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https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/29695/batch-norm-why-the-initial-normalization | # Batch norm: why the initial normalization?
I'm a beginner in NNs and the first thing I don't understand with batch norm is the following 2 steps:
• First we normalize the batch data on a z parameter to Mu=0, sigma^2=1
• Then we change z via the coefficients of Mu, sigma^2 (usu. alpha, beta) by updating them as learnable parameters.
I don't understand why the first step is necessary if we change the distribution in the second step anyway. Could someone explain please? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.950867772102356, "perplexity": 1428.5015449507548}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215805.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703073750-20220703103750-00528.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-to-reduce-fermi-dirac-to-maxwell-boltzmann-in-a-solid.388486/ | # How to reduce fermi-dirac to maxwell-boltzmann in a solid?
1. Mar 21, 2010
### kof9595995
For indistinguishable particles we use fermi-dirac(FD) or bose-einstein(BE), and for distinguishable we use maxwell-boltzmann(MB).For the distinguishable case our prof gave us the example of atoms in solid, because the positions of the atoms are fixed, so they are distinguishable, thus satisfy MB statistics.
But the so called "fixed" i think is just extremely narrow wave packets with very small overlaps, so in the strict sense atoms in solid are still indistinguishable, then how can we reduce FD or BE to MB, from the condition "wave packets are narrow with small overlaps".
Like in the treatment of dilute gas, when we assume the occupation number is much smaller than the number of degeneracies for each energy level, from the math FD and BE reduce to MB nicely. So it puzzled me whether for the atoms in solid we can find a nice way to reduce to MB.
2. Apr 22, 2010
### kof9595995
Well, no reply for a long time...Maybe I did not state the question clear enough, let me try again:
For atoms in solid, the overlaps between wavefunctions are so small that we can treat them as distinguishable, hence the MB statistics.
But let's take a alternative point of view: atoms in solid are actually indistinguishable, so it's always correct to use FD statistics (let say they're fermions), but we said we could use MB because overlaps are small, which means that $${\Omega _{MB}} \approx {\Omega _{FD}}$$ when overlaps are small. So how do we get "$${\Omega _{MB}} \approx {\Omega _{FD}}$$" from "overlaps are small"
For reference:
MB:$${\Omega _{MB}} = \prod\limits_{j = 1}^n {\frac{{g_j^{{N_j}}}}{{{N_j}!}}}$$
FD:$${\Omega _{FD}} = \prod\limits_{j = 1}^n {\frac{{{g_j}!}}{{{N_j}!\left( {{g_j} - {N_j}} \right)!}}}$$
Where gj is the degeneracy for different energies and Nj is the occupation number | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8958027362823486, "perplexity": 1049.6381151041412}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155924.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919043926-20180919063926-00556.warc.gz"} |
https://www.codecademy.com/learn/math-ds-probability/modules/math-ds-rules-of-probability/cheatsheet | Rules of Probability
Union
The union of two sets encompasses any element that exists in either one or both of them. We can represent this visually as a venn diagram as shown. Union is often represented as:
$(A\ or\ B)$
Intersection
The intersection between two sets encompasses any element that exists in BOTH sets and is often written out as:
$(A\ and\ B)$
If there are two events, A and B, the addition rule states that the probability of event A or B occurring is the sum of the probability of each event minus the probability of the intersection:
$P(A\ or\ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A\ and\ B)$
If the events are mutually exclusive, this formula simplifies to:
$P(A\ or\ B) = P(A) + P(B)$
Multiplication Rule
The multiplication rule is used to find the probability of two events, A and B, happening simultaneously. The general formula is:
$P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \cdot P(B \mid A)$
For independent events, this formula simplifies to:
$P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \cdot P(B)$
This is because the following is true for independent events:
$P(B \mid A) = P(B)$
The tree diagram shown displays an example of the multiplication rule for independent events.
Complement
The complement of a set consists of all possible outcomes outside of the set.
Let’s say set A is rolling an odd number with a 6-sided die: {1, 3, 5}. The complement of this set would be rolling an even number: {2, 4, 6}.
We can write the complement of set A as AC. One key feature of complements is that a set and its complement cover the entire sample space. In this die roll example, the set of even numbers and odd numbers would cover all possible rolls: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Independent Events
Two events are independent if the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the other one occurring.
Let’s say we have a bag of five marbles: three are red and two are blue. If we select two marbles out of the bag WITH replacement, the probability of selecting a blue marble second is independent of the outcome of the first event.
The diagram below outlines the independent nature of these events. Whether a red marble or a blue marble is chosen randomly first, the chance of selecting a blue marble second is always 2 in 5.
Dependent Events
Two events are dependent if the occurrence of one event does affect the probability of the other one occurring.
Let’s say we have a bag of five marbles: three are red and two are blue. If we select two marbles out of the bag WITHOUT replacement, the probability of selecting a blue marble second depends on the outcome of the first event.
The diagram below outlines this dependency. If a red marble is randomly selected first, the chance of selecting a blue marble second is 2 in 4. Meanwhile, if a blue marble is randomly selected first, the chance of selecting a blue marble second is 1 in 4.
Mutually Exclusive Events
Two events are considered mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time. For example, consider a single coin flip: the events “tails” and “heads” are mutually exclusive because we cannot get both tails and heads on a single flip.
We can visualize two mutually exclusive events as a pair of non-overlapping circles. They do not overlap because there is no outcome for one event that is also in the sample space for the other.
Conditional Probability
Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring, given that another one has already occurred. We can represent this with the following notation:
\begin{aligned} \text{Probability of event A occurring given event B has occurred} \\ P(A \mid B) \\ \end{aligned}
For independent events, the following is true for events A and B:
\begin{aligned} P(A \mid B) = P(A) \\ \text{and} \\ P(B \mid A) = P(B) \\ \end{aligned}
Bayes’ Theorem
Bayes’ theorem is a useful tool to find the probability of an event based on prior knowledge. The formula for Bayes’ theorem is:
$P(B \mid A) = \frac{P(A \mid B) \cdot P(B)}{P(A)}$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 10, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9782246351242065, "perplexity": 221.66015876726047}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945279.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324082226-20230324112226-00746.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/intermediate-algebra-for-college-students-7th-edition/chapter-2-mid-chapter-check-point-page-135/4 | ## Intermediate Algebra for College Students (7th Edition)
The given relation does not represent a function. domain: $(-3, 4]$ range: $[-1, 2]$
The x-values vary from $-3$ to $4$. However, since a hole (or hollow dot) was used to plot $(-3, 0)$, this means that the point is not really part of the graph. Thus, the domain is $(-3, 4]$. The y-values vary from $-1$ to $2$. Thus, the range is $[-1, 2]$ Note the number of vertical lines (such as $x=0$) that will pass through the graph at more than one point. The graph fails the vertical line test; therefore, the graph does not represent a function. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7905672788619995, "perplexity": 220.78451411387434}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141748276.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205165649-20201205195649-00710.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/hard-integral.72635/ | # Hard integral
1. Apr 22, 2005
### kennis2
i cant resolve this integral
2x^3-2x^2+1/x^2-x-2?
2. Apr 22, 2005
### Muzza
Is that
$$\frac{2x^3-2x^2+1}{x^2-x-2}$$
?
If so, use polynomial longdivision and then partial fractions to transform the expression into something which can be integrated more easily.
3. Apr 22, 2005
### kennis2
yeah, can you so kind to do some procedures.. cuz i did with partial fractions
but the result is not correct =(
thx much!
4. Apr 22, 2005
### Ba
Partial fractions don't work because the denominator is less than the numerator, use Muzza's idea and use long division.
5. Apr 22, 2005
### Hurkyl
Staff Emeritus
Long division is part of the partial fractions algorithm!
6. Apr 22, 2005
### p53ud0 dr34m5
$$\int \frac{2x^3-2x^2+1}{x^2-x-2}$$
$$\frac{2x^3-2x^2+1}{x^2-x-2}=2x+\frac{2x+1}{2x^3-2x^2+1}$$
$$\int 2xdx + \int \frac{2x+1}{2x^3-2x^2+1}dx$$
now, use partial fractions on the second half. it shouldnt be too hard!
7. Apr 22, 2005
### dextercioby
The denominator is $(x-2)(x+1)$,so it shouldn't be 2 difficult to get the simple fractions...
Daniel.
8. Apr 24, 2005
### Hippo
Did you mean
$$\frac{2x^3-2x^2+1}{x^2-x-2}=2x+\frac{4x+1}{x^2-x-2}$$?
9. Apr 25, 2005
### dextercioby
Yes,of course,yours is correct.He couldn't have changed the denominator.I mean he did,but it was wrong.
Daniel.
10. Jun 29, 2011
### xbef
This is correct.
Partial Fraction Decompisition for $\frac{4x+1}{x^2-x-2}$ is:
$\frac{4x+1}{(x+1)(x-2)}$ = $\frac{1}{x+1} + \frac{3}{x-2}$
New Integral is:
$\int (2x + \frac{1}{x+1} + \frac{3}{x-2})dx$
so,
$\int(\frac{2x^3-2x^2+1}{x^2-x-2})dx = x^2 + ln|x+1| + 3*ln|x-2| + C$
11. Dec 22, 2013
### CalculusManiac
x^2 + 3 Log[2 - x] + Log[1 + x] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9836315512657166, "perplexity": 12614.517873344073}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542972.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00354-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/153838-graphing-parabola.html | # Math Help - graphing this parabola
1. ## graphing this parabola
4y^2-4y-4x+5=0
this is what i did:
4y^2-4y=4x-5
4y^2-4y=4x-5+4
4^2-4y+4=4x-5+4
4(y^2-2y+2)=4x-1
4(y-2)^2=4x-1
i don't really know how to move to the next step in order to get something like (y-k)^2=4p(x-h) or (x-h)^2=4p(y-k)
it doesn't make sense cause i have the 4 outside which seems like its part of the 4p but (y-2) is squared.... and i can't complete the square on the right side since no x^2 value, only x.
2. Originally Posted by Frenchie
4y^2-4y-4x+5=0
this is what i did:
4y^2-4y=4x-5
4y^2-4y=4x-5+4
4^2-4y+4=4x-5+4
4(y^2-2y+2)=4x-1
4(y-2)^2=4x-1
i don't really know how to move to the next step in order to get something like (y-k)^2=4p(x-h) or (x-h)^2=4p(y-k)
it doesn't make sense cause i have the 4 outside which seems like its part of the 4p but (y-2) is squared.... and i can't complete the square on the right side since no x^2 value, only x.
Sorry, this is wrong. If you are going to complete the square, the coefficient of the square term must be 1.
$4y^2-4y-4x+5=0$
$4y^2 - 4y + 5 = 4x$
$4\left(y^2 - y + \frac{5}{4}\right) = 4x$
$4\left[y^2 - y + \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 - \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 + \frac{5}{4}\right] = 4x$
$4\left[\left(y-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 + 1\right] = 4x$
$\left(y - \frac{1}{2}\right)^2 + 1 = x$.
You should be able to graph this now...
3. thank you! I have another question, is that equivalent to this:
(y-1/2)^2=(x-1)
see it doesn't make sense because whats P? there is nothing infront of (x-1) such as 8(x-1) where in that case we could say 4p(x-1), p=2
it doesn't look like this general form (y-k)^2=4p(x-h) =/
4. ah nvm i think its (y-1/2)^2=1/4(x-1)... or is it (y-1/2^2)=4(x-1)... eh w.e good enough
thank you
5. Originally Posted by Frenchie
thank you! I have another question, is that equivalent to this:
(y-1/2)^2=(x-1)
see it doesn't make sense because whats P? there is nothing infront of (x-1) such as 8(x-1) where in that case we could say 4p(x-1), p=2
"no" coefficient means the coefficient is 1. If 4p= 1, then p= 1/4.
it doesn't look like this general form (y-k)^2=4p(x-h) =/
But it is.
$(y- 1/2)^2= x- 1$ is the same as $(y- 1/2)^2= 4(1/4)(x- 1)$. p= 1/4, k= 1/2, and h= 1.
6. ah thank you all this is helpful | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 8, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8409505486488342, "perplexity": 1139.9345034111261}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398460982.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205420-00008-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://blog.paperspace.com/autoencoder-image-compression-keras/ | Autoencoders are a deep learning model for transforming data from a high-dimensional space to a lower-dimensional space. They work by encoding the data, whatever its size, to a 1-D vector. This vector can then be decoded to reconstruct the original data (in this case, an image). The more accurate the autoencoder, the closer the generated data is to the original.
In this tutorial we'll explore the autoencoder architecture and see how we can apply this model to compress images from the MNIST dataset using TensorFlow and Keras. In particular, we'll consider:
• Discriminative vs. Generative Modeling
• How Autoencoders Work
• Building an Autoencoder in Keras
• Building the Encoder
• Building the Decoder
• Training
• Making Predictions
• Complete Code
• Conclusion
Bring this project to life
Discriminative vs. Generative Modeling
The most common type of machine learning models are discriminative. If you're a machine learning enthusiast, it's likely that the type of models that you've built or used have been mainly discriminative. These models recognize the input data and then take appropriate action. For a classification task, a discriminative model learns how to differentiate between various different classes. Based on the model's learning about the properties of each class, it classifies a new input sample to the appropriate label. Let's apply this understanding to the next image representing a warning sign.
If a machine/deep learning model is to recognize the following image, it may understand that it consists of three main elements: a rectangle, a line, and a dot. When another input image has features which resemble these elements, then it should also be recognized as a warning sign.
If the algorithm is able to identify the properties of an image, could it generate a new image similar to it? In other words, could it draw a new image that has a triangle, a line, and a dot? Unfortunately, discriminative models are not clever enough to draw new images even if they know the structure of these images. Let's take another example to make things clearer.
Assume there is someone that can recognize things well. For a given image, he/she can easily identify the salient properties and then classify the image. Is it a must that such a person will be able to draw such an image again? No. Some people cannot draw things. Discriminative models are like those people who can just recognize images, but could not draw them on their own.
In contrast with discriminative models, there is another group called generative models which can create new images. For a given input image, the output of a discriminative model is a class label; the output of a generative model is an image of the same size and similar appearance as the input image.
One of the simplest generative models is the autoencoder (AE for short), which is the focus of this tutorial.
How Autoencoders Work
Autoencoders are a deep neural network model that can take in data, propagate it through a number of layers to condense and understand its structure, and finally generate that data again. In this tutorial we'll consider how this works for image data in particular. To accomplish this task an autoencoder uses two different types of networks. The first is called an encoder, and the other is the decoder. The decoder is just a reflection of the layers inside the encoder. Let's clarify how this works.
The job of the encoder is to accept the original data (e.g. an image) that could have two or more dimensions and generate a single 1-D vector that represents the entire image. The number of elements in the 1-D vector varies based on the task being solved. It could have 1 or more elements. The fewer elements in the vector, the more complexity in reproducing the original image accurately.
By representing the input image in a vector of relatively few elements, we actually compress the image. For example, the size of each image in the MNIST dataset (which we'll use in this tutorial) is 28x28. That is, each image has 784 elements. If each image is compressed so that it is represented using just two elements, then we spared 782 elements and thus (782/784)*100=99.745% of the data.
The next figure shows how an encoder generates the 1-D vector from an input image. The layers included are of your choosing, so you can use dense, convolutional, dropout, etc.
The 1-D vector generated by the encoder from its last layer is then fed to the decoder. The job of the decoder is to reconstruct the original image with the highest possible quality. The decoder is just a reflection of the encoder. According to the encoder architecture in the previous figure, the architecture of the decoder is given in the next figure.
The loss is calculated by comparing the original and reconstructed images, i.e. by calculating the difference between the pixels in the 2 images. Note that the output of the decoder must be of the same size as the original image. Why? Because if the size of the images is different, there is no way to calculate the loss.
After discussing how the autoencoder works, let's build our first autoencoder using Keras.
Building an Autoencoder in Keras
Keras is a powerful tool for building machine and deep learning models because it's simple and abstracted, so in little code you can achieve great results. Keras has three ways for building a model:
1. Sequential API
2. Functional API
3. Model Subclassing
The three ways differ in the level of customization allowed.
The sequential API allows you to build sequential models, but it is less customizable compared to the other two types. The output of each layer in the model is only connected to a single layer.
Although this is the type of model we want to create in this tutorial, we'll use the functional API. The functional API is simple, very similar to the sequential API, and also supports additional features such as the ability to connect the output of a single layer to multiple layers.
The last option for building a Keras model is model subclassing, which is fully-customizable but also very complex. You can read more about these three methods in this tutorial.
Now we'll focus on using the functional API for building the autoencoder. You might think that we are going to build a single Keras model for representing the autoencoder, but we will actually build three models: one for the encoder, another for the decoder, and yet another for the complete autoencoder. Why do we build a model for both the encoder and the decoder? We do this in case you want to explore each model separately. For instance, we can use the model of the encoder to visualize the 1-D vector representing each input image, and this might help you to know whether it's a good representation of the image or not. With the decoder we'll be able to test whether good representations are being created from the 1-D vectors, assuming they are well-encoded (i.e. better for debugging purposes) Finally, by building a model for the entire autoencoder we can easily use it end-to-end by feeding it the original image and receiving the output image directly.
Let's start by building the encoder model.
Building the Encoder
The following code builds a model for the encoder using the functional API. At first, the layers of the model are created using the tensorflow.keras.layers API because we are using TensorFlow as the backend library. The first layer is an Input layer which accepts the original image. This layer accepts an argument named shape representing the size of the input, which depends on the dataset being used. We're going to use the MNIST dataset where the size of each image is 28x28. Rather than setting the shape to (28, 28), it's just set to (784). Why? Because we're going to use only dense layers in the network and thus the input must be in the form of a vector, not a matrix. The tensor representing the input layer is returned to the variable x.
The input layer is then propagated through a number of layers:
• Dense layer with 300 neurons
• LeakyReLU layer
• Dense layer with 2 neurons
• LeakyReLU layer
The last Dense layer in the network has just two neurons. When fed to the LeakyReLU layer, the final output of the encoder will be a 1-D vector with just two elements. In other words, all images in the MNIST dataset will be encoded as vectors of two elements.
import tensorflow.keras.layers
import tensorflow.keras.models
x = tensorflow.keras.layers.Input(shape=(784), name="encoder_input")
encoder_dense_layer1 = tensorflow.keras.layers.Dense(units=300, name="encoder_dense_1")(x)
encoder_activ_layer1 = tensorflow.keras.layers.LeakyReLU(name="encoder_leakyrelu_1")(encoder_dense_layer1)
encoder_dense_layer2 = tensorflow.keras.layers.Dense(units=2, name="encoder_dense_2")(encoder_activ_layer1)
encoder_output = tensorflow.keras.layers.LeakyReLU(name="encoder_output")(encoder_dense_layer2)
After building and connecting all of the layers, the next step is to build the model using the tensorflow.keras.models API by specifying the input and output tensors according to the next line:
encoder = tensorflow.keras.models.Model(x, encoder_output, name="encoder_model")
To print a summary of the encoder architecture we'll use encoder.summary(). The output is below. This network is not large and you can increase the number of neurons in the dense layer named encoder_dense_1 but I just used 300 neurons to avoid taking much time training the network.
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
encoder_input (InputLayer) [(None, 784)] 0
_________________________________________________________________
encoder_dense_1 (Dense) (None, 300) 235500
_________________________________________________________________
encoder_leakyrelu_1 (LeakyRe (None, 300) 0
_________________________________________________________________
encoder_dense_2 (Dense) (None, 2) 602
_________________________________________________________________
encoder_output (LeakyReLU) (None, 2) 0
=================================================================
Total params: 236,102
Trainable params: 236,102
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
After building the encoder, next is to work on the decoder.
Building the Decoder
Similar to building the encoder, the decoder will be build using the following code. Because the input layer of the decoder accepts the output returned from the last layer in the encoder, we have to make sure these 2 layers match in the size. The last layer in the encoder returns a vector of 2 elements and thus the input of the decoder must have 2 neurons. You can easily note that the layers of the decoder are just reflection to those in the encoder.
decoder_input = tensorflow.keras.layers.Input(shape=(2), name="decoder_input")
decoder_dense_layer1 = tensorflow.keras.layers.Dense(units=300, name="decoder_dense_1")(decoder_input)
decoder_activ_layer1 = tensorflow.keras.layers.LeakyReLU(name="decoder_leakyrelu_1")(decoder_dense_layer1)
decoder_dense_layer2 = tensorflow.keras.layers.Dense(units=784, name="decoder_dense_2")(decoder_activ_layer1)
decoder_output = tensorflow.keras.layers.LeakyReLU(name="decoder_output")(decoder_dense_layer2)
After connecting the layers, next is to build the decoder model according to the next line.
decoder = tensorflow.keras.models.Model(decoder_input, decoder_output, name="decoder_model")
Here is the output of decoder.summary(). It is very important to make sure the size of the output returned from the encoder matches the original input size.
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
decoder_input (InputLayer) [(None, 2)] 0
_________________________________________________________________
decoder_dense_1 (Dense) (None, 300) 900
_________________________________________________________________
decoder_leakyrelu_1 (LeakyRe (None, 300) 0
_________________________________________________________________
decoder_dense_2 (Dense) (None, 784) 235984
_________________________________________________________________
decoder_output (LeakyReLU) (None, 784) 0
=================================================================
Total params: 236,884
Trainable params: 236,884
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
After building the 2 blocks of the autoencoder (encoder and decoder), next is to build the complete autoencoder.
Building the Autoencoder
The code that builds the autoencoder is listed below. The tensor named ae_input represents the input layer that accepts a vector of length 784. This tensor is fed to the encoder model as an input. The output from the encoder is saved in ae_encoder_output which is then fed to the decoder. Finally, the output of the autoencoder is saved in ae_decoder_output.
A model is created for the autoencoder which accepts the input ae_input and the output ae_decoder_output.
ae_input = tensorflow.keras.layers.Input(shape=(784), name="AE_input")
ae_encoder_output = encoder(ae_input)
ae_decoder_output = decoder(ae_encoder_output)
ae = tensorflow.keras.models.Model(ae_input, ae_decoder_output, name="AE")
The summary of the autoencoder is listed below. Here you can find that the shape of the input and output from the autoencoder are identical which is something necessary for calculating the loss.
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
AE_input (InputLayer) [(None, 784)] 0
_________________________________________________________________
encoder_model (Model) (None, 2) 236102
_________________________________________________________________
decoder_model (Model) (None, 784) 236884
=================================================================
Total params: 472,986
Trainable params: 472,986
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
The next step in the model building process is to compile the model using the compile() method according to the next code. The mean square error loss function is used and Adam optimizer is used with learning rate set to 0.0005.
import tensorflow.keras.optimizers
ae.compile(loss="mse", optimizer=tensorflow.keras.optimizers.Adam(lr=0.0005))
The model is now ready for accepting the training data and thus the next step is to prepare the data for being fed to the model.
Just remember that there are 3 models which are:
1. encoder
2. decoder
3. ae (for the autoencoder)
Keras has an API named tensorflow.keras.datasets in which a number of datasets can be used. We are going to use the MNIST dataset which is loaded according to the next code. The dataset is loaded as NumPy arrays representing the training data, test data, train labels, and test labels. Note that we are not interested in using the class labels at all while training the model but they are just used to display the results.
The x_train_orig and the x_test_orig NumPy arrays hold the MNIST image data where the size of each image is 28x28. Because our model accepts the images as vectors of length 784, then these arrays are reshaped using the numpy.reshape() function.
import tensorflow.keras.datasets
import numpy
(x_train_orig, y_train), (x_test_orig, y_test) = tensorflow.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
x_train_orig = x_train_orig.astype("float32") / 255.0
x_test_orig = x_test_orig.astype("float32") / 255.0
x_train = numpy.reshape(x_train_orig, newshape=(x_train_orig.shape[0], numpy.prod(x_train_orig.shape[1:])))
x_test = numpy.reshape(x_test_orig, newshape=(x_test_orig.shape[0], numpy.prod(x_test_orig.shape[1:])))
At this moment, we can train the autoencoder using the fit method as follows:
ae.fit(x_train, x_train, epochs=20, batch_size=256, shuffle=True, validation_data=(x_test, x_test))
Note that the training data inputs and outputs are both set to x_train because the predicted output is identical to the original input. The same works for the validation data. You can change the number of epochs and batch size to other values.
After the autoencoder is trained, next is to make predictions.
Making Predictions
The predict() method is used in the next code to return the outputs of both the encoder and decoder models. The encoded_images NumPy array holds the 1D vectors representing all training images. The decoder model accepts this array to reconstruct the original images.
encoded_images = encoder.predict(x_train)
decoded_images = decoder.predict(encoded_images)
Note that the output of the decoder is a 1D vector of length 784. To display the reconstructed images, the decoder output is reshaped to 28x28 as follows:
decoded_images_orig = numpy.reshape(decoded_images, newshape=(decoded_images.shape[0], 28, 28))
The next code uses the Matplotlib to display the original and reconstructed images of 5 random samples.
num_images_to_show = 5
for im_ind in range(num_images_to_show):
plot_ind = im_ind*2 + 1
rand_ind = numpy.random.randint(low=0, high=x_train.shape[0])
matplotlib.pyplot.subplot(num_images_to_show, 2, plot_ind)
matplotlib.pyplot.imshow(x_train_orig[rand_ind, :, :], cmap="gray")
matplotlib.pyplot.subplot(num_images_to_show, 2, plot_ind+1)
matplotlib.pyplot.imshow(decoded_images_orig[rand_ind, :, :], cmap="gray")
The next figure shows 5 original images and their reconstruction. You can see that the autoencoder is able to at least reconstruct an image close to the original one but the quality is low.
One of the reasons for the low quality is using a low number of neurons (300) within the dense layer. Another reason is using just 2 elements for representing all images. The quality might be increased by using more elements but this increases the size of the compressed data.
Another reason is not using convolutional layers at all. Dense layers are good for capturing the global properties from the images and the convolutional layers are good for the local properties. The result could be enhanced by adding some convolutional layers.
To have a better understanding of the output of the encoder model, let's display all the 1D vectors it returns according to the next code.
matplotlib.pyplot.figure()
matplotlib.pyplot.scatter(encoded_images[:, 0], encoded_images[:, 1], c=y_train)
matplotlib.pyplot.colorbar()
The plot generated by this code is shown below. Generally, you can see that the model is able to cluster the different images in different regions but there is overlap between the different clusters.
Complete Code
The complete code discussed in this tutorial is listed below.
import tensorflow.keras.layers
import tensorflow.keras.models
import tensorflow.keras.optimizers
import tensorflow.keras.datasets
import numpy
import matplotlib.pyplot
# Encoder
x = tensorflow.keras.layers.Input(shape=(784), name="encoder_input")
encoder_dense_layer1 = tensorflow.keras.layers.Dense(units=300, name="encoder_dense_1")(x)
encoder_activ_layer1 = tensorflow.keras.layers.LeakyReLU(name="encoder_leakyrelu_1")(encoder_dense_layer1)
encoder_dense_layer2 = tensorflow.keras.layers.Dense(units=2, name="encoder_dense_2")(encoder_activ_layer1)
encoder_output = tensorflow.keras.layers.LeakyReLU(name="encoder_output")(encoder_dense_layer2)
encoder = tensorflow.keras.models.Model(x, encoder_output, name="encoder_model")
encoder.summary()
# Decoder
decoder_input = tensorflow.keras.layers.Input(shape=(2), name="decoder_input")
decoder_dense_layer1 = tensorflow.keras.layers.Dense(units=300, name="decoder_dense_1")(decoder_input)
decoder_activ_layer1 = tensorflow.keras.layers.LeakyReLU(name="decoder_leakyrelu_1")(decoder_dense_layer1)
decoder_dense_layer2 = tensorflow.keras.layers.Dense(units=784, name="decoder_dense_2")(decoder_activ_layer1)
decoder_output = tensorflow.keras.layers.LeakyReLU(name="decoder_output")(decoder_dense_layer2)
decoder = tensorflow.keras.models.Model(decoder_input, decoder_output, name="decoder_model")
decoder.summary()
# Autoencoder
ae_input = tensorflow.keras.layers.Input(shape=(784), name="AE_input")
ae_encoder_output = encoder(ae_input)
ae_decoder_output = decoder(ae_encoder_output)
ae = tensorflow.keras.models.Model(ae_input, ae_decoder_output, name="AE")
ae.summary()
# RMSE
def rmse(y_true, y_predict):
return tensorflow.keras.backend.mean(tensorflow.keras.backend.square(y_true-y_predict))
# AE Compilation
# Preparing MNIST Dataset
(x_train_orig, y_train), (x_test_orig, y_test) = tensorflow.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
x_train_orig = x_train_orig.astype("float32") / 255.0
x_test_orig = x_test_orig.astype("float32") / 255.0
x_train = numpy.reshape(x_train_orig, newshape=(x_train_orig.shape[0], numpy.prod(x_train_orig.shape[1:])))
x_test = numpy.reshape(x_test_orig, newshape=(x_test_orig.shape[0], numpy.prod(x_test_orig.shape[1:])))
# Training AE
ae.fit(x_train, x_train, epochs=20, batch_size=256, shuffle=True, validation_data=(x_test, x_test))
encoded_images = encoder.predict(x_train)
decoded_images = decoder.predict(encoded_images)
decoded_images_orig = numpy.reshape(decoded_images, newshape=(decoded_images.shape[0], 28, 28))
num_images_to_show = 5
for im_ind in range(num_images_to_show):
plot_ind = im_ind*2 + 1
rand_ind = numpy.random.randint(low=0, high=x_train.shape[0])
matplotlib.pyplot.subplot(num_images_to_show, 2, plot_ind)
matplotlib.pyplot.imshow(x_train_orig[rand_ind, :, :], cmap="gray")
matplotlib.pyplot.subplot(num_images_to_show, 2, plot_ind+1)
matplotlib.pyplot.imshow(decoded_images_orig[rand_ind, :, :], cmap="gray")
matplotlib.pyplot.figure()
matplotlib.pyplot.scatter(encoded_images[:, 0], encoded_images[:, 1], c=y_train)
matplotlib.pyplot.colorbar()
Conclusion
This tutorial introduced the deep learning generative model known as autoencoders. This model consists of two building blocks: the encoder, and the decoder. The former encodes the input data as 1-D vectors, which are then to be decoded to reconstruct the original data. We saw how to apply this model using Keras to compress images from the MNIST dataset in twapplied the autoencoder using Keras for compressing the MNIST dataset in just 2 elements. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3958241641521454, "perplexity": 1335.2329316980606}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141196324.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129034021-20201129064021-00628.warc.gz"} |
http://www.ehow.com/video_12222323_rate-chance-calculus.html | # Rate of Chance in Calculus
Found This Helpful
Next Video:
One-Sided Limits in Calculus....5
Rate of chance is a calculus term that typically applies to one of two things. Find out about rate of chance in calculus with help from an experienced math tutor in this free video clip.
Part of the Video Series: Calculus Explained
## Video Transcript
Hi there. This is Ryan Malloy here at the Worldwide Center of Mathematics. In this video, we're going to discuss the concept of the rate of change as it applies to calculus. So when you hear the term rate of change in calculus, there's typically one of two meanings that's being talked about. Let's say we've got some function f of x, we won't define it for now. There's two things we might be asked about it. The average rate of change over an interval, which is sometimes called the AROC, or average rate of change, and we have the instantaneous rate of change at a value. Sometimes called the IROC. So how do we express the average rate of change over an interval? If we are looking at the average rate of change on the interval from a to b where a and b are simply two numbers that are within the domain of our function. The average rate of change can be expressed quite simply as value of the function at a minus the value of the function at b divided by a minus b. And it's just that simply. The instantaneous rate of change is a little bit more complicated and it uses some more advanced techniques. So let's say that we want instantaneous rate of change at some value a. This is given by a limit. The limit as h approaches zero where h is just some arbitrary variable of f of a plus h minus f of a divided by h. Over here we can't simply plug in h directly since there'll be a zero in the denominator. But typically this limit is not very difficult to compute, and as a result, there are a number of rules and properties that have been well established as to how to do it quickly. For example, if we have f of x equals let's say x cubed. Instead of computing this limit for x cubed, we can simply use what's known as the power rule. And so if we want to find the instantaneous rate of change of f of a, sometimes indicated by f prime a. Well we'd simply take three x squared at a. Which just gives us three a squared. So for example if a were two, we get two squared is four times three is 12. My name is Ryan Malloy and we've just discussed the rate of change in calculus. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9363283514976501, "perplexity": 213.80012482436788}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094501.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00192-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.piping-designer.com/index.php/disciplines/chemical/materials/metal/2456-pitting-resistance-equivalent-number-pren | # Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN)
Written by Jerry Ratzlaff on . Posted in Metal
PERN is a way to measure the pitting corrosion resistance of various types of stainless steel in a chlorine based environment. The composition of the stainless steel will affect the corrosion resistance.
### Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) Formula
$$\large{ PERN = C \;+\; \left( 3.3 * M \right) \;+\; \left( 16 * N \right) }$$
Where:
$$\large{ PERN }$$ (Greek symbol alpha) = pitting resistance equivalent number
$$\large{ C }$$ = chromium in percentage
$$\large{ M }$$ = moybdenum in percentage
$$\large{ N }$$ = nitrogen in percentage | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8748294711112976, "perplexity": 10665.84737490296}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500331.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331053639-20200331083639-00388.warc.gz"} |
https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/18758/minimum-number-of-steps-in-which-these-people-can-rearrange-themselves | # Minimum number of steps in which these people can rearrange themselves?
5 persons numbered 1 to 5 are standing in a row at 5 spots.
1 2 3 4 5
Any person can call another person among the remaining 4. When someone calls someone else, the person who was called comes on the adjacent spot toward his side, on the same side of the person that called him, and then the others rearrange themselves accordingly. (see example ahead)
Now the first and last spot are special. After each time someone calls someone else, subsequent to the rearrangement, the two persons standing on the first and last spot teleport to each others’ spots!
For example, if person 2 calls person 5, and after rearrangement and teleportation, person 1 calls person 4, these two steps can be represented in the following way:
They can’t call anyone who’s already adjacent to them of course, since they’re already on their side, and it won't be counted as a step.
What is the minimum number of steps that’ll take for the people for going
from:
1 2 3 4 5
to:
5 4 3 2 1
NOTE: I'm new at creating puzzles, I might have missed some important detail, so please bear with me. I'll try to respond promptly to the comments and make any required changes.
I think it can be done in 3 calls (and 3 corresponding switches).
1 2 3 4 5
(2 calls 4)
5 2 4 3 1 (4 moves next to 2, then 1 and 5 switch)
(5 calls 4)
1 4 2 3 5 (4 moves next to 5, then 5 and 1 switch again)
(4 calls 3)
5 4 3 2 1 (3 moves next to 4, and 5 and 1 switch one last time)
A brilliant observation from Tyler Seacrest
Note that there is no one move solution, because after one move, either 5 or 1 is in the correct ending position. Then, after another move, the 5 or 1 is no longer in the correct ending position. So there is no two-move solution either.
• This is what I have written on a post-it, and I can't think of how to do it better! – Bailey M Aug 7 '15 at 17:49
• Haha, beat me to it for sure. I blame my mangled finger, but I came up with the same solution. – Josh Aug 7 '15 at 17:50
• I'm also keen on seeing if this can be bettered. – CodeNewbie Aug 7 '15 at 17:53
• Note that, although there is no one move solution, after one move, either 5 or 1 is in the correct ending position. Then, after another move, the 5 or 1 is no longer in the correct ending position. So there is no two-move solution. – Tyler Seacrest Aug 7 '15 at 17:53
• ^ that makes sense. @CodeNewbie, This seems to be the solution. I guess I can make it more complex by adding more people, or more weird contraptions like the teleportation thing. Any suggestions on having such a variation that is more elegant and not too complex? – thereisnospoon Aug 7 '15 at 17:58
3 steps.
Like this:
12345 -> 52431 -> 14235 -> 54321
or because of the symmetry:
12345 -> 53241 -> 13425 -> 54321
Edit: if there are more people, we can do this (omitting the first and the last end):
$2, 3, ..., n-1$
$n-1, 2, 3, ..., n-2$
Now that we've managed to put $n-1$ in its right place, we can drag others next to it.
After putting numbers from 2 to $n-2$ ($n-3$ numbers) into their right place in $n-4$ more moves, we'll have made $n-3$ in total. If $n-3$ is odd ($n$ is even), it can be done. Otherwise we start with the ones from 5 to $n-2$ ($n-6$ numbers) in $n-6$ more moves, then finish the 432 part with another 3 moves, making $n-2$ moves in total:
234
324
342
432
or
234
243
423
432
• For the general case, what if involving the first and last spots in the rearrangements makes a difference and reduces the number of steps? Your algorithm is valid, and works for 5 people I understand, but I was just wondering if involving first and last spot people make any difference. – thereisnospoon Aug 8 '15 at 2:35
• No, it doesn't. Edited accordingly to make it clearer. – Nautilus Aug 8 '15 at 10:31 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5584986209869385, "perplexity": 634.9845671020615}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670162.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119172137-20191119200137-00108.warc.gz"} |
https://formulasearchengine.com/wiki/Operator_(physics) | # Operator (physics)
In physics, an operator is a function over the space of physical states. As a result of its application on a physical state, another physical state is obtained, very often along with some extra relevant information.
The simplest example of the utility of operators is the study of symmetry. Because of this, they are a very useful tool in classical mechanics. In quantum mechanics, on the other hand, they are an intrinsic part of the formulation of the theory.
## Operators in classical mechanics
In classical mechanics, the movement of a particle (or system of particles) is completely determined by the Lagrangian ${\displaystyle L(q,{\dot {q}},t)}$ or equivalently the Hamiltonian ${\displaystyle H(q,p,t)}$, a function of the generalized coordinates q, generalized velocities ${\displaystyle {\dot {q}}=\mathrm {d} q/\mathrm {d} t}$ and its conjugate momenta:
${\displaystyle p={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}}$
If either L or H are independent of a generalized coordinate q, meaning the L and H do not change when q is changed, which in turn means the dynamics of the particle are still the same even when q changes, the corresponding momenta conjugate to those coordinates will be conserved (this is part of Noether's theorem, and the invariance of motion with respect to the coordinate q is a symmetry). Operators in classical mechanics are related to these symmetries.
More technically, when H is invariant under the action of a certain group of transformations G:
${\displaystyle S\in G,H(S(q,p))=H(q,p)}$.
the elements of G are physical operators, which map physical states among themselves.
### Table of classical mechanics operators
where ${\displaystyle R({\hat {\boldsymbol {n}}},\theta )}$ is the rotation matrix about an axis defined by the unit vector ${\displaystyle {\hat {\boldsymbol {n}}}}$ and angle θ.
## Concept of generator
If the transformation is infinitesimal, the operator action should be of the form
${\displaystyle I+\epsilon A}$
where ${\displaystyle I}$ is the identity operator, ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$ is a parameter with a small value, and ${\displaystyle A}$ will depend on the transformation at hand, and is called a generator of the group. Again, as a simple example, we will derive the generator of the space translations on 1D functions.
As it was stated, ${\displaystyle T_{a}f(x)=f(x-a)}$. If ${\displaystyle a=\epsilon }$ is infinitesimal, then we may write
${\displaystyle T_{\epsilon }f(x)=f(x-\epsilon )\approx f(x)-\epsilon f'(x).}$
This formula may be rewritten as
${\displaystyle T_{\epsilon }f(x)=(I-\epsilon D)f(x)}$
where ${\displaystyle D}$ is the generator of the translation group, which in this case happens to be the derivative operator. Thus, it is said that the generator of translations is the derivative.
## The exponential map
The whole group may be recovered, under normal circumstances, from the generators, via the exponential map. In the case of the translations the idea works like this.
The translation for a finite value of ${\displaystyle a}$ may be obtained by repeated application of the infinitesimal translation:
${\displaystyle T_{a}f(x)=\lim _{N\to \infty }T_{a/N}\cdots T_{a/N}f(x)}$
with the ${\displaystyle \cdots }$ standing for the application ${\displaystyle N}$ times. If ${\displaystyle N}$ is large, each of the factors may be considered to be infinitesimal:
${\displaystyle T_{a}f(x)=\lim _{N\to \infty }(I-(a/N)D)^{N}f(x).}$
But this limit may be rewritten as an exponential:
${\displaystyle T_{a}f(x)=\exp(-aD)f(x).}$
To be convinced of the validity of this formal expression, we may expand the exponential in a power series:
${\displaystyle T_{a}f(x)=\left(I-aD+{a^{2}D^{2} \over 2!}-{a^{3}D^{3} \over 3!}+\cdots \right)f(x).}$
The right-hand side may be rewritten as
${\displaystyle f(x)-af'(x)+{a^{2} \over 2!}f''(x)-{a^{3} \over 3!}f'''(x)+\cdots }$
which is just the Taylor expansion of ${\displaystyle f(x-a)}$, which was our original value for ${\displaystyle T_{a}f(x)}$.
The mathematical properties of physical operators are a topic of great importance in itself. For further information, see C*-algebra and Gelfand-Naimark theorem.
## Operators in quantum mechanics
The mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics (QM) is built upon the concept of an operator.
The wavefunction represents the probability amplitude of finding the system in that state. The terms "wavefunction" and "state" in QM context are usually used interchangeably.
Physical pure states in quantum mechanics are represented as unit-norm vectors (probabilities are normalized to one) in a special complex vector space: a Hilbert space. Time evolution in this vector space is given by the application of the evolution operator.
Any observable, i.e., any quantity which can be measured in a physical experiment, should be associated with a self-adjoint linear operator. The operators must yield real eigenvalues, since they are values which may come up as the result of the experiment. Mathematically this means the operators must be Hermitian.[1] The probability of each eigenvalue is related to the projection of the physical state on the subspace related to that eigenvalue. See below for mathematical details.
In the wave mechanics formulation of QM, the wavefunction varies with space and time, or equivalently momentum and time (see position and momentum space for details), so observables are differential operators.
In the matrix mechanics formulation, the norm of the physical state should stay fixed, so the evolution operator should be unitary, and the operators can be represented as matrices. Any other symmetry, mapping a physical state into another, should keep this restriction.
### Wavefunction
{{#invoke:main|main}}
The wavefunction must be square-integrable (see Lp spaces), meaning:
${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|\psi ({\mathbf {r}})|^{2}{\rm {d}}^{3}{\mathbf {r}}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\psi ({\mathbf {r}})^{*}\psi ({\mathbf {r}}){\rm {d}}^{3}{\mathbf {r}}<\infty }$
and normalizable, so that:
${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|\psi ({\mathbf {r}})|^{2}{\rm {d}}^{3}{\mathbf {r}}=1}$
Two cases of eigenstates (and eigenvalues) are:
${\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =\sum _{i}c_{i}|\phi _{i}\rangle }$
where ci are complex numbers such that |ci|2 = ci*ci = probability of measuring the state ${\displaystyle |\phi _{i}\rangle }$, and has the corresponding set of eigenvalues ai is also discrete - either finite or countably infinite,
${\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =\int c(\phi ){\rm {d}}\phi |\phi _{i}\rangle }$
where c(φ) is a complex function such that |c(φ)|2 = c(φ)*c(φ) = probability of measuring the state ${\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }$, there is an uncountably infinite set of eigenvalues a.
### Linear operators in wave mechanics
{{#invoke:main|main}}
Let ψ be the wavefunction for a quantum system, and ${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}$ be any linear operator for some observable A (such as position, momentum, energy, angular momentum etc.), then
${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}\psi =a\psi ,}$
where:
If ψ is an eigenfunction of a given operator A, then a definite quantity (the eigenvalue a) will be observed if a measurement of the observable A is made on the state ψ. Conversely, if ψ is not an eigenfunction of A, then it has no eigenvalue for A, and the observable does not have a single definite value in that case. Instead, measurements of the observable A will yield each eigenvalue with a certain probability (related to the decomposition of ψ relative to the orthonormal eigenbasis of A).
In bra–ket notation the above can be written;
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\hat {A}}\psi ={\hat {A}}\psi (\mathbf {r} )={\hat {A}}\left\langle \mathbf {r} \mid \psi \right\rangle =\left\langle \mathbf {r} \mid {\hat {A}}\mid \psi \right\rangle \\&a\psi =a\psi (\mathbf {r} )=a\left\langle \mathbf {r} \mid \psi \right\rangle =\left\langle \mathbf {r} \mid a\mid \psi \right\rangle \\\end{aligned}}}
Due to linearity, vectors can be defined in any number of dimensions, as each component of the vector acts on the function separately. One mathematical example is the del operator, which is itself a vector (useful in momentum-related quantum operators, in the table below).
An operator in n-dimensional space can be written:
${\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {A}} =\sum _{j=1}^{n}\mathbf {e} _{j}{\hat {A}}_{j}}$
where ej are basis vectors corresponding to each component operator Aj. Each component will yield a corresponding eigenvalue. Acting this on the wave function ψ:
${\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {A}} \psi =\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}\mathbf {e} _{j}{\hat {A}}_{j}\right)\psi =\sum _{j=1}^{n}\left(\mathbf {e} _{j}{\hat {A}}_{j}\psi \right)=\sum _{j=1}^{n}\left(\mathbf {e} _{j}a_{j}\psi \right)}$
in which
${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}_{j}\psi =a_{j}\psi .}$
In bra–ket notation:
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\mathbf {\hat {A}} \psi =\mathbf {\hat {A}} \psi (\mathbf {r} )=\mathbf {\hat {A}} \left\langle \mathbf {r} \mid \psi \right\rangle =\left\langle \mathbf {r} \mid \mathbf {\hat {A}} \mid \psi \right\rangle \\&\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}\mathbf {e} _{j}{\hat {A}}_{j}\right)\psi =\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}\mathbf {e} _{j}{\hat {A}}_{j}\right)\psi (\mathbf {r} )=\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}\mathbf {e} _{j}{\hat {A}}_{j}\right)\left\langle \mathbf {r} \mid \psi \right\rangle =\left\langle \mathbf {r} \mid \sum _{j=1}^{n}\mathbf {e} _{j}{\hat {A}}_{j}\mid \psi \right\rangle \\\end{aligned}}\,\!}
### Commutation of operators on Ψ
{{#invoke:main|main}}
If two observables A and B have linear operators ${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\hat {B}}}$, the commutator is defined by,
${\displaystyle \left[{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\right]={\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}-{\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}}$
The commutator is itself a (composite) operator. Acting the commutator on ψ gives:
${\displaystyle \left[{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\right]\psi ={\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\psi -{\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}\psi .}$
If ψ is an eigenfunction with eigenvalues a and b for observables A and B respectively, and if the operators commute:
${\displaystyle \left[{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\right]\psi =0,}$
then the observables A and B can be measured simultaneously with infinite precision i.e. uncertainties ${\displaystyle \Delta A=0}$, ${\displaystyle \Delta B=0}$ simultaneously. ψ is then said to be the simultaneous eigenfunction of A and B. To illustrate this:
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left[{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\right]\psi &={\hat {A}}{\hat {B}}\psi -{\hat {B}}{\hat {A}}\psi \\&=a(b\psi )-b(a\psi )\\&=0.\\\end{aligned}}}
It shows that measurement of A and B does not cause any shift of state i.e. initial and final states are same (no disturbance due to measurement). Suppose we measure A to get value a. We then measure B to get the value b. We measure A again. We still get the same value a. Clearly the state (ψ) of the system is not destroyed and so we are able to measure A and B simultaneously with infinite precision.
If the operators do not commute:
${\displaystyle \left[{\hat {A}},{\hat {B}}\right]\psi \neq 0,}$
they can't be prepared simultaneously to arbitrary precision, and there is an uncertainty relation between the observables,
${\displaystyle \Delta A\Delta B\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}$
even if ψ is an eigenfunction the above relation holds.. Notable pairs are position and momentum, and energy and time - uncertainty relations, and the angular momenta (spin, orbital and total) about any two orthogonal axes (such as Lx and Ly, or sy and sz etc.).[2]
### Expectation values of operators on Ψ
The expectation value (equivalently the average or mean value) is the average measurement of an observable, for particle in region R. The expectation value ${\displaystyle \langle {\hat {A}}\rangle }$ of the operator ${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}$ is calculated from:[3]
${\displaystyle \langle {\hat {A}}\rangle =\int _{R}\psi ^{*}\left(\mathbf {r} \right){\hat {A}}\psi \left(\mathbf {r} \right)\mathrm {d} ^{3}\mathbf {r} =\langle \psi |{\hat {A}}|\psi \rangle .}$
This can be generalized to any function F of an operator:
${\displaystyle \langle F({\hat {A}})\rangle =\int _{R}\psi (\mathbf {r} )^{*}\left[F({\hat {A}})\psi (\mathbf {r} )\right]\mathrm {d} ^{3}\mathbf {r} =\langle \psi |F({\hat {A}})|\psi \rangle ,}$
An example of F is the 2-fold action of A on ψ, i.e. squaring an operator or doing it twice:
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&F({\hat {A}})={\hat {A}}^{2}\\&\Rightarrow \langle {\hat {A}}^{2}\rangle =\int _{R}\psi ^{*}\left(\mathbf {r} \right){\hat {A}}^{2}\psi \left(\mathbf {r} \right)\mathrm {d} ^{3}\mathbf {r} =\langle \psi \vert {\hat {A}}^{2}\vert \psi \rangle \\\end{aligned}}\,\!}
### Hermitian operators
{{#invoke:main|main}}
The definition of a Hermitian operator is:[1]
${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}={\hat {A}}^{\dagger }}$
Following from this, in bra–ket notation:
${\displaystyle \langle \phi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\phi _{j}\rangle =\langle \phi _{j}|{\hat {A}}|\phi _{i}\rangle ^{*}.}$
Important properties of Hermitian operators include:
• real eigenvalues,
• eigenvectors with different eigenvalues are orthogonal,
• eigenvectors can be chosen to be a complete orthonormal basis,
### Operators in Matrix mechanics
An operator can be written in matrix form to map one basis vector to another. Since the operators and basis vectors are linear, the matrix is a linear transformation (aka transition matrix) between bases. Each basis element ${\displaystyle \phi _{j}}$ can be connected to another,[3] by the expression:
${\displaystyle A_{ij}=\langle \phi _{i}|{\hat {A}}|\phi _{j}\rangle ,}$
which is a matrix element:
${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}={\begin{pmatrix}A_{11}&A_{12}&\cdots &A_{1n}\\A_{21}&A_{22}&\cdots &A_{2n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\A_{n1}&A_{n2}&\cdots &A_{nn}\\\end{pmatrix}}}$
A further property of a Hermitian operator is that eigenfunctions corresponding to different eigenvalues are orthogonal.[1] In matrix form, operators allow real eigenvalues to be found, corresponding to measurements. Orthogonality allows a suitable basis set of vectors to represent the state of the quantum system. The eigenvalues of the operator are also evaluated in the same way as for the square matrix, by solving the characteristic polynomial:
${\displaystyle \det \left({\hat {A}}-a{\hat {I}}\right)=0,}$
where I is the n × n identity matrix, as an operator it corresponds to the identity operator. For a discrete basis:
${\displaystyle {\hat {I}}=\sum _{i}|\phi _{i}\rangle \langle \phi _{i}|}$
while for a continuous basis:
${\displaystyle {\hat {I}}=\int |\phi \rangle \langle \phi |d\phi }$
### Inverse of an operator
A non-singular operator ${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}$ has an inverse ${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}^{-1}}$ defined by:
${\displaystyle {\hat {A}}{\hat {A}}^{-1}={\hat {A}}^{-1}{\hat {A}}={\hat {I}}}$
If an operator has no inverse, it is a singular operator. In a finite-dimensional space, the determinant of a non-singular operator is non-zero:
${\displaystyle \det({\hat {A}})\neq 0}$
and hence it is zero for a singular operator.
### Table of QM operators
The operators used in quantum mechanics are collected in the table below (see for example,[1][4]). The bold-face vectors with circumflexes are not unit vectors, they are 3-vector operators; all three spatial components taken together.
### Examples of applying quantum operators
The procedure for extracting information from a wave function is as follows. Consider the momentum p of a particle as an example. The momentum operator in one dimension is:
${\displaystyle {\hat {p}}=-i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}}$
Letting this act on ψ we obtain:
${\displaystyle {\hat {p}}\psi =-i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\psi ,}$
if ψ is an eigenfunction of ${\displaystyle {\hat {p}}}$, then the momentum eigenvalue p is the value of the particle's momentum, found by:
${\displaystyle -i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\psi =p\psi .}$
For three dimensions the momentum operator uses the nabla operator to become:
${\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {p}} =-i\hbar \nabla .}$
In Cartesian coordinates (using the standard Cartesian basis vectors ex, ey, ez) this can be written;
${\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{\mathrm {x} }{\hat {p}}_{x}+\mathbf {e} _{\mathrm {y} }{\hat {p}}_{y}+\mathbf {e} _{\mathrm {z} }{\hat {p}}_{z}=-i\hbar \left(\mathbf {e} _{\mathrm {x} }{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}+\mathbf {e} _{\mathrm {y} }{\frac {\partial }{\partial y}}+\mathbf {e} _{\mathrm {z} }{\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}\right),}$
that is:
${\displaystyle {\hat {p}}_{x}=-i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}},\quad {\hat {p}}_{y}=-i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial y}},\quad {\hat {p}}_{z}=-i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}\,\!}$
The process of finding eigenvalues is the same. Since this is a vector and operator equation, if ψ is an eigenfunction, then each component of the momentum operator will have an eigenvalue corresponding to that component of momentum. Acting ${\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {p}} }$ on ψ obtains:
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\hat {p}}_{x}\psi &=-i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\psi =p_{x}\psi \\{\hat {p}}_{y}\psi &=-i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial y}}\psi =p_{y}\psi \\{\hat {p}}_{z}\psi &=-i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}\psi =p_{z}\psi \\\end{aligned}}\,\!} | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 125, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9863354563713074, "perplexity": 658.6030197158925}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527531.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722051628-20190722073628-00162.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/322775-loading-please-wait/ | • 9
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• Good evening everyone!
I was wondering if there is something equivalent of GL_NV_blend_equation_advanced for AMD?
Basically I'm trying to find more compatible version of it.
Thank you!
• Hello guys,
How do I know? Why does wavefront not show for me?
I already checked I have non errors yet.
And my download (mega.nz) should it is original but I tried no success...
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PS: Why is our community not active? I wait very longer. Stop to lie me!
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• I wasn't sure if this would be the right place for a topic like this so sorry if it isn't.
I'm currently working on a project for Uni using FreeGLUT to make a simple solar system simulation. I've got to the point where I've implemented all the planets and have used a Scene Graph to link them all together. The issue I'm having with now though is basically the planets and moons orbit correctly at their own orbit speeds.
I'm not really experienced with using matrices for stuff like this so It's likely why I can't figure out how exactly to get it working. This is where I'm applying the transformation matrices, as well as pushing and popping them. This is within the Render function that every planet including the sun and moons will have and run.
if (tag != "Sun") { glRotatef(orbitAngle, orbitRotation.X, orbitRotation.Y, orbitRotation.Z); } glPushMatrix(); glTranslatef(position.X, position.Y, position.Z); glRotatef(rotationAngle, rotation.X, rotation.Y, rotation.Z); glScalef(scale.X, scale.Y, scale.Z); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, mesh->indiceCount, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, mesh->indices); if (tag != "Sun") { glPopMatrix(); } The "If(tag != "Sun")" parts are my attempts are getting the planets to orbit correctly though it likely isn't the way I'm meant to be doing it. So I was wondering if someone would be able to help me? As I really don't have an idea on what I would do to get it working. Using the if statement is truthfully the closest I've got to it working but there are still weird effects like the planets orbiting faster then they should depending on the number of planets actually be updated/rendered.
• Hello everyone,
I have problem with texture
• Hello everyone
For @80bserver8 nice job - I have found Google search. How did you port from Javascript WebGL to C# OpenTK.?
I have been searched Google but it shows f***ing Unity 3D. I really want know how do I understand I want start with OpenTK But I want know where is porting of Javascript and C#?
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## Recommended Posts
##### Share on other sites
Make a game state check... for instance:
Pseudo code:switch(GameState){case Menu: //draw menu stuffbreak;case Loading://draw stuffbreak;case PlayLevel://drawStuffbreak;}
you get the point, right? :) this should also be done with Update(), so that you dont update objects while in the menu etc..
Hope it helps!
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Or use classes with virtual functions that control the different states of your app/game, switching between the states in the update function (and deleting the old states if they aren't needed anymore). It's harder to implement, but doesn't chew up processing power while sorting through the switch statement (although if you don't have many states, a switch statement should be fine).
##### Share on other sites
Are you looking for a graphical status bar?
Those are typically done through two images:
1) An image of the status bar empty.
2) An image of the status bar 100% complete.
The key is to draw only parts of the second image depending on how many of your resources are loaded.
##### Share on other sites
Hi,
The idea is simple let's say you have these files
video.avi (5MB) , sound.mp3(1MB) ,texture.bmp {1MB)
see this pseudo code:
SizeofTheFiles=7;//count it by your selfVideo_AVI_Percent=5/SizeofTheFiles;//this is float numberSound_Mp3_Percent=1/SizeofTheFiles;Texture_Bmp_Percent=1/SizeofTheFiles;Scale_=0;//for scaling the loading barVideo_=false;//to check if we load it or notSound_=false;while(Loop_of_The_Game){DrawTheBar();glScalef(Scale_,1,1);if(!Video_){LoadVideo("video.avi");Scale_+=Video_AVI_Percent;Video_=!Video_;}elseif(!Sound_){LoadSound("sound.mp3");Scale_+=Video_Mp3_Percent;Sound_=!Sound_;}else{LoadTexture("texture.bmp");Scale_+=Video_Bmp_Percent;}SendTheBuffer();}
I hope this is what you want.
bye | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1751876175403595, "perplexity": 2606.1759037944958}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945232.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421145218-20180421165218-00442.warc.gz"} |
https://research.polyu.edu.hk/en/publications/corrigendum-to-morphological-environment-survey-and-hydrodynamic- | # Corrigendum to “Morphological environment survey and hydrodynamic modeling of a large bifurcation-confluence complex in Yangtze River, China” [Sci. Total Environ., 737, 139705] (Science of the Total Environment (2020) 737, (S0048969720332253), (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139705))
Liu Tong-Huan, Wang Yi-Kui, Wang Xie-Kang, Duan Huan-Feng, Yan Xu-Feng
Research output: Journal article publicationComment/debate/erratum
## Abstract
The authors regret that the printed version of the above article contained two errors. The correct and final version follows. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. 1. The original graphical abstract should be replaced by the following one: [Figure presented] 2. Fig.
Original language English 152469 Science of the Total Environment 811 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152469 Published - 10 Mar 2022
## ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Environmental Engineering
• Environmental Chemistry
• Waste Management and Disposal
• Pollution
## Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Corrigendum to “Morphological environment survey and hydrodynamic modeling of a large bifurcation-confluence complex in Yangtze River, China” [Sci. Total Environ., 737, 139705] (Science of the Total Environment (2020) 737, (S0048969720332253), (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139705))'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9289376139640808, "perplexity": 28882.612164353086}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711074.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206060908-20221206090908-00842.warc.gz"} |
http://www.docsford.com/document/4597250 | DOC
# Topic 5B Behavioral Economics and Behavioral Finance
By Janice Hunt,2014-06-28 20:18
9 views 0
Topic 5B Behavioral Economics and Behavioral Finance
Topic 5B: Behavioral Economics and Behavioral Finance 1) FM05B\ C \\ Bounded Behavior \2\\
Behavioral economists who follow the lead of Nobel Prize-winner Herbert Simon [1916-2001] would be least likely to identify as “bounded” the widespread human attribute of:
(a) self-interest.
(b) willpower.
(c) pragmatism.
(d) rationality.
2) FM05B\ B \\ Bounded Behavior \2\\
No one can perfectly perform all the mental gymnastics needed to process information so that all their decisions are mathematically optimal, so most people rely heavily on mental shortcuts that cognitive psychologists and behavioral economists call: (a) windage.
(b) heuristics.
(c) compromises.
(d) rational ignorance.
(e) conciliations.
3) FM05B\ C \\ Behavioral Economics and Behavioral Finance \2\\
Research into behavioral economics and behavioral finance are least consistent with:
(a) Keynesian beauty contests.
(b) investors being less likely to sell if the price of a stock goes down than if it goes up. (c) theories of rational expectations and efficient markets.
(d) failures to ignore fixed costs when making rational decisions. (e) prospect theory.
(f) people being risk avoiding when faced with risky gains but risk seeking when they
try to avoid risky losses.
4) FM05B \ D \\ Behavioral Economics \3\\
Recent research by behavioral economists tends to be least consistent with the: (a) Keynesian “beauty contest” theory of investor behavior.
(b) the endowment effect.
(c) the “snake-bit” effect.
(d) standard economic assumptions that people are unfailingly rational and forward
thinking.
(e) assumption of Adam Smith that we tend to be more concerned with things that are
near us than events that are distant.
5) FM05B\ D \\ Home Bias \2\\
Investors are exhibiting a “home bias” if they:
(a) keep most of their funds in bank deposits instead of economic capital. (b) sell quickly whenever one of their financial assets rises more than a target
percentage rate.
(c) buy stocks only in firms in which they already own equity shares. (d) diversify inadequately by focusing on the stocks of local or domestic firms while
largely ignoring stocks in distant or foreign firms.
6) FM05B\ E \\ Home Bias \2\\
The fact that roughly 15% of Coca Cola stock is owned by financial investors who live in Georgia, where Coca Cola’s headquarters are located, is evidence of a:
(a) familiarity effect.
(b) winner’s curse effect.
(c) local flavor effect.
(d) domesticated effect.
(e) home bias effect.
7) FM05B\ C \\ Endowment Effect \2\\
People being more likely to ask for a higher price for an asset that they already own than they would be willing to pay for the same asset if they did not own it is known as the:
(a) tournament effect.
(b) winner’s curse effect.
(c) endowment effect.
(e) quid-pro-quo effect.
8) FM05B\ B \\ Keynesian Beauty Contest \2\\
Portfolio structures based on individual investors’ assessments of how consensus views about alternative investments will affect the future values of these assets conform to the model known as the:
(a) efficient markets model.
(b) Keynesian beauty contest.
(c) value investing approach.
(d) theory of strategic market timing.
(e) strategic expectations theory.
9) FM05B\ C \\ House Money Effect \2\\
Supremely confident after winning \$500 dollars playing poker in a casino, Chris put it all on number three at the roulette wheel. This action is known by behavioral economists as the:
(a) free money effect.
(b) risk neutral effect.
(c) house-money effect.
(d) risk seeking effect.
(e) stupid money effect.
10) FM05B\ D \\ House Money Effect \2\\
The “house-money” effect is in play if financial investors:
(a) sell a stock to cash in on a short-term profit after a stock rises in price. (b) acquire insider information that is likely to increase the value of a stock. (c) buy stock on margin by borrowing from a brokerage firm.
(d) take greater risks after generating higher rates of return than expected. (e) receive inherited funds only after a longer wait than expected. 11) FM05B\ D \\ Animal Spirits \2\\
A reasonable synonym for irrational exuberance is:
(a) excessively positive inertia.
(b) myopic ecstasy.
(c) misplaced pessimism.
(d) bounded buoyancy.
(e) rampant optimism.
12) FM05B\ A \\ Illusion of Control Fallacy \2\\
A common logical error is for people who buy lottery tickets to view their probability of winning as:
(a) higher if they pick numbers themselves than if the numbers are assigned randomly
by a machine.
(b) lower if the lottery prize has grown significantly because it has not been won in
several weeks.
(c) the same whether they buy a ticket or not.
(d) higher for larger multi-state lotteries than for smaller single in-state lotteries.
13) FM05B\ E \\ Illusion of Control Fallacy \2\\
Overconfidence that leads to under-diversification and excessive risk-taking by financial investors is most common among:
(a) recently retired baby-boomers.
(b) married women.
(c) single women.
(d) married men.
(e) single men.
14) FM05B\ B \\ Sunk Cost Effect \2\\
Financial investors tend to be most reluctant to sell stock if:
(a) rumors begin circulating that the top manager has accepted a job with a different
firm.
(b) its current price is significantly less than the price at which they purchased it. (c) they acquire insider information that a firm is experiencing unexpectedly low
revenues or unexpectedly high costs.
