related enhancements of fluxes of energetic radiation and particles that are abruptly terminated by lightning discharges. All measurements were performed at an altitude of 3200 m above sea level on Mt. Aragats (Armenia). Lightning signatures were recorded using a network of five electric field mills, three of which were placed at the Aragats station, one at the Nor Amberd station (12.8 km from Aragats), and one at the Yerevan station (39 km from Aragats), and a wideband electric field measuring system with a useful frequency bandwidth of 50 Hz to 12 MHZ. It appears that the flux-enhancement termination is associated with close (within 10 km or so of the particle detector) -CGs and normal polarity ICs; that is, with lightning types which reduce the upward-directed electric field below the cloud and, hence, suppress the acceleration of electrons toward the ground. (author) 5. Observational Learning in Mice Can Be Prevented by Medial Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation and Enhanced by Nucleus Accumbens Stimulation Science.gov (United States) 2012-01-01 The neural structures involved in ongoing appetitive and/or observational learning behaviors remain largely unknown. Operant conditioning and observational learning were evoked and recorded in a modified Skinner box provided with an on-line video recording system. Mice improved their acquisition of a simple operant conditioning task by… 6. Enhanced light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with periodic textured SiO2 on Al-doped ZnO transparent conductive layer Science.gov (United States) Yu, Zhao; Bingfeng, Fan; Yiting, Chen; Yi, Zhuo; Zhoujun, Pang; Zhen, Liu; Gang, Wang 2016-07-01 We report an effective enhancement in light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with an Al-doped ZnO (AZO) transparent conductive layer by incorporating a top regular textured SiO2 layer. The 2 inch transparent through-pore anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane was fabricated and used as the etching mask. The periodic pore with a pitch of about 410 nm was successfully transferred to the surface of the SiO2 layer without any etching damages to the AZO layer and the electrodes. The light output power was enhanced by 19% at 20 mA and 56% at 100 mA compared to that of the planar LEDs without a patterned surface. This approach offers a technique to fabricate a low-cost and large-area regular pattern on the LED chip for achieving enhanced light extraction without an obvious increase of the forward voltage. ). 7. Enhanced light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with periodic textured SiO2 on Al-doped ZnO transparent conductive layer International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zhao Yu; Fan Bingfeng; Chen Yiting; Zhuo Yi; Wang Gang; Pang Zhoujun; Liu Zhen 2016-01-01 We report an effective enhancement in light extraction of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with an Al-doped ZnO (AZO) transparent conductive layer by incorporating a top regular textured SiO 2 layer. The 2 inch transparent through-pore anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane was fabricated and used as the etching mask. The periodic pore with a pitch of about 410 nm was successfully transferred to the surface of the SiO 2 layer without any etching damages to the AZO layer and the electrodes. The light output power was enhanced by 19% at 20 mA and 56% at 100 mA compared to that of the planar LEDs without a patterned surface. This approach offers a technique to fabricate a low-cost and large-area regular pattern on the LED chip for achieving enhanced light extraction without an obvious increase of the forward voltage. (paper) 8. Pikalert(R) System Vehicle Data Translator (VDT) Utilizing Integrated Mobile Observations Pikalert VDT Enhancements, Operations, & Maintenance Science.gov (United States) 2017-03-24 The Pikalert System provides high precision road weather guidance. It assesses current weather and road conditions based on observations from connected vehicles, road weather information stations, radar, and weather model analysis fields. It also for... 9. Evaluating automated dynamic contrast enhanced wrist 3 T MRI in healthy volunteers: One-year longitudinal observational study Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rastogi, Anshul, E-mail: [email protected] [Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London (United Kingdom); Kubassova, Olga, E-mail: [email protected] [Image Analysis, Leeds (United Kingdom); Krasnosselskaia, Lada V., E-mail: [email protected] [Imaging Sciences Department, Imperial College London (United Kingdom); Lim, Adrian K.P., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Radiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (United Kingdom); Satchithananda, Keshthra, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Radiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London (United Kingdom); Boesen, Mikael, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Radiology and the Parker Institute, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospitals (Denmark); Binks, Michael, E-mail: [email protected] [GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, SG1 2NY (United Kingdom); Hajnal, Joseph V., E-mail: [email protected] [Imaging Sciences Department, Imperial College London (United Kingdom); Taylor, Peter C., E-mail: [email protected] [Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London (United Kingdom) 2013-08-15 Rational and Objective: Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI has great potential to provide quantitative measure of inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis. There is no current benchmark to establish the stability of signal in the joints of healthy subjects when imaged with DCE-MRI longitudinally, which is crucial so as to differentiate changes induced by treatment from the inherent variability of perfusion measures. The objective of this study was to test a pixel-by-pixel parametric map based approach for analysis of DCE-MRI (Dynamika) and to investigate the variability in signal characteristics over time in healthy controls using longitudinally acquired images. Materials and Methods: 10 healthy volunteers enrolled, dominant wrists were imaged with contrast enhanced 3T MRI at baseline, week 12, 24 and 52 and scored with RAMRIS, DCE-MRI was analysed using a novel quantification parametric map based approach. Radiographs were obtained at baseline and week 52 and scored using modified Sharp van der Heidje method. RAMRIS scores and dynamic MRI measures were correlated. Results: No erosions were seen on radiographs, whereas MRI showed erosion-like changes, low grade bone marrow oedema and low-moderate synovial enhancement. The DCE-MRI parameters were stable (baseline scores, variability) (mean ± st.dev); in whole wrist analysis, ME{sub mean} (1.3 ± 0.07, −0.08 ± 0.1 at week 24) and IRE{sub mean} (0.008 ± 0.004, −0.002 ± 0.005 at week 12 and 24). In the rough wrist ROI, ME{sub mean} (1.2 ± 0.07, 0.04 ± 0.02 at week 52) and IRE{sub mean} (0.001 ± 0.0008, 0.0006 ± 0.0009 at week 52) and precise wrist ROI, ME{sub mean} (1.2 ± 0.09, 0.04 ± 0.04 at week 52) and IRE{sub mean} (0.001 ± 0.0008, 0.0008 ± 0.001 at week 24 and 52). The Dynamic parameters obtained using fully automated analysis demonstrated strong, statistically significant correlations with RAMRIS synovitis scores. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that contrast enhancement does occur in 10. Enhancement of periodate-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence by nitrogen doped carbon dots and its application for the determination of pyrogallol and gallic acid. Science.gov (United States) Shah, Syed Niaz Ali; Li, Haifang; Lin, Jin-Ming 2016-06-01 A new sensitized chemiluminescence (CL) was developed to broaden the analytical application of KIO4-H2O2 system. The nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) dramatically boosted the CL intensity of KIO4-H2O2 system which was further enriched by basic medium. In light of EPR analysis, free radical scavenging studies and CL spectra the detail mechanism for the enhancement was conferred in the presence of N-CDs and NaOH. The results suggested that CL of KIO4-H2O2 system in the presence and absence of N-CDs and NaOH proceeds via radical pathway. The enhanced CL was used for the determination of pyrogallol and gallic acid in range of 1.0×10(-4)-1.0×10(-7)M with 4.6×10(-8) and 6.1×10(-8)M limit of detection respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) at a concentration of 10(-5) for gallic acid and pyrogallol was 1.4% and 2.3% respectively (n=11). The attained results unveil that the present method is sensitive, faster, simpler and less costly compared to other methods and could be applied to determine polyphenols in real samples. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 11. NanoPCR observation: different levels of DNA replication fidelity in nanoparticle-enhanced polymerase chain reactions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Shen Cenchao; Yang Wenjuan; Ji Qiaoli; Zhang Zhizhou; Maki, Hisaji; Dong Anjie 2009-01-01 Nanoparticle-assisted PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology is getting more and more attention recently. It is believed that some of the DNA recombinant technologies will be upgraded by nanotechnology in the near future, among which DNA replication is one of the core manipulation techniques. So whether or not the DNA replication fidelity is compromised in nanoparticle-assisted PCR is a question. In this study, a total of 16 different metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles (NPs) were tested for their effects on DNA replication fidelity in vitro and in vivo. Sixteen types of nanomaterials were distinctly different in enhancing the PCR efficiency, and their relative capacity to retain DNA replication fidelity was largely different from each other based on rpsL gene mutation assay. Generally speaking, metallic nanoparticles induced larger error rates in DNA replication fidelity than non-metallic nanoparticles, and non-metallic nanomaterials such as carbon nanopowder or nanotubes were still safe as PCR enhancers because they did not compromise the DNA replication fidelity in the Taq DNA polymerase-based PCR system. 12. Diagnostic accuracy of fracture detection in suspected non-accidental injury: the effect of edge enhancement and digital display on observer performance Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Offiah, A.C. [Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London (United Kingdom) and Institute of Child Health, London (United Kingdom)]. E-mail: [email protected]; Moon, L. [Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London (United Kingdom); Hall, C.M. [Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London (United Kingdom); Todd-Pokropek, A. [Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London (United Kingdom) 2006-02-15 AIM: To compare the effect of varying degrees of edge enhancement and method of digital image display on fracture detection in suspected non-accidental injury (NAI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty radiographs from post-mortem skeletal surveys in 13 children with suspected NAI were selected. Images were obtained using a Fuji 5000R computed radiography system. Hard copies were printed with edge enhancement factors 0, 0.5 and 1.2. Images (edge enhancement 0.5) were also displayed on a 1K{sup 2} monitor. Six observers independently evaluated all 200 images for the presence of abnormality. Observers also scored each image for visualization of soft tissues, visualization of trabecular markings and overall image quality. The paired Student's t-test and location receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis were used to compare quality scores and diagnostic accuracy of each display method. Individual and pooled true-positive rates (sensitivity) were determined. For the purposes of ROC analysis, histology was taken as the gold standard. RESULTS: There was no difference in duration of hard and soft-copy reading sessions (p=0.76). After image manipulation soft-copy radiographs scored significantly better for image quality than hard copy (p<0.0001). Pooled observer sensitivity (at a specificity of 90%) was below 50% for all display methods. Diagnostic accuracy varied significantly between observers. Diagnostic accuracy of individual observers was not affected by display method. CONCLUSION: In suspected NAI, diagnostic accuracy of fracture detection is generally low. Diagnostic accuracy appears to be affected more by observer-related factors than by the method of digital image display. 13. Nitrogen deposition may enhance soil carbon storage via change of soil respiration dynamic during a spring freeze-thaw cycle period. Science.gov (United States) Yan, Guoyong; Xing, Yajuan; Xu, Lijian; Wang, Jianyu; Meng, Wei; Wang, Qinggui; Yu, Jinghua; Zhang, Zhi; Wang, Zhidong; Jiang, Siling; Liu, Boqi; Han, Shijie 2016-06-30 As crucial terrestrial ecosystems, temperate forests play an important role in global soil carbon dioxide flux, and this process can be sensitive to atmospheric nitrogen deposition. It is often reported that the nitrogen addition induces a change in soil carbon dioxide emission in growing season. However, the important effects of interactions between nitrogen deposition and the freeze-thaw-cycle have never been investigated. Here we show nitrogen deposition delays spikes of soil respiration and weaken soil respiration. We found the nitrogen addition, time and nitrogen addition×time exerted the negative impact on the soil respiration of spring freeze-thaw periods due to delay of spikes and inhibition of soil respiration (p nitrogen), 39% (medium-nitrogen) and 36% (high-nitrogen) compared with the control. And the decrease values of soil respiration under medium- and high-nitrogen treatments during spring freeze-thaw-cycle period in temperate forest would be approximately equivalent to 1% of global annual C emissions. Therefore, we show interactions between nitrogen deposition and freeze-thaw-cycle in temperate forest ecosystems are important to predict global carbon emissions and sequestrations. We anticipate our finding to be a starting point for more sophisticated prediction of soil respirations in temperate forests ecosystems. 14. Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS): Initial Actions to Enhance Data Sharing to Meet Societal Needs Science.gov (United States) 2006-05-01 Over 60 nations and 50 participating organizations are working to make the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) a reality. The U.S. contribution to GEOSS is the Integrated Earth Observation System (IEOS), with a vision of enabling a healthy public, economy and planet through an integrated, comprehensive, and sustained Earth observation system. The international Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and the U.S. Group on Earth Observations have developed strategic plans for both GEOSS and IEOS, respectively, and are now working the first phases of implementation. Many of these initial actions are data architecture related and are being addressed by architecture and data working groups from both organizations - the GEO Architecture and Data Committee and the USGEO Architecture and Data Management Working Group. NOAA has actively participated in both architecture groups and has taken internal action to better support GEOSS and IEOS implementation by establishing the Global Earth Observation Integrated Data Environment (GEO IDE). GEO IDE provides a "system of systems" framework for effective and efficient integration of NOAA's many quasi-independent systems, which individually address diverse mandates in such areas resource management, weather forecasting, safe navigation, disaster response, and coastal mapping among others. GEO IDE will have a services oriented architecture, allowing NOAA Line Offices to retain a high level of independence in many of their data management decisions, and encouraging innovation in pursuit of their missions. Through GEO IDE, NOAA partners (both internal and external) will participate in a well-ordered, standards-based data and information infrastructure that will allow users to easily locate, acquire, integrate and utilize NOAA data and information. This paper describes the initial progress being made by GEO and USGEO architecture and data working groups, a status report on GEO IDE development within NOAA, and an assessment of 15. Combined Flux Observer With Signal Injection Enhancement for Wide Speed Range Sensorless Direct Torque Control of IPMSM Drives DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Blaabjerg, Frede; Andreescu, G.-D.; Pitic, C.I. 2008-01-01 voltage-current model with PI compensator for low-speed operations. As speed increases, the observer switches gradually to a PI compensated closed-loop voltage model, which is solely used at high speeds. High-frequency rotating-voltage injection with a single D-module bandpass vector filter and a phase......This paper proposes a motion-sensorless control system using direct torque control with space vector modulation for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives, for wide speed range operation, including standstill. A novel stator flux observer with variable structure uses a combined... 16. Utilizing NASA Earth Observations to Monitor, Map, and Forecast Mangrove Extent and Deforestation in Myanmar for Enhanced Conservation Science.gov (United States) Ferraro, C. P.; Jensen, D.; Disla, C. 2013-12-01 Mangrove ecosystems offer several significant services including providing habitat and spawning grounds for a diverse range of species, protecting coastal communities from storms and other natural disasters, and contributing resources and income for local residents. Currently, Myanmar is undergoing a period of rapid economic development which has led to increased pressure on the extensive mangrove habitat in the Ayeyarwady River Delta in southern Myanmar. In this study, we partnered with the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute to examine changes to mangrove extent between 1989 and 2013 using Landsat 4, 7, and 8 imagery in combination with a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated from ASTER stereoscopic imagery. Classification was performed using a Random Forests model and accuracy was assessed using higher resolution ASTER imagery and local expertise on mangrove distribution. Results show a large and consistent decline in mangrove cover during the study period. The data provided by this assessment was subsequently used to forecast potential vulnerability and changes to mangrove habitat up to 2030. A multi-layered perceptron was used to model transition potentials for vulnerability forecasting. Forest managers in Myanmar will be able to use the mangrove change maps and forecasts to evaluate current policies and focus future ones to maximize effectiveness. Data and methodology resulting from this project will be useful for future mangrove and land-cover mapping projects in this region. 17. Direct observation and mechanism for enhanced field emission sites in platinum ion implanted/post-annealed ultrananocrystalline diamond films Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Panda, Kalpataru, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected]; Inami, Eiichi; Sugimoto, Yoshiaki [Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 (Japan); Sankaran, Kamatchi J.; Tai, Nyan Hwa [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (China); Lin, I-Nan, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan (China) 2014-10-20 Enhanced electron field emission (EFE) properties for ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films upon platinum (Pt) ion implantation and subsequent post-annealing processes is reported, viz., low turn-on field of 4.17 V/μm with high EFE current density of 5.08 mA/cm{sup 2} at an applied field of 7.0 V/μm. Current imaging tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) mode in scanning tunneling spectroscopy directly revealed the increased electron emission sites density for Pt ion implanted/post-annealed UNCD films than the pristine one. The high resolution CITS mapping and local current–voltage characteristic curves demonstrated that the electrons are dominantly emitted from the diamond grain boundaries and Pt nanoparticles. 18. Direct observation and mechanism for enhanced field emission sites in platinum ion implanted/post-annealed ultrananocrystalline diamond films International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Panda, Kalpataru; Inami, Eiichi; Sugimoto, Yoshiaki; Sankaran, Kamatchi J.; Tai, Nyan Hwa; Lin, I-Nan 2014-01-01 Enhanced electron field emission (EFE) properties for ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films upon platinum (Pt) ion implantation and subsequent post-annealing processes is reported, viz., low turn-on field of 4.17 V/μm with high EFE current density of 5.08 mA/cm 2 at an applied field of 7.0 V/μm. Current imaging tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) mode in scanning tunneling spectroscopy directly revealed the increased electron emission sites density for Pt ion implanted/post-annealed UNCD films than the pristine one. The high resolution CITS mapping and local current–voltage characteristic curves demonstrated that the electrons are dominantly emitted from the diamond grain boundaries and Pt nanoparticles. 19. Features of time–intensity curve parameters of colorectal adenocarcinomas evaluated by double-contrast enhanced ultrasonography: Initial observation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zhuang Hua; Yang Zhigang; Wang Ziqiang; Wang Xiaodong; Chen Huijiao; Zhang Yuanchuan; Luo Yan 2012-01-01 Purpose: This study is to investigate the value of double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCEU) in assessing microcirculation of colorectal adenocarcinomas and to describe the perfusion features of the tumours. Material and methods: DCEUS was performed in 42 patients with adenocarcinoma. The time–intensity curve parameters (arrival time (AT), time-to-peak (TTP), peak intensity (PI) and area under the curve (AUC)) within the tumours were extracted. The parameters were compared among the tumours with different CEUS features and stages. Results: The mean values of AT, TTP, PI and AUC of the colorectal adenocarcinomas were 13.68 ± 13.36 s, 32.61 ± 19.56 s, 19.82 ± 16.54 dB and 271.10 ± 159.19 dB s, respectively. In the adenocarcinomas with necrosis, the mean values of AUC was significantly lower than that of the adenocarcinomas without (231.10 ± 219.27 dB s, 278.10 ± 123.20 dB s, p = 0.004). In the adenocarcinomas with necrosis, the AUC and PI of the non-necrotic part were significantly higher than that of the necrotic part (p = 0.007, 0.0025, respectively). AUC increased progressively in the subgroups of T2, T3 and T4 and the difference of AUC between T2 and T4 subgroup was significant (p = 0.008). Conclusions: Double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is a valuable technique for quantifying tumour vascularity of colorectal adenocarcinomas. AUC was significantly different in the subgroups of different T stage. AUC and PI could reflect the different perfusion status of tumours with or without necrosis. 20. An Enhanced Method for Scheduling Observations of Large Sky Error Regions for Finding Optical Counterparts to Transients Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rana, Javed; Singhal, Akshat; Gadre, Bhooshan; Bhalerao, Varun; Bose, Sukanta, E-mail: [email protected] [Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007 (India) 2017-04-01 The discovery and subsequent study of optical counterparts to transient sources is crucial for their complete astrophysical understanding. Various gamma-ray burst (GRB) detectors, and more notably the ground-based gravitational wave detectors, typically have large uncertainties in the sky positions of detected sources. Searching these large sky regions spanning hundreds of square degrees is a formidable challenge for most ground-based optical telescopes, which can usually image less than tens of square degrees of the sky in a single night. We present algorithms for better scheduling of such follow-up observations in order to maximize the probability of imaging the optical counterpart, based on the all-sky probability distribution of the source position. We incorporate realistic observing constraints such as the diurnal cycle, telescope pointing limitations, available observing time, and the rising/setting of the target at the observatory’s location. We use simulations to demonstrate that our proposed algorithms outperform the default greedy observing schedule used by many observatories. Our algorithms are applicable for follow-up of other transient sources with large positional uncertainties, such as Fermi -detected GRBs, and can easily be adapted for scheduling radio or space-based X-ray follow-up. 1. Atmospheric CH4 and CO2 enhancements and biomass burning emission ratios derived from satellite observations of the 2015 Indonesian fire plumes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R. J. Parker 2016-08-01 subsequent large increases in regional greenhouse gas concentrations. CH4 is particularly enhanced, due to the dominance of smouldering combustion in peatland fires, with CH4 total column values typically exceeding 35 ppb above those of background “clean air” soundings. By examining the CH4 and CO2 excess concentrations in the fire-affected GOSAT observations, we determine the CH4 to CO2 (CH4 ∕ CO2 fire emission ratio for the entire 2-month period of the most extreme burning (September–October 2015, and also for individual shorter periods where the fire activity temporarily peaks. We demonstrate that the overall CH4 to CO2 emission ratio (ER for fires occurring in Indonesia over this time is 6.2 ppb ppm−1. This is higher than that found over both the Amazon (5.1 ppb ppm−1 and southern Africa (4.4 ppb ppm−1, consistent with the Indonesian fires being characterised by an increased amount of smouldering combustion due to the large amount of organic soil (peat burning involved. We find the range of our satellite-derived Indonesian ERs (6.18–13.6 ppb ppm−1 to be relatively closely matched to that of a series of close-to-source, ground-based sampling measurements made on Kalimantan at the height of the fire event (7.53–19.67 ppb ppm−1, although typically the satellite-derived quantities are slightly lower on average. This seems likely because our field sampling mostly intersected smaller-scale peat-burning plumes, whereas the large-scale plumes intersected by the GOSAT Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation – Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS footprints would very likely come from burning that was occurring in a mixture of fuels that included peat, tropical forest and already-cleared areas of forest characterised by more fire-prone vegetation types than the natural rainforest biome (e.g. post-fire areas of ferns and scrubland, along with agricultural vegetation.The ability to determine large-scale ERs from 2. Halo-induced large enhancement of soft dipole excitation of 11Li observed via proton inelastic scattering Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J. Tanaka 2017-11-01 Full Text Available Proton inelastic scattering off a neutron halo nucleus, 11Li, has been studied in inverse kinematics at the IRIS facility at TRIUMF. The aim was to establish a soft dipole resonance and to obtain its dipole strength. Using a high quality 66 MeV 11Li beam, a strongly populated excited state in 11Li was observed at Ex=0.80±0.02 MeV with a width of Γ=1.15±0.06 MeV. A DWBA (distorted-wave Born approximation analysis of the measured differential cross section with isoscalar macroscopic form factors leads us to conclude that this observed state is excited in an electric dipole (E1 transition. Under the assumption of isoscalar E1 transitions, the strength is evaluated to be extremely large amounting to 30∼296 Weisskopf units, exhausting 2.2%∼21% of the isoscalar E1 energy-weighted sum rule (EWSR value. The large observed strength originates from the halo and is consistent with the simple di-neutron model of 11Li halo. 3. Lidar Observations of Aerosol Disturbances of the Stratosphere over Tomsk (56.5∘N; 85.0∘E in Volcanic Activity Period 2006–2011 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Oleg E. Bazhenov 2012-01-01 Full Text Available The lidar measurements (Tomsk: 56.5∘N; 85.0∘E of the optical characteristics of the stratospheric aerosol layer (SAL in the volcanic activity period 2006–2011 are summarized and analyzed. The background SAL state with minimum aerosol content, observed since 1997 under the conditions of long-term volcanically quiet period, was interrupted in October 2006 by series of explosive eruptions of volcanoes of Pacific Ring of Fire: Rabaul (October 2006, New Guinea; Okmok and Kasatochi (July-August 2008, Aleutian Islands; Redoubt (March-April 2009, Alaska; Sarychev Peak (June 2009, Kuril Islands; Grimsvötn (May 2011, Iceland. A short-term and minor disturbance of the lower stratosphere was also observed in April 2010 after eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull. The developed regional empirical model of the vertical distribution of background SAL optical characteristics was used to identify the periods of elevated stratospheric aerosol content after each of the volcanic eruptions. Trends of variations in the total ozone content are also considered. 4. SDO/AIA Observations of Quasi-periodic Fast (~1000 km/s) Propagating (QFP) Waves as Evidence of Fast-mode Magnetosonic Waves in the Low Corona: Statistics and Implications Science.gov (United States) Liu, W.; Ofman, L.; Title, A. M.; Zhao, J.; Aschwanden, M. J. 2011-12-01 Recent EUV imaging observations from SDO/AIA led to the discovery of quasi-periodic fast (~2000 km/s) propagating (QFP) waves in active regions (Liu et al. 2011). They were interpreted as fast-mode magnetosonic waves and reproduced in 3D MHD simulations (Ofman et al. 2011). Since then, we have extended our study to a sample of more than a dozen such waves observed during the SDO mission (2010/04-now). We will present the statistical properties of these waves including: (1) Their projected speeds measured in the plane of the sky are about 400-2200 km/s, which, as the lower limits of their true speeds in 3D space, fall in the expected range of coronal Alfven or fast-mode speeds. (2) They usually originate near flare kernels, often in the wake of a coronal mass ejection, and propagate in narrow funnels of coronal loops that serve as waveguides. (3) These waves are launched repeatedly with quasi-periodicities in the 30-200 seconds range, often lasting for more than one hour; some frequencies coincide with those of the quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) in the accompanying flare, suggestive a common excitation mechanism. We obtained the k-omega diagrams and dispersion relations of these waves using Fourier analysis. We estimate their energy fluxes and discuss their contribution to coronal heating as well as their diagnostic potential for coronal seismology. 5. MODELING OBSERVED DECAY-LESS OSCILLATIONS AS RESONANTLY ENHANCED KELVIN–HELMHOLTZ VORTICES FROM TRANSVERSE MHD WAVES AND THEIR SEISMOLOGICAL APPLICATION Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Antolin, P.; De Moortel, I. [School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS (United Kingdom); Van Doorsselaere, T. [Centre for mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, Mathematics Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B bus 2400, B-3001 Leuven (Belgium); Yokoyama, T., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 (Japan) 2016-10-20 In the highly structured solar corona, resonant absorption is an unavoidable mechanism of energy transfer from global transverse MHD waves to local azimuthal Alfvén waves. Due to its localized nature, direct detection of this mechanism is extremely difficult. Yet, it is the leading theory explaining the observed fast damping of the global transverse waves. However, at odds with this theoretical prediction are recent observations that indicate that in the low-amplitude regime such transverse MHD waves can also appear decay-less, a still unsolved phenomenon. Recent numerical work has shown that Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities (KHI) often accompany transverse MHD waves. In this work, we combine 3D MHD simulations and forward modeling to show that for currently achieved spatial resolution and observed small amplitudes, an apparent decay-less oscillation is obtained. This effect results from the combination of periodic brightenings produced by the KHI and the coherent motion of the KHI vortices amplified by resonant absorption. Such an effect is especially clear in emission lines forming at temperatures that capture the boundary dynamics rather than the core, and reflects the low damping character of the local azimuthal Alfvén waves resonantly coupled to the kink mode. Due to phase mixing, the detected period can vary depending on the emission line, with those sensitive to the boundary having shorter periods than those sensitive to the loop core. This allows us to estimate the density contrast at the boundary. 6. Enhancing Global Land Surface Hydrology Estimates from the NASA MERRA Reanalysis Using Precipitation Observations and Model Parameter Adjustments Science.gov (United States) Reichle, Rolf; Koster, Randal; DeLannoy, Gabrielle; Forman, Barton; Liu, Qing; Mahanama, Sarith; Toure, Ally 2011-01-01 The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) is a state-of-the-art reanalysis that provides. in addition to atmospheric fields. global estimates of soil moisture, latent heat flux. snow. and runoff for J 979-present. This study introduces a supplemental and improved set of land surface hydrological fields ('MERRA-Land') generated by replaying a revised version of the land component of the MERRA system. Specifically. the MERRA-Land estimates benefit from corrections to the precipitation forcing with the Global Precipitation Climatology Project pentad product (version 2.1) and from revised parameters in the rainfall interception model, changes that effectively correct for known limitations in the MERRA land surface meteorological forcings. The skill (defined as the correlation coefficient of the anomaly time series) in land surface hydrological fields from MERRA and MERRA-Land is assessed here against observations and compared to the skill of the state-of-the-art ERA-Interim reanalysis. MERRA-Land and ERA-Interim root zone soil moisture skills (against in situ observations at 85 US stations) are comparable and significantly greater than that of MERRA. Throughout the northern hemisphere, MERRA and MERRA-Land agree reasonably well with in situ snow depth measurements (from 583 stations) and with snow water equivalent from an independent analysis. Runoff skill (against naturalized stream flow observations from 15 basins in the western US) of MERRA and MERRA-Land is typically higher than that of ERA-Interim. With a few exceptions. the MERRA-Land data appear more accurate than the original MERRA estimates and are thus recommended for those interested in using '\\-tERRA output for land surface hydrological studies. 7. Observation of low-lying resonances in the quasicontinuum of 195,196Pt and enhanced astrophysical reaction rates Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Giacoppo F. 2015-01-01 Full Text Available An excess of strength on the low-energy tail of the giant dipole resonance recently has been observed in the γ-decay from the quasicontinuum of 195,196Pt. The nature of this phenomenon is not yet fully investigated. If this feature is present also in the γ-ray strength of the neutron-rich isotopes, it can affect the neutron-capture reactions involved in the formation of heavy-elements in stellar nucleosynthesis. The experimental level density and γ-ray strength function of 195,196Pt are presented together with preliminary calculations of the corresponding neutron-capture cross sections. 8. Myanmar Ecological Forecasting: Utilizing NASA Earth Observations to Monitor, Map, and Analyze Mangrove Forests in Myanmar for Enhanced Conservation Science.gov (United States) Weber, Samuel J.; Keddell, Louis; Kemal, Mohammed 2014-01-01 Mangroves supply many essential environmental amenities, such as preventing soil erosion, filtering water pollution, and protecting shorelines from harmful waves, floods, storms and winds. The Mangroves in Myanmar not only provide citizens with a food source, but they also offer firewood, charcoal, and construction materials. The depletion of mangroves is threatening more than the biodiversity however; Myanmar's fiscal livelihood is also in harm's way. Mangroves are valued at $100,000 to$277,000 per square kilometer and if managed in a sustainable fashion, can infuse constant income to the emerging Myanmarese economy. This study analyzed three coastline regions, the Ayeyarwady Delta, Rakhine and Tanintharyi, and mapped the spatial extent of mangrove forest during the dry season in 2000 and 2013. The classifications were derived from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Landsat 8 Operation Land Imager (OLI) imagery, as well as the Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) digital elevation model information. This data was atmospherically corrected, mosaicked, masked and classified in ENVI, followed by ArcGIS to perform raster calculations and create final products. Forest degradation collected from 2000 to 2013 was later used to forecast the density and health of Mangroves in the year 2030. These results were subsequently presented to project partners Dr. Peter Leimgruber and Ellen Aiken at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute in Front Royal, VA. After the presentation of the project to the partners, these organizations formally passed on to the Myanmar Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Forestry for policy makers and forest managers to utilize in order to protect the Myanmar mangrove ecosystem while sustaining a healthy economy. 9. Observation of near infrared and enhanced visible emissions from electroluminescent devices with organo samarium(III) complex Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2006-11-07 Samarium (dibenzoylmethanato){sub 3} bathophenanthroline (Sm(DBM){sub 3} bath) was employed as an emitting and electron transport layer in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), and narrow electroluminescent (EL) emissions of a Sm{sup 3+} ion were observed in the visible and near infrared (NIR) region, differing from those of the same devices with Eu{sup 3+}- or Tb{sup 3+}-complex EL devices with the same structure. The EL emissions of the Sm{sup 3+}-devices originate from transitions from {sup 4}G{sub 5/2} to the lower respective levels of Sm{sup 3+} ions. A maximum luminance of 490 cd m{sup -2} at 15 V and an EL efficiency of 0.6% at 0.17 mA cm{sup -2} were obtained in the visible region, and the improved efficiency should be attributed to introducing a transitional layer between the N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-diamine (TPD) film and the Sm(DBM){sub 3} bath film and the avoidance of interfacial exciplex emission in devices. Sharp emissions of Sm{sup 3+} ions in the NIR region were also observed under a lower threshold value less than 4.5 V. 10. Direct observation of enhanced magnetism in individual size- and shape-selected 3 d transition metal nanoparticles Science.gov (United States) Kleibert, Armin; Balan, Ana; Yanes, Rocio; Derlet, Peter M.; Vaz, C. A. F.; Timm, Martin; Fraile Rodríguez, Arantxa; Béché, Armand; Verbeeck, Jo; Dhaka, R. S.; Radovic, Milan; Nowak, Ulrich; Nolting, Frithjof 2017-05-01 Magnetic nanoparticles are critical building blocks for future technologies ranging from nanomedicine to spintronics. Many related applications require nanoparticles with tailored magnetic properties. However, despite significant efforts undertaken towards this goal, a broad and poorly understood dispersion of magnetic properties is reported, even within monodisperse samples of the canonical ferromagnetic 3 d transition metals. We address this issue by investigating the magnetism of a large number of size- and shape-selected, individual nanoparticles of Fe, Co, and Ni using a unique set of complementary characterization techniques. At room temperature, only superparamagnetic behavior is observed in our experiments for all Ni nanoparticles within the investigated sizes, which range from 8 to 20 nm. However, Fe and Co nanoparticles can exist in two distinct magnetic states at any size in this range: (i) a superparamagnetic state, as expected from the bulk and surface anisotropies known for the respective materials and as observed for Ni, and (ii) a state with unexpected stable magnetization at room temperature. This striking state is assigned to significant modifications of the magnetic properties arising from metastable lattice defects in the core of the nanoparticles, as concluded by calculations and atomic structural characterization. Also related with the structural defects, we find that the magnetic state of Fe and Co nanoparticles can be tuned by thermal treatment enabling one to tailor their magnetic properties for applications. This paper demonstrates the importance of complementary single particle investigations for a better understanding of nanoparticle magnetism and for full exploration of their potential for applications. 11. Mid-Term Quasi-Periodicities and Solar Cycle Variation of the White-Light Corona from 18.5 Years (1996.0 - 2014.5) of LASCO Observations Science.gov (United States) Barlyaeva, T.; Lamy, P.; Llebaria, A. 2015-07-01 We report on the analysis of the temporal evolution of the solar corona based on 18.5 years (1996.0 - 2014.5) of white-light observations with the SOHO/LASCO-C2 coronagraph. This evolution is quantified by generating spatially integrated values of the K-corona radiance, first globally, then in latitudinal sectors. The analysis considers time series of monthly values and 13-month running means of the radiance as well as several indices and proxies of solar activity. We study correlation, wavelet time-frequency spectra, and cross-coherence and phase spectra between these quantities. Our results give a detailed insight on how the corona responds to solar activity over timescales ranging from mid-term quasi-periodicities (also known as quasi-biennial oscillations or QBOs) to the long-term 11 year solar cycle. The amplitude of the variation between successive solar maxima and minima (modulation factor) very much depends upon the strength of the cycle and upon the heliographic latitude. An asymmetry is observed during the ascending phase of Solar Cycle 24, prominently in the royal and polar sectors, with north leading. Most prominent QBOs are a quasi-annual period during the maximum phase of Solar Cycle 23 and a shorter period, seven to eight months, in the ascending and maximum phases of Solar Cycle 24. They share the same properties as the solar QBOs: variable periodicity, intermittency, asymmetric development in the northern and southern solar hemispheres, and largest amplitudes during the maximum phase of solar cycles. The strongest correlation of the temporal variations of the coronal radiance - and consequently the coronal electron density - is found with the total magnetic flux. Considering that the morphology of the solar corona is also directly controlled by the topology of the magnetic field, this correlation reinforces the view that they are intimately connected, including their variability at all timescales. 12. Enhancements observed in the two-proton invariant mass distribution in the pionless deuteron breakup at 3.3 GeV/c International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dolidze, M.G.; Glagolev, V.V.; Kacharava, A.K. 1986-01-01 A sample of ''non-spectator'' events in the pionless deuteron breakup at a 3.3 Gev/c momentum has been investigated by means of a 1m hydrogen bubble chamber at JINR, Dubna. The two-proton invariant mass spectrum in the charge exchange channel exibits two enhancements for masses of 2010 MeV/c 2 and 2160 Mev/c 2 . Theoretical calculations taking into account one-pion exchange diagrams and virtual pion absorption by the deuteron have been carried out. It has been shown that the enhancement at Msub(pp) = 2010 MeV/c 2 can be explained if there is an irregularity in the behaviour of the off-energy-shell amplitude of the πsup(+)d→pp reaction near the threshold. The observed maximum at Msub(pp) = 2160 Mev/c 2 is caused mainly by intermediate Δ production and pion absorption on the deuteron 13. Unexpected ferromagnetic ordering enhancement with crystallite size growth observed in La{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.5}MnO₃ nanoparticles Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2014-09-21 In this paper, the physical properties of half-doped manganite La{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.5}MnO₃ with crystallite sizes ranging from 15 to 40 nm are investigated. As expected, ferromagnetic order strengthens at expense of antiferromagnetic one as crystallite size is reduced to 15 nm. However, contrary to previously reported works, an enhancement of saturation magnetization is observed as crystallite size increases from 15 to 22 nm. This unexpected behavior is accompanied by an unusual cell volume variation that seems to induce ferromagnetic-like behavior at expense of antiferromagnetic one. Besides, field cooled hysteresis loops show exchange bias field and coercivity enhancement for increasing cooling fields, which suggest a kind of core-shell structure with AFM-FM coupling for crystallite sizes as small as 15 nm. It is expected that inner core orders antiferromagnetically, whereas uncompensated surface spins behave as spin glass with ferromagnetic-like ordering. 