(d) the stock is primarily traded in deep markets.
(e) the current price of the stock reflects a significant recent increase. 15) FM05B\ A \\ Sunk Cost Effect \2\\
An argument that we should continue the War in Iraq until we win because otherwise the \$3 trillion already committed or spent will have been wasted is evidence of the: (a) sunk cost effect.
(b) illusion-of-control effect.
(c) patriotism fallacy.
(d) home-budget bias effect.
(e) chauvinism fallacy.
16) FM05B\ B \\ Sunk Costs and Rational Decisions \ 2 \\
After losing a big pot in a poker game when his flush was beat by a full house, John is most likely to be successful in subsequent hands if he:
(a) become a lot more cautious about every decision.
(b) views his losses as sunk costs and then bases the play of each hand on expectations
(c) manifests a “snake-bit” effect that is greater than his “house money” effect.
(d) recognizes that luck comes in streaks, and that his lucky opponent is likely to
continue to be lucky.
(e) plays more aggressively to make up for the loss.
17) FM05B\ D \\ “Snake Bite” and “Break-even” Effects \2\\
Financial investors who have recently lost significant amounts of wealth due to a drop in the values of their stock portfolios frequently err by tending to: (a) rely excessively on advice from stock brokers.
(b) erratically shift from bonds to stocks, and then back again, thereby incurring
excessive transaction costs.
(c) focus excessively on low variable costs, while ignoring high sunk costs. (d) become overly risk averse because of the “snake-bite” effect, or excessively willing
to take risk because of the “break-even” effect.
(e) over-value the advice given by friends or acquaintances who have invested more
successfully.
18) FM05B\ A \\ “Snake Bite” Effect \2\\
Financial investors who have recently lost significant amounts of wealth and who consequently become extraordinarily risk averse are exhibiting the: (a) snake-bite effect.
(b) loser’s curse effect.
(c) punch-drunk effect.
(e) quid-pro-quo effect.
19) FM05B\ B \\ Risk Aversion and Transaction Costs \2\\
Several studies suggest that married middle-aged women tend to reap higher average rates of return on financial investments that do young single men primarily because these women more commonly:
(a) spend extra time doing basic analysis before they buy a security. (b) follow strategies of “buy and hold.”
(c) intuitively understand the long run impact of new financial information. (d) have better access to insider information about their employers’ business plans
before these plans are announced.
(e) diversify and don’t “put all their eggs” into one basket.
20) FM05B\ D \\ Actual Rates of Return \2\\
There is systematic overstatement of the annual percentage by which the average rates of return on blue-chip stocks listed in the Dow-Jones Industrial index have historically out-performed say, comparably risky bonds, because:
(a) interest on bonds is exempt from federal income taxes, but capital gains on stocks
are taxed as income.
(b) asymmetric information results in widespread overstatement of increases in blue
chip prices.
(c) stock brokers prefer to sell stocks instead of bonds.
(d) the rates of return for “delisted” stocks are not included in these averages.
21) FM05B \ C \ A3925 \ Prospect Theory and The Reflection Effect \3\\ Consider the “gamble” [1] \$1000 with certainty, versus [2] zero with probability 0.50,
and \$2,200 with probability 0.50. Now consider the gamble [3] zero change with
probability 0.95, and negative \$25,000 with probability 0.05, versus [4] negative \$1000
with certainty. An individual who prefers option [1] to option [2], and option [3] to
option [4] exhibits:
(a) risk averse behavior when considering both potential gains and potential losses. (b) risk loving behavior when considering both potential gains and potential losses. (c) risk averse behavior when considering potential gains and loss averse [risk-loving]
behavior when considering potential losses.
(d) risk loving behavior when considering potential gains but risk averse behavior when
considering potential losses.
22) FM05B \ C \\ Loss Aversion and Risk Loving \3\\
A synonym for the risk-seeking [or risk-loving] behavior most people seem to exhibit when confronted with certain forms of risky potential losses is:
(a) skittishness.
(b) uncertainty phobia.
(c) loss aversion.
(d) dysfunctional heroism.
(e) peak-end dominance.
23) FM05B \ A \\ Bias of Representativeness \3\\
Financial investors who interpret the past business operations of a firm and the past performance of the stock when making decisions on investments are being affected by the psychological bias known as:
(a) representativeness.
(b) familiarity.
(c) cognitive dissonance.
(d) overconfidence.
(e) financial myopia.
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[email protected] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9218946099281311, "perplexity": 13510.443787964277}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814300.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222235935-20180223015935-00536.warc.gz"} |
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/62554/is-diracs-description-of-a-photon-in-a-split-beam-still-seen-as-correct-today | # Is Dirac's description of a photon in a split beam still seen as correct today?
This comes from the Interference of Photons section in the book The Principles of Quantum Mechanics by P Dirac:
We shall discuss the description which quantum mechanics provides of the interference. Suppose we have a beam of light which is passed through some kind of interferometer, so that it gets split up into two components and the two components are subsequently made to interfere. We may, as in the preceding section, take an incident beam consisting of only a single photon and inquire what will happen to it as it goes through the apparatus. This will present to us the difficulty of the conflict between the wave and corpuscular theories of light in an acute form.
Corresponding to the description that he had in the case of the polarization, we must now describe the photon as going partly into each of the two components into which the incident beam is split. The photon is then, as we may say, in a translational state given by the superposition of the two translational states associated with the two components. We are thus lead to a generalization of the term "translational state" applied to a photon. For a photon to be in a definite translational state it need not be associated with one single beam of light, but may be associated with two or more beams of light which are the components into which one original beam has been split. In the accurate mathematical theory each translational state is associated with one of the wave functions of ordinary wave optics, which wave function may describe either a single beam or two or more beams into which one original beam has been split. Translational states are thus superposable in a similar way to wave functions.
1. Is this the view held by leading physicists today?
2. Can we really talk of the incident and exiting photon in the beam splitter being the same photon?
3. Is Dirac saying that the photon is partly in the two split beams, but no where else in space?
-
## 1 Answer
Let me begin by saying that I hope there are multiple answers to this because it's a question that forces one to make some judgement calls, and I think other peoples' opinions would be valuable. Here's my take:
Whenever reading an old text like this, especially on quantum mechanics, I think it's important to take the language of the text with a grain of semantic salt, and this affects the answers to your questions:
1. I think I understand quantum mechanics (with some conceptual exceptions), and when I read this description, I thought it was pretty decent. I speculate that most physicists who understand quantum mechanics would probably read this description and agree. In my view, one issue with Dirac's description is that that someone just learning the subject might read the following statement and get the wrong idea:
we must now describe the photon as going partly into each of the two components into which the incident beam is split
because it, at least in my opinion, might lead such a person to believe that the photon is somehow in two places at once. I would instead probably describe the situation using probabilities to emphasize that stating where the photon is at any given time is not meaningful in quantum, but stating what the probability is that one will find it in a particular location after measurement is meaningful.
2. I would characterize such questions as being of a philosophical as opposed to physical nature in the realm of quantum mechanics. In classical mechanics, particles are modeled to move along well-defined trajectories in space, so we can keep track of where particles are and whether one particle is the same or different from another. But since this is not possible in the context of quantum mechanics, I am not aware of a reasonable operational definition of "sameness" that would allow one to claim that the outgoing measured photon is the same as the ingoing measured photon.
3. No. It's unclear to me what it would even mean in this context to say that a single photon is "in a beam." A photon is fired, and there are certain probabilities that if one were to measure the position of the photon, then one would find it at a specified location in space.
- | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8242238163948059, "perplexity": 268.6679377764082}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988250.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00100-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01611991 | , Volume 16, Issue 6, pp 871-881
# Demyelination in canine distemper encephalomyelitis: An ultrastructural analysis
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## Summary
A morphological study of selected white matter lesions was carried out in three dogs with canine distemper encephalomyelitis. Two dogs had experimental infections while the third was a spontaneous case. Two stages were identified in the process of demyelination. The earliest evidence of myelin injury was a ballooning change in myelin sheaths involving single or multiple axons. This was followed by a progressive stripping of compact sheaths by the cytoplasmic fingers of phagocytic cells which infiltrated and removed myelin lamellae. Some axonal necrosis also accompanied these changes. Where demyelination occurred, canine distemper viral nucleocapsids were found in astrocytes, macrophages, ependymal cells and infiltrating lymphocytes. In contrast, oligodendrocytes were conspicuous by their apparent lack of infection. Thus it seems that myelin loss cannot be ascribed to oligodendrocyte infection. Perturbed astrocyte function following canine distemper viral infection may cause oedema of myelin sheaths, leading to ballooning and primary demyelination. Cells which phagocytosed myelin were mainly identified as microglial cells with lesser involvement by astrocytes. Rarely, oligodendrocytes also acted as macrophages. Myelin debris was engulfed in bulk or as small droplets into coated pits. Remyelination was present in established plaques although not in great abundance, perhaps due to the diminished oligodendrocyte numbers and a relative increase in immature forms of these cells. These observations are compared to similar changes observed in other demyelinating diseases of animals and man. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8249871730804443, "perplexity": 18037.378008429747}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464809.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00188-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/85484 | Files in this item
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Title: The Neuronal Basis of Signal Detection in the Presence of Spatially Separated Noise: A Study in the Frog Inferior Colliculus Author(s): Ratnam, Rama Doctoral Committee Chair(s): Feng, Albert S. Department / Program: Biophysics and Computational Biology Discipline: Biophysics and Computational Biology Degree Granting Institution: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Degree: Ph.D. Genre: Dissertation Subject(s): Biophysics, General Abstract: Psychophysical results from studies in humans have shown that when an auditory signal and noise are presented simultaneously, the threshold for signal detection decreases when the angular separation between the two sound sources is increased. Signal detection threshold is highest when the two sound sources are colocalized in space. Although this phenomenon has been known for many years, and has recently been confirmed in other vertebrates, the response of neurons in the auditory system to spatial separation of sound sources is not known. To study the neural basis of this phenomenon, the leopard frog Rana pipiens was chosen as the experimental subject. It is known that females of this species use only auditory cues to select and move towards mates calling in a dense heterospecific chorus. Extracellular recordings were made from single auditory units in the inferior colliculus (IC), while the frog was subject to free-field stimulation with sinusoidally amplitude modulated tone bursts (signal) in the presence of spatially separated broad-band noise (masker). Results of the study showed that while many IC neurons (called A-type) demonstrated the psychophysically observed behavior, many other neurons (called U-type) showed the opposite effect. That is, U-type neurons demonstrated an increase in signal detection threshold with an increase in angular separation of sound sources. Together, both these types of neurons accounted for nearly half the population sampled while the remainder of the population was a mix of the two types. When the type of the unit was correlated with the temporal discharge pattern of the unit it was found that most A-type units had phasic discharge patterns whereas most U-type units had tonic discharge patterns. It was also found that the response to signal plus noise was highly nonlinear and that detection thresholds for a unit could not be estimated by examining the neuron's response to signal alone and noise alone. The study concludes with a discussion of the nonlinear interactions in the system and discusses the possible role of A- and U-type units in signal detection. Issue Date: 1998 Type: Text Language: English Description: 105 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1998. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/85484 Other Identifier(s): (MiAaPQ)AAI9904569 Date Available in IDEALS: 2015-09-25 Date Deposited: 1998
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/209868/explanation-of-a-cross-product-result | Explanation of a cross product result
In my book the result $$(u\times v)\cdot(x\times y)=\begin{vmatrix} u\cdot x & v\cdot x \\u \cdot y & v \cdot y\end{vmatrix},$$ where u, v, x and y are arbitrary vectors, is stated (here '$\cdot$' means the dot product and '$\times$' is the cross product). The book very briefly says that this can be easily done by observing that both sides are linear in u, v, x and y.
I know that if I expand and simply the LHS using the components of a vector the result will be true. However, I don't really understand what it means when the book says ' both sides are linear in u, v, x and y ' and how by noticing this fact, makes this relation easier to prove.
Any help will be greatly appreciated.
-
Do you know what a linear function is ? – Phira Oct 9 '12 at 14:28
Yeah, functions which satisfy f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) and f(ax)=af(x). – SomethingWitty Oct 9 '12 at 14:31
One might also note that both sides of the equation are equal to $\left| \begin{matrix} x \\ y \end{matrix} \right| \cdot \left | \begin{matrix} u & v \end{matrix} \right|$. – Phira Oct 9 '12 at 15:44
2 Answers
Suppose we have two linear functions, $f$ and $g$, which agree on all the basis vectors of some space. Then they must agree for every vector on that space, because they are both linear, and a linear function is completely determined by its values on the basis.
In gory detail, suppose that we know that $f(\vec{e_i}) = g(\vec{e_i})$ for each basis vector $\vec{e_i}$.
Consider some vector $\vec v$. We can express $\vec v$ a a linear combination of basis vectors, say as $$\vec v = c_1\vec{e_1} + \cdots + c_n\vec{e_n}.$$ Then we know that \begin{align} f(\vec v) & = f(c_1\vec{e_1} + \cdots + c_n\vec{e_n}) \\ & = c_1f(\vec{e_1}) + \cdots + c_nf(\vec{e_n}) & \text{(linearity of f)} \\ & = c_1g(\vec{e_1}) + \cdots + c_ng(\vec{e_n}) & \text{(f=g for basis vectors)} \\ & = g(c_1\vec{e_1} + \cdots + c_n\vec{e_n}) & \text{(linearity of g)}\\ & = g(\vec v) \end{align}
One can similarly show an analogous fact for functions of several variables. For example, if $f(u,v,x,y)$ and $g(u,v,x,y)$ are linear functions of $u, v, x,$ and $y$, and if they agree on all combinations of the basis vectors for some space, then they agree on every vector in that space.
Now take $f(u,v,x,y) = (u\times v)\cdot(x\times y)$ and $g(u,v,x,y) =\begin{vmatrix} u\cdot x & v\cdot x \\u \cdot y & v \cdot y\end{vmatrix}$. These are easily seen to be linear, or easy to show to be linear if you don't see it, using properties of cross and dot products (for $f$) and of determinants and dot products (for $g$). So if you can show that they are equal when $u,v,x,$ and $y$ are basis vectors, you are done. And for most choices of basis vectors as arguments, both sides are equal to zero, so this is quick to verify.
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Thanks for the clear and detailed explanation, it helped a lot. – SomethingWitty Oct 9 '12 at 18:51
It means that you can verify the relation just using the standard basis $\{e_1, e_2, e_3 \}$ of three dimensional space. For example you should check $(e_1 \times e_2)\cdot (e_2 \times e_3) =0$ which is the same as the right hand side.
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I'm gonna mull over this; atm I don't really see why it suffices to just verify the relation using the standard basis. – SomethingWitty Oct 9 '12 at 14:43
@SomethingWitty - because any vector is a linear combination of elements of the standard basis, and the function you are computing is linear in each place. – Mark Bennet Oct 9 '12 at 15:09
Any vector is a linear combination of these three basis elements. If a relation is linear, it is enough to verify it on just one basis of the vector space. Suppose you want to show $u\cdot v=v\cdot u$. If it is correct on the $e_i$ then write $u$ and $v$ as linear combinations of the $e_i$, use linearity and you will see the result. – PAD Oct 9 '12 at 15:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9903317093849182, "perplexity": 184.1931682882959}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648891.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00049-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/33146/how-could-i-remove-a-header-in-a-beamer-presentation | # How could I remove a header in a beamer presentation?
I'm editing a theme beamer, but I have a trouble I would like to remove the header without remove neither footer or the lateral navigation bar. I've tried with the follow option:
\defbeamertemplate*{headline}{split theme}
{
%nothing
}
! LaTeX Error: Command \beamer@@tmpop@headline@split theme already defined.
I use theme PaloAlto. I hope that somebody can help me.
EDIT by Marco Daniel:
Here the solution presented as a minimal working example:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usetheme{PaloAlto}
\begin{document}
\section{foo}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{bar}
Text
\end{frame}
\end{document}
-
Welcome to TeX.sx! A tip: If you indent lines by 4 spaces, they'll be marked as a code sample. You can also highlight the code and click the "code" button (with "{}" on it) or CTRL+K. The syntax highlighter already defaults to (La)TeX. It is also not necessary to use a LaTeX tag on this site, especially not tex-core which is about the lower level of TeX. – Martin Scharrer Oct 30 '11 at 19:45
Use: \setbeamertemplate{headline}{} – Marco Daniel Oct 30 '11 at 19:48
According to the beamer documentation (p 172, section 16.3.3 Setting Beamer's Templates) regarding \defbeamertemplate: "This command installs a predefined option for the template <element name>. Once this command has been used, users can access the predefined template using the \setbeamertemplate command." Does using \setbeamertemplate work? – Werner Oct 30 '11 at 19:50
No, it doesn't work, the header is there still. – Fernando Martinez Oct 30 '11 at 19:55
Please then add a full but minimal working example (MWE) that illustrates your problem. – Martin Scharrer Oct 30 '11 at 20:04
The solution is to use \setbeamertemplate{headline}{}. This clears the "template" for the headline, ensuring that when the headline is typeset then nothing is done. It is important to ensure that this is not overridden by other styles so should be placed in the preamble after any themes have been loaded.
Example:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usetheme{PaloAlto}
\begin{document}
\section{foo}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{bar}
Text
\end{frame}
\end{document}
This produces:
With the \setbeamertemplate command commented out then it produces:
(This was answered in the comments; I'm posting this to remove it from the "unanswered" queue. As the real problem was due to a theme overriding the template, I considered having it closed as "too localised", but I also thought that this might be a common question and having the question closed with the answer in the comments is not the most helpful way to present this question and answer. I've marked it CW partly as it's not my answer and partly so that others can easily improve it and know that they are encouraged to do so.)
-
Yes I't was the solution. Thank you to everyone. – Fernando Martinez Nov 1 '11 at 19:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7617751359939575, "perplexity": 2374.2998901276587}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122108378.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175508-00086-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://apalache.informal.systems/docs/apalache/tuning.html | # Parameters for fine tuning
The parameters for fine tuning can be passed to the checker in a properties file. Its name is given with the command-line option --tuning=my.properties. This file supports variable substitution, e.g., ${x} is replaced with the value of x, if it was previously declared. Alternatively, you can pass the tuning options right in the command-line by passing the option --tune-here that has the following format: --tune-here=key1=val1 --tune-here=key1=val1:key2=val2 ... 1. Randomization: smt.randomSeed=<int> passes the random seed to z3 (via z3's parameters sat.random_seed and smt.random_seed). 2. Timeouts: search.smt.timeout=<seconds> defines the timeout to the SMT solver in seconds. The default value is 0, which stands for the unbounded timeout. For instance, the timeout is used in the following cases: checking if a transition is enabled, checking an invariant, checking for deadlocks. If the solver times out, it reports 'UNKNOWN', and the model checker reports a runtime error. 3. Invariant mode: search.invariant.mode=(before|after) defines the moment when the invariant is checked. In the after mode, all transitions are first translated, one of them is picked non-deterministically and then the invariant is checked. Although this mode reduces the number of SMT queries, it usually requires more memory than the before mode. In the before mode, the invariant is checked for every enabled transition independently. The before mode may drastically reduce memory consumption, but it may take longer than the after mode, provided that Apalache has enough memory. The default mode is before. 4. Guided search: search.transitionFilter=<regex>. Restrict the choice of symbolic transitions at every step with a regular expression. The regular expression should recognize words over of the form 's->t', where s is a regular expression over step numbers and t is a regular expression over transition numbers. For instance, search.transitionFilter=(0->0|1->5|2->2|3->3|[4-9]->.*|[1-9][0-9]+->.*) requires to start with the 0th transition, continue with the 5th transition, then execute either the 2nd or the 3rd transition and after that execute arbitrary transitions until the length. Note that there is no direct correspondence between the transition numbers and the actions in the TLA+ spec. Check the transition numbers in ./x/**/out-transition.tla: 0th transition is called Next$0, 1st transition is called Next\$1, etc.
5. Invariant checking at certain steps: search.invariantFilter=regex. Check the invariant only at the steps that satisfy the regular expression. For instance, search.invariantFilter=10|15|20 tells the model checker to check the invariant only after exactly 10, 15, or 20 step were made. Step 0 corresponds to the initialization with Init, step 1 is the first step with Next, etc. This option is useful for checking consensus algorithms, where the decision cannot be revoked. So instead of checking the invariant after each step, we can do that after the algorithm has made a good number of steps.
6. Translation to SMT:
7. Short circuiting: rewriter.shortCircuit=(false|true). When rewriter.shortCircuit=true, A \/ B and A /\ B are translated to SMT as if-then-else expressions, e.g., (ite A true B). Otherwise, disjunctions and conjunctions are directly translated to (or ...) and (and ...) respectively. By default, rewriter.shortCircuit=false. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.693402886390686, "perplexity": 2105.6683767154477}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320299894.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220129002459-20220129032459-00626.warc.gz"} |
https://mathcracker.com/prime-factorization | # Prime Factorization
Instructions: Use this prime factorization to compute the factors and prime decomposition of a given number you provide in the box below.
The number you want the factors of (Any positive integer number)
## How to use this prime factorization calculator
This calculator will provide you with the factors and the corresponding prime decomposition of a given number. So, you need to provide a valid integer, a positive integer.
Then, once that is provided, you need to click on "Calculate", in order to get all the steps of the calculation shown.
## How do compute the prime decomposition
All you need to do is to find the factors of the corresponding number. These factors are then grouped there will be an exponent associated to each of them (reflecting the number of times the corresponding prime appears in the factorization).
## What are the steps for a prime factorization
• Step 1: Identify the number you want to factor. It must be a positive integer, otherwise you cannot proceed
• Step 2: Find ALL the factors of the number
• Step 3: Count the number of times each factor appears in the decomposition
## Why would need to deal with prime numbers?
Although they are not really covered in basic Algebra, prime numbers play a crucial role in Mathematics, not only Algebra. It seems that primes hold some sort of magic power and they have some incredible properties.
At the basic level, let's consider the fact that every single positive integer admits one and only one prime decomposition to be a sufficiently important property.
### Example: Calculating a prime decomposition
Calculate prime factorization of 3468.
Solution:
First, we need to find all the possible prime divisors of $$n = 3468$$. In this case, it is found that
$3468 = 2\cdot2\cdot3\cdot17\cdot17$
Now, grouping the divisors found above, the following prime decomposition is obtained, in exponential form:
$3468 = 2^2\cdot3\cdot17^2$
This completes the process of the prime decomposition calculation, because no factors can be further decomposed.
### Example: Another prime number
Find the factors of 16.
Solution:< First, we need to find all the possible prime divisors of $$n = 16$$. In this case, it is found that
$16 = 2\cdot2\cdot2\cdot2$
Now, grouping the divisors found above, the following prime decomposition is obtained, in exponential form:
$16 = 2^4$
This completes the process of the prime decomposition calculation, because no factors can be further decomposed.
### Example: Another prime number
Find the factors of 137.
Solution: We need to find all the possible prime divisors of $$n = 137$$. In this case, it is found that the number $$n = 137$$ does not have any factors, and therefore, it is prime, hence, the prime decomposition of $$n = 137$$ is itself.
This completes the process of the prime decomposition calculation, because no factors can be further decomposed.
### Example: Prime decompositions and primes
Is 341 a prime number?
Solution: First, we need to find all the possible prime divisors of $$n = 341$$. In this case, it is found that
$341 = 11\cdot31$
Since there is a factor (11) that is neither 1 nor 341, we conclude that 341 is prime.
## More algebra calculators
Algebra is a very important branch of mathematics, perhaps the most important since it provides the basic grounds for most of the other math fields.
In terms of algebra calculators, you may be interested in computing general algebraic expressions, or also in terms of computing the least common multiple between two numbers, just to mention a few. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8683143854141235, "perplexity": 336.03373485716406}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711637.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210005738-20221210035738-00842.warc.gz"} |
http://rybu.org/comment/4 | # Getting to know ICBC
### Forums:
This is an old and somewhat popular thread from a previous incarnation of my webpage. I'll archive it here. I've put copies of the old documents up on my webpage as the originals have been removed from the ICBC page. You could likely also find them using the WayBack Machine.
I moved to British Columbia in July of 2007, and promptly realized British Columbia is unlike any other place I've lived before. BC is green and the climate is mild. The people are athletic and healthy (at least compared to other parts of Canada), and the culture is mellow and more mediterranean than the rest of Canada. My colleagues and I go out to have a sit-down lunch every day, with tea and coffee afterwards. But I miss the blue skies of Alberta, the thunder and lightning storms, and yes I miss the beautiful frozen winters and the outdoor skating. In my eyes, there's two negatives about BC. The grey, wet boring winters, and the (seemingly) broken institutions of society. That might sound strange coming from somebody from Alberta, but I'm increasingly convinced it's true -- the institutions of BC are lacking compared to everywhere else I've lived. To me a glaring example is the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC).
If you want to drive a vehicle on public roads in BC, you have to have insurance. Provided you're a BC resident, the only company that can legally insure you for your basic insurance is ICBC (edit: I have since found out this might not be quite true. See the comments below). ICBC is a provincially-owned government-run monopoly. Insurance rates are set by the BC Utilities Commission, which is an arm of the provincial government.
Consider this. I have an 1140cc motorcycle which has been insured in several places: Rochester NY, Eugene OR, Edmonton AB, Bonn Germany, Paris France and now Victoria, BC. Insurance for this motorcycle was pretty cheap in Alberta at $160/year. In France my bills added up to about 400 EUR per year. In Germany, it only cost 200 EUR per year (both my European policies insured the bike for all Europe and North Africa). My insurance in Eugene and Rochester was a bit more expensive since it was comprehensive insurance. These policies were about USD$700-$900/year. 3rd party liability insurance would have been in the USD$300/year range at that time. In BC minimal insurance for this motorcycle is $1200/year. At first I thought, this has to be wrong. But I've since learned this is really the insurance rate that is deemed fair in BC. I would like to know why this is considered fair. To find out, I've been talking with the ICBC Ombudsman, Janet McKennon. She originally tried to convince me that I'm getting higher-quality insurance for my money in BC. I tried to convince her that such a statement was very difficult to confirm, and even if it was true, my BC insurance policy is certainly not worth 8 times what my Alberta policy provided me. For the kind of money ICBC is charging me, I'd expect free fuel, oil, tires, and someone to occasionally come into my apartment and clean up after me. Janet eventually helped me to put in a Freedom of Information and Privacy Act request for the ICBC budget, relating specifically to motorcycles. Janet put me in contact with Deborah Hebert, who responded to my information request. Deborah sent me selected portions of these documents: Page 330 of the rate design volume 2 is one of the most relevant bits. There are three particularly interesting columns. • Number of written vehicles is the total number of motorcycle insurance policies. • Earned premiums is the amount of money ICBC takes in for the year on its active policies. • Claims and adjustment expenses incurred is the amount of money lost on those insurance policies. If you add up earned premiums - claims and adjustment expenses over the three 2006 rows (third party total, accident benefits, underinsured motorist) you get the net income of ICBC (presumably this is neglecting their other main expenses -- employee salaries and such). But it gives a nice idea of what the ICBC margins are like. So I take my calculator and add things up to get this figure:$374.15 is the net profit ICBC makes per motorcycle policy, per year (based on the 2006 figure). Considering that this number is more than twice what my motorcycle policy cost in Alberta, I would call this amount of profit extremely excessive.
It's curious that if you go back to previous years, you get rather different numbers. Take a look at the claims and adjustment expeses -- from 2002 to 2005 it shows a steady increase, but then in 2006 there is a sudden drop. I have yet to discover the source of this drop. For example, if you compute the per-policy net profit per year in 2005, you get a loss of \$12.86, which means motorcycle policies in 2005 were subsidised by other vehicle insurance policies.
To anyone that's interested, the ICBC webpages contains loads of information.
• This document contains detailed accident statistics for BC are available here. The most interesting aspect of the document is that it shows the number one type of multi-vehicle accident for a motorcyclist in BC is being rear-ended at an intersection.
California accident statistics for a long time have the number one multi-vehicle motorcycle accident being the failure of the car to yield the right of way (from the "Hurt Report"). The comparable ICBC stats appear on page 92 of the 2005 report. I think the reason for the difference with the California statistics, is that the ICBC stats separate "Left turn across oncoming traffic" with "intersection - right angle". If you combine those two numbers, you get something that looks more like the Hurt Report.
### Must we insure with ICBC?
Technically there appears to be an "out" clause regarding having to insure through ICBC. A corporation is allowed to insure their vehicles elsewhere. Notice that all big car rental companies in BC tend to register and insure their vehicles outside of BC. Do you know anyone that has gone this route, incorporate in a State, register, plate and insure outside of BC?
### ICBC now has a webpage dedicated to the kind of complaint, above
ICBC now attempts to partially address the complaint above with this webpage
In case the webpage changes form, here is the quote:
Why is motorcycle insurance more expensive in BC than other provinces?
Thanks to our mild climate, our motorcycle season is a lot longer here than in other provinces.
When you consider the lack of physical protection motorcycles provide and the longer riding season, you can understand why claims costs such as medical treatment, rehabilitation, and disability payments, have such a significant impact on setting premiums.
When we set our rates for motorcycle premiums, we have to look at a lot of variables, in particular:
• crash history
• driving experience
• cylinder displacement, and
• the need for rates to adequately cover claims costs.
Insurance in other provinces might use a different rating criteria, so their types of mandatory insurance coverage may vary.
Look at the form of the response! We have a longer driving season. So does Oregon, and their prices are cheaper. You can ride much of the year in southern Ontario, as well -- their weather is much like Rochester's.
The second reply is that motorcycles are more dangerous than cars. That isn't a reply to the question. Motorcycles are more dangerous than cars in Alberta, too, and they have a far superior insurance price-point than ICBC.
The third response is to give a vague description of how they set premiums, which at this level of detail isn't really any different than any other insurance company, or province.
The very last point only hints at the real reason: the BC Utilities Commission sets the rates. The BC Utilities Commission appears to have shoddy methods that are not reflective in the actual costs (to ICBC) of offering motorcycle insurance. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21951991319656372, "perplexity": 3019.9102218514536}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511365.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018001031-20181018022531-00438.warc.gz"} |
http://www.archive.org/stream/declinefallofkin00cheyiala/declinefallofkin00cheyiala_djvu.txt | # Full text of "The decline and fall of the Kingdom of Judah;"
## See other formats
7
S^
THE DECLINE AND FALL
OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
OF ANCIENT ISRAEL
A NEW STUDY OF GENESIS AND EXODUS
Demy Zvo. Cloth. Price 1 5S« net.
CRITICA BIBLICA
Demy Zvo. Cloth. Price 1 5Sa »et.
OR IN FIVE SEPARATE PARTS, VIZ.
Part I. — Isaiah and Jeremiah, price 2s. 6d. net.
Part II. — Ezekiel and Minor Prophets, price 3s. net.
Part III. — The Books of Samuel, price 3s. net.
Part IV. — The Books of Kings, price 3s. net
Part V. — Joshua and Judges, price 3s. net.
A. & C. BLACK, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W.
THE
DECLINE AND FALL
OF THE
KINGDOM OF JUDAH
BY
The Rev. T. K. CHEYNE, D.Litt., D.D.
LATE ORIEL PROFESSOR OF INTERPRETATION IN OXFORD UNIVERSITY
AND CANON OF ROCHESTER
LONDON
1908
Digitized by tine Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/declinefallofkinOOcheyiala
DS
117
PREFACE
study which involved somewhat less unpopular critical
presuppositions. The time for that does not seem to have
come, but I think that with a good will students who have
not gone as far as I have will be able to find many useful
facts and ideas in my book. The Introduction contains an
explanation of a theory which is assumed in the following
studies, and which ought to be called, not the Jerahmeelite,
but the North Arabian theory. It also contains answers to
critics, many of whom, as it seems to me, have continued
handed down to us from an earlier age. I hope that those
who misapprehend and misrepresent, or who not less unfortu-
nately ignore me, may be brought to a sense of their in-
justice, without having their feelings wounded, by what I
have written. I should not have sought to answer them if
the injury done to the cause of free inquiry had not been so
great.
Part I. gives an account, as complete as the often
doubtful evidence allows, of that interesting and changeful
period which begins with the finding of the great law-book
in the Temple under Josiah, and ends with the destruction
of Jerusalem. It has, of course, not been possible to treat
this portion of history without reference to an earlier period.
The contents of the work called Traditions and Beliefs of
Ancient Israel have therefore had to be frequently referred
to. As to the higher criticism, it will be clear that my
vi DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
conclusions on Genesis and Exodus throw considerable
doubt on the strict accuracy of its results. The time has
not come, however, to revise these results. I have, there-
fore, provisionally adopted the generally accepted statements.
Professor Eerdmans' relative conservatism in textual matters
makes it unwise to follow him implicitly, suggestive as his
recent work on the composition of Genesis may be. I am,
however, glad of his support in the view that the narrators
of Genesis, generally speaking, believed in more than one
god. If he has ignored my own work, that is no reason
why I should ignore or depreciate his.
Part II. contains a study of the Israelite law-books,
with the exception of the Priestly Code, which, though it
certainly contains a kernel of older date, is in its present
form naturally considered to be post-exilic. Both here and
elsewhere the point of view is that set forth in Traditions
and Beliefs and in the Introduction, which, while recognising
both direct and indirect Babylonian influence on Palestine,
finds in the extant evidence a larger amount of reference to
N. Arabian influence, both political and religious.
In conclusion, I may draw attention to a passage in the
Introduction relative to the one-sided character of the
literary monuments of the pre-exilic period, which helps to
account for the large number of problems which are very
plausibly solved by the N. Arabian theory. I think that
this suggestion makes for peace. The present condition ol
the study of the Old Testament is far from satisfactory;
there is still a sad amount of partisanship, though the points
at issue have changed. ' Give peace in our time, O Lord ! '
Oxford, Sept. i8, 1908.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction ix
PART I
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE KINGDOM
OF JUDAH
CHAPTER I
Introductory — From Hezekiah to Josiah ... 3
CHAPTER II
The Story of the Finding of the Book ... 8
CHAPTER III
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS AND THE REFORMATION . . 1 6
CHAPTER IV
Jeremiah's Attitude — Josiah's Defeat and Death —
Fear of the North Arabians 32
CHAPTER V
Jehoahaz — Jehoiakim — His Contest with Jeremiah —
Portraits of Kings in Jeremiah — Jehoiakim to
HAVE NO Public Mourning — Litany of Lamentation,
ITS Value for the History of Religion ... 44
vii
viii DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
CHAPTER VI
PAGE
JEHOIAKIM {continued) — THE Invasion (or Invasions)— The
Two Babels — Jehoiachin — Jeremiah's and Ezekiel's
Utterances — Jehoiachin's Captivity — Turn in his
Fortunes 56
CHAPTER VII
Zedekiah — Morality and Religion — Ezek. viii. . . 70
Special Notes 85
PART II
THE LAW-BOOKS (EXCEPTING THE PRIESTLY CODE)
CHAPTER I
The Two Decalogues — The Book of Covenant . . 99
CHAPTER II
Deuteronomy — Introductory 109
CHAPTER III
The Legislative Kernel (chaps, xii.-xxvi.) . . ,112
CHAPTER IV
The First Preamble (l i-iv. 43) 133
CHAPTER V
The Second Preamble (iv. 44-xi.) 145
CHAPTER VI
Concluding Sections (xxvn.-xxxiv.) 153
Index 185
INTRODUCTION
THE ' JERAHMEELITE ^ THEORY' A MISTAKEN NAME FOR
A GENUINE THING, WITH AN ANSWER TO CRITICS,
AND OTHER PRELIMINARIES
I
In the present Introduction the writer, with much reluctance,
deserts the paths of simple inquiry and exposition. He
will not, however, try the reader's patience by condescending
to the procedure of ordinary controversialists. The attacks
directed against him may often have been of a singular
vehemence. But the only mode of self-defence that he will
adopt is the removal of misapprehensions. Very likely the
most violent of his assailants may pass over these pages,
but there must still be some unspoiled Bible-students who
value the jewel of an open mind, and who would say to the
writer as the Roman Jews said to St. Paul, " We desire to
hear of thee what thou thinkest." What is it, then, that
requires to be freed from misapprehensions ? It is the
N. Arabian theory in its fullest form. It is here con-
tended that Arabia, and more distinctly North Arabia,
exercised no slight political and religious influence upon
Israel, especially upon the region commonly known as
Judah. And now, as always, the writer will combine this
with a Babylonian theory, viz, that, subsequently to a great
migration of Jerahmeelites and kindred Arabian peoples in
a remote century (B.C. 2500 ?), and again later, Babylonian
1 The present Introduction, in a shortened form, has appeared in
the Hibbert Journal^ October 1908. Hence the irregular spelling,
'Jerahmeel' for ' Yerahme'el,' 'Mizrim' for ' Misrim.'
X DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
culture exercised a wide influence on Syria and Palestine,
and that South Arabia too, which was within the Baby-
lonian sphere of influence, and about which we may hope
soon to know much more,^ profoundly affected North Arabia,
and, through North Arabia, South Palestine. Both directly
and indirectly, therefore, Palestine received a powerful and
permanent stimulus from Babylonian culture.
The portion of this complex theory which is most
sharply attacked is one which claims to be based, not only on
inscriptional evidence, but also on passages of the Old Testa-
ment. The question whether it really has an Old Testament
basis has not yet, I think, received half enough attention.
This is unfortunate. The South Arabian evidence may be
only probable ; the Assyrian and the Hebrew may, in my
opinion, be called decisive. Open-minded students may
well be surprised that there should be Biblical scholars of
the first and second rank who fail to see this, and who,
strong in their presumed security, not only attack the N.
Arabian theory themselves, but warn their pupils or readers
against it as a phantasy.
It may perhaps be objected that the keenest adversaries
are a relatively small number of persons, who, being on
these questions orthodox, may be expected to show the
qualities characteristic of orthodoxies. In reply, lapsing
into the first person, I admit that the most hostile writers
may be comparatively few, but when a number of the larger
and less bitter class, in paraphrasing a simple narrative of
the origin of a book, succeeds in transforming an act of
generosity into an act of calculating prudence,^ even a saint
might feel justified in breaking silence. Is this, then, the
right way for a young convert to the historical spirit
(for such Prof. Witton Davies is) to treat a work of some
originality ? I know that it is hard to enter into a new
point of view, but those who cannot yet do this are scarcely
^ The death of Eduard Glaser the explorer makes it probable that
available to scholars.
2 I am sorry to have to point this out, for Prof. Davies is zealous for
the higher education in Wales. But it is inevitable. See Review of
Theology, etc., edited by Prof. Menzies, May 1908, p. 689, and cp.
Traditions and Beliefs of Ancient Israel, p. v, ' To the Reader.'
INTRODUCTION xi
qualified reviewers. It is disappointing, but I must confess
that hitherto only ' one man among a thousand have I
found' (Eccles. vii. 28), and he is an American. Prof.
Davies says that he is also an ex-Baptist, and that he has
' defended some points of Jerahmeelism.' Apparently the
two things go together.
Professor Nathaniel Schmidt (the ' one man ' referred
to) has written an article in the Hibbert Journal (January
1908), entitled 'The "Jerahmeel" Theory and the Historic
Importance of the Negeb.' The opening words remind me
too much of the misleading title of another American article,
' Israel or Jerahmeel.' ^ The truth is that there are other
ethnic or regional names of N. Arabia — Mizrim, Asshur,
Cush — which would have as much right to form part of the
title of the theory as Jerahmeel, I would dissuade, how-
ever, from parading any of these names in a title. Let the
names be well studied, remembering the important questions
symbolised by them, but let not any one of them be singled
out to the disparagement of the rest. If I now give an
incomplete study of one of the names, the reader will under-
stand that it is not with the object of making a new title
for a theory.
The passages which I am about to consider are some of
those which contain the N. Arabian regional name, Asshur
(or Shur) or Ashhur, perhaps the A'shur of Minaean inscrip-
tions.^ And first, let us study Gen. xxv. 3 and Ezek.
xxvii. 23. In the former, Asshur[im] ^ is connected most
closely with Dedan, and only less closely with Sheba, which
are both admittedly N. Arabian. In the latter, Asshur
stands between Sheba and Kilmad, both which one expects
to be N. Arabian. Kilmad is no doubt corrupt, but the
origin is plain. KLMD has come from RKML, which, like
the place-name KRML, represents Jerahmeel.
Next Gen. xxv. 1 8. Here, certainly, Asshur is best
explained as a N. Arabian regional name. The true
^ See American Journal of Theology, October 1907 (article by
Prof. H. P. Smith).
- See the inscription Glaser 11 55, first pointed out by Hommel.
See p. XV (n. 5).
3 Prof. Ed. Meyer is bold enough to question the existence of
Asshurim {Die Israeliten, p. 220).
xii DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
rendering is, * And they dwelt from Havilah unto Shur,
which is in front {i.e. eastward) of Mizrim.' To this an
ancient gloss is added, ' in the direction of Asshur ' ; Shur
is the short for Asshur.
Another passage is Gen. xxiv. 63. Here no doubt
the text is corrupt, but the right correction, for those
who are not * naturally prejudiced,' is transparent. But
let us first look at the traditional text, which may be
represented thus, ' And Isaac went out to x in the field
at eventide.' Here x stands for a word which is corrupt
and untranslatable — in short, an unknown quantity. A list
of the widely different renderings of commentators would at
once make this clear. And until we try some new methods
we shall still continue to be baffled ; x will remain x. If,
however, we overcome our ' natural prejudice ' and apply the
new methods, we shall see that the true reading (for x) is
' to Asshur,' which should probably be restored to verse 62,
where a place-name is really wanted. Thus we get for
verses 62, 63, ' Now Isaac had come to Ashhur from the
way {i.e. the caravan road) to the Well of Jerahmeel, for he
was a dweller in the Negeb. And Isaac went out into the
field at eventide,' etc. Ashhur was probably, not the region
so called, but the city where Ephron and, for a time,
Abraham dwelt, and which was called, corruptly, Kiriath-
arba', i.e. Ashhoreth-'Arab.^ The Well of Jerahmeel, mis-
called Beer-lahai-roi, was no doubt the great central well of
the north Jerahmeelite country. For a definite view of the
situation of this country we may turn to Gen. xxv. 18,
Another interesting passage is i Sam. xxiv. 14 (cp. the
parallel, xxvi. 20). Does our Bible really give us the
original writer's meaning? With tasteless servility the
chivalrous David is here made to say — what every one
remembers and wonders at. The true reading, however, of
the closing words is, not "irrN t&:&"iD, but nntDN NID, 'a wild
ass of Ashhur.' A good part of the wide region called
Asshur or Ashhur was no doubt steppe country, where wild
asses delighted to roam (Job xxxix. 5-8). That, surely, is
a figure both fine in itself and specially appropriate for
^ See Traditions and Beliefs., pp. 337/, 349/
INTRODUCTION xiii
David, who roamed at large in the south country like a
wild ass.
We have seen where an early narrator placed the N.
Arabian Asshur. It is quite another thing to be able to
locate it on the map. It is also troublesome that we
have two N. Arabian Asshurs to provide for, there being
apparently two uses of the name, a narrower and a
wider.^ There was an Asshur which probably adjoined,
and anciently may have included, the Negeb, and another
which was some way from Southern Palestine, and whose
king at some period claimed suzerainty over the smaller
kingdoms to the north, including especially Mizrim. One
might possibly identify this with Meluha, which, as an
inscription of Sargon tells us, adjoined Muzri. The capital
was probably called Babel.^
II
I have mentioned these things, partly to justify my
objection to the phrases * the Jerahmeel theory ' and
' Jerahmeelism,' partly because of the intrinsic importance
of the result to which the facts appear to point, viz. that the
rulers of a distant Arabian land, called conventionally by the
Israelites Asshur or Ashhur, were strong enough to invade
the Negeb and the land of Judah, and were confounded by
later scribes with kings of Assyria. The cause of the
confusion is obvious ; it is that the tradition of Assyrian
invasions was still in circulation. Parallels for the con-
fusion are given elsewhere (pp. Z6 ff.\ I may therefore now
proceed to explain another regional name Mizrim, or, in
1 Hommel, however, who knows only of one Asshur, thinks that it
extended from the Wady el-Arish ( = the nahal Mizritn ?) to Beer-sheba
and Hebron, and that it is the A'shur mentioned, together with Muzr,
in a Minaean inscription dating, according to him, before looo B.C.
Winckler, however, makes the inscription several centuries later, and
others (e.^. N. Schmidt) bring it down to Cambyses. It is interesting
that in crusading times there was a thick forest, called Assur, near
the coast, some way to the north of Jaffa (Maspero in the Leemans
memorial volume).
2 Among the curiosities of Prof. Witton Davies (Rev. of Theology,
p. 692) is a Babel in the Negeb, for which I am not responsible.
xiv DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
sion to use. Whether it means ' border region ' seems to
me doubtful ; the true meaning of regional names is not
always the most plausible one. There is, however, one
result of criticism which seems to me to have not been
overthrown either by Ed. Meyer, or by Flinders Petrie, or
by the newest writer, A. T. Olmstead : ^ it is that there
was a second land of Mizrim or Muzri, not indeed in the
Negeb (as the latest writer strangely supposes Winckler to
think), but in a tract of N. Arabia extending perhaps as far
south as Medina, and in the north probably not far removed
from the better-known Mizrim,^ i.e. the Nile Valley. Many
equally strange doublings of regional names will at once
occur to the scholar. For instance, it is an irrefutable
historical fact, not dependent on i K. x. i8, 2 K. vii. 6f
that there was a third Muzri in N. Syria.* The Assyrian
inscriptions state that it sent tribute to Shalmaneser II., and
that its king was afterwards a vassal of Damascus.
Among younger scholars one may refer with pleasure to
L. B. Paton and Wilhelm Erbt, but it is a misfortune that
Prof N. Schmidt's pupil, A. T. Olmstead, should have ex-
pressed himself so strongly against Winckler (other critics
on the same side are not even mentioned), because strong
language always makes it difficult to turn back, especially
when you have made such a huge mistake again and again as
to represent your opponent as believing in a Negeb Muzri.
I sorely fear that Prof Ed. Meyer is not unaffected by this.
Fortunately Winckler is great even as a controversialist.
Fortunately, too, it is admitted by all that there are some
inscriptional references to Muzri which cannot possibly
mean either a N. Syrian state or the land which we know
as Egypt.
Things being so, we must give our best attention to any
evidence adduced from Assyrian or Egyptian sources, and
^ Western Asia in the days of S argon of Assyria (1908), pp. 56-71.
2 Mizrim and Mizraim are virtually the same. See Enc. Biblica,
* Mizraim.'
2 The plausibleness of Winckler's view may be frankly admitted.
Olmstead's remarks {op. cit. p. 58) hardly do justice to this.
* According to the later boundaries.
INTRODUCTION xv
the newest writer on Biblical archaeology ^ refers me, in
correction of my own views, to Prof. Flinders Petrie. Be
it so. Eager and impetuous, alike as an explorer and as a
writer. Prof Petrie must produce some effect, even though it
may not be altogether what he desires. I therefore turn to
his latest expression of opinion, and what do I find ? He
tells us that the theory of a second Muzri is a fantastic
result of unchecked literary criticism.^ Have we really to
believe this ? I admit that all unchecked criticism is
dangerous ; but how can the Muzri theory (for me, a part
of a larger theory — the N. Arabian), based as it is on
inscriptional as well as literary evidence, be an example of
this ? Or will it be asserted that unchecked inferences from
inscriptions are less dangerous ? Can one, for instance,
infer from the fact that ' Sinai ' contains Egyptian monu-
ments down to the 2oth dynasty (Petrie, 1 202-1 102 B.C.),
and from that other fact (if it be such) that the Egyptian
frontier stretched across into S. Palestine at many periods,
that a Hebrew writer would call the added region Mizraim ?
Yet Prof Petrie draws this inference, while frankly admitting
(Researc/ies, p. viii) that * there is no trace (in Sinai) of any
permanent garrison.' Elsewhere ^ this scholar speaks of the
supposed Muzri as situated in ' the almost uninhabited
desert' Such an assertion, however, is arbitrary. As
Hugo Winckler remarks, ' If Roman civilisation penetrated
into this region under Roman rule. Oriental civilisation
penetrated before under Oriental rule,' nor can we doubt
that stimulating influences came from the more developed
culture of S. Arabia, especially if Winckler is right in
supposing that the king of Meluha (W. Arabia), who was
probably the suzerain of Muzri, was the head of the Minaean
empire,* i.e. that the archaising phrase, ' king of Meluha,'
should rather be 'king of Ma'in.'^ At any rate, N.
^ See Prehistoric Archceology and the Old Testament, by H, J.
Dukinfield Astley, M.A., Litt.D., 1908.
2 Researches in Sinai, p. 195.
3 History of Egypt, iii. 283.
* KAT^^\ pp. 141/!; cp. Musri, Meluhha, Ma^in (Mitteil, der
Vorderasiat. Ges.), 1898.
^ There is a Minaean inscription (Glaser 1155) in which a district
called Misran (postpositive article) and another district called Ma'in
xvi DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
Arabia cannot fail to have been affected in many ways
by the more civilised south. The tillage of any productive
parts of the land, especially the important oases, would
certainly not have been exempt from this influence.
I have now to speak of passages respecting Muzri in the
Assyrian inscriptions. And first of all, of the passage in
which Tiglath-Pileser III. states that he appointed Idi-bi'lu
(evidently an Arabian, not [as Meyer, Kuchler, Olmstead] a
tribe) to be kipu {kiputu)^ or, as we, thinking of Indian states,
might say, a * resident ' over Muzri.^ Where was this Muzri
situated? In 1889 Winckler supposed the reference to be
to the N. Syrian Muzri, but in 1893, with more Tiglath-
Pileser texts before him, he was able (in my opinion) to show
that a N. Arabian Muzri would alone satisfy the conditions
of the case. Prof Petrie, however, whom our latest Biblical
archaeologist brings up against me, interprets this Muzri as,
not indeed the Nile Valley, but either what he calls Sinai or
the isthmus of Suez. One or two chiefs on the eastern side
of the Egyptian empire, who had acquired their independence,
resident. The theory takes no account of the other facts
adduced by Winckler, and implies that the Assyrian king
Next, I will refer to an inscription of Sargon. It tells
how Jamani (probably a Jamanite or Javanite of N. Arabia),^
an adventurer put up by the anti-Assyrian party in Ashdod,
Misran are mentioned as being under a Minaean viceroy (133). See
Winckler, Altor. Forsch. i. 29, 2)7>1- According to Olmstead, the
Misran here mentioned is 'naturally taken (by Winckler) to be his
Negeb Musri ' {Sargon, p. 59). That is not the case. Winckler says,
'only the N. Arabian region el-Misr and the Minasan colonies in N.
Arabia (inscriptions of el-Oela !) can be meant.' It should be noticed
that A'shur is also mentioned, and carefully distinguished from Misr.
The question arises, Is this the N. Arabian Asshur of the O.T. which
the commentators agree to pass over ?
' See Winckler, Die jungsten Kdmpfer wider den Par.-Babylonismus,
p. 42.
- Less probably a Phoenician or (so, after Winckler, Olmstead,
Sargon of Assyria, pp. 77 /■) a Greek from Cyprus, or (Winckler,
Musri, etc., p. 26, n. i) a man of Jemen (Yemen). Like Jamani, Omri,
Zimri, and Tibni were all probably adventurers from N. Arabia (see
E. Bib.). As for Winckler, what is the history of the name Jemen ?
Did ' Jaman ' ( = Jerahmeel, p. xxxvi) extend to S. Arabia ?
INTRODUCTION ' xvii
fled before Sargon ' to the region of Muzur which is at the
entrance to Meluha.' This at least is Winckler's present
translation. I do not know whether it is the correct one.
It is possible to render ' to the border of Muzur, which {i.e.
Muzur) is beside Meluha,' which Prof. Petrie paraphrases, ' to
the frontier of the Egyptian power in Sinai which joins on
to Arabia.' This, he says, is 'a perfectly sound expression.'
It is at any rate sound English, but in what sense can it
have been said that the region which Prof. Petrie designates
Sinai was distinct from Meluha? And can Meluha be
rightly paraphrased ' Arabia ' ? The inference which Prof.
Petrie, and now too (June 1908) a young American scholar,^
have not drawn from the Assyrian phraseology, but surely
ought to have drawn, is that the Muzur referred to by Sargon
needed to be distinguished from some other Muzur, i.e.
naturally, from Egypt.
I see no necessity for discussing these points further.
Dr. Astley has accused me (not discourteously) of rashness
on the ground of historical statements of Prof. Petrie, and
these statements, upon examination, prove to be very
doubtful. The chance, however, remains that some other
writer may compel my assent. Let us search the more
recent books and magazines.
I have no doubt that all honest work contains elements
of truth. But though both Kuchler ^ and Olmstead ^ are
promising young scholars, and have really worked at the
inscriptions, they are (as I have pointed out elsewhere) not
open-minded enough for their criticisms on older scholars
(which contain serious inaccuracies) to be accepted. Prof.
Eerdmans, too, a scholar of higher rank, in his notice of my
second Psalter in the Theologisch Tijdschrift, has fallen into
grave misapprehensions, and is hampered by an inflexible
textual conservatism. I turn therefore unsatisfied from
Leyden to St. Andrews, and look into the useful review
^ See Olmstead, Sargon, p. 79, who remarks, most unsatisfactorily,
* When Musuri is said to be sha pat of the region of Meluha, need it
mean more than that the fact of Ethiopic control was known in Nineveh?'
2 Die Stellung des Propheten Jesaja, etc., Tubingen, 1906 ; reviewed
in Rev. of Theologv, Jan. 1907.
^ Western Asia in the Days of Sargon of Assyria, New York,
1908.
b
xviii DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
edited by Prof. Menzies. Here another young scholar
appears, Prof. Witton Davies by name. I have already
had to speak of him ; he doubtless wishes to promote Old
Testament researches, but I cannot see on what lines he
expects to do this. At any rate he firmly holds that every
form of the N. Arabian theory is ' impossible.' How, he
demands to be told, can two peoples, both called Mizrites,
' have existed side by side without some notice of the fact ? '
And must not an exodus from a N. Arabian land of Mizrim
' have been known to at least the oldest writers (Amos, etc.)
of the Bible, who connect it with the well-known Egypt ? '
indeed, I have elsewhere criticised them already. To Prof.
Witton Davies, however, I may continue my remarks. First,
it is too much to assert that ' no notice of the fact ' was ever
given. One notice we have found already in Sargon's
inscription, and in such O.T. passages as Deut. iv, 20,
Ps. Ixxviii. 51, cv. 27, cvi. 21, 22, a reference to N. Arabia
(rather than to Egypt) is guaranteed by the rule of
synonymous parallelism. Prof Witton Davies may indeed
question this in Deut. iv. 20, but the phrase 'the furnace of
iron ' has no meaning, and only prejudice can oppose the
methodical textual correction, * the furnace of Arabia of
Ishmael ' (see p. 144). Still less can it be denied that
' Mizrim ' in the passages from the Psalms is synonymously
parallel to ' Ham.' What, then, does this strange, short name
signify? I think I have answered the question elsewhere
(see p. xxvii). It is an abridgment of the form 'Jarham,'
and is therefore equivalent to the racial as well as tribal name
'Jerahmeel' Passing to the second point, how can any
critic prove that references in Amos and Hosea to ' the land
of Mizrim ' in connexion with the exodus mean ' the land
of Egypt ' ? A thorough study of Amos and Hosea seems
to point rather to the land of Mizrim in N. Arabia.
HI
I turn much more hopefully to Prof Nathaniel Schmidt,
both because he has attracted the censure of an opponent of
my own, and because I know that, like Chaucer's priest,
INTRODUCTION xix
previous changes of opinion conclusively prove this. He is
aware of the complexity of the problems before us, and fair
enough to hold that neither Winckler's theories nor my own
can possibly be as absurd as Prof Eduard Meyer and
his younger allies suppose. At present he inclines to think
that the kings of Muzri spoken of in certain Assyrian
inscriptions were not kings or viceroys of a somewhat ex-
tensive N. Arabian region, but dynasts residing either in
Egypt or in districts adjoining it on the east, and also that
the region called in these inscriptions Meluha was not
Western Arabia, but Ethiopia. I am sorry that Prof.
Schmidt should defend this, and against it would refer to
Prof Winckler's able reply to Eduard Meyer.^ The latter
scholar is widely different in tone from Prof. Schmidt, and
his self-confidence seems to me unjustifiable.
Still, I do not myself belong to the irreconcilables, and,
agreeing on this point with Winckler, am willing to make an
admission in the interests alike of peace and of truth. It
may be true that Meyer's view of Muzri and Meluha has
fewer elements of truth than Winckler's in the inscriptional
passages to which a Muzri and Meluha theory is applied.
But it seems possible that Egypt and Musri alike, and Magan
and Meluha, represented to the Babylonians the southern
part of the earth.^ The door is thus opened for different
geographical uses of these names. Magan, for instance, may
mean the east and south of Arabia, but also Nubia. At the
same time, how can we believe that any Hebrew writer can
have regarded Hagar as an Egyptian ? The connotation of
Mizrim must by a certain time have shrunk, leaving room
for a twofold interpretation, Egypt and N. Arabia. Similarly
Meluha may perhaps have come to mean either Ethiopia or
West Arabia.
Prof. Davies is shocked by all this ' confusion which,
according to Winckler, abounds in our Bible,' and, referring
elegantly to myself, finds it * impossible that all our notions
of ancient geography should be so muddled and muddling.' ^
^ Die jiingsten Kdmpfer wider den Pan-Babylonisjuus, Leipzig,
1907. 2 See Winckler, E. Bib., ' Sinai,' §§ 4, 7.
3 Review of Theology and Philosophy, May 1908, p. 697.
XX DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
But can any critic assert that our ' notions * of ancient
Arabian geography were ever precise ? This was Prof.
Schmidt's great difficulty. For a long time he hesitated as
a student of the new theories because of his * ignorance of a
region of which we had no good maps and no accurate
descriptions.' Hence, when Winckler ceased to identify the
nahal Mizrim (usually Mizraim) with the Wddy el-Arishy and
maintained that it was ' the stream that rushes into the sea
at Raphia,' he reserved his own opinion till he could examine
the locality. Winckler's difficulty, of course, was that he
was loth to accuse a capable Assyrian scribe of topographical
vagueness. Nor does Winckler speak of a ' rushing stream.'
He is much too careful for that, and expressly remarks that
even an insignificant water-course might have political and
legendary importance. Whether this is a conclusive argu-
ment, is very doubtful. A water-course like the Wady
el-Arish must surely have been specially distinguished in
phraseology. I have not myself seen the wady, but the
description of it given by the late Lieut. Haynes seems to
me ground sufficient for adhering to the usual view.
Winckler's comment on the Assyrian passage, however, is
certainly interesting.
But the Cornell professor's interest centres in the Negeb
— that region at the extreme south of Palestine which forms
the transition to North Arabia, and which his assistant,
Dr. Olmstead, so strangely makes Winckler identify with
Muzri. The cause of his interest is manifest — it is the close
association of localities in the Negeb with the history of
religion. Some of the eloquent sentences in which he sums
up his views sound almost like passages from the article on
Prophecy in the Encyclopczdia Biblica. Nor can I avoid
mentioning that he still holds the opinion that ' the Jerah-
meelite [rather N. Arabian] theory unquestionably promises
to throw much light on the obscure history of the Negeb.' ^
Among the points of detail referred to by Prof Schmidt is the
origin of the Cherethites, who, in David's early time, occupied
a section of the Negeb. Were they really Philistines who
had come over from Crete ? Prof Schmidt thinks so, and the
view is widely held ; it is indeed as old as the Septuagint.
1 E. Bib., « Scythians,' § 8.
INTRODUCTION xxi
We know, however, that Cherethites and Pelethites formed
the bodyguard of King David, and it cannot be called likely
that this force was composed partly of Semitised descendants
of a Cretan race (Cherethites), partly of fully Semitic Arabian
tribesmen, akin to David (Pelethites). The prevalent theory
is based on i Sam. xxx. i6 (cp. v. 14). But is it certain
that ' the land of the Philistines ' is not equivalent to ' the
land of the Pelethites ' ? Is it certain, too, that David's
suzerain the king of Gath was a Philistine?^ If Achish
were a Philistine, is it likely that he would have accepted
David as a vassal, or that David would have wished to
become one .'' And is it not plain that Gath and Ziklag
lay farther south than is consistent with their being in the
ordinary sense Philistian localities ?
Who the Cherethites were, will, I hope, appear presently.
At present I devote myself to the very difficult name
' Philistine ' ("TIQjSd). It is most obvious to identify it with
' Purusati,' the first on the list of the * sea-peoples,' which,
were opposed on land and sea by Rameses III. We cannot,
however, infer from this (assuming it to be correct) that Saul
and David had to deal with Semitised descendants of the
Purusati. Indeed, with Hommel I am of opinion that those
of the Purusati who remained in Palestine found it convenient
to settle in the north. Prof Schmidt will admit that this
view is perfectly tenable, and that my theory that the seem-
ingly express references to Philistines in the O.T. are due to
a confusion between Pelishtim and Pelethim is at any rate
plausible. For my own part I cannot recall any other
critical theory of which even this can be said. The confusion
referred to must have spread widely in Palestine, and have
been current even among the most highly educated class,
from whom, in the eighth century, the Assyrian scribes must
have derived it. We need not therefore emend ' Philistines '
into ' Pelethites,' provided that, in our translations, we attach
to the former a marginal gloss, ' that is, Pelethites.' There
is evidence enough that the O.T. writers really meant, not
1 A king of Ekron is called I-ka-u-su in an inscription of Esarhaddon.
But (l ) the reading is somewhat uncertain, and (2) in any case a Pelethite
might have borne the name.
xxii DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
what the ordinary student means by ' Philistines,' but some
population in South Palestine or North Arabia which in-
habited not only the Negeb (i Sam. xxx. i6), but Gerar
(Gen. XX., xxvi.) and the so-called five Philistine cities
(Josh. xiii. 3).
And who were those ' Pelethites ' ^ whom I am virtually
substituting for the familiar Philistines ? Let us look at the
evidence.^ {a) In three of the so-called Philistine cities
Joshua is said to have found Anakites (Josh. xi. 22) ; now
p3i; is to be grouped with ]5l^, ;pi;, ]pi?\ ]i;3D, p'pDi;, all of which
names (even pD3) are of N. Arabian origin,^ and very possibly
arose out of popular corruptions of f?NDm\ ij)) In i Sam.
vii. 14, after a statement that Israel recovered its lost
territory from the Philistines, we read that ' there was peace
between Israel and the Amorites.' Now, the probability
is that ""nDN, like the clan-name "idn from DnN, has come by
a popular transposition of letters from ""DTn, ' one belonging to
(the southern) Aram.' {c) In Judges xiv, 3, xv. 18, i Sam.
xiv. 6, xvii. 26, 36, xxxi. 4, 2 Sam. i. 20, we find h^^
(Arel[ite]), D''7*ii? (Arelites), either in the text or as a gloss,
where tiid'pd (Pelishti), DTICD^d (Pelishtim), or rather ti^d
(Pelethi), DTi^D (Pelethim), are meant. Now Arel[i] is only
a popular corruption of Jerahmeel[i], unless indeed any one
rendering.* (oT) In i Chr. ii. 25-33, which is based on old
traditions, we have a record in genealogical form of a
number of Jerahmeelite peoples or clans. If we look closely
at the names we shall see that some of them at least are
corruptions either of Jerahmeel, or of some equivalent name,
such as Ishmael, Asshur, Ashkar, or Ashtar. Thus, Ram is
the same name as Aram (see p. xxxv) ; Jether comes from
Ashtar ; ' Atarah also from Ashtar, but with the feminine
ending; Jamin is a modification of Jaman (see p. 64, n. i),
1 See E. Bib. 'Pelethites' ; T. and B. p. 312.
2 The difficulties in Josh. xi. 22 and i Sam. vii. 14 have already
been pointed out by Mr, S. A. Cook {Critical Notes on O.T. History^
p. 44).
3 T. and B. pp. 121, 175.
* If the reader will hunt up the references to ' uncircumcision ' in the
O.T., and avail himself of the help I have offered, he will receive an
agreeable shock of surprise.