14. Utilizing NASA Earth Observations to Enhance Flood Impact Products and Mitigation in the Lower Mekong Water Basin Science.gov (United States) Doyle, C.; Gao, M.; Spruce, J.; Bolten, J. D.; Weber, S. 2014-12-01 This presentation discusses results of a project to develop a near real time flood monitoring capability for the Lower Mekong Water Basin (LMB), the largest river basin in Southeast Asia and home to more than sixty million people. The region has seen rapid population growth and socio-economic development, fueling unsustainable deforestation, agricultural expansion, and stream-flow regulation. The basin supports substantial rice farming and other agrarian activities, which heavily depend upon seasonal flooding. But, floods due to typhoons and other severe weather events can result in disasters that cost millions of dollars and cause hardships to millions of people. This study uses near real time and historical Aqua and Terra MODIS 250-m resolution Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) products to map flood and drought impact within the LMB. In doing so, NDVI change products are derived by comparing from NDVI during the wet season to a baseline NDVI from the dry season. The method records flood events, which cause drastic decreases in NDVI compared to non-flooded conditions. NDVI change product computation was automated for updating a near real-time system, as part of the Committee on Earth Observing Satellites Disaster Risk Management Observation Strategy. The system is a web-based 'Flood Dashboard that will showcase MODIS flood monitoring products, along with other flood mapping and weather data products. This flood dashboard enables end-users to view and assess a variety of geospatial data to monitor floods and flood impacts in near real-time, as well provides a platform for further data aggregation for flood prediction modeling and post-event assessment. 15. OGLE-2017-BLG-0329L: A Microlensing Binary Characterized with Dramatically Enhanced Precision Using Data from Space-based Observations Science.gov (United States) Han, C.; Calchi Novati, S.; Udalski, A.; Lee, C.-U.; Gould, A.; Bozza, V.; Mróz, P.; Pietrukowicz, P.; Skowron, J.; Szymański, M. K.; Poleski, R.; Soszyński, I.; Kozłowski, S.; Ulaczyk, K.; Pawlak, M.; Rybicki, K.; Iwanek, P.; The OGLE Collaboration; Albrow, M. D.; Chung, S.-J.; Hwang, K.-H.; Jung, Y. K.; Ryu, Y.-H.; Shin, I.-G.; Shvartzvald, Y.; Yee, J. C.; Zang, W.; Zhu, W.; Cha, S.-M.; Kim, D.-J.; Kim, H.-W.; Kim, S.-L.; Lee, D.-J.; Lee, Y.; Park, B.-G.; Pogge, R. W.; Kim, W.-T.; The KMTNet Collaboration; Beichman, C.; Bryden, G.; Carey, S.; Gaudi, B. S.; Henderson, C. B.; The Spitzer Team; Dominik, M.; Helling, C.; Hundertmark, M.; Jørgensen, U. G.; Longa-Peña, P.; Lowry, S.; Sajadian, S.; Burgdorf, M. J.; Campbell-White, J.; Ciceri, S.; Evans, D. F.; Haikala, L. K.; Hinse, T. C.; Rahvar, S.; Rabus, M.; Snodgrass, C.; The MiNDSTEp Collaboration 2018-06-01 Mass measurements of gravitational microlenses require one to determine the microlens parallax π E, but precise π E measurement, in many cases, is hampered due to the subtlety of the microlens-parallax signal combined with the difficulty of distinguishing the signal from those induced by other higher-order effects. In this work, we present the analysis of the binary-lens event OGLE-2017-BLG-0329, for which π E is measured with a dramatically improved precision using additional data from space-based Spitzer observations. We find that while the parallax model based on the ground-based data cannot be distinguished from a zero-π E model at the 2σ level, the addition of the Spitzer data enables us to identify two classes of solutions, each composed of a pair of solutions according to the well-known ecliptic degeneracy. It is found that the space-based data reduce the measurement uncertainties of the north and east components of the microlens-parallax vector {{\\boldsymbol{π }}}{{E}} by factors ∼18 and ∼4, respectively. With the measured microlens parallax combined with the angular Einstein radius measured from the resolved caustic crossings, we find that the lens is composed of a binary with component masses of either (M 1, M 2) ∼ (1.1, 0.8) M ⊙ or ∼(0.4, 0.3) M ⊙ according to the two solution classes. The first solution is significantly favored but the second cannot be securely ruled out based on the microlensing data alone. However, the degeneracy can be resolved from adaptive optics observations taken ∼10 years after the event. 16. Intra-observer agreement in single and joint double readings of contrast-enhanced breast MRI screening for women with high genetic breast cancer risks Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hugo C 2013-04-01 17. An 8-Week Web-Based Weight Loss Challenge With Celebrity Endorsement and Enhanced Social Support: Observational Study Science.gov (United States) Collins, Clare E; Morgan, Philip J; Callister, Robin 2013-01-01 Using GLMM, including weight data for all participants, there was significantly greater (P=.03) 8-week weight loss in SC (–5.1 kg [–5.5 to –4.6 kg] or –6.0%) compared to BLC participants (–4.5 kg [–4.8, –4.2] or –5.0%). Dropout rates were low and consistent across groups (BLC: 17 (1.8%) vs SC: 2 (0.5%), P=.08) and 48.7% (456/936) of BLC and 51.2% (184/379) of SC participants accessed the website at 8 weeks, with no difference between programs (P=.48). SC participants accessed the discussion forums, menu plans, exercise plans, and educational materials significantly more than BLC participants (Pcelebrity personal trainer, as well as a greater energy balance deficit, within a commercial Web-based weight loss program may facilitate greater initial weight loss and engagement with some program components. The results support the need for a more rigorous and prospective evaluation of Web-based weight loss programs that incorporate additional strategies to enhance initial weight loss and engagement, such as a short-term challenge. PMID:23827796 18. An 8-week web-based weight loss challenge with celebrity endorsement and enhanced social support: observational study. Science.gov (United States) Hutchesson, Melinda J; Collins, Clare E; Morgan, Philip J; Callister, Robin 2013-07-04 participants, there was significantly greater (P=.03) 8-week weight loss in SC (-5.1 kg [-5.5 to -4.6 kg] or -6.0%) compared to BLC participants (-4.5 kg [-4.8, -4.2] or -5.0%). Dropout rates were low and consistent across groups (BLC: 17 (1.8%) vs SC: 2 (0.5%), P=.08) and 48.7% (456/936) of BLC and 51.2% (184/379) of SC participants accessed the website at 8 weeks, with no difference between programs (P=.48). SC participants accessed the discussion forums, menu plans, exercise plans, and educational materials significantly more than BLC participants (Pendorsement by a celebrity personal trainer, as well as a greater energy balance deficit, within a commercial Web-based weight loss program may facilitate greater initial weight loss and engagement with some program components. The results support the need for a more rigorous and prospective evaluation of Web-based weight loss programs that incorporate additional strategies to enhance initial weight loss and engagement, such as a short-term challenge. 19. Integrating Electromagnetic Data with Other Geophysical Observations for Enhanced Imaging of the Earth: A Tutorial and Review Science.gov (United States) Moorkamp, Max 2017-09-01 In this review, I discuss the basic principles of joint inversion and constrained inversion approaches and show a few instructive examples of applications of these approaches in the literature. Starting with some basic definitions of the terms joint inversion and constrained inversion, I use a simple three-layered model as a tutorial example that demonstrates the general properties of joint inversion with different coupling methods. In particular, I investigate to which extent combining different geophysical methods can restrict the set of acceptable models and under which circumstances the results can be biased. Some ideas on how to identify such biased results and how negative results can be interpreted conclude the tutorial part. The case studies in the second part have been selected to highlight specific issues such as choosing an appropriate parameter relationship to couple seismic and electromagnetic data and demonstrate the most commonly used approaches, e.g., the cross-gradient constraint and direct parameter coupling. Throughout the discussion, I try to identify topics for future work. Overall, it appears that integrating electromagnetic data with other observations has reached a level of maturity and is starting to move away from fundamental proof-of-concept studies to answering questions about the structure of the subsurface. With a wide selection of coupling methods suited to different geological scenarios, integrated approaches can be applied on all scales and have the potential to deliver new answers to important geological questions. 20. Observation of enhanced electric field in an RF-plugged sheet plasma in the RFC-XX-M open-ended machine International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Oda, T.; Takiyama, K.; Kadota, K. 1987-12-01 We report nonperturbing observation of the electric field in the sheet plasma for RF end-plugging on the RFC XX-M open-ended machine by using the Stark effect with a combined technique of beam-probe and laser-induced fluorescence. Under the optimum condition for the RF plugging, enhanced electric field is found in the sheet plasma by about 2.5 times with respect to the electric field when no plasma is produced. The field spatial profile is also measured, which is discussed in connection with the electrostatic eigenmode. (author) 1. Enhanced Algorithms for EO/IR Electronic Stabilization, Clutter Suppression, and Track-Before-Detect for Multiple Low Observable Targets Science.gov (United States) Tartakovsky, A.; Brown, A.; Brown, J. The paper describes the development and evaluation of a suite of advanced algorithms which provide significantly-improved capabilities for finding, fixing, and tracking multiple ballistic and flying low observable objects in highly stressing cluttered environments. The algorithms have been developed for use in satellite-based staring and scanning optical surveillance suites for applications including theatre and intercontinental ballistic missile early warning, trajectory prediction, and multi-sensor track handoff for midcourse discrimination and intercept. The functions performed by the algorithms include electronic sensor motion compensation providing sub-pixel stabilization (to 1/100 of a pixel), as well as advanced temporal-spatial clutter estimation and suppression to below sensor noise levels, followed by statistical background modeling and Bayesian multiple-target track-before-detect filtering. The multiple-target tracking is performed in physical world coordinates to allow for multi-sensor fusion, trajectory prediction, and intercept. Output of detected object cues and data visualization are also provided. The algorithms are designed to handle a wide variety of real-world challenges. Imaged scenes may be highly complex and infinitely varied -- the scene background may contain significant celestial, earth limb, or terrestrial clutter. For example, when viewing combined earth limb and terrestrial scenes, a combination of stationary and non-stationary clutter may be present, including cloud formations, varying atmospheric transmittance and reflectance of sunlight and other celestial light sources, aurora, glint off sea surfaces, and varied natural and man-made terrain features. The targets of interest may also appear to be dim, relative to the scene background, rendering much of the existing deployed software useless for optical target detection and tracking. Additionally, it may be necessary to detect and track a large number of objects in the threat cloud 2. Enhancing Pre- and Post-Wildfire Vegetation Recovery and Understanding Feedbacks of Cheatgrass invasion Using NASA Earth Observations Science.gov (United States) Olsen, N.; Counts, A.; Quistorff, C.; Ohr, C. A.; Toner, C. 2017-12-01 Increasing wildfire frequency and severity has emphasized the importance of post-wildfire recovery efforts in southern Idaho's sagebrush ecosystems. These changing fire regimes favor invasive grass species while hindering native sagebrush habitat regeneration, causing a positive feedback cycle of invasive growth - wildfires - invasive growth. Due to this undesirable process and anthropogenic influences, the sagebrush ecosystem is one of the most endangered in the US. In this project the NASA DEVELOP group of Pocatello, Idaho partnered with the Bureau of Land Management, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and the US Department of Agriculture to characterize ecosystem recovery following the Crystal (2006), Henry Creek (2016), Jefferson (2010), and Soda (2015) wildfires. Determining vegetation cover heterogeneity and density can be time consuming and the factors affecting ecosystem recovery can be complex. In addition, restoration success is difficult to determine as vegetation composition is not often known prior to wildfire events and monitoring vegetation composition after restoration efforts can be resource intensive. These wildfires temporal monitoring consisted of 2001 to 2017 using NASA Earth observations such as Landsat 5 Thermal Mapper (TM), Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) to determine the most significant factors of wildfire recovery and the influence targeted grazing could have for recovery. In addition, this project will include monitoring of invasive species propagation and whether spatial patterns or extents of the wildfire contribute to propagation. Understanding the key variables that made reseeding and natural recovery work in some areas, assessing why they failed in others, and identifying factors that made non-native propagation ideal are important issues for land managers in this region. 3. Rapid prefrontal cortex activation towards aversively paired faces and enhanced contingency detection are observed in highly trait-anxious women under challenging conditions Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Maimu Alissa Rehbein 2015-06-01 Full Text Available Relative to healthy controls, anxiety-disorder patients show anomalies in classical conditioning that may either result from, or provide a risk factor for, clinically relevant anxiety. Here, we investigated whether healthy participants with enhanced anxiety vulnerability show abnormalities in a challenging affective-conditioning paradigm, in which many stimulus-reinforcer associations had to be acquired with only few learning trials. Forty-seven high and low trait-anxious females underwent MultiCS conditioning, in which 52 different neutral faces (CS+ were paired with an aversive noise (US, while further 52 faces (CS- remained unpaired. Emotional learning was assessed by evaluative (rating, behavioral (dot-probe, contingency report, and neurophysiological (magnetoencephalography measures before, during, and after learning. High and low trait-anxious groups did not differ in evaluative ratings or response priming before or after conditioning. High trait-anxious women, however, were better than low trait-anxious women at reporting CS+/US contingencies after conditioning, and showed an enhanced prefrontal cortex activation towards CS+ in the M1 (i.e., 80 to 117 ms and M170 time intervals (i.e., 140 to 160 ms during acquisition. These effects in MultiCS conditioning observed in individuals with elevated trait anxiety are consistent with theories of enhanced conditionability in anxiety vulnerability. Furthermore, they point towards increased threat monitoring and detection in highly trait-anxious females, possibly mediated by alterations in visual working memory. 4. Rapid prefrontal cortex activation towards aversively paired faces and enhanced contingency detection are observed in highly trait-anxious women under challenging conditions Science.gov (United States) Rehbein, Maimu Alissa; Wessing, Ida; Zwitserlood, Pienie; Steinberg, Christian; Eden, Annuschka Salima; Dobel, Christian; Junghöfer, Markus 2015-01-01 Relative to healthy controls, anxiety-disorder patients show anomalies in classical conditioning that may either result from, or provide a risk factor for, clinically relevant anxiety. Here, we investigated whether healthy participants with enhanced anxiety vulnerability show abnormalities in a challenging affective-conditioning paradigm, in which many stimulus-reinforcer associations had to be acquired with only few learning trials. Forty-seven high and low trait-anxious females underwent MultiCS conditioning, in which 52 different neutral faces (CS+) were paired with an aversive noise (US), while further 52 faces (CS−) remained unpaired. Emotional learning was assessed by evaluative (rating), behavioral (dot-probe, contingency report), and neurophysiological (magnetoencephalography) measures before, during, and after learning. High and low trait-anxious groups did not differ in evaluative ratings or response priming before or after conditioning. High trait-anxious women, however, were better than low trait-anxious women at reporting CS+/US contingencies after conditioning, and showed an enhanced prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation towards CS+ in the M1 (i.e., 80–117 ms) and M170 time intervals (i.e., 140–160 ms) during acquisition. These effects in MultiCS conditioning observed in individuals with elevated trait anxiety are consistent with theories of enhanced conditionability in anxiety vulnerability. Furthermore, they point towards increased threat monitoring and detection in highly trait-anxious females, possibly mediated by alterations in visual working memory. PMID:26113814 5. Effects of Long Period Ocean Tides on the Earth's Rotation Science.gov (United States) Gross, Richard S.; Chao, Ben F.; Desai, Shailen D. 1996-01-01 The spectra of polar motion excitation functions exhibit enhanced power in the fortnightly tidal band. This enhanced power is attributed to ocean tidal excitation. Ocean tide models predict polar motion excitation effects that differ with each other, and with observations, by factors as large as 2-3. There is a need for inproved models for the effect of long-period ocean tides on Earth's rotation. 6. Technetium: The First Radioelement on the Periodic Table Science.gov (United States) Johnstone, Erik V.; Yates, Mary Anne; Poineau, Frederic; Sattelberger, Alfred P.; Czerwinski, Kenneth R. 2017-01-01 The radioactive nature of technetium is discussed using a combination of introductory nuclear physics concepts and empirical trends observed in the chart of the nuclides and the periodic table of the elements. Trends such as the enhanced stability of nucleon pairs, magic numbers, and Mattauch's rule are described. The concepts of nuclear binding… 7. A new fuzzy-disturbance observer-enhanced sliding controller for vibration control of a train-car suspension with magneto-rheological dampers Science.gov (United States) Nguyen, Sy Dzung; Choi, Seung-Bok; Nguyen, Quoc Hung 2018-05-01 Semi-active train-car suspensions are always impacted negatively by uncertainty and disturbance (UAD). In order to deal with this, we propose a novel optimal fuzzy disturbance observer-enhanced sliding mode controller (FDO-SMC) for magneto-rheological damper (MRD)-based semi-active train-car suspensions subjected to UAD whose variability rate may be high but bounded. The two main parts of the FDO-SMC are an adaptive sliding mode controller (ad-SMC) and an optimal fuzzy disturbance observer (op-FDO). As the first step, the initial structures of the sliding mode controller (SMC) and disturbance observer (DO) are built. Adaptive update laws for the SMC and DO are then set up synchronously via Lyapunov stability analysis. Subsequently, an optimal fuzzy system (op-FS) is designed to fully implement a parameter constraint mechanism so as to guarantee the system stability converging to the desired state even if the UAD variability rate increases in a given range. As a result, both the ad-SMC and op-FDO are formulated. It is shown from the comparative work with existing controllers that the proposed method provides the best vibration control capability with relatively low consumed power. 8. Long-term analyses of snow dynamics within the french Alps on the 1900-2100 period. Analyses of historical snow water equivalent observations, modelisations and projections of a hundred of snow courses. Science.gov (United States) Mathevet, T.; Joel, G.; Gottardi, F.; Nemoz, B. 2017-12-01 The aim of this communication is to present analyses of climate variability and change on snow water equivalent (SWE) observations, reconstructions (1900-2016) and scenarii (2020-2100) of a hundred of snow courses dissiminated within the french Alps. This issue became particularly important since a decade, in regions where snow variability had a large impact on water resources availability, poor snow conditions in ski resorts and artificial snow production. As a water resources manager in french mountainuous regions, EDF (french hydropower company) has developed and managed a hydrometeorological network since 1950. A recent data rescue research allowed to digitize long term SWE manual measurments of a hundred of snow courses within the french Alps. EDF have been operating an automatic SWE sensors network, complementary to the snow course network. Based on numerous SWE observations time-series and snow accumulation and melt model (Garavaglia et al., 2017), continuous daily historical SWE time-series have been reconstructed within the 1950-2016 period. These reconstructions have been extented to 1900 using 20 CR reanalyses (ANATEM method, Kuentz et al., 2015) and up to 2100 using GIEC Climate Change scenarii. Considering various mountainous areas within the french Alps, this communication focuses on : (1) long term (1900-2016) analyses of variability and trend of total precipitation, air temperature, snow water equivalent, snow line altitude, snow season length , (2) long term variability of hydrological regime of snow dominated watersheds and (3) future trends (2020 -2100) using GIEC Climate Change scenarii. Comparing historical period (1950-1984) to recent period (1984-2016), quantitative results within a region in the north Alps (Maurienne) shows an increase of air temperature by 1.2 °C, an increase of snow line height by 200m, a reduction of SWE by 200 mm/year and a reduction of snow season length by 15 days. These analyses will be extended from north to south 9. Unexpected ferromagnetic ordering enhancement with crystallite size growth observed in La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 nanoparticles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Iniama, G.; Ita, B. I.; Presa, P. de la; Hernando, A.; Alonso, J. M.; Multigner, M.; Cortés-Gil, R.; Ruiz-González, M. L.; Gonzalez-Calbet, J. M. 2014-01-01 In this paper, the physical properties of half-doped manganite La 0.5 Ca 0.5 MnO 3 with crystallite sizes ranging from 15 to 40 nm are investigated. As expected, ferromagnetic order strengthens at expense of antiferromagnetic one as crystallite size is reduced to 15 nm. However, contrary to previously reported works, an enhancement of saturation magnetization is observed as crystallite size increases from 15 to 22 nm. This unexpected behavior is accompanied by an unusual cell volume variation that seems to induce ferromagnetic-like behavior at expense of antiferromagnetic one. Besides, field cooled hysteresis loops show exchange bias field and coercivity enhancement for increasing cooling fields, which suggest a kind of core-shell structure with AFM-FM coupling for crystallite sizes as small as 15 nm. It is expected that inner core orders antiferromagnetically, whereas uncompensated surface spins behave as spin glass with ferromagnetic-like ordering. 10. Temperature profiles from mechanical bathythermograph (MBT) casts from the USS ENHANCE in the Philippine Sea in support of the Fleet Observations of Oceanographic Data (FLOOD) project on 1965-11-01 (NODC Accession 6500176) Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — MBT data were collected from the USS ENHANCE in support of the Fleet Observations of Oceanographic Data (FLOOD) project. Data were collected in the in the Philippine... 11. Alcohol dependence and physical comorbidity: Increased prevalence but reduced relevance of individual comorbidities for hospital-based mortality during a 12.5-year observation period in general hospital admissions in urban North-West England. Science.gov (United States) Schoepf, D; Heun, R 2015-06-01 12. The dilatation of main pulmonary artery and right ventricle observed by enhanced chest computed tomography predict poor outcome in inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Science.gov (United States) Ema, Ryogo; Sugiura, Toshihiko; Kawata, Naoko; Tanabe, Nobuhiro; Kasai, Hajime; Nishimura, Rintaro; Jujo, Takayuki; Shigeta, Ayako; Sakao, Seiichiro; Tatsumi, Koichiro 2017-09-01 Dilatation of the pulmonary artery and right ventricle on chest computed tomography images is often observed in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The clinical significance of these image findings has not been defined in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. We investigated whether the pulmonary arterial and right ventricle dilatation was associated with poor outcome in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. This was a retrospective cohort investigation in 60 subjects with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension diagnosed consecutively between 1997 and 2010 at Chiba University Hospital. Digital scout multi-detector chest computed tomography images were obtained. The main pulmonary arterial to ascending aortic diameter ratio and the right ventricular to left ventricular diameter ratio were calculated. Main pulmonary arterial to ascending aortic diameter ratio ranged from 0.85 to 1.84, and right ventricular to left ventricular diameter ratio ranged from 0.71 to 2.88. During the observation period of 1284.5days (range, 21-4550days), 13 patients required hospitalization due to worsening; 6 of them died. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significant differences in hospitalization between the patients with main pulmonary arterial to ascending aortic diameter ratio of ≥1.1 and pulmonary hypertension. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 13. The Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ) during the atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) intensive observation period (IOP)-4 and simulations of land use pattern effect on the LLJ Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wu, Y.; Raman, S. [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States) 1996-04-01 The Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ) is an important element of the low-level atmospheric circulation. It transports water vapor from the Gulf of Mexico, which in turn affects the development of weather over the Great Plains of the central United States. The LLJ is generally recognized as a complex response of the atmospheric boundary layer to the diurnal cycle of thermal forcing. Early studies have attributed the Great Plains LLJ to the diurnal oscillations of frictional effect, buoyancy over sloping terrain, and the blocking effects of the Rocky Mountains. Recent investigations show that the speed of the LLJ is also affected by the soil type and soil moisture. Some studies also suggest that synoptic patterns may play an important role in the development of the LLJ. Land surface heterogeneties significantly affect mesoscale circulations by generating strong contrasts in surface thermal fluxes. Thus one would expect that the land use pattern should have effects on the LLJs development and structure. In this study, we try to determine the relative roles of the synoptic forcing, planetary boundary layers (PBL) processes, and the land use pattern in the formation of the LLJ using the observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Intensive Operation Period (IOP)-4 and numerical sensitivity tests. 14. A Spatio-Temporal Enhancement Method for medium resolution LAI (STEM-LAI), International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation KAUST Repository Houborg, Rasmus 2015-12-12 Satellite remote sensing has been used successfully to map leaf area index (LAI) across landscapes, but advances are still needed to exploit multi-scale data streams for producing LAI at both high spatial and temporal resolution. A multi-scale Spatio-Temporal Enhancement Method for medium resolution LAI (STEM-LAI) has been developed to generate 4-day time-series of Landsat-scale LAI from existing medium resolution LAI products. STEM-LAI has been designed to meet the demands of applications requiring frequent and spatially explicit information, such as effectively resolving rapidly evolving vegetation dynamics at sub-field (30 m) scales. In this study, STEM-LAI is applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) based LAI data and utilizes a reference-based regression tree approach for producing MODIS-consistent, but Landsat-based, LAI. The Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) is used to interpolate the downscaled LAI between Landsat acquisition dates, providing a high spatial and temporal resolution improvement over existing LAI products. STARFM predicts high resolution LAI by blending MODIS and Landsat based information from a common acquisition date, with MODIS data from a prediction date. To demonstrate its capacity to reproduce fine-scale spatial features observed in actual Landsat LAI, the STEM-LAI approach is tested over an agricultural region in Nebraska. The implementation of a 250 m resolution LAI product, derived from MODIS 1 km data and using a scale consistent approach based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), is found to significantly improve accuracies of spatial pattern prediction, with the coefficient of efficiency (E) ranging from 0.77–0.94 compared to 0.01–0.85 when using 1 km LAI inputs alone. Comparisons against an 11-year record of in-situ measured LAI over maize and soybean highlight the utility of STEM-LAI in reproducing observed LAI dynamics (both characterized by r2 = 0 15. Enhanced lubricant film formation through micro-dimpled hard-on-hard artificial hip joint: An in-situ observation of dimple shape effects. Science.gov (United States) Choudhury, Dipankar; Rebenda, David; Sasaki, Shinya; Hekrle, Pavel; Vrbka, Martin; Zou, Min 2018-05-01 This study evaluates the impact of dimple shapes on lubricant film formation in artificial hip joints. Micro-dimples with 20-50 µm lateral size and 1 ± 0.2 µm depths were fabricated on CrCoMo hip joint femoral heads using a picosecond laser. Tribological studies were performed using a pendulum hip joint simulator to apply continuous swing flexion-extension motions. The results revealed a significantly enhanced lubricant film thickness (≥ 500 nm) with micro-dimpled prosthesis heads at equilibrium position after the lubricant film has fully developed. The average lubricant film thickness of dimpled prostheses with square- and triangular-shaped dimple arrays over time is about 3.5 that of the non-dimpled prosthesis (204 nm). Remarkably, the prosthesis with square-shaped dimple arrays showed a very fast lubricant film formation reaching their peak values within 0.5 s of pendulum movement, followed by prosthesis with triangular-shaped dimple arrays with a transition period of 42.4 s. The fully developed lubricant film thicknesses (≥ 700 nm) are significantly higher than the surface roughness (≈ 25 nm) demonstrating a hydrodynamic lubrication. Hardly any scratches appeared on the post-experimental prosthesis with square-shaped dimple array and only a few scratches were found on the post-experimental prosthesis with triangular-shaped dimple arrays. Thus, prostheses with square-shaped dimple arrays could be a potential solution for durable artificial hip joints. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 16. Noise Enhanced Stability International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Spagnolo, B.; Agudov, N.V.; Dubkov, A.A. 2004-01-01 The noise can stabilize a fluctuating or a periodically driven metastable state in such a way that the system remains in this state for a longer time than in the absence of white noise. This is the noise enhanced stability phenomenon, observed experimentally and numerically in different physical systems. After shortly reviewing all the physical systems where the phenomenon was observed, the theoretical approaches used to explain the effect are presented. Specifically the conditions to observe the effect in systems: (a) with periodical driving force, and (b) with random dichotomous driving force, are discussed. In case (b) we review the analytical results concerning the mean first passage time and the nonlinear relaxation time as a function of the white noise intensity, the parameters of the potential barrier, and of the dichotomous noise. (author) 17. The influence of the utilization time of brush heads from different types of power toothbrushes on oral hygiene assessed over a 6-month observation period: A randomized clinical trial. Science.gov (United States) Schmickler, Jan; Wurbs, Sabine; Wurbs, Susanne; Kramer, Katharina; Rinke, Sven; Hornecker, Else; Mausberg, Rainer F; Ziebolz, Dirk 2016-12-01 This randomized clinical trial investigated the influence of the utilization time of brush heads from different types of power toothbrushes [oscillating rotating (OR) and sonic action (SA)93; on oral hygiene (plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation) over a 6-month observation period. 49 participants were randomly allocated into two groups: use of the same brush head over 6 months (NR: non-replacement) or replacement of brush head every 4 weeks over 6 months (R: replacement). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to kind of toothbrush (TB) used (OR and SA). Modified Quigley-Hein plaque index (QHI), papilla bleeding index (PBI), and gingival index (GI) were recorded at baseline and 2, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks after baseline. After 24 weeks, participants of both groups (R and NR) received a new brush head. At week 26, final QHI, PBI, and GI were recorded. QHI decreased between baseline and follow-up visits in R groups (P 0.05). There was no significant effect of time on PBI or GI in any of R subgroups (P> 0.05). In NR oscillating/rotating TB: significant increase in PBI and GI was detected 24 weeks after baseline (PBI: P= 0.02, GI: P= 0.03); sonic action TBs showed significant decrease in PBI at every follow-up visit (P< 0.05), except at 24 weeks after baseline (P= 0.73). GI was significantly decreased at 2 weeks after baseline only (P< 0.01). Six-month use of the same brush head reduced effectiveness in removing plaque, and gingival inflammation appeared to increase after a utilization time of over 4 months. Replacing brush heads is advised after 4 months. 18. Observation of modulation speed enhancement, frequency modulation suppression, and phase noise reduction by detuned loading in a coupled-cavity semiconductor laser OpenAIRE Vahala, Kerry; Paslaski, Joel; Yariv, Amnon 1985-01-01 Simultaneous direct modulation response enhancement, phase noise (linewidth) reduction, and frequency modulation suppression are produced in a coupled-cavity semiconductor laser by the detuned loading mechanism. 19. Observing participating observation DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Keiding, Tina Bering 2011-01-01 Current methodology concerning participating observation in general leaves the act of observation unobserved. Approaching participating observation from systems theory offers fundamental new insights into the topic. Observation is always participation. There is no way to escape becoming... 20. Observing participating observation DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Keiding, Tina Bering 2010-01-01 Current methodology concerning participating observation in general leaves the act of observation unobserved. Approaching participating observation from systems theory offers fundamental new insights into the topic. Observation is always participation. There is no way to escape becoming... 1. Synthesis and photoluminescence enhancement of PVA capped Mn2+ doped ZnS nanoparticles and observation of tunable dual emission: A new approach International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Viswanath, R.; Bhojya Naik, H.S.; Yashavanth Kumar, G.S.; Prashanth Kumar, P.N.; Harish, K.N.; Prabhakara, M.C.; Praveen, R. 2014-01-01 Highlights: • Synthesis of PVA capped Mn 2+ doped ZnS nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method in air atmosphere. • Characterized by the spectral techniques. • Study on their optical properties. • Calculation of particle size by different techniques. • Investigation of the increased luminescence characteristics (UV to IR region) of Mn 2+ doped ZnS ions at room temperature and the origin of the luminescence observed. - Abstract: This paper reports the enhanced photoluminescence (PL) property of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) capped Mn 2+ doped ZnS nanocrystals prepared by chemical precipitation method. The surface-modified Mn 2+ doped ZnS nanocrystals resulted in the multi-color property. The morphology and crystallite size were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The crystallite size was estimated to be 5 nm from HRTEM and calculated as 2–4 nm from peak broadening of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern with cubic zincblende structure. Increase in the band gap with decrease in the crystallite size was observed from the UV–visible absorption spectrum, which confirms the quantum confinement effect. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) emission measurements revealed the presence of blue (427 nm) and near IR reddish–orange (752 nm) emission bands in addition to the typical yellow–orange (585 nm) bands in all the Mn 2+ doped samples, which were attributed due to transition within the 3ds configuration of Mn 2+ ions incorporation in ZnS host under UV excitation at 320 nm. As far as we know, the reddish–orange bands at 752 nm near IR region along with the blue and yellow–orange colored PL are reported for the first time. In this way, the PL color from these ZnS nanocrystals can be tuned from UV to near infrared region (IR). The synthesized ZnS:Mn NPs can be further functionalized for using them as biolabels 2. Synthesis and photoluminescence enhancement of PVA capped Mn{sup 2+} doped ZnS nanoparticles and observation of tunable dual emission: A new approach Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Viswanath, R. [Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, 577451 (India); Bhojya Naik, H.S., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, 577451 (India); Yashavanth Kumar, G.S.; Prashanth Kumar, P.N.; Harish, K.N. [Department of Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, 577451 (India); Prabhakara, M.C. [Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, Sir. M.V. Government Science College, Bommanakatte, Shimoga, Bhadravathi, Karnataka, 577302 (India); Praveen, R. [Department of Technical Education, Automobile Technology Branch HMS Polytechnic (Government Aided), Tumkur, Karnataka, 572102 (India) 2014-05-01 Highlights: • Synthesis of PVA capped Mn{sup 2+} doped ZnS nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method in air atmosphere. • Characterized by the spectral techniques. • Study on their optical properties. • Calculation of particle size by different techniques. • Investigation of the increased luminescence characteristics (UV to IR region) of Mn{sup 2+} doped ZnS ions at room temperature and the origin of the luminescence observed. - Abstract: This paper reports the enhanced photoluminescence (PL) property of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) capped Mn{sup 2+} doped ZnS nanocrystals prepared by chemical precipitation method. The surface-modified Mn{sup 2+} doped ZnS nanocrystals resulted in the multi-color property. The morphology and crystallite size were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The crystallite size was estimated to be 5 nm from HRTEM and calculated as 2–4 nm from peak broadening of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern with cubic zincblende structure. Increase in the band gap with decrease in the crystallite size was observed from the UV–visible absorption spectrum, which confirms the quantum confinement effect. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) emission measurements revealed the presence of blue (427 nm) and near IR reddish–orange (752 nm) emission bands in addition to the typical yellow–orange (585 nm) bands in all the Mn{sup 2+} doped samples, which were attributed due to transition within the 3ds configuration of Mn{sup 2+} ions incorporation in ZnS host under UV excitation at 320 nm. As far as we know, the reddish–orange bands at 752 nm near IR region along with the blue and yellow–orange colored PL are reported for the first time. In this way, the PL color from these ZnS nanocrystals can be tuned from UV to near infrared region (IR). The synthesized ZnS:Mn NPs can be further functionalized for 3. Evolution of periodicity in periodical cicadas. Science.gov (United States) Ito, Hiromu; Kakishima, Satoshi; Uehara, Takashi; Morita, Satoru; Koyama, Takuya; Sota, Teiji; Cooley, John R; Yoshimura, Jin 2015-09-14 Periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) in the USA are famous for their unique prime-numbered life cycles of 13 and 17 years and their nearly perfectly synchronized mass emergences. Because almost all known species of cicada are non-periodical, periodicity is assumed to be a derived state. A leading hypothesis for the evolution of periodicity in Magicicada implicates the decline in average temperature during glacial periods. During the evolution of periodicity, the determinant of maturation in ancestral cicadas is hypothesized to have switched from size dependence to time (period) dependence. The selection for the prime-numbered cycles should have taken place only after the fixation of periodicity. Here, we build an individual-based model of cicadas under conditions of climatic cooling to explore the fixation of periodicity. In our model, under cold environments, extremely long juvenile stages lead to extremely low adult densities, limiting mating opportunities and favouring the evolution of synchronized emergence. Our results indicate that these changes, which were triggered by glacial cooling, could have led to the fixation of periodicity in the non-periodical ancestors. 4. Dark matter as a trigger for periodic comet impacts. Science.gov (United States) Randall, Lisa; Reece, Matthew 2014-04-25 Although statistical evidence is not overwhelming, possible support for an approximately 35×106 yr periodicity in the crater record on Earth could indicate a nonrandom underlying enhancement of meteorite impacts at regular intervals. A proposed explanation in terms of tidal effects on Oort cloud comet perturbations as the Solar System passes through the galactic midplane is hampered by lack of an underlying cause for sufficiently enhanced gravitational effects over a sufficiently short time interval and by the time frame between such possible enhancements. We show that a smooth dark disk in the galactic midplane would address both these issues and create a periodic enhancement of the sort that has potentially been observed. Such a disk is motivated by a novel dark matter component with dissipative cooling that we considered in earlier work. We show how to evaluate the statistical evidence for periodicity by input of appropriate measured priors from the galactic model, justifying or ruling out periodic cratering with more confidence than by evaluating the data without an underlying model. We find that, marginalizing over astrophysical uncertainties, the likelihood ratio for such a model relative to one with a constant cratering rate is 3.0, which moderately favors the dark disk model. Our analysis furthermore yields a posterior distribution that, based on current crater data, singles out a dark matter disk surface density of approximately 10M⊙/pc2. The geological record thereby motivates a particular model of dark matter that will be probed in the near future. 5. Rationalization of Comet Halley's periods Science.gov (United States) Belton, Michael J. S. 1990-01-01 The sense of long axis orientation of Comet Halley during the Vega 1 encounter must be reversed from that deduced by Sagdeev et al. (1986) in order to harmonize the comet nucleus' Vega/Giotto-observed orientations with periodicities extracted from time-series brightness data. It is also demonstrated that Vega/Giotto observations can be satisfied by either a 2.2- or 3.7-day long-axis free precession period. A novel Fourier algorithm is used to reanalyze five independent data sets; strong evidence is adduced for periods harmonically related to a 7.4-day period. The preferred candidate models for Halley's nuclear rotation are characterized by a long-axis precession period of 3.7 days. 6. Progressivity Enhanced Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Marko Hren 2013-09-01 Full Text Available Rather than a scientific text, the author contributes a concise memorandum from the originator of the idea who has managed the campaign for the conversion of the military barracks into a creative cluster between 1988 and 2002, when he parted ways with Metelkova due to conflicting views on the center’s future. His views shed light on a distant period of time from a perspective of a participant–observer. The information is abundantly supported by primary sources, also available online. However, some of the presented hypotheses are heavily influenced by his personal experiences of xenophobia, elitism, and predatorial behavior, which were already then discernible on the so-called alternative scene as well – so much so that they obstructed the implementation of progressive programs. The author claims that, in spite of the substantially different reality today, the myths and prejudices concerning Metelkova must be done away with in order to enhance its progressive nature. Above all, the paper calls for an objective view on internal antagonisms, mainly originating in deep class divisions between the users. These make a clear distinction between truly marginal ndividuals and the overambitious beau-bourgeois, as the author labels the large part of users of Metelkova of »his« time. On these grounds, he argues for a robust approach to ban all forms of xenophobia and self-ghettoization. 