INTRODUCTION xxiii
and * Eker of Ashkar ; while Peleth, like Tubal (Gen. x. 2) and
Tophel (Dt. 1. i), comes from Ethbal, an ancient corruption
of Ishmael. In short, the phrase Peleth ben Jerahmeel
indicates that the Pelethites were one of the many peoples
into which the ancient Jerahmeelite or Ishmaelite race broke
up. According to Am. ix. 7 the Philistines, i.e. the Pelethites,
came from Caphtor, and the original reading of Gen. x. 14
probably agreed with this ; Caphtor (TiriDD) is not Crete,^ but
an Arabian region, and by a permutation of letters the name
has not improbably come from n*inm (Rehoboth). Thus
we see at last what the Cherethites were, viz., certainly N.
Arabians, and probably Rehobothites ; and since Cherethites,
like Cherith, has almost certainly the same origin as Caphtor,
and the Pelethites, in the true text of Amos, are said to have
migrated from Caphtor, we may reasonably hold that tradi-
tion admitted no difference between Cherethites and Pelethites.
See further on Dt. ii. 23, and T. and B. pp. 191 /
So much for the names, which, here as elsewhere,
symbolise historical facts. But was David really (as I have
said) a kinsman of the Pelethites ? Most probably. How
else could he so easily have obtained a hold on the Negeb,
and become, as Prof Schmidt puts it, ' the creator of the
Judaean state ' ? Did not one of his sisters marry an
Ishmaelite ^ (2 Sam. xvii. 25), and he himself take one of his
two first wives from (the southern) Jezreel (i Sam, xxv. 43) ?
It is true he is said to have been born at Bethlehem of Judah
(i Sam. xvii. 12). But there were doubtless several places
called Bethlehem ; * lehem ' is a popular variation of some
shortened form of Jerahmeel (like melah in the witty phrase
ge-melah, ' valley of salt ' !), so that we can well believe that
there were several Bethlehems, and that one was in Zebulun,
another {Beit-Lahvi) in the later Judah, and another in the
Negeb of Judah. It is also true that David's father is called
1 See T. and B. ip. 191. That there are graves in a certain stratum
of the remains of Gezer (supposed, from 2 S. v. 25, to be a Philistine
city) containing objects which show ' a fairly strong Cretan affinity '
(Myres), must not override the strong textual evidence adverse to the
identification of Caphtor with Crete.
2 See I Chr. ii. 16/. In 2 Sam. I.e. Ishmael is confounded with
Israel, as probably in Ezek. viii. 10 (see pp. 74/).
xxiv DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
an Ephrathite (i Sam. xvii. 12). But the same appellation
is given to Samuel's father (i Sam. i. i), who was doubtless
of southern origin ; indeed, the Septuagint expressly calls
him a ' son of Jerahmeel ' (the Hebrew text has ' son of
Jarham,' which means the same thing). Hence, unless we
assume two inconsistent traditions, and neglect i Chron.
ii. 19, 24, we must obviously hold that there was a Calebite
or Jerahmeelite district called Ephrath.
IV
Thus on the Philistine question I agree more nearly with
Mr. Stanley A. Cook {Critical Notes, 1907) than with Prof
Schmidt. But I have still quite sufficient points of contact
with the latter respecting the Jerahmeelites and the Negeb.
Not that even here we are completely agreed. I think that
Israelites and Jerahmeelites began to mingle as early as the
Exodus.^ It also seems to me to stand to reason that the
Jerahmeelites called Cherethites and Pelethites not merely
served David in his bodyguard, but intermarried with Israel,
and settled in the enlarged territory of J udah. I should not
venture to say without qualification that it was David who
made Yahweh the god of Israel, for I think that long before
David's time the priesthood represented by Jethro incorpor-
ated a number of Israelite clans into the people (federation)
of the Jerahmeelite God Yahweh, an event which marks the
entrance of the original Israel upon a more settled stage of
life. But we must, of course, acknowledge that David did
much to heighten the prestige of the cult of Yahweh as
practised at Jerusalem.
With regard to Moses, Prof Schmidt held at one time
that he was the historical creator of Israel, who gave to this
people a new divinity, Yahweh. Now, however, he sees
that Moses is a ' mythical figure,' whose home was first in
Midian and then in Kadesh-Barnea, agreeing in essentials
with the article 'Moses' (^§ 14, 17) in the Encyclopcedia
Biblica. In details the writer of that article might not always
agree with the American professor. But on this important
^ See T. and B. p. 546, and cp. p. 382.
INTRODUCTION xxv
point he has the support both of Prof. Schmidt and of
Prof. Ed. Meyer, viz., that ' modern historical research, when
it seeks for the earhest history of the Hebrew tribes, must
travel away from Egypt into N.W. Arabia.' Whether these
two scholars agree in inferring from the supposed Egyptian
names Moses and Phinehas that the priestly families of
not know. It is at any rate Prof. Meyer's view, but I trust
that no one will be so rash as to adopt it. I observe that
Prof, Schmidt congratulates himself (p. 338) that his own
and Prof. Meyer's main conclusion ' does not in the least
depend upon the acceptance of the Muzri theory.' The
statement is literally correct. I venture, however, to think
that the conclusion referred to would be stronger if the two
scholars did accept that theory, and if one of them at least
did not support a disproved explanation of nOD (Moses) and
the less probable of the two explanations of Phinehas.^ It
may be added that even if the tradition of the sojourn of the
Hebrew clans in Muzri be rejected, it supplies valuable
evidence of the N. Arabian connexion of the Israelites and
of Moses. But I for my part question whether that tradition
ought altogether to be abandoned.
On another matter this fair-minded critic proclaims his
agreement with me (p. 333). He thinks that I have 'rightly
divined ' Jerahmeelite influence upon Judah in post-exilic
times. It is indeed certain that Jerahmeelite tribes under
whatever names were driven north in the Persian period by
the advancing Edomites (themselves pressed by the
Nabataeans), and so infused a N. Arabian element into the
weakened population of Judah. There is evidence for this
in Ezra and Nehemiah, and to some uncertain extent in
Chronicles. Thus in the post-exilic catalogue of ' the men
of the people of Israel ' (Ezra ii., Neh. vii.) we find among
the names, as given in the Hebrew text, the bene Par'osh
(the Flea-clan !) and the bene Pashhur (unexplained),
designations which (like most others) have had a strange
history, and ultimately come, each by its own road, from
bene 'Arab-Asshur and its equivalent bene 'Arab-Ashhur
respectively ; also the bene 'Elam Aher, i.e. bene 'Elam-
1 T. and B. pp. 173, 521.
xxvi DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
Ashhur ; the bene Ater, i.e. bene Ashtar ; the bene Salmai,
i.e. the bene Salmah ; the bene 'abde Shelomoh, i.e. ben^
'Arab-Salmah. We find, too, the place-names Tel-Melah
(see p. xxiii), i.e. Tubal -Jerahmeel, and Tel-Harsha, i.e. Tubal-
Ashhur. These names prove that many families from the
region still conventionally called Asshur (Ashhur, Ashtar) or
Jerahmeel were admitted into the renovated Israelite com-
munity. Presumably they were proselytes or the children
of proselytes. We also hear much in Ezra and Nehemiah
of the abundance of mixed marriages, which, however, were
not recognised by the religious authorities. In Neh.
xiii. 23, 24, wives of Ashdodite origin are specially men-
tioned ; Ashdod (Asshur-Dod) is a regional name of North
Arabia. Another witness for an Asshurite or Jerahmeelite
immigration. Let us turn next to the list of builders of the
wall (Neh. iii.). The goldsmith and the spice-merchant in
V. 8 were, surely, a Zarephathite and a Korahite respectively.
The ' ben Hur ' in z^. 9 was of an Ashhurite family. In z'. 14
we meet with a Rechabite, i.e. a Kenite, and at the end of
the list with a number of Zarephathites and Jerahmeelites
(surely not goldsmiths and merchants). Two of these, it
will be noticed, are heads of political districts.
It would not be wise to reject this criticism as speculative.
Evidence from names, critically treated, is almost irresistible.
I will not, however, deny that its value would be increased by
monumental evidence. It is, of course, too soon to say that
no monuments exist, for we have not yet looked for them.^
Prof Schmidt's recent expeditions into the Negeb, when
director of the American School of Archaeology, were rather of
the nature of preliminary surveys than of explorations, and
the N. Arabian Muzri, supposed by Winckler and myself,
was out of his range.^ He informs us that he found but few
tells in the Negeb, and specifies but one site (not a tell) which
looked very ancient (Meshrifeh), and which he identifies with
the ancient Zephath. The fewness of the mounds may
surprise us, considering the long list of ' cities ' in Josh.
^ Cp. Winckler, in Helmolt's Weltgeschichte, iii. 230.
2 Since the above was written, Olmstead's remarkable statement in
his Sargon of Assyria^ p. 61, came to hand, — the Negeb taking the
place of Egypt for several centuries ; obviously, a mistake.
INTRODUCTION xxvii
XV. 21-32 (cp. Neh. xi. 25-30). We need not indeed
suppose that that list accurately represents the Negeb of
early times ; still the early cities (partly disclosed to us by
textual criticism of legend and history) cannot have been
much fewer. Let us remember, however, that ' city ' in the
O.T. may mean very little. Many so-called * cities ' were of
highly perishable materials, and would be easily effaced by
the destroyer's hand.
One criticism I cannot help making, — that Prof Schmidt,
like Prof Meyer before him, confines the Jerahmeelites within
too narrow an area. It is true that in i Sam. xxvii. 10,
XXX. 14, the Negeb appears to be divided into sections, one
belonging to Judah, and others to the Jerahmeelites. But,
properly speaking, Jerahmeel was not a tribe but a race, and
is to be distinguished from the tribes which broke off from
the parent stock, and sometimes even developed into peoples.
At this point I must ask leave to enter into more details, for
of what use would unsupported general assertions be ? There
will have to be details about names explained from the point
of view of my theory. And why not? Until any other
point of view produces more natural explanations of the
names I see no reason for retracing my steps. My present
object is to demonstrate that the name Jerahmeel or Ishmael
has more than a tribal reference.
I must, pause for a moment, however, to justify, so far
as space allows, the equivalence of these two names. To
me this is a fact, but Prof Meyer's recent work on the
Israelites and their neighbours does not even mention it as
a possible theory. And yet it appears certain that neither
this scholar nor Prof Schmidt will be able to solve the
problems of Gen. ix. 20-27 and x. without this assumption,
and if it involves the novel identification of Ham with
Yarham or Yerahme'el, and of Shem with Ishma or Ishmael,
yet the popular shortening of ethnic names is no new
phenomenon. Just so, in that much - disputed passage.
Num. xxiv. 17, Sheth is a shortened form of Ashtar. This
passing notice seems all the more called for, since Prof
A. R. Gordon has revived the interpretation of bene Shem as
* sons of renown ' and of bene Jepheth as ' sons of beauty,' ^
^ The Early Traditions of Genesis {i<)0'j), pp. 182, 184.
xxviii DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
while Prof. Witton Davies is even so kind as to make me
say that * Shem and Ham are in reality one word, viz.
Yerakhaman, miswritten through ignorance or prejudice or
both.' ^ I may add that it is difficult to read the prophets
critically — with a view to textual restoration — without
perceiving that the early editors and gloss-makers regarded
' Jerahmeel ' and ' Ishmael ' as equivalent.
The evidence which I have to offer for a wide reference
of these names is drawn from the traditions of Babylonia,
Phoenicia, and Israel. i. Babylonia. It is the opinion of
Hommel ^ that Sumu, in the royal names Sumu-abu and
Sumu-la-ilu in the first dynasty of Babylon, means ' his
name,' which is a periphrasis for God {smnu-hu being con-
tracted into siiiml) ; he compares the Hebrew Shemu-el, the
Phoenician Shem-zebel,^ and the Palmyrene (Aramaic) Shem-
rapha. Other names of the same early period are Shumu-
hammu, Sumu-ramu, Hammu-rabi. Hommel would call this
dynasty ' Arabian,' while Winckler prefers to call it
' Canaanite.' Certainly the names must be either North
Arabian or Canaanite. To me it appears that Sumu in
Sumu-abu, as in the Hebrew Shem, Shemfiel (Samuel),
Shebuel, and Shobal, is to be connected with Ishmael, while
Ramu in Sumu-ramu is to be grouped with Ram or Aram,
i.e. Jerahmeel (see below). The stages of development we
cannot, with our scanty evidence, determine. Zebel too in
Shem-zebel, not less than hy\ in Judg. ix. 28, is a corruption
of Ishmael, the origin of which was early forgotten, just as
the meaning of many religious phrases of the Bible was
doubtless almost or quite forgotten long before the time of the
writers who used them. Rapha is possibly an early popular
corruption of 'Arab"* (Arabia). Ham, presupposed by
1 Review of Theology (Menzies), May 1908, p. 695, Elsewhere,
incredible as it may seem, ' Yerahme'el ' is given as ' Yerakh.'
2 Grundriss der Geogr. u. Gesch. des Alten Orients^ i. 95 (n. i);
Anc. Heb. Trad. p. 100. Winckler too {Gesch. Isr. i. 130, n. 3)
recognises Sumu-abu and Sumu-la-ilu as Canaanitish.
3 T. and B. p. 117 (n. i), ^ Ibid. p. 240.
INTRODUCTION xxix
IJammu (which need not represent Di;) in Shumu-hammu
and Hammu-rabi, is exactly parallel to Shem and has been
already explained. These are, of course, not the only
personal names which admit of a ' Canaanite ' or North
Arabian explanation, but may suffice for our present purpose.
And among ethnic or tribal names special attention may be
called to the name Ahlami in the Tel el-Amarna tablet No.
291, given to an Aramaean tribe in the steppe country
between the mouth of the Tigris and the Euphrates and the
mountains of Edom,^ which had some relations to the king
of Babylon early in the fourteenth century. Like rrD^nN
in Ex. xxviii. 1,9, and rh'n, noNSTr in 2 Sam. x. 16 /, it
probably comes from ^Nom\ Evidently the Jerahmeelite
2. Phoenicia. Here again the royal names are specially
instructive.^ Two will suffice here, Hiram and Ithobal. The
former is clearly the same as Ahiram (Num. xxvi. 38), which,
according to analogy, should represent Ashhur-Ram ( =
Aram ; cp. i Chr. ii. 25), and the latter is, in its origin,
identical with Abitub ( i Chr. viii. 1 1 ), i.e. 'Arab-Tub,
which is a shortened form of 'Arab-Tubal. It should be
remembered that the early Hebrew traditions represent the
Israelites, the Jerahmeelites, the Mizrites, and the Philistines
(Pelethites) as speaking either the same tongue, or not
widely different dialects of the same tongue ; such a com-
munity of language certainly existed between the Phoenicians
and the Israelites. No wonder, then, that a series of names
should be held in common by these peoples. If we accept
these traditions, I see no possible doubt but that N.
Arabian names were carried northward by the Jerahmeelites.
3. The Israelite traditions. We know (see p. 64) that
there was an Asshur in the N. Arabian border-land, and also
one that was called ' a far-off land,' a phrase which reminds
one forcibly of Sargon's description of Meluha.^ It appears
from an ancient gloss inserted by mistake in the original
text of Isaiah x. 5, that the far-off Asshur was considered to
1 So Sanda, Die Aramder (in Der Alte Orient^ iv. 3), p. 4,
2 T. and B. p. 46.
3 Has Meluha, like Ahlami, come from Jerahmeel ? Hebrew
parallels are m:D (Judg. xiii. 2), nmra (Judg. xx. 43), nmo (Gen. xxxvi. 23).
XXX DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
be 'in Jarham.' It is true the traditional text says, not * in
Jarham,' but * in their hand,' and Duhm, who holds that
WVI VC\T\ is a correctly written gloss, thinks that the gloss-
maker had taken offence at the poetical statement that
Asshur himself was a staff or rod. Poor silly annotator !
But was he really so dull ? Do not commentators sometimes
nod ? There are not a few geographical glosses in the
Hebrew Bible,^ and surely this is one. The gloss, in its true
form, runs thus : DHTl Nin, ' it (viz., Asshur) is in Jarham '
{i.e. in North Arabia).
Another tradition of great interest is given in Num.
xxiv. 20, * Amalek was the first of the nations.' Certainly
the first of the nations must have spread itself out widely.
But what is this strange-sounding name Amalek ? Evidently
transposition and permutation of letters has taken place ;
pSiOi?, like ^N*iDp, comes from f^NonT. Hence the Kenites
can be said equally well to dwell near the Amalekites and
near the Jerahmeelites (i Sam. xv. 6, xxvii. lo, xxx. 29).
We even find the same geographical limits given to the
Ishmaelites in Gen. xxv, 1 8 « and to the Amalekites in
I Sam. XV. 7.
We cannot, then, be surprised that Mizrim too (see p.
xviii) was considered Jerahmeelite and Asshurite. In Gen.
X. 6 the pointed text calls the second of the sons of Ham
Mizraim. But, as Mr. S. A. Cook perceives,^ Ham is, to
say the least, a S. Palestinian name, so that the reading
Mizraim (Egypt) is at once condemned. In fact, as we have
seen, Ham is a shortened form of Jarham. Psalmists too
support the view expressed in Gen. x..(Ps. Ixxviii. 51, cv. 23,
27, cvi. 22). They actually make Mizrim parallel to Ham.
Ham, as usual, is = Jerahmeel, and though some commentators
defend a reference to Egypt by adducing the native name
for Egypt — kemet (the black country) — the improbability
of this is obvious. We also find Ham as the name of a
southern stock to which the original inhabitants of a valley
near Gerar (which in Gen. xxvi. i is a Philistine, i.e. Pelethite,
country) are said in i Chr. iv. 40 to have belonged.
Comparing v. 40 with v. 43, we see that Ham and Amalek
are here synonymous, so that one branch of the Hamites went
1 Critical Notes, p. 58 (n. 2).
INTRODUCTION xxxi
by the name of Amalek, which is indeed merely a modifica-
tion of Jerahmeel. To the confusion of Mizrim and Mizraim
we shall return later.
Summing up, it has been shown by the above facts that
the Jerahmeelites were a widely-spread race, portions of
which, starting from Arabia, settled in Babylonia, Syria,
Phoenicia, and both the north and the south of the land of
Israel.
I will now turn to some of the other personal and
place-names in the Hebrew traditions upon which I have
endeavoured to throw some fresh light. My friend Prof.
Schmidt may or may not see that I am on the right track,
but he cannot avoid recognising the precariousness of the
current conjectures. Nor can he help regretting the tone
of the following sentence in an article, already (p. xi, n. i)
referred to, by Dr. H. P. Smith, a professor at Meadville
Theological Seminary (U.S.A.) : ' We are at a loss to
discover why Jabal, Jubal, Mahalaleel, Lamech, , . . should
not have been allowed to appear in their original form as
Jerahmeel, or why Joktheel should supplant Jerahmeel as
the name of a city, or why Beer-lahai-roi should be forced
into the place of En-Jerahmeel.' Allowed ! Supplant !
Be forced ! Could there be any greater proof of un-
willingness to enter into a new point of view than this ?
Surely the first duty of the critic is not to tell the world
whether he agrees with, i.e. is prejudiced in favour of, some
other scholar, but to show that he comprehends the other's
point of view. And the second duty is ' like unto it ' : it is
to study the new tracks which the new point of view has
suggested to that other, and state where he understands and
where he requires further help, and also no doubt where he
can himself offer help to that other. And the whole in-
vestigation should be permeated by the spirit of fairness
and accuracy.
But no, the critic is not to be the fellow-student, and in
some sense the disciple, of that other, but his judge. As if
any critic could venture either to praise or to blame a book
of extensive range and originality, except with modesty, and
as the result of sympathetic study. A judge, indeed, is not
called upon to be modest, but how can any critic pass
xxxii DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
sentence on a book of this character? If he assumes the
r61e of judge, is he not in imminent danger of hindering the
progress of his study, and discouraging that originality which
is the salt of learning, and the prize of long years of critical
research ?
For his own part, the Meadville professor is convinced
that * proper names, both of persons and places, are
tenacious of life.' That is not untrue, but life assumes
many forms, and no verbal forms are so apt to suffer change
as personal and place-names. In the case of the Hebrew
names this transformation was greatly facilitated by
historical circumstances. The stories which underlie the
Israelite legends were, many of them, brought from a
distance, and with the stories came the names of the
legendary places and the legendary heroes. These stories,
if I see aright, were derived from different tribes, all Jerah-
meelite, and it is probable that almost in each the name
Jerahmeel took a different form, or different forms. That
ethnic names like Jerahmeel, Ishmael, Asshur, Israel, should
be worn down by use, was inevitable, and the attrition would
have different results among different groups of people.
When therefore it is said that Jabal and Jubal are forms of
Jerahmeel, and that Tubal is a form of Ishmael, it is not
meant that they have come directly from Jerahmeel or
Ishmael, but from some popular or tribal corruptions of
those names. As for these much-suffering proper names,
I cannot discover that here or elsewhere Prof H. P. Smith
explains them. But in case he should say that ' praise of
God ' is a credible meaning for Mahalaleel, and ' strong
young warrior ' (Dillmann and A. R. Gordon) for Lamech,
I can only regret that such statements should still be within
the bounds of possibility. In 1903 Prof Smith considered
that Mehujael might mean * wiped out by God,' which seems
to me worse even than explaining Methushael * man of
Sheol.' ^ Or can Prof Smith really think that tradition
would substitute for the genuine names of ancient tribes
other names of artificial origin which indicated that the
tribes had become ' wiped out,' and had as it were gone
down to Sheol ? Some readers may think these problems
^ Old Testament History, p. 24.
INTRODUCTION xxxiii
trifling. They are not trifling ; they affect many more
questions which have not been answered with such a skill
and insight as would justify the contemptuous rejection of
new methods and results. As I have pointed out {T. and B.
p. 107), these names contain corrupt forms of 7NDn*T' or
fpNl^DQ)"'. No other methodical explanation has yet, so far
as my long experience goes, been offered, except, indeed, by
extreme mythologists.^
With regard to the place-name Joktheel, there is one
important point which this critic (like many others) appears
to have overlooked. It is that the scene of the battle
between Amaziah and the Edomites, 2 K. xiv. 7 (or, perhaps,
the Arammites) was ' in the valley of [hamjmelah,' i.e. ' in
the valley of Jerahmeel ' (' melah,' like * lehem,' being a
witty popular corruption of that widespread racial name).^
Joktheel is therefore most naturally viewed as a Jerah-
meelite, Ishmaelite, or Asshurite name. In applying this
key I have myself wavered. Most probably, however, the
original name was equivalent to Ashkar-el,^ i.e. ' belonging
to Asshur-Jarham. The unsatisfactoriness of other theories
must be my excuse for making the present explanation thus
prominent. Many parallels to the name will be found in
Joshua, in the lists of Israelitish towns.
VI
I will now mention some other forms assumed by
the names Jerahmeel and Ishmael in their wanderings.
Beginning with Jerahmeel, one may refer in particular to
Rekem, Kerem, Kedem, Aram, Javan.
(a) Rekem ^ (Dpn), i.e. Yarham, occurs as a Midianite
^ Boklen, for instance, thinks that ' man of Sheol ' may be right,
and refer to the chthonic side of the moon-god {Adam und Qain, 1907,
p. 132). But Prof. Smith does not belong to this school.
2 Probably Dr. H. P. Smith will be driven to defend the ancient
but difficult explanation * Valley of Salt.'
3 Vxpn' = SxpriN = h»pvK = Sun^B-N. Cp. '73pn and xhpvK, and on 13 in
-iDCN see next note, hn is merely formative.
* We also find both T and pi for Dpi : the former in ii3n (Gen.
xli. 43, T. and B. pp. 462/), "pin (Zech. ix. i), and "P'n, a place-name
in M. Pognon's famous Aramaic inscription ; the latter in Gen. xx. 1 1
(see T. and B. pp. 313, 467).
c
xxxiv DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
name in Num. xxxi. 8, a Hebronite in i Chr. ii, 43 /".
(brother of Shema = Ishmael), a Manassite in i Chr. vii. 16
(close by are Raham and Jorkeam, which can hardly be
explained except as popular corruptions of Jerahmeel).
Rekem is also used in the Targum for Kadesh-Barnea, and
it is extremely probable that the unintelligible i?Dni (Barnea)
has arisen by transposition of letters from pN"i, i.e. jDN'n, an
equivalent of Jerahmeel, Eusebius and Jerome assert that
" Petra, a city of Arabia, in the land of Edom, surnamed
Joktheel, is called Rekem by the Syrians ' (Eus., Assyrians).
The identification of Joktheel with Petra can hardly be
maintained ; no doubt more than one N. Arabian city bore
the name of Rekem. {V) Kerem ( = Rekem, by transposi-
tion and change of k into k) has received a superfluous and
misleading article in the place-name Beth-hakkerem, Jer.
vi. I, and by scribal error has become Beth-kar, i S. vii. 1 1.
It is also presupposed by Karmi in i Chr. iv. i (where
Karmi corresponds to Kelubai and Kaleb in i Chr. ii. 9, 1 8).
{c) We find the name Kedem in the phrases ' the sons, land,
mountains of Kedem * (' the east ' is, of course, inadmissible).^
This is a further modification of Rekem, and though
seemingly a scribal error, may have arisen very early from
causes on which it would be vain to speculate. In Judg.
vi. 3, 33. vii. 12, 'the Amalekites ' ( = Jerahmeelites — see
p. xxx) is inserted as a gloss.
{d) Aram (Assyrian, Arimi, Aramu) is familiar to us as
the name of a land and people to the N.E. of Palestine. But
it is also, as recent scholars agree, the name of an Arabian
people. This Hommel infers^ from Gen. x. 23, xxii. 21.
I should hesitate myself to assign these Arammites to ' a
large part of Arabia ' on Biblical grounds ; the traditions of
Israel seem to me to point more definitely to N. Arabia as
the original seat of this people. In Num. xxiii. 7 we find
' Aram ' parallel to ' the mountains of Kedem,' and Kedem,
as we have just seen, is an early modification of Rekem, i.e.
Jarham. That Balaam was a N. Arabian soothsayer, has
surely been proved.^ As to the name Aram, we can hardly
1 See T. and B. pp. 179, 200, 372 ; E. Bib., 'East, Children of;
'Rekem.' 2 Grundrtss, t^. 188.
3 T. and B. pp. 40 (n. 3), 41, 179, 190, 314, 43°-
INTRODUCTION xxxv
doubt its connexion with Jerahmeel (cp. Shem = Ishmael ;
Sheth = Ashtar). A shorter form is Ram (in i Chr. ii. 9,
brother of Jerahmeel and Kelubai). We have it in the
patriarchal name Abram, which is doubtless equivalent to
Abraham ; at least, no other equally probable account can
be given of these two forms than that ' ram ' comes from
' Aram,' and ' raham ' from ' raham,' i.e. Jarham. The name
Aram must have gone northward in the migration. In
Amos ix. 7 the Arammites (who follow Israel and the
' Philistines ') are said to have been brought (by Yahweh)
from Kir or (see ^) Kor ; possibly Ashhur in the wider
sense is meant. From another point of view one might place
Kir ' somewhere in S. Babylonia on the Elamite border.' ^
{e) There remains Javan ( = Jaman). The identification,
so widely accepted, of Javanites with lonians, seems to be
only tenable in Dan. viii. 21, x. 20, xi. 2, and even here the
question arises whether in an earlier, underlying form of the
Book of Daniel ^ the name Javan may not have had a
different meaning. Everywhere else, at any rate, Javan can be
shown to have sprung either from Jerahmeel or from Ishmael.
For the O.T. passages, and such criticism as was possible
to me when the article was written, reference may be per-
mitted to ' Javan ' in the Encyclopcsdia Biblica. In my later
works ^ the best explanation known to me was pointed out
more and more clearly. It was added that the Jamani who
displaced Sargon's nominee as king of Ashdod (p. xvi) may
have been, like other adventurers {e.g. Omri, Zimri, Tibni),
a N. Arabian.* This will gain in probability if the Jamnai
whom Sargon {KB ii. 43) 'drew like a fish from the midst
of the sea' can in any sense be N. Arabians. And why
should they not be? It seems clear that the N. Arabians,
in their migrations, carried their names with them, and in
the present case it is noteworthy that one name for
Phoenicia till quite late times was most probably Jam,
^ Sanda, Die Aramder (in Der Alte Orient, iv. 3), p. 8.
2 T. and B. pp. 159 (n. 2), 160.
3 Crit. Bib. Part II. (1903), p. 104 ; cp. Part I. p. 48 ; T. and B.
pp. 6 (n. 3), 160/, 210.
^ Winckler suggests Jemen as his origin {Musri, Melukha, Ma'in,
p. 26, n. i).
xxxvi DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
i.e. Jaman ( = Javan). The equation Jam = Jaman is by
no means arbitrary. In the Hebrew Bible, as I have
pointed out elsewhere/ Jam is sometimes a shortened form
of Jaman, and it is difficult to resist the view, which (taken
in connexion with certain parallel theories) smooths over
exegetical difficulties, that in Phoenician inscriptions too
Jam means Jaman (' Zidon of the sea ' should be ' Zidon of
Jaman '). I hold, therefore (after E. Robertson), that the
Jamnai of Sargon are the Phoenician inhabitants of Arvad,
which was an insular city,'^ and support this by the similar
figurative phraseology of Ashurbanipal {KB iii. 170, n. 2).
It is true, Robertson gives the theory a different setting.^
He is of opinion that the original Javanites were that highly
civilised people which preceded the Semites in Babylonia,
whence, as he thinks, they spread to the Mediterranean,
and became known as the lonians ; while some settled in
learned on the Lower Euphrates and Persian Gulf.' The
theory, as proposed by Robertson, has a wide basis, taking
in the 'Iaoi/e«? of Greek and the Javana of Sanskrit literature.
Whether the facts adduced are all relevant may be matter
for debate. The result which appears to me the most
satisfactory is based solely on the Hebrew, the Phoenician,
and the Assyrian evidence. Except in our present text of
the Book of Daniel, Javan or Jaman is equivalent to
Jerahmeel or Ishmael.
It is now time to refer briefly to the corruptions of the
name Ishmael. I give a larger number than in the case of
Jerahmeel, because Ishmael has not taken so much hold on
my critics as the parallel name. Here, then, are some of
those disclosed by the new methods, — 27Dm^ ^Dtt), NltD, pi^DtD,
xay, DT. The only remark on these names that I can
allow myself is this, — that a considerable number of theories
{e.g. the existence of traces of totemism in the O.T.,* and
1 T. and B. pp. 44/ 2 See E. Bib., 'Arvad.'
3 'Notes on Javan,' Jewish Quarterly Review, April 1908, pp.
466-508.
* Prof. Witton Davies states in his article (p. 704) that the present
writer ' nowhere shows the slightest interest in totemism.' A reference
to the index {s.v. Totemism) will disprove this hasty statement.
INTRODUCTION xxxvii
the mention of the north pole as the seat of the supreme
God) ^ are shown by a keen criticism of the names to be
fallacious. For further information I may refer to passages
in the present work and in Traditions and Beliefs, and for
the name Simeon to T. and B. p. 375, and Meyer's Die Isr.
p. 425.
I trust that I have not exhausted the patience of my
readers. I would far sooner have refrained from anti-
criticism, but the injury done to the cause of free inquiry
was too great. My anti-criticism, however, has not excluded
explanation ; indeed, it has to some extent facilitated it. I
will now venture to ask. What are the most probable reasons
for the violent and uncomprehending opposition to these
researches ?
The reason that I shall mention first is by no means
devoid of plausibility. It is that some may question the
possibility of solving so many problems by a single key.
This I meet by the admission that all pioneers are liable to
go too far. Aware of this, I have not waited for helpers, but
have to a large extent criticised myself And yet, even
after this, a huge number of cases remain, in which the
only complete explanation of the problems cannot be
ignored. Is there no consideration which may conciliate
opponents, and induce them not to go on ignoring ? There
is. It is plain that when Samaria was taken the catastrophe
which ensued was not only political but literary. What was
saved of the N. Israelitish records must have been scanty in
extent, and the S. Israelites or Judaites did not care to
preserve it except in a mutilated, confused, and altered
form. Hence by far the greater part of the extant literary
monuments of ancient Israel are precisely those monuments
whose producers were most preoccupied by N. Arabia.
This is why the history both of Israel and of Judah has
found such a one-sided representation in the Old Testament.
This, too, is why the N. Arabian key has plausibly solved
so many problems that critics who have not gone deeply
enough into the matter are repelled. Had a different class
1 On safon see passages referred to in the index of this work and
of 7! and B. ; also Jensen, Kosmologie, p. 23 ; Zimmern, KAT, pp.
352/
xxxviii DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
of documents been transmitted, the N. Arabian key might
not have equally fitted the new problems.
VII
Still the repugnance to progress on these lines would
not be quite so keen but for some additional reasons.
These are : — i. The opinion of conservative critics that the
results to which the multitude of new facts (or asserted
facts) seem to lead are intrinsically improbable. Prof
H. P. Smith,^ for instance, has said a great deal on this
means of answering. But this scholar and those who go
with him seem to have approached the study of the new
theories at the wrong end. Sound method requires us to
begin with the facts, and only after a sufficiently long and
unprejudiced study of details can we venture either to
maintain or to oppose a historical theory. We must not
say with Olmstead ^ that ' we are naturally prejudiced against
such a theory.' Imperfectly known truth always appears
improbable, but it cannot be natural to a candid student to
meet any theory based on real or, at least, asserted facts
with a dogmatic denial suggested in the first instance by
prejudice.
2. The second reason is that the textual critics of the
day do not probe the Hebrew, and, one may add, the
Septuagint text, half deeply enough, and lack that wide
acquaintance with the textual phenomena, the habits of the
scribes and editors, and recurring types of corruption, which
has to be superadded to the practice of the older critical
methods.' This must surely be the case with Professor
Witton Davies in the Review of Theology^ who falls into the
error of supposing me not to ' bother myself about versions,'
and with Prof Gordon of Montreal, who, with unconscious
arrogance, speaks of my work as * unfortunately dominated
1 American Journal of Theology^ October 1907.
2 S argon of Assyria^ p. 60.
8 Cheyne, Crit. Bib. Part I. (1903), pp. 3/
* Article on T. and B., May 1908, p. 696.
INTRODUCTION xxxix
by peculiar textual principles.' ^ Until the old methods fail,
I am heartily with these scholars and with their teachers.
But I certainly am convinced that the old methods, including
the old method of using the versions, will not go far to help
us with really hard problems.
3. The third is that these critics seem to mix up
conceptions of their functions which ought to be kept
distinct. I mean that they seem to have no clear idea of
the twofold task devolving upon them, viz. first to find out
the meaning which the latest ancient editors put upon the
text which they had themselves corrected, and next, to get
as near as possible to the underlying original text and its
meaning. It is of no use to try to perform both these
duties simultaneously. The result can only be a form of
text which, as a whole, never existed, and a largely imaginary
exegesis. The traditional text has its own historical rights,
and so also have the fragments of the original text which
may still be detected underlying the text transmitted by a
for the vehemence of the opposition to progress on the
new lines. I spoke of the probability that the new key
has been applied somewhat too often. More than this I
cannot say, for the pioneering work has in a multitude of
cases been fully justified, and not un frequently, even if the
solution offered was incorrect, the pioneer was nevertheless
on the way to truth. I venture to add that a pioneer of
criticism would not be worth his salt if he did not sometimes
go too far. It is in the interests of critical study that some
one should at first make the utmost of a new theory.
Winckler is, I think, unwise in not always doing this,
when the correction of the text is concerned. Without a
more consistent and methodical criticism of the text I do
not see how his historical constructions can be defended in
all points against the enemy.
But what is to be done if both Winckler's Babylonian
and my own N. Arabian theory are rejected ? It is, of
course, far too late to seek shelter with Gesenius and
Ewald ! Shall we be content with a strictly moderate
^ The Early Traditions of Genesis (1907), p. viii.
xl DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
Babylonian theory, using Babylonian illustrations for
exegesis, and drawing on the Assyrian lexicon for the
explanation of strange-looking Biblical words ? Our newer
dictionaries and commentaries betoken a growing tendency
towards such a course. I do not believe, however, that it
will suit the conditions of the case. For an example take
Amos V. 26, where Nowack, adopting just such a moderate
theory, renders, ' Therefore shall ye take up Sakkuth your
and . . .' We may, however, safely decide that a by-name
of the god Ninib (himself nowhere mentioned in the O.T.),
would not be handed down in a Hebrew prophecy.^ Nor is
there any passage of Amos which refers to the worship of
Assyrian gods by the Israelites, And even if this argument
were repelled, how could the carrying away of Assyrian
gods by captive Israelites into Assyria be put forward in a
threat ? ^
From the strictly moderate point of view here indicated,
many other O.T. passages might be provisionally illustrated.
One might, for instance, utilise the suggestions of Winckler
for Gen. xiv. and Judg. v., and those of other critics for the
Book of Nahum and other parts of the O.T. But I have
not the requisite space to enter into further detail, and I
hope that the reader will see that one whom Giesebrecht
has attacked for being too courteous and respectful to
Winckler is not likely to cavil at Babylonian or Assyrian
explanations of Hebrew difficulties, when they are in a high
degree plausible. Only too often, however, I am brought
into contact with some preliminary textual problem, the
solution of which by new and more adequate methods
removes the ground for reference to Babylon. So far as
I can as yet see, it is only now and then that the textual
critic derives undeniable assistance from the inscriptions.
1 On the question of a Ninib cultus in ancient Palestine see Zimmern,
KAT^^\ pp. 410/; Pinches, 'Was Ninib the "Most High God" of
Jerusalem?' PSBA, June 1894; Budde, Buck der Richter (^\n KHC)
p. 15.
2 From the earlier point of view, E. Bib., 'Amos,' § 13; ' Chiun
and Siccuth'; Muss-Arnolt, Expositor, ii., n.s., pp. 414^ (1903)-
INTRODUCTION xli
VIII
The most striking instances of such assistance are
passages in which Mizraim has been misread {i.e. mispointed)
for Mizrim, or Zor misread for Mizzor (Mizrim and Mizzor
both meaning the N. Arabian Muzri), or Mizri, Mizrim,
misinterpreted as ' Egyptian,' ' Egyptians.' The passages
referred to are (i) Gen. x. 6, xiii. lo, xvi. i, xxi. 21, 1. 11,
I Sam. XXX. 13, 2 Sam. xxiii. 13, i K. iii. i, xi. 18, 40,
Isa. XX. 3, Am. i. 9, Isa. xliii. 3, xlv. 14, Joel iv. 19, Ps.
Ix. II, Ixxxvii. 4 ; (2) Gen. xxv. 3, Lev. xxiv. 10, I K. iv. 30
(v. 10), X. 28/!, xiv. 25, 2 K. vii. 6, Isa. xxx. 2, xxxi, i,
Ezek. xvi. 26, xxviii., Ps. Ixxxiii. 8, and other passages ;
(3) Gen. xii. 10-20, xxxvii. 25, 28, 36, xxxix. i, etc.,
I K. vii. 13/, 2 K. xxiii. 29, etc., Isa. xix., Ezek. xxvi.,
xxvii., xxix.-xxxii. Of these three classes the first contains
nearly all the most obvious cases of the misreading (Miz-
raim) ; it is the list offered by Winckler.^ The second,
those which require in general a little more explanation
than the preceding ones. The third, those which originally
referred to Mizrim, but have been manipulated by editors
so as to seem to refer to Mizraim. Manipulation has done
its utmost in the story of Joseph. I might also have
included the story of the Exodus, which in its original
form probably referred to Mizrim in N. Arabia. This,
however, is so contrary to traditional opinions that, in this
highly condensed essay, I refrain."
The textual evidence is of considerable value as supple-
menting the too scanty details of the inscriptions. At the
same time, we cannot say that the Hebrew writers coincide
altogether with the Assyrian scribes. I may here state
briefly, on the basis of Winckler, what it is that these scribes
partly state, partly seem to imply. Their references to
Muzri in N. Arabia occur from the time of Tiglath-Pileser
III. to that of Esarhaddon;^ the king of Muzri seems to
^ KAT, pp. 144/ For the other passages see Cheyne, Bible
Problems, pp. 167-178 ; Hommel, Aufsiitze, pp. 304/
- On the Exodus passages see Cheyne, T. and B.
3 See Winckler, KAT, pp. 150/
xlii DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
have been, subsequently to the fall of the Assyrian kepu, the
vassal of the king of Meluha, or, more correctly, Ma'in (the
Minaean empire). Danger constantly beset the N. Arabian
kingdoms from Assyria. Among these was the people or
state called Aribi on the east of Muzri, whose queens were
brought to acknowledge the suzerainty of Assyria ; its
capital may have been Tema.^ This was in the reign of
Tiglath-Pileser III. Under Ashurbanipal we meet with the
Kidri (Kedar) and the Nabaiati (Nebaioth) by the side of
Aribi. It is a natural inference from what is said in the
inscriptions that the kingdom of Muzri was involved in the
misfortunes which shortly after befell the Minaean empire,
and that the Kidri and the Nabaiati, with perhaps other
tribes, settled in the region once known as Muzri. It must
be remembered, however, that in Gen. xxv. 13 Nebaioth
and Kedar appear as Ishmaelite tribes,^ and that between
Ishmaelites and Jerahmeelites there was no marked
difference.
Of the history of the Arabian Kush still less can be
said.^ This region is certainly referred to in the inscriptions
of Esar-haddon, but only four times. Was it in S. or in
N. Arabia ? The name may perhaps have had a variable
significance. Esar-haddon speaks of ' the people of Kusi
and Muzur,' which apparently means S. and N. Arabia.
Some of my own textual results, however, point rather to
N. than to S. Arabia as the seat of the Kushites, and con-
sidering that the name Achish (Akish) seems to be closely
related to Ashhur, and that there was probably, according
to Hebrew writers, both a nearer and a more distant Ashhur,
the question arises, whether Ashhur and Kush may not
have had the same origin, and have been nearly or quite
equivalent. Eduard Meyer, consistently enough, denies
the Arabian Kush, but he is ably answered by Winckler,
who of course explains the identity of the names of Ethiopia
and S. Arabia by the nafve geographical views of early ages
(see p. xix).
^ Winckler, I.e. For the Aram, inscription of Tema see Cooke,
North Semitic Inscriptions, pp. 196-199.
2 It is true, the twelve sons of Ishmael are from P. But P's source
need not have been post-exilic. ^ See Winckler, KAT, pp. 144/
INTRODUCTION xliii
There is a fairly large group of passages in which the
N. Arabian Kush is probably or certainly referred to, viz.
Gen. ii. 13, x. 6, Num. xii. i, Judg. ii. 10, 2 Sam. xviii. 21,
2 K. XIX. 9, Isa. xviii. i, xx. 3, xliii. 3, xlv. 14, Hab. iii. 7,
Zeph. ii. 12, iii. 10, Ps. Ixxxvii. 4, 2 Chr. xiv. 9, xxi. 16.
For explanations I may refer to my own recent works, as well
as to those of Professors Winckler and Hommel. It may be
added here that the phrase ' king of Kush,' ^ and similarly
the phrases ' king of Mizrim,' ' king of Aram,' ' king of
Asshur,' and perhaps ' king of Kush,' were used archaistic-
ally even after the political situation had altered. This
seems to me the only way to reconcile the statements of
the inscriptions with the results of a thorough textual
criticism.
The conclusion at which we are arriving is that a full
N. Arabian theory, suggested and helped by the cuneiform
inscriptions, together with a keen textual criticism, can
contribute most to the solution of our textual and historical
problems. And if any further proof is needed, it will be
the wreckage which strews the shores of ' moderate ' criticism.
A whole volume would be required to indicate these critical
failures in detail, but a few instances seem to be not un-
called for. Let us begin with the Book of Genesis. The
most recent commentator ' makes this remark on the ' short
tribal poem' in Gen. ix. 25-27 : —
' It is difficult to understand how a poem of that date
(the early monarchy) could still look back upon the
Canaanites as " brethren " {v. 25). The tendency at that
period was rather to obliterate all trace of their kinship. . . .
For a period when the term " brother " could be applied to
Canaan we must go beyond the Exodus and the wars
between Israel and Canaan that followed it. In this respect
no time seems so suitable as the Amarna period, when Israel
and Canaan fought side by side against their Egyptian
overlords.'
The improbability of this view is manifest. A real
monument of the nomadic period (as Gordon supposes the
song to be) would have had much more colour than the
1 See CHt. Bib. pp. 383/
2 Gordon, The Early Traditions of Genesis (1907), p. 183.
xliv DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
song, at any rate in its present form, can be said to possess.
The true solution of the problem must take account of the
facts already mentioned respecting Shem and Ham, and ot
the other fact (which is a result of wide textual observation)
that vnN is not unfrequently a corruption of TintDM.^
1 may also refer to the Ur-kasdim problem. As Prof.
Meyer points out. Gen. xxiv. 4, 10 expressly states that
Abraham's country from which he migrated (Gen. xii. i)
was Aram-naharaim. At any rate, such is the reading of
the present text. But according to Gen. xi. 31, xv. 7, the
patriarch's starting-point was Ur-kasdim, i.e.^ as we are told,
but without sufficient proof, the old Babylonian city of Uru.
Prof Meyer ^ evades the difficulty by the supposition that
the ancestors of Abraham belonged to Babylonia, not he
himself This solution, however, is arbitrary, and the full
difficulty of the statement in Gen. xi. 3 1 (as this passage is
usually interpreted) is not even hinted at by this scholar.
For a full setting forth the student is referred to the
Encyclopcedia Biblica (' Ur of the Chaldees '), where the N.
Arabian theory suggests an adequate solution, which, in a
modified form, is further justified in Traditions and Beliefs
(see below). The riddle of Arpakshad (Gen. x. 22) is
equally baffling to the current criticism. It is closely con-
nected with the problem of Ur-kasdim, as Hommel, though
not Prof Meyer, is fully aware. It is usual ^ to invoke
the help of the Arabic lexicon, but the true origin is plain
as soon as we throw off the prejudice against the new
theory, tin is from Sn, i,e. either mw, or, better, mi;, and
Dnw (in ^m3D^N) is from mr. TQJD in the latter word is from
D'^ltDD, and this from mtDD, i.e. mw nn©N. For further
explanations see T. and B. pp. 178, 214.
I Sam. ii. 36 (as the text stands) spoils the prophecy.
Nor is any great improvement effected by appending n"in%
and so eliminating the troublesome word no. The passage
must be studied as a whole, and suggestions taken both
from the N. Arabian theory and from one of the famous
^ See T. and B. p. 15 3,
2 Die Israeliten, p. 284 (n. i). Gordon's suggestion {Early Tradi-
tions^ p. 174) is less arbitrary, but also less plausible.
^ So Gordon, ETC., p. 322.
INTRODUCTION xlv
Elephantine papyri, which throws a flood of h'ght on an
important problem. See p. 24, n. i.
The last two words of i Sam. x. 27 have caused much
perplexity. We have been told that certain discontented
Israelites brought the new king no presents. Then follow
the words, tD''nnD, TT"'"!, which is thought to mean, ' and he
(Saul) made as though he did not observe it.' There are
several corrections of the text, but none of them very
plausible. Is it not therefore time to appeal to a new
theory for a new suggestion ? The suggestion, when
methodically carried out, seems to me altogether adequate.
It is that tD''inD3 "^n"^"! comes from Dimni Nim, and that
this is a gloss on ' Jabesh-gilead,' indicating that this Jabesh
was not in the trans-Jordanic Gilead, but in an Asshurite
region which was also called Gilead. This result throws a
fresh light on the impossible words ^NiDtD iriNI in xi. 7.
That Samuel took part in Saul's enterprise cannot be
maintained (see i Sam. x. 7). The words should be
^Ni^OtU"' ~inmN1, which ought to follow f?j^itD% or perhaps,
omitting the l, to be substituted for Snt2?\
Among the other highly corrupt passages in i Samuel,
I may at least mention xv. 9, which I cannot bring myself
to think that Wellhausen has healed. Why should it be
emphasised that the oxen were ' fat,' when just before the
narrator has referred to ' the best ' of the cattle ? Why
should the synonymous terms r\ni and riDNDi be combined ?
And why is D'^lD left uncorrected, considering that in the
parallel passages, vv. 1 5 and 2 1 , the lambs are not men-
tioned ? And considering, further, that in v. 20 (cp. v. 8)
the * devotion by slaughter ' (□"'nnrr) is mentioned with
express and undeniable reference to the Amalekites, are we
justified in retaining unaltered the latter part of our v. 8,
the phraseology of which is itself peculiar enough to en-
courage emendation ? To me Wellhausen's treatment of
the text seems superficial and unsatisfactory. But grant
that the Amalekites were a branch of the Jerahmeelites,
and that Jerahmeel (or Jarham) and Ishmael are equivalent
(see p. xxviii), and suitable corrections at once suggest them-
selves. W^O, like DnD (p. xxxiv), represents DJlT (Jarham),
D''3tt?n comes from D^'DntD, i.e. Wl^mi (see p. xxxvi), 'dnSd from
xlvi DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
D"^'?NDD ( = Jerahmeelites), 'nn3 and ddd from [D"']2DtD. See
Crit Bib. pp. 222 f.\ T. and B. p. 59.
I cannot attempt to be exhaustive, but must at least
refer to some of the prophets. Amos ii. 6 is a testing
passage, and I am afraid that the old methods alone will
not enable us to explain the difficulties. The A.V. makes
Yahweh threaten Israel with an irreversible punishment,^
' because they sold the righteous for silver, and the poor for
a pair of shoes.' Explanations of this are numerous, but
who can help feeling that neither ' for silver ' nor * for a pair
of shoes ' is natural ; the one is weak, the other grotesque.
The N. Arabian theory, however, suggests probable correc-
tions of the text which bring the lines into perfect parallel-
ism. What one expects is regional names, such as Kasram
and 'Arab-Jerahme'el (cp. on Isa. xlviii. 10, p. 144), which
should be substituted for ^dD and tyh^l Till? respectively.
Another such passage is Amos iii. 12, which the A.V.
renders thus, ' As the shepherd taketh out of the mouth
of the lion two legs, or a piece of an ear, so shall the
children of Israel be taken out that dwell in Samaria in
the corner of a bed, and in Damascus in a couch.' * A
piece of an ear ' is very odd ; were the ears of the goats
referred to specially large ? And does hll really mean
' piece,' and ptDDT ' damask ' (so Harper) } The N. Arabian
theory gives the only remedy (see Hibbert Journal^ July
1905, p. 831).
I will only cite one more passage of Amos (ix. 11). It
is at the opening of the epilogue, and runs thus in the
A. v., ' In that day will I raise up the tabernacle (lit., booth)
of David that is fallen, and close up the breaches thereof.'
Elsewhere in the epilogue the style is quite clear ; how,
then, came the writer to use at the outset such an obscure
expression (Amos ix. 1 1 ) as * the booth of David that is
fallen down ' ? The explanations are very various, but none
is satisfactory. How can a booth have ' breaches ' like a
walled city ? But are the points of n3D right ? Referring
to T. and B. p. 397, should we not read nsp, t.e. T\y7D (see
on Deut. iii. 10)? In this case T^n should be TH, which
1 Prof. Hogg's plausible explanation of ua'E'N n*?, ' I will not turn
INTRODUCTION xlvii
was a regional as well as a divine name {T. and B. p. 47).
The idea is that when Salekath, that important city of the
N. Arabian border-land, has been reoccupied by the Israelites
and rebuilt, it will be easy for them to subjugate all the
border-kingdoms.
Much more might be added to show the unsatisfactory
state of the current criticism of the O.T., and the help which
the new methods, largely directed by the N. Arabian theory,
are able to give. My limits, however, compel me to con-
dense, and in my recent works, including (particularly for
Jeremiah) the present work, there are many things which may
serve to fill up the lacuncs of this essay. I may, however,
call attention again to two or three passages in the obscure
Book of Habakkuk.^ That nothing can be made of moD n'?
at the end of i. 1 2 « is generally admitted. Marti would
therefore remove these words to the margin, as a gloss to
V. 12 b. But is such a gloss needed ? Surely miD3 has
come from pon, i.e. 7lDn, which is often a corruption of
^NI^iDtD"'. The two disputed words are a gloss on the corrupt
word ^p2>c {v. 4), which should be ^NDp (cp. ^NiDp). ' Is it
not Ishmael ' is a perfectly correct gloss, "'NDm'^ (underlying
'd) and f?Ni;Dtt>'' being equivalent.
A similar case meets us in Hab. ii. 2. "in1"i has not, so
far as I know, been really explained. The same word
occurs in Deut. i. 5, xxvii. 8, on which see at a later point
(pp. 135, 154). nNl*) has probably come from I'ys Nirr, ' that
is Arabia,' a gloss on T'NDm'' underlying ll Nip. The pre-
ceding words yrv \vt^ should be pT 'h, so that the sense
produced is, ' in order that Jerahmeel may be broken.' It
is, in fact, not the Chaldaeans but the Asshur-Jerahmeelites
from whom the danger of invasion threatens. Let us now
pass on to the series of woes in chap. ii. Nothing can
possibly be made of Till prr "'D PINT {v. 5). ]^^n should
surely be ""iVn, * the Javanite ' ; the Javan meant is in
Arabia (see p. xxxv). Similarly in Hos. iv. i i p should
doubtless be p"* ; the whole verse, when corrected, runs
thus, ' Shamnith of Javan and Ashtar take away the under-
standing.' And again, in Isa. xxviii. i p"* '•mSn probably
comes from ]v fpNonT (glosses) ; see p. 88, n. i.
1 'Criticism of Habakkuk,' yifw/j^ Quarterly Review, Oct. 1907.
xlviii DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
It must now be plain that there are excellent reasons for
a far-reaching and yet methodical treatment of the text, and
in my opinion, to guard in some measure against arbitrari-
ness, it is well to have some external check. Such a check
is supplied by the N. Arabian theory, and considering the
great results which the new critical methods, directed by
that theory, have produced, it seems to me impossible that
the hypothesis should be wholly wrong. No doubt some
clever scholar, making use of freshly discovered facts, may
be able to improve it, and that is why I appealed to
fellow-students (not to judges) for a help which has hardly as
yet been given. None of us is infallible ; why, then, should
not both Professor Winckler and I, and even our critics,
have made many mistakes ? As Professor William James
well says/ ' The wisest of critics is an altering being, subject
to the better insight of the morrow, and right, at any
moment, only " up to date " and " on the whole." When
larger ranges of truth open, it is surely best to be able to
open ourselves to their reception, unfettered by our previous
pretensions.' It is these previous pretensions which seem
to me among the greatest hindrances, both in the pursuit of
truth and in the fair estimation of the work of pioneers.
And which of us has not made such pretensions ? Let us
then have the courage to confess that many of them prob-
ably were mistaken pretensions, and be thankful to those
who shake us out of our slumber.
^ The Varieties of Religious Experience^ p. 333.
PART I
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE KINGDOM
OF JUDAH
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY FROM HEZEKIAH TO JOSIAH
Few things are more uncertain than the exact course of the
history of Judah from the time of Hezekiah to the fall of
Jerusalem, and few subjects raise more difficult questions.
Did the king of Assyria in the time of Hezekiah really
perform all that by the common interpretation of the Hebrew
traditions is ascribed to him? Did Hezekiah, like Josiah,
initiate and complete a considerable religious reformation ?
Was Manasseh really carried captive to the city called Babel,
and if so, what was the country in which this city was
situated ? What was the nature of the religious reaction
connected with the name of Manasseh ? Did Josiah really
go to Megiddo, and contend with a king of Egypt on his
way to the Euphrates, or has there been some misunder-
standing of the original tradition ? What was the nature of
Josiah's reformation, and how far, geographically, did it
extend ? Who was the great enemy of the kings of Judah
after Jehoahaz ? or were there more such enemies than one ?
Into the hard questions relating to Hezekiah and
Manasseh I cannot at present enter, though later on I shall
have to refer to some plausible results of criticism. It is
Josiah and his successors who just now claim our attentions,
though for the sake of Josiah's reformation I must refer in
passing to that of Hezekiah. But, first of all, to clear the
air of some prejudices, let me recall the fact that religious
innovations are not uncommon in the history of Babylonia
and Assyria, while in that of Egypt we can refer particularly
to the well-known religious revolution of Khu-en-aten (Amen-
hotep IV.). For examples of the former one may mention
3
4 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
the supremacy accorded to Marduk, the god of the city of
Babylon, by Hammurabi, and the overshadowing and
ignoring of Nab(i. Also the reaction, under the Assyrian
indicated by the inscription on a consecrated statue — ' Trust
in Nabu, trust not in another God.'
Let us now turn to Hezekiah. Tradition is on the
whole unusually communicative respecting his reign. The
same remark may indeed be made with regard to the reign
of Josiah, but whereas in the case of this king warlike matters
have but slight and religious matters very extended mention,
in Hezekiah's it is religion which on the whole comes rather
short, while a foreign invasion is related with much
particularity. According to the statement of 2 K. xviii. 3-6
Hezekiah was a fervent puritan, and abolished the time-
honoured sanctuaries where the cult was polytheistic, with
the accompanying sacred objects ; he is also said to have
broken in pieces a famous serpent of bronze, to which, as
inhabited by a divinity, the people still offered sacrifice. It
is reasonable to assume that some historical fact lies at the
foundation of this statement ; in particular, the tradition of
the destruction of the sacred serpent (see special note i ) has
every appearance of truth. But exactly when this reform
movement took place, and to what extent it proceeded, we
can hardly conjecture. According to some,^ it was a kind
of thank-offering to Yahweh for the withdrawal of Sen-
nacherib from Jerusalem, and was promoted by the preaching
of the prophet Isaiah. The Assyrian inscriptions, however,
due to accident, but it is also possible that the Hebrew
redactor fell into a confusion between two invasions, that of
an Assyrian and that of a N. Arabian Asshurite king.
What the inscriptions do mention is a punitive mutilation of
the territory of Judah by Sennacherib, and this (if it was
carried out) was hardly calculated to dispose the king and
1 Stade, GVI \. 623; W. R. Smith, Prophets, p. 359; Cheyne,
Introd. to the Bk. 0/ Isaiah, p. 165 ; M 'Curdy, History, Prophecy, and
the Monutnents, ii. 385. For other views, see Cheyne, E. Bib.,
'Hezekiah,' § 2; 'Isaiah,' §15; Winckler, KAT^^\ pp. 271/. (the
reform after Sennacherib's second expedition to the West).
INTRODUCTORY— FROM HEZEKIAH TO JOSIAH 5
people of Judah to adopt the practice of a purified Yahwism.
Such an event would appear to them to show that Yahweh's
power was limited, and that he could not save them from a
powerful and determined enemy.
The Chronicler, however, has no scruple in exaggerating
to the utmost what little he may have learned from tradition
(2 Chr. xxix. 3-xxxi. i). According to him, Hezekiah was
to a large extent the forerunner of Josiah, and anticipated
the remedies for the religious abuses applied by that king,
with this important exception — that Hezekiah's measures are
not related to have been taken on the authority of an ancient
law-book. The Chronicler's narrative, however, is obviously
not history ; it is rather a development of what is related in
2 K. xviii. 4 a, and it serves as an explanation of the
prosperity ascribed by the Chronicler to Hezekiah. Here,
said this pious writer, is an opportunity of proving on a
grand scale that righteousness exalteth a king as well as a
nation. The law-books of antiquity bid the Israelites break
the idols of Canaan in pieces, and abolish all heathen symbols
(Ex. xxiii. 24, xxxiv. 13, Dt. vii. 5, xii. 1 f^. Surely there
must have been some kings of the Davidic line who carried
out these iconoclastic injunctions and were rewarded for it.
The most exemplary of these kings, according to the
Chronicler, were Hezekiah and Josiah.
This view of history appeared to the Chronicler to
be supported by the contrasted fortunes of the royal
representatives of Yahwism and of Baalism respectively.
Hezekiah, for instance, opposed the Baalistic or N. Arabian
type of religion, and was recompensed by a marked inter-
position of Yahweh against the ' camp of Asshur.' ^ His son
Manasseh, on the other hand, supported a religious reaction,
and was punished by an invasion of his land by the same
warlike king, and by his own captivity in the chief city of
his conqueror^ (2 Chr. xxxiii. 11). Josiah returned to the
courses of Hezekiah, whom in fact he outdid, and was
^ 2 K. xix. 35. The king referred to, as one must on the whole
beheve, ruled over Asshur or Ashhur, one of whose vassals was the king
of Misrim.
2 Why this is not mentioned in 2 K. is a secret of the last
redactor.
6 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
rewarded by a long period of peace.^ His son Jehoiakim
restored the old ' abominations ' (2 Chr. xxxvi. 8 ; cp. 2 K.
xxiii. 37), and received his retribution (virtually) at the
hands of the victorious king of Babel.^
Between Manasseh and Josiah in the list of kings of
Judah comes Amon, who is said by the chronologist to have
reigned two years. Just so, between Josiah and Jehoiakim
comes another son of Josiah, Jehoahaz, who is credited with
a reign of but three months. Amon continues the religious
policy of Manasseh ; Jehoahaz is the religious forerunner of
Jehoiakim. Amon is assassinated ; Jehoahaz is carried
captive to the land of Misrim (see chap. v.). To this un-
fortunate king we shall return later ; we are now more
concerned with his father. Tradition says that the ' people
of the land,' i.e. the freemen at large, slew the assassins of
perhaps, confirmed the claim of the latter prince to the
succession.^ Josiah is said to have been only eight years old
on his accession (2 K. xxii. i, 2 Chr. xxxiv. i). The original
text, however, may perhaps have said * eighteen years.' *
We can hardly suppose that the assassins of Amon were
religious reformers, and anticipated the accession of a mere
child under the tutelage of the leaders of the reforming party.
On the other hand, if ' eighteen ' is correct, Amon must have
come to the throne earlier than 2 K. xxii. 19 states.
Only two events are recorded (from different sources) in
the reign of Josiah, his reformation and his ill-fated encounter
with a foreign king. Nothing is said of any embassy being
Manasseh his prisoner (2 Chr. xxxiii. 11); nothing too of
the counsellors who were at the helm of the state during the
king's childhood (accepting the ' eight years '). Did Josiah
fall at once into the moulding hands of the friends of
^ It is of course adverse to the orthodox view that Josiah fell fighting
against an enemy.
2 Asshur and Babel are, when N. Arabia is concerned, equivalent.
See 2 Chr. xxxiii. 1 1.
* Of course, there may have been a son of Amon by another wife,
who might have succeeded, but was passed over, just as Jehoiakim was
passed over on the first vacancy.
INTROD UCTOR Y—FROM HEZEKIAH TO JOS I A H 7
Yahwism ? And what were the political results of this
tutelage ?
The Chronicler, after his manner, fills up the gap with
an account of a religious movement. In the eighth year of
his reign Josiah * began to be zealous for the God of David
his father,' and in the twelfth to ' purge Judah and Jerusalem '
(2 Chr. xxxiv. 3). It so happens that — if the accepted
chronology is correct — the twelfth year of king Josiah was
the death-year of the last great Assyrian king — Ashurbanipal
(B.C. 626). The change which this event marks in the
fortunes of Assyria may, as Erbt thinks,^ have encouraged
the advisers of the young king to initiate a reform movement.
It is possible indeed that the * book of torah ' was brought
forward in the eighteenth year, but surely the root and
branch reform ascribed to Josiah must have taken longer
than would appear from the account in 2 K. May not the
movement really have begun in the twelfth year? This is
indeed only an ingenious surmise, and may, to some, appear
discredited by its connexion with the Chronicler. Still
intelligent surmises are often called for, and may we not —
used, even if uncritically, older historical sources ? His facts
may sometimes be right, even if the setting or the colouring
is wrong.^
1 Die Sicherstellwtg des Monotheistnus, pp. 4-6.
2 On the problems of the reign of Josiah, cp. E. Bib., ' Josiah.'
CHAPTER II
THE STORY OF THE FINDING OF THE BOOK
Let us now turn to a narrative much more likely a priori
to contain historical elements (2 K. xxii. 3-xxiii. 25). It
opens with an account of the reparation of the temple
{vv. 3-7, 9) which is meagre in details, and consequently
obscure. We must not, however, omit to refer to it here in
conjunction with the story of the reparation of the temple
by Jehoash in 2 K. xii. 4-16. The two stories are in fact
closely parallel, and it is very surprising (i) that the kings
of Judah should have repeatedly allowed their own
sanctuary to get so thoroughly out of repair, and (2) that
the narrators of both reparations should have worked on
the same model.
The most probable explanation appears to be that in
both cases the story of the reparation of the temple is an
imaginative addition to the story of the destruction of
heathenism.^ The Chronicler's account of Hezekiah's refor-
mation is not without a faint trace of a similar supplement.
In 2 Chr. xxix. 3 it is said that in the first year of his
reign, in the first month, Hezekiah opened the doors of the
house of Yahweh (which had been shut up by Ahaz), and
repaired them. Nothing of this kind is ascribed to Hezekiah
in 2 Kings, nor to the reforming king Asa either in Kings
or in Chronicles, but we do hear, in both, of the dedicated
vessels of silver and gold which Asa brought into the house
of Yahweh. Altogether it would seem as if the narrators
felt that merely to uproot bad religious growths was not
enough ; for a king to win his full meed of praise he must
1 So in the main Erbt, OLZ, Feb. 15, 1908.
8
THE STORY OF THE FINDING OF THE BOOK 9
be shown to have rendered some signal service to the
sanctuary of the true God.
The account of the ' finding ' of the Book and of the
subsequent religious revolution is much more full of circum-
stantial details. We must, however, be on our guard, and
not assume that the traditional story has altogether escaped
imaginative expansion or redactional manipulation. A
moderate view of the redactor's alterations will be found in
Prof Kittel's Commentary. It is there pointed out that
' high priest ' (xxii. 8, etc.) should be ' priest,' that the close
oi V. 18 has been omitted,^ and that v. 20 is not the original
close of the oracle ascribed to Huldah. Prof Kittel is
also of opinion that xxiii. \b, 5, 7 b, 14, 16-20, 26 /"., and
perhaps 24 _/!, are redactional insertions.^ What remains
this scholar regards as on the whole historical. More
radical critics, however, reject the whole story of the reforma-
tion as an imaginative representation of facts not handed
down historically,^ or as ' a late fiction of men who wished
to give credence and authority to this law-book with its
purer morals and its more pronounced recognition of
Yahweh as the God of Israel."' Lastly, Prof R. H.
Kennett, without rejecting the narrative in toto, considers
that the story of the desecration of Bethel is a later insertion.
He also supposes that the book which so powerfully affected
the king was ' some denunciation of sacrifice such as we find
in either Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, or Micah,' and that * this
might have been described in the earliest form of the story
as a book of tord, which in later times would be interpreted
as a book of the tora, i.e. the Deuteronomic Law.' ^ Accord-
ing to this view, the writing ' found ' in the temple was not
the Deuteronomic Law, which was of post-exilic origin, but
a prophetic utterance on sacrifice.
I must confess that extreme negative theories seem to
^ Stade and Schwally in SBOT a.re not satisfactory.
2 Cp. Stade, GV/'u b^if.; Benzinger, Kon. p. 297.
3 Erbt, 'Der Fund des Deut.,' OLZ, Feb. 15, 1908. ' Es gilt
also die Geschichte vom Funde des Dt. als Aussenstehender zu be-
trachten, fiir den sie ja auch erzahlt ist.'
* E. Day, Journ. of Bibl. Lit. xxi. 198 ff. [1902]. On the late date
of Dt. see L. Horst, Rev. de Phist. des religions, xvi. 20-65 (continued).
5 'The Date of D&cX.,' Journ. of Theol. Studies, July 1906, p. 492.
lo DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
me at present unwise. I am not opposed to the admission
of imaginative elements, and I own that a strictly logical
reconstruction of the later pre-exilic history would be easier
without the reformation ascribed to Josiah. But I doubt
whether history is always logical, and whether these negative
conclusions both as regards the tradition and as regards
Deuteronomy can be justifiable till we have made more sure
that we have rightly understood the documents. It seems
to me that the critics may have relied too much on im-
perfectly scrutinised texts. If so, what we have to aim at
first is a keener textual criticism, and such an interpretation
of the contents as the revised text may seem to require.
Let me as briefly as possible recall the religious situation
in the eighteenth year of Josiah. The controller of the
Divine Company was no longer Yahweh but Baal, and the
impure worship of the goddess Asherah had become gener-
ally prevalent. In short, the heathenish reaction which had
set in under Manasseh was still in full force. This appears,
not only from the earlier prophecies of Jeremiah, but from
the drastic measures which, as we shall see, the royal
reformer considered necessary, when, after long waiting, he
set himself to purify the land.
Such was the state of things when Hilkiah, as we read,
found a book in the temple (2 K. xxii. 8). The story of its
' finding ' is in fact the second part of the preface to the
story of the reformation, the first being the incomplete story
of the reparation of the temple. We are told that, exactly
as in the restoration under Jehoash, the king's scribe was
sent to the temple to count the money that had been
collected, and to give directions as to its disposal. It was
just then (so the text may once have stated) that Hilkiah
the priest found a book which he unhesitatingly recognised
as the book of torah. Hilkiah told this to Shaphan the
scribe, and then handed the book to him to read. The
questions now arise. What did Hilkiah mean by ' the book
of tdrahl and what by his statement that he had ' found ' it ?
The first question can be answered at once. By ' the
book of tdrahl Hilkiah must have meant some written
record which surpassed every other in the distinctness with
which it defined the ' ways ' pleasing to Yahweh, and the
THE STORY OF THE FINDING OF THE BOOK ii
torah, or body of directions, contained in it, must have taken
the form of commands. Such a law-book might naturally
claim to be Mosaic. Indeed, earlier law-books, such as the
claim, for the priests of the greater sanctuaries, when they
gave tdrdth or ' directions,' must have done so under the
authority of Moses. It stands to reason that the writer of
the greatest of the law-books did not neglect older works
of the same kind, which served as links between himself and
the great reputed law-giver Moses. It was on the basis of
such earlier books that the kernel of our Deuteronomy may
be considered to rest, and no purely conjectural writing
(such as that suggested by Prof. Kennett) can have such a
claim to be Hilkiah's ' book of torah ' as is possessed by the
kernel of Deuteronomy, when duly provided with prologue
and epilogue.
The second question is more difficult. In what sense
did Hilkiah ' find ' the book ? Had the book once been
known to the priestly keepers of the archives, and been lost
sight of during the religious troubles of Manasseh's reign,
till by a pure accident Hilkiah's eyes rested on the precious
roll ? Or does the phrase imply a theory, which, though
incorrect, was thought necessary for the success of the law-
book, viz. that a statement of fundamental laws given of old
had been lost for centuries, and just now been recovered ?
Both these theories imply that ' found ' is to be taken
literally. The interpretation has the merit of simplicity, but
when an Oriental text is in question simplicity is not
necessarily a recommendation. Oriental phraseology must
be interpreted in accordance with Oriental ideas and
customs. Now it is an idea of Oriental priesthoods that
religious authority needs to be kept up by illusion. We
may assume, therefore, that Hilkiah was not groping in the
dark, but saw what, from a priestly point of view, had to
take place for the good of religion. Acting according to
an ancient priestly custom, which involved illusion, he took
the recently composed law-book to the temple that he might
' find ' it there.
One may venture to speak of ' custom,' in spite of the
fact that there is no distinct reference to such a custom in
12 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
the Old Testament. For what is the Old Testament but a
selection of those relics of the old Hebrew literature which
approved themselves to exilic and post-exilic editors? A
lacuna such as that referred to is unimportant, and is
compensated for by parallels to the single piece of evidence,
derived from external sources.
Certainly, of such parallels there is no deficiency. How
the priesthoods of Assyria and Babylonia acted, is no secret.
The royal inscriptions are our sufficient authority. For
where religion is concerned, the real speakers in these are
the priests. Take, for instance, the oracle said to have been
given by the goddess Nannai, — ' Ashurbanipal shall deliver
me from wicked Elam';^ 1635 (1535) years passed, and
the fulfilment came. Needless to say who wrote the oracle,
and who fulfilled it.
If more decisive parallels are asked for, they can be
supplied. That the kings of the New Babylonian Empire
were great builders of temples, is well known. Perhaps the
greatest of them all was Nabu-na'id (Nabonedus), who, if
the inscriptions may be trusted, undertook no important
temple-restoration without seeking the foundation stone of
the original builder.^ In almost every case — so he declares
— he found it. How great is his self-admiration when he
tells (or is made to tell) how he met with the foundation-
stones of Ibarra, the temple of Shamash in Sippar, ' which
for 3200 years no king had found who lived before me,'^ or
of lulbar, the temple of Ishtar in Agani, which Nebu-
are the inscriptional statements ; can we regard them as
historically true ? Is it at all probable that Nabft-na'id was
really so keen an archaeologist ? May we not assume that
the modern Babylonian priests not only inspired the inscrip-
tions, but produced the old foundation-stones in accordance
with their inherited belief in the necessity of illusion for the
1 Keilinschr. Bibliothek {KB), ii. 211.
2 Rogers, Hist, of Babylonia and Assyria, ii. 359-363. The
parallel was noticed by Erbt, Sicker stellung des Monot/ieismus (1903),
pp. zff-'f Di^ Hebrder (1906), p. 165.
3 KB iii. 2, p. 105.
* Ibid. p. 85.
THE STORY OF THE FINDING OF THE BOOK 13
religious authority? If they did so, let us not be rash
enough to condemn them.
Next let us turn to Egypt In remote ages the imperial
people of the Nile valley must surely have exercised some
religious influence on Palestine, which was counteracted
indeed by much stronger influences, but may be supposed,
in some points of detail, to have continued.
Now there was a practice of Egyptian scribes, first
pointed out by Maspero, and among Biblical scholars in
1888 by the 'present writer,^ which bears closely on our
subject. It was the custom of these officials to insert in
transcripts of important works, whether purely religious or
quasi-scientific, and whether ancient or not, a statement that
the writing in question had been * found ' in the temple of
some deity. For instance, a chapter in the medical papyrus
now in the British Museum has this rubric, * This cure was
discovered at night by the hand of a minister of the temple
of the goddess who happened to go into the hall in the
1 My attention was turned to this matter by a suggestion of
M. Maspero's in the Revue critique (1878 or somewhat later) and
again in his Histoire ancienne de P Orient (1875), PP- 73/> 45 i- I"
Jeremiah, his Life and Tifnes (1888), p. 85, I collected the available
Egfyptian facts, and mentioned the possibility that Hilkiah's ' finding '
might be like the ' finding ' of the Egyptian officials. I hesitated, how-
ever, to adopt this view for want of an O.T. parallel or analogy. I
have long felt that the objection is not a serious one. In 1906 —
eighteen years afterwards — Prof. Budde referred to Maspero's illustra-
tion in his Geschichte der althebr. Literatur (1906), p. 109 n. I. In
1907 M. Ed. Naville published his article 'Egyptian Writings in
Foundation-walls, and the Age of the Book of Deuteronomy,' PSBA,
xxix. 232-242 (1907), which was noticed by Erbt in OLZ, Feb. 15,
1908, and has stirred up a little controversy in that learned periodi-
cal. The authorities cited by me in 1888, besides Maspero, are
Brugsch, Gesch. Aeg. pp. 60, 84; Birch, Aeg. Zt., 1871, p. 63. To
these should now be added Ed. Meyer, Gesch. Aeg. pp. 79, 303
(referred to by Marti) ; Lepage Renouf, TSBA ix. 2, pp. 295 /,
PSBA XV. 6 (1893), and Naville (as above). [Prof. Marti informs me
that he too in 1892 took up the subject, mentioning my own book, in
an article in the Zt. fiir Theol. u. Kircke, p. 44. M. Naville, in a
letter to the author, draws a distinction between M. Maspero's theory
and his own, in that the former considers the documents said to have
been ' found ' to have been forgeries, while he himself regards the rubrics
as veracious. I do not, however, see the necessity for such a distinction,
and incidentally I think the word ' forgeries,' with its Western associa-
tions, should be avoided.]
14 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
temple of the city of Tebmut in the secret places of that
goddess. The land at the time was in darkness, but the
moon shone on that book all over it. It was brought as a
valuable treasure to His Majesty King Kheops.' Similarly
it was claimed for a copy of one of the medical treatises in
the Berlin papyrus, edited by Brugsch, that it ' was found in
ancient writing, in a coffer of books at the feet of the god
Anup of Sekhem, in the days of the holiness of the king of
the two Egypts, the Veracious.' Again, in the ' Book of the
Dead ' (Naville) there is an important chapter entitled the
' chapter of the heart,' and supposed to be spoken by a
deceased person to his heart when it was weighed on the
scale in the judgment. The rubric attached to it runs thus,
' This chapter was found at Shmun (Hermopolis) on a slab
of stone of the south, written in true lapis under the feet of
the god.' There is also another chapter (Ixiv.) of the same
' Book of the Dead ' (Naville), which, in one of its versions,
has the following rubric, ' This chapter was found in the
foundations of Amihunnu by the overseer of the men who
built a wall, in the time of king Usaphais ; its figures are
mysterious, nobody has seen them nor looked at them.' The
meaning appears to be that the writing, which was ancient
and difficult, had been placed in a foundation-wall, and that
it was found afterwards by the overseer of a party of masons
engaged in repairing the temple. And just so, in a very
late text (time of Ptolemy XIII.) on a wall of one of the
crypts of the temple of Denderah, it was stated that
Thothmes III. 'found the great rule of Denderah . . . inside
a wall of bricks of the southern house in the time of the
king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the lord of the two lands,
Meri Ra, the son of Ra, the lord of diadems, Pepi.' ^
Now, it is of course conceivable that copies of ancient
and important Egyptian writings may sometimes have been
placed, as soon as written, in temples, either near * the feet
of the gods ' {i.e. near their statues) or in foundation walls.
But that all the written documents for which this claim is
put forward were really ancient and from the first so placed,
1 One may add that Philo of Byblus (second century a.d.) asserts
that the Phcenician history of Sanchoniathon had been brought out of
concealment by himself.
THE STORY OF THE FINDING OF THE BOOK 15
is most improbable. There must generally have been much
illusion in the matter. It must be repeated that our own
standards of morality cannot be applied to ancient Oriental
priests or scribes. One must, I think, agree with Maspero
and Hugo Winckler that this would be undue modernising,
and would not correspond to our experience of the habits of
the ancient priesthoods.
Two incomplete analogies for the course here ascribed to
Hilkiah may be adduced from the Old Testament itself,
(i) In Neh. xiii. i ff. it appears as if the passage, Dt. xxiii. 4-6,
was for the first time ' found written ' in the ' book of Moses '
in the age of Nehemiah. Yet it was only ' found ' there
because it had lately been inserted. And (2) in Dt. xxxi. 26
Moses is said to have commanded the Levites thus, ' Take
this book of torah, and put it beside the ark of the b^rith of
Yahweh your God.' The late writer of this passage must
have known the narrative of the finding of the law-book,
and may have sought to justify the ' finding ' by a tale of
the original depositing of the previous roll, not indeed in the
temple, but in the most honourable position possible, beside
the ark of Yahweh.
CHAPTER III
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS AND THE REFORMATION
Let us now return to the story in 2 K. xxii. No import-
ance attaches to the fact that Shaphan and not Hilkiah is
expressly stated to have read the book that was found.
Even if the reformers had taken the trouble to put the law-
book into ancient Hebrew script, yet we might fairly assume
that priests of high rank would be able to read it, otherwise
old laws to the use of a later age ? M. Naville, therefore,
has no solid ground for maintaining that Shaphan the scribe
literary training than Hilkiah. He read it because it was
his function to do so, just as a secretary in our day would
naturally read a newly found document to his superior.
Whether any one else heard it besides the king, we are not
told. But we are informed that as soon as the reading was
over (it cannot have taken long), the horrified king sent a
deputation, including both Hilkiah and Shaphan, to obtain
an oracle from Yahweh. It is evident that some part of
the book was of a highly threatening import. Most probably
there were solemn curses imprecated upon the people, in the
event of its disobedience to certain fundamental laws, and
forming a suitable close to the entire law-book.
Can this part of the traditional story be altogether
historical ? Surely Josiah and his priest must have been at
one as to the best means of reforming religion. Surely, too,
Josiah must have foreknown and approved the choice of a
The choice fell, not, of course, on Jeremiah, who was out of
16
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS &^ THE REFORMATION 17
sympathy with book-religion, but on the prophetess Huldah.
She is described (xxii. 14) as being 'the wife of Shallum,
son of Tikvah (or as otherwise called), son of Harhas, keeper
of the garments.' So at least the traditional text says, but
some of the words appear to be wrong, and the whole
description may have been misunderstood. The name
Huldah, for instance, is neither an epithet of a deity ^ nor a
monument of early Semitic totemism,^ but, like Hadlai in
2 Chr. xxviii. 12, is of Ishmaelite or N. Arabian origin ;^ so
too, obviously, is Shallum ^ (cp. i Chr. ii. 40). Tikvah
(' confidence ' !) is not less transparent ; it is a corruption of
Teko^a. More than one Teko'a probably existed ; ^ the one
meant here was in the district called Harhas (in 2 Chr.
Hasrah), ie. Yarham-Ashhur.'' Next comes the strange title
shotner begddlvi, which is usually explained as ' keeper of the
royal wardrobe.' The theory has very slight probability.
Nowhere else does such an official title occur, and there is
nothing in the context to suggest that the royal attire is
referred to. It is reasonable to suspect corruption of the
text.
Let us act on this suspicion, and begin with nniX
Sound method requires us to group this word with similar
corrupt combinations of letters, the key to which has been
found. Such combinations are D''"TDi in Ezek. xxvii. 11,'^
and D'^niD in 2 K. xix. 35.^ The former occurs among a
number of ethnics or place-names in a poetic description of
the commerce of Sor, i.e. Missor (the N. Arabian Musri) ;
Cim is of course miswritten for D"'"iDl, which should be the
plural of nDi, from the well-known but much misunderstood
^Di ^ (Gen. x. 2, Ezek. xxxviii. 6), which, like DiT in *7^o DiT
1 'The Ever-young Virgin' (Winckler, Krit. Schriften^ ii. 45/).
2 See E. Bib., ' Shaphan.'
3 If the d in both these names, as well as in the Nabatasan Haldu
(G. A. Cooke, N.-Sem. Inscr. p. 256) is an error for r, we may group
them with Rahel, which is probably a popular corruption of Scm = Skdht
(7". and B. p. 373). Cp. "jmnK, i Chr. iv. 8, i.e. Ashhur-Yerahme'el.
4 E. Bib., ' Shallum.'
5 Ibid., ' Tekoa.'
^ T. and B. pp. 23, 205, etc.
"^ Crit. Bib., on Ezek. I.e.
8 Ibid., on 2 K. I.e. ; T. and B. p. 147.
8 T and B. p. 157.
2
1 8 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
(Zech. vii. 2), comes from DHT (Yarham-Yerahme'el). D*'niD
occurs in the narrative of the destruction of an Ashhurite
king's army, where again the original is D"«-idi. There
remains notD, which is probably the short for pnott), an
expansion of the clan-name notD, such as may have existed
in more than one district. It is not, therefore, a court title
that we have before us, but a geographical gloss stating that
Dmn is = D"'noi pnom, ' Shimron of the Gamrites (Gomerites).'
And our total result is that Shallum at any rate was a native
of N. Arabia, and that Huldah as well as Shallum has a
name of N. Arabian affinities.
These facts are not unimportant, for the original centre
of prophecy was not in Palestine but in N. Arabia. Some
at least of the O.T. prophets can be shown to have originated
in N. Arabia, i.e. in that part of the N. Arabian border-land
which appears to have been occupied, at any rate at intervals,
by Israel. It was indeed the Holy Land of the Israelites ; ^
there was the scene of their most sacred stories, and though
there were great religious risks, yet those very risks called
forth the heroic courage of the io.^^ chief among whom were
Elijah and Elisha. Could we then be surprised if a
prophetess like Huldah, with her N. Arabian though Israelite
husband, resided among the Israelites in that region ? And
it so happens that in 2 K. xxii. 14 there is a parenthetic
note which refers to Huldah's place of residence, and
probably supports my suggestion. Usually it is supposed
to state that ' she dwelt in Jerusalem, in the second quarter.' ^
But how can this be correct ? Surely it is most unimportant
whether the prophetess lived in the first quarter or in the
second. The lexicons, it is true, confirm the explanation of
mishneh as ' second quarter ' by Zeph. i, i o, but that passage
too has been misunderstood. For the most probable view
of mishneh in Zeph. i. i o is that it is a popular corruption
of Ishmanah or Shemanah ^ (fem. of Ishman or Shemen, i.e.
1 See Introduction (on the Negeb).
2 For another view see E. Bib., ' College,' ' Hassenaah,' ' Huldah.
The explanation of mishneh given above will also suit for Gen. xli. 43,
2 Chr. XXXV. 24 (see 7! and B. p. 462, with note 3).
3 Following Marti as to the extent of the strophe, but using our own
lights as to mishneh and maktesh, we obtain this sense —
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS &> THE REFORMATION 19
Ishmael), and that this was the designation of a quarter of
Jerusalem specially appropriated to N. Arabians, including
the numerous class of magicians. A gloss in ^'. 11 explains
that ' all the people of Canaan are destroyed, all that practise
secret enchantments ^ are cut off.' What Canaan is we may
learn from Zeph. ii. 5 ; it is the land of the Philistines, and
the Philistines are not Semitised Cretans, but a tribe of
Ishmaelites, as their name, duly criticised, shows.^
But to return to 2 K. xxii. 14. The note may con-
ceivably state that Huldah resided ' in Jerusalem, in the
N. Arabian quarter.' I think, however, that the other view
is much more attractive, viz. that the prophetess resided in
Israelitish N. Arabia. In this case we must suppose that
Ishmanah or Shemanah in the note is a place-name, and
that Yerushalaim has sprung (as in some other passages)
from an ill-written Ishmael, and the note will state that
Huldah dwelt in the country of Ishmael {i.e. N. Arabia), in
a place called Ishmanah. I call this view the more attrac-
tive one, because, since the greatest moral dangers arose
from the borderland, it would be natural to seek counsel of
one who resided in the neighbourhood of those dangers.
May I not go even further, and suggest that Huldah may
not merely have been consulted on the occasion related
in 2 Kings, but have already been specially concerned in
the expansion of Yahwistic laws. It is not unreasonable to
Israelitish residents in N. Arabia in the right path. The
effort would naturally take the form of the preparation of a
law-book claiming divine authority. It had very possibly
done so before this time, and a careful scrutiny of Deuter-
Hark ! a cry from the fish-gate,
A howling from Ishmanah ;
Great wailing from the hills,
The dwellers in Methukash howl.
Ishmanah and Methukash are parallel, and have the same meaning.
K-smD ( = nncK '7j?DnK), underlying rnso here, and n^nco in 2 K. xxiii. 1 3,
means the N. Arabian quarter.
^ Read ^b-d 'a'Sn (cp. d*b'?, n'onS).
2 ' Pelethites ' and ' Philistines ' have been confounded, i.e. cnrSs
should be dtiSd ; cp. XiSn and nSs, also '?Bn (Dt. i. i). All these latter
forms originate in Ethbaal= Ishmael. On the Philistine question see
Introduction.
20 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
onomy may show us that it did so in the time of Josiah.
Among the chief helpers of such an attempt we may perhaps
venture to reckon the prophetess Huldah.
We can now understand better on what grounds Hilkiah
and the others probably selected their counsellor. It was
not the first time that they and she had met — either in
Jerusalem or in the N. Arabian border-land. The law-book
' found,' or brought forward, by Hilkiah was really a revised
and adapted form of a law-book intended for Israel in
Arabia. And it is reasonable to surmise that Josiah knew
this, and that the account of the visit of the deputation to
Huldah is far from corresponding to facts. Indeed, would
it not be passing strange if all that the deputation had to
do was to report the nervous prostration of Josiah, and his
inability to determine upon a course of action ? And then,
as to Huldah's answer (xxii. 15-20), to what state of
mind can it be said to be related ? Is it to that described
\n vv. 11-13? Surely not. How would it comfort Josiah,
or restore his moral energy, to be told that Jerusalem and
all its inhabitants except himself should be destroyed ? Or
is it to that which is here supposed to be his true mental
state — viz. abounding joy at the happy completion of the
law-book ? Still more certainly not.
The most probable view seems to be that Huldah — if
she gave any oracle at all — had an eye at once to religion
and to politics. She knew that there was constant danger
from one or another troublesome potentate. Assyria,
indeed, was sinking into decay, but more than one
N. Arabian power was capable of disturbing the peace of
Judah. The oracle which one naturally expects would
have contained something like this : ' Danger still threatens,
not from Assyria, but from the land of Saphon.^ There-
fore, O king of Judah, reconcile thyself and thy people with
thy God. The book of the torah of Yahweh is before thee.
By obedience to its precepts shalt thou be exalted above
thy foes. Otherwise great evil shall fall upon thee and
upon thy people, and ye shall die in a land which ye have
not known.'
1 The region whence the invaders come is commonly so styled by
Jeremiah. See below.
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS &- THE REFORMATION 21
of moral discouragement in the resolute and imperious
monarch who, at the head of his people, accepts Hilkiah's
law-book (2 K. xxiii. 1-3). He knows his strength and he
uses it. The phraseology of the narrative may have been
manipulated, but if there was an assembly at all, the circum-
stances must have been somewhat as they are here described.
Prophets must have been there as well as priests and elders
of the people, and the position taken up by the king in
order to read the law-book (in this copy, then, the letters
were not archaic) is entirely in order, as we shall see by
comparing v. 3 with the statement in 2 K. xi. 14, 'and
when she looked, behold, the king (Jehoash) stood by the
pillar, as the usage was.' The pillar, in both cases, was no
doubt that called in the Hebrew of i K. vii. 21 Yakln.
This appears to be a corruption of some form of Yerahme'el
(such as Yakman), the name of one of the holy Two, or
Three, who formed, in N. Arabia, the divine Company. It
will be remembered that Yakin and Bo'az ^ (in @" Yakum
and Balaz — the latter points to some corrupt form of
Ishmael) were the two bronze pillars erected in the porch of
Solomon's temple. The original names were not such as
Josiah would have sanctioned. But he did not scruple to
station himself by one of them after the objectionable names
had (probably long ago) been modified. There it was that
covenant or compact before Yahweh (as Jehoiada in the
name of Jehoash had done before) to walk before Yahweh,
and so to verify the words (promises) of this compact that
were written in this book (xxiii. 3).
The ease with which the revolution was effected may
well startle us. How many there must have been in that
assembly who had luxuriated in the enjoyment of the
popular cults ! Yet now such persons gave up their most
cherished practices, and accepted the yoke of a book-
religion. It is passing strange. Had Josiah the assistance
of a second wonder-working Elijah ? No ; but he had on
^ See E. Bib., 'Jachin and Boaz'; Crif. Bib. p. 324 ; T. and B.
pp. 30 (n. 2), 369; Nikolsky (Hilgenfeld's Zt., 1904, pp. 1-20);
W. E. Barnes,/ of TheoL Stud., April 1904, pp. 447 i^
22 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
his side not only the two chief priests ^ and the three
keepers of the sacred threshold,^ but most probably, like
Jehoash, at no great distance off, the royal guards.
The work assigned to the great temple ministers at
once suggests the real nature of the reformation. It was
an attack on that harmful type of religion, established by
Manasseh, which most^ regard as Assyrio-Babylonian, but
which, more probably, was N. Arabian. At the king's
command (z/. 4), Hilkiah and his fellows brought out all the
vessels of Baal and Asherah,* and of all the host of heaven
(see p. 25). These were burned outside Jerusalem in the
smelting-furnaces (?) ^ of the Kidron ; their ' dust,' we are
told, was taken to Bethel, i.e. probably to the bdmaJi made
by Jeroboam, and destroyed (as we shall see) by Josiah.
From the same source (probably) we learn that the venerated
symbol of Asherah in the temple {v. 6 ; cp. xxi. 7) was
carried to the Kidron, where it was burned and actually
stamped to powder (cp. vv. 12, 15), as if to minimise the
risk of malign supernatural influence. Nor was even this
enough to satisfy the foes of heathenism. To desecrate this
image still further, the powder was despitefully cast upon the
common burying-place (xxiii. 6).
Already, perhaps, we can see the real nature of the
movement. It appears that Baal (or Yerahme'el) and
Asherah, or sometimes Ashtart, were combined in a
N. Arabian divine duad, and if it be urged that Yahweh
may also have been worshipped by the N. Arabians, yet
the directing member of the triad thus produced was, not
Yahweh, but Baal. (To these deities we shall return.) As
^ That is, the priest of Jerusalem and the priest (not priests, see
XXV. 18) of the second rank (in xxv. 18 parallel to 'the chief priest'),
or perhaps the priest of Shemanah, i.e. Ishmael (see p. 19). The title
may have been borne by the priest of the sanctuary of the Israelites in
N. Arabia (see on Dt. xii. 5). The writer of xxv. 18 may not have
known the true origin of mishjieh ( = Shemanah). Huldah, as we have
seen, was probably a prophetess of Shemanah.
2 See E. Bib., ' Threshold.'
3 E.g. M'Curdy, Hist., PropJi., and M on. ii. 385.
* In 2/. 5 Mazzaloth (Yishme''elith) stands for Asherah {T. and B.
p. 19, n. 2 ; Crit. Bib. p. 390). In i K. xv. 13 we meet with the name
miphleseth, which may have the same origin as viazzaloth
5 niB-^rD (Klostermann).
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS &- THE REFORMATION 23
the foe of Ashtart, Josiah was, of course, violently opposed
to all that belonged to the cult of that goddess, and
especially to the sacred prostitution suggested by the names
kedeshim (xxiii. 7 «) ^ and ^edeshoth. The men and women
so called were numerous both in N. Arabia^ and in the
land of Judah.^ The urgent need for a distinct prohibition
of that unhappy devotion was met by the command in
Dt. xxiii. 18. Not less numerous were the priests called
kemdrim. This we learn, not only from the narrative before
us, but from a much-vexed passage in Isaiah (ii. 5), where
the reason why Yahweh has forsaken his people is stated to
be their addiction to foreign magic and soothsaying ; evidently
inikkedem should be kemdrlni. The name is suggestive ; it
shows that the priests so styled had N. Arabian affinities.*
On the whole passage, see chap. v.
The fact is that religion was a specialty of the
N. Arabians, and priests as well as prophets travelled about
Judah in search of occupation (xxiii. 5). Wherever there
was a bdinah their services were in request ; the kings of
Judah had themselves 'ordained' or sanctioned this custom.
Now, however, the priests had to retire in obedience to a
fresh command. They were the guardians of all those
practices which Josiah most abhorred. It was essential to
save the people from their pernicious influence. They were
therefore deposed. According to another account {y. 9),
the priests {kohane) of the bdmoth were allowed to eat
unleavened bread among their brethren, though they might
1 The gloss in v. "] b'xs obscure.
2 T. and B. p. 448. Simulation of this cult was one feature of this
cult in N. Arabia (see on Dt. xxii. 5, 9-1 1).
2 See I K. xiv. 24, xv. 12.
* The name almost certainly comes from D'opn. opi is a frequent
corruption of □nT = '7K3nT (see T. and B., pp. 62, 376 ; cp. 372). The
kemdrlni are also mentioned in Hos. x. 5, Zeph. i. 4, and probably
Job iii. 5, where the text is plainly wrong, and should be read innya*
ID' no3, Met the priests of Yaman affright it.' The origin of the word
goes back into remote antiquity, at least if kdmiru in the Amarna
Tablets has the meaning ' priest.' It also occurs in an Aramaic form
in the first of the Elephantine papyri edited by Sachau (1907), where,
as in the Hebrew Scriptures, it is doubtless used without knowledge of
its origin. In fact, the writer who speaks for the Egyptian-Jewish
community uses k'too of the priests of the Egyptian god Khnum.
24 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
not take part in the altar-service at Jerusalem. Apparently
these priests either were or became Yahwists. It is of the
distress of such persons that a pathetic account, in the
style of prophecy, seems to be given in i S. ii. 36. They
are represented as the descendants of Eli {i.e. Abiathar),
displaced by the * faithful priest ' (Zadok), to whom they
come crouching for some humble priestly office, as a means
of livelihood. The one objection to this is that there are
two glosses^ in v. 36, which (critically restored) run thus,
' with regard to the temple of Kashram, Ashkar-Yerahme'el,*
and ' with regard to Ashkal, Beth-Yerahme'el,' implying
that the priests are Yerahme'elites, and that they are in
search of posts in their own chief sanctuary (see p. 27),
called sometimes Ashkar - Yerahme'el, sometimes Beth-
Yerahme'el. It is possible that in xxiii. 9 DStDTT* has been
substituted by the redactor for ^nijdD'' (Ishmael = Yerahme'el).
At any rate, these priests seem to be worshippers of Yahweh.
They may perhaps have traced their origin to Eli. The
Shiloh referred to in i S. i.-iv. was probably in the
N. Arabian border-land. A third statement about the
priests (xxiii. 20) is probably a late fiction.
Among the worst abominations were sacrifices of
children. They were offered to Melek,^ who was the great
N. Arabian god, regarded no longer as the giver of vegeta-
tion, but as the stern ruler of the underworld, and who was
also called Ethbal, i.e. Ishmael ( = Yerahme'el). This we
learn from 2 K. xxiii. 10, where the impossible TifplS^ is
simply miswritten for ^pSHnS (cp. ^rhl from Sidn in Isa.
X. 4), which is a gloss on "^^CiS. Child-sacrifices in Canaan
1 The words en"? idd id3 rmivh and nnS-ns '?3k'? are glosses. The text
needs correction. In the former gloss, idd, as in Isa. xlviii. 10, comes
most probably from moa = oirn (see note on d'-icd). mux is the Aram.
miJK, which, in the Targums has the late meaning ' heathen altar,' but
in the Aramaic papyri (see especially those of Elephantine) is used of
the temple of Yahu ( = Yahweh). Thus, an O.T. passage for the first
time receives a natural and a practically certain explanation, thanks to
an unexpected find of papyri. In the latter, Ssk, as often, represents
^DrK ( = Asshur- Yerahme'el) ; S^vh, presupposed by © in t/. 28
(ets f3p(^Lv), has the same meaning as here, viz. ' with reference to
Ashkal.' no represents n'3 ; cnV is a popular corruption of ^om (Vkdht).
2 See E. Bib., ' Molech ' (Moore) ; T. and B., pp. 50-54.
2 Not recognised by @, Pesh.
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS cS- THE REFORMATION 25
are proved by the explorations ; ^ in N. Arabia, by the
original underlying text of Gen. xxii. They are denounced
and forbidden in Dt. xii. 31, xviii. 10, though the strongest
prohibition is in Lev. xviii. 21. Jeremiah^ (xix. 4/!,
xxxii. 35) and Ezekiel (xx. 26) are equally vehement, and
it was only to be expected that what Manasseh had
sanctioned by his own practice Josiah should do his utmost
to extinguish.
Sun-worship was also prevalent in Judah {vv. 5,11 f^.
Ezekiel (viii. 16) tells of men who worshipped the sun
towards the east, with their backs towards Yahweh's temple.
Predecessors of Josiah had dedicated horses (of bronze ?) to
the sun. These Josiah destroyed ; the chariot (so Stade,
after 0) of the sun-god he burned. Whence came this
sun-worship ? Perhaps from Assyria. But it is very
possible that Baal or Yerahme'el in one of his aspects was
the sun-god,^ and that this is the source of Manasseh's sun-
worship. In z'. 5 ' the sun and the moon ' may be an
interpolated gloss on ' Baal and Mazzaloth ' {i.e. Yerahme'el
and the Ishmaelite goddess), and it is certain that in v. 4
(cp. 2 K. xxi. 3) the cult of Baal is closely joined to that of
' all the host of heaven.' The fusion of the cult of Baal or
Yerahme'el with that of the sun in Judah may perhaps be
placed in the reign of Manasseh (2 K. xxi. 5).
Even the bdnioth of Solomon were not spared. Sidonian,
Moabite, and Ammonite cults should no longer defile the
neighbourhood of the temple. The description of the site
of these places is remarkable. It was east of Jerusalem,
and south of the har hammashhlth, ' the mount of the
destroyer.' Most probably, however, mashhith (like inaktesh
in Zeph. i. 1 1 ; see p. 18, note 3) comes from some form
like metJiushah, i.e. ' Ishmael-Ashhur."* The name of the
hill alludes to the fact that the original inhabitants of the
district were Jebusites, i.e. a tribe of Ishmaelites.
And now a grave difficulty arises. We are told in
^ P^re Vincent, Canaan (1907), pp. 188, 195.
2 Jeremiah, in xix. 4^], speaks of Baal, but clearly Baal and Melek
are parallel (Jer. xxxii. 35).
3 See T. and B. p. 273 (on the connexion between Ishmael and the
sun, and the origin of the name Bethshemesh).
* See T. and B. p. 107.
36 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
2 K. xxiii. 4 that the ' dust ' of the vessels that were burned
outside Jerusalem was carried to Bethel, and m v. 15 that
Josiah broke down the altar and high place of Bethel. To
reject the Bethel-episode would be arbitrary. Shall we,
then, suppose that, in the enfeebled condition of Assyria,
Josiah felt the stirrings of ambition, and aspired to re-unite
north and south under one sceptre ? ^ The theory is in
itself plausible, and harmonises with the statement that
Josiah went to meet an Egyptian army at Megiddo in
N. Israel. Still, apart from the uncertainty of the reading
* Megiddo,' the close political and religious relations between
Israel and N. Arabia, which I have tried to point out else-
where, may lead one to think that another theory has a still
greater probability. The theory is, that Bethel (which, like
Ti"?!, 2 K. xxiii. 10, probably comes from Ethbal, i.e.
Ishmael) may, in vv. 4, 15, be the name of a place in
the N. Arabian borderland, to which region therefore Josiah
must have extended his iconoclastic operations. And why
should Josiah not have done so ? Obviously the reforma-
tion was needed in N. Arabia as much as in Judah, and
Josiah was not the man to leave his work half done. If
he occupied the Israelite territory in N. Arabia, he would
feel bound to make it genuinely a Holy Land. As to the
evidence, the whole story of the reformation is presumptive
evidence.
It is an important fact, which I must not omit to point
out, that by this theory, and this alone, is it possible to give
a perfectly natural correction of the text of xxiii. 8 b. This
is how the passage runs in the A.V., ' and brake down the
high places of the gates that were in the entering in of the
gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which were on a
man's left hand at the gate of the city.' ' The high places
of the gates ' ; how impossible ! If, however, we correct
D''^2?Q>^, not into D'^T'l'torr, ' the satyr-like demons,' but into
1 The Chronicler (2 Chr. xxxiv. 6/, 33) may have had a similar
notion respecting Josiah, but there is reason to think that the state-
ments of the earlier writer on which he built may have had a different
reference. This means correcting the two corrupt words at the end of
V. 6 into Dm' mama, ' in Yarhamite Rehoboth,' indicating that the icono-
clasm took place in some part of the N. Arabian border-land. This
affects the correctness of 2 Chr. xv. 19, xxx. i, 10/, 18, xxxi. i.
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS &- THE REFORMATION 27
D'^I^nTt/ ' the Asshurs/ i.e., the symbols of the N. Arabian
god Asshur,' ^ we shall have taken the first step towards a
consistent sense. And how improbable are both the defini-
tions of the situation of the bdmdth ! Neither Kittel nor
Stade suggests any probable or even plausible emendations.
Perhaps it is some defect in their point of view which
hinders them. At any rate, we surely want, not a personal
name like Yehoshua, but a place-name. T'i^n-nto i^mhrT"*
should probably be TiJH n^Nhrr"), ' the city Yehoasshur,' ^ or
perhaps Trn ncJN'DnT. * the city Yarham- Asshur.' It is
probable that the equivalent forms Asshur- Yarham and
Ashkar-Yerahme'el underlie cryptic phrases in Dt. xii. 5
and I S. ii. 36 respectively, and that it is the name of the
place where was the central sanctuary which claimed the
exclusive veneration of N. Arabian Israelites. Almost the
same name (7N5D12J"^"*i©n) underlies part of the equally
corrupt second descriptive clause (D"'N blND2?-Si?ntDN) ; ■*
what remains (Tl^rr nrlDl) represents beyond doubt T'^jrr IONH,
* in the city Asshur.' Thus, omitting incorrect variants, we
obtain this simple and natural sense of the original, under-
lying text, * and broke down the bdmdth of the Asshur-idols
which were in the entrance of the city Yarham-Asshur.'
We cannot, however, pass over the first part of xxiii. 8,
which states that the bdmdth on which the priests had
offered illegitimate sacrifices were spread ' from Geba to
Beer-sheba.' These places, it may be objected, were not
in the N. Arabian border-land, but formed the northern and
southern boundaries respectively of the land of Judah. If,
then, we have found the right explanation of v. 8 b, it would
seem that this passage cannot be the right sequel of v. 8 a.
It would indeed seem so. But must we not go further, and
say that v. 8 a, if the ordinary explanation is correct,
excludes the view that Josiah carried the reform to any
1 Asherim (from Asher) is a parallel form to Asshurim (from Asshur).
See T. and B. p. 24. The Asherim were, of course, destroyed by
Josiah, xxiii. 14, cp. Dt. vii. 5.
2 See T. and B. p. 24.
' The form would be unusual ; cp. the personal name rxi.T.
4 The first half of the clause represents ' Asshur-Ishmael,' the second
' Ishmael-Asshur.' ex comes from tk, i.e. "ivk. The two forms, of
course, refer to the same city.
28 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
district or region outside Judah proper? And yet, as we
have seen, to deny that he crossed the border at all, would
be arbitrary. The solution of the problem is that either
V. % a belongs to a different source from v. 8 b — a source
which did not refer to the extension of the reform beyond
the limits of Judah proper, or else the Geba and Beersheba
referred to were not in Judah but in the N. Arabian border-
land.^ In the latter case, a shortened form of ' Yerahme'el '
must have been mistaken for a shortened form of ' Yehudah ' ;
i.e. for ' out of the cities of Judah ' we should read ' out of the
cities of Yerahme'el.' ^
The conclusion here arrived at is not without conse-
quences. If there is a N. Arabian Bethel in 2 K. xxiii.,
there must also be one, not only in i K. xiii., but in i K.
xii. (the steers of gold), and why not also in Gen. xxviii. and
in the Book of Amos ? The truth is that the different parts
of the Old Testament are so closely connected that we
cannot change our opinion on one without having to
reconsider our opinion on some of the others. As another
instance of this, take the story in Jer. xli. 5 respecting the
eighty men from Shechem, Shiloh, and Shomeron, who came
in mourning guise to Mizpah, the seat of government of the
hapless Gedaliah.^ Their object is said to have been to
' house of Yahweh ? ' Most reply, the great one at Jeru-
salem. But how came pilgrims from the land of N. Israel
to be so deeply interested in the fallen sanctuary of Judah ?
Must we not exchange our point of view for one in
harmony with the preceding results ? As I have pointed
out already by anticipation, the Israelites in the southern
^ Geba is only another form of Gibeah. Beer-sheba = well of
Shema (Ishmael), not 'well of the Seven-god.' Bethel = Ethbaal =
Ishmael (2". and B. pp. 311/, 371).
2 Cp. I S. XXX. 26, where, in the original text, as restored, David
sends presents to the elders of Yerahme'el. In the M.T. of v. 29 we
actually find the two glosses, ' in the cities of the Yerahme'elites ' and
•in the cities of the Kenites.' See Crit. Bib. p. 245.
^ It is here supposed that Gedaliah was governor of the 'cities of
Yerahme'el ' (reading thus in Jer. xl. 5 instead of ' cities of Judah,' as in
2 K. xxiii. 8. Cp. Crit. Bib., p. T}„ and on the story in Jer. xli., The
Historian^ History the World, ii. 7.
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS b- THE REFORMATION 29
border-land occupied by Josiah had probably their own
sanctuary. It has also been shown that Shechem, Shiloh,
and Shdmeron (or Shimron) were most probably N. Arabian
as well as N, Israelite place-names, the Yerahme'elite clans
having carried these names with them in their migrations.
The pilgrims, therefore, were very possibly Israelites of N.
Arabia, who resorted to their own sanctuary, situated
perhaps near Mizpah.^
The destruction of the altar and bdmaJi at Bethel ^
{v. 15) was only to be expected considering their history.
From some other source it is added {y. 19) that what Josiah
had done at Bethel he repeated at all the houses of the
bdmotJi that were in the cities of Shomeron,^ and that he
slew all the officiating priests. The latter statement need
not delay us ; it may be a mere fiction suggested by i K.
xiii. 2. As to Shdmeron or Shimron, it is plainly in the
same region as Bethel, i.e. in N. Arabia. As we know
already (p. 18) there was a Shomer5n or Shimron of the
Gomerites ; Huldah's husband was a native of this place or
district. It is also noteworthy that in Am. vi. i ^VS and
X\'y'C:i'!!li should be parallel, which can only be the case if ]V2
can be corrected into pi;l!i, i.e. not ' hyna,' but ' Ishmael.' ^
In other words, in Am. vi. i Shomeron is a N. Arabian name.
And still more important is it that in 2 K. xvii. 6 there appears
to be a confusion between the Assyrian capture of the city of
Shomeron in the north, and the Asshurite conquest of the
region of Shomeron or Shimron in the south.^
The only other important detail of the reformation is
that in xxiii, 24, relative to magic and all heathenish objects
(teraphim, etc.), and practices surviving in the land of Judah.
By abolishing these, Josiah undid the mischief caused by his
1 There were many hill-towns called Mizpah. Cp. Crit. Bib. on
I K. XV. 22.
2 For Winckler's ingenious but arbitrary correction see KAT^\
p. 277.
3 Shomgron here, as in i K. xvii. 24, etc., is a regional name.
* See Introduction (on forms of Ishmael).
^ See Special Note. The names of places and deities in i K. xvii.
liiff. point in different directions. One may, however, venture to lay
the most stress on those which point to N. Arabia, for what redactor
would have inserted these among Assyrian-sounding names ?
30 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
reactionary grandfather (xxi. 6). Manasseh was a pro-
Asshurite king, and among the most popular Asshurite or
N. Arabian religious forms were those which opened the door
of the unseen world. How earnestly the Deuteronomist
dehorts from such practices, is well-known (see Dt xviii.
10^-12). One may greatly doubt, however, whether Josiah
did permanently abolish them (see Zech. x. 2).
The reformation being finished, the workers * returned to
Jerusalem.' Was there any concluding celebration ? From
2 K. xxiii. 21-23 we might suppose that there was — viz.
the passover. The account may, however, be a mere
appendix, as the highly artificial narrative in 2 Chr. xxxv.
undoubtedly is. On the other hand, in the Hezekiah-
narrative the passover precedes the reformation (2 Chr.
xxx.-xxxi. i). The probability is that there were two
forms of tradition,^ according to one of which the covenant,
and according to the other the passover, was the sign that
Israel had again become Yahweh's people. It was not easy
to work these two forms of tradition together, and the
compilers took different lines. It will be noticed that both
in 2 Kings and in 2 Chr. the reformation -passover is re-
garded as the first legal one (cp. Dt. xvi. 2, 5-7). Forgetful
of his own elaborate account of Hezekiah's national passover,
and with only slight variations on 2 K. xxiii. 22 (cp. Neh.
viii. 17), the Chronicler fervently declares that such a
passover as this had not been held since the days of Samuel,
nor had all the kings of Israel kept such a passover. How
far even the brief notice in 2 Kings is based on fact, it is
impossible to say. Most probably the reformation-passover
has but a symbolic value.
It is much to be regretted that the imaginative element
in this lengthy narrative is so considerable. In Wellhausen's
abridgment of the Book of Campaigns of the Messenger of
God by Wakidy, we find a striking sketch of the Arabian
reformer overthrowing the 360 idols around the Ka'ba at
Mecca, and looking on while, at his command, the great
image of Hubal was broken in pieces. A description as
full of colour of Josiah's proceedings would have been very
1 So first Erbt, OLZ, Feb. 1908.
HULDAH THE PROPHETESS &^ THE REFORMATION 31
precious. We may note, by the way, that Mohammed does
not seem to have shown any hostility to Arabian dolmens,
which militates against Colonel Conder's theory^ that the
paucity of such stone monuments in W. Palestine is due to
the iconoclasm of Josiah. For my own part, I think that
the amount of Josiah's iconoclasm has been exaggerated.
To have ordered the universal destruction of bdmoth would
have been futile ; the order would not have been carried out.
I base my scepticism on these two grounds. The first is
the fact that the old Canaanite and N. Arabian cults at
once regained their prominence on the death of Josiah. A
similar reaction took place in Egypt on the death of the
'heretic king' Amen-hotep IV., and its violence unmistak-
ably shows that the religious revolution set on foot by that
king had not been at all universal or complete." The second,
that among the virtual opponents of Josiah were not only
the partisans of the displaced religion, but also the adherents
of a diametrically opposite school. It was a school with a
moral strength out of all proportion to its numbers, and its lead-
ing member was that lofty prophet and soldier of God, whose
greatness cannot have been wholly unseen during his lifetime,
but was first fully recognised after his passing — Jeremiah.
That Jeremiah, a pioneering thinker, was opposed to
book-religion will be one of the acquisitions of our next
chapter. In justice, however, to the school of Hilkiah and
Josiah, let it be acknowledged that Jeremiah, saintly as he
was, lacked that faculty of persuasion which the Second
Isaiah seems to have possessed, and without which Jeremiah
and his disciples could not possibly have converted the
unspiritual minds of their countrymen. Nor must our
inherited prejudices hinder us from assimilating the lesson
of Jewish history — that it was the combination of legal and
prophetic elements which alone saved Israel, and enabled
it to remain unmoved, though not unaltered, amidst the
tempests of the centuries.
1 Syrian Stone-lore^ p. 126 ; cp. Vincent, Canaan (1907), p. 423.
2 Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Religion, p. 64. — ' It is easy to
understand that for ten or twenty years the new faith actually prevailed,
at least among the upper classes of the people.' The qualification is
important.
CHAPTER IV
JEREMIAH'S ATTITUDE. JOSIAH'S DEFEAT AND DEATH.
FEAR OF THE NORTH ARABIANS
We have seen that the traditional account of Josiah's
reformation is in some respects not fully trustworthy, and it
would be natural to hope that the Book which bears the
name of Jeremiah would compensate us for our disappoint-
ment. To some extent it certainly does, but only on con-
dition of our applying a keen criticism to the contents.
Scholars like Duhm and Cornill are well aware of this, and
the experience of the last half-century has taught them to
distinguish better than their predecessors between that which
is and that which is not genuine in this prophetic collection.
They have also, perhaps I may say, learned more fully that
the non-genuine passages by which a redactor has supple-
mented the fragmentary relics of the true Jeremiah may
contain valuable material for the later history of Israel's
religion.
There is one result of recent criticism which is of special
importance for the history of the reformation. Through
insufficient criticism of chap, xi., which certainly contains
some work of Jeremiah's, the French scholar Dahler
(1825-30) was led to believe that Jeremiah was so friendly
to the reformation that he actually became an itinerating
advocate of the claims of Deuteronomy. Not in deference
to Josiah, but following an inward divine call, he is thought
to have proclaimed ' all these words {i.e. the words of this
covenant) in the cities of Judah and in the streets of
Jerusalem.' The passage on which this view is based is Jer.
xi. 1-8, which is not only poor in diction and devoid of
32
JEREMIAH'S ATTITUDE— JOSI AH' S DEATH 33
metre,^ but quite out of harmony with what Jeremiah says
elsewhere. Take for instance Jer. viii. 8,
How can ye say, We are wise,
And the torah of Yahweh is with us ?
Verily, into a lie has he made it ^
The lying pen of scribes.
Could there be a plainer contradiction of those who asserted
that they had Yahweh's direction in a written form ? And
how can one who wrote thus have been a friend of
Deuteronomy and the reformation ?
Nevertheless, Jeremiah was at one with Josiah in his
abhorrence of the Baalistic religion established by Manasseh.
What the religion of Jerusalem was like before the reforma-
tion can be seen from Jer. ii. 28 ^ (see 0). This is how,
most probably, the text originally ran, —
For as many cities as thou hast,
And as many streets as Jerusalem has,
So many sacrifices have they burned to Baal.
Some early scribe altered the text of the fourth line, which
in the M.T. runs thus, ' so many altars have ye set up to
Bosheth, altars to burn sacrifices to Baal.' The scribe's
explanation is perfectly good, only we must restore the name
of Baal's consort, here miscalled ntDl (Bosheth), to its true
form n"'i7l» = n"'i'D^J^ one of the titles of the great N.
Arabian goddess and consort of Baal.^ To Jeremiah, the
most damning sin of his people is frequenting the house of
Ashtart. This appears from Jer. xi. 15, where the opening
words should run, ' What has my beloved to do in the house
of Ashtart ' ; * also from Jer. v. 7, where the Israelites are
accused of cutting their flesh (to propitiate the deity) * in the
1 The most certain prophecies of Jeremiah are distinguished by
their metrical character.
2 Reading nw^ with Comill and virtually Duhm. Driver's 'hath
wrought falsely ' is surely too vague.
3 See T. and B. p. 1 8.
* Reading mnry, for nmcv. Cp. on nKB-, Gen. xlix. 3 {T. and B. p.
500) ; also on Judg. xiii. 19, Hab. i. 7.
^ Cp. Dt. xiv. I, I K. xviii, 28, Jer. xvi. 6, xli. 5, xlvii. 5, Mic.
iv. 14.
3
34 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
house of Sibeonah.^ We may also compare Jer. vii. 17^,
where, ' in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem *
the prophet sees the ritual cakes being prepared for the
' queen of heaven, * ^ i.e. for Ashtart
On the popular religion of Judah which, as we shall see,
revived after Josiah's death, I shall speak again in chap. v.
I have now to follow our only authorities, who pass abruptly
from the religious revolution to the ill-advised warlike under-
taking in which Josiah met his death. How gladly would
which preceded and as to the disaster itself ! I have already
connexion.
The text of 2 K. xxiii. 29 runs thus, — ' In his days
Pharaoh-Neko, king of Egypt, went up against the king of
Assyria to the river Euphrates ; and king Josiah went to
meet him ; and he slew him at Megiddo when he saw him.'
A number of questions now suggest themselves. Thus,
with regard to Josiah. (i) Was it ambition that stimulated
him (p. 26), an ambition which may have been strengthened
by the belief that Yahweh was now on good terms with his
people ? It may have seemed worth while even to run a
considerable risk for the prize of the hegemony of the peoples
of Palestine. It is probable, however, that Josiah's ambition
was of a more limited range, and was satisfied by the
occupation of the N. Arabian border-land. (2) Did Josiah
fight among other Assyrian vassals against the foe of his
suzerain ? * But the growing dangers which now beset
Assyria must surely have incapacitated its king from putting
any pressure upon Palestinian rulers. Ever since the death
of Ashur-bani-pal ' the air must have been filled with
rumours of rebellion and with murmurs of dread concerning
the future.' ^ Or (3) Did several Phoenician and Palestinian
^ njit is a corruption, probably not undesigned, of njyx i.e. njiyax.
Sibeon = Ishmael (7*. and B. p. 19, n. i).
2 But see T. and B. p. 18.
3 ' The Decline of the Kingdom of Judah,' Nineteenth Century and
After, May 1908, pp. 8 1 1-8 18.
* W. Max Miiller, Studien zur vordcrasiat. Gesckic/tte, p. S4/-i cp.
£. Bib., ' Necho.'
^ Rogers, History of Babylonia and Assyria, ii. 285.
JEREMIAH'S ATTITUDE— JOSIAH'S DEATH 35
princes combine on their own account against the new
would-be suzerain under the leadership of Josiah ?
Next, with regard to ' Pharaoh - Neko.' There are
arguments which have to be considered both for and against
Egyptian king might well determine to profit by the decay
of Assyria, and revive the ancient claims of Egypt to the
overlordship of Syria and Palestine, The sovereign of
Egypt at this time was Ne-ka-u or Niku ( = Heb. Neko) II.,
the son and successor of Psametik I. (26th dynasty). His
enterprising character is sufficiently clear ^ from Herodotus
(ii. 158 /[), who states, near the end of his eulogy, that
Nekds ' made war by land on the Syrians, and defeated
them in a pitched battle at Magdolon, after which he took
Kadytis, a large city of Syria.' That the Syrians here
referred to are the Assyrians,^ seems most unlikely ; the
battle intended is most probably that in which Josiah fell,
only the scene of the contest is, not Megiddo, but Migdol.
There were of course many Migdols ; Winckler thinks of
Caesarea ; my own view will be mentioned presently. As to
Kadytis, in Herod, iii. 5 it is thought to be Gaza; here,
according to PraSek,^ it is Kadesh on the Orontes. This,
however, depends on our general view of the narrative.
To the statement of Herodotus we may add the evidence
of a small monument found (it is said) at Sidon. It is a
fragment of a thin tablet of basalt, on which is part of a
royal figure holding staff and mace. In front of this is a
scrap of a cartouche with the legs of a bird remaining.* The
cartouche is that of Niku II. The fragment having probably
been found at Sidon suggests that in Phoenicia at any rate
I am afraid, however, that neither Herodotus nor the
basalt slab supplies perfectly decisive evidence. The * father
of history ' had no immunity from error. In the present
case he may have confounded a little-known N. Arabian
^ The circumnavigation of Africa is now proved by Bouriant's
scarabs.
2 S. Reinach, Re^me archeologique^ xxvii. 366.
^ Forschungen zur Gesch. des Alter/hums, ii. pp. ^ /•
4 F. LI. Griffith, ' A Relic of Pharaoh Necho from Phoenicia,' PSBA,
Jan. 1894, pp. \o f.
36 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
king with a well-known king of Egypt, just as, in ii. 141, he
or his authority apparently confounded a little-known king
of the Arabian Asshurites with a well-known king of Assyria.^
And as to the slab of basalt, it will only prove that Niku
had close relations with Sidon, not that he defeated Josiah,
and became suzerain, as the M.T. of xxiv. 7 tells us, of the
territory between the torrent of Egypt and the river
Euphrates.
Against the opinion that NikO really did what he is
commonly represented to have done, these arguments may
be adduced, (i) It is not in itself probable that an Egyptian
king should have intervened in the affairs of Palestine with-
out there being any reference to this in the prophetic writings.
On a close critical examination of the occurrences of D'^nSD
in the prophets, we find that by this name not Egypt, but
the N. Arabian Musr or Musri is generally intended. Of
references to a possible Egyptian domination of Judah there
is no trace. It is true, the prophets do not mention every-
thing, nor have we all that they wrote. But what external
evidence of such a domination is there ? (2) There are only
two cases of the prefixing of ^r2?^D to the name of a king ot
D'^nSQ ; ' Pharaoh-Neko' is one, * Pharaoh-Hophra ' is the
other. Now Hophra (see p. 80) forms no part of the true
text of Jer. xliv. 30 ; it is probable therefore that Neko too
should be omitted. r7I?^D should probably be li;*iD, * the
name (as we may suppose) of some Misrite king who became
famous. At any rate, it (Pir'u) was the name of a king of
Musri in Sargon's time.'^ 3. In 2 K. xxiii. 34 we are told
that the Misrite king changed the Judaite king's birth-name
Eliakim to Jehoiakim. Had the suzerain been an Egyptian,
he would have given his vassal a name connecting him in
some way, secular or religious, with Egypt. 4. In the
parallel, 2 Chr. xxxv. 21, Neko sends a message to Josiah,
which, from a religious point of view,^ would be entirely
1 See E. Bib., ' Sennacherib,' § 5 ; Crit. Bib. p. 393. The Sethos
of Herodotus is surely Seti, and not, as PraSek supposes, Taharka, nor,
as W. M. Miiller {Eg. Researches, p. 33), Merneptah.
2 T. and B. p. 223.
' Note the emphatic reference to Elohim, and cp. an Asshurite's
reference to Yahweh in 2 K. xviii. 25 (see p. 89).
JEREMIAHS A TTITUDE—JOSIAH'S DEA TH yj
congenial to that king. Surely the writer on whom the
Chronicler depends had in view, not a king of Egypt, but
one in some respects not unlike the N. Arabian king or
chieftain Abimelech in Gen. xx.^
We see, then, that there is evidence both for and against
an Egyptian intervention in Judah, and it may not un-
reasonably be held that the arguments against it are on the
whole the weightier. That the final editors or redactors of
Kings and Chronicles, and of the headings of Jer. xlvi. and
xlvii., believed in that intervention, may be granted, but we
cannot tie ourselves to their opinions or surmises. It is
possible that, like Herodotus, they made a confusion between
two different kings. The king who really intervened was a
Misrite of N. Arabia, but they, like Herodotus, confounded
him with a better known king of Misraim. The textual
results of this view are, that Par'oh should probably be Pir'u,^
that Neko (Nekoh) should be omitted, that Misraim should
be Misrim, that Karkemish (Chronicles, Hebrew but not
Greek) is miswritten or substituted for Rekem - Kush ^
( = Kushite Yarham), that Megiddo should be Migdol (one
of the southern Migdols ; see Jer. xliv. i, for a Misrite
Migdol), and that the highly improbable phrase (2 K.
xxiii. 29) inN iriNnS, ' when he saw him,' should be corrected
in the light of the preceding emendations. Exegetically, too,
some changes are necessary. Asshur is not Assyria,* but
the territory of a king who at any rate claimed to be
suzerain of all the Yerahme'elite kingdoms, including Misrim.
Perath is not the Euphrates but the Ephrath, a N. Arabian
district.^
And now as to the words in 2 K. xxiii. 29, in which the
latest commentator finds the suggestion of an assassination,
paraphrasing, ' the Egyptians killed him (Josiah) in Megiddo
as soon as he came within sight of their king.' ^ One would
be sorry if criticism could do no better than that ! From
1 See further below. 2 7; and B. p. 223.
8 Ibid, pp. 170/, 179. ■* Ibid. pp. 171- 173.
* Ibid. pp. 91, 262 ; and below, on Dt. i. 7.
6 Barnes, Kings (Cambr. Bible), 1908, p. 316. Winckler and
Benz. suggest 'ibk riKnna, which is improbable. See also E. Bib. col.
261 1 (n. I).
38 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
our point of view, and granting the value of experience of
recurring types of corruption, the text which has most
probability leaps into view. iriN is a dittograph which
arose after the preceding word had been corrupted. That
word is the astonishing inNl3. iriMT has come by trans-
position from TinN, and this (one letter being dropped, as in
nn>< from intDN) represents TintDN, an incorrect form of
nntDN. D, naturally, has come from l. Thus Josiah fell ' in
Ashtar.' The place or region was, or had been, dedicated
to the god Ashtar (the masc. of Ashtart). ' It was against
such a deity that Josiah had striven. But what did the.
place-name matter, if only the dangerous N. Arabian cults
were abolished ' ? That Ashtar is sometimes = Asshur and
Ashhur, has been pointed out elsewhere ; ^ it is one of the
regional names of the N. Arabian border-land.
That names such as Misrim, Asshur, Ashtar, were used
by the Hebrew writers with historical precision, no scholar
would assert. A change in the dominant race involves the
introduction of new ethnics and regional names. Still the
old names are tenaciously preserved by neighbouring
peoples and used by their writers. Nor could I, of course,
maintain that 2 Chr. xxxv. 2 1 f. correctly represents the
relation of the two religions — the Judaite and the con-
temporary ' Misrite.' According to this passage, the Misrite
king knows and reveres Elohim {i.e. Yahweh), from whom he
receives oracles, either directly, through travelling prophets
of Yahweh (cp. Elijah, i K. xix. 15), or indirectly, through
information, somehow obtained, as to Hebrew prophecies
against Asshur'"^ (cp. Cyrus's reference to H. Isaiah, 2 Chr.
xxxvi. 23).
I will now endeavour to sketch the outlines of the
historical and exegetical picture. At the end of Josiah's
reign the king of Misrim conceived the idea of annexing
the N. Arabian borderland of Judah. This territory was
claimed by the king of Asshur, but had been occupied by
1 T. and B. p. 70.
2 I Esd. i. 28, ' Howbeit Josias . . . presumed to fight with him,
not regarding the words of the prophet Jeremias (spoken) by the mouth
of the Lord.' Jeremiah, however, does not seem well-chosen (cp. Jer.
xlvi. i/).