7. Chaos to periodicity and periodicity to chaos by periodic perturbations in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Li Qianshu; Zhu Rui 2004-01-01 A three-variable model of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction system subject to external sinusoidal perturbations is investigated by means of frequency spectrum analysis. In the period-1 window of the model, the transitions from periodicity to chaos are observed; in the chaotic window, the transitions from chaos to periodicity are found. The former might be understood by the circle map of two coupled oscillators, and the latter is partly explained by the resonance between the main frequency of the chaos and the frequency of the external periodic perturbations 8. Long Period Seismological Research Program Science.gov (United States) 1974-10-31 in central Asia as observed at the high-gain long- period sites. Preliminary results from observations at Chiang Mai (CHG) show that the complexity...Preliminary results from observations at Chiang Mai (CHG) show that the complexity of the surface wave signals from many events in the Tadzhik-Kirgiz...and receivers. A number of Interesting features can be illustrated by examining portions of three selsmograms recorded at Chiang Mai (CHO 9. SAFIPA-Meraka Institute code-sprints program; a mechanism to enhance the development capacity of emerging developers – observations and lessons learned CSIR Research Space (South Africa) Coetzee, L 2010-05-01 Full Text Available -MERAKA code-sprints program, a possibility for development is identified. NAP, an initiative to enhance inclusion and empower persons with disabilities, has shown that initiatives need to come from within the community to succeed. A popular slogan... ownership of development efforts. This paper investigates the feasibility of the “ICT for Society through Society” paradigm at the hand of the SAFIPA-MERAKA code-sprints program, an analysis of the Information and Communications Technology... 10. Evaluation of adverse events and imaging quality in contrast-enhanced abdominal CT using generic CT contrast developed in South Korea: A multicenter prospective observational study International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kim, You Sung; Jung, Seung Eun; Park, Micheal Yong; Rha, Sung Eun; Lee, Soo Rim; Hwang, Seong Su; Lim, Yeon Soo; Park, Jeong Mi 2017-01-01 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical safety and usefulness of the Prosure®300 in contrast-enhanced abdominal CT. This prospective study was approved by our center's Institutional Review Board. This study included 727 patients in four hospitals who underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT using Prosure®300 from December 2010 to June 2011. Adverse events were classified into minor and major adverse events. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between adverse events and patient gender, age, underlying disease, and amount of injected contrast agent. Two radiologists independently evaluated imaging quality as poor, insufficient, sufficient, good, or very good. One hundred seventy-six out of 727 patients complained of adverse events, but most of them were minor adverse events. Five patients complained of dyspnea and one patient had hoarseness, but recovered without treatment. The rate of adverse events was significantly higher in men (p = 0.011), and a greater amount of injected contrast agent was related to a higher rate of adverse events (p = 0.000). Imaging quality was evaluated as 'good' or 'very good' in all cases. Prosure®300, a generic CT contrast agent developed in South Korea, can be used in contrast-enhanced abdominal CT 11. Evaluation of adverse events and imaging quality in contrast-enhanced abdominal CT using generic CT contrast developed in South Korea: A multicenter prospective observational study Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kim, You Sung [Dept. of Radiology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang (Korea, Republic of); Jung, Seung Eun; Park, Micheal Yong; Rha, Sung Eun [Dept. of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary' s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Soo Rim [Dept. of Radiology, Uijeongbu St. Mary' s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu (Korea, Republic of); Hwang, Seong Su [Dept. of Radiology, St. Vincent Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon (Korea, Republic of); Lim, Yeon Soo [Dept. of Radiology, Bucheon St. Mary' s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon (Korea, Republic of); Park, Jeong Mi [Dept. of Radiology, Yeouido St. Mary' s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (Korea, Republic of) 2017-02-15 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical safety and usefulness of the Prosure®300 in contrast-enhanced abdominal CT. This prospective study was approved by our center's Institutional Review Board. This study included 727 patients in four hospitals who underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT using Prosure®300 from December 2010 to June 2011. Adverse events were classified into minor and major adverse events. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between adverse events and patient gender, age, underlying disease, and amount of injected contrast agent. Two radiologists independently evaluated imaging quality as poor, insufficient, sufficient, good, or very good. One hundred seventy-six out of 727 patients complained of adverse events, but most of them were minor adverse events. Five patients complained of dyspnea and one patient had hoarseness, but recovered without treatment. The rate of adverse events was significantly higher in men (p = 0.011), and a greater amount of injected contrast agent was related to a higher rate of adverse events (p = 0.000). Imaging quality was evaluated as 'good' or 'very good' in all cases. Prosure®300, a generic CT contrast agent developed in South Korea, can be used in contrast-enhanced abdominal CT. 12. Orbital periods of recurrent novae International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Schaefer, B.E. 1990-01-01 The class of recurrent novae (RN) with thermonuclear runaways contains only three systems (T Pyx, U Sco, and V394 CrA), for which no orbital periods are known. This paper presents a series of photometric observations where the orbital periods for all three systems are discovered. T Pyx is found to have sinusoidal modulation with an amplitude of 0.08 mag and a period of 2.3783 h (with a possible alias of 2.6403 h). U Sco is found to be an eclipsing system with an eclipse amplitude of roughly 1.5 mag and an orbital period of 1.2344 days. V394 CrA is found to have sinusoidal modulation with an amplitude of 0.5 mag and a period of 0.7577 days. Thus two out of three RN with thermonuclear runaways (or five out of six for all RN) have evolved companions. 16 refs 13. OPUS: A Comprehensive Search Tool for Remote Sensing Observations of the Outer Planets. Now with Enhanced Geometric Metadata for Cassini and New Horizons Optical Remote Sensing Instruments. Science.gov (United States) Gordon, M. K.; Showalter, M. R.; Ballard, L.; Tiscareno, M.; French, R. S.; Olson, D. 2017-06-01 The PDS RMS Node hosts OPUS - an accurate, comprehensive search tool for spacecraft remote sensing observations. OPUS supports Cassini: CIRS, ISS, UVIS, VIMS; New Horizons: LORRI, MVIC; Galileo SSI; Voyager ISS; and Hubble: ACS, STIS, WFC3, WFPC2. 14. Observation of vapor pressure enhancement of rare-earth metal-halide salts in the temperature range relevant to metal-halide lamps Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Curry, J. J.; Henins, A.; Hardis, J. E. [National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 (United States); Estupinan, E. G. [Osram Sylvania Inc., Beverly, Massachusetts 01915 (United States); Lapatovich, W. P. [Independent Consultant, 51 Pye Brook Lane, Boxford, Massachusetts 01921 (United States); Shastri, S. D. [Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439 (United States) 2012-02-20 Total vapor-phase densities of Dy in equilibrium with a DyI{sub 3}/InI condensate and Tm in equilibrium with a TmI{sub 3}/TlI condensate have been measured for temperatures between 900 K and 1400 K. The measurements show strong enhancements in rare-earth vapor densities compared to vapors in equilibrium with the pure rare-earth metal-halides. The measurements were made with x-ray induced fluorescence on the sector 1-ID beam line at the Advanced Photon Source. The temperature range and salt mixtures are relevant to the operation of metal-halide high-intensity discharge lamps. 15. Enhanced 29Si spin-lattice relaxation and observation of three-dimensional lattice connectivity in zeolites by two-dimensional 29Si MASS NMR International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sivadinarayana, C.; Choudhary, V.R.; Ganapathy, S. 1994-01-01 It is shown that considerable sensitivity enhancement is achieved in the 29 Si magic angle sample spinning (MASS) NMR spectra of highly siliceous zeolites by pre treating the material with oxygen. The presence of adsorbed molecular oxygen in zeolite channels promotes an efficient 29 Si spin-lattice relaxation via a paramagnetic interaction between the lattice 29 Si T-site and the adsorbed oxygen on zeolite channels. This affords an efficient 2-D data collection and leads to increased sensitivity. The utility of this method is demonstrated in a two-dimensional COSY-45 NMR experiment of a high silica zeolite ZSM-5. (author). 20 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab 16. Estimation of shallow ground structure using short-period microtremors array observation. Results in Morioka area; Tanshuki bido no array kansoku ni yoru senbu chika kozo no suitei. Moriokashiiki ni okeru kekka Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yamamoto, H; Obuchi, T; Saito, T; Iwamoto, K [Iwate University, Iwate (Japan). Faculty of Engineering; Yoshida, Y [OYO Corp., Tokyo (Japan) 1996-05-01 The velocity structure in the shallow ground structure was evaluated by observing microtremors of 1-10Hz in the Morioka City area. Plural wave sections free of vehicle noises or the like were selected out of the collected microtremor records, and the Fourier spectrum and coherence were calculated. Records sufficiently supporting the correlation between seismographs were chosen for the analysis. The phase velocity was calculated for each observation spot from plural array records by use of the F-K spectrum. The underground velocity structure was estimated by the inversion process using the matrix method. In this method, an early model was built on the basis of the observed phase velocity and the optimum underground velocity structure was determined by alternately performing two inversion processes: one for the case wherein the S-wave velocity is the sole parameter and the other for the case wherein the layer thickness is the sole parameter. As the result, a shallow underground velocity structure, which has good agreement with the available boring data in the Morioka City area, was successfully estimated, verifying the validity of this method. 4 refs., 7 figs. 17. Detecting periodicities with Gaussian processes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nicolas Durrande 2016-04-01 Full Text Available We consider the problem of detecting and quantifying the periodic component of a function given noise-corrupted observations of a limited number of input/output tuples. Our approach is based on Gaussian process regression, which provides a flexible non-parametric framework for modelling periodic data. We introduce a novel decomposition of the covariance function as the sum of periodic and aperiodic kernels. This decomposition allows for the creation of sub-models which capture the periodic nature of the signal and its complement. To quantify the periodicity of the signal, we derive a periodicity ratio which reflects the uncertainty in the fitted sub-models. Although the method can be applied to many kernels, we give a special emphasis to the Matérn family, from the expression of the reproducing kernel Hilbert space inner product to the implementation of the associated periodic kernels in a Gaussian process toolkit. The proposed method is illustrated by considering the detection of periodically expressed genes in the arabidopsis genome. 18. Observation of abnormal mobility enhancement in multilayer MoS2 transistor by synergy of ultraviolet illumination and ozone plasma treatment Science.gov (United States) Guo, Junjie; Yang, Bingchu; Zheng, Zhouming; Jiang, Jie 2017-03-01 Mobility engineering through physical or chemical process is a fruitful approach for the atomically-layered two-dimensional electronic applications. Unfortunately, the usual process with either illumination or oxygen treatment would greatly deteriorate the mobility in two-dimensional MoS2 field-effect transistor (FET). Here, in this work, we report that the mobility can be abnormally enhanced to an order of magnitude by the synergy of ultraviolet illumination (UV) and ozone plasma treatment in multilayer MoS2 FET. This abnormal mobility enhancement is attributed to the trap passivation due to the photo-generated excess carriers during UV/ozone plasma treatment. An energy band model based on Schottky barrier modulation is proposed to understand the underlying mechanism. Raman spectra results indicate that the oxygen ions are incorporated into the surface of MoS2 (some of them are in the form of ultra-thin Mo-oxide) and can further confirm this proposed mechanism. Our results can thus provide a simple approach for mobility engineering in MoS2-based FET and can be easily expanded to other 2D electronic devices, which represents a significant step toward applications of 2D layered materials in advanced cost-effective electronics. 19. Observation of enhanced production of strange and multi-strange hadrons in high-multiplicity pp and p-Pb collisions with the ALICE detector. CERN Multimedia CERN. Geneva 2015-01-01 The production of strange hadrons has long been studied in heavy-ion collisions to investigate the formation of a deconfined medium. The interpretation of these data depends critically on the understanding of strange-particle production in smaller ‘baseline’ collision systems such as proton-proton and proton-ion. The ALICE experiment is well-suited to the measurement of identified charged hadrons and weakly-decaying strange and multi-strange baryons and has collected large samples of minimum-bias pp and p-Pb collisions. Characterising the collisions according to their final-state multiplicities reveals an enhancement in the production of strange and multi-strange particles, relative to light flavoured hadrons. This detailed information is valuable in understanding the mechanisms that control the production of strange particles. 20. Control of radiation fields at the RA reactor (Radiological data relevant for the period when irregularities on the fuel elements were observed), Part 2, Annex 1; Kontrola radijacionih polja na reaktoru RA (Neki podaci relevantni za ocenu radijacione situacije na reaktoru za period u kome su otkrivene neregularnosti na reaktorskom gorivu), Prilog 1, Deo 2 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ninkovic, M [Institute of Nuclear Sciences Boris Kidric, Vinca, Beograd (Serbia and Montenegro) 1980-10-15 1. A Spatio-Temporal Enhancement Method for medium resolution LAI (STEM-LAI), International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation KAUST Repository Houborg, Rasmus; McCabe, Matthew; Gao, Feng 2015-01-01 .01–0.85 when using 1 km LAI inputs alone. Comparisons against an 11-year record of in-situ measured LAI over maize and soybean highlight the utility of STEM-LAI in reproducing observed LAI dynamics (both characterized by r2 = 0.86) over a range of plant 2. Should We Enhance the Observing Systems or Improve Coordination Among the Operating Agencies: What is Needed the Most for Security--A Philosophical Discussion Science.gov (United States) Habib, Shahid 2006-01-01 As an integrated observing strategy, the concept of sensorweb for Earth observations is appealing in many aspects. For instance, by increasing the spatial and temporal coverage of observations from space and other vantage points, one can eventually aid in increasing the accuracy of the atmospheric models which are precursor to hurricane track prediction, volcanic eruption forecast, and trajectory path of transcontinental transport of dust, harmful nuclear and chemical plumes. In reality, there is little analysis available in terms of benefits, costs and optimized set of sensors needed to make these necessary observations. This is a complex problem that must be carefully studied and balanced over many boundaries such as science, defense, early warning, security, and surveillance. Simplistically, the sensorweb concept from the technological point of view alone has a great appeal in the defense, early warning and security applications. In fact, it can be relatively less expensive in per unit cost as opposed to building and deploying it for the scientific use. However, overall observing approach should not be singled out and aligned somewhat orthogonally to serve a particular need. On the other hand, the sensorweb should be designed and deployed to serve multiple subject areas and customers simultaneously; and can behave as directed measuring systems for both science and operational entities. Sensorweb can be designed to act as expert systems, and/or also provide a dedicated integrated surveillance network. Today, there is no system in the world that is fully integrated in terms of reporting timely multiple hazards warnings, computing the loss of life and property damage estimates, and is also designed to cater to everyone's needs. It is not an easier problem to undertake and more so is not practically solvable. At this time due to some recent events in the world, the scientific community, social scientists, and operational agencies are more cognizant and getting 3. The Periodic Pyramid Science.gov (United States) Hennigan, Jennifer N.; Grubbs, W. Tandy 2013-01-01 The chemical elements present in the modern periodic table are arranged in terms of atomic numbers and chemical periodicity. Periodicity arises from quantum mechanical limitations on how many electrons can occupy various shells and subshells of an atom. The shell model of the atom predicts that a maximum of 2, 8, 18, and 32 electrons can occupy… 4. Book Reviews in Periodicals. Science.gov (United States) Ettelt, Harold J. All recent issues of periodicals found which contain indexed book reviews are listed in this compilation from Drake Memorial Library at the New York State University at Brockport. The periodicals are listed by 29 subject headings in this informal guide designed to be used at Drake Library. The number of reviews in the periodical in a recent year… 5. Uruguay - Surface Weather Observations Data.gov (United States) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Surface weather observation forms for 26 stations in Uruguay. Period of record 1896-2005, with two to eight observations per day. Files created through a... 6. Low energy plasma observations at synchronous orbit International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Reasoner, D.L.; Lennartsson, W. 1977-08-01 The University of California at San Diego Auroral Particles Experiment on the ATS-6 Satellite in synchronous orbit has detected a low-energy plasma population which is separate and distinct from both the ring current and plasma sheet populations. These observations suggest that this plasma is the outer zone of the plasmasphere. During magnetically active periods, this low energy plasma is often observed flowing sunward. In the dusk sector, enhanced plasma flow is often observed for 1-2 hours prior to the onset of a substorm-associated particle injection. (author) 7. Large enhancement of highly energetic electrons in the outer radiation belt and its transport into the inner radiation belt inferred from MDS-1 satellite observations Science.gov (United States) Obara, T.; Matsumoto, H. 2016-03-01 We have examined a large increase of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt and its penetration into the inner radiation belt over slot region using the MDS-1 satellite observations. Result of analyses demonstrates that a large increase took place in the spring and autumn seasons, and we have newly confirmed that the penetration of outer belt electrons to the inner radiation zone took place during the big magnetic storms by examining a pitch angle distribution of the penetrating electrons. 8. Observations of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L. post-larvae growth performances reared in an illuminated floating cage in Varese lake (N-W Italy over a two years period Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Micaela Antonini 2010-02-01 Full Text Available Eurasian perch (P. fluviatilis is a very important fish species in Varese lake (N-W Italy. Since the second half of 20th century, perch catches in the lake have steadily decreased and by the end of the ‘80s the species resulted clearly endangered. The purpose of this study was to investigate growth, mortality and feeding conditions of perch postlarvae, reared in illuminated floating cage in Varese lake, to obtain fingerlings for a restocking program. In June 2006 and 2007, groups of 280 and 300 pre-weaned post-larvae (average body weight 0.64±0.09 g and 0.25±0.08 g respectively P<0.01 were held in an illuminated net cage for 90 days. The cage was illuminated inside from 20:30 p.m. to 6:30 a.m. During the trial, the nightly zooplankton accumulation inside the cage was assessed weekly. At night time the zooplankton biomass, which resulted dominated by Cladocera family, was higher inside the cage than in the lake. In 2006, 322±36 zooplankters L–1 were observed, compared to 945±600 observed in 2007 (P<0.05. In the lake, the number of zooplankters per litre was similar in both years, resulting in 63.3±50.30 and 61.10±45 zooplankters L–1, respectively on 2006 and 2007. In order to assess perch growth performances, 25 fishes were sampled from the cage every 15-20 days and length (cm and weight (g were assessed for each sample. At the end of September, specific growth rate (SGR and survival rate were assessed. In 2006 the final mean body weight of the perch fry was 4.65±1.47 g and that results significantly lower (P<0.05 than of 2007 (6.3±1.69 g. The SGR was 2.04% and 3.42%, respectively. The higher growth rate observed in 2007 was influenced by a higher zooplankton accumulation in the cage due to an improved cage management. In order to assess the cage efficiency, in September 2006 and 2007, the weight of young-of-year perch (n=50 captured in the lake were compared to those of reared fish. Wild fry showed a mean body weight significantly 9. The Correlation between Individual and Environmental Hygiene and Pioderma Incidence An Analytical Observational Study in Pyoderma Patient in Islamic Sultan Agung Hospital during the Period August to December 2010 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Iis Aisyah Sutisna 2011-06-01 Design and Methods: The study type was analytic observational with case control design. The sample consisted of 30 respondents RSI patients Sultan Agung for case group and 30 persons as control group is the neighbors of patients who have similar characteristics and are not suffering pyoderma. The data used are secondary data from medical records and primary data from questionnaires filled out by respondents, then the data were analyzed with chi-square and to determine the correlation power there was used a contingency coefficient test. Results: It was found that the good and the bad individual hygene for the case group were 3.3% and 66.7% respectively, while for the control group the good and bad individual hygene were 80.0% and 20.0% respectively. Chi-square test resulted in p=0,000 with contingency coefisien of 0.426. It was found that the good and the bad environmental hygene for the case group were 56.7% and 43.3% respectively, while for the control group the good and bad environmental hygene were 83.3% and 16.3% respectively. Chi-square test resulted in p=0,024 with contingency coefisien of 0.27. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between the personal and environmental hygiene and poderma insicence at the RSI Sultan Agung with a moderate relationship between individual hygiene and weak relationship between environmental hygene (Sains Medika, 3(1:24-30. 10. Magneto-resistive coefficient enhancement observed around Verwey-like transition on spinel ferrites XFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (X = Mn, Zn) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) López Maldonado, K. L., E-mail: [email protected]; Vazquez Zubiate, L.; Elizalde Galindo, J. T. [Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Av. Del Charro 450 norte, 32310 Ciudad Juárez (Mexico); Presa, P. de la [Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado (UCM-ADIF-CSIC), P.O. Box 155, 28230 Las Rozas (Spain); Departamento de Física de Materiales, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, Madrid (Spain); Matutes Aquino, J. A. [Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Miguel de Cervantes 120, 31109 Chihuahua (Mexico) 2014-05-07 Manganese and Zinc ferrites were prepared by solid state reaction. The resulting powders were pressed into pellets and heat treated at 1100 °C. The samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, pure phases of zinc ferrite (ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) and manganese ferrite (MnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}) were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a good contact between particles. A drop of electrical resistance was found in both samples, MnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} and ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}, with values going from 2750 to 130 Ω and from 1100 to 55 Ω, respectively. Transition temperatures were determined to be T{sub V} = 225 K for MnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} and T{sub V} = 130 K for ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}. Magnetoresistance measurements were carried out in the temperature range where R showed the transition, defined as the Verwey-like transition temperature range, ΔT{sub V}. No magnetoresistive effect was observed out of it. The magnetoresistive coefficient (MRC) observed at ΔT{sub V} reached its maximum values of 1.1% for MnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} and 6.68% for ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}. The differences between MRC values are related to the divalent metal element used. Finally, the magnetoresistive response indicates that the electrical transition observed is strongly influencing the magnetoresistance; where the underlying responsible for this behavior could be a charge reordering occurring at the Verwey-like transition temperature. 11. Ionization and NO production in the polar mesosphere during high-speed solar wind streams. Model validation and comparison with NO enhancements observed by Odin-SMR Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kirkwood, S.; Belova, E. [Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna (Sweden). Polar Atmospheric Research; Osepian, A. [Polar Geophysical Institute, Murmansk (Russian Federation); Urban, J.; Perot, K. [Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Gothenburg (Sweden). Dept. of Radio and Space Science; Sinha, A.K. [Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai (India) 2015-09-01 Precipitation of high-energy electrons (EEP) into the polar middle atmosphere is a potential source of significant production of odd nitrogen, which may play a role in stratospheric ozone destruction and in perturbing large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. High-speed streams of solar wind (HSS) are a major source of energization and precipitation of electrons from the Earth's radiation belts, but it remains to be determined whether these electrons make a significant contribution to the odd-nitrogen budget in the middle atmosphere when compared to production by solar protons or by lower-energy (auroral) electrons at higher altitudes, with subsequent downward transport. Satellite observations of EEP are available, but their accuracy is not well established. Studies of the ionization of the atmosphere in response to EEP, in terms of cosmic-noise absorption (CNA), have indicated an unexplained seasonal variation in HSS-related effects and have suggested possible order-of-magnitude underestimates of the EEP fluxes by the satellite observations in some circumstances. Here we use a model of ionization by EEP coupled with an ion chemistry model to show that published average EEP fluxes, during HSS events, from satellite measurements (Meredith et al., 2011), are fully consistent with the published average CNA response (Kavanagh et al., 2012). The seasonal variation of CNA response can be explained by ion chemistry with no need for any seasonal variation in EEP. Average EEP fluxes are used to estimate production rate profiles of nitric oxide between 60 and 100 km heights over Antarctica for a series of unusually well separated HSS events in austral winter 2010. These are compared to observations of changes in nitric oxide during the events, made by the sub-millimetre microwave radiometer on the Odin spacecraft. The observations show strong increases of nitric oxide amounts between 75 and 90 km heights, at all latitudes poleward of 60 S, about 10 days after the 12. Ionization and NO production in the polar mesosphere during high-speed solar wind streams. Model validation and comparison with NO enhancements observed by Odin-SMR International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kirkwood, S.; Belova, E.; Urban, J.; Perot, K. 2015-01-01 Precipitation of high-energy electrons (EEP) into the polar middle atmosphere is a potential source of significant production of odd nitrogen, which may play a role in stratospheric ozone destruction and in perturbing large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. High-speed streams of solar wind (HSS) are a major source of energization and precipitation of electrons from the Earth's radiation belts, but it remains to be determined whether these electrons make a significant contribution to the odd-nitrogen budget in the middle atmosphere when compared to production by solar protons or by lower-energy (auroral) electrons at higher altitudes, with subsequent downward transport. Satellite observations of EEP are available, but their accuracy is not well established. Studies of the ionization of the atmosphere in response to EEP, in terms of cosmic-noise absorption (CNA), have indicated an unexplained seasonal variation in HSS-related effects and have suggested possible order-of-magnitude underestimates of the EEP fluxes by the satellite observations in some circumstances. Here we use a model of ionization by EEP coupled with an ion chemistry model to show that published average EEP fluxes, during HSS events, from satellite measurements (Meredith et al., 2011), are fully consistent with the published average CNA response (Kavanagh et al., 2012). The seasonal variation of CNA response can be explained by ion chemistry with no need for any seasonal variation in EEP. Average EEP fluxes are used to estimate production rate profiles of nitric oxide between 60 and 100 km heights over Antarctica for a series of unusually well separated HSS events in austral winter 2010. These are compared to observations of changes in nitric oxide during the events, made by the sub-millimetre microwave radiometer on the Odin spacecraft. The observations show strong increases of nitric oxide amounts between 75 and 90 km heights, at all latitudes poleward of 60 S, about 10 days after the 13. Everglades Ecological Forecasting II: Utilizing NASA Earth Observations to Enhance the Capabilities of Everglades National Park to Monitor & Predict Mangrove Extent to Aid Current Restoration Efforts Science.gov (United States) Kirk, Donnie; Wolfe, Amy; Ba, Adama; Nyquist, Mckenzie; Rhodes, Tyler; Toner, Caitlin; Cabosky, Rachel; Gotschalk, Emily; Gregory, Brad; Kendall, Candace 2016-01-01 Mangroves act as a transition zone between fresh and salt water habitats by filtering and indicating salinity levels along the coast of the Florida Everglades. However, dredging and canals built in the early 1900s depleted the Everglades of much of its freshwater resources. In an attempt to assist in maintaining the health of threatened habitats, efforts have been made within Everglades National Park to rebalance the ecosystem and adhere to sustainably managing mangrove forests. 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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/556280/prove-int-01-fracx2-2-x2-ln1xx3-sqrt1-x2dx-frac-pi28-fra	# Prove $\int_0^1\frac{x^2-2\,x+2\ln(1+x)}{x^3\,\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx=\frac{\pi^2}8-\frac12$ How can I prove the following identity? $$\int_0^1\frac{x^2-2\,x+2\ln(1+x)}{x^3\,\sqrt{1-x^2}}dx=\frac{\pi^2}8-\frac12$$ - Just curious (for my own learning's sake), what sort of class involves integrals like this? It's certainly above anything in my Calc II course I took. Is this like Real Analysis (or perhaps Complex Analysis)? – anorton Nov 7 '13 at 23:55 How did you get the answer? – Mhenni Benghorbal Nov 8 '13 at 0:13 Where did this came from? What's the history behind this identity? – Lucas Zanella Nov 8 '13 at 2:53 @MhenniBenghorbal It was part of the problem. Anyways, it would be easy to guess using a numeric approximation and wolframalpha.com – Laila Podlesny Nov 8 '13 at 23:09 add comment ## 1 Answer First observe that $$x^2-2 x+2 \log{(1+x)} = 2 \sum_{k=3}^{\infty} (-1)^{k+1} \frac{x^k}{k}$$ The integral is then equal to $$2 \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^k}{k+3} \int_0^1 dx \frac{x^k}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$ Now, we will need separate treatments for the even and odd terms (1): $$\int_0^1 dx \frac{x^k}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} = \begin{cases} \frac{\displaystyle 1}{\displaystyle 2^{2 k}} \displaystyle \binom{2 k}{k} \frac{\pi}{2} & k \: \text{even}\\ \frac{\displaystyle 2^{2 k-1}}{\displaystyle k \binom{2 k}{k}} & k \: \text{odd} \end{cases}$$ That is, the integral is now equal to the difference between two sums: $$\pi \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2 k+3} \frac{1}{2^{2 k}} \binom{2 k}{k} - \frac12 \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{ k+1} \frac{\displaystyle 2^{2 k}}{\displaystyle k \binom{2 k}{k}}$$ We now evaluate each sum in turn. For the first, let $$f(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2 k+3} \frac{1}{2^{2 k}} \binom{2 k}{k} x^{2 k+3}$$ Then $$f'(x) = x^2 \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2^{2 k}} \binom{2 k}{k} x^{2 k} = \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$ which means that, enforcing the condition that $f(0)=0$ (2), $$f(x) = \int dx \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} = \frac{1}{2} \arcsin(x)-\frac{1}{2} x \sqrt{1-x^2}$$ The sum in question is equal to $f(1) = \pi/4$. For the second sum, define $$g(x) = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{k( k+1)} \frac{\displaystyle 2^{2 k}}{\displaystyle \binom{2 k}{k}} x^{k+1}$$ Then (see this answer for a reference) $$g''(x) = \frac{1}{x} \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(4 x)^k}{\displaystyle \binom{2 k}{k}} = \frac{\displaystyle 1+\frac{ \arcsin\left(\sqrt{x}\right)}{\sqrt{x(1-x)}}}{1-x}$$ Integrating twice and enforcing the condition that $g(0)=0$ and $g'(0)=0$, we find that (3) $$g(x) = x+\arcsin\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^2-2 \sqrt{x(1-x)} \arcsin\left(\sqrt{x}\right)$$ The second sum is then $$g(1) = 1+\frac{\pi^2}{4}$$ The value of the integral we seek is then equal to $$\pi f(1) - \frac12 g(1) = \pi \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac12 \left ( 1+ \frac{\pi^2}{4} \right ) = \frac{\pi^2}{8} - \frac12$$ as was to be shown. ADDENDUM I think I should fill in some gaps of the above proof. I will go through each intermediate result in turn so that the solution is more self-contained. The integrals I evaluate here are not as difficult as they appear, although there is one subtlety that should be pointed out. Equation (1) $$\int_0^1 dx \frac{x^k}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$ a) $k$ even, i.e., $k=2 m$, $m \in \{0,1,2,\ldots\}$ Sub $x=\sin{t}$ to see that this integral is equal to $$I_m = \int_0^{\pi/2} dt \, \sin^{2 m}{t}$$ Integrate by parts to see that \begin{align}I_m &= -\underbrace{\left [ \cos{t} \sin^{2 m-1}{t} \right ]_0^{\pi/2}}_{\text{this}=0} + (2 m-1) \underbrace{\int_0^{\pi/2} dt \, \cos^2{t} \sin^{2 m-2}{t}}_{\cos^2{t}=1-\sin^2{t}}\\ &= (2 m-1) I_{m-1} - (2 m-1) I_m\end{align} Thus, $$I_m = \frac{2 m-1}{2 m} I_{m-1} = \frac{(2 m-1)(2 m-3)\cdots (3)(1)}{(2 m)(2 m-2)\cdots (2)} I_0$$ where $I_0 = \int_0^{\pi/2} dt = \pi/2$. We may rearrange the above result by multiplying the numerator by the denominator, and we have for even values of $k$: $$I_m = \frac{1}{2^{2 m}} \binom{2 m}{m} \frac{\pi}{2}$$ b) $k$ odd, i.e., $k=2 m+1$, $m \in \{0,1,2,\ldots\}$ We perform identical manipulations as above, but now we get that $$I_m = \frac{(2 m)(2 m-2)\cdots (2)}{(2 m+1)(2 m-1)\cdots (3)} I_1$$ where $I_1 = \int_0^{\pi/2} dt \, \sin{t} = 1$. Using similar manipulations as above (except we multiply the denominator by the numerator), we have $$I_m = \frac{1}{2 m+1} \frac{2^{2 m}}{\displaystyle \binom{2 m}{m}}$$ You may note, however, that this is not the result I displayed in the proof. Good reason: this form would complicate the series approach to evaluating the sum. To this effect, let's map $m \mapsto m-1$ and consider $m \in \{1,2,3,\ldots\}$. Then $$I_m = \frac{2^{2 m-2}}{2 m-1} \frac{[(m-1)!]^2}{(2 m-2)!} = \frac{2^{2 m-1}}{\displaystyle m \binom{2 m}{m}}$$ as asserted. Equation (2) $$\underbrace{\int dx \frac{x^2}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}}_{x=\sin{t}} = \int dt \, \sin^2{t} = \frac{t}{2} - \frac12 \sin{t} \cos{t}$$ form which the posted result follows. Equation (3) Here we have 2 integrations. First, $$g'(x) = \underbrace{\int dx \frac{1+\frac{\arcsin{\sqrt{x}}}{\sqrt{x (1-x)}}}{1-x}}_{x=u^2} = \underbrace{2 \int du \, \frac{u + \frac{\arcsin{u}}{\sqrt{1-u^2}}}{1-u^2}}_{u=\sin{t}} = 2 \int dt \, \tan{t} + 2 \int dt \, t \sec^2{t}$$ Do the second integral by parts: $$2 \int dt \, t \sec^2{t} = 2 t \tan{t} - 2 \int dt \, \tan{t}$$ Thus we have a fortuitous cancellation, and using $t=\arcsin{\sqrt{x}}$, and enforcing $g'(0)=0$, we have $$g'(x) = 2 \sqrt{\frac{x}{1-x}}\arcsin{\sqrt{x}}$$ So, second, we must integrate this result to get $g(x)$. We use similar substitutions as above (i.e., $x=u^2$, $u=\sin{t}$): $$g(x) = 4 \int du \, \frac{u^2}{\sqrt{1-u^2}} \arcsin{u} = 4 \int dt \, t \, \sin^2{t}$$ Now, integrate by parts: $$4 \int dt \, t \, \sin^2{t} = 2 t (t - \sin{t} \cos{t}) - 2 \int dt \, (t - \sin{t} \cos{t}) = t^2 - 2 t \sin{t} \cos{t} + \sin^2{t} +C$$ Now, use $t = \arcsin{\sqrt{x}}$ and the fact that $g(0)=0$ and get $$g(x) = \arcsin{\left ( \sqrt{x}\right )}^2 - 2 \sqrt{x (1-x)} \arcsin{\left ( \sqrt{x}\right )} + x$$ as posted above. - Nice solution. Ron Gordon – juantheron Nov 8 '13 at 2:55 Bravo again Ron! +1 – Bennett Gardiner Nov 8 '13 at 12:55 @juantheron: thanks. I've been meaning to ask: is juantheron a play on Juan Perón, or is it just your name and I'm being too imaginative? – Ron Gordon Nov 8 '13 at 14:29 @BennettGardiner: thanks, as always, you show me so much kindness. – Ron Gordon Nov 8 '13 at 14:29 Excellent work! :) – Ahaan Rungta Nov 9 '13 at 1:22 add comment	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9910312294960022, "perplexity": 1345.3203194627508}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00071-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/144397/how-to-know-if-the-pseudoscalar-yukawa-lagrangian-is-invariant-under-chiral-tran/144414	# How to know if the pseudoscalar Yukawa Lagrangian is invariant under chiral transformation? The pseudo-scalar Yukawa theory Lagrangian is $$\mathcal{L}=\bar{\psi}(i\gamma ^\mu \partial_\mu - m)\psi -g\bar{\psi}i\gamma^5\phi\psi,$$ where $g$ is a coupling constant. How can I show it is invariant under a chiral transformation, $\psi\to e^{i\lambda \gamma_5}\psi$? • Um...plug the transformation in and see what happens? – ACuriousMind Nov 2 '14 at 16:08 (This is a largely a response prompted by your comment.) You can get the answer by just remembering the commutation/anti-commutation properties of the $\gamma$ matrices, and the fact that ${\bar \psi} = \psi^{\dagger} \gamma^0$. To see the following, you would have to expand the exponential factor, up to linear order $e^{M} = I + M + \ldots$. (I'm not going to do your homework, this is just a guide!) 1) The kinematic term $i \bar{\psi}\gamma ^\mu \partial_\mu\psi$ goes into itself, using $\{\gamma^{\mu}, \gamma^5\} = 0$. 2) The Yukawa coupling term follows suite. 3) There is no such cancellation in the mass term $m \bar \psi \psi$, but the two factors reinforce each other. This term picks up an overall factor of $e^{2i\lambda \gamma_5}\psi$, i.e. two times either factor. Thus, the mass term is not invariant under this transformation, and breaks chiral symmetry. B.T.W. This transformation is called the axial-vector transformation, since the corresponding conserved (in the m=0 limit) Noether current transforms like an axialvector $\bar \psi \gamma^{\mu} \gamma^5 \psi$. Resolving into Weyl spinors $\psi_{L,R} = (1\mp \gamma^5)\psi/2$ is an alternative way of seeing this. With this, you will again have to use the $\gamma$ matrices' properties, and you will arrive at the result that only the mass term mixes up the two chiralities, i.e. becomes $m (\bar \psi_L \psi_R + \bar \psi_R \psi_L)$. The kinematic term would transform into $i \bar{\psi_L}\gamma ^\mu \partial_\mu\psi_L + i \bar{\psi_R}\gamma ^\mu \partial_\mu\psi_R$ and hence, it is like the the kinematic terms of two independent Lagrangians added up. No mixing. The two formulations are absolutely equivalent. • Thanks for your very clear guidance. I have a question though, while I am performing this transformation on Yukawa coupling term: I get the following:$$L'=-g\bar{\psi}i\gamma^5\phi\psi = -gi\bar{\psi}e^{i\lambda \gamma^5}\gamma^5 \phi e^{i\lambda\gamma^5}\psi$$ Why aren't the exponentials cancelling so it would be invariant.. – Fluctuations Nov 2 '14 at 19:09 • In one of your exponentials there should be a minus sign, because $\bar{\psi}$ is a conjugate of $\psi$. Also, $\gamma^5$ commutes with its exponential (because it commutes with all terms in its Tailor expansion). So the two exponentials cancel each other. – Prof. Legolasov Nov 2 '14 at 20:31 • @Fluctuations no, it is not true. But for every matrix $x$ (in your case, $x=i\gamma^5$), the following holds: $$\left[ x, \exp x \right] = 0$$ – Prof. Legolasov Nov 2 '14 at 21:38 • Hindsight did most of the follow-up job for me, so thanks. Regarding the last point, @Fluctuations, as Hindsight already mentioned, they don't anticommute, they commute! To see this explicitly, expand the exponential in $$[ x, \exp x ]$$ and exploit the linearity $$[ x, (y+z) ] = [ x, y ] + [ x, z ]$$. Clearly, $x$ commutes with identity, with $x$, with $x^2$, and so on. :) – 299792458 Nov 3 '14 at 5:10 • And @Hindsight, thanks for the follow-up job. Yes, chiral symmetry holds only in the $m=0$ limit. Finite mass explicitly breaks chiral symmetry. But if these mass terms are small, like $u$ and $d$ quarks (the $SU(2)$ case), chiral symmetry can be considered an approximate symmetry of the strong interactions. :) – 299792458 Nov 3 '14 at 5:16	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9427048563957214, "perplexity": 535.6221181170971}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670512.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120060344-20191120084344-00338.warc.gz"}
http://alidoc.cern.ch/AliPhysics/vAN-20170417/class_ali_d_jet_v_reader.html	AliPhysics 4e47bdd (4e47bdd) Implementation of an abstract class to read the invariant mass histograms used to extract the raw yield. More... #include <AliDJetVReader.h> ## Public Member Functions void SetPtBinEdgesForMassPlot (Double_t ptmin, Double_t ptmax) void SetZedges (Double_t zmin, Double_t zmax) void SetDmesonPtBins (Int_t nbins=0, Double_t ptedges=0x0) void SetJetPtBins (Int_t nbins=0, Double_t ptedges=0x0) void SetDmesonEfficiency (Double_t effvalues=0x0) virtual Bool_t ExtractInputMassPlotEffScale ()=0 virtual Bool_t ExtractInputMassPlotSideband ()=0 TH1DGetMassPlot () TH2DGetMassVsJetPtPlot () ## Protected Attributes Double_t fpTmin pT lower edge of mass plot to evaluate variations of yields More... Double_t fpTmax pT upper edge of mass plot to evaluate variations of yields More... Double_t fzmin z minimum value to extract jet pT spectrum More... Double_t fzmax z maximum value to extract jet pT spectrum More... Int_t fnDbins Number of D-meson pT bins (for eff scaling) More... Double_tfDbinpTedges D-meson pt bin edges values. More... Int_t fnJetbins Number of pT-bins to be used for spectrum. More... Double_tfJetbinpTedges Jet pT bin edges to be used for spectrum. More... Double_tfDEffValues D-meson efficiency values. More... TH1DfMassPlot !Mass spectra to be fitted More... TH2DfMassVsJetPtPlot !Mass vs jet pt (SB method) More... ## Detailed Description Implementation of an abstract class to read the invariant mass histograms used to extract the raw yield. Implementation of an abstract class to read the invariant mass histograms used to extract the raw yield. Definition at line 27 of file AliDJetVReader.h. ## Constructor & Destructor Documentation Default constructor. Definition at line 42 of file AliDJetVReader.cxx. Copy constructor. Parameters [in] source Const reference to an object to copy from Definition at line 62 of file AliDJetVReader.cxx. virtual Destructor Definition at line 93 of file AliDJetVReader.cxx. ## Member Function Documentation private pure virtual pure virtual inline Definition at line 45 of file AliDJetVReader.h. inline Definition at line 46 of file AliDJetVReader.h. void AliDJetVReader::SetDmesonEfficiency ( Double_t effvalues = 0x0 ) Set the efficiency values in bins of D meson pt Parameters [in] sigmafix Values of the efficiency Definition at line 137 of file AliDJetVReader.cxx. void AliDJetVReader::SetDmesonPtBins ( Int_t nbins = 0, Double_t * ptedges = 0x0 ) Set the D meson pt bins Parameters [in] nbins Number of pt bins [in] ptedges Edges of the pt bins Definition at line 104 of file AliDJetVReader.cxx. void AliDJetVReader::SetJetPtBins ( Int_t nbins = 0, Double_t * ptedges = 0x0 ) Set the jet pt bins Parameters [in] nbins Number of pt bins [in] ptedges Edges of the pt bins Definition at line 121 of file AliDJetVReader.cxx. void AliDJetVReader::SetPtBinEdgesForMassPlot ( Double_t ptmin, Double_t ptmax ) inline Definition at line 35 of file AliDJetVReader.h. void AliDJetVReader::SetZedges ( Double_t zmin, Double_t zmax ) inline Definition at line 36 of file AliDJetVReader.h. ## Member Data Documentation protected D-meson pt bin edges values. Definition at line 54 of file AliDJetVReader.h. protected D-meson efficiency values. Definition at line 57 of file AliDJetVReader.h. protected Jet pT bin edges to be used for spectrum. Definition at line 56 of file AliDJetVReader.h. protected !Mass spectra to be fitted Definition at line 59 of file AliDJetVReader.h. protected !Mass vs jet pt (SB method) Definition at line 60 of file AliDJetVReader.h. protected Number of D-meson pT bins (for eff scaling) Definition at line 53 of file AliDJetVReader.h. protected Number of pT-bins to be used for spectrum. Definition at line 55 of file AliDJetVReader.h. protected pT upper edge of mass plot to evaluate variations of yields Definition at line 50 of file AliDJetVReader.h. protected pT lower edge of mass plot to evaluate variations of yields Definition at line 49 of file AliDJetVReader.h. protected z maximum value to extract jet pT spectrum Definition at line 52 of file AliDJetVReader.h.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3340817391872406, "perplexity": 23934.90895326743}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987833089.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023094558-20191023122058-00134.warc.gz"}
http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/4161/	# Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The absence of stellar mass segregation in galaxy groups and consistent predictions from GALFORM and EAGLE simulations Kafle, PR, Robotham, ASG, Lagos, CDP, Davies, LJ, Moffett, AJ, Driver, SP, Andrews, SK, Baldry, IK, Bland-Hawthorn, J, Brough, S, Cortese, L, Drinkwater, MJ, Finnegan, R, Hopkins, AM and Loveday, J (2016) Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The absence of stellar mass segregation in galaxy groups and consistent predictions from GALFORM and EAGLE simulations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 463 (4). pp. 4194-4209. ISSN 0035-8711 We investigate the contentious issue of the presence, or lack thereof, of satellites mass segregation in galaxy groups using the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, the GALFORM semi-analytic and the EAGLE cosmological hydrodynamical simulation catalogues of galaxy groups. We select groups with halo mass $12 \leqslant \log(M_{\text{halo}}/h^{-1}M_\odot) <14.5$ and redshift $z \leqslant 0.32$ and probe the radial distribution of stellar mass out to twice the group virial radius. All the samples are carefully constructed to be complete in stellar mass at each redshift range and efforts are made to regularise the analysis for all the data. Our study shows negligible mass segregation in galaxy group environments with absolute gradients of $\lesssim0.08$ dex and also shows a lack of any redshift evolution. Moreover, we find that our results at least for the GAMA data are robust to different halo mass and group centre estimates. Furthermore, the EAGLE data allows us to probe much fainter luminosities ($r$-band magnitude of 22) as well as investigate the three-dimensional spatial distribution with intrinsic halo properties, beyond what the current observational data can offer. In both cases we find that the fainter EAGLE data show a very mild spatial mass segregation at $z \leqslant 0.22$, which is again not apparent at higher redshift. Interestingly, our results are in contrast to some earlier findings using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We investigate the source of the disagreement and suggest that subtle differences between the group finding algorithms could be the root cause.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9295302629470825, "perplexity": 3687.0192236936173}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991759.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510174005-20210510204005-00318.warc.gz"}
http://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/Lucas'_theorem_prime_power_case	# Lucas' theorem prime power case ## Statement ### Symbolic statement Let where is a prime and is relatively prime to . Then: ## Proof ### Proof using group theory Recall that a proof of Sylow's theorem invokes Lucas' theorem at the following critical juncture: we consider the size of the set of subsets of size , on which the group of order is acting, and then infer that there exists an orbit of size , whose isotropy subgroup is hence a Sylow subgroup. In the proof of Lucas' theorem, we employ the same tactic in reverse, but instead of taking any arbitrary group, we start off with the cyclic group of order . Formally, here's the proof. Consider the cyclic group of order . We need to show that the number of subsets of size in is modulo . To prove this, we claim that under the action of left multiplication by , there is exactly one orbit whose size is relatively prime to , and the size of this orbit is . Consider an orbit whose size is relatively prime to . Then, the size of this orbit must be a divisor of . Further, since the union of members of any orbit is the whole of , the number of members in the orbit must be at least , equality occurring off they are pairwise disjoint. Combing the two facts, the and hence all the members of the orbit are disjoint. We thus have a situation where there is a subset of size in such that all its left translates are pairwise disjoint. Basic group theory tells us that this subset must be a left coset of a subgroup of size , and moreover, the subgroups are in bijective correspondence with such orbits. We now use the fact that has a unique subgroup of order , and we are done.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 27, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9797720313072205, "perplexity": 187.14035328929072}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448399455473.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124211055-00293-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://export.arxiv.org/abs/1804.00795	stat.ML (what is this?) # Title: Estimation of Markov Chain via Rank-Constrained Likelihood Abstract: This paper studies the estimation of low-rank Markov chains from empirical trajectories. We propose a non-convex estimator based on rank-constrained likelihood maximization. Statistical upper bounds are provided for the Kullback-Leiber divergence and the $\ell_2$ risk between the estimator and the true transition matrix. The estimator reveals a compressed state space of the Markov chain. We also develop a novel DC (difference of convex function) programming algorithm to tackle the rank-constrained non-smooth optimization problem. Convergence results are established. Experiments show that the proposed estimator achieves better empirical performance than other popular approaches. Comments: Accepted at ICML 2018 Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Optimization and Control (math.OC) Journal reference: Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML2018), Stockholm, Sweden, PMLR 80, 2018 Cite as: arXiv:1804.00795 [stat.ML] (or arXiv:1804.00795v2 [stat.ML] for this version) ## Submission history From: Xudong Li [view email] [v1] Tue, 3 Apr 2018 02:28:47 GMT (3896kb,D) [v2] Thu, 19 Jul 2018 02:01:04 GMT (382kb,D) Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5923950672149658, "perplexity": 2916.9960305268064}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107898499.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028103215-20201028133215-00251.warc.gz"}
https://docs.eyesopen.com/toolkits/java/medchemtk/examples_createmmpindex.html	# Matched Pair analysis generation of a MMP index¶ A program that performs a matched pair analysis of a set of structures for indexing and saves the generated index file for subsequent loading and querying. Schematic representation of the Matched Pair Analysis process ## Command Line Interface¶ Usage: ./CreateMMPIndex index.sdf output.mmpidx	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47043490409851074, "perplexity": 6174.258491517735}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371620338.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406070848-20200406101348-00260.warc.gz"}
http://clay6.com/qa/24012/wavelength-of-the-k-characteristic-x-rays-of-iron-and-potassium-are-1-93-ti	Browse Questions # Wavelength of the $K_{\alpha}$ characteristic X-rays of iron and potassium are $1.93\times 10^{-8}$ are $3.737\times 10^{-8}cm$ respectively.What is the atomic number and name of the element for which characteristic $K_{\alpha}$ wavelength is $2.289\times 10^{-8}cm$. $\begin{array}{1 1}(a)\;22&(b)\;21\\(c)\;24&(d)\;23\end{array}$ The frequency of emitted $X$-rays is given by $V\propto z^2$ $\lambda\propto \large\frac{1}{z^2}$ For $Fe$ (at $N_0=26)$ $\Rightarrow \lambda_1\propto \large\frac{1}{(26)^2}$-------(1) For $K$ (at $N_0=19)$ $\Rightarrow \lambda_2\propto \large\frac{1}{(19)^2}$-------(2) For $X$ (at $N_0=z)$ $\Rightarrow \lambda_3\propto \large\frac{1}{(z)^2}$-------(3) By equ (1) and (3) $\large\frac{\lambda_1}{\lambda_3}=\frac{(z)}{(26)^2}$ $z^2=\large\frac{\lambda_1}{\lambda_3}$$\times (26)^2 \Rightarrow \large\frac{1.931\times 10^{-8}}{2.289\times 10^{-8}}$$\times (26)^2$ $z=23.88$ By equ (2) and (3) $\large\frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_3}=\frac{z^2}{(19)^2}$ $z^2=\large\frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_3}$$\times (19)^2 \Rightarrow \large\frac{3.737\times 10^{-8}}{2.289\times 10^{-8}}$$(19)^2$ $z=24.28$ $\therefore$ Atomic no of element is 24 chromium. Hence (c) is the correct answer.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9801403284072876, "perplexity": 8875.727168320793}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00163-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Cone_(linear_algebra)	Definitions # Cone (linear algebra) In linear algebra, a (linear) cone is a subset of a vector space that is closed under multiplication by positive scalars. ## Definition A subset C of a real vector space V is a (linear) cone if and only if $lambda x$ belongs to C for any x in C and any positive scalar $lambda$ of V. The condition can be written more succinctly as "λC = C for any positive scalar λ of V". The definition makes sense for any vector space V which allows the notion of "positive scalar", such as spaces over the rational, algebraic, or (more commonly) real numbers . The concept can also be extended for any vector space V whose scalar field is a superset of those fields (such as the complex numbers, quaternions, etc.), to the extent that such a space can be viewed as a real vector space of higher dimension. ## Boolean, additive and linear closure Linear cones are closed under Boolean operations (set intersection, union, and complement). They are also closed under addition (if C and D are cones, so is C + D) and arbitrary linear maps. In particular, if C is a cone, so is its opposite cone -C. ## Pointed and blunt cones A cone C is said to be pointed if it includes the null vector (origin) 0 of the vector space; otherwise C is said to be blunt. Note that a pointed cone is closed under multiplication by arbitrary non-negative (not just positive) scalars. ## The cone of a set The (linear) cone of an arbitrary subset X of V is the set X$\left\{\right\}^$ of all vectors $lambda$x where x belongs to X and λ is a positive real number. With this definition, the cone of X is pointed or blunt depending on whether X contains the origin 0 or not. If "positive" is replaced by "non-negative" in the defitions, the cone X$\left\{\right\}^$ will be always pointed. ## Salient cone A cone X is salient if it does not contain any pair of opposite nonzero vectors; that is, if and only if C$cap$(-C) $subseteq$ {0}. ## Spherical section and projection Let \|·\| be any norm for V, with the property that the norm of any vector is a scalar of V. By definition, a nonzero vector x belongs to a cone C of V if and only if the unit-norm vector x/\|x\| belongs to C. Therefore, a blunt (or pointed) cone C is completely specified by its central projection onto the sphere S; that is, by the set $C\text{'} = \left\{, frac\left\{x\right\}$ > ;:; x in C wedge x neq mathbf{0} ,} It follows that there is a one-to-one correspondence between blunt (or pointed) cones and subsets of the unit-norm sphere of V, the set $S = \left\{, x in V;:; \|x\| = 1 ,\right\}$ Indeed, the central projection C' is simply the spherical section of C, the set C$cap$S of its unit-norm elements. A cone C is closed with respect to the norm \|·\| if it is a closed set in the topology induced by that norm. That is the case if and only if C is pointed and its spherical section is a closed subset of S. Note that the cone C is salient if and only if its spherical section does not contain two opposite vectors; that is, C' $cap$(-C' ) = {}. ## Convex cone A convex cone is a cone that is closed under convex combinations, i.e. if and only if αx + βy belongs to C for any non-negative scalars α, β with α + β = 1. ## Affine cone If C - v is a cone for some v in V, then C is said to be an (affine) cone with vertex v. ## Proper cone The term proper cone is variously defined, depending on the context. It often means a salient and convex cone, or a cone that is contained in an open halfspace of V.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 11, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9715696573257446, "perplexity": 491.439807278303}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118888119.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124170128-00022-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.newton.ac.uk/programmes/TOD/seminars/2012083011301.html	Skip to content # TOD ## Seminar ### Stochastic travelling waves in bistable biochemical system: Numerical and mathematical analysis Lipniacki, T (Polish Academy of Sciences) Thursday 30 August 2012, 11:30-12:30 Seminar Room 1, Newton Institute #### Abstract I will discuss stochastic transitions in a bistable biochemical system of trans-activating molecules on a hexagonal lattice. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the steady state of the system is controlled by the diffusion, and size of the reactor. In considered example, in small reactor the system remains inactive. In larger domain, however, the system activates spontaneously at some place of the reactor and then the activity wave propagates until whole domain becomes active. The expected time to activation grows exponentially with the diffusion coefficient. I will interpret these results by analytical considerations of a simpler bistable system, which evolution is equivalent to the one dimensional birth and death process. #### Video The video for this talk should appear here if JavaScript is enabled. If it doesn't, something may have gone wrong with our embedded player. We'll get it fixed as soon as possible. #### Comments Start the discussion! Back to top ∧	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8652366995811462, "perplexity": 2596.9155411678657}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00648-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/number-theory/183170-gcd-f5-print.html	gcd in F5 • Jun 16th 2011, 07:52 PM wik_chick88 gcd in F5 calculate $gcd(x^3 + 2x^2 + 3x - 1, 2x^2 - x - 1)$ in $F_{5}$ does $6x^2 \equiv 0$, because we are working in $F_{5}$? • Jun 16th 2011, 08:28 PM TheEmptySet Re: gcd in F5 Quote: Originally Posted by wik_chick88 calculate $gcd(x^3 + 2x^2 + 3x - 1, 2x^2 - x - 1)$ in $F_{5}$ does $6x^2 \equiv 0$, because we are working in $F_{5}$? No, if that were the case it would be the additive identity. Just reduce the coefficient mod 5 $6x^2=1x^2=x^2$ • Jun 16th 2011, 08:47 PM Also sprach Zarathustra Re: gcd in F5 Quote: Originally Posted by wik_chick88 calculate $gcd(x^3 + 2x^2 + 3x - 1, 2x^2 - x - 1)$ in $F_{5}$ does $6x^2 \equiv 0$, because we are working in $F_{5}$?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 13, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9812333583831787, "perplexity": 3921.5012648387724}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00179-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/photon-spin-experimental-evidence.243920/	# Photon spin - experimental evidence 1. Jul 7, 2008 ### Usaf Moji I read somewhere that if a beam of photons all of like polarization are directed towards the surface of a disk (the disk being capable of rotation), the disk will rotate. This rotation is supposed to be experimental evidence confirming that photons have angular momentum. Is this true? 2. Jul 8, 2008 ### clem It is true if the photons are absorbed or reflected. 3. Dec 4, 2008 ### turin Where can you get such a beam of photons? Doesn't the EM wave classically carry angular momentum? How can you distinguish the classical angular momentum from the spin of individual photons? 4. Dec 5, 2008 ### clem The "classical wave" is just a huge number of photons. 5. Dec 5, 2008 ### turin No. You are talking about the correspondence between classical and quantum. What I'm saying is that, even if you don't assume a quantum for the electromagnetic wave (a photon), there is still angular momentum carried by the wave; this does not require quantum mechanics. Since classical E&M preceeds QM, there is no reason to believe that a transfrer of angular momentum from the EM wave to an object is evidence for QM; it is already there in classical E&M. 6. Dec 5, 2008 ### clem You are right in that "there is no reason to believe that a transfer of angular momentum from the EM wave to an object is evidence for QM". But if we believe that photons exist (Don't we?), then "This rotation is ... experimental evidence confirming that photons have angular momentum.", which is what was asked. 7. Dec 5, 2008 ### turin I suppose I am splitting hairs, here. My point is that a transfer of momentum is insufficient to demonstrate photon angular momentum; the transfer of momentum must be a specific discrete amount in order to demonstrate photon angular momentum. So, if single photons hit the object periodically, then you could see this effect, but if you have "a huge number of photons", then you have no way of separating this tiny effect from other tiny effects, say, the beam hitting at a slight angle and slightly off axis. Similar Discussions: Photon spin - experimental evidence	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9444677829742432, "perplexity": 849.3130781374538}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948587577.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216104016-20171216130016-00269.warc.gz"}
http://aaronsreality.blogspot.com/2009/04/variables-involved-in-motion.html	## Thursday, April 23, 2009 ### Variables Involved in Baryonic Motion δDn= δDp+(ΔδM+ΔδE+ΔδT) Where: δDn = Baryonic density of object, not effected by dark matter boundaries. where δDp Previous baryonic density of object = (δMET)/(1/2bcSin(A)) where a,b,c are the lengths of Gluons where A,B,C are the angles between Gluons at the Quarks δM = Magnetic field (W Boson) emitted from and read by Baryon. The W Boson is related to the rotational speed of the Baryon. In the case of uud, the 2 u quarks spin in a cone shape around the d Quark. The center of this cone is the rotational axis. The faster the spin the more intense the W Boson. The Voltage = the rotational speed. δE = Electric field (Z Boson) emitted from and read by Baryon. The uu rotational plane is perpendicular to the Z Boson field . The down quark lies on the rotational axis and is the direction of charge. using Density Function Theory Introduction ABCs of DFT (DFT Wiki) δT = Temperature field (Photon) emitted from and read by Leptons (Electrons) of the Baryon. using Planck's spectral black body equations u(v,T) = (8πhv^3/C^3)(1/e^(hv/kT)-1) u(λ,T) = ((8πhc)/λ^5)*(1/e^(hc/λkT)-1) This occurs during one spin of the object. Equilibrium state: t01 = beginning of vibrations entrance to the Dark Energy Ruleset. where $\delta _{D_{p}}= (\delta _{M}+\delta _{E}+\delta_{T})/(1/2bcSin(A))$ Work state: t11 = change period of Baryon. Application of work equations. where δD= δDp+(ΔδM+ΔδE+ΔδT) Equilibrium state: t02 = beginning of vibrations entrance to the Dark Energy Ruleset. where δD = (δMET)/(1/2bcSin(A))	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7657175660133362, "perplexity": 3875.193580651514}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820556.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017013608-20171017033608-00193.warc.gz"}
https://quant.stackexchange.com/questions/34147/how-do-i-estimate-the-volatiliy-of-my-portfolio-with-an-estimator-that-requires/34187	# How do I estimate the volatiliy of my portfolio with an estimator that requires High, Low, Open, etc I have obtained the daily returns of my portfolio $R^{port}_t$ using a certain strategy. Now I want to estimate the realized volatility $\sigma^{port}_t$ using the past 60 days. An obvious way to do this is by taking the standard deviation on the daily returns. However, I want to use an alternative estimator (see Yang Zhang) which requires as input the Open High and Low prices. How can this estimator be applied to estimate the volatiliy of my portfolio? • do you have the intra-day opens, highs, and lows? – David Addison May 11 '17 at 17:54 • Of the original Time series yes but not of my portfolio.. solely daily returns – JohnAndrews May 11 '17 at 18:50 • Why not implement a rolling 4-period window in which there will always be a open, high, low, and close? Of course, this would need to recognize the possibility that the open and close can be the high and/or low. You could then average the errors to get an estimate of variance. There are more ways to skin this cat... this is just one idea. – David Addison May 11 '17 at 19:34 • Not getting what you mean. How do you for instance link exactly the Open with the return of my portfolio which is realized at the end of the day? – JohnAndrews May 12 '17 at 11:19 • I was wondering if you had a chance to review the model I attached and, if so, whether you have any questions. – David Addison May 16 '17 at 7:03 • The Yang-Zhang volatility estimator requires the intraday high and low. The logical conclusion would be that you cannot use the Yang-Zhang estimator to estimate your portfolio's volatility. ### Discussion The idea behind Yang-Zhang and other advanced volatility estimators is that intraday movements provide additional information. By utilizing this information, they generate more precise volatility estimates from the same number of days of data. • But you do know the High, Low and Close – JohnAndrews May 16 '17 at 7:42 • @JohnAndrews Of the stocks, but not the portfolio, right? If your portfolio is 1 share of Google, 1 share of Apple. How can you figure out what the intraday high of your portfolio is? It's not the high of Google plus the high of Apple because the highs may not have occurred at the same time. You need the full intraday path of Google and Apple to get the intraday high of your portfolio. – Matthew Gunn May 16 '17 at 7:51 • So the only volatiliy that you can estimate of your portfolio is using the Historical Std Dev. That cant be right no? – JohnAndrews May 16 '17 at 7:55 There are a few different ways to approach this problem. One possibility is to transform your daily price/return data into weekly open, high, low, close data. You may then calculate the Yhang-Zhang or other suitable OHLC variance estimator (e.g., Garman-Klass, etc) as per the canonical approaches. This approach is enumerated in this the attached spreadsheet. In the spreadsheet, given only daily close data and dates, a weekly OHLC series was constructed. The YZ estimator was then taken over the entire data range. Another possibility is to perform a moving time-series analysis, which may be more appropriate if one believes that the variance is non-stationary. I've had success incorporating YZ into autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models, such as generalized auto-regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models. In order to do so, one starts by calculating the YZ error over each interval. Note: The weekly YZ estimator is not likely to result in a more efficient estimate than the daily close-to-close estimator. It will, however, provide an alternate measure of dispersion. • Why transform to weekly open? I still dont see the link with my portfolio returns. – JohnAndrews May 16 '17 at 7:41 • Transforming the time-series is the only way with which I am familiar to tease out OHLC data points. The link provided simply refer to a sample price data -- I don't have your portfolio returns. – David Addison May 16 '17 at 15:33	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.44067105650901794, "perplexity": 1149.1761738994958}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038056869.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410105831-20210410135831-00008.warc.gz"}
https://bz.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=49657	Bug 49657 - In CGI Mode, "executable" full path with spaces does not work In CGI Mode, "executable" full path with spaces does not work Status: RESOLVED FIXED None Tomcat 6 Unclassified Catalina (show other bugs) 6.0.29 PC Windows Server 2003 P2 normal (vote) default Tomcat Developers Mailing List Reported: 2010-07-28 03:45 UTC by de Ratuld 2010-10-04 17:01 UTC (History) 0 users Attachments Note You need to log in before you can comment on or make changes to this bug. de Ratuld 2010-07-28 03:45:08 UTC ```In CGI mode, if you specify a full path for a command, containing blank, it does not work example : executable c:\Tools\mycommand is OK but executable c:\Program Files\mycommand does not work well with error like 7 juil. 2010 15:51:52 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log INFO: cgi: runCGI (stderr):'C:\Program' is not recognized as an internal or external command, Need probably to add " in for cgiExcecutable in CGIServlet.java, like it is done for CmdAndArgs``` Mark Thomas 2010-09-28 10:47:02 UTC ```Fixed in trunk and will be included in 7.0.3 onwards. It has also been proposed for backport to 6.0.x``` Mark Thomas 2010-10-04 17:01:39 UTC `This has been fixed in 6.0.x and will be included in 6.0.30 onwards.`	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9327648878097534, "perplexity": 25209.964114738526}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00087-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/267059/compound-poisson-process-calculate-e-left-sum-k-1n-tx-k-et-t-k-righ	# Compound Poisson process: calculate $E\left( \sum_{k=1}^{N_t}X_k e^{t-T_k} \right)$, $X_k$ i.i.d., $T_k$ arrival time Let $N_t$ be a Poisson process with rate $\lambda$. $T_k$ the inter arrival times of $N_t$. $\{X_k\}$ a collection of i.i.d. random variables with mean $\mu$. $X_k$ is independent of $N_t$. Calculate the expectation of $$S_t= \sum_{k=1}^{N_t} X_k e^{t-T_k}.$$ Given $N_t$, the inter arrival times are uniformly distributed on $[0,t]$. Hence, $T_k \sim \text{Beta}(k,n-k+1)$ and $$E\left( \left. e^{-T_k}\right\| N_t=n \right)=\frac{1}{B(k,n-k+1)}\int_0^1 e^{-x}x^{k-1} (1-x)^{n-k} dx.$$ I don't see how to compute this integral. - Use $\frac{1}{\operatorname{B}(k,n-k+1)} = n \binom{n-1}{k-1}$: $$\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{x^{k-1} (1-x)^{n-k}}{\operatorname{B}(k,n-k+1)} = n \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n-1}{k-1} x^{k-1} (1-x)^{(n-1)-(k-1)} = n$$ Thus: $$\mathbb{E}\left( \sum_{k=1}^{N_t} X_k \mathrm{e}^{t-T_k} \right) = \mathbb{E}\left( \mathbb{E}\left( \sum_{k=1}^{N_t} X_k \mathrm{e}^{t-T_k} \Big\| N_t \right) \right) = \mathbb{E}(X) \mathbb{E}\left( N_t \int_0^1 \mathrm{e}^{t-t x} \mathrm{d} x \right) = \mathbb{E}(X) \mathbb{E}\left( N_t \right) \frac{\exp(t)-1}{t} = \lambda \left( \exp(t)-1 \right)\mathbb{E}(X)$$ -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9416717290878296, "perplexity": 211.5962680889487}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678690318/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024450-00077-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/0804.3972/	# Toward an AdS/cold atoms correspondence: a geometric realization of the Schrödinger symmetry D. T. Son Institute for Nuclear Theory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1550, USA April 2008 ###### Abstract We discuss a realization of the nonrelativistic conformal group (the Schrödinger group) as the symmetry of a spacetime. We write down a toy model in which this geometry is a solution to field equations. We discuss various issues related to nonrelativistic holography. In particular, we argue that free fermions and fermions at unitarity correspond to the same bulk theory with different choices for the near-boundary asymptotics corresponding to the source and the expectation value of one operator. We describe an extended version of nonrelativistic general coordinate invariance which is realized holographically. ###### pacs: 11.25.Tq, 03.75.Ss preprint: INT PUB 08-08 ## I Introduction The anti–de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence Maldacena:1997re ; Gubser:1998bc ; Witten:1998qj establishes the equivalence between a conformal field theory in flat space and a string theory in a higher-dimensional curved space. The best known example is the equivalence between supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory and type IIB string theory in AdSS space. The strong coupling limit of the field theory corresponds to the supergravity limit in which the string theory can be solved. In the recent literature, the supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory at infinite ’t Hooft coupling is frequently used as a prototype to illustrate features of strongly coupled gauge theories. There exist, in nonrelativistic physics, another prototype of strong coupling: fermions at unitarity Eagles ; Leggett ; Nozieres . This is the system of fermions interacting through a short-ranged potential which is fine-tuned to support a zero-energy bound state. The system is scale invariant in the limit of zero-range potential. Since its experimental realizations using trapped cold atoms at the Feshbach resonance OHara ; Jin ; Grimm ; Ketterle ; Thomas ; Salomon , this system has attracted enormous interest. One may wonder if there exists a gravity dual of fermions at unitarity. If such a gravity dual exists, it would extend the notion of holography to nonrelativistic physics, and could potentially bring new intuition to this important strongly coupled system. Similarities between the super–Yang-Mills theory and unitarity fermions indeed exist, the most important of which is scale invariance. The have been some speculations on the possible relevance of the universal AdS/CFT value of the viscosity/entropy density ratio Kovtun:2004de for unitarity fermions Gelman:2004fj ; Schafer:2007pr ; Thomas-visc . Despite these discussions, no serious attempt to construct a gravity dual of unitarity fermions has been made to date. In this paper, we do not claim to have found the gravity dual of the unitary Fermi gas. However, we take the possible first step toward such a duality. We will construct a geometry whose symmetry coincides with the Schrödinger symmetry Hagen:1972pd ; Niederer:1972 , which is the symmetry group of fermions at unitarity Mehen:1999nd . In doing so, we keep in mind that one of the main evidences for gauge/gravity duality is the coincidence between the conformal symmetry of the field theory and the symmetry of the AdS space. On the basis of this geometric realization of the Schrödinger symmetry, we will be able to discuss a nonrelativistic version of the AdS/CFT dictionary—the operator-state correspondence, the relation between dimensions of operators and masses of fields, etc. The structure of this paper is as follows. In Sec. II we give a short introduction to fermions at unitarity, emphasizing the field-theoretical aspects of the latter. We also review the Schrödinger algebra. In Sec. III we describe how Schrödinger symmetry can be embedded into a conformal symmetry in a higher dimension. We consider operator-field mapping in Sec. V. In Sec. VI we show how the conservation laws for mass, energy and momentum are realized holographically. We conclude with Sec. VII. In this paper always refers to the number of spatial dimensions in the nonrelativistic theory, so corresponds to the real world. ## Ii Review of fermions at unitarity and Schrödinger symmetry In this section we collect various known facts about fermions at unitarity and the Schrödinger symmetry. The goal is not to present an exhaustive treatment, but only to have a minimal amount of materials needed for later discussions. Further details can be found in Nishida:2007pj . We are mostly interested in vacuum correlation functions (zero temperature and zero chemical potential), but not in the thermodynamics of the system at nonzero chemical potential. The reasons are twofold: i) the chemical potential breaks the Schrödinger symmetry and ii) even at zero chemical potential there are nontrivial questions, such as the spectrum of primary operators (see below). We will comment on how chemical potential can be taken into account in Sec. VII. One way to arrive at the theory of unitarity fermions is to start from noninteracting fermions, L=iψ†∂tψ−\|∇ψ\|22m, (1) add a source coupled to the “dimer” field Nishida:2006br , L=iψ†∂tψ−\|∇ψ\|22m+ϕ∗ψ↓ψ↑+ϕψ†↑ψ†↓, (2) and then promote the source to a dynamic field. There is no kinetic term for in the bare Lagrangian, but it will be generated by a fermion loop. Depending on the regularization scheme, one may need to add to (2) a counterterm to cancel the UV divergence in the one-loop selfenergy (such a term is needed in momentum cutoff regularization but not in dimensional regularization.) The theory defined by the Lagrangian (2) is UV complete in spatial dimension , including the physically most relevant case of . This system is called “fermions at unitarity,” which refers to the fact that the -wave scattering cross section between two fermions saturates the unitarity bound. Another description of fermions at unitarity is in terms of the Lagrangian L=iψ†∂tψ−\|∇ψ\|22m−c0ψ†↓ψ†↑ψ↑ψ↓. (3) where is an interaction constant. The interaction is irrelevant in spatial dimensions , and is marginal at . At there is a nontrivial fixed point at a finite and negative value of of order Sachdev . The situation is similar to the nonlinear sigma model in dimensions. In the quantum-mechanical language, unitarity fermions are defined as a system with the free Hamiltonian H=∑ip2i2m, (4) but with a nontrivial Hilbert space, defined to contain those wavefunctions (where are coordinates of spin-up particles and are those of spin-down particles) which satisfy the following boundary conditions when a spin-up and a spin-down particle approach each other, ψ(x1,x2,…;y1,y2,…)→C\|xi−yj\|+O(\|xi−yj\|). (5) where depends only on coordinates other than and . This boundary condition can be achieved by letting the fermions interact through some pairwise potential (say, a square-well potential) that has one bound state at threshold. In the limit of zero range of the potential , keeping the zero-energy bound state, the two-body wave function satisfies the boundary condition (5) and the physics is universal. Both free fermions and fermions at unitarity have the Schrödinger symmetry—the symmetry group of the Schrödinger equation in free space, which is the nonrelativistic version of conformal symmetry Mehen:1999nd . The generators of the Schrödinger algebra include temporal translation , spatial translations , rotations , Galilean boosts , dilatation (where time and space dilate with different factors: , ), one special conformal transformation [which takes , ], and the mass operator . The nonzero commutators are [Mij,Mkl]=i(δikMjl+δjlMik−δilMjk−δjkMil),[Mij,Pk]=i(δikPj−δjkPi),[Mij,Kk]=i(δikKj−δjkKi),[D,Pi]=−iPi,[D,Ki]=iKi,[Pi,Kj]=−iδijM,[D,H]=−2iH,[D,C]=2iC,[H,C]=iD. (6) The theory of unitarity fermions is also symmetric under an SU(2) group of spin rotations. The theory of unitarity fermions is an example of nonrelativistic conformal field theories (NRCFTs). Many concepts of relativistic CFT, such as scaling dimensions and primary operators, have counterparts in nonrelativistic CFTs. A local operator is said to have scaling dimension if . Primary operators satisfy . To solve the theory of unitarity fermions at zero temperature and chemical potential is, in particular, to find the spectrum of all primary operators. In the theory of unitarity fermions, there is a quantum-mechanical interpretation of the dimensions of primary operators WernerCastin ; Tan ; Nishida:2007pj . A primary operator with dimension and charges and with respect to the spin-up and spin-down particle numbers (the total particle numbers is ) corresponds to a solution of the zero-energy Schrödinger equation: (∑i∂2∂x2i+∑j∂2∂y2j)ψ(x1,x2,…,xN↑;y1,y2,…,y% N↓)=0, (7) which satisfies the boundary condition (5) and with a scaling behavior ψ(x1,x2,…,y1,y2,…)=Rνψ(Ωk), (8) where is an overall scale of the relative distances between , , and are dimensionless variables that are defined through the ratios of the relative distances. Equations (7) and (8) define, for given and , a discrete set of possible values for . For example, in three spatial dimensions, for , there are two possible values for : 0 and . For , , the lowest value for is . Each value of corresponds to an operator with dimension , which is related to by Δ=ν+dN2. (9) It has also been established that each primary operator corresponds to a eigenstate of the Hamiltonian of unitarity fermion in an isotropic harmonic potential of frequency WernerCastin ; Tan ; Nishida:2007pj . The scaling dimension of the operator simply coincides with the energy of the state: E=Δℏω. (10) The first nontrivial operator is the dimer . It has dimension in the free theory, and in the theory of fermions at unitarity. This corresponds to the fact that the lowest energy state of two fermions with opposite spins in a harmonic potential is in the case of free fermions and for unitarity fermions. ## Iii Embedding the Schrödinger group into a conformal group To realize geometrically the Schrödinger symmetry, we first embed the Schrödinger group in spatial dimensions Sch() ( for the most interesting case of the unitarity Fermi gas) into the relativistic conformal algebra in spacetime dimensions O(, 2). The next step will be to realize the Schrödinger group as a symmetry of a dimensional spacetime background. That the Schrödinger algebra can be embedded into the relativistic conformal algebra can be seen from the following. Consider the massless Klein-Gordon equation in -dimensional Minkowski spacetime, □ϕ≡−∂2tϕ+d+1∑i=1∂2iϕ=0. (11) This equation is conformally invariant. Defining the light-cone coordinates, x±=x0±xd+1√2, (12) the Klein-Gordon equation becomes (−2∂∂x−∂∂x++d∑i=1∂2i)ϕ=0. (13) If we make an identification , then the equation has the form of the Schrödinger equation in free space, with the light-cone coordinate playing the role of time, (2im∂∂x++∂i∂i)ϕ=0. (14) This equation has the Schrödinger symmetry Sch(). Since the original Klein-Gordon equation has conformal symmetry, this means that Sch() is a subgroup of O(, 2). Let us now discuss the embedding explicitly. The conformal algebra is [~Mμν,~Mαβ]=i(ημα~Mνβ+ηνβ~Mμα−ημβ~Mνα−ηνα~Mμβ),[~Mμν,~Pα]=i(ημα~Pν−ηνα~Pμ),[~D,~Pμ]=−i~Pμ,[~D,~Kμ]=i~Kμ,[~Pμ,~Kν]=−2i(ημν~D+~Mμν), (15) where Greek indices run , and all other commutators are equal to 0. The tilde signs denote relativistic operators; we reserve untilded symbols for the nonrelativistic generators. We identify the light-cone momentum with the mass operator in the nonrelativistic theory. We now select all operators in the conformal algebra that commute with . Clearly these operators form a closed algebra, and it is easy to check that it is the Schrödinger algebra in spatial dimensions. The identification is as follows: M=~P+,H=~P−,Pi=~Pi,Mij=~Mij,Ki=~Mi+,D=~D+~M+−,C=~K+2. (16) From Eqs. (15) and (16) one finds the commutators between the untilded operators to be exactly the Schrödinger algebra, Eqs. (6). ## Iv Geometric realization of the Schrödinger symmetry To realize the Schrödinger symmetry geometrically, we will take the AdS metric, which is is invariant under the whole conformal group, and then deform it to reduce the symmetry down to the Schrödinger group. The AdS space, in Poincaré coordinates, is ds2=ημνdxμdxν+dz2z2. (17) The generators of the conformal group correspond to the following infinitesimal coordinates transformations that leave the metric unchanged, Pμ: xμ→xμ+aμ,D: xμ→(1−a)xμ,z→(1−a)z,Kμ: xμ→xμ+aμ(z2+x⋅x)−2xμ(a⋅x) (18) (here ). We will now deform the metric so to reduce the symmetry to the Schrödinger group. In particular, we want the metric to be invariant under , which is a linear combination of a boost along the direction and the scale transformation , but not separately under or . The following metric satisfies this condition: ds2=−2(dx+)2z4+−2dx+dx−+dxidxi+dz2z2. (19) It is straightforward to verify that the metric (19) exhibits a full Schrödinger symmetry. From Eqs. (16) and (18) one finds that the generators of the Schrödinger algebra correspond to the following isometries of the metric: Pi: xi→xi+ai,H: x+→x++a,M: x−→x−+a,Ki: xi→xi−aix+,x−→x−−aixi,D: xi→(1−a)xi,z→(1−a)z,x+→(1−a)2x+,x−→x−,C: z→(1−ax+)z,xi→(1−ax+)xi,x+→(1−ax+)x+,x−→x−−a2(xixi+z2). (20) We thus hypothesize that the gravity dual of the unitarity Fermi gas is a theory living on the background metric (19). Currently we have very little idea of what this theory is. We shall now discuss several issues related to this proposal. i) The mass in the Schrödinger algebra is mapped onto the light-cone momentum . In nonrelativistic theories the mass spectrum is normally discrete: for example, in the case of fermions at unitarity the mass of any operator is a multiple of the mass of the elementary fermion. It is possible that the light-cone coordinate is compactified, which would naturally give rise to the discreteness of the mass spectrum. ii) In AdS/CFT correspondence the number of color of the field theory controls the magnitude of quantum effects in the string theory side: in the large limit the string theory side becomes a classical theory. The usual unitarity Fermi gas does not have this large parameter , hence the dual theory probably has unsuppressed quantum effects. However, there exists an extension of the unitarity Fermi gas with Sp() symmetry Sachdev ; Radzihovsky . The gravity dual of this theory may be a classical theory in the limit of large , although with an infinite number of fields, similar to the conjectured dual of the critical O() vector model in 2+1 dimensions Klebanov:2002ja . iii) We can write down a toy model in which the metric (19) is a solution to field equations. Consider the theory of gravity coupled to a massive vector field with a negative cosmological constant, S=∫dd+2xdz√−g(12R−Λ−14HμνHμν−m22CμCμ), (21) where . One can check that Eq. (19), together with C−=1, (22) is a solution to the coupled Einstein and Proca equations for the following choice of and : Λ=−12(d+1)(d+2),m2=2(d+2). (23) iv) Although the metric component has singularity at , the metric has a plane-wave form and all scalar curvatures are finite. For example, the most singular component of the Ricci tensor, , has a singularity, as the and components of the Weyl tensor. However, since , any scalar constructed from the curvature tensor is regular. v) In terms of a dual field theory, the field with mass in Eq. (23) corresponds to a vector operator with dimension , which can be found from the general formula (Δ−1)[Δ+1−(d+2)]=2(d+2), (24) from which . We thus can think about the quantum field theory as an irrelevant deformation of the original CFT, with the action S=SCFT+J∫dd+2xO+. (25) ## V Operator-field correspondence Let