JEREMIAH'S ATTITUDE— JOSI Airs DEATH 39
Josiah, as the vassal of the Asshurite suzerain. In this
capacity, and perhaps with the help of Asshurite troops,
Josiah went out in the direction of the stream of Ephrath,
to meet the Misrites.^ The battle-field was near a Migdol,
or fortified tower, in a district called Rekem-Kush or Ashtar.
Josiah was mortally wounded, and had to be conveyed to
Jerusalem in another chariot. A comparison of 2 Chr.
XXXV. 24 with Gen. xli. 43 enables us to say what this
chariot was ; it was one of those which passed among the
Israelites as ' Ishmael-chariots ' ^ (see p. 18). In an earlier
form of the text it was merely stated that Josiah's men
removed him (his own command was, ' Remove me ') to
Jerusalem on the Ishmael-chariot which he had. He died,
universally mourned (2 Chr. xxxv. 24). How highly
Jeremiah respected him, we shall see later.
The tragedy of this king's death may be variously
interpreted. It is often held to consist in the disappoint-
ment of his earnest faith that having obeyed the prescriptions
of legal righteousness he was sure of the divine protection
against his enemies. But it may also be considered to arise
from the fact which we have just now brought to light that
Josiah sacrificed his life in the cause of a foreign despot,
whom all in Judah but a few interested partisans agreed in
hating. The evidence of this strong national feeling is to
be derived from the prophets. This may seem to many
impossible, but a keen scrutiny will show that Nahum, for
instance, is thinking, not of Assyria but of Asshur when he
says (iii. 19), 'All that hear the report of thee shall clap
the hands over thee.'
Certainly it is of N. Arabia that he is thinking when he
bids Nineveh, or the city whose name underlies ' Nineveh,'
take warning by the fate of No-Amon (iii. 8-1 i). If I may
be allowed a brief digression, this appears from two parallel
and interdependent passages, which Nahum evidently has in
^ Observe, it is not said, as we should have expected, 'and the
king of Asshur went to meet him,' but ' and king Josiah went to meet
him ' ; so ' king Josiah ' must in some sense be equivalent to ' the king
of Asshur.'
•^ On the rarity of chariots in Judah see Duhm on Isa. xxii. 18 ; the
passage, however, originally said nothing of chariots. For tiu3 m33-o
40 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
mind. The first is Isa. x. 9-11,^ where Asshur iv. 5), i,e,
the king of Asshur (which, as a gloss tells us, is ' in
Yarham ' ^) arrogantly declares that, as he has done to
certain other cities, so he will now do to Jerusalem. Where
are those other cities ? A careful scrutiny shows that they
are in N. Arabia. Jerusalem, says the king, cannot expect
to fare better at the hands of the N, Arabian Asshur than
Kalno (?) and Rekem-Kush, Hamath and Arpakshad,
Shimron and Ramshak. The second is Am. vi. 2,^ where
the Israelites are bidden to study the fate of Kalneh (?),
Hamath of Arabia, Gath of the Pelethites. Except
Jerusalem, all the cities spoken of in these passages are
most probably N. Arabian. It is therefore a priori likely
that No-Amon in Nah. iii. 8 is a corruption of some N.
Arabian place-name. That it can hardly be the Egyptian
Thebes, W. Max Muller has shown ; * some city in the
Delta, standing on a mound and surrounded by canals,
would be more conceivable.
If we are right (as surely we are) in grouping the three
parallel passages, and interpreting them on the same lines, it
is plain that unless there is any strong objection drawn from
the rest of Nahum (omitting the spoiled alphabetic poem at
the beginning), the city of the oppressors is in N. Arabia,
and presumably one of the chief cities of the Asshurite
kingdom. As for objections, the strongest (if correct) would
be the occurrence in Nah. iii. 17 of two Assyrian loan-words
under the forms ni3D and nDDlD. The Assyriological
explanations,^ however, though tempting, are not suitable
enough, and against these supposed indications of Assyria
may be placed several possible or probable references to
N. Arabia.® ' Nineveh ' therefore, in ii. 8, iii. 7, must be a
^ Karkemish is no doubt a real name, but it is substituted here for
nropn (see p. 37). ibik is a short way of writing nrsBiK, on which see
T. and B. p. 178. prDT = nrDn {T. and B. p. 249).
2 DT3 Kin should be cnrz win. That Kin often introduces a gloss, is
well-known. See Introduction.
2 Underneath nan ncn lies probably a^^ 'n ; under DTir"?!! lies dt'jb, i.e.
D''?v3nK (7". and B. p. 192 ; and cp. on ' Tophel,' Dt. i. i).
< E. Bib., ' No-Amon.'
5 See Crif. Bid. p. 169 ; E. Bid., ' Scribe,' § 4.
* E.£^. DnKD, D'yVnD, and t^inn (ii. 4), which are probably corrupt
fragments of N. Arabian ethnics. Also the place-names in iii. 8 /
JEREMIAfTS A TTITUDE—JOSIAITS DBA TH 4 1
corruption. The original name can most probably still be
traced underneath it. The initial « is a dittograph ; what
follows should be read * Yewanah ' (rr^T). It is a feminine
form of tV = ]D^, a shortened form of ^ndjit.^ All that
like Huldah the prophetess, was an Israelite of North
Arabia.'^
The digression is over. Has it not become evident that
if any Hebrew poet, projecting himself into the future, raised
a song of triumph over the fall of Nineveh, it was not
Nahum ? Also that for anything that we have lost we
have been adequately compensated ? A prophetic song of
triumph over N. Arabian oppressors is not to be undervalued.
And we can see now that there was an added bitterness in
the lamentations for Josiah in the thought that he fell in the
cause of an abhorred tyrant. And yet, if he had not gone
out to contend with the Misrites, might not some worse
thing have happened ? For, not without excuse, dread of
the Asshurites oppressed the minds of all the people of
Judah. Jeremiah himself gives the most powerful descrip-
tions of the foe, one of which I will quote.^
Behold, he cometh up as clouds, | and like a whirlwind are
his chariots ;
Swifter than eagles are his horses ; woe unto us ! we are
destroyed (iv. i 3).
Bow and spear they grasp, [ cruel are they, without com-
passion ;
Their voice roareth as the sea, | on horses do they ride.
Arrayed like a man for war | against thee, O maiden
Zion.
We have heard the report thereof ; | our hands slacken ;
Anguish hath seized us, ] pain as of a woman with child.
Go not forth into the field, | nor walk in the way,
For there is the sword of the foeman. | {Gloss, Gomer
Ishmael.)
^ See Introduction, and cp. T. and B. pp. \bo /., 188.
2 ' Nahum the Elkoshite ' should be ' Nahum the AshkaUte.' On
Ashkal, see T. and B. pp. 18 (n. 4), 23, 40 (n. 3).
3 It will be noticed that for a'aoo iud I read '20' lai ; cp, oa;, the
name of a branch of the Ishmaelites.
42 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
O my people, gird thee with sackcloth, | wallow in ashes.
Make for thee the mourning of an only son, | bitter
lamentation (vi. 23-26 <a:).
Again and again the invasion is spoken of, and even
Jeremiah's supplementers knew how to write what, except in
form and style, recalls Jeremiah. It is from Saphon that
the invasion comes (see Jer. i. 13-15, vi. i, 22); all are
agreed about that. To render ' the north ' introduces an
intolerable vagueness ; a large number of passages (see e.g.
Isa. xiv. 13, xiv. 31, Jer. xlvi. 6, Ezek. xxxviii. 6), have
become obscure in consequence. Saphon is really the name
of a region ; it is a dialect form of Sibe'on, i.e. Ishmael.^ A
passage from Zephaniah (ii. 1 2 /), who must have been
contemporary with Jeremiah, will further illustrate, not only
this point, but also the strong feeling of the time against the
N. Arabian peoples called (loosely enough, probably) Kush
and Asshur.
Ye too, O Kushites, (shall be) [ slain by my sword.
And I will turn my hand against Saphon, | and destroy
Asshur ;
And I will make Yewanah [see p. 41] a desolation, | dry
like the wilderness.
The two following verses ^ are also interesting. Verse i 5
indeed must be a later insertion, but it is at any rate a
judicious one. Just as t/. 14 has points of contact with the
oracle on Babel in Isa. xiii., so has z;. i 5 with the taunting
song on Babel in Isa. xlvii. To appreciate this, let us
remember that Yewanah and Babel both belong to the great
kingdom of Nimrod (Gen. x. \o f^ often spoken of as
Asshur, but also sometimes, by a lax usage, as Babel. By
good fortune the ' exultant city ' of Zeph. ii. i 5 is explained
by a gloss to be ' the city of Yewanah.' The gloss pene-
trated into the text of iii. i , the words m*!"* T^i? being misread
1 T.and B. pp. 32, 50 (n. 3). Ishmael, or Yerahme'el, and Asshur
may be used in a wide sense.
2 I leave the strophes (see Marti) undetermined.
JEREMIAH'S A TTITUDE—JOSIAH'S DEA TH 43
by the redactor rrDV T":?, after which each word was provided
with an article.^
Such was the feeling towards the troublesome peoples
of N. Arabia not unnaturally entertained by their less
warlike neighbours. Let us now pass on to the unhappy
story of Josiah's successors.
^ The other occurrences of r^y^ (Kal) are in Jer. xlvi. 16, 1. 16, and
no doubt also Jer. xxv. 38. In each case we should read 'jvri ain, 'the
sword of the Yawanite.' On 'Yawan' see Introduction.
CHAPTER V
JEHOAHAZ — JEHOIAKIM — HIS CONTEST WITH JEREMIAH
PORTRAITS OF KINGS IN JEREMIAH JEHOIAKIM
TO HAVE NO PUBLIC MOURNING LITANY OF
LAMENTATION, ITS VALUE FOR THE HISTORY OF
RELIGION.
It was a perilous time. The king had been defeated and
had died of his wound, and no one could tell what would be
the conqueror's conditions of peace. The 'people of the
land' — those who were freemen and proprietors — took
Jehoahaz, a son of Josiah, and anointed him as king
(2 K. xxiii. 30, 2 Chr. xxxvi. i). He was twenty-three
years old. The ' epitome 'in 2 K. xxiii. 3 2 speaks badly
of him ; doubtless in the same sense, and with as much or
as little cause, as in the case of his successor Jehoiachin.
For reasons of his own the Misrite king was discontented
with Jehoahaz. Perhaps of his own accord, or perhaps sent
for, Jehoahaz went to the Misrite head-quarters at Riblah
in the land of Hamath. We must remember that there was
a southern as well as a northern Hamath ; ^ most probably
there was also a southern Riblah ; both names seem to be
Yerahme'elite.^ The alternative is to suppose that we have
here a mixture of the reports of two distinct invasions, one
Egyptian, the other N. Arabian.
Three months, no more, had the reign of Jehoahaz (or
^ See 7". and B. p. 196. 'Riblah' is generally supposed to have
been on Israel's ideal northern or north-eastern border (Num. xxxiv. 11,
Ezek. vi. 14). In Ezek. xlvii. 16 Hamath seems to take the place of
Riblah. See E. Bib., ' Riblah.'
2 Cp. ^yai' and hz-».
44
JEHOAHAZ—JEHOIAKIM IN HISTORY &- PROPHECY 45
Shallum ; see p. 49) lasted. Very possibly it was not so
much * the people of the land ' who made him king, as a
royal lady, whose combined energy and ambition check-
Jehoahaz's mother Hamutal piDinn), who, in Ezek. xix. 2,
is represented allegorically as a lioness.^ She was also the
mother of the well-meaning but incapable Zedekiah, to
whom we shall return. Her name may be connected with
the southern place-name Hamath (see above) ; cp. rriODn,
Josh. XV. 54. Her favourite son Jehoahaz was succeeded
by Neko's nominee Jehoiakim, who was twenty-five years
old, and whose mother was named Zebudah.^ It is this
lady who is referred to in Jer. xiii. 1 8 as * Mistress,' this
being the title of that exalted personage the queen-mother.
The king's own name had been Eliakim ; the Misrite king
(more competent, surely, than the Egyptian Niku) changed
it to the equally Judaite name Jehoiakim ^ (cp. 2 K.
xxiv. 1 7). This was merely a sign of his overlordship ; we
can hardly suppose, with Professor H. P. Smith, that a
contrast is intended between the meaning of * Jehoahaz '
and that of 'Jehoiakim.' Regarding these names as
religious, there is no substantial difference between them.
Jehoiakim is reported to have reigned eleven years."*
His first business was to raise a large sum of money either
as a war-fine or (Winckler's opinion) as an acknowledgment
of the conqueror's royal grace in placing him on the throne.
It is disappointing that so little should be told us in 2 Kings
of this important period. Fortunately we are helped by
the Book of Jeremiah, for though narratives from the
prophet's biography cannot be trusted in all details, yet
we may assume that they have at any rate more or less
foundation in traditional facts. The Book also contains
(see p. 32), genuine prophecies of Jeremiah, and these are
of course first-rate historical sources.
1 See Kraetzschmar, Ezechiel^ ad loc.
2 Cp. Zabud (I K. iv. 5), Zebadiah (son of Yeroham = Yarham,
I Chr. xii. 7 ; in Ezra viii. 8, son of Mika'el = Yerahme'el).
3 Eliakim interchanges with Jehoiakim as Ilubi'di with Yaubi'di
(names of a king of Hamath).
* See 2 K. xxiii. 36 ; 2 Chr. xxxvi. 5. Kittel questions the tradition.
In fact our evidence is too scanty to permit either affirmation or denial.
46 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
It is best, wherever this can be done, not to mix up
heterogeneous material. Let us therefore begin with some
narratives and prophecies from the Book referred to. This
involves putting Jeremiah very much in the foreground, but
how can we avoid doing so ? The evidence before us
clearly shows that Jehoiakim and Jeremiah were the two
great powers in the land, even though the action of the
latter was not marked by the usual signs of success. What
Jeremiah was, we have seen ; he belonged neither to Hilkiah's
reforming party, nor to the party of the heathen reaction ;
one thing he did, both in season and out of season, he
preached the necessity of spiritual conversion. Jehoiakim,
on the other hand, was the impersonation of the Baalistic
revival. His name, it is true, may plausibly be offered as
evidence for his Yahwism, and the narrative in chap, xxxvi.
may be taken to imply that he was no Baal -worshipper.
But while not denying that Yahu is one element in the
king's religious name, I cannot hold that Jehoiakim is rightly
described as a Yahwist. It is certain from Jer. vii. 9, 1 8 ^
that the people at large worshipped Baal and Ashtart, as
well as ' other gods ' ; the reference surely is to the early
part of Jehoiakim's reign, when the reaction was again in
full force.
Into the question of the position of Baal and Ashtart in
astral mythology we need not enter at length. Inscriptions
appear to suggest that at a late period Yerahmeel ( = Ba'al)
was identified with the sun-god, and many besides Schrader
(/.f.) have taken Ashtart to be the moon-goddess, in spite of
the fact that the Babylonian Ishtar was connected with
Venus. Theologians may have seen the sun and moon
deities in Ba'al and Ashtart, but the people at large, always
conservative, doubtless retained earlier conceptions, even if
some of them were inconsistent, also a popular failing. She
was above all, the goddess of fertility, and we can well
understand what treasures of love and gratitude were poured
out upon the Dodah or friend (p. 54). But to those whose
view of religion was fundamentally ethical, Ashtart was not
a good but an evil goddess. The consecrated prostitutes
xxviii. II ; Zimmem, KAT^^\ p. 441.
JEHOAHAZ—JEHOIAKIM IN HISTORY 6- PROPHECY 47
belonged to her, and how much the ethical religionists
abhorred the custom referred to, we see again and again.
To admit such a deity as Ashtart into the Divine Company
was revolting.^ That the people beloved of Yahweh should
be found in the house of Ashtart (Jer. xi. 15, see p. 33),
was an insult to Yahweh. What indeed was a Yahweh
who would tolerate Ashtart as his companion ? How could
such a Yahweh be the God of Israel ?
In Jer. xxxvi. we have a record, partly fact, partly fancy,
of a duel between the representatives of the two Yahwehs,
not unlike the great contest, now in the remote past, between
Ahab and Elijah. Certainly the combatants do not meet
face to face, but Jehoiakim knows full well that the roll
which he treats with a kind of personal hatred has been
dictated by Jeremiah, and in fact makes an attempt to
arrest Jeremiah and his scribe {v. 26). The date of the
occurrence is the fifth year of Jehoiakim, an important year
as we shall see later. The occasion is the recitation of the
contents of a roll of prophecies. A temple-fast is about to
be proclaimed for the citizens of Jerusalem and for any of
the country-folk who may come in. Jeremiah seizes the
opportunity for making public the summary of his dis-
courses which his scribe has lately written. He cannot
indeed do this himself; for some reason he considers
himself forbidden to enter the temple. But Baruch is ready
to be his deputy. A room is offered to him within the
sacred precincts that he may read the prophecies in public.
Afterwards the princes in their council -chamber send for
Baruch. They too desire to hear the roll, but when they
have heard it they seem to regret their temerity, for, we are
told, they turn tremblingly one to another, and say to
Baruch, ' We will surely report all these words to the king.'
' We all know the sequel. Jehoiakim sends for the
scroll. It is December ; Jehoiakim is sitting in the " winter
house," and there is a fire burning in the fire-pan or brasier.
1 The male deity Asshur might have been less glaringly repulsive.
Once indeed (Jer. xvii. 2) Jeremiah speaks against asherlm { = asshiirtm^
symbols of Asshur), but in the genuine prophecies of Isaiah they are
not once mentioned. See below, on Dt. xii. 2 ; Cheyne, Introd. to Bk.
of Isaiah, p. 93 ; T. and B. pp. 24/.
48 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
A group of courtiers stands in the background. Jehudi
comes forward and reads first one column, then another, and
then another. But the proud king can bear it no longer ;
he rises, he steps forward — three high officers in vain attempt
to check him — he snatches the scroll from the reader's hands,
— he cuts it, with a cruel kind of pleasure, into piece after
piece, and throws it into the fire. Then, as he watches the
curling fragments, he dispatches three other high officers to
arrest the prophet and the scribe on a charge of high
treason.' ^
The details of chap, xxxvi. have been much questioned.
The second narrative which I have to mention is a simpler
one, and is equally instructive as an illustration of
Jehoiakim's attitude towards the prophet. It is to be found
in Jer. xxvi., and the address which Jeremiah, according to
this narrative, delivered in the temple, appears to form some
part of Jer. vii. 3-viii. 3.^ The date of the episode is placed
(see Jer. xxvi. i) 'in the beginning of the reign of Jehoiakim';
any specially important words in this address may therefore
very possibly have been repeated on that other critical
occasion described in chap, xxxvi.
* It appears that some great festival, or possibly fast,
had brought together a large number of people from all
quarters to the temple, and that Jeremiah was directed to
stand between the inner and outer court and address them.
. . . When they heard these echoing words of relentless
doom, " This temple shall become like Shiloh," ' they seized
him. But in the nick of time a fresh power appeared on the
scene — the " princes," or high officers of the state, who came
up from their place of deliberation in the " king's house "
(v. 10 ; cp. xxxvi. 12) and apparently the "elders," some of
whom had doubtless taken part in Josiah's reformation.
Jeremiah in dignified terms defended his own right to
prophesy, and warned the people of the consequences of
their act* How the * princes ' interfered, denying the
^ Cheyne, /eremiaA, his Life and Times, p. 144.
2 Duhm, however, thinks that Jer. vii. 3-15 gives the most correct
3 See T. and B. pp. 502/.
* Chtyn^ Jeremiah, etc., pp. 115, 120.
JEHOAHAZ—JEHOIAKIM IN HISTORY Sf' PROPHECY 49
existence of a crime, and how certain elders appealed, in
Jeremiah's interest, to the precedent of Micaiah or Micah
(cp. Mic. iii. 1 2) need not be related anew. It is noteworthy
that Jehoiakim is not here said to have interposed ; presum-
ably he endorsed the decision. Here we may pause, trusting
that, even though not from Jeremiah's hand, a true tradition
lies at the heart of it.
But without the shadow of a doubt we may refer to a
cycle of beautiful poems (xxii. 10-19, 24, 28, 30 [part]) as
historical authorities and as faithful representations of
Jeremiah's attitude towards the kings. For they are
admittedly Jeremiah's work. They contain portraits of the
kings Jehoahaz (here called Shallum), Jehoiakim, and
Jehoiachin (here called Coniahu). There is also an incidental
eulogy of Josiah, in whose death the poet sees no call for
beating of the breast in lamentation.^ I shall here consider
only the portraits of the first two of these kings, reserving
that of Jehoiachin for a later page.
I need hardly remind the student that the central poem
(that on Jehoiakim) is so extremely difficult in our text that
almost all commentators allow themselves the liberty of
emendation. It is all the more pleasant to admit that in
the short elegy on Shallum {vv. 10-12) the meaning is
transparently clear. This, however, is partly due to an
interpolated gloss, which spoils the metre, while it gratifies
the expositor. It is on the name Shallum, and informs us
Josiah,' and who 'went forth from this place,' so that
Shallum must be the birth-name, and the (to us) more
familiar Jehoahaz the royal or accession-name of Josiah's
successor. Of the young prince's character the poet says
nothing ; what were three months either for forming or for
showing a character ? But what he does say is at any rate
sympathetic, i.e. it reveals a sense of the pathos of Shallum's
fate. And in some degree this may be affirmed of Ezekiel
(xix. 1-4). Surely such glimpses of contemporary feeling
infuse new life into the dry statements of chronicles and
epitomes.
Of the successor of Jehoahaz Jeremiah gives us a more
1 Contrast 2 Chr. xxxv. 25, ' and Jeremiah lamented for Josiah.'
4
50 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
definite appreciation, though the details cause much trouble
to the commentators. The usual view is thus summarised
by Prof. H. P. Smith.^ ' At a time when his kingdom was
impoverished by the exactions of Egypt, he was possessed
by the royal mania for building. He was more concerned
to vie with Ahab [see Note] in the beauty of his palace,
" panelled with cedar and painted with vermilion," than he
I confess that I cannot find this view satisfactory. Certainly,
to build elegant palaces in the newest style at such a time —
when all that part of the East was in a ferment — would
have been as blameworthy as Nero's fiddling when Rome
was burning. But is it likely that Jehoiakim's offence was
mere frivolity or blindness to the signs of the times ? The
rather uncertain. It is far more than this, it is so improbable
that it demands a thorough re-examination. To refer here
only to a single detail. Why should Jehoiakim be censured
for vying with Ahab or Ahaz, when either Solomon or some
foreign king (say Nebuchadrezzar) was so very much more
clearly marked out as the lover of cedar-wood ?
I venture to hope that at least some of my new
suggestions may approximate to the truth. I hold that the
original text of the passage contained references to certain
fortified places captured by Jehoiakim. These references
became indistinct (though Ferdinand Hitzig, many centuries
after, to some extent divined them) owing to corruption of
the text ; indeed, the whole context offers problems which
urgently need a new and more methodical treatment.
Evidently the passage was already corrupt when it reached
the final editor of Jeremiah, who, to produce an apparent
sense, skilfully manipulated or revised the material, without,
however, removing all traces of the original text. What
that text contained, I have endeavoured to show. It was
not palaces but fortresses to which Jehoiakim directed his
attention. Josiah, as we have seen, had occupied the portions
of the N. Arabian border-land which had formerly belonged
at intervals to the kingdom of Israel. This territory had to
be protected against N. Arabian raids, and Jehoiakim was
1 Old Testament History, p. 282.
JEHOAHAZ—JEHOIAKIM IN HISTORY ^ PROPHECY 51
enough of a king to recognise the duty of fortifying it. In
this he did but follow the example of an earlier king of
Judah (Jotham), who is reported to have built ' castles and
forts ' in his own portion of the region vaguely called Ashhur.^
It was all the more necessary to do this because of his
obligation to pay an annual tribute to his Misrite suzerain.
The fortifications were not perhaps on a large scale, but
even so they could not have been erected without that forced
labour so characteristic of the East.^ One of the fortresses
was probably at the place called Beth-Melek, a corrupt form
which has come, through Beth-Rakmal ( = Beth-Karmel),
from Beth-Yerahme'el ;^ the place seems to have been
equally coveted by Israelites and N. Arabians, and therefore
to have been the scene of many a conflict. In Jer.
xxii. 6 it is called Beth-Melek-Yehudah, doubtless an
impossible name, which cannot be correctly written.* The
probability is that both here and in 2 K. xxiii. 8 (see p. 28),
'lirf has been miswritten for 'm*', i.e. hwdTW. The
explanation is all the more plausible, because now and only
now do we understand the phrase in Jer. xxii. 6b^ ' I will
make thee . . . cities not inhabited ? The meaning of this
phrase, so baffling to most commentators, is, that Beth-Melek
and its dependent towns will soon have to share the same
terrible fate.^
labour. The corvee may be an institution of venerable
antiquity, but the prophet likes it none the better ; evidently
he is of the same school as the describer of the ' manner of
1 2 Chr. xxvii. 4. For ''cinai read iinrNai.
2 On Hammurabi's ^£'rj'd?V, see Johns, Bab. and Ass. Laivs^ etc., 318.
3 That ■i'?D and Sma both sometimes come from ^xcnr, has been
indicated already. ' Beth-Yerahme'el ' was also called ' Beth-Hakkerem'
(Jer. vi. I, Neh. iii. 14), and perhaps ' Beth-Arbel' (Hos. x. 14). The
last-cited passage may serve as a commentary on Jer. xxii. 6/.
^ Duhm renders, ' For thus saith Yahweh on the house of the king
of Judah ' ; Cornill, ' ... on the royal palace of Judah.' The former
criticizes the heading as plainly incorrect ; a royal house cannot become
' uninhabited cities.' The latter expatiates further on the impossibility.
Oh, these poor supplementers and redactors ! How absurd they often
are ! But may not the fault sometimes lie in ourselves ?
^ To avoid misunderstanding it may be remarked that Jer. xxii. 1-5
and vv. 6, 7 have no real connexion.
52 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
the king' in i S. viii. 11-18. Verses 14 and \^a are not
out of harmony with z'. 1 3, but the difficulties are such as to
force us to suppose that they have been recast. Our only
hope of approximately restoring the original lies in turning
to account familiarity with the habits of the scribes. In the
following translation of a text oi vv. 13-16 corrected partly
by this means and partly by consideration of the metre,
some omissions will be noticed. These, however, are only
glosses, and will be referred to and justified in the * Note on
Jer. xxii. 13-19, 24-30.'
He that buildeth castles with unrighteousness, | and fortresses
with injustice ;
That maketh his neighbour work for nought, | and giveth
him not his wage ;
That saith, I will build me castles | and forts in Yarham ;
And he captured for himself Yahlon (?) in Saphon, | and
Ramshah in Asshur.
Shalt thou go on reigning, because thou | goest to war with
Ezrah ?
Did not thy father perform | judgment and justice ?
He redressed the wrongs of the poor and needy ; | then he
fared well ;
Was not this to know me ? | (This is) Yahweh's oracle.
It will be noticed that Josiah is praised, not for his
patriotism, nor yet because he conducted his people to a new
religious stage, but because, as supreme judge, he did justice
to the oppressed poor. On the other hand, Jehoiakim is
blamed, not for any want of patriotism, nor yet for religious
backsliding, but because his building operations were carried
on by forced labour. Verse 1 7 is a dull, prosaic sequel. It
contains a number of vague charges, and, as Cornill points
out, is probably a redactional insertion, designed to link
together vv. 13-16 and 18-19.
The latter passage is probably of later origin than
w. 13-16, with which it is imperfectly connected by the
particle "•3, ' for.' The honour of a public mourning is
refused to the unjust king.^ How he was to die we are not
1 The case of Jehoram would be a parallel. ' His people made no
burning for him' (2 Chr. xxi. 19).
JEHOAHAZ—JEHOIAKIM IN HISTORY &-• PROPHECY 53
told, but from v. 19 Jeremiah would seem to have anticipated
some great slaughter or massacre in which Jehoiakim
perished (cp. Jer. xv. 3). The prophecy is genuine for it
was not fulfilled (see 2 K. xxiv. 6), and no ' supplementer '
would have ventured to produce an unfulfilled prophecy
(Duhm). The closing words, ' beyond the gates of Jerusalem,'
are, however, apparently due to such a person ; we can
hardly suppose Jeremiah to have meant what they say.
And what is the most interesting point in the whole passage ?
As it seems to me neither of the two points which have been
mentioned, but the very strange formulae mentioned here as
usual in the litany of lamentation. As the Hebrew text
stands there are two double formulae, {a) hoi dhi and hoi
dhoth^ and {b) hoi dddn, and hoi hodoh. (3, it is true, gives only
"n aBe\<f>e and Oifioc Kvpie, but is not to be followed ; the
translator omits two members because of their diflficulty.
How is this to be explained ? Shall we suppose with
Movers that the funeral procession consisted of two parts,
each condoling with the other ? Or that there is some
hitherto lost meaning which it is for us, with the help of
textual criticism, to recover? Surely the latter course is
preferable, for experience shows that in the hardest cases the
boldest course has the best chance of success. Let us, then,
begin with that hard phrase, ' Alas ! his glory.' Is it enough
to explain with Hitzig, ' because with the death of the king
his glory is put out ' ? Surely not ; the formulae have to be
parallel, and the parallel word is nirTN, a feminine form,
which ought either to be a title or to cover over a proper
name. From this we infer that underneath mrr there lies
some other word in the feminine gender analogous in mean-
ing to niTlN. The word has actually been found by
Bernhard Duhm, but not been rightly interpreted, for surely
to render TllM ' aunt,' ^ produces a most unsatisfactory sense.
Those who are at home in Semitic mythology will at
once divine the true interpretation. That Dodah is a divine
name we may assume from the existence of a divine name
Dod,^ and we find it plainly enough in the inscription of
1 So Duhm, remarking that among almost all nations the uncle and
the aunt enjoy only less respect than the father and the mother.
2 See 71 and B. pp. 46-49, 379.
54 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
Mesha (1. 22), where Ar'al-Dodah is the name of a compound
deity worshipped by the Gadites, and also very probably by
the Israelites at large. For we can hardly doubt but that
Dodah (' beloved ') is another name for the great Canaanitish
and N. Arabian goddess Ashtart The Canaanitish myth
of Dodah or Ashtart has not reached us, but we know
something about the Babylonian goddess Ishtar. The so-
called ' Descent of Ishtar ' may indeed present a highly
developed form of the myth, but here — as in the case of
textual developments — experience may qualify us to discern
something older that lies underneath. That * something '
may perhaps be that Ishtar, the goddess of fertility, passes,
stript of her glory, into the nether world, and while she is
there the fertility and productivity of earth and its living
beings are suspended. In Canaan, too, such a myth may
have existed, and in connexion with it a ceremony of
mourning for the vanished goddess. A similar story must
have been told of the god of vegetation, known as Tamuz,
and probably also as Adon and Dod.^ Can we doubt any
longer as to the meaning of Adon and Dodah in the old
Hebrew litany ? They are the original male and female
deities of Canaan and N. Arabia.
Next, as to A^ii and Ahoth. Certainly no ordinary
brother or sister, whether in the family or in the clan, can
be meant. We shall not, however, understand the names
till we recognise that JiN and tin are popular abbreviations
of TirrN, i.e. TinmN,^ and that niiN and (Gen. xxx. 8) -TTirrN ^
may, consistently with recognised phenomena, have come
from n"jnipN,* a feminine form of -nnB?M. Both Ashhur
(Ashhor) and Ashhoreth are divine names, equivalent to
But here I must guard the reader from drawing a false
inference. It is true the formulae in the primitive ritual
lamentations for the dead god and goddess contained
the four divine names Ashhur (Ashhor) and Ashhoreth,
1 See Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. SJZf-
2 T. andB. pp. 51, 308.
^ Giesebrecht's reading 'ninK ' my brotherhood ' will hardly find
friends.
* T. and B. p. 377.
JEHOAHAZ-JEHOIAKIM IN HISTORY ^ PROPHECY 55
probably, before Jeremiah's time, become corrupted into Ahi,
Ahoth, Hodoh, and Adon might be applied to any human
king. Thus to the prophet and his contemporaries the
formulae had no definite meaning, i.e. the collocations of
words of which the formulae consisted had become symbolic,
and only suggested the vague idea of an extremely bitter
lamentation. As a rule they were probably only used in
public mournings, especially on the occasion of a king's
death ^ (cp. Jer. xxxiv. 5), which makes it all the more
interesting that in i K. xiii. 30 the lamentation formula for
the ' man of God ' who cried against the altar at Bethel is
"^JlN "•in. It is possible that an eminent personage might
be honoured at his death with a royal mourning. But
the authority for this is late and we cannot press it.
Said I not right that the cycle of beautiful poems is of
first-rate historical value ? Even the formulae of mourning
are valuable for the history of religion.
1 Frazer {Adonis, A fits, Osiris, pp. 1 1 ff.) thinks that at Byblus and
elsewhere the king was required to personate the god of fertility (Baal
or Adon) and marry the goddess (Baalath or Ashtart). Was it so in
Canaan ?
CHAPTER VI
JEHOIAKIM {continued^ THE INVASION (OR INVASIONS)
THE TWO BABELS JEHOIACHIN JEREMIAH'S AND
EZEKIEL'S UTTERANCES JEHOIACHIN 'S CAPTIVITY
TURN IN HIS FORTUNES
The beginning of Jehoiakim's reign was probably not
altogether unhappy. The king was on good terms with
his suzerain,^ and paid his tribute punctually. He not only
Negeb, but captured two fortified places in the territory of
Asshur. The gracious goddess Ashtart seemed to have
befriended her worshippers, so that when strict Yahwists
spoke up for a sterner morality such as the Yahwistic law-
books — notably Deuteronomy — required, their advice was
received coldly. ' I spoke to thee in thy careless ease,'
says Yahweh by the mouth of Jeremiah, ' but thou saidst,
I will not hear.' But the time was close at hand when
that pleasant insouciance would have to be exchanged for
the dread of coming evil. This is what the composite
narrative in 2 K, xxiv. tells us. ' In his days Nebuchad-
nezzar king of Babel came up, and Jehoiakim became his
vassal three years ; then he turned and rebelled against
him.' Who, we ask, is this potentate, able to compel a
rival king to relax his grasp on cities and lands ? What
do his name and title signify ? Let us seek to be cautious,
critical, and thorough. The question is not so easy to
^ One convenience of this was that Jehoiakim was able, upon
occasion, to fetch troublesome prophets out of Misrim and put them to
death (Jer. xxvi. 20-23). Extradition of offenders.
56
JEHOIAKIM— INVASION— JEHOIACHIISPS CAPTIVITY 57
1. As to the personal name, we find it (sometimes as
in 2 K. and the parallel passages of 2 Chr., also in part or
parts of Jer., Ezek., i Chr., Ezra, Neh., Esth., and Daniel.
Now it is undeniable that (as ^ also shows) the redactors
understood the Babylonian king Nab<i-kudur-usur to be
referred to, and this view may be supported by the occur-
rence of other names such as Nebuzaradan, Nebushazban,
Nergalsarezer (Jer. xxxix. 13), which, as they stand, are
Babylonian. On the other hand, there are some of the
foreign personal names in the story of the captivity which one
might expect to be, but certainly are not, Babylonian,^ while
Nebuzaradan himself (2 K. xxv. 8, Jer. xxxix. 9, etc.) holds a
distinctively N. Arabian office.^ And it must be remembered
(i) that the text in both its forms shows traces of much
manipulation, and (2) that the redactors would have been
perfectly able to insert a few Babylonian names, including
Nebuchadrezzar,^ if their theory required it.
2. As to the geographical name Babel, it is not denied
that it must sometimes {e.g. in Ezra) mean the world-famous
Babylon. On the other hand, it must often, like Kush and
Misrim, have a second meaning, i.e. be the designation of
one of the two chief cities of a kingdom called Asshur
or Ashhur, which claimed suzerainty over the smaller
N. Arabian kingdoms. A conspectus of the textual evidence
has been given elsewhere.^ Suffice it here to point out that
there are a number of passages, chiefly in the prophets,
where a methodical criticism hardly leaves much room for
doubting the above statement. Thus, in Zech. ii. lO f.
' Babel ' (omit bath as a dittograph) and ' the land of
Saphon ' {i.e. Sibe'on = Ishmael), in Jer. 1. (i) 8 'Babel'
^ One of these is Ashpenaz (Dan. i. 3), which, according to analogy,
must come from Asshur-Sibe'on, a compound N. Arabian name. Other
foreign non- Babylonian names are Sarsekim, Rab-saris, Rab-mag
(Jer. xxxix. 3), of which the first is probably from d'dd-is:' (cp. d"dd,
2 Chr. xii. 3), where d'3d has the same origin as ni3D {T. and B. p. 406);
the second comes from iicN-a-ij; (cp. nid'o), and the third from isj-any.
- See T. and B. pp. 443/
2 ' Nebuchadrezzar' has been interpolated once or twice in Jeremiah
(xxv. 9, and probably xxix. 21).
4 T. and B. p. 187.
58 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
and 'the land of Hashram ' (see p. 63), and in H. 41
* Ashhur ' (underlying itDtD) and ' Babel ' are parallel, while
in H. I ' Babel of Yarham ' (MT., ""Dp nSn) is a gloss on
'Babel.' The parallelisms in Isa. xlvii. i ('Babel' and
'Hashram'), Ps. cxxxvii. 7 / (' Edom,' or rather 'Aram,'^
and ' Babel '), also deserve examination. Nor ought we
to pass over 2 Chr. xxxiii. 11, where Asshurite captains
take Manasseh and carry him to Babel,^ which is evidently
in the kingdom of Asshur, and 2 K. xvii. 30, where the
worshippers of Sukkoth-Benoth are most probably not
Babylonians,
A side-question here arises. We sometimes meet with
kings of Babel who seem to be distinguished from kings of
Asshur ; so e.g. in 2 K. xxiv., Jer. 1. 1 7 /[, 2 K. xx. 1 2
(Isa. xxxix. i). Must Babel there mean Babylon? Yes,
most probably, in 2 K. xx. 1 2} But usually the change of
title may, on the N. Arabian theory, be adequately accounted
for by a change of dynasty, accompanied by a change of
capital.
The facts which have been mentioned suggest two at
first sight mutually exclusive theories. According to one,
and besieged and took Jerusalem. According to the
other, it was some N. Arabian king, whose name, unless
indeed it underlies ' Nebuchadrezzar,' has not been pre-
served. There is evidence for both theories. It would be
hyper-criticism to deny that the great king who is known
by this name (604-562 B.C.) interfered in the affairs of
Judah ; certainly, like every one else, I admit that he did.
Still, it must also be universally admitted that the external
evidence for this, though sufficient, is comparatively small.
It may be that this is the result of mere accident — accident
which may some day be remedied. But at any rate, as
things are, Nebuchadrezzar's piety is much better recorded
than the success of his campaigns. He is never tired, in
the inscriptions, of dilating on his restorations of temples,
and forgets to mention the cities and lands which he
1 So Paul Haupt, JBL xxvi. 2, thinking of a northern Aram.
2 We have no right to alter ' Babel ' into ' Nineveh ' (so M'Curdy).
3 Cp., however, Crit. Bib. p. 388.
JEHOIAKIM— INVASION— JEHOIACHIN'S CAPTIVITY 59
conquered. To the historian it is piteous to be only able
to refer to a fragment of an inscription relating to the
things which interest him. This relic (dated by the experts
602 B.C.) refers to a campaign of Nebuchadrezzar against
Hatti-land {i.e. the region to the west of the Euphrates).
It needs, however, to be supplemented, and for this purpose
we have to rely on Josephus's report^ of the late but
conscientious Berossus, which speaks of the rebellion of the
satrap appointed by Nabopolasar in Egypt and the region
of Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, of his defeat by Nabuchodo-
nosor, and of the captives of the Jews, Phoenicians, Syrians,
etc., made by that prince after his accession to the throne.^
The report, however, is tantalisingly meagre. One would
like, for instance, to have been told something about these
Jewish captives. The sepulchral remains on the ancient
site of Nippur have led Hilprecht^ to the conclusion that
a large number of Jewish exiles were settled in that
neighbourhood. Did Nebuchadrezzar bring them thither?
Or was it only after the Captivity that they settled there ?
On the other hand, the O.T. witnesses to a N. Arabian
invasion and captivity. Some of the passages quoted above
respecting Babel may be referred to again here. For
instance, in Zech. ii. 10 f. we read, 'Ho, ho! flee ye from
the land of Saphon, saith Yahweh. . . . Make thy escape
to Zion, thou company that dwellest in Babel.' So in Jer.
i. 14, vi. I, 22, X. 22, XXV. 9, it is Saphon {i.e. Ishmael
in a wide sense) from which the invader comes (see p. 42),
and according to Jer. iii. 18, xvi. 15, it is Saphon where
the companies of captives will be placed. In this con-
nexion, too, I may certainly mention Ezek. xxxviii.-xxxix.,
which are full of reminiscences of Jer. iv.-vi.,* and, not less
plainly than Jer. iv.-vi., refer to a N. Arabian invasion,
though not to the same one as Jeremiah, the context being
1 Against Apion, i. 19.
2 Cp. Winckler, Keilinschr. Textbuch^\ p. 58, n. 3.
2 Palestine Fund Statement, 1898, p. 55.
* QorrixW, Jereinia, p. 85, thinks that Ezek. regards Jer. iv.-vi. as an
unfulfilled prophecy. But Ezek. xxxviii. 17, xxxix. 8 do not prove this.
Ezekiel probably believed that great prophecies had more than one
fulfilment. Certainly he held that the king of Babel of his own time
was a Sephonite (Ezek. xxvi. 7).
6o DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
evidently eschatological. And it may fitly be added that
in Jer, xxxix. 3 the princes, or high officers of the king of
Babel, do the very thing at Jerusalem which the prophet
has foretold (Jer. i. 15) will be done there by 'the families
of the kingdoms of Saphon.' We cannot, therefore, be sure
that ' king of Babel 'in 2 K. xxiv. i means ' king of
Babylon,' or that ' the king of Babel brought them captive to
Babel ' (2 K. xxiv. 1 6) makes the prevalent theory secure. As
we have seen, there was a southern as well as a northern Babel.
I must not try the reader's patience too far, but there is
still some supplementary evidence to be mentioned. Professor
Bernhard Duhm ridicules the idea that a king of Babylon
should trouble himself about a Hebrew prophet. Now I do
not assert that the anecdote told in Jer. xxxix. w f. \s
historical, but it should be clear that the narrator is no
scribbler of absurdities. Suppose that it is the king of the
N. Arabian Babel who is referred to ; he, at any rate, would
be likely to trouble himself about a Hebrew prophet.^
Another much misunderstood story may also be mentioned.
As the text of Jer. xxix. 22 f. stands, the king of Babel
' roasted in the fire ' two Hebrew prophets, because they
would be easier to believe that he killed them (cp. t'. 21)
because they had expressed patriotic anticipations. In fact,
a keen textual criticism bids us correct tDNl D7p into oStaf?
1^N3, 'whom he killed in Asshur'^ (cp. 2 Chr. xxxiii. 11).
These two captives, among others, were certainly settled in
the N. Arabian Asshur, and ' Nebuchadrezzar ' in v. 21 is
an interpolation.
I reserve the most important passage for the end. In
a singularly striking passage (Ezek. xxi. 24 ff^ Ezekiel
describes how the king of Babel set forth on his expedition.
He had to choose one of two roads, both of which, we are
' This remark illustrates a saying of Rab-shakeh (2 K. xviii. 25),
the Neko-narrative in 2 Chr. xxxv. 21, and the story of Jonah. When
that prophet entered the city of Yewanah (corrupted into Nineveh,
see p. 41), the king of Yewanah arose from his throne and put on
sackcloth (Jon. iii. 6).
2 icK was probably written short as tk. In compound proper
names the popular speech constantly made this shortening, e.g. iinrK,
JEHOIAKIM— INVASION— JEHOIACHIN'S CAPTIVITY 6i
told, came nriM pND. What does this mean ? The render-
ing * from one land ' is impossible, but the obvious rendering,
'from the land of one,' is absurd. How shall we escape
from the dilemma ? There is no possible escape (see the
commentaries). It has been shown,^ however, that irTN and
nriN are repeatedly miswritten for, or corrupted in popular
speech from, intDN, somewhat as ")^i^ (Ezra ii. i6, 42)
from nnt&N, and mntsi; (Josh. xvi. 2, etc) from ninntDN.
Clearly the right reading is ' from the land of Ashhur.'
Not only is it in itself natural, but it is also consistent with
many other equally necessary corrections of passages which
have baffled earlier critics. Thus, the prophetic writer
assures us that the king of Babel who destroyed Jerusalem
started from the land of Ashhur.
Are we, then, driven to make our choice between two
mutually exclusive theories ? No. There is, happily, a
third choice open to us, viz., so to reconcile the theories as
to do justice to the facts which underlie both views. If
there was a confusion between the Egyptian king Nikii
who marched victoriously to Phoenicia and a king of the
N. Arabian Musri who defeated Josiah in the far south, why
should there not have been a similar confusion between
Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon and a king of the Babel
in N. Arabia? In the former case we have been able to
determine the facts belonging to each king. In the latter
we are less fortunate, for it is impossible to distribute the
traditional facts of the conquest of Jerusalem between the
two potentates, greater and smaller, both of whom intervened
in the affairs of Judah. I hardly like even to make the con-
jecture that there was an understanding between the kings, so
that what Nebuchadrezzar began the N. Arabian king finished.
Nor is it safe to decide whether the name ' Nebuchadrezzar '
has, or has not, grown out of some N. Arabian royal name '^
(see p. 58). There are some problems which are incapable
of solution. All that I need add is that in a Special Note
the reference made above to the confusion of the kings of
the northern and the southern Babel is supplemented by
parallels elsewhere in the historical narratives.
^ T. and B. pp. 329, 505 ; and cp. on Dt. vi. 4.
2 Cp. Crit. Bid. p. 395.
62 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
quoted (2 K. xxiv. i) comes most probably from the royal
annals. Its brevity and baldness are unfortunate. Nebuchad-
rezzar, we are told, ' came up,' i.e. made a sort of demonstra-
tion in force, upon which Jehoiakim ' became his servant,' i.e.
took the oath of fealty. We naturally ask for the date of
this important event, but no answer is forthcoming. It is
added, however, that three years after Jehoiakim rebelled.
What can have emboldened the king to do this ? Did he
rely on his fortresses (see p. 50), especially on Jerusalem ?
Did he confide in the promises of his former suzerain, the
king of Misrim? From another source {y. 2) we learn
that bands of Kasdim (?), Aram,^ Moab, and bene Ammon
made incursions into Judah to 'destroy' it. If (in spite of
Jer. xxvii. 3) this is correct, the neighbouring peoples were
more malignant than the king of Babel himself, who only
required Jehoiakim to be loyal. But may we not suppose
that the commission of these ' bands ' has been misappre-
hended, and that it was really a licence to plunder what
they could, and especially the temple of Jerusalem, for the
benefit of Babel, and then to seize and carry off Jehoiakim
as a captive to Babel ? That most of this was somehow
achieved, is expressly stated in 2 Chr. xxxvi. 6 and Dan.
i. 2, though the conqueror mentioned there is Nebuchad-
rezzar king of Babel, and in the latter passage (the source
of which is unknown) the royal temple is said to have been
in the land of Shinar,^ i.e. Ishmael-Arabia. True, it is only
the Chronicler who states this, but may he not have had
some ground for this ? ^ Whether the mention of the king
of Babel as present with the army is correct, may be left
open. We may, of course, assume that, after some punish-
ment, Jehoiakim (unlike his son and successor) was restored
to his country.
But we must not linger on such conjectures. There are
great textual difficulties which have to be considered. First
of all, we must seek for a meaning for D'"ltDD which will
accord better with the Hebrew narratives and prophecies
than the familiar one — ' the Chaldaeans,' i.e. the people
1 Gratz and Benz. would read ' Edom.'
2 T. and B. pp. 185/ 3 So Benzinger.
JEHOIAKIM— INVASION— JEHOIACHIN'S CAPTIVITY 63
called Kaldu, whose seats were to the south-east of Baby-
lonia. Hugo Winckler ^ hazards the theory that the Kasdim
of 2 K. xxiv. 2 are different from those of 2 K. xxv., and
are really the Bedouins in the far south of Judah. But we
must surely take a much broader view of our problem, and
seek the aid of a keener textual criticism. Such a criticism,
based on experience of the habits of the scribes and of
recurrent types of corruption, seems to show that the word
D"'ltD3 is miswritten, that the original error was repeated
again and again through the levelling process of redaction,
and that the true reading is D"ntD3 ^ (a regional name), or,
where the name of a people is required, 'mtDD ( = D'^mtDD).
A more correct form would doubtless be DlUJn, since the
name consists of abbreviated forms of nntDN and Dnw. In
Dan. ii. 2 we find a list of terms for the wise men of Babel,
beginning with D'^oionn and ending with D'^TtDD, and it is
suggested elsewhere ^ that the former word may have come
from n''Dnmn, the plural of mtDn, which I have just now
proposed as the most probable origin of D"'ltZ?D, so that
hashrainini^ in Dan. ii. 2, will be an explanatory gloss on
kasdim. The people of Ashhur ( = Ezrah) and Aram were,
in fact, proverbial, not only for their courage, but for their
wisdom.^
It was, however, the courage, the fierceness, the elemental
force of this people which just now impressed the inhabitants
of Judah. The prophets of the time must have had frequent
occasion to refer to them. One of these was Habakkuk,
who, undismayed, reports this as a divine revelation ^ (Hab.
ii. 4)—
Lo ! he is swallowed up — and cannot save his soul ;
But the righteous liveth on by his faithfulness.
The enemy, then, according to this oracle, will be suddenly
1 AOF xii. 1^0 ff. So, too, Gunkel, on Gen. xxii. 22.
2 T. and B. pp. 214, 332.
3 Ibid. pp. 460/
4 Cp. I K. V. 10/ [iv. 30/], where note that ' Ezrahite ' is =
' Ashhurite,' and see T. and B. 40.
^ Cheyne on the criticism of Habakkuk, Jewish Quart. Review,
Oct. 1907, where Duhm, Marti, and Budde are considered, and an
attempt is made to go forward.
64 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
overthrown. It is the enemy whose name is Hashram. So,
at least, Habakkuk interprets the supernormal experience
which he has had. Was the vision entered in the Book of
Destiny, or, as later writers would have said, in the heavenly
tablets .'' No ; the seer spoke an unfulfilled prophecy. Yet
he was a true ' man of God,' though, conscientiously, a
speaker of smooth words for Israel. Little that is certainly
his may have come down to us, but that little is full of faith
and moral earnestness. It is to be found in i. 5-10, 14-17,
ii. 1-4, and almost at the beginning we are confronted with
the Hashramim (Kasdim), i.e. the men of Ashhur-Aram.
Now it cannot be doubted that the prophet's idea of this
people is definite enough (see v. 6), and yet we cannot fail
to notice that v. 5 is rhetorically expressed. In fact, the
warriors of Ashhur or Asshur had been seen in Palestine
often enough for a conventional form of description of them
to have sprung up. Still more essential is it to recognise
that the people which Yahweh is about to * stir up ' {y. 6) is
a N. Arabian people, not one of the nearer populations, but
a comparatively distant one (Isa. v. 26, Jer. vi. 22), and a
people whose language is, even if our scholars would call it
akin to Hebrew, yet for practical purposes so unlike it as to
be unintelligible to the Judaites (Jer. v. 15, Isa. xxxiii, 19) —
an additional cause of terror. See Note on the Kasdim of
Habakkuk.
No wonder, then, that the country-folk were seized with
terror, and fled to the nearest fortified towns. It may help
us in realising this to refer to a little poem, referring surely
to an earlier N. Arabian invasion (Isa. x. 27 end-32), which
tells how the people of the small towns fled before the
foe. Jeremiah, too, in prophetic imagination, summons
the Judaite inhabitants of the south border- land to take
refuge in the fortified cities, especially in Zion or Jerusalem ^
(Jer. iv. 5 /., vi. i). This race for safety may be illustrated
by the story of the Rekabites (Jer. xxxv.). We need not,
1 On Jer. iv. 5/, vi. i, see Crit. Bib. pp. 53-55. As Duhm points
out, it would be absurd to call on Jerusalemites to flee to Zion. It is
also extremely strange to summon only Benjamites to flee before the
foe, and to summon them to flee, not to, but from Jerusalem. And if
people are to flee from Jerusalem, what is the good of blowing the
trumpet in Tekoa ? The remedy is to read 'm' for miT, pc 'J3 for
JEHOIAKIM— INVASION— JEHOIACHIN'S CAPTIVITY 65
of course, accept all the details. It is incredible that
Jeremiah should have tempted these simple folk to break
their law by drinking wine. But there seems to be a
foundation of fact. The statement that the Rekabites
adhered to the rules of their reputed ancestor is in itself
probable.^ Jeremiah, too, may have made an instructive
comparison between this tribe or clan and the people of
Judah.^ That the Rekabites fled from the invaders is also
probable enough, for i Chr. ii. 55,^ rightly (as I hope)
explained, shows that they dwelt in the south border-land.
Tradition further states (Judg. i. 16) that the Kenites, to
whom the Rekabites belonged, dwelt in the most southern
part of Judah. We can therefore well understand how the
members of the clan should have fled with the Judaites of
the border to Jerusalem ' because of the army of Hashram
and because of the army of Aram *^ {v. 11).
It is not certain to which invasion of Judah this story
of the Rekabites refers. Probably, however, it was the
second (2 K. xxiv. 2 ; see p. 62). The first invasion —
that mentioned in 2 K. xxiv. i — was hardly terrifying
enough, if, as I have suggested, it was really a ' demonstra-
tion,' a sort of object-lesson to Jehoiakim. But the second
invasion (if invasion it was) does appear to supply an
adequate cause for the flight of the Rekabites.
j'D'ja '33, and "jkvdb" for dWit (see p. 24). The * sons of Yamin
( = Yaman)' are the Israelite or Judaite inhabitants of part of the
N. Arabian border-land so often called 'Yerahme'el' and ' Ishmael,'
among whom, as we have seen, was probably Huldah the prophetess.
Tekoa and Beth-Hakkerem are both places in that district. See
Introduction on Beth-Hakkerem, and E. Bib., ' Tekoa.'
1 See E. Bib., ' Rechabites.'
2 The Rekabites had a pure form of Yahweh-worship (cp. 2 K. x.)
See E. Bib., ' Rechabites.'
3 py (A. v., Jabez) is corrupt ; it may have come from pyax ( =
Ishmael). nnn is probably an abbreviation of nam (cp. Dm = Gm', v. 44).
cnso means, not ' scribes,' but ' men of ibd (or, msD) ' ; ' Sophereth ' is
the name of a place in Ishmaelite Arabia (Neh. vii. 57 ; see E. Bib.,
' Solomon's Servants '). Meyer's theory {Entst. des Judenthums, p. 318),
that Neh. ii. 55 indicates that the Calibbites of Jabez were specially
zealous proselytes, is wide of the mark.
4 Note that @ gives, not 'Aram,' but 'the Assyrians,' i.e. (in the
original Hebrew) the Asshurites of N. Arabia. This, too, would
probably be an archaism.
5
66 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
Jehoiakim looks on while the people is being loosed
from its moorings. Jeremiah warns him that ruin is im-
pending (Jer. xiii. 18-21), but in vain. No help from
Misrim appears ; the king * came no more out of his land '
(2 K. xxiv. 1^} Soon the tramp of the invaders is heard,
but just then the energetic but unwise king passed away.
The Chronicler (2 Chr. xxxvi. 8) has preserved the tradi-
tion that he was buried, like Manasseh and Amon (2 K.
xxi. 18, 26), not in the city of David, but in the garden
of Uzza.^ He was succeeded by his son Jehoiachin. It
was hard for the young prince, who was only eighteen.
Did he trust in Ashtart, or had king and people given up
hoping in her when the foreign warriors set foot on the soil
of Judah ? The author of the ' epitome ' is as much pre-
judiced against Jehoiachin as Berossus is against Evil-
Merodach, who reigned (as he asserts) 'lawlessly and
impiously.' Jeremiah, however, finds no more fault with
Jehoiachin than with Jehoahaz. His fate, indeed, is irre-
versible, but it is implied that neither Hezekiah nor Josiah
would have fared better.
As I live, saith Yahweh, | though Coniah ' were (in very
deed)
The signet on my right hand, | I would pluck him
thence.*
In another little poem, written just after Jehoiachin's enforced
departure, Jeremiah utters the passionate cry —
Is Coniah a despised work ? | is he a vessel of no value ?
Why is he tossed and thrown | to the land of Asshur ? ^
He feels the hardness of the destiny. The heir of David
is tossed away like the meanest potter's vessel, and the spot
on which he lights is the land of Asshur.
"^ V. ^ would stand more naturally after v. i.
2 ©" has kv yavo^arj ; Luc. ev yav O^a. The tradition was probably
omitted from 2 Kings because of Jeremiah's prediction (Jer. xxii. iS/.).
3 More strictly Konyahu (Jer. xxxvii. i). Elsewhere in Jer.,
Yekonyahu.
* Jer. xxii. 24. Vv. 25-27 belong to the supplemented Read
' him ' for ' thee.'
5 The text has been much worked over. @ helps us somewhat ;
also experience gained elsewhere.
JEHOIAKIM— INVASION— JEHOIACHIN'S CAPTIVITY 67
The note of passion is wanting in Ezekiel, which is
strange, since he shared Jehoiachin's captivity. A great
eagle is said to have come to Lebanon (Ezek. xvii. 3 /), to
have cropped off the topmost of the sprouts of the cedar,
and brought it to the land of Canaan, i.e., as the parallel
clause explains, * set it in Arabia of Yerahme'el ' (see
special note, p. 94). The eagle is the king of Babel ;
Lebanon, the Davidic family, ' Canaan ' is obviously not
Palestine, but may, or rather must, be some N. Arabian
region ; ^ in Ezek. xvi. 29 it is identified with D''~rl&D, under
which name lies, in a shortened form, ' Ashhur-Aram ' (see
p. 63), Ezekiel, then, like Jeremiah, implies, both here and
elsewhere, that Jehoiachin was taken captive by the chief
potentate of N. Arabia, who, in the prophet's brief explana-
tion of the parable {y. 1 2), is called ' the king of Babel,'
That this royal warrior started on his campaigns from Ashhur
or Asshur, we have learned already (p. 61) from Ezek. xxi. 24,
Apparently, therefore, he was not Nebuchadrezzar.
Three months (the Chronicler adds ten days) was all
the time that the young king had to reign. In this he
resembled Jehoahaz, but, unlike that king, he did not wait
to be deposed. Before the siege was far advanced, he went
out with the queen-mother and his wives (children are not
mentioned), attended by the princes and courtiers, and
surrendered. Seven thousand men of the propertied class,
as well as one thousand craftsmen and smiths," went with
the king. Some of the prophets may also have been taken,
though many remained, for Ezekiel can hardly have been
alone. The treasuries of the temple and of the palace
were also rifled (see 2 K. xxi v. 10-16, Jer, xxvii. 19-22,
xxviii, 3, 6).
From his captor's point of view, it was in favour of
Jehoiachin that he had not, like his father, broken an oath
of fealty. Hence, perhaps, the favour into which he was
taken by the great king thirty-seven years after (2 K.
xxiv. 27, Jer. Hi. 24-34). He was released from prison,
1 T. and B. pp. 85, 175, 475.
2 See Jer. xxiv. i, xxix. 2. A thoroughly Eastern measure. Cp.
I S. xiii. 1 9 /, where read, ' and they brought down all the artisans of
Israel to the land of the Philistines.'
68 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
pensioned, and admitted among the king's table -guests.
No king among those who entered the presence had so
high a seat as he who once ruled for three months in
Jerusalem. Is this historical ? we ask. The evidence is
scanty, but we cannot hastily reject it. Only we have to
make sure that we understand it. For the words of the
statement mean more than appears on the surface. They
imply the recognition of the Jews as a people, with its own
cultus and with internal independence, under the headship
of Jehoiachin.^ Further, the royal rights of Jehoiachin
would be transmitted to his son. In i Chr. iii. 17/ no
less than seven sons are named ; one of these, clearly,
would inherit a claim to the throne.
The story is important on two grounds, i. It shows
how thoroughly developed was the belief in the Babylonian
captivity as the only one in the time of the redactor of
Kings. For the name of the king of Babel who befriended
Jehoiachin is given as Evil-Merodach. Evidently this is a
modification of Amil-Marduk, the name of the son and
successor of Nebuchadrezzar (562-560 B.C.). With much
ingenuity Winckler^ seeks to show that Amil-Marduk
favoured a different party from his father — the so-called
hierarchic party, which was everywhere disposed to sanc-
tion the repair of temples. More than this the story cannot
show, for if * Nebuchadrezzar ' is an interpolation, so also, of
course, is ' Evil-Merodach.'
2. It has also been thought, somewhat too optimistically,
to contribute to the solution of historical problems. As we
have seen, the Chronicler gives a list (i Chr. iii. 17/) of
the sons of Jeconiah or Jehoiachin, any one of whom would
be capable of inheriting the crown. In fact, one of the
seven, Shenassar, has been identified with Sheshbassar (a
governor of Judah under the Persian king), while a grandson
of Jeconiah in v. 19 bears the name Zerubbabel (a still
better known governor of Judah). It is true, all these
names, Shenassar, Sheshbassar, Zerubbabel, are supposed
1 Meyer, Die Entstehung des Judenihums, pp. 78/ ; Winckler,
AOFxl 204; KAT^% p. 284.
2 A OF xi. 198; cp. KAT^^\ pp. no, 284. Berossus may have
used an old source, influenced by the anti-hierarchic party.
JEHOIAKIM— INVASION— JEHOIACHlJSnS CAPTIVITY 69
to be of Babylonian origin. The view is plausible, but
the proof of it is not as complete as we require. Indeed,
it is quite possible that any Babylonian appearance that
these names may present may be due to redactors. Nor
can one think it likely that a Babylonian name should occur
in the middle of a list of seven names ^ which, apart from
this one disputed name, are distinctly S. Canaanitish or
N. Arabian. May not nSN3tD really represent nswDO, since
DtD (as in nN3») comes from ;Dt&'' = f?NI;DtD^ and "iSN is an
Edomite name, attested in Gen. xxxvi. 21?^ I fear,
therefore, that the expectation referred to has not yet been
realised.
1 As the text stands, there are eight names, but the first, nOK, is
probably the first part of the compound name rightly read as Asshur-
Eshtaol (7". and B. p. 540 ; cp. p. 70, n. 3).
2 T. and B. p. 426.
CHAPTER VII
ZEDEKIAH MORALITY AND RELIGION — EZEK. VIII.
Though much was lost, there were still a fatherland and a
temple. Israel, it might be hoped, had learned its lesson.
Its new king (provided by the conqueror) was unambitious,
and may have seemed a safe ruler. He was a still-surviving
son of Josiah,^ called Mattaniah, a name which, on his
elevation to the throne, the suzerain changed to Zedekiah ^
(properly Sidkiyyahu), The story of his reign is drawn
largely from the Book of Jeremiah, supplemented by that of
Ezekiel. Let us first borrow something from the latter
(Ezek. xvii. 5-21). The allegorist represents the new king
as a humble vine-plant, trailing on the ground. It was
planted by the great eagle known to us already (p. 6"]^, who
imposed upon it one obligation — that its branches should
turn to him, and its roots be subject to him. Then, we are
told, came another great eagle, and behold the vine bent its
roots and stretched its branches no longer to the first, but to
the second eagle. The consequences of this could be
foreseen : by the most trifling effort it could be uprooted
iy. 9). The historical explanation follows {yv. 12-21).
The king of Babel came to Jerusalem, and removed its king,
in whose place he set up a royal prince as king, entering
into a covenant with him. It was but a modest realm, but
if the king had kept his covenant he might have continued.