us now discuss the relationship between the dimension of operators and masses of fields in this putative nonrelativistic AdS/CFT correspondence. Consider an operator dual to a massive scalar field with mass . We shall assume that it couples minimally to gravity, S=−∫dd+3x√−g(gμν∂μϕ∗∂νϕ+m20ϕ∗ϕ). (26) Assuming the light-cone coordinate is periodic, let us concentrate only on the Kaluza-Klein mode with . The action now becomes S=∫dd+2xdz1zd+3(2iMz2ϕ∗∂tϕ−z2∂iϕ∗∂iϕ−m2ϕ∗ϕ), (27) where the “nonrelativistic bulk mass” is related to the original mass by . Contributions to can arise from interaction terms between and , for example , , etc. We therefore will treat as an independent parameter. The field equation for is ∂2zϕ−d+1z∂zϕ+(2Mω−→k2−m2z2)ϕ=0. (28) The two independent solutions are ϕ±=zd/2+1K±ν(pz),p=(→k2−2Mω)1/2,ν=√m2+(d+2)24. (29) As in usual AdS/CFT correspondence, one choice of corresponds to turning a source for in the boundary theory, and another choice corresponds to a condensate of . One can distinguish two cases: 1. When , is non-normalizable and is renormalizable. Therefore corresponds to the source and to the condensate. The correlation function of is ⟨OO⟩∼(→k2−2Mω)2ν, (30) which translate into the scaling dimension Δ=d+22+ν. (31) 2. When both asymptotics are normalizable, and there is an ambiguity in the choice of the source and condensate boundary conditions. These two choices should correspond to two different nonrelativistic CFTs. In one choice the operator has dimension , and in the other choice . It is similar to the situation discussed in Klebanov:1999tb . The smallest dimension of an operator one can get is when . Therefore, there is a lower bound on operator dimensions, Δ>d2. (32) This bound is very natural if one remember that operator dimensions correspond to eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian in an external harmonic potential. For a system of particles in a harmonic potential, one can separate the center-of-mass motion from the relative motion. Equation (32) means that the total energy should be larger than the zero-point energy of the center-of-mass motion. The fact that there are pairs of nonrelativistic conformal field theories with two different values of the dimensions of is a welcome feature of the construction. In fact, free fermions and fermions at unitarity can be considered as such a pair. In the theory with free fermions the operator has dimension , and for unitarity fermions, this operator has dimension 2. The two numbers are symmetric with respect to : d=d+22+d−22,2=d+22−d−22. (33) Therefore, free fermions and fermions at unitarity should correspond to the same theory, but with different interpretations for the asymptotics of the field dual to the operator . A similar situation exists in the case of Fermi gas at unitarity with two different masses for spin-up and spin-down fermions Nishida:2007mr . In a certain interval of the mass ratios (between approximately 8.6 and 13.6), there exist two different scale-invariant theories which differ from each other, in our language, by the dimension of a three-body -wave operator. At the upper end of the interval (mass ratio 13.6) the dimension of this operator tends to 5/2 in both theories; at the lower end it has dimension in the theory with three-body resonance and in the theory without three-body resonance. ## Vi Turning on sources Let us now try to turn on sources coupled to conserved currents in the boundary theory. That would correspond to turning on non-normalizable modes. For the fields that enter the model action (21), the general behavior of the non-normalizable part of the metric and the field near is ds2=−2e−2Φz4(dx+−Bidxi)2−2e−Φz2(dx+−Bidxi)(dx−−A0dx+−Aidxi)+gijdxidxj+dz2z2+O(z0),C−=1. (34) We have chosen the gauge . The non-normalizable metric fluctuations are parametrized by the functions , , , and of and . These functions are interpreted as background fields, on which the boundary theory exists. Following the general philosophy of AdS/CFT correspondence, we assume that the partition function of the high-dimensional theory with the boundary condition (34) is equal to the partition function of an NRCFT in the background fields, Z=Z[A0,Ai,Φ,Bi,gij]. (35) This partition function should be invariant with respect to a group of gauge transformations acting on the background fields, which we will derive. The gauge condition does not completely fix the metric: there is a residual gauge symmetry parametrized by arbitrary functions of and (but not of ): t→t′=t+ξt(t,x),x−→x−′=x−+ξ−(t,x),xi→xi′=xi+ξi(t,x), (36) and another set of infinitesimal transformations characterized by a function , z→z′=z−ω(t,x)z,xμ→xμ′=xμ+12gμν∂νω. (37) Consider first (36). Under these residual gauge transformations, the fields entering the metric (34) change in the following way: δA0=˙ξ−−A0˙ξt−Ai˙ξi−ξμ∂μA0,δAi=∂iξ−−A0∂iξt−eΦgij˙ξj−ξμ∂μAi−Aj∂iξj,δΦ=˙ξt−Bi˙ξi−ξμ∂μΦ,δBi=∂iξt+Bi(˙ξt−Bj˙ξj)−ξμ∂μBi−Bj∂iξj,δgij=−(Bigjk+Bjgik)˙ξk−ξμ∂μgij−gkj∂iξk−gik∂jξk, (38) where . The residual gauge symmetry implies that the partition function of the boundary theory should be invariant under such transformations, δZ=0. (39) Can one formulate NRCFTs on background fields with this symmetry? In fact, it can be done explicitly in the theory of free nonrelativistic particles. One introduces the interaction to the background fields in the following manner: S=∫dtdx√ge−Φ[i2eΦ(ψ†Dtψ−Dtψ†ψ)−gij2mDiψ†Djψ−Bi2m(Dtψ†Diψ+Diψ†Dtψ)−B22mDtψ†Dtψ], (40) where is the inverse matrix of , , , , and . One can verify directly that the action (40) is invariant under the transformations (38), if transforms as δψ=imξ−ψ−ξμ∂μψ. (41) In fact, this invariance is an extension of the general coordinate invariance previously discussed in Son:2005rv . The invariance found in Son:2005rv corresponds to restricting in all formulas. To linear order in external field, the action is S=S[0]+∫dtdx(A0ρ+Aiji+Φϵ+Bijiϵ+12hijΠij), (42) and from Eq. (40) one reads out the physical meaning of the operators coupled to the external sources: • is coupled to the stress tensor , • is coupled to the mass current , • are coupled to the energy current . The invariance of the partition function with respect to the gauge transformations (38) leads to an infinite set of Takahashi-Ward identities for the correlation functions. The simplest ones are for the one-point functions. The fact that the group of invariance includes gauge transformation of : guarantees the conservation of mass. The fact that the linear parts in the transformation laws for and look like a gauge transformation, and leads to energy conservation in the absence of external fields: ∂t⟨∂lnZ∂Φ⟩+∂i⟨∂lnZ∂Bi⟩∣∣∣Aμ=Φ=Bi=hij=0=0. (43) Energy is not conserved in a general background (which is natural, since the background fields exert external forces on the system). Similarly, momentum conservation (and the fact that momentum density coincides with mass current) is related to terms linear in in and : , . Let us now turn to the transformations (37), under which δΦ=2ω,δgij=−2ωgij. (44) The invariance of the partition function with respect to this transformation implies 2ϵ=Πii, (45) which is the familiar relationship between energy and pressure, E=d2PV, (46) valid for free gas as well as for Fermi gas at unitarity. The action (40) is not invariant under (44), but it can be made so by replacing the “minimal coupling” by a “conformal coupling” to external fields. Therefore, the proposed holography is consistent with conservation laws and the universal thermodynamic relation between energy and pressure. ## Vii Conclusion The main goal of the paper is to construct a geometry with the symmetry of the Schrödinger group. The existence of such a geometrical realization make it possible to discuss the possibility of a dual description of Fermi gas at unitarity at a concrete level. It remains to be seen if holography is a notion as useful in nonrelativistic physics as it is for relativistic quantum field theories. At the very least, one should expect holography to provide toy models with Schrödinger symmetry. In this paper we have considered only the properties of the vacuum correlation functions. In order to construct the gravity dual of the finite-density ground state, about which a lot is known both experimentally and theoretically, one should turns on a background in the metric (34). Superfluidity of the system should be encoded in the condensation of the scalar field (whose dimension is 2 in the case of unitarity fermions, cf. Hartnoll:2008vx ; Gubser:2008zu ). It would be interesting to find black-hole metrics which realize nonrelativistic hydrodynamics and superfluid hydrodynamics. We defer this problem to future work. ###### Acknowledgements. The author thanks A. Karch and Y. Nishida for discussions leading to this work, and S. Hartnoll, V. Hubeny, D. Mateos, H. Liu, K. Rajagopal, M. Rangamani, S. Shenker, and M. Stephanov for valuable comments. This work is supported, in part, by DOE Grant DE-FG02-00ER41132. Note added—After this work was completed, J. McGreevy informed the author that he and K. Balasubramanian have also obtained the metric (19) and determined that it has nonrelativistic conformal symmetry McGreevy .	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9603438377380371, "perplexity": 557.3946103120539}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363125.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204215252-20211205005252-00163.warc.gz"}
http://calculator.tutorcircle.com/nernst-equation-calculator.html	Sales Toll Free No: 1-855-666-7446 # Nernst Equation Calculator Top Nernst Equation determines the half cell reduction potential in non-standard state condition. If the cell potential is zero, this means the reaction is at equilibrium state. Nernst equation at no-standard state is given by, $E=E^{^{\circ}}-$$\frac{RT}{nF}$$lnQ$ The Nernst Equation calculator determines the reduction potential of a reaction at 25$^{\circ}$ C. Therefore, the Nernst equation at 25$^{\circ}$ C is given by, $E=E^{\circ}-$$\frac{0.05916}{n}$$log_{10}$$\frac{a_{Red}}{a_{Ox}} Where, E = reduction potential in V, E^{\circ} = standard cell potential in V, R = gas constant = 8.314 J/mol-K, T = temperature in K, n = number of electron moles transferred in mol, F = Faraday's constant = 96500 coulombs/mol, Q = reaction quotient. ## Steps Back to Top Step 1 : Read the problem and put down the given values. Step 2 : Substitute the values into the Nernst equation and get the cell potential of the reaction. ## Problems Back to Top Given below are some of the problems based on nernst equation. ### Solved Examples Question 1: Determine the reduction potential of the reaction Sn(s)\|Sn^{2+}(0.15 M)\|\|Ag^{+}(1.7 M)\|Ag(s), if the cell potential is given as +0.94V at 25^{\circ}. Solution: Step 1 : Given parameter values : [Sn^{2+}] = 0.15 M, [Ag^{+}] = 1.7 M, E^{\circ} = +0.94V, n = 2. Step 2 : Reduction potential of the reaction is, E=E^{\circ}-$$\frac{0.05916}{n}$$log_{10}$$\frac{a_{Red}}{a_{Ox}}$ $E=+0.94-$$\frac{0.05916}{2}$$log_{10}$$\frac{[0.15]}{[1.7]^2} E=+0.94 - 0.02958 \times log_{10}[0.0519] E=+0.978V Question 2: Determine the reduction potential of the reaction Fe(s)\|Cu^{2+}(aq)(0.3 M)\|\|Fe^{2+}(aq)(0.1 M)\|Cu(s), if the cell potential is given as +0.78V at 25^{\circ}. Solution: Step 1 : Given parameter values : [Cu^{2+}] = 0.3 M, [Fe^{2+}] = 0.1 M, E^{\circ} = +0.78V, n = 2. Step 2 : Reduction potential of the reaction is, E=E^{\circ}-$$\frac{0.05916}{n}$$log_{10}$$\frac{a_{Red}}{a_{Ox}}$ $E=+0.78-$$\frac{0.05916}{2}$$log_{10}$$\frac{[0.3]}{[0.1]^2}$ $E=+0.78 - 0.02958 \times log_{10}[0.33]$ $E=+0.794V$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9267755150794983, "perplexity": 2617.613626331851}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219495.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822045838-20180822065838-00302.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/70283/differential-equations-satisfied-by-modular-forms	# Differential Equations Satisfied by Modular Forms In Verrill's paper preprint here, she has the following theorem which is from a paper of Stiller. It states that Let $\Gamma$ be a discrete subgroup of $SL_{2}(\mathbb{R})$ commensurable with $SL_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$. For $f \in M_{k}(\Gamma)$ (the space of weight $k$ modular forms) and $t \in M_{0}(\Gamma)$ (the space of meromorphic weight 0 modular forms), if $f = \sum_{n \geq 0}b_{n}t^{n}$ near $t = 0$, then there is a linear order $k + 1$ differential equation satisfied by $g(x) = \sum_{n \geq 0} b_{n}x^{n}$, of the form $$P_{k + 1}(x)\frac{d^{k + 1}g}{dx^{k + 1}} + P_{k}(x)\frac{d^{k}g}{dx^{k}} + \cdots + P_{0}(x)g = 0$$ where $P_{i}(x)$ are algebraic functions in $x$. If we take $t$ to be a Hauptmodul for $\Gamma$, then $P_{i}(x)$ are rational functions. Hence by multiplying by a suitable polynomial, we can in fact assume that the $P_{i}(x)$'s are polynomials. My question is that how does one get explicit bounds on the degrees of these $P_{i}(x)$'s (specifically in the case when $k = 1$)? -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9928482174873352, "perplexity": 98.69651162208689}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159985.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00231-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/127184-harder-limits.html	1. ## Harder limits The function f is differentiable at a. Find $\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+ph)-f(a-ph)}{h}$ I'd assume its something to do with manipulating the definition $\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}$ but have no idea how. 2. Originally Posted by vuze88 The function f is differentiable at a. Find $\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+ph)-f(a-ph)}{h}$ I'd assume its something to do with manipulating the definition $\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}$ but have no idea how. $\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+ph)-f(a-ph)}{h}=p\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+ph)-f(a-ph)+f(a)-f(a)}{ph}\\$ could you finish it? 3. so is the answer $2pf'(a)$ 4. Originally Posted by felper $\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+ph)-f(a-ph)}{h}=p\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+ph)-f(a-ph)+f(a)-f(a)}{ph}\\$ could you finish it? $p\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+ph)-f(a-ph)+f(a)-f(a)}{ph}$ $=p\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+ph)-f(a)}{ph}+\frac{f(a)-f(a-ph)}{ph}$ $=p\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{f(a+ph)-f(a)}{ph}+\frac{f(a-ph)-f(a)}{-ph}=2pf'(a)$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 10, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9892638921737671, "perplexity": 1233.5390710772226}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699632815/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102032-00004-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/252941/what-are-useful-properties-of-limit-inferior-superior-of-real-valued-function	What are useful properties of limit inferior/superior of real-valued function? To make it clear, this is the definition from wikipedia; Let $X,Y$ be topological spaces and $E\subset X$. Let $Y$ be an ordered set and $f:E\rightarrow Y$ be a function. Then, $\limsup_{x\to a} f(x) \triangleq \inf \{\sup \{f(x)\in Y\|x\in U\cap E \setminus \{a\}\}\in Y\|U \text{ is open}, U\cap E \setminus \{a\} ≠ \emptyset, a\in U\} \\ \liminf_{x\to a} f(x) \triangleq \sup \{\inf \{f(x)\in Y\|x\in U\cap E \setminus \{a\}\}\in Y\|U \text{ is open}, U\cap E \setminus \{a\} ≠ \emptyset, a\in U\}$ =============== Let $E\subset \mathbb{R}$ and $f:E\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a function and $a$ be a limit point of $E$. Then, it can be shown; $\limsup_{x\to a} = \lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \sup\{f(x)\in \overline{\mathbb{R}}\|x\in B(x,\epsilon)\cap E \setminus \{a\}\} \\ \liminf_{x\to a} = \lim_{\epsilon\to 0} \inf\{f(x)\in \overline{\mathbb{R}}\|x\in B(x,\epsilon)\cap E \setminus \{a\}\}$. (where $\overline{\mathbb{R}} = \mathbb{R} \cup \{+\infty,-\infty\}$) Also, if $E$ is unbounded; $\limsup_{x\to\infty}= \lim_{\epsilon\to\infty} \sup\{f(x)\in \overline{\mathbb{R}}\| \epsilon < x\in E\} \\ \liminf_{x\to\infty}= \lim_{\epsilon\to\infty} \inf\{f(x)\in \overline{\mathbb{R}}\| \epsilon < x\in E\}$. ==================== With this definition, what are useful properties of limit inferior and superior of $f:E\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ where $E\subset \mathbb{R}$? So i can try to prove those properties :) (i.e. superadditivity) (I'm asking this question, since i know there are many useful properties of limit inferior and superior of a sequence, so i think it has those properties too)(Since it seems it's a generalization of that of a sequence) Till now, i have only shown that $\limsup_{x\to a} f(x) = \liminf_{x\to a} f(x)=A$ iff $\lim_{x\to a} f(x)=A$. - You can reduce the function case to the sequence case by noting that $$\limsup_{x\to a} f(x) = \sup_{\substack{(x_n) \in (E\setminus\{a\})^{\mathbb N}\\ x_n \to a}} \limsup_{n \to \infty} f(x_n).$$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9759851694107056, "perplexity": 74.84231340272562}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524644.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00513-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.goodmath.org/blog/2015/12/	# Significant Figures and the Age of the Universe (Note: This post originally contained a remarkably stupid error in an example. For some idiotic reason, I calculated as if a liter was a cubic meter. Which, duh, it isn’t. so I was off by a factor of 1000. Pathetic, I know. Thanks to the multiple readers who pointed it out!) The other day, I got a question via email that involves significant figures. Sigfigs are really important in things that apply math to real-world measurements. But they’re poorly understood at best by most people. I’ve written about them before, but not in a while, and this question does have a somewhat different spin on it. Here’s the email that I got: Do you have strong credentials in math and/or science? I am looking for someone to give an expert opinion on what seems like a simple question that requires only a short answer. Could the matter of significant figures be relevant to an estimate changing from 20 to less than 15? What if it were 20 billion and 13.7 billion? If the context matters, in the 80s the age of the universe was given as probably 20 billion years, maybe more. After a number of changes it is now considered to be 13.7 billion years. I believe the change was due to distinct new discoveries, but I’ve been told it was simply a matter of increasing accuracy and I need to learn about significant figures. From what I know (or think I know?) of significant figures, they don’t really come into play in this case. The subject of significant digits is near and dear to my heart. My father was a physicist who worked as an electrical engineer producing power circuitry for military and satellite applications. I’ve talked about him before: most of the math and science that I learned before college, I learned from him. One of his pet peeves was people screwing around with numbers in ways that made no sense. One of the most common ones of that involves significant digits. He used to get really angry at people who did things with calculators, and just read off all of the digits. He used to get really upset when people did things like, say, measure a plate with a 6 inch diameter, and say that it had an are] of 28.27433375 square inches. That’s ridiculous! If you measured a plate’s diameter to within 1/16th of an inch, you can’t use that measurement to compute its area down to less than one billionth of a square inch! Before we really look at how to answer the question that set this off, let’s start with a quick review of what significant figures are and why they matter. When we’re doing science, a lot of what we’re doing involves working with measurements. Whether it’s cosmologists trying to measure the age of the universe, chemists trying to measure the energy produced by a reaction, or engineers trying to measure the strength of a metal rod, science involves measurements. Measurements are limited by the accuracy of the way we take the measurement. In the real world, there’s no such thing as a perfect measurement: all measurements are approximations. Whatever method we chose for taking a measurement of something, the measurement is accurate only to within some margin. If I measure a plate with a ruler, I’m limited by factors like how well I can align the ruler with the edge of the plate, by what units are marked on the ruler, and by how precisely the units are marked on the ruler. Once I’ve taken a measurement and I want to use it for a calculation, the accuracy of anything I calculate is limited by the accuracy of the measurements: the accuracy of our measurements necessarily limits the accuracy of anything we can compute from those measurements. For a trivial example: if I want to know the total mass of the water in a tank, I can start by saying that the mass of a liter of water is one kilogram. To figure out the mass of the total volume of water in the tank, I need to know its volume. Assuming that the tank edges are all perfect right angles, and that it’s uniform depth, I can measure the depth of the water, and the length and breadth of the tank, and use those to compute the volume. Let’s say that the tank is 512 centimeters long, and 203 centimeters wide. I measure the depth – but that’s difficult, because the water moves. I come up with it being roughly 1 meter deep – so 100 centimeters. The volume of the tank can be computed from those figures: 5.12 times 2.03 times 1.00, or 10,393.6 liters. Can I really conclude that the volume of the tank is 10,393.6 liters? No. Because my measurement of the depth wasn’t accurate enough. It could easily have been anything from, say, 95 centimeters to 105 centimeters, so the actual volume could range between around 9900 liters and 11000 liters. From the accuracy of my measurements, claiming that I know the volume down to a milliliter is ridiculous, when my measurement of the depth was only accurate within a range of +/- 5 centimeters! Ideally, I might want to know a strong estimate on the bounds of the accuracy of a computation based on measurements. I can compute that if I know the measurement error bounds on each error measurement, and I can track them through the computation and come up with a good estimate of the bounds – that’s basically what I did up above, to conclude that the volume of the tank was between 9,900 and 11,000 liters. The problem with that is that we often don’t really know the precise error bounds – so even our estimate of error is an imprecise figure! And even if we did know precise error bounds, the computation becomes much more difficult when you want to track error bounds through it. (And that’s not even considering the fact that our error bounds are only another measured estimate with its own error bounds!) Significant figures are a simple statistical tool that we can use to determine a reasonable way of estimating how much accuracy we have in our measurements, and how much accuracy we can have at the end of a computation. It’s not perfect, but most of the time, it’s good enough, and it’s really easy. The basic concept of significant figures is simple. You count how many digits of accuracy each measurement has. The result of the computation over the measurements is accurate to the smallest number of digits of any of the measurements used in the computation. In the water tank example, we had three significant figures of accuracy on the length and width of the tank. But we only had one significant figure on the accuracy of the depth. So we can only have one significant figure in the accuracy of the volume. So we conclude that we can say it was around 10 liters, and we can’t really say anything more precise than that. The exact value likely falls somewhere within a bell curve centered around 10 liters. Returning to the original question: can significant figures change an estimate of the age of the universe from 20 to 13.7? Intuitively, it might seem like it shouldn’t: sigfigs are really an extension of the idea of rounding, and 13.7 rounded to one sigfig should round down to 10, not up to 20. I can’t say anything about the specifics of the computations that produced the estimates of 20 and 13.7 billion years. I don’t know the specific measurements or computations that were involved in that estimate. What I can do is just work through a simple exercise in computations with significant figures to see whether it’s possible that changing the number of significant digits in a measurement could produce a change from 20 to 13.7. So, we’re looking at two different computations that are estimating the same quantity. The first, 20, has just one significant figure. The second, 13.7 has three significant digits. What that means is that for the original computation, one of the quantities was known only to one significant figure. We can’t say whether all of the elements of the computation were limited to one sigfig, but we know at least one of them was. So if the change from 20 to 13.7 was caused by significant digits, it means that by increasing the precision of just one element of the computation, we could produce a large change in the computed value. Let’s make it simpler, and see if we can see what’s going on by just adding one significant digit to one measurement. Again, to keep things simple, let’s imagine that we’re doing a really simple calculation. We’ll use just two measurements $x$ and $y$, and the value that we want to compute is just their product, $x \times y$. Initially, we’ll say that we measured the value of $x$ to be 8.2 – that’s a measurement with two significant figures. We measure $y$ to be 2 – just one significant figure. The product $x\times y = 8.2 \times 2 = 16.4$. Then we need to reduce that product to just one significant figure, which gives us 20. After a few years pass, and our ability to measure $y$ gets much better: now we can measure it to two significant figures, with a new value of 1.7. Our new measurement is completely compatible with the old one – 1.7 reduced to 1 significant figure is 2. Now we’ve got equal precision on both of the measurements – they’re now both 2 significant figures. So we can compute a new, better estimate by multiplying them together, and reducing the solution to 2 significant figures. We multiply 8.2 by 1.7, giving us around 13.94. Reduced to 2 significant figures, that’s 14. Adding one significant digit to just one of our measurements changed our estimate of the figure from 20 to 14. Returning to the intuition: It seems like 14 vs 20 is a very big difference: it’s a 30 percent change from 20 to 14! Our intuition is that it’s too big a difference to be explained just by a tiny one-digit change in the precision of our measurements! There’s two phenomena going on here that make it look so strange. The first is that significant figures are an absolute error measurement. If I’m measuring something in inches, the difference between 15 and 20 inches is the same size error as the difference between 90 and 95 inches. If a measurement error changed a value from 90 to 84, we wouldn’t give it a second thought; but because it reduced 20 to 14, that seems worse, even though the absolute magnitude of the difference considered in the units that we’re measuring is exactly the same. The second (and far more important one) is that a measurement of just one significant digit is a very imprecise measurement, and so any estimate that you produce from it is a very imprecise estimate. It seems like a big difference, and it is – but that’s to be expected when you try to compute a value from a very rough measurement. Off by one digit in the least significant position is usually not a big deal. But if there’s only one significant digit, then you’ve got very little precision: it’s saying that you can barely measure it. So of course adding precision is going to have a significant impact: you’re adding a lot of extra information in your increase in precision!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 7, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8483027219772339, "perplexity": 288.8334331925954}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829997.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218225003-20181219011003-00610.warc.gz"}
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/329/lectures/node32.html	Next: Numerical errors Up: Integration of ODEs Previous: Introduction Euler's method Consider the general first-order o.d.e., (5) where denotes , subject to the general initial-value boundary condition (6) Clearly, if we can find a method for numerically solving this problem, then we should have little difficulty generalizing it to deal with a system of simultaneous first-order o.d.e.s. It is important to appreciate that the numerical solution to a differential equation is only an approximation to the actual solution. The actual solution, , to Eq. (5) is (presumably) a continuous function of a continuous variable, . However, when we solve this equation numerically, the best that we can do is to evaluate approximations to the function at a series of discrete grid-points, the (say), where and . For the moment, we shall restrict our discussion to equally spaced grid-points, where (7) Here, the quantity is referred to as the step-length. Let be our approximation to at the grid-point . A numerical integration scheme is essentially a method which somehow employs the information contained in the original o.d.e., Eq. (5), to construct a series of rules interrelating the various . The simplest possible integration scheme was invented by the celebrated 18th century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, and is, therefore, called Euler's method. Incidentally, it is interesting to note that virtually all of the standard methods used in numerical analysis were invented before the advent of electronic computers. In olden days, people actually performed numerical calculations by hand--and a very long and tedious process it must have been! Suppose that we have evaluated an approximation, , to the solution, , of Eq. (5) at the grid-point . The approximate gradient of at this point is, therefore, given by (8) Let us approximate the curve as a straight-line between the neighbouring grid-points and . It follows that (9) or (10) The above formula is the essence of Euler's method. It enables us to calculate all of the , given the initial value, , at the first grid-point, . Euler's method is illustrated in Fig. 4. Next: Numerical errors Up: Integration of ODEs Previous: Introduction Richard Fitzpatrick 2006-03-29	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9843890070915222, "perplexity": 579.8462109968707}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909040646-00435-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.earthdoc.org/content/papers/10.3997/2214-4609.201409380	1887 ### Abstract P-wave and S-wave seismic velocities can help determine rock type and the possible presence of hydrocarbons, therefore, accurate velocity estimation is desirable. /content/papers/10.3997/2214-4609.201409380 1995-05-29 2021-07-31	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8189710974693298, "perplexity": 11926.432478844596}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154126.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731203400-20210731233400-00142.warc.gz"}
https://two-wrongs.com/web-scraping-with-lenses.html	# Web Scraping with Lenses Sometimes I'm curious about something on the web. Maybe it's a table with numbers and I'd like an arithmetic average of them. Or, in this case, someone says that "Project Euler isn't as maths-y as people say." Immediately I want to look at the titles of a random sample of a few Project Euler challenges to see how mathsy they really are. I could do all this manually, but I could also automate it because I'm a programmer. # Preparation Since challenges on Project Euler are indexed by numbers 1 through 512, I know I need a bunch of random numbers to pick out random challenges. System.Random to the rescue! import Control.Monad import System.Random main = do numbers <- take 10 . randomRs (1,512) <$> getStdGen forM_ numbers$ \i -> do print (i :: Int) This should be pretty self-explainatory. numbers is a list of 10 random numbers distributed between 1 and 512, based on the global standard generator. I loop through them and print them all. As it turns out, the Int type signature is necessary, because otherwise GHC doesn't know if I want Ints, Integers, Doubles or anything else vaguely number-y. Now that we have the random numbers, let's download the challenges corresponding to those numbers! This is easy as pie with wreq. The only thing we change (besides imports) is the loop body. import Control.Concurrent import Control.Lens import Network.Wreq import System.Random problem n = "https://projecteuler.net/problem=" ++ show (n :: Int) main = do numbers <- take 10 . randomRs (1,512) <$> getStdGen forM_ numbers$ \i -> do response <- get (problem i) print (response ^. responseBody) threadDelay 2000000 First we use the wreq function get to make a get request for a problem. (The type signature is included here for the same reason as before.) We store the response in the response variable. Then we print the responseBody field of the response. Finally we sleep for two seconds after each request to be nice toward the server. # Get the Titles Just dumping the HTML of the page, as we have done now, isn't particularly productive. We would like to extract the title of the challenge and print out only that to make it easier to read the data. This requires a small modification of the loop body again, plus some imports – notably bringing taggy-lens, which does most of the heavy lifting, into scope. {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-} import Control.Concurrent import Control.Lens import Data.Text.IO as T import Data.Text.Lazy.Encoding import Network.Wreq import System.Random import Text.Taggy.Lens problem n = "https://projecteuler.net/problem=" ++ show (n :: Int) main = do numbers <- take 10 . randomRs (1,512) <$> getStdGen forM_ numbers$ \i -> do response <- get (problem i) T.putStrLn (response ^. responseBody . to decodeUtf8 . title) title = html . allNamed (only "h2") . contents I know the title of the challenge is in the only <h2> tag on the page, so I create a lens title which drills down into the HTML, then into all <h2> tags, and their contents. The lens combinator ^. will turn them all into a single text value (by concatenation), which I then print. # Wrapping Up And that's it, really. What's so great about this is how the lenses that do the extraction work combine so easily. It's like writing JQuery except in a real language! The combination of wreq and taggy-lens works great in the interactive interpreter too! In fact, that's how I came up with the access string responseBody . to decodeUtf8 . html . allNamed (only "h2") . contents I just started with the first bit and then added step after step until I had focused on the data I wanted. So... what's the result? Scary Sphere Digit factorials Compromise or persist Number letter counts The Ackermann function Lowest-cost Search Combined Volume of Cuboids Arithmetic expressions Remainder of polynomial division Composites with prime repunit property Pretty mathsy, I'd say.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3572620153427124, "perplexity": 3874.6744722567096}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155444-00452.warc.gz"}
http://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/1095/why-do-the-planets-in-the-solar-system-stay-in-the-same-orbital-plane?answertab=active	# Why do the planets in the Solar system stay in the same orbital plane? An earlier question addressed why all planets formed in the same orbital plane, but how is this angle maintained? What prevents the planets from taking on a different orbital plane? - Your latest edit asks a different question than has been asked previously. I have made some more edits to bring your question more in line with your recent focus and reopened your question. – called2voyage Dec 12 '13 at 14:52 the Angular Momentum Conservation Law states that, for any moving body, its angular momentum does not change unless you exercise an external force different from the central force. For an orbiting body like a planet, this means that Sun's gravity, being the central force, does not modify Angular Momentum, but any other external force will do. Examples of external forces are collisions or the forces made by Jupiter on another planet, or by Neptune on Pluto. After the Solar System was formed, these external forces are quite small, and thus does not change greatly the Angular Momentum of any major body. But you can see how passing near a body can alter a comet's orbit. Moreover, the external forces made by bodies that are in the same plane as an orbiting body does modify the value of its Angular Momentum, but not the direction. This causes that the orbiting body changes its orbit but can not not change planes. So if you add small forces from objects in the same plane, you end up with no changes to planes. - ## Angular momentum conservation To put it in more mathematical terms, you can play with the energy and the angular momentum of a bunch of particles orbinting a central mass $M$, given by $$E = \sum_i m_i \left(\frac{1}{2}v_i^2 - \frac{GM}{r_i}\right),$$ for the energy and $${\bf I} = \sum_i m_i {\bf r}_i \times {\bf v_i},$$ for the angular momentum. Now, let's try to extremize the energy for a given angular momentum, keeping in mind that the system has to conserve angular momentum, and that collisions between the particles can reduce the energy. One good way to do it is to use Lagrange multiplier $$\delta E - \lambda\cdot\delta {\bf I} = \sum_i\left[\delta {\bf v}_i \cdot \left({\bf v}_i - \lambda \cdot {\bf r}_i \right) + \delta {\bf r}_i \cdot \left( \frac{GM}{r_i^3} + \lambda \times {\bf v}_i\right)\right],$$ that requires $$\lambda\cdot{\bf r}_i = 0, \qquad {\bf v}_i = \lambda \times {\bf r}_i, \qquad \lambda^2 = \frac{GM}{r_i^3},$$ that means that all orbits are coplanar and circular. ## Is this true in general? That's the principle. Note, however, that all the planetary systems do not always stay in an orbital plane. Such systems can be explained by Lidov-Kozai oscillations, typically trigger by "high-excentricity migration" of hot Jupiters (Fabrycky, 2012). As far as we know now, we can say that: • our Solar System is flat! • planetary systems observed by Kepler are mostly flat (there is kind of an observational bias, due to the transit method); • planetary systems observed by radial-velocity method are more or less flat (with an mean angle between 10 and 20°); • planetary systems with hot Jupiters are not flat in general. More dirty details: There is an excellent talk by Scott Tremaine, given at ESO last year you could watch online. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9198971390724182, "perplexity": 594.9344236503092}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296456.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00091-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://manufakturaklimatu.pl/o8n3sf9l/derived-set-of-irrational-numbers-9401c9	Express ⅝ as a rational number with numerator 15 and -10. Derived Set, Closure, Interior, and Boundary We have the following deﬁnitions: • Let A be a set of real numbers. 's' : ''}}. Is the sum of a rational and irrational number irrational? Irrational Number. This Venn Diagram shows a visual representation of how real numbers are classified. For a number like 3.95, you imagine cutting pizzas into a hundred slices each and then taking 395 slices. and ?26. While you'll probably never be quite that hungry, you can imagine it. In mathematics, a rational number is a number such as -3/7 that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction p/q of two integers, a numerator p and a non-zero denominator q. All rights reserved. be derived from considering them. The ratio of longer to shorter sides of a five-pointed star (pentagram) represent phi in several ways as shown by the colors in the picture below. Common examples of rational numbers include 1/2, 1, 0.68, -6, 5.67, √4 etc. They are the exact same objects drawn at different scales. It’s somewhat similar to a guitar, but it only has one string. (a) The derived set of A, denoted by Ac, is the set of all accumulation points in A. Example: √2+√2 = 2√2 is irrational. - Definition & Examples, What are Whole Numbers? Is the product of two irrational numbers always rational? 4 and 1 or a ratio of 4/1. Irrational numbers are numbers that have a decimal expansion that neither shows periodicity (some sort of patterned recurrence) nor terminates. 0.5 can be written as ½ or 5/10, and any terminating decimal is a rational number. He then argued that smaller and smaller pentagons can be constructed. it can also be expressed as R – Q, which states the … It has commutative and associative properties. Another way of thinking about it is that irrational numbers are those that cannot be written as a fraction. Pi is an unending, never repeating decimal, or an irrational number. Note that "perfect set" is same as 'derived set". The set of all limit points of ℚ is ℝ, so ℝ is the derived set of ℚ. A mental trick you can use to help you visualize whether a number is rational or irrational is to think of the number in terms of cutting pizzas. 4. Upon completing this lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. 5: You can express 5 as $$\frac{5}{1}$$ which is the quotient of the integer 5 and 1. Take this example: √8= 2.828. A Real Number that is not a Rational Number is called an Irrational Number (meaning “not a Rational” as opposed to “illogical”). To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. They cannot be represented as a division of two whole numbers. The approximation of irrational numbers by rationals, up to such results as the best possible approximation of Hurwitz, is also given with elementary technique. So, S ∩︀ Q = ∅. It's an irrational number if you cannot. The set of rationals is the perfect set since they are the set of all limit pts of S. Pi is part of a group of special irrational numbers that are sometimes called transcendental numbers.These numbers cannot be written as roots, like the square root of … 4 2 3 = 3.8 = 0.6 1.44 = 1.2 5 3 4-8 The Real Numbers Irrational numbers can be written only as decimals that do not terminate or The integers (denoted with Z) consists of all natural numbers and … Once he had double-checked his proof, Hippasus showed it to Pythagoras. He then came up with the following simple equation. An error occurred trying to load this video. Standard value Genesis 1:1 (Masoretic) You can test out of the is irrational since exact value of it cannot be obtained. History. Examples of Rational and Irrational Numbers For Rational. 2+2 √5+ (-2√5) = 2 is rational. Legend suggests that, around 500 B.C., a guy named Hippasus was thrown overboard from a ship by the Pythagoreans, a group of Greek philosophers, as punishment for proving that the square root of 2 is irrational. • The closure of A is the set c(A) := A∪d(A).This set is sometimes denoted by A. Hi, and welcome to this video on rational and irrational numbers! And, a real number y is said to be a limit point of a set A if for each δ > 0, [ (y- δ,y+ δ) - {y}] ∩ A ≠Φ. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Is it true that no irrational numbers are whole numbers? This report is a part of ongoing research on understanding of irrational numbers. The equation is obviously correct, both sides express the same ratio of diagonal length to side length. The argument in the proof below is sometimes called a "Diagonalization Argument", and is used in many instances to prove certain sets are uncountable. An irrational number is a number that cannot be written as the ratio of two integers. By a similar definition, odd numbers do not have ‘2’ as a factor. A negative number like -3/10 is a little tougher, but you could still visualize it if you slice pizzas into tenths and then give back 3 slices. Instead he proved the square root of 2 could not be written as a fraction, so it is irrational. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Diophantine - approximations of such numbers. This set is sometimes denoted by A′. Wiki User Answered . - Definition, Methods & Examples, Quiz & Worksheet - Math with Irrational Numbers, Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, How to Find the Prime Factorization of a Number, How to Find and Classify an Arithmetic Sequence, Mathematical Sets: Elements, Intersections & Unions, Critical Thinking and Logic in Mathematics, What is the Multiplication Rule for Limits? Log in here for access. Of the most representative characteristics of irrational numbers we can cite the following: 1. Note that the set of irrational numbers is the complementary of the set of rational numbers. Pythagorean Approach 2. There have been many claims of the golden ratio appearing in nature, the human body, art, and architecture. If A is an uncountable set of reals then A has at least one accumulation point. They are represented by the letter I. Using this structure, every set of integers listed in this way is equivalent to some rational number! Is there a proof that irrational numbers can be derived from rationals numbers? Rational numbers are derived from the word ratio in mathematics. Example: Identify the number as ration… Irrational numbers. Did you know… We have over 220 college You can verify that every real number is a limit point of the set of all irrational numbers Q*. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. Their monochord had a moveable bridge which allowed them to set up and play all kinds of different musical intervals. Therefore, the initial assumption must be wrong and the ratio of diagonal length to side length can’t be a rational number. Rational and Irrational numbers and worksheet on various operations on rational numbers: Rational and Irrational numbers are one of the most important concepts for mathematics students. 5 6 7. {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters \| Specifically, we focus here on how irrational numbers can be (or cannot be) represented and how different representations influence participants' responses with respect to irrationality. Top Answer. It helps us calculate how things grow over time - the number of bacteria in a petri dish, the size of rabbit populations, or the interest your money earns in a savings account. \doubleO: Represents the octonions. 1.222222222222 (The 2 repeats itself, so it is not irrational) The venn diagram below shows examples of all the different types of rational, irrational numbers including integers, whole numbers, repeating decimals and more. - Definition and Types, Poetic Devices: Definition, Types & Examples, What is a Chemical Formula? This however will become impossible at some point because the set of natural numbers has a smallest element which happens to be zero. Examples of Rational Numbers. Answer. Rational vs Irrational Numbers. At some point, the Pythagoreans realized that intervals with simpler ratios sounded significantly nicer than those with more complicated ones. So if A was countable then R would be countable; but R is not countable so this is a contradiction. Apparently Hippasus (one of Pythagoras' students) discovered irrational numbers when trying to write the square root of 2 as a fraction (using geometry, it is thought). One of the more confusing math topics properly explained. which is also the least element of S . A monochord is an ancient musical instrument. For example, you can write the rational number 2.11 as 211/100, but you cannot turn the irrational number 'square root of 2' into an exact fraction of any kind. There is no fraction that exactly equals pi. Using Euclidean Algorithm 3. In other words, it's the ratio of two integers. • The complement of A is the set C(A) := R \ A. The Mathematical notation applied to two sets and means: all elements in set that are not in set . Learn about common irrational numbers, like the square root of 2 and pi, as well as a few others that businessmen, artists, and scientists find useful. 3D Artists: Job Description and Career Outlook for a 3D Artist, Artist: Career Education for Professional Artists, Schools for Aspiring Sketch Artists: How to Choose, Schools for Aspiring Multimedia Artists: How to Choose, Computer Artists: Career Info & Requirements, Design Artists: Job Outlook & Career Info, How to Become a Corporate Recruiter: Education and Career Roadmap, Best Online Bachelor's Degrees in Christian Counseling, Content Marketing Manager Job Description Salary Skills, Become a Retail Architect Step-by-Step Career Guide, Difference Between Statistician Biostatistician, PSAT Prep - About the Test: Help and Review, PSAT Writing - About the Writing Section: Help and Review, PSAT Writing - Grammar and Usage: Help and Review, PSAT Reading - About the Reading Section: Help and Review, PSAT Reading - Sentence Completions: Help and Review, PSAT Reading - Reading Passages: Help and Review, PSAT Reading - Understanding Reading Passages: Help and Review, PSAT Reading - Literary Terms: Help and Review, PSAT Math - About the Math Section: Help and Review, What are Irrational Numbers? 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https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com/questions/1974/reliable-test-for-intersection-of-two-bezier-curves/1982	# Reliable test for intersection of two Bezier curves How to reliably find out whether two planar Bezier curves intersect? By "reliably" I mean the test will answer "yes" only when the curves intersect, and "no" only when they don't intersect. I don't need to know what parameters the intersection was found at. I also would like to use floating-point numbers in the implementation. I found several answers on StackOverflow which use the curves' bounding-boxes for the test: this is not what I'm after as such test may report intersection even if the curves don't intersect. The closest thing I found so far is the "bounding wedge" by Sederberg and Meyers but it "only" distinguishes between at-most-one and two-or-more intersection, whereas I want to know if there is at-most-zero and one-or-more intersections. • Im not sure it exists as such, determining wetehr or theres a possibility for 0-1 or 2 or more is pretty trivial but the formulation does not really make it ieasy to make sure its 0 or 1 without actually checking. Jan 28 '16 at 13:44 • What is the runtime requirements? An solution that should be able to produce pretty accurate results would be to approximate both curves by a large number of short straight segments and then intersecting them in a pairwise fashion. But that costs much time and memory. Jan 28 '16 at 14:05 • @Dragonseel Well, I would be happy for any solution, really, but since you asked O(1) would be nice. But approximating the curves with line segments leads to the same problems as the test for bounding box overlap... Jan 28 '16 at 15:00 • Interesting problem. I don't think there's an easy answer but I'd like to be wrong. Do you have a link for the Sederberg and Meyers paper? Jan 28 '16 at 15:21 • @DanielMGessel Yes, see the edit above. Jan 28 '16 at 15:25 An alternative way to formulate the problem is to define a function that gives the distance between points on the two curves, as a function of the curves' parameters. Then attempt to find the global minimum of this function. If the curves intersect, the minimum will be zero; otherwise the minimum will be some positive distance. To be explicit, given a pair of 2D curves defined by $c_1, c_2 : [0, 1] \to \mathbb{R}^2$, define the distance-squared as $$f(u,v) : [0,1]^2 \to \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0} \equiv \bigl\|c_2(v) - c_1(u)\bigr\|^2$$ For cubic curves, the function $f$ is then a sixth-degree polynomial in two variables. You can then apply numerical optimization techniques such as the simplex method or conjugate gradient descent. Unfortunately the function can have several local minima (it's not convex), so optimization isn't easy. There may well be more specialized optimization methods available for polynomials, but this isn't an area of expertise for me. • Why is it 6th degree polynomial, and not 3rd, if we are talking about cubic Beziers? And the two methods you linked to, are they amenable to finding solutions only in $[0,1]^2$, as opposed to whole $R^2$? Jan 31 '16 at 19:51 • @EcirHana It's 6th degree because it's the squared distance. (You could square-root it, but then it's no longer polynomial, and will be non-smooth at the zeroes.) Note that the $[0,1]$ is the parameter space, not the space the splines live in, i.e. these are splines with endpoints. In any case, the methods will work fine in $\mathbb{R}^2$, but they only "travel downhill" from an initial guess and find a local minimum; something more is needed to examine the whole parameter region and find the global minimum. Constraining the parameter space is probably helpful there. Jan 31 '16 at 22:00 • Nathan - nice formulation! I'm rusty, but: I think you can divide each bezier curve into at most 5 segments, by where $x$ or $y$ change direction in the curve. $x$, as a function of $c_i$ changes direction at most twice (roots of the derivative) breaking the curve into 3 segments, 2 of which may be divided again by changes in direction of $y$. Now you have, not straight segments, but segments that "don't curve too much". I think if you start your search at 25 points, chosen by segment pairs, you could be always find the global minima, but I can't quite see how to prove (or disprove) it. Feb 1 '16 at 3:47 • @Nathan: I had considered that but, having spent much time writing code to find minima in texture compression formats, it all seemed a bit hideous. Feb 1 '16 at 13:30 [Disclaimer: I think the following should work but have not actually coded it myself] I couldn't think of a "trivial" method of producing a yes/no answer but the following would be a reasonable approach to a practical solution to the question. Let's assume our curves are A(s) and B(t) with control points {A0, A1..An} and {B0,..Bm} respectively. It seems to me that, given a pair of 2D Beziers for which we wish to determine do or don't intersect, there are six cases to consider: 1. Case where we can "trivially" determine they do not intersect. 2. Case where they intersect a finite number of times and we can "easily" determine they definitely intersect at least once (but we don't actually care where those intersections occur) 3. One of the Beziers is degenerate, i.e. a point (which will occur if all the control points are identical). We can assume we've already handled the case where both are points. 4. One or more of the curves are closed, e.g.. A0==An. To make life simpler, we'll subdivide such curves and start again. 5. There are an infinite number of points of intersection because each is subset of a "parent" Bezier and they overlap. 6. We aren't certain about the above cases and need further investigation For the moment we'll ignore 3 and 4, but come back to them later. ### Case 1 As you hint in your question, if the respective bounding boxes of the control points of A and B), don't intersect, then the curves can't intersect. Obviously this is a quick reject test but it's overly conservative. As you probably know, with a Bezier curve, the convex hull of its control points forms a (tighter) bound on the curve. We can thus use the separating axis technique to decide if the hulls of A and B don't intersect. (e.g. as shown in Wikipedia:) ### Case 2 If the case 1 test fails, you could then check for the "trivial" existence of an intersection. Now there are probably better ways to do this, but the following, relatively cheap, approach occurred to me: Consider just curve A: We know the curve starts at $A_0$, terminates at $A_n$, and will lie inside the convex hull. For simplicity let us compute the direction of the line segment $\overline{A_0A_n}$ and the compute the bounds on either side (i.e. take dot products of the remaining control points against the perpendicular to $\overline{A_0A_n}$). If we do the same with curve B we get the following (possible) case: If we find $A_0$ and $A_n$ are outside opposite bounds of B and that $B_0$ and $B_m$ are on the outsides of the bounds of A, then, by the continuity of Beziers, there must be at least one intersection. ### Case 6 If we can't immediately show either of the above cases, then split each of the Beziers into two "halves", i.e. $A^1, A^2, B^1, B^2$. This is relatively straightforward (left as an exercise to the reader) but is particularly trivial for quadratic Beziers: Recursively compare the 4 combinations: $(A^1,B^1), (A^2, B^1)...(A^2, B^2)$. Clearly if all pass case 1, there is no intersection. If any fail 1, then continue with the rest of the tests with that reduced subset. ### Case 3 & 5 This is where it becomes slightly more tedious. If "case 3" gets past the "case 1" test, it seems to me that you need to solve for an actual intersection. Given that there is a simple process to map the N control points of a Bezier, A(s), to the N-1 points of the Bezier, A'(s), representing its 1st derivative then (provided care is taken for the relatively rare, so-called "degenerate" situations where the 1st derivative does to zero), then Newton iteration (on one dimension) could be used to find potential solutions. Note also that, since the control points of A'(s) are a bound on the derivative values, there is the potential to do early elimination of some cases. Case 5 seems relatively unlikely, so perhaps only if after a few recursions there is no conclusive proof, one could try each end point of A against curve B and vice versa. This would only give a proof of intersection - not a proof of non-intersection. • Yes, but im personally more interested in the case where about the case where the Bm and/or B0 are Both within the volume of A's max and min bound but does not pierce it then you need to subdivide and in worst case scenario calculate the intersection point. Better ways would be to use the minimum bounding box also known as thick line approximation. Jan 29 '16 at 15:23 • Given that, with every binary subdivision, the difference between the curve and the segment connecting the end points goes down by reasonable factor (and, off the top of my head, I think it might have been 4x for quadratics) surely the bounds are going to converge to a "thin" ribbon fairly rapidly. Jan 29 '16 at 15:44 • Yes but worst case scenario is that the other bezier starts at the other. Jan 29 '16 at 15:54 • You mean, for example, An == B0. Do you define that as an intersection or not? Jan 29 '16 at 16:01 • No more like B0 is At somewhere on the curve. Or even a just minimally crossing Jan 29 '16 at 16:08	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7640953063964844, "perplexity": 447.3755354894376}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363520.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208175210-20211208205210-00493.warc.gz"}
http://www.mathemafrica.org/	## Sticky Post – Read this first. Categories and Links in Mathemafrica The navigability of Mathemafrica isn't ideal, so I have created this post which might guide you to what you are looking for. Here are a number of different categories of post which you might like to take a look at: First year mathematics notes and resources (particularly for the University [...] By \| January 17th, 2018\|0 Comments ## R-squared values for linear regression What we are talking about Linear regression is a common and useful statistical tool. You will have almost certainly come across it if your studies have presented you with any sort of statistical problems. The pros of regression are that it is relatively easy to implement and that the relationship [...] By \| August 18th, 2019\|1 Comment ## Cantor–Schröder–Bernstein Theorem Knowledge this posts assumes: What is a set, set cardinality, a function, an image of a function and an injective (one-to-one) function. David Hilbert imagines a hotel with an infinite number of rooms. In this hotel, each room can only be occupied by one guest, and each room is indeed [...] ## 1.6 Partitions Recall the relation $latex \equiv \text{ mod} (4)$ on the set $latex \mathbb{ N}.$ One of the equivalence classes is $latex [0] = \{ ..., -8, -4, 0, 4, 8, ...\}$ which is equivalent to writing $latex [0] = [4] = [-4] = [8] = [-8] ...$ We could do this [...] By \| August 9th, 2019\|0 Comments ## Review: Calculus Reordered Book title: Calculus Reordered: A History of the Big Ideas Author : David M. Bressoud Princeton University Press Link to the book: Calculus Reordered: A History of the Big Ideas Discussions on the history of different fields are usually dry, wordy and generally, when you are studying the field, hard [...] ## Investigating Practical Ordering of Grids In Reinforcement Learning there is an environment known as Gridworld. In this environment you have a grid and there is an agent that learns how to find the shortest path from one cell to another. The theme of reinforcement learning is that you do not want to hard-code the rules, [...] Let's find the equivalence classes of the following finite set S: Given $latex S = \{ -1, 1, 2, 3, 4 \},$ we can form the following relation $latex R = \{ (-1, -1), (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (1,3), (3,1), (2,4), (4,2) \}.$ Note: writing the relation $latex [...] By \| July 25th, 2019\|1 Comment ## The 2018 South African Mathematics Olympiad — Problem 6 The final round of the South African Mathematics Olympiad will be taking place on Thursday, 28 July 2019. I have been writing about some of the problems from the senior paper from 2018. A list of all of the problems can be found here. Today we will look at the [...] By \| July 23rd, 2019\|1 Comment ## On the invariant measure in special relativity I'm writing this for my string theory class. We are basing our lectures on Zwiebach - A First Course in String Theory, and starting off with special relativity. Not everybody in the class has a physics background (pure and applied mathematics students), and so there are likely to be questions [...] ## 1.4 Equivalence classes Let's recall the definition of an equivalence relation: A relation R on a set A is termed an equivalence relation if it is simultaneously reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Let's look at more examples: Example One: Let$latex A = \{2, 11, 17, 20\}\$ be a set with the following relation: [...] By \| July 22nd, 2019\|0 Comments ## The 2018 South African Mathematics Olympiad — Problem 5 The final round of the South African Mathematics Olympiad will be taking place on Thursday, 28 July 2019. I have been writing about some of the problems from the senior paper from 2018. A list of all of the problems can be found here. Today we will look at the [...] By \| July 21st, 2019\|1 Comment	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3681298792362213, "perplexity": 758.1822920896934}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314959.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819201207-20190819223207-00471.warc.gz"}
https://dmoj.ca/problem/rgpc17p5	## RGPC '17 P5 - Scrabble Nuts View as PDF Points: 12 (partial) Time limit: 1.0s Memory limit: 64M Authors: Problem type Nutter is a weird kid. As an infant, he was obsessed with the prefixes of nutt (nut, nu, and n), but hated the word nutt itself. When his parents bought him a box of Scrabble, he realized that the board already contained a single word: putt, which got him thinking. He wondered how he could add, swap, or remove blocks from a word to make all the prefixes of another word . Nutter has access to an infinite supply of Scrabble blocks, and can only add, swap, or remove blocks to form his desired prefixes. Each operation takes 1 move, but since he's quick with his hands, he isn't worrying about shifting blocks (you can add, swap, or remove non-terminal blocks). Nutter wants to know how he can turn word into word 's prefixes (not including word itself) using the minimum number of moves. #### Constraints Subtask 1 [20%]: . Subtask 2 [80%]: . #### Input Specification The first line of input will contain two integers and separated by a single space. The second line will contain a single string of length , and the third line will contain a single string of length . #### Output Specification Output a single integer representing the minimum number of moves to change word to all of word 's prefixes. #### Sample Input 4 4 nutt putt #### Sample Output 9 #### Explanation The prefixes of putt are put, pu, and p, and Nutter wants to try and make them all from the word nutt. To get put from nutt, swap the n with a p and remove a t from the end (2 operations). To get pu, do the same operations as put, but remove another t (3 operations + 2 = 5 total). To get p, do the same operations as pu, but remove the u at the end (4 operations + 5 = 9 total). Since Nutter doesn't want to make putt itself, he uses 9 operations in total. • commented on Feb. 17, 2017, 9:50 p.m. edit 6 Words ARE case-sensitive. Swap = Replace 1 character from word A WITH another character to MAKE word B. • commented on Feb. 17, 2017, 2:30 p.m. edited What can be swapped? Is it allowed to... • swap blocks within the word A • swap block from the word A and a block taken from the supply Also, are the words case-sensitive? I hope these can be clarified. Thank you.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19139741361141205, "perplexity": 3794.9736197516045}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00602.warc.gz"}
http://aleph.se/andart2/tag/information-processing/	# Just how efficient can a Jupiter brain be? Large information processing objects have some serious limitations due to signal delays and heat production. ## Latency Consider a spherical “Jupiter-brain” of radius $R$. It will take maximally $2R/c$ seconds to signal across it, and the average time between two random points (selected uniformly) will be $36R/35 c$. Whether this is too much depends on the requirements of the system. Typically the relevant question is if the transmission latency $L$ is long compared to the processing time $t$ of the local processing. In the case of the human brain delays range between a few milliseconds up to 100 milliseconds, and neurons have typical frequencies up to maximally 100 Hz. The ratio $L/t$ between transmission time and a “processing cycle” will hence be between 0.1-10, i.e. not far from unity. In a microprocessor the processing time is on the order of $10^{-9}$ s and delays across the chip (assuming 10% c signals) $\approx 3\cdot 10^{-10}$ s, $L/t\approx 0.3$. If signals move at lightspeed and the system needs to maintain a ratio close to unity, then the maximal size will be $R < tc/2$ (or $tc/4$ if information must also be sent back after a request). For nanosecond cycles this is on the order of centimeters, for femtosecond cycles 0.1 microns; conversely, for a planet-sized system (R=6000 km) $t=0.04$ s, 25 Hz. The cycle size is itself bounded by lightspeed: a computational element such as a transistor needs to have a radius smaller than the time it takes to signal across it, otherwise it would not function as a unitary element. Hence it must be of size $r < c t$ or, conversely, the cycle time must be slower than $r/c$ seconds. If a unit volume performs $C$ computations per second close to this limit, $C=(c/r)(1/r)^3$, or $C=c/r^4$. (More elaborate analysis can deal with quantum limitations to processing, but this post will be classical.) This does not mean larger systems are impossible, merely that the latency will be long compared to local processing (compare the Web). It is possible to split the larger system into a hierarchy of subsystems that are internally synchronized and communicate on slower timescales to form a unified larger system. It is sometimes claimed that very fast solid state civilizations will be uninterested in the outside world since it both moves immeasurably slowly and any interaction will take a long time as measured inside the fast civilization. However, such hierarchical arrangements may be both very large and arbitrarily slow: the civilization as a whole may find the universe moving at a convenient speed, despite individual members finding it frozen. ## Waste heat dissipation Information processing leads to waste heat production at some rate $P$ Watts per cubic meter. ### Passive cooling If the system just cools by blackbody radiation, the maximal radius for a given maximal temperature $T$ is $R = \frac{3 \sigma T^4}{P}$ where $\sigma \approx$ $5.670\cdot 10^{-8}$ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. This assumes heat is efficiently distributed in the interior. If it does $C$ computations per volume per second, the total computations are $4 \pi R^3 C / 3=108 \pi \sigma^3 T^{12} C /P^3$ – it really pays off being able to run it hot! Still, molecular matter will melt above 3600 K, giving a max radius of around $29,000/P$ km. Current CPUs have power densities somewhat below 100 Watts per cm$^2$; if we assume 100 W per cubic centimetre $P=10^8$ and $R<29$ cm! If we assume a power dissipation similar to human brains $P=1.43\cdot 10^4$ the the max size becomes 2 km. Clearly the average power density needs to be very low to motivate a large system. Using quantum dot logic gives a power dissipation of 61,787 W/m^3 and a radius of 470 meters. However, by slowing down operations by a factor $\sqrt{f}$ the energy needs decrease by the factor $f$. A reduction of speed to 3% gives a reduction of dissipation by a factor $10^{-3}$, enabling a 470 kilometre system. Since the total computations per second for the whole system scales with the size as $R^3 \sqrt{f}$ $= \sqrt{f}/P^3$ $= f^{-2.5}$ slow reversible computing produces more computations per second in total than hotter computing. The slower clockspeed also makes it easier to maintain unitary subsystems. The maximal size of each such system scales as $r=1/\sqrt{f}$, and the total amount of computation inside them scales as $r^3=f^{-1.5}$. In the total system the number of subsystems change as $(R/r)^3 = f^{-3/2}$: although they get larger, the whole system grows even faster and becomes less unified. The limit of heat emissions is set by the Landauer principle: we need to pay at least $k_B T\ln(2)$ Joules for each erased bit. So $I$ the number of bit erasures per second and cubic meter will be less than $P/k_B T\ln(2)$. To get a planet-sized system P will be around 1-10 W, implying $I < 6.7\cdot 10^{19-20}$ for a hot 3600 K system, and $I < 8.0\cdot 10^{22-23}$ for a cold 3 K system. ### Active cooling Passive cooling just uses the surface area of the system to radiate away heat to space. But we can pump coolants from the interior to the surface, and we can use heat radiators much larger than the surface area. This is especially effective for low temperatures, where radiation cooling is very weak and heat flows normally gentle (remember, they are driven by temperature differences: not much room for big differences when everything is close to 0 K). If we have a sphere with radius R with internal volume $V(R)$ of heat-emitting computronium, the surface must have $PV(R)/X$ area devoted to cooling pipes to get rid of the heat, where $X$ is the amount of Watts of heat that can b carried away by a square meter of piping. This can be formulated as the differential equation: $V'(R)= 4\pi R^2 - PV(R)/X$. The solution is $V(R)=4 \pi ( (P/X)^2R^2 - 2 (P/X) R - 2 \exp(-(P/X)R) + 2) (X^3/P^3)$. This grows as $R^2$ for larger $R$. The average computronium density across the system falls as $1/R$ as the system becomes larger. If we go for a cooling substance with great heat capacity per mass at 25 degrees C, hydrogen has 14.30 J/g/K. But in terms of volume water is better at 4.2 J/cm$^3$/K. However, near absolute zero heat capacities drop down towards zero and there are few choices of fluids. One neat possibility is superfluid cooling. They carry no thermal energy – they can however transport heat by being converted into normal fluid and have a frictionless countercurrent bringing back superfluid from the cold end. The rate is limited by the viscosity of the normal fluid, and apparently there are critical velocities of the order of mm/s. A CERN paper gives the formula $Q=[A \rho_n / \rho_s^3 S^4 T^3 \Delta T ]^{1/3}$ for the heat transport rate per square meter, where $A$ is 800 ms/kg at 1.8K, $\rho_n$ is the density of normal fluid, $\rho_s$ the superfluid, $S$ is the entropy per unit mass. Looking at it as a technical coolant gives a steady state heat flux along a pipe around 1.2 W/cm$^2$ in a 1 meter pipe for a 1.9-1.8K difference in temperature. There are various nonlinearities and limitations due to the need to keep things below the lambda point. Overall, this produces a heat transfer coefficient of about $1.2\cdot 10^{4}$, in line with the range 10,000-100,000 W/m^2/K found in forced convection (liquid metals have maximal transfer ability). So if we assume about 1 K temperature difference, then for quantum dots at full speed $P/X=61787/10^5=0.61787$ we have a computational volume for a one km system 7.7 million cubic meters of computronium, or about 0.001 of the total volume. Slowing it down to 3% (reducing emissions by 1000) boosts the density to 86%. At this intensity a 1000 km system would look the same as the previous low-density one. ## Conclusion If the figure of merit is just computational capacity, then obviously a larger computer is always better. But if it matters that parts stay synchronized, then there is a size limit set by lightspeed. Smaller components are better in this analysis, which leaves out issues of error correction – below a certain size level thermal noise, quantum tunneling and cosmic rays will start to induce errors. Handling high temperatures well pays off enormously for a computer not limited by synchronization or latency in terms of computational power; after that, reducing volume heat production has a higher influence on total computation than actual computation density. Active cooling is better than passive cooling, but the cost is wasted volume, which means longer signal delays. In the above model there is more computronium at the centre than at the periphery, somewhat ameliorating the effect (the mean distance is just 0.03R). However, this ignores the key issue of wiring, which is likely to be significant if everything needs to be connected to everything else. In short, building a Jupiter-sized computer is tough. Asteroid-sized ones are far easier. If we ever find or build planet-sized systems they will either be reversible computing, or mostly passive storage rather than processing. Processors by their nature tend to be hot and small.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 59, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7918815016746521, "perplexity": 835.4895293696245}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662636717.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527050925-20220527080925-00237.warc.gz"}
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-68331-5	## Introduction Conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels are becoming less sustainable and reliable due to our limited natural resources1. The development of greener materials with at least similar mechanical properties to conventional feedstock is of importance for their successful implementation in manufacturing sectors such as additive manufacturing (AM)2. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is an AM technology in which thermoplastic materials are melted and deposited layer by layer onto a free surface platform3. FFF allows freedom of design, which facilitates prototyping and customization of products in a timely and cost-effective manner. Due to the nature of FFF processing, material properties are highly anisotropic and research on materials, as well as printing parameters such as layer width, thickness, raster angle and air gap between layers, is vital for the optimization of fabricated products3,4,5,6. Consequently, previous researchers have determined that layer orientation of 0° raster angle in the axial load direction results in higher tensile properties, while products with build orientation angles of ± 45° have improved impact strength and less warping7,8,9. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are gaining immense attention in the field of biopolymers due to their inherent nature such as biodegradability, biocompatibility and promise for use in a range of applications, especially in the biomedical industry10,11. In addition, PHAs are reducing the high dependency on petroleum-based materials. Among PHAs, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is currently one of the most widely produced and commercialized bioplastics. PHBV is an aliphatic thermoplastic material synthesized by a range of different microorganisms as intracellular inclusions in the presence of carbon source and under limited growth conditions10,11. PHBV has been used in various processing methods such as injection molding, solvent casting and electrospinning11. However, research of PHBV in FFF remains to be explored. On the other hand, PLA is a suitable and widely studied thermoplastic for FFF based three-dimensional (3D) printing. In particular, the 3D printability of PLA has been widely explored in FFF using different 3D printers, additives or biopolymer blends9,12,13. Benwood et al.9 focused on improving the mechanical properties of PLA by optimizing 3D printing parameters. It was concluded that using bed surface temperatures (90 °C) higher than the glass transition temperature of PLA resulted in increased crystallinity and impact strength of the samples. Tymrak et al.12 explored the 3D printability of PLA using an open source 3D printer. The appropriate selection of printing parameters resulted in printed samples with similar mechanical properties when compared to other commercial 3D printers. Ou-Yang et al.13 studied different PLA and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) based blends, and improved product distortion by using 40% or more PLA content13. In general, 3D printing of semi-crystalline polymers with a high degree of crystallinity often results in poor product dimensional accuracy or warpage due to shrinkage and residual stresses14,15. Jin et al.14 investigated the warpage and interlayer bonding of polypropylene (PP) using short isometric filaments. They compared various PP polymer grades and obtained a correlation of increase in product deformation and stiffness to PP grades with a higher degree of crystallinity. In addition, the fabrication of filaments with isometric dimensions was of utmost importance during this study for consistency of 3D printed samples14. PHBV is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic material with a high degree of crystallinity and narrow processing window because of the small difference between melting and thermal degradation temperatures11. As a result, blending PHBV with other biopolymers and polymer agents has been used as means to improve these limitations. The use of chain extenders (CE) has been investigated in melt extrusion to increase molecular weight and thermal stability of various polymers16,17. Duangphet et al.16 found that the addition of a CE with functionalized styrene-acrylate copolymer with oxirane moieties to PHBV improved its thermal stability and complex viscosity. In addition, a reduction in the polymer chain mobility resulted in a lower degree of crystallinity and crystal imperfections due to the cross-linking or the branching effect of the CE16. Corre et al.17 found that this CE reacted effectively with PLA. Addition of 0.9 wt% CE increased the complex viscosity of PLA approximately 30 times. It is hypothesized that the incorporation of appropriate amounts of chain extender along with a biopolymer such as PLA can be used to enhance the 3D printability of PHBV by improving its rheological and thermal properties, as previous study shown that the thermal stability of PHBV can be improved through blending with PLA18. Recent studies have explored the 3D printability of PHAs and PLA using FFF19,20. Menčík et al.19 explored the 3D printability of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB):PLA based blends using four commercial plasticizers. They observed improvement in dimensional stability and reduced warping by incorporating 15 wt% plasticizer. This resulted from the plasticizing effect on PHB based blends. Another study investigated the effect of bed temperature on dumbbell shaped samples printed in vertical and horizontal raster angle directions using commercial PLA:PHAs filaments20. It was found that the contact time as well as the surface contact area had an effect on the crystalline phase and biodegradability of the blends. However, the effect of bed temperature on the mechanical properties of the blends was not studied. To our best knowledge, no current research has investigated the 3D printability of PHBV:PLA based blends with chain extender or the effect 3D printing processing parameters have on the mechanical properties of PHBV:PLA blends. The main objectives of this study were to improve the 3D printability and enhance the mechanical properties of PHBV:PLA based blends using a CE. With CE added, PHBV:PLA blend filaments were extruded at high amount of PHBV (60 wt%) without melt fracture. In addition, the blends with CE were successfully 3D printed and the properties were evaluated. Incorporation of CE assisted to achieve appropriate rheological properties and reach optimal printing temperature as well as speed for preventing the thermal degradation of PHBV during printing. Thermal properties, polarized microscopy and surface morphology were used to evaluate the material properties of the selected PHBV:PLA:CE blends. The use of adequate CE content and the synergistic effect of 3D printing parameters enhanced the mechanical properties of the blends. Dynamic thermo-mechanical and mechanical analysis was used to evaluate part performance. Finally, the surface morphology of tensile fractured samples was used to further assess the bonding between layers after mechanical failure. This provided insight into the diffusion-based fusion behavior of the products during the printing process. The optimized 3D printed biodegradable PHBV:PLA products suggests potential use in biomedical applications for its high mechanical strength and good biocompatibility. ## Results and discussion ### Optimization of 3D printing parameters As a stretching process, successful 3D printing via FFF method requires consistent filaments with high melt strength so that no melt fracture occurs during printing. For example, Lau et al.21 investigated the effect of melt strength for the thermoforming of polypropylene (PP). It was found that an increase in the melt strength of PP minimized sagging problems during thermoforming processes21. Similar aspects were found in this work. The filament performance of the PHBV:PLA (40:60) blends with and without chain extender (CE) after melt-extrusion was shown in Fig. 1A. PHBV: PLA based blends with weight ratios of (60:40), (50:50) and (40:60) were attempted, however, due to the immiscibility and absence of chain entanglement of PHBV and PLA22,23, the prepared blends exhibited extremely low melt strength, resulting in 3D printing failure. In addition to the low melt strength, the poor thermal stability of PHBV also led to serious thermal degradation of the blends during the printing process. Consequently, a chain extender (CE) was used as an effective method to improve the melt strength of the blends by fostering the entanglement of polymeric chains and limiting the thermal degradation of the chains during the melt process. As a result, consistent filaments were successfully extruded and the processing window for 3D printing was widened such that the blends could be printed at higher temperatures. Based on preliminary evaluation and existing research16,17,24,25, as well as taking the biocompatibility into consideration, a low amount of CE (0.25 parts per hundred—phr) was selected for this study. The printing temperature and speed directly influence the surface finish and properties of the samples. This is due to the viscosity will be changed at different printing temperature and speed. To evaluate the influence of temperature on the viscosity, the rheological testing of the PHBV:PLA:CE (60:40:0.25) was given in Fig. 1B and the complex viscosity of other two blends was given in Supplementary Fig. S1. At a lower temperature, for example 200 °C, the viscosity of the blends was too high when extruded from the nozzle, resulting in failure during 3D printing. Qahtani et al.26 reported delamination and poor object fabrication for PLA:BioPBS 3D printed products due to high viscosity values. Consequently, good adhesion of 3D printed products was achieved by using higher printing temperatures. Increasing the printing temperature beyond 200 °C was of concern as PHBV might degrade in high temperature27. Capone et al.28 investigated the degradation effects of polymethyl-methacrylate and polystyrene at various processing temperatures and mechanical stresses. Jagenteufel et al.29 explored thermal degradation of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using FFF. They concluded28,29 that thermal degradation was negligible due to the short residence time of the polymer during extrusion. However, a printing temperature of 230 °C led to thermal degradation due to the nozzle heat dissipation over existing sublayers, resulting in printing failure. The viscosity of the material was decreased to a suitable value without thermal degradation of the material using a printing temperature of 220 °C. The complex viscosity of the blends decreased with increasing PHBV content, resulting from the lower viscosity of PHBV compared to that of PLA, and higher reactivity between the PLA and CE16,17, as seen in Supplementary Fig. S2A. Moreover, all blends exhibited viscoelastic liquid behavior at all ranges since the loss modulus was greater than the storage modulus, as seen in Supplementary Fig. S2B,C. This is crucial in FFF for successful 3D printability as continuous flowability of the polymer is required at the time of extrusion. In addition to the printing temperature, printing speed was also important in 3D printing due to the exposure time (time which polymer is subject to heating in the chamber, where over exposure leads to degradation) and was controlled by the 3D printing speed. Therefore, different speeds were used (up to 55 mm s−1) and it was found that 45 mm s−1 was the best printing speed to obtain perfect printed products. By using time–temperature superposition (TTS) rheological curves, the complex viscosity of the blends at high printing speed (45 mm s−1) can be obtained, as shown in Fig. 1C. The protocol for the preparation of the TTS master curve is summarized in the Experimental Section. The complex viscosity was found to be in the range between 8 and 80 Pa s. To successfully 3D print the PHBV:PLA blends, it is suggested that the complex viscosity of those blends is within this range. In addition, Seppala et al.30 modeled the weld formation between layers and found that weld formation was dependent on the temperatures of the sublayer and the layer being printed. Lower zero-shear viscosity values can improve weld formation between layers due to good diffusion-based fusion between the newly printed layer and sublayer26,30. In summary, the printing parameters for PHBV:PLA blends are mainly controlled by the viscosity and thermal stability of the materials. It appeared from the present experiments that high temperature (220 °C) and fast speed (45 mm s−1) should be adopted to decrease the viscosity to 8–80 Pa s but avoid thermal degradation during the PHBV:PLA:CE 3D printing. Successful 3D printing of all PHBV:PLA:CE based blends was achieved using a printing temperature of 220 °C and printing speed of 45 mm s−1, as shown by the tensile and flexural bar in Fig. 1D. ### Co-relationship discussion on bed temperature and crystallization The thermal properties of the blends were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The second heating and cooling cycles were of interest to evaluate thermal properties such as Tg, Tm, degree of crystallinity (Xc) and cold crystallization (Tcc) temperature of the neat polymers in comparison with the fabricated blends. The thermal properties of the second heating cycle are summarized in Table 1. In particular, the Tg of PLA was of importance to select an appropriate bed temperature and improve bed adhesion. In FFF, bed temperatures slightly above the Tg of the polymer can be used to enhance interfacial adhesion between the printed product and the bed surface31,32. The Tg of PLA in the blends was measured by DSC to be between 58 and 59 °C. This was expected as PLA and PHBV have been previously reported to be immiscible21,22. The Tg of PHBV was detected for the PHBV:PLA:CE (40:60:0.25) wt% based blend at approximately 2.2 °C. Other studies have reported the Tg of PHBV for similar weight ratios between 0 and 3 °C21,22. A decrease in the degree of crystallinity of PHBV was observed with increasing PLA content. Similarly, a shift in the Tcc peak of PHBV was observed from 120.4 to 114.2 °C with increasing PLA content, as seen in Fig. 2. This was expected as blending PHBV with PLA in the presence of a CE resulted in chemical bonding between the polymers hindering their crystallization. In addition, a reduction in the melting enthalpy of PLA was observed for all blend compositions. The reduction in the melting enthalpy of PLA was attributed to the CE branching or crosslinking effect. The morphology of crystals was investigated during an isotherm at 60 °C. The selection of this parameter was based on the bed temperature chosen for 3D printing. No crystal growth was observed for neat PLA under this condition. This was expected as PLA has a Tg of approximately 60 °C and a low degree of crystallinity. For PHBV, a characteristic Maltese cross pattern was observed, which is typical of semi-crystalline polymers due to the birefringence of the 3D spherulites. Similar observations have been reported for the crystal structure of PHBV by other researchers22,33. PHBV had the largest spherulite radius of all materials examined. Supplementary Figure S3 shows the morphology of PHBV crystals at several time intervals. Complete spherulite growth was observed for PHBV after 8 min. With increasing PLA content in the PHBV:PLA:CE blend, local absence of birefringence was observed resulting in what is called in the literature ‘crystal defects’. The crystal morphology of PHBV:PLA:CE (60:40:0.25), (50:50:0.25) and (40:60:0.25) wt% based blends and PHBV crystal defects can be seen in Fig. 3. The spherulite radius length decreased with increasing PLA content. This correlates with the decrease in the degree of crystallinity of PHBV observed by thermal analysis. A previous study by Duangphet et al.33 reported the effect of CE on PHBV. It was concluded that using 1 phr CE content did not affect its crystal morphology33. It is assumed that the incorporation of PLA and CE to PHBV contributed to the reduction and disordering of its chain structure, leading to crystal defects. ### Dynamic mechanical analysis of 3D printing samples The dynamic mechanical behaviour of the 3D printed parts was investigated by conducting dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) from − 20 to 120 °C. The storage modulus and tan delta (δ) for different layer thicknesses and bed temperatures for PHBV:PLA:CE (40:60:025) wt% blend can be found in Fig. 4. The tan δ peak corresponds to the ratio of energy dissipated and stored per deformation cycle and is often used to measure the Tg of polymers. The tan δ peak for PHBV was found to be between 22 to 27 °C, while for PLA between it was 64 to 68 °C. The layer thickness did not show a significant influence while an increase of the bed temperature resulted in a slight shift of Tg to higher temperatures. In a previous work, Nanda et al.34 reported the storage modulus for neat PLA and PHBV as 3.5 GPa and 1.8 GPa, respectively, using injection molding. The highest storage modulus was obtained for samples with a layer thickness of 0.25 mm and a bed temperature of 60 °C at approximately 2.7 GPa. Using a design of experiment approach, Shubham et al.6 reported better dynamic mechanical properties for samples with a layer thickness of 0.20 mm due to enhanced structural integrity. The layer thicknesses explored were 0.10 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.20 mm and 0.25 mm6. In this study 3D printed products with 0.25 mm layer thickness showed higher storage modulus of the samples due to having more layers per sample and smaller cell size between layers resulting in stiffer objects. The lowest storage modulus was observed in samples with a layer thickness of 0.45 mm and bed temperature of 90 °C at approximately 2.0 GPa. ### Morphological characterization of 3D printing parameters A schematic representation of the tensile fractured morphology of 3D printed parts for PHBV:PLA:CE (40:60:0.25) wt% based blend is shown in Fig. 5. The middle section of the tensile fractured samples was not used to evaluate the diffusion-based fusion between layers after tensile failure since the morphological structure was not distinguishable due to the ± 45° raster angle pattern and brittle nature of the blends. Consequently, the product shell or contour, printed at 0° raster angle, was used to evaluate the structure integrity of the samples. In FFF, residual stresses and diffusion-based fusion are important factors involved in good bond formation between layers7,15,35,36. Samples with a layer thickness of 0.25 mm were found to have smaller and more uniform pores when compared to 0.35 mm and 0.45 mm layer thickness. For samples printed at a bed temperature of 60 °C, good bonding between layers was observed, as seen in Fig. 6A,C,E. On the other hand, using a bed temperature of 90 °C resulted in samples with poor weld formation between layers and enlarged pores after tensile failure resulting from the residual stress at higher bed temperature, as seen in Fig. 6B,D,F. In a study conducted by Wang and Gardner7, the layer thickness effect on interlayer bond formation was investigated using a 0° raster angle. They concluded that 3D printed samples with smaller layer thickness resulted in a higher degree of diffusion-based fusion between layers. In a study by Choi et al.36, it was observed that 3D printing of ABS using a temperature 20 to 30 °C higher than the glass transition temperature reduced the mechanical properties of the samples. In addition, Kantaros and Karaleka15 reported that the residual stress of 3D printed products could be improved by using smaller layer size. In the case of PHBV:PLA:CE (40:60:0.25) based blend, it is hypothesized that, due to the highly crystalline nature of PHBV, using a bed temperature closer to the crystallization temperature of PHBV may have resulted in faster crystallization, leading to unwanted residual stress. The effects of CE on the morphology of PHBV:PLA:CE 3D printed samples was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The surface morphology of all the PHBV:PLA:CE blends can be seen in Supplementary Fig. S4. No clear distinction in the morphology of 3D printed samples was observed for any of the PHBV:PLA:CE based blends. Similar observations for PHBV:PLA based blends were reported by Gerard and Budtova37. A co-continuous morphology was characteristic as the PHBV:PLA blends approximated equal ratios37. ### Mechanical characterization of the 3D printed samples For PHBV:PLA:CE (40:60:0.25) wt% based blend, better mechanical properties were obtained when using a bed temperature of 60 °C and a 0.25 mm layer thickness. The effects of bed temperature on the mechanical performance of the blends were given in Fig. 7A. Like the DMA characterizations, the stiffness and toughness of the samples printed with lower layer thickness (0.25 mm) were better as compared to the blends with higher layer thickness. This resulted from the following: (i) the sample printed with lower layer thickness possessed a smaller cell size between layers; (ii) samples with a layer thickness of 0.25 mm were found to have smaller and more uniform pores when compared to 0.35 mm and 0.45 mm. At same layer thickness of 0.25 mm, the tensile and flexural strength of the 3D printed blends were enhanced by 12% and 23%, respectively, when using a bed temperature of 60 °C rather than 90 °C. Also, the toughness of the sample printed at 60 °C was higher than that of sample at 90 °C, reflected by the 1.3 times higher impact strength and 2.8 times higher of elongation at break. This correlated with surface morphological results, and it was concluded that good bond formation between layers was crucial for the enhancement of mechanical properties. To study the effects of PHBV contents on the mechanical properties of the blends, the PHBV:PLA:CE based blends printed at optimization conditions, i.e. a layer thickness of 0.25 mm and a bed temperature of 60 ˚C, were chosen by authors. The mechanical performances of the blends were characterized as seen in Fig. 7B–D. The tensile strength and modulus were independent of PHBV content because of the close crystallinity and morphology of these samples. The decreased flexural modulus of the blends with increasing PHBV is attributed to the lower flexural modulus of PHBV used in this research. However, the toughness including the impact strength and elongation at break are decreased with increasing PHBV mainly because of the higher brittleness of the PHBV compared to PLA. Overall, better mechanical properties were obtained for the PHBV:PLA:CE (40:60:0.25) wt% based blend. This improvement in mechanical properties with increasing PLA content was attributed to the toughening effect of PLA on PHBV, as previously reported by Nanda et al.34. ## Conclusion The use of a chain extender (CE) successfully improved the filament fabrication and 3D printability of PHBV:PLA based blends. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed a decreasing trend in the degree of crystallinity of PHBV:PLA:CE blends with increasing PLA content, and was corroborated with the findings of the polarized optical microscopy that showed the local absence of birefringence in PHBV crystals. Rheological analysis served as a suitable indicator for the selection of an appropriate printing temperature. A printing temperature of 220 °C, printing speed of 45 mm s−1, bed temperature of 60 °C and layer thickness of 0.25 mm were found to be the optimal processing parameters to enhance mechanical performance of the products. This was confirmed by dynamic thermo-mechanical and mechanical analyses showing stiffer and stronger products under these conditions. The successful 3D printing of PHBV:PLA:CE based blends will help create sustainable alternatives and lower the dependence on petroleum-based 3D printing materials and expected to be used in biomedical applications. ## Experimental setup and methods ### Materials The thermoplastic polyester poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Ingeo biopolymer 4043D, multi-purpose film grade, a product of NatureWorks, LLC, USA was used. The melting temperature (Tm) range and melt flow index (MFI) of PLA were 145 to 160 °C and 6 g 10 min−1 (190 °C, 2.16 kg), respectively, as noted from the technical data sheet (TDS). Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), reference ENMAT PHBV resin, Y1000P, was obtained from TianAn Biopolymer, China. The Tm and MFI of PHBV as noted from the TDS were 174 °C and 12.4 g 10 min−1 (180 °C, 2.16 kg), respectively. Joncryl grade ADR-4368C, an epoxy functionalized styrene-acrylate copolymer compatibilizer, a product of BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany was used as a CE. Joncryl contained 285 g mol−1 reactive epoxy functional group according to the TDS provided by BASF Corporation, Germany. ### 3D printing filament preparation Prior to mixing PLA and PHBV pellets with CE, both biopolymers were dried overnight in an oven at 70 °C. The CE flakes were ground using a mortar and pestle to form a powder. Subsequently, both PLA and PHBV pellets were mixed with CE powder at approximately 80 °C. The PHBV:PLA compatibilized blends were processed using a twin-screw extruder, Micro-27 from Leistritz, Germany. The length to diameter (L/D) ratio was 48. A gravimetric feeder was used as a feed mechanism and the material blends were processed at 180 °C in all zones with a screw speed of 100 rpm. The filaments were collected using an automated pelletizer without a cutting blade to create a monofilament and allowed to dry overnight at 70 °C before printing to avoid the hydrolysis during 3D printing. Pilot experimentation showed that at least 40% PLA was needed to improve the printability of PHBV. Therefore, three different blends of PHBV:PLA (60:40; 50:50; and 40:60) were used in this research. ### 3D printing The 3D printing of parts was performed using a 3D desktop printer, LulzBot TAZ 6, manufactured and distributed by Aleph Object, Inc, USA. A single tool head extruder, LulzBot Tool Head v2.1, was used for the melting and deposition of the thermoplastics. A print surface, LulzBot TAZ Heat Bed, with a poly(etherimide) (PEI) sheet was used as the surface platform with a bed temperature range between 20 and 120 °C. A printing temperature of 220 °C, printing speed of 45 mm s−1 and infill density of 100% were kept constant for all experiments. The raster layer angle of the 3D printing samples was set as ± 45°. The layer thickness in the vertical or Z direction was adjusted accordingly to study the effects of thickness on the mechanical properties and surface finish of the 3D printed samples. Since Shubham et al.6 reported no improvement in mechanical properties for layer thickness below 0.2 mm, the layer thicknesses chosen for this research were 0.25 mm, 0.35 mm and 0.45 mm consisted of 13, 9 and 7 layers, respectively, in the vertical direction. Surface bed temperatures of 60 and 90 °C were selected to be above the glass transition temperature (Tg) (58 to 59 °C) and best crystallization temperature of PLA. The previous research in our group by Benwood et al.9 found that tensile and impact strength of PLA were significantly improved at a bed temperature of 90 °C due to an increase in the crystallinity of PLA. For each experiment, one sample was printed at a time and removed after the surface bed temperature reached 50 °C or less for easy removal of the flexural, tensile and impact samples. Table 2 shows the list of 3D printing parameters. ### Characterization #### Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) A TA instruments Inc. Q200 calorimeter was used to measure the Tg and Tm under a nitrogen atmosphere with a flow rate of 50 L min−1. For each blend, samples of approximately 11 mg were collected and measured using a micro balance, Mettler Toledo Model XP6, Switzerland, and encapsulated in sealed aluminum pans. The samples were analysed using a heat-cool-heat ramp cycle rate of 10 °C min−1. The temperature profile consisted of a heating ramp from − 20 to 200 °C, followed by cooling to − 20 °C and heating to 200 °C. The data was recorded and analysed using Universal Analysis 2000 software (TA Instruments, USA). The percent crystallinity was calculated using Eq. 119: $$Crystallinity\, \left( \% \right) = X_{c} = \frac{{\Delta H_{m} - \Delta H_{cc} }}{{\Delta H_{m}^{0} \times W}} \times 100\%$$ (1) where $$\Delta H_{cc}$$ is the measured enthalpy of cold crystallization, $$\Delta H_{m}$$ is the measured enthalpy, W is the weight fraction of the polymer in the blend system and $$\Delta H_{m}^{0}$$ is the theoretical melting enthalpy (100%). The $$\Delta H_{m}^{0}$$ values for PHBV and PLA obtained from literature were 146 J g−138 and 93.7 J g−139, respectively. #### Polarized optical microscopy (POM) A polarized optical microscope, ECLIPSE LV100, manufactured by Nikon (Minato, Japan) and equipped with a Linkam hot stage was used to observe the size of the spherulites under controlled heating and cooling. Prior to the optical microscopy analysis, the samples were prepared by melting at 180 °C and gently manually pressed between two layers of glass to obtain a thin film. The parameters used to prepare the samples were selected to observe the formation of crystals using similar conditions as applied in 3D printing. The prepared samples were placed on a hot stage and heated at 50 °C min−1 and held at 200 °C for 2 min to melt the crystals and remove any thermal history, followed by rapid cooling at 50 °C min−1 and isothermal treatment at 60 °C for 30 min. Magnifications of 10 and 20 times were used. #### Viscosity and morphology of materials Rheological characterization was performed using a MCR 302 rheometer from Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria. The 3D printed samples in ± 45° were used for rheological testing. The complex viscosity was measured using parallel plates with a gap between plates of 1.0 mm and a range of angular frequency between 0.01 to 100 rad/s. All measurements were conducted at temperatures ranging from 180 to 230 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. This range of temperature was used to create a time temperature superposition (TTS) master curve, which was used to shift frequency data to calculate the complex viscosity of the PHBV:PLA based blends during 3D printing. The horizontal shift factor was calculated using RheometerPass software and the Williams-Landel-Ferry model with a ± 2% frequency accuracy. The shear stress experienced by the filament during extrusion was estimated using Eq. 213: $$\dot{\gamma } = \frac{{8\overline{\upsilon }}}{D}$$ (2) where $$\dot{\gamma }$$ represents the shear rate, $$\overline{\upsilon }$$ represents the extrusion rate and D the nozzle diameter. The nozzle diameter of the 3D printer was 0.5 mm. A shear rate of 720 s−1 was estimated during the 3D printing of samples at a printing speed of 45 mm s−1. A scanning electron microscope, Phenom ProX, ATA Scientific Instruments (Taren Point, Australia), was used to study the surface morphology of the specimens. To observe the morphology of the blends, 3D printed samples were cryofractured using liquid nitrogen in order to obtain a surface without plastic deformation. To observe the interlayer bonding between layers, tensile samples were analyzed after failure. For both analyses, a thin gold layer was used to coat the surface for 10 s prior to being examined with back scattering electrons at 10 kV acceleration voltage. #### Mechanical testing The Izod samples were notched using a motorized notching cutter from Testing Machine Inc. TMI, USA, and the impact strength was measured using a ZwickRoell Model HIT25P, Germany, with a 2.75 J pendulum hammer according to ASTM D256. Tensile and flexural properties were measured according to ASTM D638 and ASTM D790, respectively, on an Instron 3382 Universal Testing Machine. The data were analysed using Blue Hill software. #### Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) A dynamic mechanical analyser, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE was used to measure the viscoelastic properties of rectangular 3D printed samples with dimensions of approximately 3.25 $$\times$$ 12.7 $$\times$$ 50 mm. The loss modulus, storage modulus and tan delta were determined using the dual cantilever measurement mode. The test parameters used were frequency and amplitude of 1 Hz and 15 μm, respectively, and a temperature range from − 20 to 120 °C at a rate of 3 °C min−1.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7118779420852661, "perplexity": 3698.9689886342826}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335355.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929131813-20220929161813-00659.warc.gz"}
http://cms.math.ca/10.4153/CMB-2005-042-7	location: Publications → journals → CMB Abstract view # On Gâteaux Differentiability of Convex Functions in WCG Spaces Published:2005-09-01 Printed: Sep 2005 • Jan Rychtář Format: HTML LaTeX MathJax PDF PostScript ## Abstract It is shown, using the Borwein--Preiss variational principle that for every continuous convex function $f$ on a weakly compactly generated space $X$, every $x_0\in X$ and every weakly compact convex symmetric set $K$ such that $\cspan K=X$, there is a point of G\^ateaux differentiability of $f$ in $x_0+K$. This extends a Klee's result for separable spaces. Keywords: Gâteaux smoothness, Borwein--Preiss variational principle, weakly compactly generated spaces MSC Classifications: 46B20 - Geometry and structure of normed linear spaces top of page \| contact us \| privacy \| site map \|	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5490926504135132, "perplexity": 2654.9713720230097}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00098-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1207945/modifying-kruskals-algorithm-for-maximum-spanning-tree	Modifying Kruskal's algorithm for Maximum Spanning Tree So in our class, we did a proof on Kruskal's algorithm for finding Minimum Spanning Tree. Now, based on that, I have to modify it to find me a Maximum Spanning Tree. I know the idea, taking maximum-cost edges. I also have an idea why this works, because taking maximum edge from the remaining set is just like taking minimum edge from the same graph but with negative weights. My trouble is, I have no idea how to formally write down the proof knowing that Kruskal's algorithm is correct for finding Minimum spanning tree. Can someone help me and say whether I am right, and how I should write this formally, by not having to repeat the whole proof for MST and change a few things? Thanks! • Kruskal's algorithm does work directly for negative weights. Why can't you just apply it, as it is, but on the graph obtained by negating the edges? – Clement C. Mar 26 '15 at 19:28 • That was my point. The assumption was that weights are positive. So what should I write down? – Luka Bulatovic Mar 26 '15 at 19:29 • Well, exactly this. Since Kruskal's algorithm (Minimum Spanning Tree) works for negative weights as well, use is to compute a Minimum Spanning Tree of the negated-weight graph. This will be a maximum spanning tree of the original graph. – Clement C. Mar 26 '15 at 19:30 • Okay, I get that. I am just confused because it says: describe the algorithm and prove it. Notice: modify some of the known algorithms for MSTs. So is this an actual proof? :S – Luka Bulatovic Mar 26 '15 at 19:32 • It is, as long as you explain why "MinST of negated tree $\Leftrightarrow$ MaxST of original", and state clearly that/why Kruskal's algorithm also works for negative weights. – Clement C. Mar 26 '15 at 19:43	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.877058207988739, "perplexity": 423.2868058463879}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314638.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819011034-20190819033034-00030.warc.gz"}
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12237-008-9128-6	Estuaries and Coasts , Volume 32, Issue 2, pp 219–237 # Coupling Between the Coastal Ocean and Yaquina Bay, Oregon: Importance of Oceanic Inputs Relative to Other Nitrogen Sources • Cheryl A. Brown • Robert J. Ozretich Open Access Article ## Abstract Understanding of the role of oceanic input in nutrient loadings is important for understanding nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics in estuaries adjacent to coastal upwelling regions as well as determining the natural background conditions. We examined the nitrogen sources to Yaquina Estuary (Oregon, USA) as well as the relationships between physical forcing and gross oceanic input of nutrients and phytoplankton. The ocean is the dominant source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate to the lower portion of Yaquina Bay during the dry season (May through October). During this time interval, high levels of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (primarily in the form of nitrate) and phosphate entering the estuary lag upwelling favorable winds by 2 days. The nitrate and phosphate levels entering the bay associated with coastal upwelling are correlated with the wind stress integrated over times scales of 4–6 days. In addition, there is a significant import of chlorophyll a to the bay from the coastal ocean region, particularly during July and August. Variations in flood-tide chlorophyll a lag upwelling favorable winds by 6 days, suggesting that it takes this amount of time for phytoplankton to utilize the recently upwelled nitrogen and be transported across the shelf into the estuary. Variations in water properties determined by ocean conditions propagate approximately 11–13 km into the estuary. Comparison of nitrogen sources to Yaquina Bay shows that the ocean is the dominant source during the dry season (May to October) and the river is the dominant source during the wet season with watershed nitrogen inputs primarily associated with nitrogen fixation on forest lands. ## Keywords Ocean input Upwelling Nutrient sources Yaquina estuary ## Introduction In most estuaries, the major sources of nitrogen are atmospheric deposition, agricultural nitrogen fixation, fertilizer runoff, and in heavily populated areas point source inputs associated with wastewater treatment facilities (Boyer et al. 2002; Howarth et al. 2002; Driscoll et al. 2003). For many estuaries in the Pacific northwest (PNW) of the United States, there are relatively low population densities in the watersheds and low atmospheric deposition rates. Land use in the watersheds is predominantly forested, resulting in low nitrogen (N) inputs associated with fertilizer and agriculture N fixation. In addition, upwelling provides nutrients to estuaries adjacent to coastal upwelling regions, such as the PNW (e.g., Hickey and Banas 2003). The differences in land use combined with coastal upwelling may result in differences in the dominant N sources to PNW estuaries compared to other regions. In a recent review, Tappin (2002) found that the N input to temperate and tropical estuaries associated with the ocean is poorly quantified. Previous studies have demonstrated that the oceanic inputs of nutrients and phytoplankton are important for estuaries adjacent to coastal upwelling regions, such as the west coast of the United States (e.g., de Angelis and Gordon 1985; Roegner and Shanks 2001; Roegner et al. 2002; Colbert and McManus 2003). It is important to quantify the contribution of oceanic input to nutrient loading in order to determine reference conditions for estuaries adjacent to upwelling regions and to distinguish natural variability from anthropogenic inputs. In addition, we do not know how susceptible estuaries subjected to large oceanic inputs of nutrients (dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous) are to future changes in anthropogenic inputs of nutrients. Some studies have suggested that future climate change may lead to changes in the seasonality or intensity of wind-driven upwelling (Snyder et al. 2003), which could modify the nutrient loading to these systems; therefore, it is important to quantify the oceanic input of nutrients to establish a baseline. Previous studies of the importance of oceanic variability in estuarine water properties consisted of short-term observations of nutrients or chlorophyll a (de Angelis and Gordon 1985; Roegner and Shanks 2001) or examined water temperature or salinity fluctuations (Hickey et al. 2002; Hickey and Banas 2003). De Angelis and Gordon (1985) demonstrated that there was import of oceanic dissolved inorganic nitrogen to Alsea Bay, Oregon; however, they only sampled on six dates during the summer of 1979 and only two of those dates had significant oceanic import of nitrate (NO3 ). Roegner and Shanks (2001) demonstrated chlorophyll a was imported into an Oregon estuary from the coastal ocean; however, they had insufficient temporal resolution in their data to examine the coupling between wind stress and chlorophyll a. Hickey et al. (2002) demonstrated that water property fluctuations near the mouth of Willapa Bay, WA, USA, are related to alongshore wind stress and propagate up the estuary, but their study focused on temperature, salinity, and current velocities. High temporal resolution data are required to demonstrate the coupling between wind stress and water column properties (nutrients and chlorophyll a) and to quantify the gross oceanic loading. In this paper, we quantify the gross oceanic input of nutrients and chlorophyll a using data collected daily during the upwelling season (May–September) for two consecutive years. In addition, we examine the coupling between wind forcing and nutrient and phytoplankton levels entering the estuary and the propagation of these signals into the estuary. We also compare the major N inputs to the estuary (including gross oceanic, riverine, wastewater treatment facility effluent, benthic flux, and atmospheric inputs) to assess the importance of oceanic inputs relative to other sources. ## Study Location Yaquina Bay is a small drowned river estuary located along the central Oregon coast of the United States (Fig. 1) with a surface area of 13 km2 and a watershed surface area of 658 km2 (Quinn et al. 1991). The Yaquina watershed is primarily forested (94.7%) with urban and agricultural activities occurring on 2.9% and 1.6% of the watershed, respectively (http://cads.nos.noaa.gov/). This bay experiences mixed semidiurnal tides with mean tidal range of 1.9 m and a tidal prism volume of 2.4 × 107 m3 (Shirzad et al. 1989). Due to the small volume of the estuary (2.5 × 107 m3 at mean lower low water) and the strong tidal forcing, there is close coupling between the estuary and the coastal ocean. About 70% of the volume of the estuary is exchanged with the coastal ocean during each tidal cycle (Karentz and McIntire 1977). Yaquina Bay receives freshwater inflow primarily from two tributaries, the Yaquina River and Elk Creek, which have similarly sized drainage areas and contribute approximately equally to the freshwater inflow (State Water Resources Board 1965). During November through April, the Oregon coast receives high precipitation and the estuary is river dominated. Approximately 77% of the total annual precipitation of 68 in. occurs during November through April (http://www.wrcc.dri.edu, calculated using long-term statistics for Newport, Oregon). From May through October, there is a decline in the riverine freshwater inflow and the estuary switches from riverine to marine dominance. The estuary is classified as well-mixed under low flow conditions and as partially mixed during winter high riverine inflow conditions (Burt and McAlister 1959). The flushing time of the estuary during the summer varies from 1 day near the mouth to 9 days in the upstream portions (Choi 1975). During the summer, winds from the north drive coastal upwelling, which brings cold, nutrient rich waters to the surface that enter the estuary during flood tides. In addition to the riverine and oceanic nutrient inputs to the system, the City of Toledo, Oregon (population of approximately 3,400; source: 2004 Census, http://www.census.gov) discharges wastewater treatment facility effluent into the Yaquina Bay 22 km upstream of the estuary mouth. The City of Newport, Oregon (population of approximately 9,600; source: 2004 Census, http://www.census.gov) is located adjacent to Yaquina Bay, however, wastewater effluent from this community is discharged 2 km offshore. ## Materials and Methods ### Oceanic Input During May through October of 2002 and 2003, daily water samples were collected during flood tides approximately 0.5 m below the surface at the Oregon State University Dock (labeled OSU in Fig. 1), which is located inside the bay 4 km from the seaward end of the jetties. The samples were immediately filtered and frozen for storage until analysis. Dissolved inorganic nutrients (NO3 + NO2 , NH4 +, PO4 −3, and H4SiO4) were analyzed by MSI Analytical Laboratory, University of California-Santa Barbara, CA using Lachat flow injection instrumentation (Zellweger Analytics, Milwaukee WI, USA). One-liter surface water samples were collected daily and analyzed for chlorophyll a. These samples were filtered within 15 min using 47-mm diameter GF/F filters. Chlorophyll a was extracted by sonicating the filters and soaking them overnight in 10 ml of 90% acetone. The next morning the samples were centrifuged and analyzed for chlorophyll a content using a fluorometer (10 AU Fluorometer, Turner Designs, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Beginning on July 23, 2002, an in situ fluorometer (SCUFA, Turner Designs, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was deployed at the OSU dock providing in situ fluorescence. Commencing on August 28th 2002, an automated water sampler (ISCO®, Model 3700FR, Lincoln, NE, USA) was used to collect water samples for each flood tide and programmed using the predicted time of each high tide. The sampler held the samples in a dark refrigerated compartment and the samples were collected daily, filtered, and frozen for nutrient analyses. ### Physical Data Hourly wind speed and direction data were available from nearshore and offshore stations adjacent to Yaquina Bay (NWP03 and 46050, respectively) operated by the National Data Buoy Center (http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov). Station NWP03 is located at the entrance to Yaquina Bay (Latitude 44.61° North, Longitude 124.07° West; Fig. 1) and Station 46050 is located at the 130-m depth contour 36 km offshore of Yaquina Bay (Latitude 44.62° North, Longitude 124.53° West). Gaps in the wind data of less than 6 h were filled using linear interpolation. During 2002, there was a gap of approximately 2 days in wind data from Station 46050 that was filled using the relationship between north–south wind stress at 46050 and NWP03. Alongshore wind stress (τ y ) was computed using the method of Large and Pond (1981) with a positive wind stress indicating upwelling favorable wind stress from the north. For the correlation analysis between wind stress and water column parameters, we used average daily and integrated alongshore wind stress. The integrated alongshore wind stress (W k ) was calculated as a weighted running mean of the wind stress which weights the past alongshore wind stress with a decaying exponential function (Austin and Barth 2002). The integrated alongshore wind stress at time (T) is defined as $$W_{k} {\left( T \right)} = {\int\limits_0^T {\frac{{\tau _{y} }}{\rho }e^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{{{\left( {t - T} \right)}}} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\left( {t - T} \right)}} k}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{k}}} dt} }$$ (1) where τ y is the alongshore windstress at time t, ρ is seawater density, and k is an exponential decay coefficient. Equation 1 is integrated with t = 0 defined as January 1 of each year. The weighting function used in the calculation of the running mean has an e-folding decay scale of k. Correlation analysis was performed for values of k ranging from 0 to 50 days. Water temperature, tide height, wind speed, and direction were obtained from South Beach Station (Station: 9435380, latitude 44.625° North, longitude 124.043° West, location presented in Fig. 1) operated by the Center for Operational Oceanographic Products of the National Ocean Service (http://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov). Flood tide water temperatures were extracted from the hourly data using times of predicted high tides. Data from South Beach Station were used because it had minimal data gaps. Water temperature data from the South Beach Station were compared to two YSI, Inc. (Yellow Springs, OH, USA) Multiparameter Monitoring Systems located at Station OSU (Fig. 1), which were deployed near the surface (about 1 m below water surface) and a second at an average depth of 2 m below water surface, as well as data from the bay sampling (see Station 1 in next section). During 1999–2002, there was close agreement between the time series of water temperature at South Beach and other data sources; however, during 2003, the South Beach water temperature was approximately 1°C colder than the OSU Station, so we adjusted (added 1°C) the South Beach time series during this year. Water temperature and salinity were available at four other locations from YSI datasondes (Specht, unpublished data) that were deployed at Riverbend (Station A), Oregon Oyster (Station B), Cragie Point (Station C), and Criteser’s Landing (Station D) (Fig. 1). The datasondes at Riverbend and Cragie Point (Stations A and C) were deployed at an average depth of about 4 m and 2 m below the water surface, respectively, while the datasondes at Oregon Oyster and Criteser’s Landing (Stations B and D) were deployed at a depth of about 1 m below the water surface. All variables were logged every 15 min. ### Bay Sampling Twelve locations in the estuary were sampled at approximately weekly intervals for dissolved inorganic nutrients at mid-depth and 0.5 m above the bottom (locations shown as Stations 1–12 in Fig. 1). Water samples were collected from depth using a hand-operated pump, filtered (45 μm filter) and frozen until analysis. The samples were analyzed for NO3 + NO2 , NH4 +, H4SiO4, and PO4 −3. At each station profiles of conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD; SBE 19 SEACAT Profiler, Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc, Bellevue, WA, USA) and in situ fluorescence (WETStar Chlorophyll Fluorometer, WET Labs, Philomath, OR, USA) were measured. The profile measurements were taken at 0.5-s intervals from the water surface to 0.5 m above the bottom and during post-processing the data were binned into 0.25-m intervals. The fluorometer was calibrated by collecting water samples quarterly, filtering them, and analyzing them for chlorophyll a using the same technique used for the oceanic input samples, and developing a relationship between in situ fluorescence and extracted chlorophyll a values (Chlorophyll a (μg l−1) = 0.52 × in situ fluorescence − 1.75, r 2 = 0.95, n = 36). In this equation, in situ fluorescence refers to the factory calibration estimate of chlorophyll a. These cruises were conducted during flood tides, tracking the propagation of the tide up the estuary, and were completed in about 3 h. Time series of salinity were examined at Stations A, B, C, and D to confirm that the cruises were tracking the propagation of the tide. ### Data Analysis To examine the relationship between shelf upwelling dynamics and nutrient and phytoplankton entering the bay, we performed a cross-correlation analysis between average daily north–south wind stress (at Stations NWP03 and 46050), flood tide water temperature, dissolved inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll a, and in situ fluorescence (at Station OSU) entering the bay. In situ fluorescence data were low-pass filtered using a 3-h Lanczos filter and flood tide values were extracted using times of predicted high tides. Cross-correlation coefficients were calculated using the non-parametric Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient using SigmaStat (version 3.10 Systat Software Inc., Point Richmond, CA, USA). An adjusted sample size (N) based on the modified Chelton method (Pyper and Peterman 1998) was used in the correlation analysis to adjust for the effect of autocorrelation in the time-series on significance levels. Gaps in the time series were filled with linear interpolation (time step of 1 day), since the modified Chelton method requires no gaps in the time series. These interpolated time series were used only to determine the adjusted sample size for use in determining the significance levels, but were not used in the calculation of the correlation coefficients. To examine how far into the bay the nutrient and chlorophyll a temporal variability is determined by ocean conditions, we examined the correlation between the NO3 + NO2 , PO4 −3, and chlorophyll a concentrations found at Station 1 near the mouth of the estuary (Fig. 1) and those stations further in (Stations 2–12) during the period of May through August. During this period, the mean absolute difference between mid-depth and bottom samples for NO3 + NO2 , NH4 +, and PO4 −3 was 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 μM (n = 202), respectively; therefore, we averaged mid-depth and bottom samples for this analysis. ### Other Data Used for Comparison of Nutrient Input The riverine contribution to N inputs to Yaquina Bay was calculated using observations of streamflow and stream nutrient concentrations. The Yaquina River has been gauged by the US Geological Survey and the State of Oregon Water Resources Department at a station near Chitwood, Oregon (USGS Station 1430600), which is 51 km upstream from the mouth of Yaquina Bay. We compared the N sources to Yaquina Bay during the wet and dry seasons. The wet season (November–April) was defined as months when the monthly average discharge of the Yaquina River at Chitwood (computed using data from 1972 to 2002) exceeded the 30-year average discharge of 7.2 m3 s−1, while the dry season (May–October) was defined as months when the monthly average discharge was less than the long-term average. The program LOADEST (Runkel et al. 2004) was used to estimate the riverine load using a linear regression model. This program takes into account retransformation bias, data censoring and non-normality which complicate load estimations. Stream nutrient data at Chitwood were available from the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (http://www.deq.state.or.us). Using all available dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) data from 1979 to 2005, we generated a relationship between load and streamflow using the USGS program LOADEST (Runkel et al. 2004) with the following terms: $$\ln \left( {L_{{\text{Chitwood}}} } \right) = a_o + a_1 \ln Q + a_2 \ln Q^2$$ (2) where L Chitwood is the load at Chitwood in kg day−1 and ln(Q) equals ln (Q c) minus center of ln(Q c), where Q c is the discharge at Chitwood in ft3 s−1 (r 2 = 0.98, n = 87). The ln(Q) terms are centered to eliminate collinearity between the linear and quadratic terms of Eq. 2, for more details see Runkel et al. (2004). The regression coefficicents (a 0, a 1, and a 2) are determined by adjusted maximum likelihood estimation. Loads were estimated for the interval of May 1, 1980–April 30, 2005 using daily discharge data and the regression model. There are two main tributaries to the Yaquina Estuary, the Yaquina River and Elk Creek and the confluence of these two tributaries is at Elk City. The basin ratio method was used to account for the ungaged portions of the watershed with the load at Elk City (L Elk City) estimated as $$L_{{\text{ElkCity}}} = L_{{\text{Chitwood}}} \frac{{A_{{\text{ElkCity}}} }}{{A_{{\text{Chitwood}}} }} = 2.52 \cdot L_{{\text{Chitwood}}}$$ (3) where A Elk City/A Chitwood is the ratio of the watershed area at Elk City to that at Chitwood. This estimation of the ungaged portions of the watershed is only valid if the freshwater inflow per unit area of the gauged portion of the watershed is the same as for the ungauged portion and the DIN levels in the two tributaries are similar. Previous studies have shown that the DIN levels in Elk Creek and the Yaquina River are approximately equal (Sigleo and Frick 2007). In addition, limited streamflow measurements at Elk City indicate that flow at Elk City is about 2.2 times that at Chitwood (n = 39). The wastewater treatment facility input of DIN to the estuary was computed by multiplying the daily volume discharged by the effluent concentration. Data on daily volume discharge and concentration were provided by the City of Toledo, Oregon Wastewater Treatment Facility for 2002–2004. From the analysis of split samples by UCSB the treatment facility NO3 concentrations were found to be biased high and were adjusted (multiplied by 0.78) prior to computing loading. From December 2000 through June 2002 approximately 75% of the discharged nitrogen was NO3 ; 15% and 10% as NH4 + and organic N, respectively. Atmospheric N deposition is monitored by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) at a station 40 km away from Yaquina Estuary (Alsea Guard Ranger Station, OR02). The annual atmospheric input at this site averaged over the interval of 1980 to 2002 was used to estimate the atmospheric N input to the estuary (NADP 2003). The atmospheric N input on the watershed was calculated as the product of deposition rate (kg N ha−1 year−1) and watershed area, and the direct input to the estuary was calculated as the product of deposition rate and the estuary area. We quantified the gross oceanic input of DIN to the estuary. We did not have adequate data to quantify the net oceanic input of DIN. The gross oceanic input of DIN was calculated using the time-series of flood tide DIN concentration multiplied by the volume of water entering the inlet during each tidal cycle. The volume of water entering the inlet was calculated using a two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic, and water quality model (Cole and Wells 2000). In the model simulations, Yaquina Estuary was represented by 325 longitudinal segments spaced approximately 100-m apart with each longitudinal segment having 1-m vertical layers. The model domain extended from the tidal fresh portion at Elk City, Oregon to the mouth of the estuary. Riverine freshwater inflow was included using a relationship between Chitwood discharge and Elk Creek. Meteorological forcing was included in the model using hourly wind speed and direction data from the South Beach Station and air temperature and dewpoint data from the Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, weather station. Water surface elevation from the South Beach Station provided the tidal forcing in the model. Oceanic variations in water temperature were included as a boundary condition using data from the South Beach Station. Water surface elevation data were available at two locations for model calibration (Stations A and C in Fig. 1). In addition, water temperature and salinity data were available at four locations (Stations A, B, C, and D, Fig. 1) for model calibration. Simulations were performed for 2002 and a relationship between modeled volume of water entering the bay each flood tide and difference between low and high tide elevation was developed. $$\begin{array}{{20}l}{{Q_{{{\text{tide}}}} = {\left( {{\text{PWL}}_{{{\text{high}}}} - {\text{PWL}}_{{{\text{low}}}} } \right)} \cdot 7.3 \times {\text{10}}^{{\text{6}}} + 0.4 \times {\text{10}}^{{\text{6}}} } \hfill} & {{{\left( {n = 704,r^{2} = 0.99} \right)}} \hfill} \\ \end{array}$$ (4) where Q tide is the volume of water entering the inlet during the flood tide (m3), PWLhigh is the tidal elevation at high tide (m, relative to mean lower low water), PWLlow is the tidal elevation during the previous low tide (m, mean lower low water) and the standard error of the slope and intercept are 3.0 and 5.7 × 104, respectively. The location where Q tide was calculated is approximately 1.5 km from the model’s seaward boundary. Tide tables were used to obtain values of PWLhigh and PWLlow for each flood tide during the period of May through the end of September of 1997–2003. We used observations of DIN from our flood tide sampling (2002 and 2003) to estimate the dry season gross oceanic N input. To estimate the DIN in oceanic water entering the inlet during years when we did not have data available, we developed a relationship between dry season water temperature and NO3 + NO2 using data from 1997–2004 (Wetz et al. 2005) from the inner continental shelf off of Newport, OR, USA (Fig. 2). Flood tide NO3 + NO2 (μM) was modeled as $$\begin{array}{{20}l}{{{\text{NO}}_{3} + {\text{NO}}_{2} = \frac{{1.37 - 44.7}}{{1 + e^{{{{\left( {T - 8.29} \right)}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\left( {T - 8.29} \right)}} {{\left( { - 0.996} \right)}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\left( { - 0.996} \right)}}}} }} + 44.7} \hfill} & {{{\left( {n = 570,r^{2} = 0.85} \right)}} \hfill} \\ \end{array}$$ (5) where T is water temperature (°C). The average value of NH4 + in flood tide water during 2002 and 2003 (3.6 μM, n = 463) was added to the modeled NO3 + NO2 to account for this species. The gross oceanic DIN input for the dry seasons of 1997–2003 was estimated using Eqs. 4 and 5 for each flood tide and the dry season mean was calculated for each year. Flood tide water temperature data from South Beach Station (Fig. 1) was used to estimate gross oceanic DIN input due to the minimal number of gaps in this time series. Flood tide water temperature at South Beach are correlated with 40-h low-pass filtered inner shelf water temperature (unpublished analysis, C. Brown). The root mean square error (RMSE) in using Eq. 5 to estimate the flood tide concentration of NO3 + NO2 was calculated as $${\text{RMSE}} = \sqrt {\frac{{\sum\limits_{n = 1}^M {\left( {N_{{\text{observed}}} - N_{\bmod {\text{eled}}} } \right)^2 } }}{M}}$$ (6) where M is the number of observations (number of flood tide samples), N observed and N modeled is the observed and modeled NO3 + NO2 . The wet season gross oceanic DIN input was estimated using the average wet season (from November 1997–April 2003) surface DIN at an innershelf station off Newport, OR (Wetz et al. 2005) and modeled amount of water entering each flood tide during the wet season of 2002. The wet season average DIN on the inner shelf was 3.3 μM (n = 17) and the average salinity was 32.1 psu. Wet season mixing diagrams (from 1998–2003) from the Yaquina Estuary were used to confirm the wet season average oceanic DIN. Since mixing diagrams generated from estuary data were often influenced by freshwater inflow the mixing diagrams were extrapolated to salinity of 32.1 psu to estimate the oceanic DIN. The average wet season DIN from the innershelf was consistent with extrapolation of wet season mixing diagrams estimate (average = 4.0 μM, n = 32). To estimate the importance of benthic flux on DIN concentrations within the bay, we used published values from Yaquina Bay (De Witt et al. 2004). ## Results and Discussion ### Flood Tide Input from Ocean 1. 