But quite otherwise did he act. ' He rebelled against him,
in sending his envoys to Mi.srim, that it might give him
1 His mother's name was Hamutal (see 45).
2 $idkia was the name of a king of Ashkelon in Hezekiah's time. 70 ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 71 horses ^ and a large force ' (z/. 1 5 ; see on Dt. xvii. 1 6). Here the retrospect ceases, and the prospect of calamity begins.^ Yahweh is the God of covenants in general ; he notes the broken covenant between the foreign king and Zedekiah (cp. 2 Chr. xxxvi. 13^), and will provide for just retribution. The agent may seem to be the king of Babel, but is really Yahweh (yv. 19/^. There is also another allegory in which Zedekiah is referred to (Ezek. xix. 5-9). This time the description is idealistic. One might imagine that Jehoiakim (the true Jehoiakim) was intended, for the language points to a lover of war and even to a conqueror. Nothing could here be said of Zedekiah's faithlessness, and the description of his final misfortunes passes over the climax of them all — the blinding. For a mention of this we must go to Ezek. xii. 13;' yet shall he not see it,' says the prophet, ' though he shall die there.' Certainly Ezekiel judges the hapless Zedekiah by a singularly strict moral standard. The historian, however, must not follow Ezekiel in his severity, for Zedekiah could hardly call his soul his own ; the real power belonged to the upstart princes. Not that the princes were alone responsible for the moral downfall of the state. ' Every head is sick, and every heart faint.' Ezekiel (chap, xv.) compares Jerusalem to the worthless wood of the wild vine. Of a piece of such wood the fire has consumed both ends, and it has now attacked the middle. The * two ends ' are the two kingdoms ; the ' middle ' is Jerusalem. Ezekiel admits, however (xiv. 22 /!), that the exiled portion of the community is not so deeply corrupt as the actual Jerusalem ; Jeremiah, too, draws the same distinction. Who does not remember the vision (Jer. xxiv.) of the two baskets of figs, one containing very good figs, like those that are first ripe, the other very bad figs which could not be eaten (cp. Jer. xxix. 1 7) ? The former denote Jehoiachin and his fellow-exiles, whom Yahweh will bring back to their land ; the latter are those left under Zedekiah, or those who have fled to the land of Misrim, for both of whom a dreadful fate is reserved. ^ On horses in N. Arabia see T. and B. p. 462. 2 On V. 17 see Kraetzschmar. nyns is an incorrect gloss. 72 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH It may be that both prophets somewhat failed to com- prehend the situation. With their own feet planted upon a rock they could not realise the state of those who were storm- tossed and without a compass. The gulf between these prophets and the average citizens was immense. Jeremiah and Ezekiel might have been the compass of the storm-tossed, but there was one precious gift which had been denied them — that of persuasiveness. Still there must have been some who listened more attentively than others to the great prophets, and these would naturally be found in the more cultured class. We can well understand that the removal of this class to Babel would produce injurious effects on the residuum. How could parvenus lordlings, who had made their fortunes by driving hard bargains with the emigrating exiles, help being puffed up with vanity ? ^ And how could wise counsel proceed from their collective statesmanship ? As for religion, it could hardly have fallen very much lower, considering the depth which it had reached under Jehoiakim. Nor would it perceptibly have affected the religious standard if the lower cults had received a mere formal discouragement. Was such a discouragement actually given ? In favour of this view it might be urged that prophets of Yahweh were consulted both in Jerusalem and in the land of exile. Zedekiah himself laid great store by Jeremiah (Jer. xxxvii. 3, 17, xxxviii. 14^). It might also be held that at the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem king and people gave a singular proof of regard for Yahwistic moral principles (Jer. xxxiv.). It is well known that both in the Book of the Covenant (Ex. xxi. 2) and in Deuteronomy (xv. 12) there is a law that a Hebrew slave should be set free after six years of service. This law had been neglected ; now, however, it was carried out with a peculiarly solemn covenant {v. 19). Moreover, we learn from Jer. xliv. \7 f. that the cult of the Queen of Heaven ^ had lately been abandoned. Such appears to be all the evidence that exists for a revival of Yahwism. It is not much in quantity, and the supposed recognition of Yahwistic morality will not bear ^ Ezekiel's description of the princes (xxii. 27) corresponds to the prevalent tendency of the ruling class at all times (cp. Isa. i. 23). 2 Or * of Ishmael ' ; see T. and B. p. 1 8. Ashtart is intended. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 73 examination.^ Still it is probable that as the political prospect became darker a tendency arose towards a greater regard for the cult of Yahweh. The tendency cannot, however, have been a strong one. There is abundant evidence for the continuance of the cults in vogue before Zedekiah, and the writer of 2 K. xxiv. 19 asserts that from a Yahwistic point of view that king was no better than Jehoiakim. Ezekiel (xiv. 5) distinctly says that the house of Israel ' have estranged themselves from Yahweh with all their idols,' We know, too, from Ezek. viii. 12 that (about 592 B.C.) the cult of Yahweh was rejected by elders of the people, on the ground that Yahweh did not see them and had forsaken the land. The chapter to which this passage belongs is full to overflowing of evidence for Jerusalem's heathenism. The lower cults there described are those which competed successfully with the strict worship of Yahweh. The description, however, is not easy to interpret. It will not be a superfluous digression if we confront the difficulties. Unless we do so, we shall be unable to estimate aright the religious and political currents of the time. And the question which we have to keep before us, and which our study of Ezek. viii. will enable us to answer, is this — Were the popular cults in Zedekiah's time of Babylonian, or of Canaanite and N. Arabian origin ? ^ Certainly, it would be agreeable to suppose that some of those cults were of direct Babylonian origin. The supposi- tion would be in harmony with the view here adopted that Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon played a great role in the later affairs of Judah, though not so as to exclude a N. Arabian invasion about the same time. If there was just now a double danger to the state, one would expect to find that some of the popular cults of the day came from N. Arabia and some from Babylon. But which of them can we, with a safe historical conscience, trace to Babylon ? Let us turn to Ezek. viii. and examine the details as briefly 1 We are told {v. 11) that ' afterwards,' i.e. after the siege had been raised (xxxvii. 5), ' all the princes and all the people ' (surely an exaggera- tion) cancelled their engagements. 2 See ' Ezekiel's Visions of Jerusalem,' Expositor., May 1908. 74 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH but as penetratingly as limits of space permit. In v. 3 we read that a spirit, or divine energy, lifted Ezekiel up, and brought him ' in visions of God ' to Jerusalem, to the door of the north gateway of the inner court of the temple, ' where was the place of the image of Kin'ah [hamjmakneh.' Ezekiel means that he was brought to the very same place where formerly (under Manasseh) the image referred to had stood. In a subsequent passage {y. 5) he says in effect that when his attention was free, he observed that the same image (removed by Josiah, and not yet set up again when the prophet left Jerusalem as an exile) had been erected once more, though in a different place.^ Now, we have no right to ask, ' What's in a name,' and leave the image without any but the impossible name 'Jealousy,' supple- mented by ' that awakens jealousy ' (against which philology has much to urge). Nor may we, with Gunkel, emend ' the image of Jealousy ' into ' the image of the reeds,' and interpret this of the dragon Tiamat (Ps. Ixviii. 31,' the beast of the reeds ' ?).^ Undoubtedly the goddess referred to is Asherah. Several scholars of note have already seen this. What they have not seen is the right form, and therefore meaning, of the name. The right form throws fresh light on the N. Arabian affinities of the late Judaite religion.^ It is equally hard to trace the superstitions referred to in V. I o. Here we read, ' And I entered, and looked ; and, behold, every form of reptiles and (other) beasts, and all the idols of the house of Israel, graven upon the wall round about' The explanations of W. R. Smith, Toy, and Gunkel are hardly satisfactory. Neither clan-totems nor Babylonian dragons* ('helpers of Rahab,' Job ix. 13) can justifiably be found here, especially as neither theory is consistent with the words, ' and all the idols of the house of Israel,' which intervene between ' abomination ' and * graven.' It is only an ^ The prophet's words are, ' and I lifted up mine eyes northward, and, behold, north of the gate of the altar (?) was that image of Kin'ah at the entrance (?).' On vv. 3, 5, see Kraetzschmar. 2 Schopfung und Chaos (1895), p. 141. 8 .iKjp probably comes from n'p:K, and pw, like ^r^ and pK, may come from some shortened form of Vkdht (the final S often becomes 3). n:pD may come from r\'-!air\; cp. QpT = DnT. See T. and B. pp. 18/, 121. * So Gunkel. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 75 enlarged experience of similarly corrupt passages elsewhere, and of the habits of the scribes, which can help us much here. For my own part, I have — since 1903 — been satisfied with this suggestion, — that here and in Ezek. xviii. 6 (as well as in some other O.T. passages) ^N^tD■^ has been mis- written for ^Ni^DtDr As for nnmi ©on, that I take to be a gloss consisting of two regional names, and defining, for ancient readers, the geographical meaning of f?Ni;Dt2?"^ in this passage.^ As the most probable original form of the text oi V. 10 one may propose, 'every form of abominations ( = images), namely, all the idols of the house of Ishmael, graven in the wall round about.' N. Arabian again. A Babylonian origin is more plausibly supposed for the strange scene described in v. 14, ' and he brought me to the door of the north gateway, and behold, there were the women, weeping for the Tammuz.' One thinks involuntarily of the ritual mourning of the Babylonians for the disappear- ance of the god of vernal vegetation, one form of whose name was Tamuz.^ Still I doubt very much whether the ritual mourning for the dead god first arose in Canaan so late,^ and if (as I suppose) it was of much earlier date, the name of the god would hardly have been Tamuz."* For light on the passage we must have recourse to Jer. vii. 1 8, xliv. ly ff. ; it is surely at the sacred meal that the women are sitting, and they are engaged in ritual benedictions (read mD^lD) of Ashtart, one of whose many titles was a name which may at last have become corrupted into n"'S)D ^ or TVMQ (lion, Tamuz). The true name is n"'^N2;Dm\ I have not yet done with the prophet Ezekiel, nor sufficiently answered the question. Did Babylon, in this troublous time, exercise a religious influence on Jerusalem ? In the very next chapter (ix.) we find a terrible imaginative account of the massacre of the wicked inhabitants of 1 TDT probably comes from ne-ai, and ncia from ncn-any. In explana- tion, see T. and B. pp. 249, 571. 2 See E. Bib.^ ' Tammuz.' ' T. and B. pp. 56, 326/ * Isa. xvii. 10 suggests the name ' Na'aman,' on the origin of which see T. and B. p. 56, n. 2. Hadad and Rimmon (Ra'aman) would also be possible. See T. and B. pp. 36, 326, 438^ * T. and Bib. p. 19, notes 3 and 4. 76 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH Jerusalem by seven heavenly beings in human form. One of the seven (not directly engaged in the massacre) is clothed in linen,^ and has a writer's inkhorn at his side [v. 2). According to Gunkel and Zimmern,^ this is a Hebraised form of NabO, the Babylonian writer -god, by whom the destinies of men were written down on the heavenly tablets, and who was also one of the seven planetary deities. Certainly the parallelism is too obvious to be disregarded. But we must not forget two other important parallelisms with Ex. xii. 23 and Dan. x. 5 respectively. In the former passage (cp. 2 S. xxiv. 16) ' the destroyer ' is clearly the warlike Mal'ak or Mal'ak Yahweh {i.e. Yerahme'el) ; ^ in the latter (as a Talmudic interpretation also represents) the man clothed in linen is Gabriel, who is but a pale copy of Mika'el * {i.e. Yerahme'el). The affinity of many points in the Babylonian and other W. Asiatic religions is beyond doubt, and fresh importations from Babylon may have been made quite late. But why should we suppose that Yahweh's great Helper, the second member of the divine company {i.e. Yerahme'el), was provided with fresh Babylonian characteristics, belonging properly to Nabft, in the age of Ezekiel? On the whole, then, there seems to be nothing in chaps, viii. and ix. of Ezekiel which clearly betokens recent direct influence of Babylon on the religion of Judah. The cults or religious forms which are there described are those which in earlier or later times appear to have come from N, Arabia. At any rate, trouble impended from N. Arabia, which religious fanatics sought to avert in one way, and politicians in another. Nor can the counsellors of Zedekiah be supposed to have been alone in their plottings. From one petty realm to another the message flew, ' Confederate your- selves against Babel.' From Edom, from Moab, from the bene Ammon, from Sor, from Sidon, envoys are said to have visited Jerusalem with this object in view (Jer. xxvii. 3). It is highly probable that all the kingdoms represented were near the S. Palestinian border, and were within the range of 1 The linen represents the luminous appearance of the divine body, 2 KAT^^\ p. 404. 2 T. and B. pp. 277-280, 291-294. ♦ Ibid. pp. 102 (n. 3), 293. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 77 a N. Arabian invasion ; for both here and in chap. xxv. we are compelled to admit the existence of a southern Sor and a southern Sidon.^ What the result of the negotiations was we are not told, but we know that Jeremiah (statesman as well as prophet) did his best to prevent them from succeeding, and in the style of Isaiah (Isa. xx. 2) performed a symbolic act to convey to all beholders his stern message. * Thus hath Yahweh said. Make thee a yoke, and put it upon thy neck ' (Jer. xxvii. 2) ; it was a symbol of the inevitable doom of Judah ; the date is the fourth year of Zedekiah (596-595 B.C.). Even the prophets of Yahweh, however, disagreed with Jeremiah. One of them, * Hananiah the prophet ' ^ (as he is emphatically called), announced in public, in the temple, that the sacred vessels which had been carried away to Babel should be restored, and Jeconiah and his fellow-exiles brought home (Jer. xxviii. 1-4). Jeremiah could not pass over this direct contradiction, and administered a serious warning to his opponent, whom, however, it could not possibly have convinced. In fact Hananiah's next step was to treat Jeremiah as a false prophet. Was Jeremiah a symboliser ? So, too, would Hananiah be, only for a different end. He took the yoke from Jeremiah's neck and broke it, exclaiming, * Thus hath Yahweh said, So will I break the yoke of the king of Babel from the neck of all the nations ' ^ (Jer. xxviii. 11). Upon this, strangely enough, Jeremiah ' went his way.' Whether afterwards he actually said to Hananiah, 'This year shalt thou die' {v. 17) is a matter of doubt — not because there are no parallels outside the Bible for the fulfilment of such a special prediction, but (i) because such predictions are not in the style of the great prophets as these are portrayed in their most authentic and most characteristic sayings, (2) because the narratives in Jeremiah have evidently been retouched, and (3) because such an utterance would surely have provoked Hananiah to fierce anger. It is from such an authentic and characteristic discourse of Ezekiel (chap, xiii.) that we derive the information that 1 T. and B. pp. 72 (n. 4), 314. 2 Cp. E. Bib., ' Prophecy,' § 24a. 3 Following the simpler text of @. 78 DECUNE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH the prophets and prophetesses of Yahweh who went into exile with Jehoiachin were no wiser than those of Jerusalem. Ezekiel flatly denies that they have the spirit of Yahweh ; their pleasant visions are no better than a plastered wall. He does not, indeed, dispute their belief in themselves, but asserts that they seduce the people by their * vanities ' and their ' lies,' and proclaims that they shall not return to the land of Israel. We, more dispassionate, can perhaps mitigate the censure of Ezekiel. It was possible to be a genuine prophet and yet to misinterpret the will of God. One such misinterpreting and yet true prophet was Habakkuk, who, a few years earlier, took a not less super- ficial view of things (p. 637^), and if we compare Hananiah's expressions in Jen xxviii. with those in Isa. x. 25, xxix. 15,^ we cannot say that they are altogether dissimilar. The question of questions of course is. Did these prophets raise, or lower, the moral standard ? In Jer. vi. 1 5 the priests and prophets are said to have ' committed abomina- tions ' ; the passage, however, is admittedly not Jeremiah's,^ and the two preceding verses only speak of covetousness and moral superficiality. More important is Jer. xxiii. 1 4, where adultery is specified as a common sin of the prophets. Taking this in connexion with v. 11, where prophet and priest are called ' profane ' or ' heathenish,' and their wicked- ness is said to have been ' found ' in Yahweh's house, we may plausibly suppose that the * adultery ' is connected with some heathenish cult in Yahweh's temple (cp. Ezek. viii.). This gives a fresh point to the statement m v. 14 that the prophets of Jerusalem ' strengthen the hands of evil-doers.' ^ In Jer. xxix. 23 we again find adultery and lying oracles coupled as sins of a prophet, but this passage has not escaped corruption and interpolation.* On the whole, we must take an unfavourable view of the average moral position of the prophets, but admit the probability that there ^ It is true, these passages are probably post-exilic, and written for those who were in a different stage of spiritual development. 2 See Duhm and Comill. ' It is true, the same phrase is used by Ezekiel (xiii. 22) of the * lying ' prophetesses among the exiles without reference to heathenish customs. * See E. Bib., ' Ahab,' 2. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 79 were some who were better, though tradition has passed over all but one of them — Habakkuk. It is very possible that the king of Babel took notice of the ferment among the politicians and the prophets. If Jer. xxix. in the shorter form recognised by Duhm is at all historical, Jeremiah knew of two leading prophets among the exiles ^ whom he accuses of gross immorality and of prophesying falsely, and who, he says, will be publicly slain by the king of Babel (see p. 60). Moreover, Jer. xxix. 3 speaks of Elasah and Gemariah, and li. 59 of Seraiah, as Zedekiah's special ambassadors to Babel.^ These statements may well be trustworthy ; they should probably be taken in combination. The king of Babel may have been irritated by the fanatical preaching of the prophets and have made an example of two specially troublesome ones close at hand, and Seraiah (not to mention the others), besides conveying the annual tribute,^ may have been charged to minimise the political importance of the preaching of the prophets. That Zedekiah also went is possible, but not probable. For there is no evidence that the suzerain had convoked a durbar. Had he done so, Zedekiah (like Ahaz and Manasseh on similar occasions) * would have been careful to attend. According to Winckler,^ the ambassadors of Zedekiah (he refers to Jer. xxix. 3) had another object, viz., to bring about the restoration of the Yahweh-cult in the temple, which, he thinks, was in abeyance throughout Zedekiah's reign, owing to the removal, not the destruction, of the sacred vessels. ' The temple, however, was still standing, and with- out a cult neither city nor king was possible.' Winckler supposes, therefore, that it was only the ' orthodox mono- 1 See£". Bib., *Ahab,' 2. 2 Reading, in Jer. li. 59, nwD instead of "nK. ^ @, Jer. li. 59, describes Seraiah as o.p\{iiv 8u)p(i)v (nnjo -w) ; similarly Targ.; and, among moderns, Gratz, Cheyne, Pulpit Commentary on Jeremiah, ii. (1885), S. A. Cook, E. Bib., 'Seraiah,' who sees that tribute is referred to. * See 2 K. xvi. 10 (for Ahaz), and the lists of kings' names in Schrader, KA T^'^\ pp. 35 5^^ (for Manasseh). The kings were tributaries of Esar-haddon and Ashurbanipa 5 KAT^\ pp. 278-280. 8o DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH theistic Yahweh-cultus ' which was abolished ; the ' ordinary Canaanite forms of cult ' (* no doubt partly identical with those of Zedekiah ') were either allowed to remain or set up again. And when Jeremiah (xxvii. 17) adjures the people to submit to the king of Babel that they may live, he means, * give up the hope of the restoration of the temple-cult in the sense of Josiah and of orthodoxy, and be content with what is left.' ' This,' Winckler continues, ' is the precise opposite of the demands of the Yahweh-party, to which Jeremiah as a pro-Babylonian, is absolutely opposed,' But, we must ask, why should Zedekiah have petitioned for the restoration of the Yahweh-cult when one of the chief objects of the party which favoured this petition was the restoration of Jeconiah or Jehoiachin (Jer. xxviii. 1-4)? * And is there any trace in Jeremiah or in Ezekiel of the supposed fact that the Yahweh-cult in the temple had been violently closed, or in the records of the life of Jeremiah that this enthusiast for Yahweh was " content with what was left " after this catastrophe had occurred ? ' ^ The year came, however, when no tribute-bearing caravan took the road for Babel. The influence of Jeremiah and the more sober-minded citizens had sunk to zero. The war-party, who still trusted in a foreign king, had howled down remonstrance, and Zedekiah rebelled. Our information is painfully meagre ; who was this foreign king ? In Jer. xliv. 30 (MT.) we meet with the statement that the king of Misraim (Egypt) would equally with Zedekiah be given into the hand of his enemies. It is natural to combine this with Jer. xxxvii. 5 (MT.), which relates how, on the approach of Pharaoh's army, the Kasdim raised the siege of Jerusalem, and then to infer that the king referred to is the Egyptian king Uah-ab-ra, the Apries of Herodotus (588-569 B.C.). In fact, according to that historian (ii. 161), Apries ' fought by sea with the Tyrians,' which, it has been suggested, ' only means that he sent assistance to the Tyrians in their long resistance to Nebuchadrezzar,' while the statement in the same passage, * he led an army against Sidon,' may ' refer to the expedition planned with a view to succour Jerusalem.' ^ This view 1 E. Bib., 'Zedekiah,' § 4. 2 ^. Bib., 'Hophra' (W. M. Miiller). ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 8i appears rather precarious, though certainly, if Ne-ka-u II. had already revived the claims of Egypt to Syria and Palestine, one might plausibly suppose that Uah-ab-ra would follow his example. The first point, therefore, to be decided is, whether Ne-ka-u intervened or not in the affairs of Palestine. This has been shown (pp. 35 ^) to be doubt- ful. The next is, whether ' Hophra ' in the MT. of Jer. xliv. 30 is correct. If it is true that Ne-ka-u occurs again and again in the O.T, in a slightly Hebraised form, why is Uah-ab-ra, in its supposed Hebrew form, only found once ? Surely there is an error in the case. The supposed name rinn has arisen out of a dittographed rri^lD ^ and ni^lD is the redactor's substitute for Inid (see p. 37), so that the original text ran, * Behold, I will give Pir'u king of Misrim into the hand of his enemies.' So, then, the foreign king on whom the war-party relied, and to whom Zedekiah, like Hoshea in similar circumstances,^ sent an embassy (Ezek. xvii. i 5 ; see pp. 70/.), was the king of the N. Arabian Misrim. The use of this name, as we have seen (p. 38), is archaistic, but such archaisms occur even in late books. The Misrites, however, did not hurry, and the king of Babel pressed on unopposed. Strangely enough, he had been uncertain whether to march to Jerusalem or to Rabbath-Ammon. A graphic description is given by Ezekiel (xxi. 2i[26]/.). One of two ways had to be chosen ; both started from the land of Ashhur or Asshur (see p. 61). So the pious king first shuffled the arrows before the teraphim, and then inspected the liver of a sacrificed animal.' The result of the divination was that the way to Jerusalem was chosen. The incidents of the march are not told us, but in Jer. xxxiv. 7 we read of the siege of Lachish and Azekah ; perhaps the same course was taken as in the Asshurite invasion in Hezekiah's time (see 2 K. xviii. 17).* It is hardly likely that the invader paused at Tekoa and Beth-kerem, places mentioned by Jeremiah in an imaginative picture of such an invasion (Jer. vi. i ; see p. 64 n. i ). At 1 Cp. Crii. Bib. p. 76. 2 See 2 K. xvii, 4 ; Crit. Bib. p. 376. 8 See E. Bib. col, 5398. * Probably vv. 1 3 <5- 1 6 refer to the invasion of Sennacherib, and the rest of the composite narrative to an Asshurite invasion. Cp, p, 89. 6 82 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH any rate the Asshurites had not long encamped before the capital when the siege had to be raised (Jer. xxxvii. 5). The Misrites of N. Arabia were on the march. Something, then, the ' cracked reed ' really did for the too confiding king of Judah. According to Josephus, the king of Egypt was defeated, and retired to his own land ; Jeremiah (xxxvii. 7) at any rate prophesies that the Misrite army will retire. It was at this period (p. 72) that the freed Hebrew slaves were reduced to servitude again — a proof of the hypocritical character of the new Yahwistic movement. These short-sighted people, like their ancestors under Hezekiah,^ persuaded themselves that the Asshurite be- siegers had disappeared for good, in which case there was no special need for them to pretend to be strict Yahwists.^ It is true the persuasion cannot have been quite general. There must have been not a few who feared the Asshurites, and regretted Zedekiah's rebellion. In Jer. xxxviii. 19, Hi. 15, we read of a class of persons called 'those who have fallen away to the Kasdim.' But there would be others who quite agreed with the ' fallers away,' though circum- stances prevented them from leaving the city. These must have lived in fear and trembling, and it was not unnatural that Jeremiah should incur the suspicion expressed thus by a warder, 'Thou fallest away to the Kasdim ' (Jer. xxxvii. 13). The ' princes ' before whom Jeremiah was brought were thoroughly hostile to him ; both now and on a later occa- sion their condemnation of the prophet was a foregone conclusion. Doubtless he might have defended himself, but under the circumstances (cp. Jer. xxxviii. 4) could a political tribunal affect impartiality? At any rate, when the Asshurites returned, there may well have seemed to be no room in the beleaguered city for Jeremiah. The princes did not, however, venture to kill the great prophet as Jehoiakim killed Uriah (Jer. xxvi. 23); they would rather that famine should do the work of the executioner. So Jeremiah was cast into the cistern in the court of the prison, and * sank in the mire ' (Jer. xxxviii. 6). ^ Isa. xxii. 1-14 ; see my Introd. to the Book of Isaiah^ p. 135. 2 There may also have been a plan to utilise the freedmen as additional defenders of the walls. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 83 For the second time Zedekiah interposed for the prophet, though most of the credit is due to a Kushite or N. Arabian ^ eunuch attached to the palace. Nor was Jeremiah backward to act for the good of Zedekiah, who seemed paralysed by his troubles. He recognised the poor king's anxiety for himself, and urged him to take the only course which would at once preserve the city from destruction and save his own life. That Jeremiah himself was free from all self-regarding thoughts, is clear. One of the most striking episodes in his career is his purchase of a small family estate at Anathoth, in deference to a moral claim upon him (Jer. xxxii. 6-15); it was at the beginning of the period of his imprisonment, and while the siege was still raised. Unconsciously, Hanameel, Jeremiah's uncle's son, was a messenger of Yahweh. The prophet now became clear that it was the divine purpose that the land should not be utterly desolate, but that ' houses and fields and vineyards should continue to be acquired therein.' So he wrote and sealed the purchase-deed, took witnesses, paid the covenanted price, and gave the deed to Baruch to preserve. Certainly the contrast between Jeremiah and Zedekiah is as striking as it could well be. The man in the prison was far more kingly than the man on the throne. It would seem that Zedekiah distrusted the prophet's assurance (Jer. xxxiv. 4 /!) that his life would be spared ; and so on the ninth day of the fourth month of Zedekiah's eleventh year, this poor king's reign came to an end. A breach had been made in the wall, and there was no more bread. A hurried flight by the ravine of the Kidron, and then all is over. Basely abandoned by his men-at-arms, the king is taken, and conducted to the headquarters of the foe at Riblah, where, as the retribution of his disloyalty, his eyes are put out, his sons and ' all the nobles '" of Judah ' having been previously slain (Jer. xxxix. 6/1, 2 K. xxv. 6 f. At Jerusalem the direction of affairs was assumed by ^ The sense here given to ' Kushite ' is justified elsewhere (see T. and B. pp. lyo f., 181). Note also the name Kushi in 2 S. xviii. 2 1 ff. David himself probably came from the southern border- land, though not from Kush. ^ On the horim^ see Ed. Meyer, Entstehung^ pp. 132/. 84 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH ' the captains of the king of Babel,' seated, like judges, in one of the spacious gateways (Jer. xxxix. 3), But the chief work was left to another high officer, who, after plundering whatever was of value,^ gave temple and palace, and indeed all the city, to the flames, and broke down the city wall. I wish that there were no importunate problems to distract us. Is it possible, for instance, that Babylon and the N. Arabian Babel may have been partners in the work of destruction ? The names of the ' captains ' referred to are partly of Babylonian, partly of N. Arabian origin (p. 57); Nebuzaradan, too, like Nebuchadrezzar, is Baby- lonian. At any rate, we cannot reject the evidence for two invaders of Judah, or deny that captives were carried away both to Babylon and to N. Arabia.^ It is by a most unkind fate that the written documents of the exilic and post-exilic age which have been lost have been precisely those which must have referred unmistakably to the Baby- lonian captivity. And what was the result of this event for N, Arabia — for Babylon — for Israel ? The first part of this question we cannot answer. The history of N. Arabia is to a great extent a sealed book to us. On the other hand, if (as we must believe) the Babylonians were, somehow or other, the destroyers of Jerusalem, we can quite well state the result. It was important to conquer Jerusalem as a step to the reduction of the entire West. The next cities to be mastered were Tyre and Sidon, and the ultimate object, of course, was the possession of Egypt. How far Nebuchad- rezzar realised his aspirations, I leave it to special historians to consider. Nor could I, without a renewed, serious, penetrating criticism of the later portions of the Old Testament, venture to answer the final question. What was the result of the great catastrophe for Israel ? The question has, indeed, been answered again and again, but a still more com- plete and satisfactory answer needs, as it seems to me, 1 The temple utensils which still remained formed part of the spoil (2 K. XXV. 13-17 ; Jer. lii. 17-23). 2 See my sketch of the History of Israel in The Historians' History of the Wor/d {igoS), ii. 24. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 85 to be given. Sooner or later we may trust that it will be given. SPECIAL NOTES i. On the Sacred Serpent (Nehushtan) in 2 K. XVIII. 4 b (p. 4) There are two possible views of this serpent. It might represent the primeval serpent of chaos and darkness, and (by an allegorising which may have begun pretty early) of evil. In that case it has the nature of an amulet. Or it might be a symbol of the N. Arabian healing god, who went with migrating N. Arabians to Phoenicia, and was there called Eshmun ( = Ishmael ?) This view is favoured by Num. xxi. 9. The tradition was that the serpent worshipped by the people was that which Moses had made. Probably it was ' a magic symbol which brought the divine Healer near his people' (7! and B. p. 42). The divine Healer was not originally Yahweh, but Yerahme'el ( = Ishmael) ; indeed, 2 K. xviii. 4 b (as originally read) gives, in a gloss, as two current designations of the serpent, Yerahme'el (or some form of that name) and Hashtan ( = Ashhur-Ethan). These names underlie the very improbable words 1^ Nip"* and ]ntDnD, to account for which corruptions see my explana- tions of Judg. XV. 19 {En-hakkdre\ Gen. iv. 22, Zech. vi. i {Crit. Bib. pp. 183, 484; T. and B. p. 109). The name Hashtan or Ashhur-Ethan suggests that some at any rate explained the serpent as representing the power which was always dangerous to Israel, whether it happened to be Misrim or the more distant Ashhur. Ezekiel in fact repre- sents Misrim as an evil serpent (Ezek. xxix. 3), and two glosses found with great probability in the work of a name- less prophet in 'Isaiah' (Isa. xxvii. i) explain the leviathan in the eschatological picture as * the serpent Ashkal-Ethan,' and ' Asshur in Yaman.' That the symbol of cruel hatred should be worshipped will not surprise any one ; it was in order to avert evil. On Mr. Macalister's illustration of 86 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH * Nehushtan ' by a serpent of bronze found at the great bdmah at Gezer, see Pere Vincent, Canaan, pp. 174-176. ii. Parallels for a Confusion of Kings in Hebrew Narratives (pp. 29, 61) I. I K. xiv. 25 /; 2 Chr. xii. 2-12. A king of Misraim (Egypt) called Shishak is said in the pointed text to have assaulted and taken Jerusalem, and plundered the treasuries of the temple and the palace. He is usually identified with Shoshenk I. of Egypt (22nd dynasty), who made a suc- cessful expedition into Palestine, recorded in the sculp- tures on the south wall of the great temple at Karnak; the date, however, is unknown. Recently the suggestion has been made that there is probably a confusion between two kings of Misraim and Misrim respectively. It was, of course, no part of this theory to * repudiate ' the expedition into Palestine recorded by the very king who made it. That is a careless misrepresentation of Prof Flinders Petrie {Researches in Sinai, 1906, p. 195) ; the theory was pro- duced by the play of mind upon an Egyptian monument, Assyrian inscriptions, and passages of the O.T., and is not therefore a ' fantasy ' of ' unchecked literary criticism.' The collection of cartouches, or ovals with names, was published incompletely by Rosellini and Champollion, but the closing part was first uncovered by M. Legrain in 1901. W. Max Miiller, in 1905 (?), found a new line {Egyptological Researches, vol. i., plate 85), and by a subsequent collation in the summer of 1906 discovered that a much more important line of the text had been overlooked, viz. the closing line, which had been covered over with bushes and rubbish. This will appear in vol. ii. of E.R. The names Raphia and Ekron show that Philistia was not (as had been supposed) omitted in the list {OLZ, Apr. 1908, 186-188). There are three difficulties in the way of the ordinary identification. (a) The list includes N. Israelitish ones. The Hebrew text, however, only mentions Jerusalem. It is, of course, open to us to conjecture with W. M. M. formerly ^ 1 So too G. A. Smith, Expositor, March 1905. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 87 (5. Bib. col. 4486) that the Egyptian king only conquered Judah, and was content with tribute from ' his old proUg^', Jeroboam. Now, however, W. M. M. is less disposed to question Musri, and thinks that Shishak's object was, ' not to help Jeroboam, but to gain tribute and spoils from both halves of Palestine.' * Numerous cities, in fact the first and greater part of the list, belong to Israel, the northern kingdom, and thus give evidence of a conquest of Israel, which our Biblical writers, from their exclusively Judaean standpoint, did not deem worthy of mention.' ^ The Judaean standpoint, however, does not always prevent the mention of events affecting the northern kingdom. Why should it here .'' ib) Presumably Shoshenk reasserted the dormant claims of Egypt to the suzerainty of Palestine. Shishak, however, is not related to have done so. True, ' Zerah the Kushite' is also not said to have done so. But then, there is very great doubt whether this invader with a Semitic name ^ was a king of Egypt. {c) The authority used by the Chronicler (2 Chr. xii. 3) speaks of the Lubim, the Sukkiim, and the Kushites in Shishak's army. * Hitherto they have not been identified ' (Petrie). Lubim, however, is most easily explained as = Kelubim, i.e. Calebites, and Sukkiim is also probably a N. Arabian name.^ The Kushim and Lubim are also mentioned as forming Zerah's army. ((3?) If ' Shishak king of D'^iSD ' means ' Shoshenk king of Egypt ' here, it ought to do so in i K. xi. 40. Winckler,^ however, and the present writer,^ have shown the improba- bility of this. But to go further (as they did) and excise ' Shishak ' in xi. 40 was an error. To understand proper names, it is absolutely necessary that like should be grouped with like, and that the common element should be accounted for on fixed principles, 'pxcrm should therefore be grouped with "^mm (Jer. xxv. 26, li. 41) and pm» (i Chr. viii. 14), which are S. Palestinian or N. Arabian names ; indeed, ID? or p{& is a short form of "iDtDN or intDN, a regional N. Arabian 1 Egypiol. Researches^ i. 51. ^ See E. Bib., 'Zerah.' 3 Cp. T. and B. p. 397. * For references see E. Bib., ' Shishak. 5 Jewish Quart, Rev., July 1899, pp. 558-560. 88 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH name. We can now see that Shishak is a development of a shortened form of Ashhur, and in i K. xi. 40, xiv. 25, is the designation of a N. Arabian king, who in the large sense of the word was an Ashhurite. See T. and B. pp. 47, 187, 363. It is possible, however, that the redactor confounded Shishak with Shoshenk, which might easily pass into Shoshak, the Hebrew text-reading. Cp. E. Bib., ' Shishak * (W. Max Muller). 2. Isa. XX. As most suppose, we have here a prophecy of the deportation of the Egyptians and the Ethiopians into Assyria. But there was no probability of a conquest ot Egypt and Ethiopia by Assyria in Isaiah's time. The prophet was too well informed not to know this. n^ili2 and IDID must therefore mean, not Egypt and Ethiopia, but Misrim and Kush in N. Arabia. The fatal blow here announced might be expected to come from a greater N. Arabian power with which we are becoming acquainted as Asshur or Ashhur. The prophet is well assured that the inhabitants of the south of Palestine would take notice of the event, and fear for themselves. At the time when the oracle was given, they were in alliance with Misrim. It is inevitable, therefore, to assume a confusion in the redactor's mind between one capture of Ashdod by a N. Arabian Asshurite king, and another by the Assyrian king Sargon. On the criticism of the chapter see Cheyne, Introd. to Bk. of Isaiah, pp. 11 9- 121, and Isaiah in SBOT (Hebrew edition). 3. 2 K. xvii. 6 a. It is critically probable that not only from Assyria but from the N. Arabian Asshur in- vasions might be expected by the peoples of Palestine. In the eighth century Isaiah gave a gloomy view of the future, and, for him, the invader came from the south. Isa. xxviii. 1-4, when scrutinised,^ proves to contain a prophecy of the conquest of the southern Shomeron (or Shimron) by the Asshurites. It may be this event which is referred to in 2 K. xvii. 6 a, which tells how the king of ^ See Crti. Bib. p. 33, where, however, corrections are required. D'JDr most probably comes from d'jdb" ( = Ishmaelites), 'oiVn from '?»<Dm', and I" from p' (cp. Introduction on this passage). ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 89 Asshur took Shomeron, and carried Israel away to Asshur. It will be found that the place-names and divine names in 2 K. xvii. 2^ff. are partly, at any rate, non- Assyrian. There is probably a confusion in the redactor's mind between the capture of Shomeron or Samaria and a Shomeron or Shimron in the south (see chap. iii.). 4. 2 K. xviii. 13-xix. It has been supposed — and very naturally — that the discovery by Scheil of a fragment of an official statement of Sennacherib respecting a second expedition to the west provides an easy solution for the literary and historical problems of the composite narrative in 2 Kings.^ I do not myself think that this is so. To me it appears that the only part of the narrative which refers to Sennacherib is the short extract from the Annals of Judah in 2 K. xviii. 13^-16. The rest of the narrative refers to a N. Arabian Asshurite invasion, and the redactor has made a confusion between the two Asshurs. The names which occur in the narrative are no hindrance ; underneath them most probably lie distinctive N. Arabian names. It is now possible to understand the saying of Rab-shakeh in 2 K. xviii. 25 better (cp. pp. 36, 38, on the Chronicler's version of the Neko -narrative). It is not ' haughtiness,' but faith, which inspires it. Rab-shakeh has heard of Yahweh- prophecies, and gives them credit. ' Yahweh said to me. Go up against this land, and destroy it.' At this point it deserves to be mentioned that Sir H. Rawlinson long ago ^ divined that there was a confusion between two invasions; according to him vv. 13-16 refer to one, and the rest of the narrative to another, which is not described in the Annals — that which ended in the ' miraculous destruction ' of Sennacherib's army. Dr. Hincks,^ the Irish Assyriologist, on the other hand, supposed a confusion between an invasion by Sargon and one by Sennacherib. Prasek ■* agrees with Rawlinson ; Scheil's dis- covery had not yet been made. Hincks, at any rate, saw that two kings were referred to. Rab-shakeh ( = Arab- ^ Cp. O. Weber, Sanherib : eine Skizze (1905), pp. 21-24. 2 G, Rawlinson, Herodotus (ed. i), i. 479. ^ Journal of Sacred Lit., Oct. 1858, p. 136. * Sanheribs Feldziige gegen Juda, i. (1903-4). 90 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH Asshur) is a N. Arabian officer, and the king is the king of Ashhur. In v. 24 the strange phrase thn nnD should be nntDN nns. * Ashhurite governors ' is a gloss on ' servants of my lord.' The names in t/. 34 cannot here be discussed. iii. On Jer. XXII. 13-19, 24-30 (p. 52) I will now endeavour to set forth the grounds of my restoration, starting from the very doubtful word niDtO in V. 14. After a full discussion Kamphausen ^ arrives at the conclusion that ' a perfectly certain explanation can hardly be obtained.' The context being equally doubtful, one may assume corruption. It should be noticed that a number of words beginning with tDQJ (''ffitD, "jmin, ]tDDJ, plDtD ; cp. p. 87) have turned out to be N. Arabian Asshurite names. One can hardly doubt that the same origin should be assigned to nmtD. From the same point of view it is possible to restore the true opening words of v. 1 3. It was not a house (n"*!) and upper chambers (nvSi?) that Jehoiakim thought of building in the southern Asshur, but, as my reference to 2 Chr. xxvii. 4 may already have suggested, and as the reference to Asshur \n v. 14 further indicates, 'castles' (nv^T*! = n"'l) and ' forts ' (ni^-r:iD). VC\-h-3 occurs again in V. 14, and should again be corrected (see below). Now, too, we can see that mio vr^l (v. 1 4) is not an expansion of the n""! in V. 1 3, as if Jehoiakim specially coveted a * spacious house* ; surely Josiah, who had an * Ishmael-chariot ' (p. 39) could have managed to procure a sufficiently roomy palace. The truth is that a fate attaches to mo and niTD. In the phrases mo »"•« (i Chr, xi. 23) and mo ""tD^N (Isa. xlv. 14) certainly,^ and in miD "'tDDN (Num. xiii. 32) probably, mo or nyiD represents a N. Arabian regional name, such as noT or moT (where dt represents mw). Here, too, nno is more than probably corrupt ; the best restoration is niSTID, which is naturally combined with DTDT^, and is a correction of the following nvW The next words in v. 14 D'^nvip nV7:;l 1 Riehm, HIVB des Bibl Altertums''^\ ' Mennig.' 2 In I Chr. xi. 23 mo r'n is a gloss on nxn ; in Isa. xlv. 14 'o tjk on the preceding regional or ethnic names. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 91 are commonly rendered 'and airy upper chambers.' But how can the feminine noun be combined with a masculine participle ? Cornill proposes to point D'^nilD, a word which can hardly be said to exist, and which, if it did exist, would produce an unsuitable sense. Surely the approximately right correction lies close at hand — Dm*'! m^lID. That the next clause is specially difficult, Cornill is well aware. Here I can only call attention to what is most important. "VSiXfTl has been explained already, but why is it linked to nhmm ? And what is to be done with n^l i^Dpi ? Surely the stress laid on cedar- wood (cp. v. 15^) is un- reasonable. From our point of view the questions can be satisfactorily answered. ^tDtDl and nNl are parallel. nN, like rv\^ ^ and mtN, represents "intJJN. There is no violence in this, nor is there any difficulty in penetrating the mystery of psD, which is certainly miswritten for pD^, here (as in Josh. xiii. 27) a place-name.^ mtDD remains ; it must be a corruption of a place-name, probably of nODi ^ (some- times less correctly written ptum). The crown will be put on our restoration if we succeed in accounting for iS i^npT ^vhn. It is not enough to put on 1 to ■^niSn ; the ordinary rendering of the clause is not natural. Nor can we venture to connect the '^yhn of MT. with the architectural term in Assyrian, bit hilani, ' fortified portico.' ^ Clearly since forti- fied towns are spoken of, i;-)pi is best corrected into Ijpi^ (see 2 Chr. xxi. 17, Isa. vii. 6 [Hiphil], and pDD") "'^l^n into pssi ]T7n\ The place-name is not attested elsewhere, but we do find ]^hn (Josh. xv. 51) and ]hTt (i Chr. vi. 43). mtNl is a duplicate reading ; pDSl suffices. At the opening of the Jehoiakim-section we should simply read n^inn, as Cornill, following (3- It is a description. Verse 1 5 looks simpler, but has its own difficulties. How can ^^Dnrr possibly mean ' callest thou that being a king ' (Cornill) ? Duhm would read l^onnn, ' showest thou thyself a king ? ' Both interpretations imply that the next words refer to Jehoiakim's preference for cedar-wood in his buildings. But, as we have seen, nN may, when circum- stances favour this, be an offshoot of "intDN, and we shall ^ Cp. 'Zerah the Kushite.' - On ps^ see p. 42. 3 See T. and B. p. 261 (n. 2). * See Muss-Amolt, s.v. xilani. 92 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH now be prepared to admit that tnN, which ^^ presupposes instead of ^n, may represent mTN, i.e. intDN. These things, in fact, are only strange when we have no reservoir of experience to fall back upon. It is from this reservoir that we have to draw the analogies which make another suggestion as natural as it is indispensable. This suggestion is that INHN, presupposed by ^^ instead of nw (miN), is really an equivalent of the word underlying "iiN, being a sort of popular symbol for ns ^^t&N, ' Arabian Ashhur.' ^ The sense therefore remains the same, whichever of these three readings we find reason to prefer. And what as to mnno ? Cornill's note only shows how difficult, nay how impossible, the received text is. But now that we have restored the * castles ' and ' forts ' to their proper place, it should not be difficult to restore the right word here. Must we not read mino (Dt. ii. 5, 19)? And having proceeded thus far in connecting our passage with the history of the times (cp. pp. 50 /), must we not give "j^Dnn the meaning (which obviously it can thoroughly bear), ' Shalt thou continue to reign ? ' The idea is that neither courage nor some few warlike successes will be a sure foundation for a throne, and take the place of judicial accuracy and attention to the rights of the poor. Josiah, as we shall hear presently, possessed these royal virtues, and was rewarded by prosperity ; by the same divine principle of retributive justice Jehoiakim must fall. And now as to the prophet's eulogy of Josiah {vv. \^b- 16). The passage continues in MT., 'Did not thy father eat and drink, and execute right and justice, — then it was well with him ? ' * Eat and drink ' is surely unsatisfactory, and ®, which renders nearly the same text, gives no real help. We turn, then, to the moderns. According to Duhm, the first characteristic of Josiah mentioned by Jeremiah is his plain, bourgeois manner of life. Cornill, however, thinks that it is not the simplicity of his life, but his frank enjoyment of royal luxuries, for which, together with his devotion to judicial duties, Josiah is praised. But how strange that the same phrase should equally well mean ^ Similar corruptions occur in Hos. iii. i, iv. 18, viii. 13, ix. 10, xi. 4, xii. 8, Mic. vi. 16 ; cp. T. and B. pp. 63 (n. 4), 286 (n. 3), 308. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 93 either bourgeois simplicity or royal luxury ! That some- thing is wrong with the text, which here becomes unmetrical, is plain. Order will be restored if we cancel "if? njD In in ?/. I 5 (at the same time restoring t> in the phrase in v. 1 6), and above all omit nntD[*l] fpDN^ underneath which lie S^t&N and nnoy, i.e. ^ntD^«. ' Ashkal ' and ' Ashtar ' are suitable glosses on the riTN underlying "nN. It is almost needless to repeat that ^DCJ^» (Gen. xiv. 13, etc.) is not to be read ♦Eshkel' (as it = ' cluster '), but ' Ashkal' = Asshur-Yerah- me'el.^ Our prophet-poet has said that going to war with Ezrah will not avert the dangers by which Jehoiakim is threatened ; the gloss reminds us that other, perhaps more familiar, names for the N. Arabian border-land are Ashkal and Ashtar. At a later age these archaic words had them- selves become corrupted, and increased the misunderstanding of the passage. On vv. 24-30. I must notice (after others) that in V. 24 'son of Jehoiakim king of Judah ' is of course an interpolation, and that the suffix for ' thee ' should presum- ably be the suffix for 'him.' Vv. 25-27 are poor and in good part prosaic. They seem intended to link z*. 24 with V. 28. In z;, 28 'this man,' 'broken' (pDD), and 'he and his seed ' are plainly scribal superfluities. As to pNH Si? 1»"T ""N*? "itDN it has already been doubted by Duhm ; his remedy, to read y^'i^in 'h'3, ' upon the earth,' seems, however, rather weak. The truth seems to be that Tt&N, as often, ^ should probably be TpN ; *ii;~P nS, in this case, is a scribe's endeavour to make sense of a misread Tmw ; the article in pNrr is also scribal. The troublesome v. 29 (observe Cornill's perplexity) is also the scribe's attempt to make sense of material before him. pN (thrice in M.T., twice in ^) should only occur once ; li?otn has come from a corrupt fjNi^DtD"' ; 'otD"" pN is probably a gloss on "nc^N fiN. For the overworking visible in t^. 30 it is sufficient to refer to the commentaries of Duhm and Cornill. 1 It is a common thing for one or two of the letters of a regional or place-name to be lost. Thus inN often represents "incx. See also T. and B. p. 109. 2 T. and B. p. 247 ; cp. pp. 18, 23. 3 Ibid. p. 328. 94 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH iv. The Kasdim of Habakkuk (p. 64) It would make these pages too dry, and would be too much of a digression, to mention all the evidence which exists for the N. Arabian reference of the composite Book of Habakkuk, and especially of that portion which may fairly be assigned to the prophet Habakkuk. For that I must refer once more to the appeal for a more thorough criticism of the book in the Jewish Quarterly Review^ October 1907. But I may remark that in Hab. i. 16 the Hashramim (Kasdim) are most probably spoken of as offering sacrifices of thanksgiving, not to ' their net ' and * their drag,' but to ' Yarham ' and to ' Rakmith ' {i.e. to the supreme god of N. Arabia and his consort). That scribes and editors of Habakkuk should have inserted glosses to explain D"^DltDn (oniDD) is not surprising. Two such glosses may be mentioned, both of which, at different places, made their way into the text, and became corrupt, viz., TintDN N^irr, ' that is, Ashtor,' and DpT ""il Dn, ' they are the bene Yarkam (Yarham).' Of course the use of the name Hashramim (or Hashrim ?) is archaistic. V. Note on Ezek. xvii. 3, 4 (p. 67) Not to repeat from my predecessors, let me turn at once to the difificult pair of phrases, ]WD pM and D"'f?3T "T'l;. The former is most naturally rendered * the land of Canaan,* the latter * the city of merchants.' Clearly, however, these renderings cannot represent the prophet's meaning. Feeling this, translators have abandoned the natural meaning of p3D, and substituted ' traffickers ' (A.V. ' traffic '), because the Phoenicians were in their time the leading commercial people. There is, however, no other passage in which pDD will bear this rendering. The other passages quoted are Zeph. i. II, Ezek. xvi. 29. But, as to the first, though ' the people of Canaan ' might conceivably mean ' the Phoenician merchants,' yet ' the land of Canaan ' (Ezek. xvii. 4) could not possibly be explained ' the land of merchants,' with a depreciating reference to Babylonia. ZEDEKIAH— MORALITY AND RELIGION— EZEK. VIII 95 And the same criticism must unavoidably be passed on the customary rendering of riD'^ltDD p3D pN-^N (xvi. 29), 'to the land of merchants, to Chaldaea.' Clearly, then, p2D must in xvii. 4, as elsewhere, be a regional name, and some regional or at least ethnic name must underlie D'^^DI. The solution of the problem is pointed to in the article ' Merchant ' in the Encyclopcedia Biblica. In Neh. iii. 31,32 D"'f?Dn, or less incorrectly □''Sd^i, has come from the ethnic D"'^NonT ; in Cant. iii. 6 Sdit has for its original ^NDm"'. To complete the solution let it be pointed out that "T^^ has not unfrequently come from 'ii>, i.e. 1*1^5 (see e.g. Gen. x. 1 1 , Judg. i. 16, I S. XV. 5); also that there was a southern * Canaan ' in N. Arabia — the name was in remote times carried northward in the Arabian migration. Thus we get as the rendering of Ezek. xvii. 4, ' He cropped off the topmost growth thereof, and brought it to the land of Canaan ; in Arabia of Yerahme'el he set it.' On the southern Canaan see further T. and B. pp. 85, I75> 475. 5 50- It is interesting that Ezekiel (xvi. 3) traces the origin of Jerusalem to ' the land of the Canaanite,' and presently uses ' Amorite ' and ' Hittite ' as equivalent to ' Canaanite.' Now, we are nowhere told that Hittites dwelt in Jerusalem ; in fact, ' wherever Hittites are mentioned the surrounding contexts favour the view that a N. Arabian people is intended' {T. and B. p. 194). PART II THE LAW-BOOKS (excepting the Priestly Code) CHAPTER I THE TWO DECALOGUES — THE BOOK OF COVENANT As far as we know, the young Israelite people had no royal codifier of its laws — no Hammurabi. It is true that Josiah (as we have seen) was deeply interested in a certain law- book, but no one can claim that he originated either this or any other book of torah. Nor does such a distinction belong even to that darling of Hebrew legend, Solomon, though this king is expressly said in tradition to have been a model of judicial correctness (i K. iii. 28). Indeed, we may safely hold that if there were a civil and religious law in written form among the early Israelites, it must have been derived either from the Canaanites or from the N. Arabians,^ or from both. For the existence of legal codes is a sign of no slight social progress, and the Israel- itish communities, being younger than either of those peoples, and in general the debtors of both, must surely have been in this as well as in other respects their pupils. Constantly it would happen that Israelitish families fell into, or even deliberately adopted, Canaanitish or N. Arabian practices, and for them a law-book was obviously desirable, and if none such existed, the priests of Canaan or N. Arabia would not fail to prepare it. The extent to which, in these circumstances, the transformation of Israel proceeded can be easily imagined. It may be a late prophet who says (Mic. vi. 16), that 'the statutes of the Arammites are 1 It is interesting that Solomon's two scribes were ' bene Shisha ' (i K. iv. 3), i.e. 'bene Ishmael' or N. Arabians, and that David's scribe, according to r Chr. xviii. 16, was Shawsha, i.e. Ishmael. See T. and B. p. 288. 99 icxj DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH observed, and all the practices of the house of Ah'ab,' ^ but the same words might have been written much earlier ; and for the due observance of statutes of non-Israelite origin, even though Judah may have swarmed with N. Arabian priests,^ a law-book was indispensable. The Canaanites and N. Arabians, in virtue of their precedence, must have suggested the idea, but we can well believe that the idea was quickly assimilated, and that highly rudimentary Israel- itish law-books were forthcoming under the pressure of circumstances, as, for instance, when Canaanites wished to enter an Israelitish community that remained true to its religion. At any rate, both in Canaanitish or N. Arabian and in Israelitish sanctuaries such books, based on the records of priestly decisions, would beyond question be produced at the fitting time. Nor can we doubt that even those early law-books were quickly invested with the halo of sanctity, and were said to have been received from the supreme God by some ancient priest, or prophet, or king. More particularly would this be the case when a law-book of greater length and complexity proceeded from some specially venerated sanctuary. Such a work would throw inferior law-books into the shade, and either temporarily or permanently be called the law-book par excellence of that ancient hero. It would be absurd to carp at the morality of this procedure. Was it not reason- able to hold that the civil and religious laws systematised in such a collection were such as the reputed initiator of the legislation, returning to earth, would have sanctioned, i.e. that they were virtually Mosaic (cp. Mt. xi. 14)? And if this explanation be thought too subtle for many of those priests who called such a law-book Mosaic, and taught the people accordingly, may we carp at these less clever but not less devout men for their greater naivete } In fact there were some who even presumed to assert that the two tables of stone were * written with the finger of Elohim ' ^ — a 1 T. and B. p. 63 (n. 4). 2 Ibid. p. 62, with n. I. Cp. Lev. xviii. 3 (prohibition of Misrite and Canaanite practices). 3 Ex. xxxi. 18, cp. xxxii. 16. Note that in xxxiv. i nana might be read either as 'b — or as n — . Apart from this, the whole of v. i b, q':v«-\2 in THE TWO DECALOGUES— THE BOOK OF CO VENANT loi childlike way of expressing the idea of revelation,^ which may be compared with the mythic story of the heavenly tablets in the Books of Enoch and Jubilees — sometimes identified with the Pentateuch.^ It has been stated already that the chief pre-exilic law- book in its original form was possibly or probably intended for the use of the Israelites in N. Arabia. Later on we shall have to collect the evidence for this view. Nor can we regard it as a priori improbable that some elements, at least, of other law-books may have had a similar origin. The case will present itself in the course of our study of the so- called ' Book of Covenant,' which being, like the Code of Hammurabi ^ and that of Deuteronomy, composite, offers a fair field to the searcher after surprises. It is a misfortune that we cannot determine the age of the Book of Covenant as a whole, and of its several parts, or that of the two decalogues of which I shall next speak. The consequence is that these works give very little help for exact historical research, though for the vaguer subject of the development of religious and social ideas they supply valuable material. We can, however, venture to say that the collection of laws in Ex. xxxiv. 17-26 (preserved by J, i.e. the Yahwist) is the oldest extant Hebrew work of the kind. It stands in connexion with a narrative which tells us, very simply and without any admixture of mythology, how Moses ' hewed out two (fresh) tables of stone ' {y. 4), and 'wrote upon the tables the ten words' {v. 28). From this statement we see that what J furnishes is really a rival narrative to that of E (the Elohist) ; it is now placed in the background, because it could not be combined with E's account of the giving of the Decalogue in Ex. xx.'* It is true that, as the text of J now stands, the words are not ten, V. 1 a, as well as all v. 4, seem to belong to the redactor, who thus made a bridge between chaps, xxxii.-xxxiii. and chap, xxxiv. (VVell- hausen, CH"^^ p. 330.) See also Carpenter-Battersby, Hex. ii. 134. 1 T. and B. p. 568. 2 See references in Zimmern, KAT^\ pp. 540/ The Babylonian origin is obvious. 3 See D. G. Lyon, 'The Structure of the Hammurabi Code,' Journal of the American Oriental Society, xxv. [1904], pp. 258-278. * Wellhausen. 102 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH but eleven. If, however, we omit the command that all the men of Israel shall appear before their God thrice in the year, as unnecessary in the context, we obtain a Decalogue. And if we omit explanations where they occur, so as to restore the ' terse and simple form ' of primitive laws, and further transpose the laws in v. i8 and v. 19, and accept certain important textual corrections, so as to get nearer to the underlying original text, we shall arrive at the follow- ing form of decalogue : — 1. Thou shalt worship no other divinity {eV). 2. Thou shalt make for thyself no molten gods {eldhi massekah). 3. Every first-born is mine. 4. Six days thou shalt work, and on the seventh day rest. 5. Thou shalt keep the feast of unleavened bread at the time of the month Arab.^ 6. Thou shalt keep the feast of weeks, and the feast of ingathering at the turn of the year. 7. Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leaven. 8. The fat of my festal sacrifice shall not remain unto the morning. 9. The best of the first-fruits of thy land thou shalt bring to the house of Yahweh thy God. 10. Thou shalt not put on the garment of a Yerah- me'elite woman.^ Neither this decalogue nor (much less) that in Ex. xx. can be called primitive. A legislation which forbids the use of graven or molten images implies that art has already been pressed into the service of religion, and though we may admit that moral duties must have been recognised by the authors of the decalogue in Ex. xxxiv., yet the fact that this decalogue is, and the other is not, purely religious (in the narrower sense), requires a considerable interval between the two. That the former decalogue (Ex. xxxiv.) is, even if not primitive, relatively early, cannot, of course, be denied. ^ See on Dt. xvi. i. 2 See T. and B. pp. 564/. THE TWO DECALOGUES— THE BOOK OF CO VENANT 103 The first two commands, it is true, are almost identical with the corresponding ones in the greater decalogue, but Ex. XX. 3 f. belongs to an element in that decalogue which is at once early and late. At the time when that passage was produced, it was still needful to protest against Yerahme'el's being placed ' in front ' of Yahweh, and against either Yerahme'el's or Yahweh's being worshipped under the form of a graven or molten steer.^ The tenth command in the earlier decalogue is one among other monuments of the opposition of the Yahwists to a dangerous N. Arabian cult, and will be referred to again in connexion with Dt. xiv. 21, xxii. 5. It will be noticed that I do not, like Wellhausen, omit the Sabbath-law. The form in which this command appears in Ex. xxxiv. 21 a is so different from what we might expect, and from what we find in Ex. xx. 9, 10 a, that it is safer to retain it, only in a different place.^ And now for the translation of the greater decalogue. I omit as late insertions the supplementary passages in the two forms of the Sabbath-law (in Ex. xx. and Dt. v.) ; also the preamble, ' I am Yahweh thy God,^ who brought thee out of the land of Misrim, out of the territory of Arabia,'* though it is quite in the spirit of the commands (cp. Ex. xxxii. 4 ^, I K. xii. 22> b). I may add that the supplement of the second command contains an intrusive gloss stating that the makers of graven images, who ' hate ' Yahweh, are Arabians or Ishmaelites.^ The images are images of Yerahme'el ( = Baal); cp. Hos. ii. 10 (8). 1. Thou shalt not have other gods in front of me. 2. Thou shalt not make to thyself a graven image. 3. Thou shalt not pronounce the name of Yahweh thy God for vanity. 4. Remember (Dt., observe) the Sabbath day to hallow it. 1 See Ex. xxxii. 4, i K. xii. 28 ; and cp. Crit. Bib. on i K., and T. and B. pp. 35, 509. 2 So B. Baentsch and K. Budde. 3 Perhaps, however, here, and in the third command, we should read ' Yahweh- Yerahme'el,' which was the fuller name of Israel's God {T. and B. pp. 16, 28/, 33, 35, 563). * T. and B. p. 549. ^ On the textual corruption see T. and B. p. 564. 104 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH 5. Honour thy father and thy mother. 6. Thou shalt not murder, 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false (Dt., vain = false) witness against thy neighbour, 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house,^ The date of this decalogue has been much discussed without any decisive result. There is, at any rate, the possibility that it may be post-exilic. The use of shabbath in the fourth command for the weekly rest-day has suggested to Meinhold a date not earlier than Ezekiel, who not only refers to the sabbath, but lays the greatest stress on its exact observance (' my sabbaths '). For my own part, I have a doubt whether nnon DV has not been altered from '•i?