1. Flood tide sampling 1. a. Dissolved inorganic nutrients During upwelling conditions of 2002 and 2003, maximum NO3 and PO4 −3 levels in flood tide water in the lower estuary (Station OSU) were 31.5 and 2.9 μM, respectively. These maximal nutrient concentrations entering Yaquina Bay during upwelling periods are similar to those found in other upwelling regions (Dugdale 1985) as well as those found on the Oregon shelf (Corwith and Wheeler 2002). During 2002, the flood tide NO3 + NO2 at Station OSU was correlated with NO3 + NO2 measured on the innershelf 5 miles off of Newport (r = 0.74, n = 15, p < 0.05, Pearson Product; unpublished data of W. Peterson). During the upwelling seasons of 2002 and 2003, the NO3 + NO2 concentrations in flood tide water entering the estuary ranged from 0.0 to 31.5 μM (11.3 ± 8.8 μM, (mean ± SD), n = 463), while NH4 + concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 9 μM (3.6 ± 1.7 μM, n = 463). Nitrite was a minor component of DIN, averaging about 2% (n = 55). Phosphate ranged from 0.0 to 2.9 (1.4 ± 0.8 μM, n = 463). The flood tide concentrations of NO3 and PO4 −3 were significantly higher in 2002 than 2003 (Mann–Whitney Rank sum test, p < 0.001) (Table 1). There were significant correlations between nutrient concentrations collected near the surface at the OSU dock and samples in the main channel (surface and bottom samples from Station 1, in Fig. 1), with DIN concentrations about 17% lower at the OSU dock. Table 1 Dissolved inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll a entering Yaquina Bay during flood tides (grab samples from OSU) during May–October of 2002 and 2003 (Mean ± SD) Year Mean NO3 + NO2 (μM) Mean NH4 + (μM) Mean PO4 −3 (μM) Median N:P ratio Mean chlorophyll a (μg l−1) 2002 12.8 ± 7.6 (n = 179) 3.8 ± 1.8 (n = 179) 1.7 ± 0.7 (n = 179) 9.7 (n = 179) 6.4 ± 5.6 (n = 120) 2003 10.3 ± 9.4 (n = 284) 3.4 ± 1.6 (n = 284) 1.2 ± 0.7 (n = 284) 11.5 (n = 284) 4.6 ± 2.5 (n = 55) Potential for nutrient limitation of phytoplankton is often estimated by examining the ratio of dissolved inorganic nutrients relative to the Redfield ratio (16 mol N:1 mol P) and comparing the ambient dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations to phytoplankton half saturation constants for nutrient uptake (e.g., Eyre 2000). Typically, if the N:P ratio of the water column <10:1 then phytoplankton may be limited by nitrogen and if the ratio >20:1, there is the potential for phosphorous limitation (Boynton et al. 1982). In addition, if the ambient water column concentrations are less than the half saturation constants for nutrient uptake then we assume that the phytoplankton may be nutrient limited. Typical half saturation constants for DIN and DIP are 1.0–2.0 μM and 0.1–0.5 μM, respectively. In our study, the median N:P ratio in flood tide waters (at Station OSU) was approximately 10:1 during 2002 and 2003, indicating that nitrogen would be depleted prior to the phosphorous. Of the flood tide water samples that had N:P ratio less than 10:1, approximately 50% of these samples had DIN levels greater than 10 μM and only 6.5% of the samples had DIN levels less than 2 μM. Only 3% of the flood tide samples had N:P ratio greater than 20:1 and DIP levels less than 0.5 μM. Therefore, the majority of water advected into Yaquina Bay in this summer time frame had sufficient nutrients to sustain primary productivity. 1. b. Chlorophyll a During the summer of 2002, water column chlorophyll a in water entering the bay (Station OSU) from the coastal ocean ranged from 0.4 to 36 μg l−1 with a mean value of 6.3 μg l−1 (standard deviation = 4.6 μg l−1, n = 119). Generally, higher chlorophyll a levels occurred in July and August of 2002 (monthly means of 8–10 μg l−1) as compared to means of 3–5 μg l−1 in May, June, and September (Fig. 3). There was a negative correlation between DIN and chlorophyll a (r = −0.250, p < 0.01), indicating that recently upwelled high nutrient water had low chlorophyll a and periods of elevated chlorophyll a had reduced nutrient concentrations. Data from the in situ fluorometer indicated that there was an import of oceanic chlorophyll a to the estuary and there was a 40% reduction between successive flood and ebb tides. Median flood tide chlorophyll a (from in situ fluorometer) were significantly higher than ebb tide values (Mann–Whitney Rank Sum, p < 0.001). During periods of import of high chlorophyll a, peak chlorophyll a levels coincided with peak salinity, demonstrating the importance of oceanic import (Fig. 4). 1. 2. Relationship between wind forcing, water temperature, nutrients and chlorophyll a The NO3 , PO4 −3, and temperature of water (at Station OSU) entering the inlet during flood tides responded rapidly to changes in alongshore wind stress. During upwelling favorable winds, there were increases in NO3 and PO4 −3, and concurrent decreases in water temperature (Figs. 3 and 5). During downwelling winds, there were rapid decreases in NO3 and PO4 −3, and concurrent increases in water temperature (Figs. 3 and 5). Peak chlorophyll a concentrations typically occurred after periods of downwelling winds (e.g., peak on July 25, 2002). During the dry seasons of 2002 and 2003, upwelling favorable winds occurred 70% of the time (calculated using daily average wind stress). Even though upwelling favorable winds occurred with similar frequency in 2002 and 2003, there was a difference in the character of the upwelling events. During 2002, upwelling favorable winds were sustained for long time periods (particularly during June through October), while during 2003 upwelling occurred as discrete events. During May and June of 2002, upwelling favorable winds occurred 60% of the time and these periods of upwelling were interrupted by brief periods of downwelling favorable winds. From the end of June through October of 2002, upwelling favorable winds dominated (frequency of occurrence = 74%) with a mean north–south wind stress of 0.26 dyne cm−2, and the NO3 + NO2 entering in flood waters remained elevated. During the interval of May to June 30 of 2002 the mean NO3 + NO2 was 10.6 μM, while during July through October of 2002 the mean NO3 + NO2 was 15.9 μM. During 2003, there were six discrete upwelling events (shown as shaded regions in Fig. 5) that resulted in increases in NO3 + NO2 entering the bay with each event lasting 2 to 3 weeks and peak levels during these events reaching as high as 30 μM. During 2003, the first upwelling event that caused an increase in NO3 + NO2 occurred on May 27th. Between each upwelling event, there were brief periods of downwelling favorable winds or relaxation events, which lasted 1 to 2 weeks, and the NO3 + NO2 levels near the end of these events were as low as 0.3 μM. During some of the upwelling events, there were brief periods (~1 d) of downwelling favorable winds that resulted in brief decreases in NO3 + NO2 (such as that occurring on June 29, of 2003, Fig. 5a, b). For both years, there was a close correspondence between reversals in low-pass filtered north–south wind stress and changes in the flood-tide NO3 + NO2 and PO4 −3 levels. There were significant correlations between average daily north–south wind stress and flood tide water temperature, NO3 + NO2 , PO4 −3, and chlorophyll a measured at Station OSU during 2002 and 2003 (Table 2). There were stronger relationships between nearshore wind stress (Station NWP03) and water column properties than using offshore wind stress (Station 46050), therefore results using nearshore (Station NWP03) wind stress are presented. The maximum cross-correlation between north–south wind stress and flood tide water temperature occurred at a lag of 1 day and the negative correlation coefficient indicates that upwelling favorable winds resulted in lower than average water temperatures. The maximum cross-correlation between NO3 + NO2 and PO4 −3 and north–south wind stress occurred at a lag of 2 days. For 2002, the mean NO3 + NO2 during upwelling and downwelling conditions was 16.1 and 8.8 μM, respectively, while during 2003 it was 12.8 and 4.6 μM, respectively. The maximum correlation between wind stress and chlorophyll a occurred at lag of 6 days and the maximum correlation between water temperature and chlorophyll a occurred at 4 days lag; suggesting that it took approximately 5–6 days for phytoplankton to utilize the newly upwelled nitrogen and be transported across the shelf to the inlet. Although there are differences in the wind forcing between 2002 and 2003, our analysis revealed that the correlation coefficients and lags between parameters were similar in both years. Table 2 Maximum correlation between average daily north–south wind stress (computed using data from Station NWP03 with no decay coefficient), water temperature, dissolved inorganic nutrients, and chlorophyll a (grab samples and in situ fluorometer) Time series compared Max r Lag (d) Sample size (n) Effective sample size (N) Wind stress and flood tide water temperature 2002 −0.59** 1 294 84 2003 −0.64 1 297 33 Wind stress and flood tide NO3 + NO2 2002 0.46 2 179 101 2003 0.54* 2 303 31 Wind stress and flood tide PO4 −3 2002 0.46** 2 179 86 2003 0.48* 2 303 40 Flood tide water temperature and flood tide NO3 + NO2 2002 −0.73** 0 173 21 2003 −0.85 0 302 14 Flood tide water temperature and flood tide PO4 −3 2002 −0.63* 0 179 17 2003 −0.72** 0 302 20 Wind stress and flood tide chlorophyll a 2002 0.24 6 109 68 Wind stress and flood tide chlorophyll a from in situ fluorometer 2002 0.38 6 120 32 Flood tide water temperature and flood tide chlorophyll a 2002 −0.41 4 113 27 Flood tide NO3 + NO2 and flood tide chlorophyll a 2002 0.31* 7 101 26 Lag is the lag at which the maximum correlation occurs with the second variable lagging the first variable by the lag indicated See Data Analysis section for definition of N* p < 0.1; p ≤ 0.05; p ≤ 0.01; **p < 0.001 Our findings of the close coupling between alongshelf wind stress and water temperature, nutrient, and chlorophyll a and the lags between forcing and response are similar to previous studies. Roegner and Shanks (2001) found similar correlation and lag between wind stress and coastal and estuarine water temperature (r = 0.6, lag 0.5–1.5 days) at Coos Bay, OR, which is located 150 km south of Yaquina Bay. Takesue and van Geen (2002) found that there was an approximately 1.5 days lag between upwelling favorable wind stress and the appearance of nearshore upwelling conditions along the Oregon coast near Coos Bay. They found that the composition of nearshore water responds to local changes in wind forcing, which is similar to our analyses which found stronger correlations between water properties and nearshore wind forcing than offshore wind forcing. Hickey et al. (2002) found similar correlation and lag (r = −0.6, lag 1.25–1.5 days) between wind stress and water temperature and salinity fluctuations near the mouth of Willapa Bay, WA, USA, which is 233 km north of Yaquina Bay. Hickey and Banas (2003) examined variations in temperature, salinity and alongshore winds stress for three estuaries along the Oregon and Washington coasts, spanning 400 km. They demonstrated that there was coherence between estuarine water properties fluctuations (temperature and salinity) among these estuaries during the summer resulting from the large scale patterns in alongshelf wind forcing. However, none of these studies assessed the relationship between wind forcing and chlorophyll a or nutrients. Service et al. (1998) found that off of Monterey Bay, CA, USA wind stress and water temperature were maximally correlated at a lag of 2–3 days and there was a correlation between fluorescence and water temperature and wind stress at lags of 4 days and 6–7 days, respectively, which is similar to our results. Thomas and Strub (2001) performed a cross-correlation analysis between wind forcing (longshore wind stress and wind mixing) and cross-shelf pigment variability. They found that on the shelf off of Washington and northern Oregon (including our study area) the pigment pattern metrics were poorly related to local alongshore winds. However, this is probably due to the temporal resolution of their pigment data being too coarse (10 days) to resolve the relationship between nearshore chlorophyll a and wind stress. Austin and Barth (2002) developed an index of upwelling intensity based on the position of the upwelling front for the shelf off of Newport, OR, USA. They found that this index was highly correlated (r = 0.88) with integrated alongshore windstress (W k ) with exponential decay coefficient (k) of 8 days, and the correlation remained strong for k varying from 5–12 days. In addition, they found high correlations (r = 0.7) between nearshore (50-m isobath) temperature and salinity observations and W 8. We found similar high correlations (r = 0.6–0.8) between flood tide water temperature, NO3 and PO4 −3 at Station OSU and W k during 2002 and 2003. Correlation coefficients and lags were similar for water temperature, NO3 and PO4 −3 (Fig. 6) with peak correlations (r = 0.86) occurring at k = 6 days. There were stronger correlations between wind stress and flood tide properties (water temperature and nutrients) calculated using nearshore (Station NWP03) wind data rather than offshore (Station 46050) for W k . Significant correlations between W k and nutrient concentration were obtained during both years (2002 and 2003); however, slightly stronger relationships were present during 2003. Thus, W k may also be a useful indicator for oceanic nutrient input to estuaries in the PNW. ### Within the Estuary Patterns During 2002 Data from the cruises were used to examine spatial patterns in nutrients and chlorophyll a within the estuary. A shift in the location of maximum NO3 + NO2 concentrations in the estuary occurred during the transition from spring to summer. During 2002, from January through early June, the maximum NO3 + NO2 occurred at Station 12 suggesting a riverine source for this constituent (with a mean salinity of 4.9 at Station 12 and average riverflow during this time period of 22.6 m3 s−1). From January through mid April of 2002, the NO3 + NO2 for the ocean boundary averaged 5 μM (n = 11), while at Station 12 it averaged 69 μM (n = 10) with peak concentrations of 97 μM. Mixing diagrams of DIN versus salinity (not presented in this paper) revealed conservative transport of DIN during the winter. During late April of 2002, upwelling favorable wind stress resulted in the ocean boundary NO3 + NO2 increasing to about 25 μM. From mid June through the end of August of 2002, the maximum NO3 + NO2 and PO4 −3 occurred near the mouth of the estuary (Stations 1–4) suggesting an oceanic source for these nutrients. Fig. 7 shows the spatial variation in nutrients within the estuary during the dry season of 2002. There was a mid-estuary minimum in the mean dry season NO3 + NO2 (mean value of 7 μM, Fig. 7) suggesting that the estuary receives NO3 + NO2 from both the ocean and the river. The maximum concentration of NH4 + typically occurred in the middle of the estuary (Stations 7–9) with a dry season mean concentration of approximately 4 μM in the middle of the estuary (Fig. 7). This mid estuary maximum in NH4 + is probably associated with benthic regeneration of nutrients. Benthic flux measurements in Yaquina Bay in intertidal burrowing shrimp habitat show a net DIN efflux from the benthos into the water column, primarily as NH4 + (DeWitt et al. 2004). Although NH4 + levels increased in the middle of the estuary, NO3 remained the dominant component of DIN (64% of DIN). The primary source of PO4 −3 to the system was the ocean and there was a steady decline in PO4 −3 with distance into the estuary (Fig. 7). There was a mid-estuary minimum in chlorophyll a (Fig. 7). The median N:P ratio from May through August of 2002 was approximately 13:1, suggesting that nitrogen will be depleted prior to phosphorous for the majority of the estuary. In late April to early May of 2002, there was the potential for phosphorous limitation in the upper portions of the estuary (Stations 11 and 12) with the N:P ratio reaching as high as 176:1. During May through August of 2002, the median DIN concentration was 15 μM, and 92% of the time the DIN was >2 μM (typical half saturation constant for phytoplankton). In only 6% of the estuarine sampling events for the dry season of 2002 was the N:P ratio <10 and DIN <2 μM, and all of these events occurred in late May to early June. In only 7% of the estuarine sampling events for the dry season of 2002 was the N:P ratio >20 and DIP <0.5 μM, suggesting the potential for phosphorous limitation in the upper portions of the estuary (Stations 11 and 12). This suggests that although the N:P ratio often falls below 16:1, the estuary was not usually limited by either nitrogen or phosphorous. This is supported by assimilation ratio data (primary production–chlorophyll a) of Johnson (1981) collected during the dry season near Station 10 (Fig. 1) which found that 77% of the time there were sufficient nutrients for planktonic primary production, 15% of the time there was borderline nutrient deficiency, and only 8% of the time was there evidence of nutrient depletion. During the dry season of 2002, the oceanic signal in NO3 + NO2 and PO4 −3 propagated approximately 13 km (measured from the seaward tip of the jetties) up the estuary to Station 9 (see Figs. 1 and 8). During the dry season of 2002, there was a significant correlation between water column NO3 + NO2 at Station 11 (19 km from mouth of estuary) and Elk City (Spearman Rank, r = 0.440, p = 0.015, n = 30) suggesting that at this station the primary source of NO3 + NO2 is the river. The oceanic signal attenuated more rapidly for chlorophyll a with a statistically significant relationship between oceanic conditions and chlorophyll a only evident up to Station 8 (11 km from the mouth of the estuary). Similar correlations were calculated for 2003 conditions (not presented). The import of chlorophyll a to the lower estuary was consistent with the findings of Karentz and McIntire (1977) that during the spring through fall seasons marine diatom genera dominated in the lower estuary (stations 3.4 and 6.7 km from the mouth of the estuary), while freshwater and brackish taxa dominated in the upper estuary (stations located 12.3 and 18.8 km from the mouth). The more rapid decline in the oceanic signal in chlorophyll a compared to nutrients was probably the result of benthic grazing on oceanic phytoplankton. Oyster aquaculture is present in Yaquina Bay in the vicinity of Stations 7–9 and in the lower estuary there are tidal flats that have high densities of burrowing shrimp (DeWitt et al. 2004). Griffen et al. (2004) estimated that the daily filtration rate and density of one species of burrowing shrimp present in Yaquina Bay was sufficient to clear the entire water column of Yaquina Bay on a daily basis. ### Comparison of Nitrogen Inputs We compared the N sources to Yaquina Bay during the wet and dry seasons (Table 3). Oceanic and riverine inputs are the major N sources to the estuary with oceanic sources dominating during the dry season and riverine sources dominating during the wet season. During the dry season, benthic flux of N composes about 9% of the N inputs. Atmospheric deposition and wastewater treatment facility effluent are minor N sources. 1. 1. Watershed inputs Table 3 Comparison of nitrogen sources during wet and dry seasons for Yaquina Bay, Oregon Source Wet season, mol DIN day−1 Nitrogen input Dry season, mol DIN day−1 Annual average, mol DIN day−1 Rivera 2.6 × 105 (±6%) 2.3 × 104 (±6%) 1.6 × 105 (±6%) Oceanb 8.8 × 104 (±20%) 2002 5.1 × 105 (±4%) 3.0 × 105 2003 3.8 × 105 (±5%) 2.3 × 105 Wastewaterc 1.8 × 103 (±2%) 1.5 × 103 (±1%) 1.6 × 103 (±1%) Benthic fluxd 4.3 × 104 Atmospheric depositione On estuary 2.2 × 102 1.2 × 102 1.7 × 102 On watershed 1.1 × 104 6.0 × 103 8.5 × 103 All N inputs are calculated as gross inputs to the estuary or watershed and standard errors of the mean values are provided in the parentheses aAverage for interval of 1980–2004 with loads estimated using LOADEST program (Runkel et al. 2004) and corrected for ungauged region using Eq. 3 bWet season estimate based on average wet season DIN for inner shelf for the interval of 1997–2003 from Wetz et al. (2005) and modeled volume of water entering the bay; dry season estimate for 2002 and 2003 using flood tide grab samples and Eq. 4 cAverage for interval of 2002–2004 using discharge and effluent DIN data obtained from City of Toledo, Oregon dPublished values from DeWitt et al. (2004) eBased on average atmospheric deposition rate for interval of 1980–2002 (Station OR02; NADP 2003) and estuary and watershed area There is a ninefold difference in the average daily wet season (13.1 m3 s−1) and dry season (1.5 m3 s−1) riverine discharge at Chitwood. Riverine DIN levels are related to the discharge with wet and dry season DIN levels averaging 99 μM (n = 44) and 40 μM (n = 43), respectively (calculated using observations from Chitwood from 1979–2005). There is an order of magnitude difference in average daily riverine N input to Yaquina Bay during the wet (2.6 × 105 mol N day−1) and dry seasons (2.3 × 104 mol N day−1). In addition, there are considerable interannual differences in riverine N input with wet season riverine input varying from 9.4 × 104 mol N day−1 to 4.7 × 105 mol N day−1 and dry season riverine input ranging from 5.6 × 103 mol N day−1 to 6.7 × 104 mol N day−1 during the interval of 1980 to 2004. During the wet season, riverine input is the largest source of DIN to the estuary, composing approximately 74% of the input, and 92% of the annual riverine N input is delivered during the wet season. Our estimates of riverine N loading are similar to previous published values (Quinn et al. 1991; Sigleo and Frick 2007). Compton et al. (2003) found that the presence of nitrogen fixing red alder (Alnus rubra) in PNW watersheds influences the N export from the watershed into streams. Alder is a native species in the PNW that colonizes areas disturbed by fires, logging and landslides. Compton et al. (2003) found a significant relationship between alder cover in the watershed and NO3 in the streams in the Salmon River watershed, which is located 45 km north of Yaquina Bay. We used two methods to estimate the contribution of red alder to riverine N loading to Yaquina Bay. Using 1996 vegetation data obtained from the Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study (http://www.fsl.orst.edu/clams), we estimate that about 23% of the Yaquina Watershed is vegetated with red alder (assuming that the broadleaf cover is primarily alder). Using published N fixation rates of 50–200 kg N ha−1 year−1 (Boring et al. 1988; and Binkley et al. 1994) and the coverage of alder in the Yaquina watershed, we estimate that >98% of the annual riverine N loading to Yaquina Bay may be related to the presence of red alder in the watershed. Compton et al. (2003) found a relationship between broadleaf and mixed cover and annual N export (N export, kg N ha−1 year−1) in the Salmon River basin $$N_{{\text{export}}} = - 4.8 + 39.0P_{{\text{broadleaf}}} + 29.0P_{{\text{mixed}}}$$ (7) where P broadleaf and P mixed are the proportion of broadleaf and mixed cover in the watershed. Using Eq. 7 and the proportion of broadleaf and mixed cover in the Yaquina watershed (using the Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study dataset), we estimated that N export from the watershed is 8.6 kg N ha−1 year−1 and about 80% of the annual riverine N loading is related to the presence of red alder. Thus, riverine N loading is influenced by forest species composition. 1. 2. Wastewater treatment facility input During the dry seasons of 2002–2004, the daily discharge of the wastewater treatment facility effluent averaged 1.6 × 103 m3 d–1 and the mean effluent DIN was 972 μM. During the wet seasons of 2002–2004, the daily discharge of effluent averaged 3.6 × 103 m3 day−1 and the mean concentration of DIN in the effluent was 564 μM. Annual N input from the wastewater is estimated to be 0.3% of the total N input to the bay. 1. 3. Oceanic input The model estimated volume of water entering Yaquina Bay during each flood tide ranges from about 1.2 × 104 m3 to 2.3 × 107 m3 due to the mixed semidiurnal tides with mean flood tide volume of 1.4 × 107 m3, which compares well to the estimated tidal prism of Shirzad et al. (1989). The volume of oceanic water entering the estuary per day averages 2.71 × 107 m3 day−1. The gross oceanic input of DIN entering the bay was estimated using Eq. 4 and flood tide samples from OSU during the dry season of 2002 and 2003. During the dry season of 2002, the amount of DIN entering the bay from the ocean during each flood tide varied from 1.3 × 104 mol N to 9.1 × 105 mol N with a mean value of 2.6 × 105 mol N, and the mean daily flood tide input of DIN was 5.1 × 105 mol N day−1. During the 2003 dry season, the mean oceanic input of DIN was 3.8 × 105 mol N day−1 or 25% less than 2002 dry season. We also calculated the oceanic input of DIN during 2002 and 2003 dry seasons using the modeled water temperature versus NO3 + NO2 relationship (Eq. 5). The oceanic input of DIN estimated using Eqs. 4 and 5 (calculated for each flood tide which was sampled) is 4% higher and 4% lower than estimates calculated using flood tide samples from 2002 and 2003, respectively. This suggests that the error in using Eqs. 4 and 5 to estimate DIN loading is about ±5%. The RMSE in modeled (using Eq. 5) flood tide NO3 + NO2 in 2002 and 2003 was 5.8 μM and 5.0 μM, respectively. Sigleo et al. (2005) calculated the flood tide input of NO3 to Yaquina Bay during August of 2000 to be 13 × 105 mol N day−1, which is about triple our estimate. However, these ocean input numbers were calculated using a constant flood tide NO3 of 30 μM. There is substantial interannual variation in the strength and frequency of upwelling during the dry seasons. In order to estimate interannual variability in oceanic input of DIN, we examined interannual variations (during the interval of 1997 to 2003) in flood tide water temperature, flood tide concentration of NO3 + NO2 (modeled using Eq. 5), and oceanic input of DIN. The estimates of ocean input for 2002 and 2003 (modeled from Eqs. 4 and 5 for all flood tides) were 4–5% less than those calculated from flood tide grab samples. During 2002, the water entering the bay was 1.3°C colder than average, flood tide NO3 + NO2 concentration (modeled using Eq. 5) was 75% higher than normal, and oceanic DIN input was 45% higher than normal (Table 4). Other studies on the shelf off of Newport, Oregon found that 2002 was an anomalous year with the halocline water about 1° cooler, the nutrients (NO3 and PO4 −3) 60% higher, and nearshore chlorophyll a 54% higher than in previous years (1998–2001; Wheeler et al. 2003). Thomas et al. (2003) found that during 2002 there were higher than average chlorophyll a concentrations over the entire shelf from British Columbia to northern California. The higher than normal nutrients resulted in increases in phytoplankton standing stock and primary productivity and concurrent decreases in dissolved oxygen over the inner shelf (Wheeler et al. 2003; Grantham et al. 2004). These anomalous conditions during 2002 have been attributed to the advection of a Subarctic water mass (Barth 2003; Freeland et al. 2003; Kosro 2003). During 1997 and 1998, the coastal ocean and flood tide water entering the estuary was warmer than normal and there were less nutrients entering the inlet during flood tides, which corresponds to El Niño conditions in the coastal waters off Oregon (Huyer et al. 2002). Low NO3 and chlorophyll a concentrations were documented over the Oregon shelf off of Newport during this El Niño (Corwith and Wheeler 2002). 1. 4. Atmospheric input Table 4 Interannual variation in flood tide water temperature, average flood tide NO3 + NO2 , modeled using Eq. 5, and modeled oceanic nitrogen input (Eqs. 4 and 5) during May through September Year Average flood tide water temperature, °C Average flood tide NO3 + NO2 , μM Modeled oceanic DIN input, mol N day−1 1997 13.1 3.4 2.0 × 105 1998 10.9 6.1 2.7 × 105 1999 10.5 8.0 3.3 × 105 2000 10.7 7.1 3.1 × 105 2001 10.2 9.9 3.9 × 105 2002 9.4 14.6 4.8 × 105 2003 10.2 9.9 3.6 × 105 1997–2003 10.7 8.4 3.3 × 105 The atmospheric deposition rates of inorganic nitrogen along the central Oregon coast are some of the lowest in the United States with average annual deposition rate of 0.6 kg N ha−1 year−1. Atmospheric deposition of N is a minor component of nutrient inputs to Yaquina Bay with direct deposition on the Yaquina estuary only representing 0.03% of the N inputs to the estuary. In addition, atmospheric deposition on the watershed is small (8%) compared to the watershed inputs associated with N fixing red alder in the watershed. 1. 5. 1. 6. Comparison to nitrogen sources for other systems The major N sources for PNW estuaries differ from estuaries in the northeastern United States. In the PNW, the estuarine watersheds are primarily forested (mean of 94% of watershed) with agriculture and urban land use (3% and 1%, respectively) comprising a small percentage of land cover (Table 5, computed using data from the Coastal Assessment and Data Synthesis System, http://cads.nos.noaa.gov/). In comparison, in the northeastern US, there is a reduction in the forested land use (41%) and an increase in agricultural and urban (20% and 34%, respectively) land use (Table 5). In addition, the population density in estuarine watersheds in the PNW is low (mean = 12 individuals km−2) compared to the northeastern United States (mean = 450 individuals km−2, Table 5). Boyer et al. (2002) found that the atmospheric deposition was the largest N source for watersheds in the northeastern U.S (averaging about 31% of nitrogen inputs), followed by net import of N in food and feed (25%), N fixation on agricultural land (24%), and fertilizer usage (15%), while N fixation on forested land only represented 5% of the inputs (Table 6). In contrast, in the Yaquina watershed, N fixation on forest lands is the dominant source and atmospheric deposition and fertilizer usage are minor N sources (Table 6). Atmospheric N input to the Yaquina watershed is 7% of that in the northeastern US, while N fixation on forest land is five times greater (Table 6, Boyer et al., 2002). The stream N export of Nitrogen in the Yaquina watershed is comparable to catchments in the northeastern United States. The N fixation on the forest land in the Yaquina watershed is believed to be related to the presence of red alder; however, a portion of the red alder N input may be related to anthropogenic activities since there may have been changes in red alder distribution related to silviculture in the watershed. Table 5 Population density and forest, agricultural and urban land use in outercoast estuaries in Pacific northwest and northeastern United States Estuary Population density, ind. km−2 Land use (% watershed area) Forest Agricultural Urban Other Grays Harbor 17 91 4 2 3 Willapa Bay 5 94 3 1 2 Alsea Bay 5 98 2 0 0 Coos Bay 27 93 1 4 2 Coquille River Estuary 7 92 5 1 2 Nehalem Bay 3 98 2 0 0 Netarts Bay 36 91 0 0 9 Siletz Bay 4 97 2 1 0 Tillamook Bay 9 93 5 1 1 Umpqua Estuary 5 92 5 1 2 Yaquina Bay 14 95 2 3 0 Average for Pacific northwest 12 94 3 1 2 Delaware Bay 386 21 39 31 9 Hudson River Estuary 590 42 24 32 2 Long Island Sound 396 54 11 31 4 Narragansett Bay 425 45 6 42 7 Average for northeastern US 449 41 20 34 5 Table 6 Comparison of N inputs in Yaquina watershed to average for northeastern catchments (including catchments for Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, Hudson River estuary, Long Island Sound, and Narragansett Bay) Watershed Atmospheric deposition kg N km−2 year−1 N fertilizer usage kg N km−2 year−1 N fixation in forest lands kg N km−2 year−1 Streamflow N export kg N km−2 year−1 Yaquina 67a 116b 871a 1,173a Northeastern catchmentsb 959 474 167 718 athis study bBoyer et al. (2002) ## Conclusions The close coupling between oceanic conditions and water column constituents in Yaquina Bay during the dry season is consistent with the high degree of tidal flushing of the estuary (i.e., large tidal prism relative to volume of the estuary and low river inflow). Our results are similar to a study of Boston Harbor (Kelly 1998) that demonstrated that oceanic loading can be a major source of nutrients to coastal embayments. In Yaquina Bay, approximately 60% of the estuary is located in the region where oceanic nutrient inputs dominate. We found that there was a close coupling between local alongshelf wind stress and flood tide water temperature, NO3 , PO4 −3, and chlorophyll a. The maximum cross-correlation between north–south wind stress and flood tide water temperature, NO3 , and PO4 −3 occurred at a lag of 2 days (r = 0.5). The maximum correlation between wind stress and chlorophyll a occurred at a lag of 6 days. Numerous other studies have found a close coupling between alongshelf wind stress and coastal and estuarine water properties along the Washington and Oregon coasts (e.g., Service et al. 1998; Roegner and Shanks 2001; Takesue and van Geen 2002; Hickey et al. 2002; Hickey and Banas 2003), which suggests that the results from this study may be extended to other estuaries in this region. There is considerable interannual variation in oceanic input of nutrients. In determining reference nutrient conditions for estuaries receiving nutrient inputs from coastal upwelling it is important to quantify this interannual variation in oceanic inputs. Measuring flood tide water temperature may be an inexpensive surrogate for estimating this interannual variability. In addition, the strong relationship between integrated alongshore wind stress (W k ) and flood tide nutrients may provide a means to estimate the ocean conditions during the dry season between sampling dates. Further, the seasonal shift in dominant nutrient sources to the estuaries may require establishing nutrient conditions for the wet and dry seasons. Since all of the bay sampling was conducted during flood tides, we do not have adequate data to compute the N export from the estuary and the net N influx through the tidal inlet. The importance of oceanic input of nutrients to primary production rates within the estuary is dependent upon whether the primary producers are benthic or planktonic. We would expect that most of the oceanic input of nutrients would be exported on the subsequent tidal cycle with little utilization by phytoplankton since the transport time scales are short relative to phytoplankton uptake rates. However, in Yaquina Bay there are intertidal flats which contain benthic primary producers (seagrass, macroalgae, and microalgal mats). These benthic primary producers are inundated with oceanic nutrients twice daily during the dry season. Since these primary producers are located in the intertidal zone they are primarily exposed to flooding ocean water and consequently the gross ocean input may better represent the loading these habitats are exposed to than the net tidally averaged loading. Previous research in Boston Harbor (Kelly 1998) demonstrated that it is important to characterize gross ocean input, not just net ocean input. We suggest this is particularly true for estuaries adjacent to coastal upwelling regions, particularly those with extensive intertidal habitats, such as estuaries in the PNW. During the dry season, there are seasonal macroalgal blooms on the intertidal flats in the ocean dominated section of the Yaquina Bay (Kentula and DeWitt 2003). The presence of macroalgal blooms is often used as an indicator of anthropogenic eutrophication (e.g., Bricker et al. 2003). However, in Yaquina Bay macroalgal blooms in the lower estuary in the dry season may not be an indicator of cultural eutrophication due to the dominance of oceanic input of nutrients in this area. Natural abundance stable isotope data of the macroalgae in the lower estuary suggests that they are receiving nitrogen from primarily oceanic sources (unpublished data). As the next step in this research, we are using a coupled hydrodynamic and water quality model to examine how much utilization there is of oceanic versus riverine nutrients within different portions of the estuary, the importance of in situ production versus oceanic import on chlorophyll a patterns with in the bay, and the importance of benthic primary producers and grazers on water column properties. ## Notes ### Acknowledgements Laura Schumacher and Chris Eide assisted with the sampling and sample analyses. Personnel from Dynamac Corporation conducted field sampling for CTD cruises and provide ISCO sampler support. 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https://paolocapriotti.com/blog/2008/10/16/monads-for-markov-chains/	Suppose you need to model a finite Markov chain in code. There are essentially two ways of doing that: one is to simply run a simulation of the Markov chain using a random number generator to obtain dice rolls and random cards from the decks, the other is to create a stochastic matrix containing the transition probabilities for each pair of states. In this post I will show how a single monadic description of the Markov chain dynamics can be used to obtain both a simulator and the transition matrix. {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses, FlexibleInstances, GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-} import Control.Arrow import Data.Array import Random Let’s start with an example of Markov chain and how we would like to be able to implement in Haskell. Consider a simplified version of the familiar Monopoly game: there are 40 squares (numbered 0 to 39), you throw two 6-sided dice each turn, some special squares have particular effects (see below), if you get a double roll three times in a row, you go to jail. The special squares are: 30: go to jail 2, 17, 33: Community Chest 7, 22, 36: Chance Community Chest (CC) and Chance (CH) make you take a card from a deck and move to some other place depending on what’s written on the card. You will find the details on the code, so I won’t explain them here. This is of course a Markov chain, where the states can be represented by: type Square = Int data GameState = GS { position :: Square, doubles :: Int } deriving (Eq, Ord, Show) and a description of the game can be given in a monadic style like this: sGO :: Square sGO = 0 sJAIL :: Square sJAIL = 10 finalize :: Square -> Game Square finalize n \| n == 2 \|\| n == 17 \|\| n == 33 = cc n \| n == 7 \|\| n == 22 \|\| n == 36 = ch n \| n == 30 = return sJAIL \| otherwise = return n cc :: Square -> Game Square cc n = do i <- choose (1 :: Int, 16) return $case i of 1 -> sGO 2 -> sJAIL _ -> n ch :: Square -> Game Square ch n = do i <- choose (1 :: Int, 16) return$ case i of 1 -> sGO 2 -> sJAIL 3 -> 11 4 -> 24 5 -> 39 6 -> 5 7 -> nextR n 8 -> nextR n 9 -> nextU n 10 -> n - 3 _ -> n where nextR n = let n' = n + 5 in n' - (n' mod 5) nextU n \| n >= 12 && n < 28 = 28 \| otherwise = 12 roll :: Game (Int, Int) roll = let r1 = choose (1, 6) in liftM2 (,) r1 r1 markDouble :: Bool -> Game () markDouble True = modify $\s -> s { doubles = doubles s + 1 } markDouble False = modify$ \s -> s { doubles = 0 } goTo :: Square -> Game () goTo n = let n' = n mod 40 in modify $\s -> s { position = n' } game :: Game () game = do n <- liftM position get (a, b) <- roll markDouble (a == b) d <- liftM doubles get if d == 3 then do markDouble False goTo sJAIL else do let n' = n + a + b n'' <- finalize n' goTo n'' As you can see, Game is a state monad, with an additional function choose that gives us a random element of a range: class MonadState s m => MonadMC s m where choose :: (Enum a) => (a, a) -> m a This can be implemented very easily using the (strict) state monad and a random generator: newtype MCSim s a = MCSim (State ([s], StdGen) a) deriving Monad instance MonadState s (MCSim s) where get = MCSim$ liftM (head . fst) get put x = MCSim . modify $\(xs, g) -> (x : xs, g) instance MonadMC s (MCSim s) where choose (a, b) = MCSim$ do (xs, g) <- get let (y, g') = randomR bnds g put (xs, g') return . toEnum $y -- type Game a = MCSim GameState a runSim :: StdGen -> Int -> s -> MCSim s () -> [s] runSim g n start m = fst$ execState m' ([start], g) where (MCSim m') = foldr (>>) (return ()) $replicate n m The runSim function runs the simulation and returns the list of visited states. This is already quite nice, but the best thing is that the same code can be used to create the transition matrix, just swapping in a new implementation of the Game type alias: newtype MC s a = MC (s -> [(s, Double, a)]) instance Monad (MC s) where return x = MC$ \s -> return (s, 1.0, x) (MC m) >>= f = MC $\s -> do (s', p, x) <- m s let (MC m') = f x (s'', q, y) <- m' s' return (s'', p * q, y) instance MonadState s (MC s) where get = MC$ \s -> return (s, 1.0, s) put x = MC $\s -> return (x, 1.0, ()) instance MonadMC s (MC s) where choose (a, b) = let r = [a..b] p = recip . fromIntegral . length$ r in MC $\s -> map (\x -> (s, p, x)) r type Game a = MC GameState a The idea is that we keep track of all possible destination states for a given state, with associated conditional probabilities. For those familiar with Eric Kidd’s series on probability monads, this is basically: type MC s a = StateT s (PerhapsT [] a) Now, how to get a transition matrix from such a monad? Of course, we have to require that the states are indexable: markov :: Ix s => MC s () -> (s, s) -> Array (s, s) Double markov (MC m) r = accumArray (+) 0.0 (double r)$ range r >>= transitions where mkAssoc s (s', p, _) = ((s, s'), p) transitions s = map (mkAssoc s) $m s double (a, b) = ((a, a), (b, b)) So we iterate over all states and use the probability values contained in the monad to fill in the array cells corresponding to the selected state pair. To actually apply this to our Monopoly example, we need to make GameState indexable: nextState :: GameState -> GameState nextState (GS p d) = if d == 2 then GS (p + 1) 0 else GS p (d + 1) instance Ix GameState where range (s1, s2) = takeWhile (<= s2) . iterate nextState$ s1 index (s1, s2) s = let poss = (position s1, position s2) in index poss (position s) * 3 + doubles s - doubles s1 inRange (s1, s2) s = s1 <= s && s <= s2 rangeSize (s1, s2) = index (s1, s2) s2 + 1 then finally we can try: monopoly :: (GameState, GameState) monopoly = (GS 0 0, GS 39 2) initialState :: Array GameState Double initialState = let n = rangeSize monopoly p = recip $fromIntegral n in listArray monopoly$ replicate n p statDistr :: Int -> [(GameState, Double)] statDistr n = let mat = markov game monopoly distributions = iterate (.* mat) initialState st = distributions !! n in assocs st where .* is a simple vector-matrix multiplication function: infixl 5 .* (.) :: (Ix i, Num a) => Array i a -> Array (i, i) a -> Array i a (.) x y = array resultBounds [(i, sum [x!k * y!(k,i) \| k <- range (l,u)]) \| i <- range (l'',u'') ] where (l, u) = bounds x ((l', l''), (u', u'')) = bounds y resultBounds \| (l,u)==(l',u') = (l'', u'') \| otherwise = error ".*: incompatible bounds" Calling statDistr 100 will return an association list of states with corresponding probability in an approximation of the stationary distribution, computed by applying the power method to the transition matrix. The number 100 is a pure guess, I don’t know how to estimate the number of iterations necessary for convergence, but that is out of the scope of this post, anyway.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3167891204357147, "perplexity": 4351.03527489861}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150264.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724094631-20210724124631-00001.warc.gz"}
http://papers.nips.cc/paper/4673-ancestor-sampling-for-particle-gibbs	# NIPS Proceedingsβ ## Ancestor Sampling for Particle Gibbs [PDF] [BibTeX] [Supplemental] ### Abstract We present a novel method in the family of particle MCMC methods that we refer to as particle Gibbs with ancestor sampling (PG-AS). Similarly to the existing PG with backward simulation (PG-BS) procedure, we use backward sampling to (considerably) improve the mixing of the PG kernel. Instead of using separate forward and backward sweeps as in PG-BS, however, we achieve the same effect in a single forward sweep. We apply the PG-AS framework to the challenging class of non-Markovian state-space models. We develop a truncation strategy of these models that is applicable in principle to any backward-simulation-based method, but which is particularly well suited to the PG-AS framework. In particular, as we show in a simulation study, PG-AS can yield an order-of-magnitude improved accuracy relative to PG-BS due to its robustness to the truncation error. Several application examples are discussed, including Rao-Blackwellized particle smoothing and inference in degenerate state-space models.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8639013767242432, "perplexity": 1611.2950172384528}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161661.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925143000-20180925163400-00545.warc.gz"}

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