*'llDn DV, ' the seventh day ' (see, in the first decalogue. Ex, xxxiv. 21), At any rate, the absence of any very definite hostile reference ^ to the cultus of N. Arabia, such as we find at the close of the first decalogue, makes the second less important for historical purposes, unless, indeed, we point to the depreciation of forms of cultus implied in the fourth, and to the heart-searching character of the tenth ^ of the commandments in Ex, xx. We are undoubtedly fortunate in possessing law-books like the first Decalogue and the Book of Covenant, belonging, as appears most probable, to the early regal period. It is the Book of Covenant (Ex. xx. 22-xxiii. 33) to which we have now to direet our attention. This little document, the origin of which, unlike that of Deuteronomy, is unrecorded, has of late received much special study. It is superfluous for me to summarise the work of others,* but as regards the relations of this law-book to the Code of Hammurabi I may record the opinion that influence of the latter upon the former is far from probable ; to prove 1 Dt. transfers 'house' to the supplement, and substitutes 'wife,' which Ex. rightly places in its supplement, 2 Unless one be implied in the first command, 3 But why should not ' coveting ' have been accounted a sin com- paratively early ? * Cp. E. Bib., ' Law and Justice,' § 4 ; ' Law Literature,' §§ 6-9. THE TWO DECALOGUES— THE BOOK OF COVENANT 105 such a thesis a much larger amount of plausible evidence would have to be found. That both the Book of Covenant and Deuteronomy may contain elements of non-Israelitish origin can be admitted, but not that any of these came, except indirectly, from Babylon. From Canaan and from N. Arabia direct loans may, or rather must, have been effected, but not from Babylon. Of course the comparative study of the Code of Hammurabi and other legal collections is both ethically and juristically important, but with that we are not here concerned. On the composition of the Book of Covenant there is general agreement. It is made up partly of a series of Divine Words containing directions as to religion and worship, partly of a collection of Judgments, or judicial decisions (of the king or the priest), adapted, like those in Hammurabi's Code, to particular cases. The opening direction (Ex. xx. 24, see p. 114) is very interesting. The legislator endorses the objection to the use of iron in the shaping of altar-stones, and opposes the tendencies which may early have arisen, assigning a special sanctity to some leading sanctuary, and have led in some degree to the centralisation of justice.^ He says that wherever, according to the sacred story, Yahweh has met his worshippers, an altar either of earth or of unhewn stones may be raised to the Deity. Considering that, in the earlier form of that story, the scene of the theophanies was in some part of the N. Arabian border-land,^ it is possible that this passage may have come from some law-book intended for Israelites residing in N. Arabia. The difficulty of deciding on the original context of this antique prescription may perhaps be relieved by this theory. It is possible that some of the laws in Ex. xxii. i7-xxiii, 19 (see e.g. xxii. 19, xxiii. ig b, besides Dt. xvi. 2 1 f.) may also have belonged to such a document. Let us turn first to xxii. 19 (20). It has been shown elsewhere^ why the MT. cannot be right, and that the 1 Cp. Cook, The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi^ pp. 44/ 2 See Traditions and Beliefs of Ancient Israel ( 1 907). 3 See T and B. pp. 28/. The dosing words, 'except Yahweh alone,' are defended as they stand by Eerdmans {Theol. Tijdschr., 1894, io6 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH original text must have run, * Thou shalt sacrifice to Yahweh- Yerahme'el alone.' This was no doubt suitable enough in Canaan, but had a special fitness in the S. border-land, where the worship of Baal or Yerahme'el as the supreme member of the Divine Company was inveterate. Next, with regard to xxiii. \<^ b. Evidently some more important matter than ' seething a kid ' was referred to in the original text, as indeed appears from the recurrence of the command elsewhere (see xxxiv. 26, Dt. xiv. 21, and what is said on these passages in the present work). The N. Arabian cultus is, in fact, touched here at a vital point. The Book of Covenant is, in fact, another monument, however small, of the old Israelitish religion, which even in its purer form had a strong polytheistic element. One may refer in this connexion to the much-disputed passage, Ex. xxi. 6, where hd-elohmi means neither the judges nor any sanctuary of Yahweh, but the company of the great gods, whose director was sometimes said to be Yerahme'el, sometimes Yahweh, and images or symbols of whom stood probably in every house ^ ' behind the door and the post ' (Isa. Ivii. 8 ; cp. Ex. xxi. 6). It was in the sacred presence of these deities that the time-honoured custom described in the law was carried out. It was they, too, who decided even on small trespasses, such as occurred continually in daily life (Ex. xxii. 8, note the plural verb). Immediately after the law about seething kids (?) begins the closing section of the book (xxiii. 20-33). It appears to be an amplified version of a hortatory discourse, which may or may not ^ be in its original place, but, so far as its kernel is concerned, is certainly the work of the Elohistic school (E). It commands the sole worship of Yahweh, who promises to send a great Being called Mal'ak to conduct Israel to the place prepared for it. Mal'ak will brook no disobedience, for 'my name is in him.' In v. 23 (and xxxii. 34) he is called Mal'aki, a form which ^ and Sam. p. 285), on the ground that Yahweh, though alone worthy of sacrifice, is one of the Elohim {i.e. the supernatural beings). That is true, but does not make the text-reading natural. 1 According to Eerdmans household gods are referred to. 2 Plainly vv. 20-22 do not cohere with what precedes. THE TWO DECALOGUES— THE BOOK OF CO VENANT 107 also support in v. 20/ and which, like Mal'ak, has been shown with high probability to have been produced (in a theological interest) out of a corrupt form of * Yerahme'el,' the name of the supreme N. Arabian God, who, to the early Israelites, was still divine, but inferior to the great divine director Yahweh.^ It is true, the name Mal'ak suggests the meaning ' messenger,' but the inadequacy of this meaning is obvious. How, indeed, can * face ' {pdnlm) and * messenger ' be equally original and appropriate names of one who was really the second member of the divine duad or triad ? For ' face,' too, is a name of this great and good, though sometimes stern, deity ; ' my face shall go,' says Yahweh elsewhere (Ex. xxxiii. 14), 'and I (through Him) will give thee rest.' ^ To bring Israel to ' rest ' was, of course, Yahweh-Mal'ak's first object, but this by itself would not have sufficed. A powerful enemy had to be conquered ; the present in- habitants of the promised land had to be thrust out (Ex. xxiii. 28). It was therefore added that a divinely wrought terror (a panic) should come upon them, and that if any of the foes should find a momentary refuge in some inaccessible nooks, the swarms of hornets (cp. Isa. vii. 1 8), well known, perhaps, from some ancient poem, should find them out. Then (v. 2g f. being obviously a redactional insertion) the same writer specifies the boundaries of the original promised land {v. 31). It is not the only passage which gives this information ; e.g. there is Dt. xi. 24, on which I shall have to dwell later. The boundaries are ' from the Yam-Suph as far as to the Yam-Pelishtim, and from the desert to the stream.' What does this mean ? I. As to Yam-Suph. Elsewhere * this difficult phrase has been traced with some probability to an earlier form — Yaman-Sophereth (or Sarephath). 2. As to Yam-Pelishtim. ^ See, further, T. and B. p. 279. - There were, of course, opposing currents, and at times Baal supplanted Yahweh. 3 In Ex. xxiii. 15 we again meet with 'my face.' Yerahme'el could be spoken of as the divine representative in the cultus as well as in the joumeyings. See, further, T. and B. pp. 40, 58-60, loi, 277-280, 291-294, 318, etc. * See on Suph, Dt. i. i, and cp. T. and B. p. 551. io8 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH That Pelishtim and Pelethim are really identical, and that Pelethim (original vowels partly uncertain) comes from D''f?Dn = D'^Si^inN, has also been shown already.^ Yam- Pelishtim, therefore, probably represents Yaman Ethba'alim. Thus in one direction the promised land extended from Yaman of Sophereth to Yaman of the Ishmaelites (or of some particular tribe of Ishmael). In Zech. ix. lo, Ps. Ixxii. 8 the statement is more meagre, D"^~'7i> D'^D. 3. Next, as to the wilderness (so, too, Dt. xi. 24). We cannot venture on identifications, but may suspect that the wilder- ness meant is that of Shur, i.e. the southern Asshur or Ashhur,^ which, from Gen. xxv. 18, i S. xv. 7 (cp. ^^\ appears to have adjoined the land of Misrim. 4. As to the stream (^^T^). Both here and in Dt. xi. 24 (see note) the stream referred to is apparently that of Ephrath ; Ephrath (also Ephraim ?) was the name of a district in N. Arabia.^ Hence it would seem that the land extended in another direction from the wilderness of Asshur to the stream of Ephrath. How far these boundaries are correctly given, it is impossible to say. The parallelism between Ex. xxiii. 28, 31 and Dt. xi. 23 y. is obvious. The ideas must have been the commonplaces of the writers of religious history from the time of the Elohist onwards. Not that the Elohist (E) is the sole producer of the close of the book before us ; the original close has been amplified by a redactor of the Deuteronomic school. Respecting this redactor there is one point specially deserving of notice, viz., that he under- stood the original significance of the name Mal'ak or Mal'aki, for he makes Yahweh say, ' Mal'aki shall go before thee . . . and I will cut them off' {v. 13). 1 T. and B. pp. 161, 312 ; also Introduction. 2 See E. Bib., 'Shur' ; T. and B. pp. 269, 559. 8 T. and B. pp. 262, 419. CHAPTER II DEUTERONOMY INTRODUCTORY We now pass on to a book which in its present form some- what resembles the Book of Covenant — Deuteronomy. In an earlier form it was ' found ' by Hilkiah in the temple. As we have seen, the priest so named is not to be carped at for his statement on grounds derived from modern Western morality. It was probably in accordance with ancient priestly usage that he said to Shaphan, or to those whom ' Shaphan ' represents, that he had found the great ' book of direction/ As so often happens in the East, more was meant than met the ear ; * subterfuge,' as we use the word, does not account for it.^ Certainly, the cause of morality gained from the publication of Deuteronomy. Why was it that N. Arabian religion was required by that book to be extirpated ? Because, on the whole, it was adverse to a progressive morality. On the other hand, the fine spirit of humanity which animates the Deuteronomic legislation proves that the morality of its compilers was truly pro- gressive. The considerate treatment of the stranger {ger) deserves the highest admiration. On this and other topics, see E. Bib., ' Deuteronomy,' ' Law and Justice,' ' Law Literature.' The kindness to animals required in xxii. 6 /, XXV. 4, also deserves notice; xiv. 2i<^, xxii. lo, however, cannot be mentioned here.^ Some able critics have called Hilkiah's law-book the program of the strict Yahwistic party. Here again 1 Cp. H. P. Smith, Oid Testament History (1903), p. 261. 2 See notes below. Sternberg, Die Ethik des Deuteronoiniums (1908), pp. 98/., bases his view on the MT. 109 no DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH modernism (if the word may be so applied) has led to a misunderstanding. The conception of a party program is taken from our own political system, which may perchance be the best for ourselves, but certainly receives no support from ancient Oriental history. In the present case it has apparently been overlooked by program-hunters, that the Deuteronomic legislation contains much that is not distinc- tively applicable to the age of Josiah. We can therefore only venture to say that the religious details of the book are in full accordance with what Hilkiah desired the king to restore as the basis of the national life. As to the extent of our document, it most probably included a considerable part of Dt. xii.-xxvi., redacted, adapted for a new sphere of influence, and furnished with a preamble and a conclusion. Our object here is to search the original record and its various accretions for any fresh facts bearing on the religious history of Israel, and especially for any textual phenomena which point to an underlying text referring to N. Arabia. I say, N. Arabia, not Egypt. It is a matter of no slight importance ( i ) that there is only one passage in the whole of Deuteronomy in which an Egyptian custom really does appear to be mentioned, and (2) that that passage is outside the earliest part of the book. I refer to the description of Egyptian irrigation in Dt. xi. 10, which, however, is not as clear as could be wished. The supposed reference in xvii. 16 to the royal monopoly of the horse-trade with Egypt disappears on a close examination. A general survey of the Deuteronomic legislation will, of course, not be expected. Something may, however, appropriately be said about the law of the one sanctuary (Dt. xii. 5, etc.). The legislator cannot possibly have intended it to apply to every region or district in which Israelites were settled. That he designed it for the N. Arabian district (see pp. 19/), where he himself dwelt, is certain ; he did not design it for Israelitish Canaan, nor would he have imposed it on the pre- exilic Israelitish settlements which may have existed in his time in Egypt and Mesopotamia.^ He did, however, doubtless approve of 1 See the publications of Sayce and Cowley, Sachau, Schiffer. DE UTERONOM Y—INTROD UCTOR Y in its subsequent adaptation — so easily carried out — to the use of Israel in Canaan. As to the fortunes of the N. Arabian sanctuary, I would, of course, not speak dogmatic- ally. There is no extant literary trace of the existence of such a temple in Josiah's time, but we do hear (2 K. xxiii. 8 b) of the destruction of certain bdnidth at a place which bears the same name as that of the supposed seat of the one sanctuary (see on Dt. xii. 5) of the N. Arabian Israelites. That sanctuary was perhaps not much, if at all, injured in the final invasion. We hear of eighty pilgrims bringing offerings to this house of Yahweh (it can hardly be another) after the fall of Jerusalem and the burning of its temple (see p. 28). The story may, of course, be fictitious, and yet there may have been at the period referred to a temple in N. Arabia to which Israelite pilgrims could bring offerings. If so, the idea is not an absurd one that psalms may have been composed there by temple-ministers, and that some of them may, like the famous law-book, have been brought from this sanctuary to the restored temple of Jerusalem, there to be altered and even transformed (though not quite beyond recognition) for the use of later generations. As I have ventured to say elsewhere, Ps. cxxii. is one of those in the Psalter which can with most plausibility be traced to the sanctuary in the border-land, and ' next to it stand Pss. cxxv., and cxxxiii., cxxxiv. in their earlier forms.' ^ Another point may be mentioned in this connexion, viz. that there is one passage in the central part of Deut. which actually presupposes the existence of a number of sanctuaries. The passage is xvi. 2 1 , where it is forbidden to raise Asherahs, or rather Ashhur-trees (see p. 113), beside altars dedicated to Yahweh. The passage has evidently been removed from its original context, perhaps indeed from a different book — one of N. Arabian origin. A similar suggestion has been made already with regard to Ex. XX. 24-26, xxii. 19 (20), xxiii. i(^b\ one's impression is that Dt. xvi. 2 1 might perhaps have stood after the first of these passages. We now proceed to a special study of the great law-book. 1 The Book of Psalms (1904), ii, 184. CHAPTER III THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (CHAPS. XII.-XXVI.) The opening of our ' document ' may be fitly illustrated from the Book of Covenant. This record, in its present form, opens (Ex. xx. 23-25) with a prohibition of gold and silver gods (cp. Hos. ii. 10), also with directions respecting the right construction of altars, and a definition of the right sanctuaries. Similarly the greater law-book begins (Dt. xii. 2-7) with directions to destroy the wrong sanctuaries and objects of worship (cp. vii. 5), and to recognise but one sanctuary of Yahweh, the name of which, in the final form of the law-book, is wrapped in mystery. To emphasise the number (cp. Jer. xi. 13) of these in^komoth, or holy places, they are described as being ' upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every rdanan tree.' What can rdanan mean ? It is something more than philological curiosity which prompts the question. The solution of verbal problems sometimes produces fresh evidence for disputed facts. The moderns waver between ' sappy-green ' and ' luxuriant,' ' spreading.' Indeed the meaning had already become uncertain when the Egyptian-Greek version was made. Evidently it is not a mere rhetorical epithet ; it distinguishes the trees which are suitable for holy places from those which are not. It will be best to group it with other tree-names, and seek for some explanation which will, mutatis mutandis, be applicable to all. Such an one can, in fact, be supplied on the assumption that the Israelites had a close connexion with N. Arabia, which has left its marks here and there in their phraseology. THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 113 The parallel tree-names are — {a) ]DtD '^'s and {U) pm n"*! ; these may safely be explained ' tree of Ishman,' ' olive-tree of Ishman ' ( = Ishmael). {c) ^»n (Gen. xxi. 23), '(tree of) Ishmael.' (^) T\T13 }>2? (Neh. viii. 15), 'tree of Ethbaal' ( = Ishmael). {e) D"'iD^N, ' Yerahme'el-trees.' (/) TitDNH, 'tree of Asshur.' {g) Din ( = Din = nnt&N), '(tree of) Ashhur.' (Ji) inS'' n-'T (2 K. xviii. 32) ' olive-tree of Ashhur.' Accepting these very natural explanations, can we help tracing ]D2;1 to ^Nom"' through the linking form ]Di?l ? To justify this, one may refer to 13:? (Gen. xiv. 13) and p^nN (Num. xxi. 13), both of which also come from modifications of 7NDm"*. if rimmon, like raanafi, comes from rd avian or yerakme'el, we may conjecture that the Ra'aman-tree, or one of the Ra'aman-trees, was a pomegranate, a tree which, in Phoenician Cyprus, was sacred to Adonis. Other rdaman- trees may have been those mentioned in Hos. iv. 13.^ It will now be clear that instead of ' every Ra'anan (or Ra'aman) tree ' the legislator might just as well have said ' every Ashhur-tree,' for ' Ashhur ' and ' Yerahme'el,' as regional names, are nearly equivalent.^ The trees referred to were perhaps trees of the hills ; certainly they were trees which struck the Israelites in N. Arabia as characteristic of the land. Fitly, then, are ' rd anan-tVQes ' mentioned in xii. 2, etc., beside the mountains and the hills, and fitly may we restore in xvi. 21, for ys h'D mt&N,^ "in0N fT^'^, 'Thou shalt not plant for thyself any kind of Ashhur-tree near the altar of Yahweh thy God which thou makest unto thyself There were, of course, different varieties of trees bearing this name; one of them was called Uass/iur (Isa.. xli. 19, Ix. 13). Specially abundant were they in the N. Arabian territory called Ephrath or Ephraim, if we are right in restoring, in Hos. xiii. 15, for the unintelligible DTTN pi ('among brethren '), Q-^inmN pi. I do not, at any rate, know any equally good correction. The sense, ' Though he (the southern Ephraim) be fruitful among Ashhur-trees,' is satisfactory, especially when we consider that in chap. 1 T. and B. pp. 33, 457. 2 Ibid. pp. 23/ 3 Prof. G. F. Moore renders the MT. 'an Asherah — any kind of tree,' or 'an Asherah — any wooden object' {E. Bib. col. 331). 8 114 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH xiv. the imagery is clearly taken from the (southern) Lebanon.^ Here, however, it is the Ra'anan-trees which are spoken of. The name is a fresh indication of the N. Arabian origin of the popular Israelitish cult, and when in the later period there had been a fresh infusion of Arabian elements into the ' people of the land,' it is mentioned as a characteristic offence that these people carry on a sensuous cult ' under every Ra'anan-tree ' (Isa. Ivii. 5). Among other directions to the faithful this may now be noticed — ' ye shall destroy the names of them out of that place' (xii. 3 ^ ; cp. Ex. xxiii. 13, Hos. ii. 19, Zech. xiii. 2). How well this enables us to understand the efforts of ancient redactors to conceal the titles of the great N. Arabian goddess,^ and such transformations as D''Ti;to, ' goats,' 'satyrs' (Lev. xvii. 7, 2 Chr. xi. 15, and [see p. 26] 2 K. xxiii. 8) from D'^lltDM, ' images of Asshur ' ! The com- mand itself can be easily explained. Altars, images, and names were thought to have magic power ; hence the need for their annihilation by the enemies of the cult (cp. vii. 25, * lest thou be ensnared thereby '). The safest course with images was to pulverise them ; see the story of Moses (Ex. xxxii. 20) and of Josiah (2 K. xxiii. 4, 15, p. 22) ; cp. also Isa. XXX. 22, 'thou shalt scatter them.'^ The sanctuaries of ' the nations,' then, were to be destroyed. But where was the pious Israelite to meet his God? One answer is given in Ex. xx. 24 (see p. 105), where a wide freedom is granted. In Deuteronomy, how- ever (xii. 5-7, II, IZ /'> etc.), this earlier permission is virtually abrogated. There is only one place at which both sacrifices and dues can lawfully be offered. The name of the place is not yet to be made known, but in due time the place will be chosen, in order to become the depository of the divine ' name.' For only when this depositing of the name had taken place could there be a real cultus, by which the supernatural powers wielded by Israel's God might be attracted to earth for Israel's benefit. 1 See T. and B., pp. 456-458, where mn is also taken to be a corruption of ninrw. 2 See T. and B. pp. 18-22. ^ See 'Dvihm, Jesaia'^^\ p. 193. THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 115 The place would have to be chosen ' out of all your tribes'^ {i.e. tribal territories), and also (see v. 5) on the other side of Jordan. pT", however, is again and again a scribal error for pm**. In proof of this note IJIT pT in Num. xxii. i and elsewhere, which, regarded as a Hebrew phrase, is hardly defensible. As is not unfrequently the case, the error and the correction stand side by side. Probably, then, beyond this stream (the Yarhon, or Yerahme'el stream) ^ lay the region in which Israelitish tribes or clans had their first settlements, the region for which the Israelites and the southern Arammites were continually striving. The place, therefore, was not Jerusalem nor yet (as A. Duff thinks) ^ the northern Shechem. True, it is just conceivable that the expression ' the place which Yahweh your God shall choose ' may have been made designedly vague to permit the explanation of it as referring to Jerusalem. This, however, is not a very natural view, and will hardly satisfy a keen critic. No other theory being forthcoming, we are compelled to be somewhat sceptical as to the correctness of the phrase. The analogy of similarly indefinite phrases in the MT. of Gen. xii. i, xxii. 2, which cover over place-names,^ suggests that underneath ini"' "ilDi^ there may lie concealed the name of a region or city. If we admit this suggestion, we can hardly doubt that the underlying name is DflT ntDN, ' Asshur- Yarham (or Yerahme'el).' For the prefixed DIpD we may compare DDK) 'd in Gen. xii. 6.^ The view is not really difficult. Here, as so often, the text has been manipulated by a redactor. As soon as * Asshur- Yerahme'el ' was altered, words had to be inserted to clear up the meaning of ' which shall choose ' ; other alterations or insertions would also have to be made on rhetorical grounds.*^ 1 Cp. I K. viii. 16, xi. 32, xiv. 21, 2 K. xxi. 7. 2 See especially T. and B. pp. 228, 262, 456. s Theology and Ethics of the Hebrews (1902), pp. 139/ ^ Gen. xii. i originally ran, ' Take thy way from thy land and from thy kindred to the land of Asshur-'Arab ' ; xxii. 2, ' Offer him there for a burnt offering on Asshur- (or Ashhur-) Yerahme'el.' See T. and B. pp. 219 (and note), 328. ^ See ibid. p. 220. ^ Obviously Dt. xii. 1 1 a is such an addition. Indeed the whole of xii. 8-12 might well be spared. Ii6 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH So, then, in the original writing, not ' the place which Yahweh your God shall choose,' but ' the place (or, sanctuary) of Asshur-Yerahme'el ' was probably the designation of the spot at which alone sacrifices and dues (Dt. xii. 6) might legally be offered. It was also the name both of a mountain, and of a city upon the mountain (see on Dt. iii. 17). Another name for the sacred city may have been Beth- Yerahme'el.^ We have seen (p. 27) that it is prominently mentioned in the account of Josiah's reformation. To this subject we shall have to return later with reference to the first of the ' concluding sections ' (chap, xxvii.) of Deuteronomy. We pass on to xiii. 6 ; the transition is an easy one. It has been shown already that the reformation of Josiah was specially an attack upon the cultus of Baal or Yerahme'el. The God of Israel (Yahweh) may have been, in a certain sense, a development of that deity, but in course of time he had risen so far above Yerahme'el that Israelites of the stricter school might be said to have forgotten the older God. This act of forgetting, the writers of Deuteronomy attribute also to the Israelites at large. They therefore solemnly warn their people not to fall from their high estate by going and serving other gods * whom thou hast not known, thou nor thy fathers, gods such as those of the surrounding peoples, near or far, from one end of the land to the other.' The near deities are Baal or Yerahme'el (regarded as a deity separate from Yahweh), Asherah, and Ashtart ; the far-off ones, those of the land of Asshur in the larger sense. To these deities Israel owed no debt of gratitude. It was not any one of them who had brought the people out of the land of Misrim, and redeemed them from the * territory of Arabia ' (xiii. 5 ; see below). And now comes an important result. The wise legislator, who cannot help sanctioning the chief popular festivals in spite of their heathen origin, and has, as far as possible, to disguise this origin, seeks the means of doing so in the tradi- tional history of his people (xvi. 1-15). It is not here denied that the Yerahme'elites, from whom presumably the festivals 1 See Judg. ix, 6, 20, where xi'^o is probably a corruption of some form of Vkdht. THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 117 were derived, and who were a cultured people, may have regarded these institutions as commemorative.^ But the special turn given to the historical, or supposed historical, basis of the feasts by the Israelite legislator was Israelitish. To the spring festival called pesah (which was kept by night) and the seven following days, in which only massoth (un- leavened cakes) were eaten, he gave this explanation — that ' [out of Arabian Ashhur] Yahweh brought thee out of Misrim, by night ' (xvi. i).^ Here, ' out of Arabian Ashhur ' seems to be a perfectly correct gloss on ' out of Misrim ' ; it is equivalent to ' from the territory of Arabia ' in Ex. xiii. 3, in a similar context. Philologically, of course, the name pesah has a meaning unconnected with history ; it seems to denote a peculiar limping or leaping dance,^ specially characteristic of the sanctuary at Penuel.* Penuel itself may have been in a N. Arabian district, but the dance was taken up by the prophets of Baal in general (i K. xviii. 26). The sacri- fice of a lamb, however, in the feast of pesah, suggests the cultus of Ashtart.^ In a similar way he explains or justifies the so-called 'feast of Shabu'oth ' (xvi. 9-12) as a commemoration of the time when Israel was a slave in Misrim. This is, of course, merely a conventional edifying suggestion (cp. v. I5> xv, 15); Shabu'oth, like the other feasts, is pre-Israelitish. How the name Shabu'oth arose is an interesting question. The seven weeks spoken of in v, 9 are an artificial addition, as we see from the fact that the feast which is the counterpart of Shabu'oth has no such strange prefix to the celebration. Besides, the usual plural of sJiabua, ' week,' is shabuim. Grimme ^ connects Shabu'oth with shab'at, ' seven,' referring to the Seven-divinity, i.e. the Pleiades (Ass. sibe, sibittt). He is at any rate on the right track in supposing the current Hebrew name to be an alteration of some heathen name (cp. 1 Cp. Winckler, Religionsgeschichtler und geschichtlicher Orient (1906), p. 53. " T. and B. p. 549 (on Ex. xiii. 3-10). 3 Cp. E. Bib. col. 999 (with references). Ex. xii. 13, however, alludes to the other root-meaning, viz., ' to pass over.' 4 T. and B. pp. 398/ ^ Barton, Semitic Origins^ pp. log f. 6 Das israelitische Pfingstfest, etc. (1907). Ii8 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH below, on Sukkoth). But is it certain that the Seven-god is the Pleiades ? Winckler identifies it with Nergal.^ And even if Beersheba may mean ' the well of the Seven-god ' (Winckler, Grimme), can Yehosheba mean ' Yahweh is the Seven-god ' (Grimme) ? That the myth of the Pleiades has had an influence on Biblical phraseology, and even narratives, may be partly granted to Winckler and Zimmern,^ but Grimme's fresh evidence for the Pleiades in the O.T. is unconvincing. His references to the Harranian Moon- Pleiades festival are more striking, though the results which he deduces from them are unsatisfactory. For my own part (in harmony with the best view of Sukkoth), I take Shabu'oth to be a deliberately altered form of Shab'ith, which appears to have been one of the titles of the goddess Ashtart.^ I venture to think that the feast of Shabu'oth may have been of later origin than that of Sukkoth, and have been differentiated from it. We must remember that Ashtart was probably to the early Israelites, as well as to the Yerahme'elites at large, the most popular member of the divine duad or triad,'* and that she was symbolised in the zodiac as an ear of corn ^ = Aram. wnSllC) (cp. our Spica). The observance of the feast of Sukkoth also has a historical basis, which he refers to the divine command, *ye shall dwell in booths seven days . . . that your generations may know that I made the bene Israel to dwell in booths, when I brought them out of the land of Misrim ' (Lev. xxiii. 42 /; ; cp. Neh. viii. 14-17). This account, though not given in Deuteronomy (see vv. 13-15), seems the natural complement of what Deuteronomy says of the passover. In reality, however, the feast called Sukkoth cannot have taken its name from such an accidental circumstance as that given by P. If those who in early times kept the feast did temporarily dwell in booths (in spite of Neh. viii. 17), this must have been from motives of pure convenience. It is obvious that the agricultural Yerahme'elites must have had ^ Nergal as Saturn = the sun {AOF, iii. 266 (n. 7) ; cp. Gesch. Isr. ii. 45)- 2 Winckler, Gesch. Isr. ii. 83; Zimmem, KAT^''\ p. 389. Cp. Cheyne, Bible Problems, pp. 1 1 4 yi 3 T. and. B. p. 18 (n. 2). * Ibtd. pp. 16/ 5 KAT^^\ p. 428 ; cp. T. and B. p. 69. THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 119 a festival of the ingathering which was characterised as usual by orgiastic rejoicings ; the deity honoured on this occasion would be Ashtart, the patroness of fruit -bearing trees. The Israelites, who were one of the less-developed branches of the Yerahme'elites, would naturally adopt this festival in honour of the same gracious goddess. Thus the original Israelite feast of Sukkoth was another of those * statutes of (the southern) Aram ' ^ which the Yahwistic legislators attempted to render unobjectionable. They attempted no doubt, but with what indifferent success the indignant harangues of the prophets enable us to realise. Two experiments were tried. One was that attested by the original Deuteronomy : it was to confine, if possible, the celebration of the autumn festival to the one sanctioned temple. Another — brought to light by textual criticism — was to modify the too suggestive popular name of the festival, which seems originally to have been ' the feast of Ashkalath ' (the fem. of Ashkal^). By Ashkalath was meant the goddess Ashtart, who had several titles, of which Ashkalath was one, and perhaps ' queen of Ishmael ' ^ another. Ashkalath was probably shortened into Ashkath or Shakkath, and this, under manipulation, became first Sukkath and then Sukkoth ^ (' booths '). The place-names Salekah '^ (Salekath) and Sukkoth have in fact probably the same origin. Sukkoth-benoth, the name of a chief deity of Babel (2 K. xvii. 30) can now perhaps be more plausibly explained.^ It was natural (cp. i K. xiv. 23 /) that the legislator who demanded the destruction of the bdmoth should also denounce the practices specially connected with the worship of Ashtart, such as the simulation of the female sex (xxii. 5 ; 1 Mic. vi. 16 (revised text) ; see T. and B. p. 63 (n. 4). 2 T. and B. pp. 18, 247, 315, 406. 3 Jer. vii. 18 (revised text) ; see p. 72, and T. and B. p. 18. * Hommel's idea {Grundriss, p. 90) that the feast-name Sukkoth is = Sakkut, a secondary name of Ninib, so that the feast of Sukkoth was originally a festival of Sakkut, is highly questionable. Sakkut is not likely to have been known in Palestine, and the presuppositions of Hommel's theory need testing. 5 T. and B. p. 397. ^ The original form would be something like Shakkath-Tebanith ( = Ashkalath-Yithmanith). It is the N. Arabian Babel which is meant. I20 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH see below) and the shocking usage referred to in Am. ii. 7 b. Similarly in xxiii. 1 8 /. ( 1 7 /!) Israelites of both sexes ^ are forbidden to become temple - prostitutes {kedeshim, kedeshoth), and (as seems to have been the custom) to bring the proceeds of their occupation in payment of a vow to the treasury of the temple. One remembers that one of Josiah's violent reforming acts was to break down the houses of the kedeshim that were by the house of Yahweh (see p. 23). But there is a phrase in our passage (xxiii. 1 8 _/!) which has not, I think, yet been fully accounted for. What can possibly be the meaning of the phrase ' the price (or, fee) of a dog,' which is parallel to ' the hire (or, recompense) of a zonah ' ? Some have supposed that ' dog ' means ' servant,' ^ with the implication of fidelity, like kalbu in the Amarna Tablets (75. 36, etc.) in the phrase kalbu sarri. It is preferable, however, to take a hint from Hommel,^ who explains kalab from kalabu {kalibu) as a West-Semitic loan- word in Babylonian meaning ' priest' This is supported by a Phoen. inscription from Kition (Cooke, Inscr. pp. 67 /.). We have still, however, to account for ni^D. Granted that male prostitutes may have ranked as priests, how came Dlf^D to mean ' priests of a certain peculiar class ' ? And the answer is D^lfpD is a parallel formation to D'^no^, which, as we have seen (p. 23, n. 4), is probably = D''3DDn, ' Rakmanites,' i.e. ' Yerahme'elites.' Not only skilled priests came from the land of Yerahme'el, but the male prostitutes referred to in the passage before us. Apparently there was no feminine form corresponding to n^3. In xxiii. 19 the parallel to n^D is niM, which may perhaps be used contemptuously, for it is not a technical term. It may be remarked that mi, another technical term in the same Phoen. inscription, may possibly have come from D''^ir7. By a curious coincidence Ephrem the Syrian writes thus, ' It is the star-goddess who led astray her own worshippers the Ishmaelites, and into our lands is she come, whom the sons of Hagar (Arabia) ^ Cp. Curtiss, Primitive Semitic Religion To-day^ p. 1 49 (n. 3), 2 W. R. Smith approaches this view, Rel. Sem.^'^\ p. 292 (n. 2). See also Barton, Sem. Origins, p. 251 (n. 2), who even compares Num. xxxii. 12. 2 AHT^ p. 115 ; Grundriss, p, 91 (n. 2). THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 121 adore' (ii. 457y Thus we see again the wide influence of the old N. Arabian religion. In this connexion one may best refer to the somewhat obscure passage, xxii. 5. According to Driver the prohibition which it contains is peculiar to Deut. ; whether that is really the case, remains to be seen. It is, at any rate, as the commentators remark, directed against simulated changes of sex, connected with the cult of Ashtart.^ The obscurity of the Hebrew lies in a single word "h^, which cannot without arbitrariness be said to mean 'garment,' and still less a combination of objects such as dress, weapons, staff, etc.^ With experience of new methods Dillmann would certainly have seen that '•73, nearly as D'^nT'D in v. 9, comes from some form of -'SNDm^ nil from im, and nSott? from n"^^Ni7Dtn\ There have also been two transpositions, and XCTxT has come from mnSn. Thus we get "'^Nom'' "Til n'^'sV ^f? r\'h\^'3t^rm nt&N Tin mnf?n nSi HIDn-'?!?, 'The garment of a Yerahme'elite shall not be upon a woman, neither shalt thou put on the garment of a woman that is an Ishmaelite.' To confirm this result let us direct our attention to xiv. 21 and xxii. 9-1 i. Both passages have already been explained elsewhere.^ The former has most probably come from TT'^NDm"' '^yl mi^n vh, ' Thou shalt not put on the garment of a Yerahme'elite woman.' The latter — a three- fold enactment — will, in this context, reward a fuller treatment. Sorely has it perplexed interpreters. ' Why,' they ask, ' should a vineyard not be " sown with divers seed " ? And why refer, in prohibitory terms, to the singular case of ploughing with an ox and an ass together? Why, too, should there be a prohibition of garments composed of linen and wool together ? ' A writer in the Encyclopcsdia Biblica (" Dress," § 7) suggests that the object of the law may have been to mark the distinction between the priest 1 Quoted by Barton, /i5Z x 81. 2 For historical instances see Driver, Deut. p. 250. Reclining on Yerahme'elite garments is an abuse denounced from a religious motive in Am. ii. 8 ( T. and B. p. 360, reading D''?cn). 3 See BDB, s.v. '^3. * T. and B. pp. 565/!, where Ex. xxiii. 19 and Lev. xix. 19 are also considered. 122 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH and the layman. But did the priests wear garments of the mixed material ? This may be supported by Josephus {Ant. iv. 8, ii), but is opposed to Ezek. xlvii. 17, where it is said that " no wool shall come upon them." And can tiJoro really have been taken to mean " linen and wool " ? The writer of Deut. xxii. 1 1 may seem indeed to have given the word this meaning, but the Sept., with its KL^hrfKov, shows that some early students thought differently. Surely WtJrtD cannot be the right reading. Nothing is gained by conjecturing that the term, and indeed the law itself, may be of foreign origin, unless some other reason than our con- venience can be offered for the conjecture.' ^ It is to the credit of two recent critics that they have made fresh attempts to account for the strange enactments in this paragraph. Comparing Isa. xvii. 10 Bertholet offers the conjecture that the legislator may here express the primitive conception that different objects belong to different religious circles, and consequently ought not to be mixed. Steuernagel, on the other hand, discovers a reference to the cultus of the powers of nature, and even perhaps to the fusion (here condemned) of two deities. Neither critic apparently has suspected the traditional text, and yet, whenever these seemingly insoluble problems of exegesis arise, it is the duty of a textual critic to search for traces of an underlying text, which a redactor received in an already corrupt form, and emended to the best of his own uncritical judgment. Now in vv. 9-1 1 there are a number of words which, at a first glance, an experienced critic would suspect to be, in their combination, corrupt, and which he would be able with some confidence to correct. Until any one proposes something better (wholly different it will hardly be), I venture to restore the text thus, '^NorrT [rrtDN] tonNH n^ TitDi [i]nn-N^ : *inNinm 27^ln iidn ^^-n ^Nomlb] t^npn-jD ! D^nmSo "i^jSp[n] n^i^^im [^il] tniSn ih : SNom^m ; that is, * Thou shalt not espouse a Yerahme'elite woman, lest thou consecrate to Yerahme'el thy seed which thou sowest and the produce thereof. Thou shalt not keep feasts in Shur ( = Asshur) and in Yerahme'el. Thou shalt not clothe thee ^ ' Some Testing Biblical Passages,' Amer. J. of Theology, April 1905, p. 330. c-i in rnnn (xxii. 10) is a dittograph. THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 123 with the garment of a Shinarite woman in Missor of Pelishtim (Pelethim).' ^ The easiest words to correct in the MT. are 1013,^ D'^n^D,^ n^fpon,'* mDn/ TIQ?,^ non/ Vin\^ ins,^ because experience shows that names of peoples or regions may be expected to underlie them. That ^NDni"' in various forms is repeated, is a not uncommon fact ; in the above restoration repetitions are neglected. That ntDN has dropped out after miNn is also not surprising ; the eye would easily overlook the second occurrence of tDM. We can now see more clearly how repugnant the un- reformed Yerahme'elite cultus had become to the adherents of a more progressive religion. The legislator not only forbids the evil usages in force at Yerahme'elite festivals, but also (cp. vii. 3 ; Josh, xxiii. 1 2) prohibits mixed marriages, as tending to a fusion of religious practices.^" Now too, perhaps, we can understand better a difficult passage in Zephaniah (i. 8 /!). Those who are ' clothed with foreign clothing ' are those who, in order to take part in N. Arabian festivals, put on special N. Arabian garments. Those who leap over the threshold are those who take part in some N. Arabian sacred dance,^^ and the house which they fill with the produce of ' violence and deceit ' is some temple of Armon, i.e. Yerahme'el.^^ In xviii. \o f. other special 'abominations' are forbidden. One is child-sacrifice, a terrible rite, known in Canaan, but not apparently in Babylonia, and probably borrowed from ^ Or Pelishtim or Pelethim = Ethbaalim ; see Introd., p. xxi. ; T. and B. pp. 192, 312. 2 Probably from ion3 = jD3\ Cp. ya.pii.av, (3, Ezek. xxvii. 23, = MT. loSa, t'.e. '^Ncm', also ttdj, Gen. x. 8, Mic. v. 5, probably from fODa 3 Another corruption of '?«<Dm', like Sto'o and ik'^d (in '' inSd) ; also 0'k'?o, I S. XV. 4, from Vkvoh' ('cts"). * Also from ^Nam' ; cp. T. and B. on k'jd, Gen. xxiii. 9. " See Introd., and cp. Crit. Bib. on msn-nn, Jer. vi. i. ^ Shortened from -WffK (see Gen. xxv. 12, and cp. T. and B. 269). ' A modification of onr (see T. and B. p. 32 n. 2). s See Isa. xxxi. 3, explained in Introd. ^ See Crt'/. Bid. on 2 K. iii. 4, Ezek. xxvii. 18. 10 T. and B. p. 566. 11 Ibid. pp. 398/ 12 D.Tnx is probably a corruption of poiK ; cp. T. and B. pp. 55, 569. 124 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH N. Arabia.^ The others are various kinds of magic and divination. That the Arabian neighbours of Israel were devoted to soothsaying is undeniable. The Ekron where Baal-zebub (Baal of Ishmael) gave oracles to his wor- shippers (2 K. i. 2) was probably in N. Arabia.^ Isa. ii. 6 has already been referred to. Lastly, in the original form of the story of Bil'am it is plain that he was regarded as a N. Arabian soothsayer, skilled beyond others in the use of spells.^ One of the technical terms for magicians and sorcerers in xviii. 1 1 is ''Dr^;' IIN ^NlD. Here again it is difficult to be satisfied with the general attitude of scholars. Does ilN really mean ' a bottle,' or ' a hollow cavern,' or a revenant ? Or is it, as Schwally thinks, connected with In, * father,' the plural being nilN ? And does ''D2?T' really signify ' a very knowing one ' ? The sense indeed is plausible, but how, if we adopt it, are the two technical terms for superhuman, oracle-giving spirits to be distinguished ? ' It is hard,' remarks a writer in the Encydopcedia Biblica (col. 1 1 2 1 ), ' to establish the distinctions offered by Robertson Smith and Driver, the data for forming a judgment being so slight' Let us see if the problem admits of a clearer solution than has yet been proposed. The facts are well set forth by Driver ; * it is needless to repeat them at length. Some modifications, however, seem required in deference to textual criticism. I begin by remarking that we must not infer, either from the list of terms in xviii. 1 1 (where ' one that consults the dead ' follows ' one that asks an ob or a yiddeoni), or from Isa. viii. 1 9 (' that chirp and that mutter ') and xxix. 4 (' thou shalt speak out of the earth,' etc.), that ob and yiddeoni mean spirits of the dead. It should be noticed that in Isa. xix. 3 the list of the givers of oracles opens with uh'h^^ and closes with D"^32?T, and that in the same passage, and there only, we find mention of the so-called cidn. Now Isa. xix., as can be shown, in the original underlying text, 1 T. and D. p. 52 ; KAT^\ p. 599; Vincent, Canaan, pp. 188/, cp. 194. ^ T. and B. p. 109 ; Crit. Bib. p. 353. 8 T. and B. pp. 40 (n. 3), 41, 190. •* Deuteronomy^ pp. 225/ THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 125 relates, not to Misraim (Egypt), but to Misrim (the N. Arabian Musri), and the land of Misrim was regarded as a Yerahme'elite region.^ We ought not, then, to be surprised if the givers of oracles in this land bear Yerahme'elite names. For instance, it is probable that D"'£3n comes from D'"^i?inN (Ethbaalites = Ishmaelites), especially as 2dn in I K. xxi. 27 and Hos. xi. 4 has been shown ^ to come most probably from ^i^iriN. Next, as to tihhv^. It is hardly less probable (as has also been shown) that this word (certainly neither from T'n, nor = Ass. aldlu, ' weak ') is a shortened form for D"'7NDrn\ in the sense of * images of Yerahme'el.' And is it not equally reasonable to look for a N. Arabian origin for miN and D"'3i?~r"'? (a) For the former we may take a hint from the n^ and "^IN in proper names, which, as has been shown, most probably come from *ilN = nil? = ini?.^ In short, miN means, probably, neither ' ventriloquists,' nor ' revenants,' nor ' fathers,' but ' images of Ashtart ' ; rr^nnx or rather rr'^li? is probably the original form both of in (properly 'in) and of miN ; TT'jlli^ is a title of the great N. Arabian goddess.^ (d) For the latter we may most reasonably assume an original form cdn'T' (cp. pN and i'2i}, which have the same origin) = D^NDm\ in the sense of ' images of Yerahme'el ' (like D'h'ht^). These two terms, then, refer to the god Yerahme'el and his consort, who were regarded (as Isa. viii. 19, xxix. 4 show) as oracle- giving deities of the under-world. It was by means of images ^ (probably rude enough) of these deities that necromancers undertook to consult the spirits of deceased persons. It should be noticed in this connexion that in 2 K. xxiii. 24 miM and D"^3i;~r"' are combined with D''D"in ; now teraphhn^ as I Sam. xix. 1 3 shows, were images, and, as we learn from Ezek. xxi. 6 and Zech. x. 2, were reputed to give oracles to those who consulted them. Also that in i Sam. xxviii. 7 the phrase n"iN rhvi niDN most probably means, not ' a woman who (through a spell) can command a 1 T. and B. p. 32 (n. 2). 2 /^/^_ p_ 406. 3 Ibid. p. 286. 4 Ibid. p. 19 (n. 6). 5 Staerk {Das Deuteronomiam, 1894, p. 96, n. i) has already suggested that ^oboth and yidde^onim may represent images used in the cultus. 126 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH familiar spirit,' but * a woman of ( = devoted to) the Baalah of Arabia' (llN or nN representing li;?). In such a passage, however, as Isa. xxix. 4 iin represents not nn^, but n"'^*!!;, ' the Arabian goddess ' or ' an image of the goddess.' The repugnance to Yerahme'elite religion which had sprung up among Yahweh-worshippers appears, if I am not mistaken, in the underlying text of xxiii. 2(1). I do not agree with the commentators that the reference of the legislator is to two surgical operations producing the condition of a eunuch. The context makes it much more probable that some ethnic or ethnics originally stood in the text. Considering a number of textual parallels elsewhere, and also the writer's preoccupation with N. Arabian divina- tion, it can hardly be difficult to approximate to the original text. It is probably best to read the opening words thus — '"\y\ m^D Pi:&DD*i npT nnk, i.e. ' A seer of Rekem and a sorcerer of Koreth (shall not enter into Yahweh's com- munity).' Rekem is a frequent corruption of Yarham,^ and Koreth (like Kerith, i K. xvii. 3) comes from the regional name Ashhoreth.^ This result may inspire us with the hope of recovering the true text of v, 3 (2). 'A bastard shall not enter' is surely incorrect ; tidd, so long a subject of controversy,^ ought to be a corruption of some well-known ethnic. The nearest as regards the component letters is ""nDT, which occurs in Jer. xxv. 25, and (from its position in the list)* is evidently an Arabian ethnic ; it is also the name of an usurper of the throne of Israel (i K. xvi. 9), probably of N. Arabian origin. A collateral form poi occurs in Gen. xxv. 2. I have elsewhere * expressed the opinion that the 1 T.and B. pp. 51, 286, 308, 370. 2 Ibid. pp. 23, 46, 213. 8 See E. Bib., 'Mamzer' (col. 2916). * It occurs between 'Arab (so read twice in v. 24) and 'Elam — a shortened form of Ishmael or Yerahme'el (see Ezra ii. 7, 31 = Neh. vii. 1 2, 34). See Crit. Bib. ad loc. ^ E. Bib. col. 2916; cp. Geiger, Urschri/t, pp. 90/; Bertholet, Stellung, pp. \a,iff.-, and Deut. p. 71. Kennett, however (Journ. of Theol. Studies, July 1906, p. 487), rashly infers from vv. 4 f. that Deut. was probably composed later than the destruction of Jerusalem. THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 127 whole passage xxiii. 2 ff. must be post-exilio. I would now add that while Neh. xiii. 1-3 distinctly connects Dt. xxiii. 4-6 with the age of Nehemiah, it is quite possible that the passage may have been worked over or expanded. But however this may be, it seems clear that a connexion is presupposed between Israel and the N. Arabians, ' Pethor ' being a distortion of ' Pathros ^ (the traditional reading of the word), i.e. probably Sarephath. We have seen already that the Deuteronomist takes an interest in traditional history. Thus, in xxv. 17-19 he refers to the feud between Israel and Amalek. The Amalekites (a backward branch of the great Yerahme'elite race)^ are accused here, not of worshipping God in improper ways, but of altogether rejecting the true ' fear of God ' by attack- ing the feeble Israelites who were in the rear of the post (cp. Ex. xvii. 8). The passage begins with the emphatic admonition, ' Remember what Amalek did to thee by the way, when ye had come forth out of Misrim.' It is very singular that in xxiv. 9 the same form of phrase occurs, though with some difference in the historical reference. The traditional text reads thus, ' Remember what Yahweh thy God did to Miriam by the way, after that ye had come forth out of Misrim.' The allusion seemingly is to Num. xii., where Miriam is struck with leprosy for seven days, as a punishment for the lead she had taken in mutinous speeches against Moses. But has the original text come down to us unaltered ? A prefixed passage {y. 8) contains a warning to Israel to attend carefully to the authorised exponents of the law in the difficulties arising out of a case of leprosy. How is this warning made more effectual by a reference to the exclusion of Miriam from the camp for seven days ? The answer is that the admonition gains nothing in force by such a reference, and we are further driven to the assumption that either v. 8 or z^. 9 is a later insertion, the remedy suggested by Steuernagel ^ being both ^ T. and B. pp. 40 (n. 3), 189/ 2 Ibid. pp. xiii, 562. 2 This scholar reduces the exhortation to the words, ' Take heed in the plague of leprosy. Remember what Yahweh thy God did to Miriam,' 128 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH insufficient and too arbitrary. We can hardly doubt that the later addition is v. 8. If such an important subject as the ' plague of leprosy ' were referred to at all, it would not be in such brief and uninstructive expressions as we find in V. 8. But why, then, was the addition made ? We shall only be able to answer when we have examined the text of V. g. An isolated and obscure reference to Miriam is most improbable. The obscurity of it must soon have been felt, and this accounts for the prefixing of v. 8, which represents an early but a vain attempt to throw light on the passage. Taking this improbability, together with the parallelism in form between xxiv. g and xxv. 17, we cannot but conclude that * Miriam ' is wrong, and, if so, that ' Yahweh thy God ' is also wrong. D"'nD, like nidd ^ (Gen. xiii. I 8), probably comes from JONl ( = '^NDnT'), a gloss on the phtiS underlying T^Sn, while niri"' is a redactional insertion, and h (in wmh) comes from ff?. Thus we get an exact parallel to xxv. 17, which one cannot help think- ing must have been misplaced — ' Remember what Amalek (gloss, ' Ra'aman) did unto thee in the way, when ye had come forth out of Misrim.' It may be helpful to add in passing that the improbable words in Mic. vi. 4 d, ' and I sent (nfptDNl) before thee Moses, Aaron, and Miriam,' should probably be, 'and I overcame (tD^riN^) before thee Ishmael, Ashhur, and Aram ' ; '^ also that in Num. xx. 10, 'Hear now, ye rebels (D■'^D^7),' should probably be, ' Hear now, ye Aramaeans (o'^mNn).' Until some better corrections of the texts can be offered, I venture to adhere to these not unreasonable suggestions. Those who defend the originality of the text of Dt. xxiv. 9 have to explain why the severe punishment of the sister of Aaron should be referred to as a reason for obeying the injunctions of the priests concerning leprosy. Whether the admonition respecting Amalek formed part of the original book seems to me very doubtful. It may perhaps more naturally be regarded as an early appendix. Another appendix we may reasonably find in chap. xxvi. In vv. 1-15 we have an account of two 1 T. and B. p. 229. 2 Cp. E. Bib. col. 3073 (n. 2). THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 129 liturgical ceremonies to be performed by the Israelite in Canaan, and of the forms of prayer and profession. In one of these forms (^. 5) occurs the remarkable statement that the father of the people was * a wandering Aramaean ' ("rnN ""DnN). The phrase represents the earliest tradition, according to which Jacob was an Aramaean or Yerahme'elite of N. Arabia. The pointed text adds that he ' went down into Misraim and sojourned there (consisting?) in a few men, and became a nation, great, mighty, and populous.' But D2;D TiDl, ' in a few men,' is most improbable. The idiom is not free from harshness, and if it means that the descendants of Jacob who went down into Egypt (.'*) were but few in number, it adds nothing to the force of the statement. Indeed, if we omit it, the effect of the passage is heightened. But now call in the aid of textual criticism as applied elsewhere, and the troublesome words can at once be accounted for. The dropping of a letter of a word is common ; assume, therefore, that TiD comes from Sion ("• and 1 confounded), which, like ^loriN, repeatedly {e.g. Isa. XXX. 33) stands for 7Ni7DtD\ Assume, too, that £3l?o comes from nDi^D (see my note on JDI7D3, Ps. cv. 12, in Psalms^ 2nd ed.). We then get ' in Ishmael-Maakath,' which is a suitable geographical gloss on 'in Misrim.' In fact, it was in the N. Arabian land of Misrim that the Israelites (or their ancestors) sojourned (see T. and B. pp. xviii-xix, 545-547, etc.). One more possible reference to Misrim still deserves our attention. It is contained in the law of the king in xvii. 14-20. Probably the whole passage is a later in- sertion;^ vv. 18-20, at any rate, plainly belong to the post-exilic period. But, whenever it was written, it was still remembered (see z^. 15) that foreign soldiers of fortune^ had forced their way to the throne of Israel. V. 16 has evidently received interpolations.^ In its original form it ran, ' But he shall not get for himself many horses (or, 1 On the date cp. Bertholet, Deu^. p. 55 ; Comill, Introd. p. 55. 2 E.g. Zimri, Tibni, Omri. Cp. E. Bib.., ' Tibni.' 3 Erbt {Die Hebrder, p. 1 69, n. I ) takes ' in order to multiply horses ' to be interpolated ; Steuemagel would omit v. \bb. Both scholars seem to be right. 130 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH Ishmaelites ?), and so cause the people to return to Misrim.' The latter words are to be illustrated by Hos. xi. 5, where we should read, ' He shall return to the land of Misrim,' i.e. he shall be brought thither as a captive ; both in Deuteronomy and in Hosea it is the punishment of Israel that is referred to. With regard to the ' getting many horses ' it is certainly not impossible that horses may have been procured from Misrim in N. Arabia,^ and it is certain that trust in horses, or fear of horses, in warfare is con- demned in several O.T. passages {e.g. Dt. xx. i). It is also possible, however, that the reference to horses is due to a misunderstanding. Again and again {e.g. Isa. Ixvi. 20) D''D1D appears to be a popular corruption of D'^S'Ni^DtD'' ^ (through D''DC)d). This may perhaps be the case here. If the underlying text of i K. v. 6, x. 26, has been correctly determined,^ Solomon had a small standing army of N. Arabians. There may be a reference to this, supposing that the writer had before him a correct text of Kings ; there is certainly a reference to Solomon's polygamy in V. 17. If so, the legislator may mean that any king of Israel who collects such an army does it at his own peril. His punishment will be a second captivity and oppression of his people in the land of Misrim. Some further notice, however, is due to the expressions used in v. 16 b. The interpolator (as one must think) refers to a ' word ' of Yahweh to the effect that Israel shall not have to return that way {i.e. to Misrim). Such a word or promise it would be difficult to find. Are we to suppose that it once existed in some generally known record ? Or does the interpolation refer to the already corrupted text of Hos. xi. 5 (see above), ' he shall not return to the land of Misrim ' ? The latter seems the more natural view. The interpolator looked at these words by themselves, and re- garded them as a divine word of promise. 1 See T. and B. pp. 462-464. 2 Ibid. p. 488 (n. 2) ; note remark on 'Ddd, i Chr. ii. 40. 8 See Crit. Bib. pp. 320 (top), 333, but note that on p. 320 d'oid should have been traced to d'odo. David, indeed, had also a similar standing army or guard — the so-called Kerethites (Ashhartites) and Pelethites (Ethbaalites). THE LEGISLATIVE KERNEL (Chaps, xii.-xxvi.) 131 We have now completed the most important part of our search, and found abundant evidence of the N. Arabian atmosphere of the original Deuteronomy. The legislation in chaps, xii.-xxvi. is largely directed against Yerahme'elite or N. Arabian practices dangerous to adherents of the pure religion of Yahweh, and the law of the One Sanctuary is framed in the interest of a temple which, while religiously separate from the impurities of N. Arabian worship, is nevertheless, geographically speaking, Yerahme'elite. The persons, too, who are addressed are commanded to keep aloof from the ' statutes of the Aramaean ' (as a prophetic writer calls the N. Arabian usages),^ and yet they had to declare most solemnly (xxvi. 5) that their great ancestor Jacob had been ' a wandering Aramaean,' i.e. a Yerahme'elite. It must now be clear to demonstration that such a law- book as chaps, xii.-xxvi. (putting aside the question as to interpolations or later additions) was in urgent need of adaptation before it could be deposited and subsequently * found ' in the royal temple of Jerusalem. With great re- dactional skill the references to N. Arabia have been, for the most part, entended out of existence. That lexico- graphical and exegetical difficulties have been created thereby cannot, however, be denied, and it is the study of these problems in the light of a theory that has helped us in our need elsewhere which has enabled us to solve them more adequately than has yet perhaps been possible. Besides these verbal and phraseological alterations, the law-book referred to needed an introduction and a con- clusion. The terror excited in Josiah (as the well-known narrative states) by the reading of ' this book ' (2 K. xxiii. ii-i3)or, at any rate, in other persons, when they read it for the first time, and the references {vv. 16, 19) to the grievous fate announced in the book for Jerusalem and its inhabitants, suggest that it contained, not only laws, but extremely solemn curses on the people in the event of their disobedience. Such curses would naturally form part of the conclusion, though it is impossible to point them out in the present Deuteronomy. The introduction would as naturally 1 Mic. vi. 16; see T. and B. p. 63 (n. 4). 132 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH give a statement of the situation of the Israelites immedi- ately before the crossing of the border-stream ; the speaker would, of course, be Moses. We cannot, however, attempt to recover this preamble either from chaps, i.-iv. 43, or from the second portion of the existing introduction of Deuteronomy, chaps, iv. 44-xi. CHAPTER IV THE FIRST PREAMBLE (l. I -IV. 43) In spite of what has just now been said, we are compelled to scrutinise closely the existing introduction and conclusion (in their different parts). Our object is, not to detect the original preamble, but to find any possible or probable references to N. Arabia. Here, too, it is not impossible that references may occur to an early tradition of the N. Arabian residence of the Israelitish clans. Such references are not unlikely to occur in passages which contain some strange verbal or phraseological difficulties. And behold, such difficulties actually meet us in the very first verses of the first chapter. ' Terribly corrupt,' is Cornill's verdict on i. I, 2. But ought we to sit down, cowed by such a remark ? I think not. ITTTT 11^1 ceases to puzzle us ^ when we see that ]TT^ in the early traditions is repeatedly miswritten for \nyj a border-stream (as exegesis leads us to assume) in N. Arabia. It now at once becomes probable that the Tis of the text (like the ilis of Gen. x. 21, 24/) has arisen out of in^, ' Arabia.' ^ Let us now proceed hopefully to the hard problems which follow. And first we notice (still in v. i) the words ^1D rdl^l inon. Why should not nils be miswritten for yrp (as in xi. 30, Josh. xii. 3 ?), and 'piD be a shortened form of ^N27DB)"' or ^NOm"' (as in iii. 29, iv. 46, xxxiv. 6 ?) } For the latter, cp. ^"loriM from fpi^oriN (cp. on Tin, xxvi. 5). If so, we shall get the phrase 'dht li^ly ' in Yerahme'elite ^ Sometimes this phrase is supposed to refer to the east, sometimes to the west, of the river Jordan. - See T. aftd B. p. 229. ^ So presumably often elsewhere. 133 134 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH Arabia.' nnn may perhaps be misplaced, and stand pro- perly before Pjid, a word which, like the feminine form riDID (Num. xxi. 14), probably comes from idd (in nOD TT'ip), the "^minine form of which (mDD) occurs in Ezra ii. 5 5 ( = Neh. vii. 57), and may be identical with riDlS.^ Then follows a group of names, mostly difficult. The origin of pND is treated elsewhere,^ Note here that in xxxiii, 2, ' the mountain-country of Paran ' and * Meribah in Kadesh ' are parallel. Paran, therefore, was at any rate in the Yerah- me'elite region. f?Dn is not = et-Tafile in N. Edom, but identical with n^D = hlT\ = ^ririN.^ ]n^ (which has nothing to do with moon-worship) is, both as a tribal and as a place name, of S. Aramaean origin.* msn has sprung from nnnpN, a feminine form of the regional name int&N.^ im '^"T (0, Karo'^va-ea) is, of course, parallel to the strange- looking name im "p ^ (as if ' waters of gold ' in Gen. xxxvi. 39), and also to nun^T '^ (Gen. xxxvi. 32). nnt seems ultimately to come from ^NrotD"' ; ^ """t or ]l and *'D should be corrupt fragments of some ethnic or regional name such as pN or D"iN. V. 2 in the traditional text runs thus, * There are eleven days' (journey) from Horeb by the road to mount Seir to Kadesh-barnea.' But is it in the least probable that the preamble of our Deuteronomy should contain a statement of the distance from Horeb to the so-called Kadesh-barnea ? ' Considering how often numerals cover over ethnic or regional names, and how often d[*i]"' stands for id"", which again and again (through joTT' or joQ?'') represents either ^Nom"* or its equivalent S'N:;Dm\^ should we not for ni"" ni&i; "irrN restore |D^ [nt&N] "intDN .'' ^^ One may venture to add the conjecture that sill in 'n Wlp (Kadesh-barnea) comes from yisi (cp. 1 T. and B. p. 551. 2 /^/^ p. 242. 3 Ih'd. pp. 161, 312 (n. 2). Cp. pBx = py3s (t'h'd. p. 50, n. 3V * Ibid. pp. 123, 345. 5 iifid^ pp. 23, 319. ^ Sayce, letter in Academy^ October 22, 1892 ; Marquart, Funda- menie, p. 10. "^ T. and B. p. 430. ^ /^/^ p. 4^3. * Ibid. pp. 6 (n. 3), 161. 10 Note that inx and ir-y are here taken as representatives of inE^K and la'K respectively. Ashhur and Asshur, of course, are alternative forms, but Ashhur is to be preferred. THE FIRST PREAMBLE (i. i-iv. 43) 135 plMn), a corruption of ]Di;n, i.e. f?NDm\ Such corruptions abound ; the true meaning of the names was, of course, forgotten. What, then, is the origin of vv. i and 2 ? How has the present text grown up, assuming the textual corrections suggested above ? * These are the words which Moses spoke to all Israel ' — that this is the true beginning of the little superscription cannot be questioned. But where did he speak them ? This had to be stated, but it is difficult to make out exactly what the redactor said. Probably it was inTn "yy^l, ' in Arabia of the Yarhon,' and as a gloss upon this a scribe added ^NoriT 11i?5, * in Arabia of Yerahme'el,' and again mD*iD ni"7Q!l, ' in the wilderness of Sophereth ^ ( = Sarephath).' Some other late scribe, who had access to lists of names, inserted ' between Paran, and Tophel ( = Ethbaal), and Laban, and Haseroth ( = Ashhoreth), and Aram-Ishmael.' For these names it would have been much simpler to give the well-known compound name, Asshur- or Ashhur- Yerahme'el. So thought the ancient scholar who inserted the name which, in a highly corrupt form, has become ' eleven days.' This final misreading was perhaps facilitated by an accident. A few words, which may have been meant as a gloss on * Turn you and take your journey ' in V. 7, found their way (as is often the case) into the text in a most inappropriate place. The words are ' from Horeb towards mount Seir as far as Kadesh-barnea (Ra'aman).' Verse 5 is at first sight a second version of v. i a. The truth is, however, that the compound verbal phrase nwl h^s'yrt is corrupt, so that v. 5 is no sentence at all. Natural the phrase rendered ' undertook to explain ' certainly is not, and the existence of a word in1, * to explain,' is extremely doubtful.'^ With so many analogous cases before us we can hardly help restoring lijf hi^r^ri'v/ on which In^id pNl may be a (possibly incorrect) gloss. The words rriDD ^ Neh. vii. 57 ; cp. T. and B. p. 382. '^ In xxvii. 8, Hab. ii. 2 (the only other passages where iKa occurs), •)K3 can be shown to be corrupt, and in Hab. I.e. to have most probably originated in a^y. (Cp. also ik3i, xxxiii. 25 ^, from an^'?.) 3 S'yin probably from VnDm', sometimes with vh prefixed (redaction ally?) as in Jer. ii. 11. 136 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH "lON^ nmn mirurnM may be due to a redactor who had before him ill-written words (which really constitute glosses), of which he could make nothing without conjecture, 'om"* ni? is itself, presumably, a gloss, which may very possibly be intended to state that the kingdoms of Sihon and Og were in ' Arabian Yerahme'el.' The speech of Moses is retrospective. It begins with a version of a divine command to the Israelites to journey on from Horeb to the promised land (i. 6-8). This region is represented as in Arabia. Using results arrived at elsewhere (see references below), we find it described as embracing the land of the Canaanite, and (the southern) Lebanon, while the farthest limit (li;) of the region was, not * the great river the river Euphrates,' but ' the river of Gilead, the river of Perath {i.e. Ephrath).' Between 'the hill -country of the Amorite ' and ' the land of the Canaanite ' comes a list of districts which adjoin the ' Amorites,' and are ' in Arabia (read "yys^), in the mountains, in the Shephelah [in the Negeb], and in Rehob-Yaman.' In the parallel passage. Josh. ix. i, the Negeb is not mentioned ; perhaps it is here only by accident. How far the geographical names in this and similar lists represent separate regions, we cannot say. One or two remarks may be added. That ' Amorites ' means properly ' highlanders ' and ' Canaanites ' means ' lowlanders ' is a pure imagination. The two designations may quite well be synonymous (see on ix. i /!). See, further, T. and B. pp. 195, 174/.; on the southern Lebanon, ibid. p. 457 ; on the southern streams, ibid. pp. 262 f. (cp. 91); and on Rehob-Yaman, ibid. pp. 498, 504- Passing over matters more fitly treated elsewhere, I stop next at ii. 10-12, which is rightly regarded by Steuer- nagel as a later insertion. Such antiquarian notices are absurdly unsuitable in the mouth of the divine Speaker. Nor is the annotator's accuracy by any means beyond reproach. The Emim {T. and B., p. 241) and the Anakim {ibid. p. 121) are both Yerahme'elite peoples, and therefore akin to the Israelites ; and the Horites are not cave-dwellers, but simply a branch of the Asshurites {ibid. pp. 241, 424). That the Horites were destroyed by the bene Esau may be THE FIRST PREAMBLE (i. i-iv. 43) 137 a purely gratuitous statement, based, perhaps, on the corrupt reading pNrr '•ntD'' in Gen. xxxvi. 20 {T. and B. p. 425/). That they dwelt in Seir is probably correct, and from Gen. xxvi. 34, if rightly read (in T. and B. p. 364), it appears that Esau's first wife was a Horite. For the Rephaim see on iii. 1 1. That ' Rephaim ' means ' giants ' is of course wrong, though the tall stature of the earlier masters of Canaan certainly formed part of Israelitish folklore (Num. xiii. 33, Am. ii. 9). Another late antiquarian notice has to be considered. But first let us seek to illuminate a somewhat obscure passage which precedes it. In ii. 1 8 we read, ' Thou art now about to pass through the region of Moab, An' To suppose that there was a district dominated by the city of Ar, would be hazardous. It will be observed that in vv. 9, 18, and 29 (B, however, in 9, 18, gives '^rjeip), (3 has Aporjp (but A in 29, AponjX). Now -ii?*n27 (Aporjp) is most probably a compound name. *nr, like "i^^i (see T. and B. p. 210), may represent ^Nn)m% and "ys come from inr. In Isa. xvii. 2 ni;"ni? actually appears as the name of a district. Here, too, it is best to take it so, and also in vv. 9, 29, i.e. as a symbol for Yerahme'el-Arab. The antiquarian notice is in ii. 20-23. It relates to the former inhabitants of the land of the bene Ammon. This land, too (cp. v. 11), was formerly inhabited by Rephaim, a people whom the Ammonites called ' Zamzummim.' This strange-looking word has provoked much learned specula- tion. Robertson Smith, following Schwally, explains it from the Arabic as meaning ' whisperers, murmurers.' ^ This, however, is almost on a par with the explanation of Emim {v. 10, Gen. xiv. 5) as 'terrible ones,' which is plainly not the original meaning of an ethnic name. DT is possibly, like DID and ]ll?, a corrupt fragment of \tiX[r = SnI7Q»\ For the reduplication cp. rr3D3D, Josh. xv. 31. "r for », as in ^Pllt and mm from SN:;n)m\ In short, the Zamzummim, like the Zuzim,^ are a branch of the Ishmael- ites, and why should we suppose that the Arammites who overcame them were a younger race ? As for the D"'*ii7 (Avvites), for whom ^ substitutes the Hivvites, and the 1 MS. note quoted by Driver, Deut. p. 40. 2 Gen. xiv. 5. See T. and B. p. 241. 138 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH Kaphtorim, we cannot speak quite so confidently. The former may be a tribe of Arabians (D''ni;). They are generally supposed to have dwelt, according to the Hebrew text, in villages, but surely the parallelism of vv. lo, 12, 20, 22, favours the view that D'^isn represents a proper name, ^s^ is the name required ; it was wrongly supposed to be the short for D"'isn. nsn, like mT, is most probably a distortion of nrrtDN. It is noteworthy that 0" has Aarjhcod, i.e. nntDN, which (see on iii. 17) certainly comes from intOM ( = nntDN). As for the latter, it should, I think, be clear that ' the Kaphtorim who came out from Kaphtor ' is very improbable. Kaphtorim would indeed be a most misleading name for emigrants from Kaphtor. The name we should expect is DTi^D (often confounded with dtiHj'pd). According to the (probably) best reading in Gen. x. 14, the Pelethites came forth from Kaphtor, or perhaps rather (see 7". and B. p. 192) Rehoboth. Pelethim and Kaphtorim, it is true, are far apart, but D''^nDD was probably corrupted from D'^mnD ^ (M.T., Pathrusim, Gen. x. 14), or, strictly, DTims. That Pjis ( = P|-|D or idd) is a clan-name is indisputable. The account of the destruction of the peoples of Sihon and Og needs critical comment. The geography of the original traditions worked up in ii. 24-iii. 1 1 may have been different from that of the final redactor. Certainly this is suggested by the names. ' Amorites ' is scarcely different from ' Arammites,' and it must be admitted that there was a southern Aram. ' Heshbon ' is a name which may have attached itself to different localities, for imn and DWTl are virtually identical, and the origin given elsewhere^ to D'^tDon in Ex. xiii. 1 8 and other passages may be given with almost equal justice to pntDn. * Bashan ' (as numerous analogies suggest) comes from ' Abshan,' i.e. Arab-Ishmael. ' Ash- taroth,' or better * Ashtereth ' (i.e. Ashtart), is at least very suggestive of N. Arabia (see T. and B. pp. 240/). Here, indeed, the residence of Og is further defined as being ' in Edrei ' ; the view that ' and ' should be prefixed, so that Og ^ 3 and D confounded, as in i K, vii. 40 (cp. v. 43) niT3 stands for niTD. 2 T. and B. pp. 489, 552. THE FIRST PREAMBLE (i. i-iv. 43) 139 will have had two royal cities, though quite defensible (see 0, Vg., and cp. Driver), is at any rate improbable. The truth may be that "'i^llM is miswritten for some form like '\'3'r\3, which, as we have seen, may represent l"i27 ^NDm"*.^ The name pn''D in its present form is inexplicable ; pmo would give a clear meaning, for onn is a corruption of intZ?N. aii?, too, as it stands, is obscure ; but it is not impossible that, like lli and 311D, it may ultimately come from some form of ^NDm\^ Some names still remain. p31N (ii. 36) represents ;dnt ; cp. pi?T (see above, on xii. 2). On the problem of the name ' Gilead ' see T. and B., p. 389, in connection with the great legendary compact between Jacob and Laban. 'Salecah' {T\y7D) iii. 10, Josh. xii. 5, xiii. 11, is a very old commercial centre, mentioned also in Genesis as N. Arabian.^ The money standard established by its merchants was probably accepted both in the N. Arabian border-land and in the land of Judah, for we find the phrase * the shekel of Salekath ' in the earlier text which underlies the MT. of Gen. XX. 16. rr3^D may come from fpDtDN, and thereby be distinguished as an Ashkalite settlement {T. and B. p. 315). In the MT. of iii. 4 b the extent of Og's kingdom ' in Bashan ' is described as ' sixty cities, all the region (?) of Argob.' Here, however, there are several problems. First, as to the * sixty cities.' This, of course, is to be taken with Judg. X. 4, where Yair the Gileadite is said to have had thirty sons who rode on thirty ass-colts and had thirty cities. It is hard to read this without suspicion of error, and having found that ethnics are very prone to be transformed into numerals, and that T'i; has often possibly come from l"ir, we shall do best to correct T':> w^Xb into yrs ^ptp"; ( = Ishmael of Arabia).* Next, as to ninw Sin Sd. I have already attached a query to * region,' which the lexicons with one accord give as the meaning of hin. Unfortunately the passages containing hlXl are not free from suspicion, and ^ Cp. T. and B. p. 421, where it would be simpler to say that "ny comes from lyny. 2 T. and B. pp. 158/ ^ See T. and B. pp. 315-317, 406/, 409. ^ See Crit. Bid. on Josh. xiii. 30. 140 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH here at any rate (comparing D"''?in D"^"Til ^ in Am. ii. 8) we should read hi:iT\, a shortened form of ^NDm"*. That unw means ' stony,' and that such a name points to the Leja^ is with much learning denied by Driver (p. 49). It is, however, a regional name, and should be grouped with JOinw,^ Din in l^o Din, and D^^il, all of which point to 7NDm"'. It is probable that f?in (^on) is a term of wider reference than inw (omN). The origin of both names was no doubt early forgotten. It is an important geographical note that we find in iii. 9. (i) As to T3to. That Saniru was the name of a mountain at the entrance of (the northern) Lebanon, we know from Shalmaneser (Del, Paradies, p. 104). All the other O.T. passages, however, in which TDt& occurs point rather to N. Arabia (see i Chr. v. 23, Ezek. xxvii. 5, Cant, iv. 8). It is the first of these passages which throws most light on T31D, and confirms the view suggested by the general scenery of Deut. rightly understood, viz., that the mountain or mountain-range referred to in iii. 8 is in the N. Arabian border-land. In its original form it may have run thus — * The men of the half-tribe of Manasseh dwelt in the land from Bashan (Abshan) to Baal-Hermon [Senir and the Hermon range signify Yerahme'el].' In this rendering of the revised text I have provisionally left ' Senir.' Most probably, however, T«3to is miswritten for "ii;3lD, i.e. 111? ^Ni?DlD"^. ' Shinar ' and ' mount Hermon ' are therefore naturally put together (as in Cant. iv. 8), for ' Ishmael ' and ' Yerahme'el ' (here represented by ' Hermon ') are synonymous. (2) With regard to pD*in. The name thus read may no doubt have suggested the idea of sacredness, just as Montserrat, properly ' mons serratus,' suggested to Catalans the interpretation ' mons sacratus.' But originally Hermon was formed from cm = Dm"' ( ^Nonv) ; originally, too, it designated a mountain-range in the Yerahme'elite country. This throws light on Enoch vi. 6, where the fallen angels, who bear ^ Interpret thus, ' that recline on Yerahme'elite garments by every altar.' Cp. T. and B. p. 360. 2 Purple was the dress of Midianite chiefs (Judg. viii. 26), and blue- purple and red-purple came from Ishmaelite Arabia (Ezek. xxvii. 7 ; see T. and B. pp. 165, 360). THE FIRST PREAMBLE (i. i-iv. 43) 141 Yerahme'elite names, are made to descend on Mt. Hermon. Cp. also the apfiayeZmv of Rev. xvi. 6 ; ap^l. = pniD nn = in 'ht. (3) As to ]''~!to (|Vlto). The name does not occur in Ass. inscriptions. Probably, like T'Dtn, it has grown out of ni?2t&, and has the same meaning. If so, v. 9 merely tells us that the 'Misrites' (read D"'"i?p) and the 'Arammites' (read "•aiNn) used different forms of the same name. The alter- native is to take at any rate ]r"ilD as = pntD"' = pn©N or ]-i£9n. renders ^VntD in Ps. xxix. 6 by o r]<ya'jrr]ixevo^ = ]MW (see on xxxii. 15). (4) In iv. 48 pm is corrupted into jN-'lD. We now return to royal Og. A strange note about him is inserted (^'. 11). (i) Can we accept its contents? Were the Rephaim really of an older race which became extinct at the Israelitish conquest? Was the name originally an ethnic ? Various theories have been broached (see E. Bid., ' Rephaim '), but the view which seems to me to accord best with textual phenomena is that D'^ndt and D'^IDN both have the same origin, viz. either n-'lis or (better) ;d"' ni?, ' Yaman- ite Arabia.'^ (2) May we regard the story of Og's enormous bedstead of iron — or sarcophagus of basalt (?) — as a part of Israelitish folklore? Or rather, is not the text corrupt ? It appears that htll sometimes represents ^N^^DtD"^ 1")2?. For a very clear instance of this see iv. 20 (furnace of iron ?) ; but a study of xxxiii. 25 and Gen. iv. 22 will lead to the same result.^ As to wis, it may easily have come from pw. When the corruptions mis and hMI had come into existence, it was easy for the annotator to make up a story about the ' bedstead ' (?) being shown at Rabbath- Ammon. The story about the size of the relic was a mere decoration, and m'^N nDN, 'the cubit of a man,' which reads so oddly, has come from ^Ni^DtD"' riQN, ' the cubit of Ishmael,' just as tDi3N £D"ini, * with a man's pen,' should be ]nm"^ 121TT2, ' with a pen of Ishmael.' ^ The cubit of the Ishmaelite merchants was no doubt a standard (see above, on Salekah). All that the original text had was, ' Surely his land is the land of Ishmaelite Arabia.' May we altogether trust the account which is here given of the extreme cruelty of the conquerors of Sihon and Og 1 T, and B. pp. 240, 472/ 2 /^^-^ p jog^ with n. 2. 3 Ibid. p. 368 (n. 2). 142 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH (ii. 34, ill. 6)? Surely this ostentatious reference to the destruction of * women and little ones ' is improbable. The passage should be taken together with Judg. xx. 48, where the destruction of the cattle and afterwards of ' all that was found,' and yet again the burning of ' all the cities that were found,' startles every reader. First, as to the highly suspicious words rrnm and N2D3. The former is probably a corruption of nDJTlir,^ where the southern Hamath is intended (see Isa. xi. 11, where ' Hamath ' follows ' Shinar,' a N. Arabian regional name).^ The latter, like pND? in Isa. XXXV. 7, should be read pNp^, i.e. ]li?DlD ( = ^Nrom"'), also the name of a N. Arabian district. That T'l? may represent "yya has been pointed out already, while the impossible Dno, linked as it is to *T'i?, i.e. lii?, hardly admits of being ex- plained otherwise than as a short and corrupt form of D''^Dn, from f?*)Dn or ^loriN, one of the current corruptions of f?N:;Dttr.^ We can now restore Judg. xx. 48 approximately to its original form, pNDsn-SD '^^ [nDrrni?] D'^^dd I'rap WNl ^rhm nr3ND!irr D"'ni7n-^D D3. In the passage before us (ii. 34) we have the same enigmatical phrase nnn *T»i? (which baffles interpreters), D''m3 ( = ]Dtt)"'), which corresponds to N2D3 ( = pi^otD), and tjn, which seems to represent niD3 ( = niriDD). We may therefore restore thus, ;om"'l D'-Sdh li^-f^D-DN Din^l niDDI. The last two words, neither of them being preceded by nw, may be a later insertion. We have not yet quite done with geography. The ' tent villages of Yair,' and what is said in different places about them, are certainly puzzling. Looking at the text of iii. 14/^, it seems most probable that lotD-Si? DHn ('them by his name ') has arisen out of two corrupt forms of ^Ni;DlD\ Si^DHN is exactly parallel to fpioriN (see on ii. 34), while lotD reminds us of Dtt), which has been shown to be a corrupt fragment of SNi?Dtl>\* ' Ishmael ' would be a very suitable gloss on ' Argob ' (see above). Thus we get, ' and called Bashan Havvoth-Yair to this day.' That ' Havvoth ' is correct, however, seems to me very doubtful. But what is the right reading? We might suggest niano (this would suit Num. 1 So in Isa. xxx. 6 (3:2 mona), Jon. iv. 11, Ps. xxxvi. 7, 2 T. and B. p. 185. ^ Cp. on ' Methushael,' T. and B. p. 107. * Ibid. p. 117. THE FIRST PREAMBLE (i. i-iv. 43) 143 xxxii. 41), of which non might possibly be a corruption. Whether the region referred to was or was not in Bashan (Abshan = Arabia of Ishmael), is hardly a fruitful question. Nor is it feasible to determine precisely most of the places mentioned in iii. 16, 17. If we accept the N. Arabian theory (and to some extent we cannot surely help doing so), the ' sea ' or ' lake ' intended will be the Dead Sea. But where shall we put the Yabbok ? Its name, it is true, we can explain,^ but this is all. Where, too, can we fix Gebal ? The reading (yii) indeed is secure (see below), and the name (' mountain-land ') is clear ; cp. on Ps. Ixxxiii. 7. It reminds us of another and more famous Gebal (Byblus in Phoenicia). But the most remarkable name is moDH mtnN, rendered by most ' the slopes of Pisgah,' but, I fear, by a complete misapprehension. First, as to the rendering ' the slopes (of).' To justify this either by the Aramaic imN, 'fudit' (Gesenius), or by the Assyrian isdu, ' base ' (Delitzsch, Prol. p. 46), is a mere caprice. The secret of the word ought not to have been missed so long. Transposition of letters accounts for the strange name. miDN is simply miswritten for nntDN. The names Ashtar and Ashhur are equivalent.^ The former is the name of the mountain or mountain-range on which the ark was said to have rested, though the' traditional text gives us the corrupt Ararat ; ^ with a prefixed Yaman it is the designation of the mountain from which Yahweh came to Israel.^ The latter, with the addition of Yercihme'el, is the name of the mountain on which legend originally placed the attempted sacrifice of Isaac.^ It is probable that near Mt. Ashtar or Mt. Ashhur there was a city of the same name, partaking of the sacredness of the mountain. Was it Og's royal city Ashtereth (see above, p. 138)? Next, as to TODDn, ' the Pisgah.' This is an imaginary, non-existent name derived from Num. xxi. 20, where it is probably a corruption of rrDptD^n, which was afterwards corrected into riDptD^*! (f]plD3rT would have been better), without the deletion of nJiDDn. In the process of change 1 T. and B. pp. 396/ 2 /^/^ p_ 70. 2 See on xxxiii. 2. * T. and B. p. 146. ^ Ibid. p. 328. 144 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH the true name may have dropped out Certainly both in iii. 27 and in Num. xxi. 20 nissn ^J?N, and in our present passage (iii. 17) 'Drr nn»N (Ashtar-Peor), w-ould be a plausible name. The text of iii. 17 in which our criticism issues, when translated, runs thus : * And Arabia of the Yarhon, and Gebal, to the sea of Kinnereth, [Arabia of the Yerahme'elite Sea,] below Ashtar of Pe'or, eastward.' Here we read 'j^^ for Sia^ (tf. 16, 17 ; so Num. xxxiv. 6, Josh. xiiL 23, 27, XV. 12, 47). rr^o comes from fpNcm" ; ^ ' salt sea ' is surely absurd. It will be noticed that Josh. xii. 3 is in some points more correct than the traditional text of iii. 1 7. I will conclude this chapter with a reference to the strange phrase in iv. 20, ^nin TIDD, ' from the iron furnace,' usually paraphrased ' from the furnace which is as hot as one for smelting iron.' This, however, is not at all obvious, and Prof. Kennett ^ allows it to be probable that * the origin of the phrase is unknown to us.' It is indeed only a fuller experience of the habits of the scribes that will help us. The myster)' lies in 7m[n], which is not exactly a corruption, but (see on iii. 1 1 ) a current symbol for '^njcb?" ns (' Arabia of Ishmael '). It is therefore parallel to d^iSD, which is, of course, to be pronounced Misrim, the name of a N. Arabian land and people. Thus we get the very natural statement, — * Yahweh hath taken you and brought you from the furnace of Arab-Ishmael, from Misrim.' The same striking parallelism occurs in i K. viii. 51, Jer. xi. 4, and we are agreeably surprised to find an equally exact parallel in Isa. xlviii. 10, ' Behold, I ha\-e refined thee in the crucible of Kasdim (Hashram), I ha\'e tested thee in the furnace of Yerahme'el." ^ T. ami B. p. 239. ^ 'The Date of Deuteronomy,' y(>«rrr<i/<y TAeol, Studies, July 1906, p. 484. ' Read in Isa. xlviii. 10 <i c-rn •'•ra, and in b Sem' -nrx The MT. in a has found no satisfactor>' explanation, and in {> is hardly less enigmatical. Scin' in the correction is represented both by •«? and by the first *:7c'> in MT. of t'. i i a (n fell out, and 1 became i). The second 'ipC* has grown out of •ser jjo> (Duhm, Che>-ne, Marti). ' Kasdim' (or rather I;iashram ; see p. 63) occurs again in c. 14^. CHAPTER V THE SECOND PREAMBLE (IV. 44-XI.) This preamble is to some extent virtually a development of the first portion of the Decalogue. Several points in v. 6-10 (Ex. XX. 2-6) have been treated of already (p. 103). Here it is only necessary to consider the form of a passage scarcely less important than the Decalogue — the passage known to Jewish believers as the Shema' (vi. 4-5). In its present form, doubtless, it is a bulwark of strict monotheism, but has it come down to us as it was first written ? The emphasis on the unity or uniqueness of Yahweh docs not fit in very well with the context ; moreover, the first part of it {v. 4) is extremely difficult of interpretation. Three ex- planations are current : ( i ) ' Yahweh is our God, Yahweh as the only one' (Steuernagel after Ibn Ezra) ; (2) 'Yahweh our God, Yahweh is one' (Ewald, Oehler) ; (3) 'Yahweh our God is one Yahweh ' (Dillmann, Driver, Stadey None of these theories, however, is satisfactory, and to improve upon them one must first discover how the exegetical diffi- culty arose. The cause surely is corruption of the text, and this corruption was largely due to a redactor's manipulation of the text in the interest of a strict monotheism. From a comprehensive criticism of a large group of passages we appear to learn that one fuller name of the God of Israel was Yahweh- Yerahme'el, and that a virtual synonym for Yerahme'el was Ashhur," so that ' Yahweh-Ashhur ' was a possible name for the conjoined members of the divine duad. The original reading, therefore, of Dt. vi. 4 was, ' Hear, O 1 Stade, Bibl. Theol. des A.T. i. 84. But the phrase 'one Yahweh ' (much older than Deut., according to Stade) is highly improbable. ^ See T. and B. pp. 24, 284. 145 10 146 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH Israel ; Yahweh is our God [Yahweh-Ashhur] ' ; in this I assume — what seems to me to have been proved — that -rriN and irrN often in the traditional text take the place of nntDN, so that iriN mri"' (in our passage, but not in Zech. xiv. 9) may very well represent nntDN n'in\ Certainly the text, as it stands, is incapable of a satisfactory explanation. If we adopt this view, it will be best to suppose further that in the text underlying the present redacted text ' Yahweh- Ashhur' stood in the margin as a variant (an older one) to ' Yahweh.' This theory is, of course, quite consistent with the admission that the present form of the text is the only one which, at any rate since the fall of the state, the pro- gressive form of Yahwism could tolerate. These, then, were the names of the God who brought his people out of * the furnace of Arab-Ishmael, out of Misrim ' (iv. 20, see above). But whither did the divine guide lead them ? As we have seen (on i. 10-12), it was to the land of Canaan, which appears to have been originally represented as in N. Arabia. The second preamble gives us fresh information as to its natural gifts. This is contained in vii. 12-15, viii. 7-9, and xi. 10-12. The two latter passages are the most important. In viii. 7 the promised land is spoken of as, first of all, ' a land of torrent-streams (d"'0 'hrxi), of springs and (subterranean) deeps, springing forth in valleys and mountains.' Torrent-streams in N. Arabia are of course quite natural. But what of ' springs and tehonwth ' ? In the Negeb at any rate the only considerable springs are in a few of the larger wadys (torrent-valleys). One is therefore tempted to think that, just as the story of Joseph in Genesis, which originally referred to the N. Arabian Misrim, has been manipulated (with imperfect success) ^ so as to fit the theory that the events took place in Misraim (Egypt), so the original text of viii. 7 b has been recast so as to justify the view that the land of promise was in Palestine. A similar hypothesis seems necessary to account for xi. 10, where the promised land, with its mountains and valleys and fertilising rains, is contrasted with ' the land . . . whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of herbs.' Here it 1 T. and B. pp. ASA ff. THE SECOND PREAMBLE (iv. 44.XI.) 147 seems to be stated that the land of D'^nSD was fertilised by irrigation, though the phrase ' wateredst it with thy foot ' still remains obscure.^ It certainly appears as if cnsD here ought to mean Misraim, i.e. Egypt, and that the land which is contrasted with it is Western Palestine. If so, the whole passage, xi. 10-12, which could well be spared from the context, is to be viewed as a later insertion. Turning now to viii. 8, 9, there is no valid objection to holding that these verses (unlike v. 7 b) are original, and refer to N. Arabia. It is true that in Num. xx. 5 the wilderness of Kadesh is described as being * no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates.' This, however, is quite consistent with the existence of these plants in early times in the cultivated and fruitful parts of N. Arabia. That such fruits as figs, grapes, and pomegranates did exist in the Ishmaelite or N. Arabian region called Ashkal ^ (MT., Eshkol), we learn from Num. xiii. 23, where, be it noticed in passing, the untranslatable D"*:]!!^! has arisen out of ^DtD"*!,^ ' in Ishman (Ishmael) ' ; this is properly a gloss on * Ashkal,' which has intruded, as glosses so often do, into the text. From this place or district it was that the ' spies ' brought back ' a cluster of the grapes of Ashhur ' ; * nor is this, as I have shown elsewhere, the only passage in which the culture of the vine is spoken of with reference to N. Arabia.^ The land of promise is also described {v. 8) as a corn country. Now it has been already stated that some of the passages referring most probably to N. Arabia have been manipulated by a redactor who did not accept, or perhaps know, the tradition of Israel's residence in N. Arabia. It is quite possible that Gen. xii. 10 and also portions of the Joseph-story (which speak of Hebrews going down into D"'^2Q in time of famine) refer to Misraim, i.e. Egypt. There 1 W. Max Miiller remarks (£". Bib. col. 1226, n. i) that water- wheels ' cannot be proved to have been known ' in Egypt. ' The ex- planation of Deut. xi. 10 as referring to such wheels turned with the foot is questionable ; most probably " watering with the foot " means carrying water.' There would seem, therefore, to be room for some new explanation. 2 7; and B. p. 247. 3 The same correction of Q'^ca is required in i Chr. xi. 21, and of D'jr in Ezra viii. 27. * Read inrx' "aay Sidb-k. & T. and B. pp. 453/. 148 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH appears, however, to be evidence enough elsewhere, that there were parts of the N. Arabian border-land where, by the help no doubt of irrigation, the soil was capable of producing grain. Elsewhere ^ I have referred to Num. xi. 5 (revised text), 2 K. xviii. 3 2, and Ps. civ. 1 5 (revised text). Even if the second of these passages should be due to a redactor who knows only of a king of Assyria, yet the others remain.^ * A land of oil-olive-trees and honey.' A fresh feature of the description. But the expression jd^ nn is strange, and parallels such as '\it\ pi; (which — see on xii. 2 — is most probably to be explained as ' tree of Ra'aman ') suggest that jotD (as in Isa. x. 27) comes from ]DtD^ i.e. ^Ni>DlD\ The phrase indicates, therefore, that olive-trees flourished in N. Arabia. A similar phrase is nrrS"' nn (2 K. xviii. 32), which must surely come from nntDN nn.^ Apparently the Israelites on their first arrival in the highly cultivated regions of the border-land admired the olive-trees, and called the best trees of this species olive-trees of Ishmael, or of Ashhur. As to the honey, what is meant is probably grape-honey (the modern dibs). That this was produced in N. Arabia appears, I think, from Gen. xliii. 11, where the present sent by Jacob to Joseph from (the southern) Canaan includes honey. The same delicacy is referred to in vi. 3, where (cp. Ex. iii. 8, Num. xiii. 27, etc.) the promised land is said to be 'flowing with milk and honey.' This phrase, however, is plainly of mythological origin.'* ' A land whose stones are iron, and out of whose mountains thou mayest dig copper.' This is the close of the description. Iron and copper do not appear to have been found in Palestine, though the well-known Lebanon was certainly explored for copper by the ancients.^ What 1 T. and B. pp. 224, 453/ 2 I cannot discover that the most recent commentators on Numbers and on the Psalter have produced satisfactory explanations of Num. xi. 5, Ps. civ. 15. 3 Note the Levite name its', Ex. vi. 18, which has the same origin. The Levite names are as a rule of N. Arabian affinities. 4 See T. and B. pp. 84, 529/ ^ See Assyrian passages in E. Bib. col. 893 (n. 5) ; Del., Paradies^ P- 353- THE SECOND PREAMBLE (iv. 44-xi.) 149 was the case in the southern Lebanon ? ^ If mountains of copper ' in Zech. vi. i were correct, it might be taken to prove that copper was found there, for the scene of the vision in Zech. vi. 1-8 appears to be laid in the southern border- land. I think, however, that nmTO in the MT. is sometimes a corruption,^ and that it is so here. But it is very possible ^ that the place where Hiram cast the bronze was in N. Arabia (i K. vii. 46), and almost certain that in Jer. xv. 12 ' northern iron ' should be ' iron of Sibe'on (Ishmael).' That the Ethbaalites (miscalled Philistines) were skilled in metallurgy, appears from i S. xiii. 19-21. A passage in the letter of Aristeas (§ 119) may also, in spite of its lateness, be quoted here : eXeyero Be kol e/c tcov irapaKeLjievoiv opecov r^? 'Apa/Sta? fieraWa '^dX.KOv koL criBtjpov avvicTTaaOai irporepov. eKXiXetTTTaL Be ravra, KaB' ov iTreKparrjaav TLepaac '^povov-* In vii. 12-15 Yahweh's faithfulness, it is said, will be shown in four ways : ( i ) in the multiplication of his people, (2) in the abundant harvests, (3) in the increase of their cattle, and (4) in their exemption from pestilences. First, as to the pestilences. That pestilences of the Egyptian type ^ were known in Palestine appears from Am. iv. 10, where the D";*i2p of the pointed text must surely give the true text. From this obvious reference to Egypt, however, we are not entitled to infer that the N. Arabian theory is put out of court. Close by, t.e. in v. 13, there appears to be a pro- minent reference to N. Arabia. It will, therefore, probably be best to suppose that t^. i 5 is a redactional insertion. Next, as to the N. Arabian reference in v. i 3. It occurs in the clause on the increase of the cattle. Those two strange phrases TS^n "i^O^ and 13n!5 niintDl? have been much misunderstood. Haupt, for instance, thinks that ^it& means ' dam,' * female parent,' ^ and Barton says of the latter that it is derived from primitive times * when the connexion of the offering with a deity bearing this name [Ashtaroth] had been 1 Del. Paradies, pp. 123, 457. 2 See on xxxiii. 2 5, and T. and B. p. 1 09. 2 See Crit. Bib. on both passages. ■* Cp. Winckler, Kritische Schriften, i. 124/. Are the copper mines at Punon in Edom referred to ? 5 G. A. Smith, Hist. Geogr. p. 157. 6 JBL xxvi. 45/ ISO DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH observed by the introduction of no other epithet' ^ Both phrases, however, need to be more critically examined. Experience of textual phenomena elsewhere shows that 's 'X£i\^ has come from pi?lS inttJN, ' Ashtar of Sibe'on ( = Ishmael),' a regional name. As for TS^N "i^O^. it is hardly too bold to group nitD with the highly improbable t&il in xxxiii. 14 (considered later), and regard it as a corrupt form of a regional name, in fact of the name nipi, or more correctly intt?N. Similarly TS^n represents fpNn[n]T', i.e. htvCiTxy. Geshur- or Ashhur-Yerahme'el will be a gloss on "inoiM (parallel to riD^NrT, xxviii. 4). On Ex. xiii. 12 it has already been remarked that lilD, or imi, is probably a gloss on '^Di?DD pM, the original ' Canaan,' as we have seen, being probably in the southern border-land.^ In ix. I, 2, a statement of some importance is made. Elsewhere {e.g. in vii. i, Ex. iii. 8, etc.) a number of different peoples are mentioned as inhabiting the land of Canaan. Here, however, only one people is referred to by name, though in the opening words the plural * nations ' occurs. Similarly in Am. ii. 10 the prophet says that the Israelites were brought up ' to occupy the land of the Amorites,' with which passages like Gen. xlviii. 22 may be compared. It would seem therefore, that ' Anakite ' and ' Amorite ' are, equivalent, and in fact p3i7, like p^or, is probably a corrup- tion of 7NDm^^ while ^DM, not less probably, comes from D"it<(, a popular derivative of ^NDm\ And what are the traditional limits of the land of promise? An account is given in Gen. xv. 18, Ex. xxiii, 3 i, Dt i, 7, xi. 24, Josh. i. 4. The first three passages have been treated already ; we now come to xi. 24. In one direction, it appears, the land extended ' from the wilderness (see on Ex. xxiii. 31) unto Lebanon,' * i.e. the southern Lebanon (see on i. 7) ; in another, * from the stream, the the stream Perath (Ephrath) as far as Yaman-Ashhur^n.' That Yaman was often written Yam, has been shown elsewhere ; ^ j'nrrM may come from pniDN, like ^^N from 1 Semitic Origins, p. 282 ; cp. p. 105. 2 T. and B. p. 550. 3 /^/^, pp. 121, 247. * Reading "?n nyi (Gratz, Steuemagel). fi T. and B. p. 6 (n. 3). THE SECOND PREAMBLE (iv. 44-xi.) 151 intDN. The traditional text gives * the western sea,' a phrase possible enough in itself (see Joel ii. 20, Zech. xiv. 8), but less probable than a definitely N. Arabian place-name. In Zech. ix. I o and Ps. Ixxii. 8 the corresponding expression is ' to the ends of the land.' This, however, seems to be a substitute for some more definite phrase. A more important because more distinct geographical statement is given in xi. 30. It will be noticed that the preceding verse contains a command that at a future time ' the blessing ' shall be set on the former of the two mountains (no doubt anciently sacred) Gerizzim and Ebal, and * the curse ' on the latter. A similar and comple- mentary injunction is given in xxvii. 11-13, the fulfilment of which is narrated in Josh. viii. 33. Evidently Dt. xi. 30 should state exactly where these two mountains are situated. The description, however, presents some special difficulties : (i) the words momrr NllD im "'"iriN, generally rendered 'behind the road of sunset';^ (2) the reference to the so-called 'Arabah, which, if the Jordan -valley be meant, is remote from the mountains Gerizzim and Ebal, as well as from the * sacred tree of Moreh ' of the established tradition ; (3) the reference, seemingly so clear, but really so obscure, to ' the Gilgal ' (' over against the Gilgal '). Prof. Ed. Meyer thinks that the text has been adulterated in the interest of a tradition which placed Gerizzim and Ebal in the Jordan-valley near Jericho, a tradition which he also finds in xxvii. 1 1-13, Josh. viii. 30^, and which owes its origin to the exigences of the Jewish controversy with the Samaritans. Such a tradition, however, is a mere imagina- tion, and a keener textual criticism reveals a better way of dealing with the difficulties. It is obvious that * behind the road of sunset ' is by no means suitable as a geographical definition, and that "'*inh» and ©DtDn must be incorrect. For the former Steuernagel suggests TinN, ' behind it,' i.e. * westward of the Jordan.' But why should this be followed by ' towards sunset ' ? Can no better explanation be found ? As for tDD»n, we know that ' shemesh ' is sometimes not the ordinary word for * the ^ Ed. Meyer boldly asserts that, though the words 'ui yn are corrupt, the meaning must be 'on the road to the west' {Die Israeliten, p. 544). 152 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH sun,' but a popular corruption of * Shema ' = ' Ishmael,' ^ and that redactional insertions of the article are frequent. And as for ""nrrN, we may recall the fact that, like ^^N and "irTN, it repeatedly represents the regional name TiniDN ; ^ ' Ashhur ' would be a perfectly natural geographical gloss on ' Ishmael.' Thus we are enabled to give the words referred to the only natural interpretation, viz. * towards the entrance of Shemesh ' {i.e. of ' Ishmael '), comparing the familiar phrase non t^IlD (Num. xxxiv. 8, Josh. xiii. 5),' the entrance (or neighbourhood) of Hamath.' We may then (see on i. i) safely venture to restore ]m>n n.i?? for MT.'s x^-vn nii;^l ; nm^Jl, too, may be corrected into n*i$3i. Further, ^if?in may easily have come
from ir'^irT ; the two names * Gilgal ' and ' Gilead ' are
occasionally confounded both in the traditional Hebrew text
and in that which underlies 0. And in this connexion it
may be well to point out that the mountains referred to must
have been close to Shechem (Shakram), because of the
mention of * Moreh ' ^ (Gen. xii. 6), and also (if I am right)
of ' Gilead ' (cp. Num. xxvi. 31, where ' Shechem ' is reckoned
among the sons of Gilead). That the name Shechem is not
expressly mentioned, is no doubt at first sight surprising.*
The reason most probably is that Shechem (Shakram) was
first the chief and then (in the original Deuteronomy) the
one sacred place of the N. Arabian Israelites. At a later
time, however, the original Deuteronomy was adapted to the
use of the Israelites of Palestine, and Shechem was sup-
planted by Jerusalem. Consequently, both in xi. 30 and in
xii. 5 (see above) the name Shechem or its equivalent is
intentionally passed over. It only remains to add that, at
the end of v. 30, "^^I^N should, of course, be p^N (see Sam.
and i^). One sacred tree is meant.
The whole passage, in its (probably) most original form,
will read thus : ' Surely they {i.e. Gerizzim and Ebal) are in
Arabia of the Yarhon, towards the entrance of Ishmael
\gloss, Ashhur], in the land of the Canaanites who dwell
[in Arabia] over against Gilead beside the sacred tree of
Moreh.'
1 T. and ^. p. 273. 2 /^/^. p. 276.
3 Ibid. p. 221. •* Dillmann has already noticed this.
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (XXVII.-XXXIV.)
In chap, xxvii. the discourse of the great legislator is
interrupted. It is probable, indeed, that vv. 1-4 and
vv. 7 <^-8 belong to a Deuteronomistic writer, and that
vv. S-7 ^ belong to an older source (JE). Still one can
see that the Deuteronomist has no objection to the state-
ment that an altar was erected, and that sacrifices were
offered, on Mt. Ebal.^ What, then, becomes of the inference
generally drawn from Dt. xii. 5, that Deuteronomy forbids
more than the one sanctuary at Jerusalem ? In reply most
are satisfied with remarking that the occupation of Canaan
was still future ; an altar elsewhere than at Jerusalem was
therefore not yet illegitimate. But is this at all satisfactory ?
Must there not be some other explanation which will
harmonise xxvii. 4 with xii. 5 ? If it has been rightly held
that the original sanctuary of the early Israelites was at or
near the southern Shechem, or more accurately at or near
Asshur-Yarham (see on xii. 5), and if Ebal (Sti?) is a
corruption of ^^nriN = SNi?Dtn^^ it is plausible to connect
the sanctuary with Mt. Ebal, and to suppose that the
sacrifice on that mountain was an anticipation of the
time when, in the Holy Land of the southern border,
sacrifices would be offered at Asshur-Yarham ( = Beth-
Yerahme'el). A parallel anticipation is to be found in
Gen. xxii., where the interrupted sacrifice of Isaac is an
^ For ' Ebal ' in xxvii. 4 Sam. reads ' Gerizzim,' which Kennicott
and Ed. Meyer adopt. The chief argument is that in vv. 1 2 /. Ebal is
the mountain of cursing, and Gerizzim of blessing (Dt'e Israelii, p. 546).
2 Ishmael and Yerahme'el are equivalent {T. and B. p. 272).
153
154 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
anticipation of the sacrifices one day to be offered on
Asshur-Yerahme'el.^
As to the text. That h'y^ {v. 4) is a much-worn form
of fpi^nn"* ( = SNroa)'') is plain. In Gen. xxxvi. 23 this name
is borne by a son of Shobal ( = Ishmael). It is needless to
alter it. In v. 2 why, we may ask, are the great stones to
be plastered ? Driver replies ^ that ' in Egypt it was the
custom to put a layer of stucco, or paint, over the stone
used in architecture, of whatever quality, even granite.'
But, as Kennett remarks, ' the instructions about the
plastering, if genuine, should immediately precede v. 8,' ^
to which we may add that in no similar context is a coating
of paint or gypsum spoken of. Textual criticism must
therefore be applied. In xi. 30 (see p. 152) the mountains
Gerizzim and Ebal are said to be 'in the entrance of
Ishmael,' and to * Ishmael ' there is a gloss * Asshur.' Now
if TO) is corrupt, the easiest correction is plainly 'y\Xh = Til&M
(as in Gen. xvi. 7). mtDI as plainly comes from ini&Nl
(see on mOJM, iii. 17), and DnN from ^2?Dn« = f?NrDlD\
Thus the land which the Israelites are to enter, and where
Mt. Ebal is (vv. 2, 4), is stated in the gloss to be in Asshur-
Ishmael.
Another improvement can be made in v. 8 d. It is
usually supposed that v. 8 differs from the opening of v. 3
in that it commands very distinct writing. There is certainly
no objection to the double infinitive Itsin ^N^. But there is
great doubt about the verb inI (see on i. 5), and the
rendering * very plainly ' can hardly be sustained. But
why should there not be another geographical gloss ?
liaTn^l comes easily and naturally from hiJ'lTV * ^^lD^<l,
i.e. ' in Ashhur-Ishmael.'
We now pass on to chap, xxviii. Without entering
deeply into analytic criticism, one may regard it as certain
that from v. 20 onwards many larger or smaller insertions
have been made. One of these is v. 68. It is usually
supposed to declare that the Israelites shall once more be
^ T. and ^. p. 328. 2 Deuteronomy, p. 296.
3 Journal of Theol. Studies, July 1906, p. 495.
* Cp. naa' in 2 K. xxi. 19, and "^Kao'TO, Gen. xxxvi. 39 {T. and B.
P- 432).
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 155
brought into Egypt, and this time in ships, and shall there
be sold into slavery. The ships (Driver, slave-galleys) are
taken to be those of the Phoenicians (cp. Am. i. 9 ; Ezek.
xxvii. 13 ; Joel iv. 6). It is not certain, however, that the
three prophetic passages referred to really speak of the
Phoenicians ; more probably they speak of N. Arabian
peoples (Missor, Yaman, Tubal, Meshek).^ Moreover, the
parallelism of phrase between v. 6% ('on the road whereof,'
etc.) and xvii. 16 ('return no more on that road'; Misrim
is spoken of) makes it improbable that a sea-voyage is
spoken of. Now it so happens that nV3N in MT. is some-
times a corruption ; can it be a rash conjecture that it may
be so here ? Let us refer to previous experience. In Gen.
xlix. 13 nV3N, and in Gen. xii. 16, xlix. 11, Judg. v. 10
n^riN and l^riM, represent either [D"']3n"'N or [D"']DDnN, both
of which ultimately stand for ' Ishmaelites.' ^ Here, how-
jpver, it seems best to read jrT'Nl or pnNl,^ where 1 may
either be the preposition 5 or a fragment of li^ = ni?
(7". and B. p. 571).
The result, however surprising, seems plain. ' Arab-
Ethan ' or * Arab-Ethman ' is a gloss upon ' Misrim,' which
was, in fact, considered a Yerahme'elite country.* The
scribe wished to put the reader on his guard against sup-
posing Misraim, i.e. Egypt, to be referred to — the very
Chap, xxxii. contains difficult passages which call for
a searching re-examination. It presents us with a song
which, according to xxxi. 16-22, xxxii. 44, was written by
Moses to warn the later Israelites that their apostasy and
its bitter consequences had been foreseen. It is really,
however, a work of the period preceding the great exile.
The * not-people ' in v. 21 (see below) is a N. Arabian
people ; \x\ v. /\2b its name is revealed as ' Ishmael,' and
in a gloss as ' Asshur,' or ' Ephrath of Arabia.' Cp. 2 K.
xxiv. 2, where Dnt&D has come from DltnD, i.e. Ashhur-
Yerahme'el.^ It closes with a promise of mercy and
deliverance.
1 See T. and B. pp. 172 (Missor), 160-162 (Yaman, Tubal, Meshek).
2 Ibid. p. 225. 3 jbid^ p. 504 (n. I).
* See T. and B. pp. 32 (n. 2), 441. 5 See above, p. 63.
156 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
In V. 5, which presents the infidelity of Israel as a
contrast to the fidelity of Yahweh, there is much to invite
textual criticism. We have a right to presume that some
definite violation of religious duty is referred to, but in the
form which most critics give to the verse no such reference
is made. That v. ^ a is highly corrupt, is obvious. ' Cor-
ruptly has dealt towards him — not his sons are their
blemish,' though given by Driver, is not really accepted
by him. But whether ' a twisted and crooked generation '
is definite enough, may be doubted. It may be granted
that the address to Israel in v. 6 is perfectly natural. It is,
in fact, the folly of this people's conduct which has first of
all, from an antique point of view, to be exhibited. But it
is not natural that in the prelude to this address Israel should
be described rhetorically as * a twisted and crooked genera-
tion'; we require something much more definite. In these
circumstances, much weight seems to attach to the fact that
f?nSnD is a avraf \e<y6iJbevov. Both this word and the pre-
ceding one should be names of deities. If so, TTiD (omit
the dittographed f?n), should, like Sdd in i. i, represent
fj^lDN, i.e. '?Ni;DQ)'', one of the names of the god of the
Yerahme'elites.^ ©pi? should also be a god's name ; like
WDN (i. S. xxvii. 5), pXO^ (Gen. xxvi. 20), and 'pm^^ (Ps.
Ixxii. 4), it is a corrupt form of ^^tDN, another god of the
same people.^ "i*n probably comes from "•ajTTT ; S is
frequently used in connexion with the cultus. Returning
now to V. 5 a, we apply for help first to ^. This version
presupposes niD "^31 lS vh inntt> (so too Sam.).^ Here '•33
for vui is a step in the right direction. ^ vh, however, is
no improvement, vh, as often elsewhere, comes from ^n,
and hi^ with Din (from ^rD^D) * prefixed is probably f?NDm\
Thus we get —
The sons of Yerahme'el have acted corruptly towards him,
Those who seek Ashhur and Ethbaal.
1 T. and B. pp. 29/. 2 /^/^_ pp 23, 530.
3 So too Steuemagel (but omitting kS as miswritten for i*?). But
DID '33, ' die Schandlichen,' is impossible.
♦ none, apparently 'deceit,' in Ps. xvii. 1, xliii. i, cix. 2, really comes
from Svavrw So hotd ( i Chr. viii. i o), the name of a ' son ' of Sha-
haraim (Shahar = Ashhur) ; and riDiD, a personal name (Ezra x. 36, etc.).
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 157
The idea in a is that the Israelites are now no better than
* sons of Yerahme'el.' And yet Israel's father and fashioner
is not Yerahme'el (v. 6). In b one is reminded of Isa. ii. 6,
which should most probably run thus ^ —
Ip^-" m *1DI? tt>^3 O For he has forsaken his people, the
house of Jacob,
D'^nDD IN^D "'3 Because they are full of [Arabian] priests,
D'^fpiriND "IDWI And give oracles like the Ethbalites,
"IDt&D"' |C3T "^^STrm And practise sorcery in the temples of
Rakman.
* Rakman ' is a corrupt, popular form of Yerahme'el ; and
* Ethbal ' (like Ethba'al), of Ishmael. Both names may be
applied alike to the people and to its god.
How foolish was Israel, the poet implies. For Yerah-
me'el (regarded as distinct from Yahweh) was only an
inferior deity — a ben-el, or member of the larger divine
company. But Yahweh himself is Israel's lord {v. 9), who
is supreme over all the nations and their divine guardians ^
(read Sn "'3^1 with 0; v. ^ b) ; cp. iv. 19, xxix. 25 [26].
True, there was a time when Israel had no divine guardian,
or none that recognised his obligations. Yahweh ' found '
Israel languishing in the Ishmaelite desert, friendless and
weak. But soon he made his people ride on the heights
of the land, i.e. take triumphal possession of the N. Arabian
highland-country {vv. 10, 13). ptD'' hh'' irrni {v. 10 a)
has been misunderstood ; ' in the waste of the howling of
a desert ' (Driver) could only be defended from a supposed
textual necessity. Steuernagel more wisely places the dots
which symbolise ignorance. lDtD^ however, is plainly a form
of ^Ni;DtD%^ and SS'', like h'hi^ (an image of the god Yerah-
me'el) and hh^Ti (' Yerahme'el ben Ashhur,' Isa. xiv. 1 2),
comes from SNOm\ Thus we get (keeping irrni*)), ' and in
the waste of* of Ishmael ' ; for ' Yerahme'el ' (ph^) one may
fairly regard as a variant to ' Ishmael,' and therefore to be
omitted from the text. The lines or verses, however, are
1 Cp. T. atid B. pp. 41, 62 (with n. i), 376 (n. i).
2 In Clem. Recogn. (ii. 32), however, Israel's gfuardian is the greatest
of the archangels {i.e. Michael). Lueken, Michael, pp. loi f.
8 T. and B. p. 29.
158 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
trimeters ; we must therefore suppose that the word which
should follow inni*) has fallen out.^
After telling us of the conquest, the poet proceeds to
enumerate the luxuries with which Israel will be fed in the
fertile land. Various reasons lead us to question the text.
Is such a lengthy list of delicacies likely, especially in such
a serious context ? Surely not. Is the phraseology natural ?
And though there are parallel passages relating to the rich
products of the soil of Canaan, are we sure that this is more
than appearance ? These three points need careful con-
sideration. As to the first, it must be admitted that the
catalogue of luxuries of food in z^. 14 reads very oddly.
Certainly not all of them can be described as ' fruitful
growths of the country ' (nil^n ni&), nor is the word
irTp3"'*i, on which the designations of the foods are gram-
matically dependent, appropriate for the * fat of lambs,'
etc. The material, too, is superabundant for the metre.
Gunkel has attempted ^ to remedy this by omitting jtDl ■'Dl
D"'*7*inr"i. More plausibly, however, he might have omitted
T\^T{ vcsh'2 lbn"Di>, where T[^T{ might perhaps be viewed as
a corruption of a misplaced rT[N]Dn, thus leaving only
riT'^D ibrr'Di?, an improbable phrase, which might have
come from nilSl ibri'Di?, * with the milk of female camels.' ^
This, however, is equally insufficient for a line, and is not
here proposed.
I have called the phrase nV^D lSn"Dr improbable. Still
more so is it if we add cjan, in spite of the fact that l^n
T\\:iT\ occurs in Ps. Ixxxi. 17, and D"^£Dn 'n in Ps. cxlvii. 14.
Most, indeed, take this to be ' a poetical designation of fine
flour' (Kennedy, E. Bib. col. 1539), for which Gesenius
{Thes., s.v. l^n) gives us a Greek and an Arabic parallel.
But how can we accept this view when we observe how
unsuitable the Hebrew phrases quoted are to their contexts ?
Surely they are corrupt, and therefore beyond interpretation.
To make further progress let us study our passage in
connexion with Gen. xlix. 11 f. There, too, we meet with
milk and wine in a context where we should not have
^ Klostermann's emendation {Der Pentateuch, p. 288) giving the
sense, ' und in Irrgangen (?) holte er ihn heim,' is wide of the mark.
2 Sievers, Metrische Studien, i. 578. ^ See E. Bib. col. 3088.
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 159
expected them ; most probably the true text spoke of the
subjugation of Yerahme'el. Similarly in Ps. Ixxxi. 17 and
cxlvii. 14 it is deliverance from the N. Arabians that is
most probably referred to ; l^n has come from f?Dn =
^h^om"^, nvm from non, and D"'I3n from DTiDH (the southern
Hamath ^ is referred to) ; cp. r[^'C>T\, a place-name, Josh.
XV. 54. May it not be so here? The original lines, which
described the conquest of the N. Arabian border- land,
cannot indeed be recovered. Probably they became first
corrupted and then intermixed with names of districts or
clans which intruded into the text, so that the scribe had
before him a farrago of unintelligible and corrupt words,
and had to make the best sense that he could out of it.
Observe that ]n2 sometimes {e.g. Ps. Ixxviii. 70) represents
pi?12 (Sibe'on = Ishmael) ; that D''~nn2? may come from
D^nnmi? ( = D^nnt2JN, Ashhurites), nvS^ from ^DtDN,^ IDI; DT
from ]li>n2 uxnf nn»n from n^niD\ and ion from DnT*
(Yarham). On the whole, there is no reason to deny the
genuineness of z^. 13 b, but we must, I fear, admit that z'. 1 4
was inserted later. Not, however, in its present form, for
Dn*ini>"i ]ID1 ^3n, Ti^r^-n nr^D n'pn, and ion have all the
appearance of representing, not foods, but peoples ; i.e. the
insertion, v. 14, originally spoke of the conquest of peoples
and clans.
Such being the case, Sam. and ^ may be right in
prefixing to z;. i 5 the words 'slX!r\ npi?"" h^vC'X As Kloster-
mann remarks, this is supported by the apparent references
in xxxi. 20, Neh. ix. 25. The next stichus is given only
in a mutilated form in almost all MSS. of 0. Bickell,
however, refers^ to a Syro-hexaplar MS., which gives koX
€\.nrdv0T] 6 TjyaTnjfjbevo'; koX airekaKTicrev. This is in accord-
ance with the Hebrew text, which runs | iai^TI ]'ntD'' JDm'>1
n"'to3 ivys naotn. Here we first note the two doubtful words
^^y and TT'toa. The latter word occurs only here ; the former
occurs also in i S. ii. 29, where, however, i5i;l is supposed to
^ See Isa. xi. lib (a list of Arabian peoples), and cp. T. and B.
p. 196.
2 See T. and B. p. 247. 3 /^/^_ p_ 503.
* ' Krit. Bearbeitung der Proverbien,' Wiener Zt. f. die Kunde des
Morgenlandes, v. 100,
i6o DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
mean ' to tread under foot,' i.e. ' despise,' a sense which does
not suit here. Probably both words are corrupt ; one
comes from ^i'lriN, the other from mj7^."i (' hardened himself).
TCTlD (a curious word here) is also corrupt ; a dittographed
f?i;inN most probably underlies it. Thus we get only one
stichus, xtp^^ pn©": Ipip^.l. ' Yeshurun ' is an old name for
'Israel'^ (see xxxiii. 5, 26; Isa. xliv. 2). The parallel
stichus has dropped out, or rather been supplanted by
glosses.
Israel's great offence against their divine Benefactor,
that by which they proved incontestably that they had
forsaken him, was sacrificing to the 'not-gods,' who are
called in MT. shedlin (0 haiixovLo). This word {v. ly) is
commonly connected with the Ass. ^tdu^ and explained
* demigods.' But the Ass. Hdu is out of place both here
and in Ps. cvi. 2)7 '■> equally so is the sense 'demon,' 'evil
spirit,' attaching to the Aram. nT^id. Whether "iBJ occurs
as a divine name or title in Phoenician is highly doubtful ;
the proper name "Tl&~ri may be read ntDll, where Ttt) may be
a shortened form of iQJh^ or TiQjN, which we know well as a
divine name, and which may have spread northwards in the
Arabian migrations. Most probably D'^TtD in both the
passages in which MT. gives it should rather be D"'")P, i.e.
D^'l^N, ' Asshurs,' i.e. ' Asshur-images.' Similarly D"'*Tlt& in
Hos. xii. 12, and Tit& in Ps. cvi. 20 b^ should be, respect-
ively, D">"niUM and lll&N. Just so uh-hi^, commonly ex-
plained ' worthless gods,' from h'hi^, ' worthlessness ' (BDB,
p. 47), means rather (see p. 157) ' Yerahme'el images,' and
D"''?ir7 is a partly ironical corruption of D"'^on = D"'f?NDm%
'images of Hebel or Yerahme'el.' Cp. xxxii. 21, where
' their hebels ' are called ' not-gods ' (^i^-vh) precisely as ' the
shedim' are called rhvk vh {v. 17); cp. NitD "'fpin, 'useless
hebels,' in Ps. xxxi. 7.
This result appears to me of considerable importance.
lit comes from [ny k, • one belonging to Asshur,' thus indicating
the origin of the Israelites (see T. and B. pp. 24, 404). Cp. ncn nBD =
nincK '0 {Crit. Bib. p. 251).
2 The text of vv. 1 9 /, translated, should run, ' They made a calf at
Horeb, | and worshipped a molten image, | and (so) exchanged their
glory I for the likeness of Asshur-Ashkal.' | h^K and a^'V represent
^KonT and '?nj;de'' respectively. The latter is a gloss on the former.
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) i6i
The shedlm, as we have been wont to call them, are not
mere demi-gods, but in the fullest sense gods. Indeed, the
parallelism of Ex. xxxiv. 15^ sufficiently shows this. To
say that ' the precise nature of the ideas associated with the
shedlm is uncertain ' (Driver), is no longer possible. The
idea is that of full divinity ; nothing less, indeed, will satisfy
the conditions of the case. They are supernatural beings
who pretend to be, but are not, gods. Another name for
the so-called shedmi in MT. is selrlin (Lev. xvii. "jf 2 Chr.
xi. 15), generally explained ' the hairy ones,' ' earth-demons '
(like the Arabian jinn)?" They were, however, much more
than this ; for they are made equivalent to the divine steer-
idols of Jeroboam, and have regular priesthoods attached to
them (2 Chr. l.c^. To separate them from the so-called
shedlm is impossible ; indeed, D"^-i''i;lD, like the shorlm in
Hosea and the shedlm in the ' Song of Moses,' comes from
D"'"i£&N.* These ' Asshur-images ' were, of course, not mere
images ; they were inhabited by the god Asshur, who
could, in virtue of his divinity, take up his abode whereso-
ever he would.
\vi V. 21 we are told that Israel's divinely sent foes are
a ' not-people ' (ni; n^), i.e. being impious (f?lD), and not
having true insight {v. 20), they are not worthy to be called
a people. In v. 32 they are further compared to a vine,
whose stock is derived from Sodom and (consequently) its
' tender grapes ' from Gomorrah. The writer hardly knew
that the Sodom-story originally referred to N. Arabia.^ At
any rate, this probable result of criticism makes a reference
to Sodom highly appropriate in this context. n*)D~rtZ> has
^ KoiX 7) K\rj^aTL<i avTcov eK Vo/j,6ppa<;. *i"7DD can be rendered
'tender grapes.' See E. Bid., 'Grapes,' 3, with note i, and
cp. Ibn Ganah, in Ges. Thes. 959/
1 ' (Take heed to thyself) lest thou make a compact, and they go
harlot-like after their gods, and sacrifice unto their gods, and one call
thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice.'
'^ ' And they shall no more offer their sacrifices unto the seiriin,
after whom they have gone harlot-like.' The parallelism with Ex.
xxxiv. 15 (see note i) is complete.
3 W. R. Smith, The Religion of the Semites, ed. 2, pp. 120, 441.
^ See above, p. 27. ^ /^/^ p_ 298.
i62 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
A few gleanings remain. In v. 42 the last two stichi
cannot be right * With the blood of the slain and of the
captives, | with the head of * of the enemy. || ' The three
improbable words are n"'llD"i, t&NID, and n*i2?nD. It is possible
indeed that the poet archaises, and that he means to say
that the captive foemen shall be devoted by destruction to
Yahweh. This, however, is not very probable. It was
usual to carry away the captives (cp. xxviii. 49, Isa. xx. 4,
Hab. i. 9), and if the poet had meant a savage archaism, he
would have expressed himself more clearly. Even in Ps.
Ixviii., which is surely on the whole cruel enough, no mention
is made of the slaughter of captives. On the other hand,
we know that tDl"' is a common corruption of f?Ni;Da)"', and
that the foe spoken of is N. Arabian. Probably, therefore,
we should read 'oQ)"^ ''^^n DID, * with the blood of the slain
of Ishmael.' As to tUNno, we know that tUNT is one of the
distortions of i©n (see e.g. Ezek. xxxviii. 2), and as to
rm;nD, on which so much useless ingenuity has been spent,
it is simply miswritten for mSN, or (less probably) riDlS,
both of which we know to be the names of districts in
N. Arabia.^ That TIN may be miswritten for ni^, has been
pointed out on Ps. iii. 8, vii. 6, etc. Thus we get, ' With
the blood of the slain of Ishmael, | [with Asshur, Ephrath
of Arabia]. || ' The second stichus I take to be a gloss on
' Ishmael.' Indeed, the next verse {v. 43) also is perhaps
not free from glosses. iD'^^in is surely wrong. Like pDirr
in Am. iv. 3 (MT. rr^imnrr), and somewhat as p3lN and
pi;n, it may be a scribal or popular corruption of 7NDnT,
another scribal gloss on * Ishmael.' ya^ w^X might perhaps
come from D^Sl "'llJ, ' nations of Aram.' At any rate, let the
problem be here stated. The original stichus seems to have
disappeared.
Here the Priestly Writer intervenes {vv. 48-52). He
tells how Moses was commanded to ascend a high mountain
1 See T. and B. pp. 262, 419; 62, 312. In Am. iii. \2b (original
text) we find ' Ephrath of Hamath ' coupled with ' Ramshak (if that is
the right form) of Asshur.' Both these compound names are glosses
on ' Shimron.' There may, however, have been more than one
Ephrath, or, better, Ephrath may have had (like Asshur or Ashhur) a
larger and a narrower reference. In Num. xxiv. 17 (original text) we
meet with * Ephrath-Moab,' parallel to ' the sons of Ashtar.'
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 163
and enjoy the sight of the Promised Land before he died.
What is the mountain's name ? We read in MT.,
"inrin rv(r\ D'^nn^'n nn-^N rhv,, precisely as in Num. xxvii. 1 2,
except that there 113 ^^T is not given. D^nii^rr "^"^i? is the
name of a station of the Israelites in Num. xxi. 1 1, xxxiii. 44.
We know, however, that nii? is often an early corruption of
1*1^ (Arabia); see T. and B. p. 197 (on Gen. x. 21) and
p. 245 (on Gen. xiv. 13). Read D"'ni7n "in, 'the mountain
of the Arabians.' 113 in is more difficult. Winckler ^ long
ago warned against identifying 113 too confidently with the
Babylonian god's name Nabu. In Isa. xlvi. i the original
text probably had 113D Ipbl riD, where 113D is = Sanibu,
the name of an Ammonite king, and is compounded of
p = jQ) = ptD"' and 11 = 11N = [ijlli?.^ Ishmael-Arab may
have been the original meaning of the name underlying
Nebo. This gives a suitable alternative to Asshur-Yerah-
me'el (see on iii. 27) ; it also accords excellently with the
place-name * Nebo of Ashhur ' (MT. -iJiN 113 needs cor-
rection) in Neh. vii. 33. I think that the opinion that
' Mount Nebo ' indicates the wide spread of the cultus of
Nabii is as doubtful as the similar opinion about ' Mount
Sinai.' 3
In xxxiii. 6-25 we have a second series of poetic
descriptions of the characteristics and fortunes of the tribes
of Israel, parallel to that in Gen. xlix. Simeon is excepted,
but (otherwise than in Gen. xlix.) Joseph is regarded as a
double tribe, and Zebulun and Issachar are combined in one
saying. Levi and Joseph are treated with more fulness
than the other tribes. The order of the tribes deviates from
that in Gen. xlix., which is also the ordinary one. The
composition is usually referred to the time of either Jero-
boam I. (Dillm., Driver) or Jeroboam II. (Kuenen, Reuss,
Stade, G. F. Moore). According to G. A. Smith, ' the
northern origin of the poem is universally admitted, and
indeed is very obvious ' {Expositor, March 1905, p. 236, n. 2).
Verses 2-5 and 26-29 form a satisfactory whole in
themselves ; we may call it a psalm. The subject is the
deliverance of the people, which is described as due to a
1 Gesch. Isr. i. (1896), p. 120 (n. 2). 2 Cp_ x. and B. p. 51.
3 T. and B. p. 527.
i64 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
theophany. Henceforth Israel will dwell securely in the
enjoyment of the divine favour.
The combination of the psalm and the garland of
* blessings ' may have been one of the latest acts of a re-
dactor of Deuteronomy. The text is in much need of
criticism. Pioneer work has been done by C. J. Ball, Proc.
of Soc. of Bibl. Arch., 1896, pp. 1 18-137. First, as to vv.
2-5, 26-29. The description of the theophany is historically
important, for it shows that at the late period to which
this poem or psalm apparently belongs there was still a
recollection of the N. Arabian origin of the worship of
Yahweh. It is true, we can gather this with abundant
certainty even from the present form of the Book of Exodus.
It was at Sinai or Horeb that the fundamental laws of
Israel are said to have been given ; at Horeb, too,
specially called 'the mountain of the Godhead' (i K.
xix. 8 ; cp. Ex. iii. i), that the prophet Elijah sought his
God ; and it was at any rate in N. Arabian sanctuaries (see
p. 157) that common Israelites, contrary to the teaching of
the prophets, sought priestly oracles. And now from Deut.
xxxiii. 2, as well as from Hab. iii. 3, Ps. Ixviii. 8, cp. Ezek.
i. 4 (theophany ' from Saphon ' = Sibe'on), we learn that poets
and prophets, writing for the community at large, expressed
or implied the very same view (viz. that in N. Arabia was
the Holy Land, and that Sinai was the great divine
sanctuary), even in the post-exilic period. * Yahweh came
from Sinai,' says our psalmist, ' and beamed forth to his
people ^ from Se'ir ; he shone forth from Mount Paran, he
came from . . . Kadesh.' Here Sinai, Se'ir, Paran, and
Kadesh are combined as in Habakkuk, Teman and Mount
Paran ; while in the much older song of Deborah (Judg.
V. 4) the place whence Yahweh proceeds to help his people
is called ' the highland of Edom ' (ditn rnCDo). The
phrase used by another poet in Ps. Ixviii. 8 is uncertain.
pctD"*! TirSl is insufficient to form a trimeter, and the
preposition "i unexpectedly takes the place of -p. po'^tD'', as
1 Svh is not adequately defended by the Dn*? of Isa. xiii. 2 (Dillm.,
Driver), where the writer's object is to awaken a sense of mystery.
idS should be iai;'? (cp. on Ps. xxviii. 8) ; so von Gall. mS (Haupt and
Ball, after @, Onk., Pesh., Vg.) is an arbitrary alteration.
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 165
we have seen, is a corruption of ]Dtt)'> = fpN^om*'. Probably
we should read ;otD"' rr~rtop, ' from the highland of Ishmael,'
corresponding to the DllM mtDD of Judg. v. 4. May we
infer from these passages (Ps. Ixviii. 8 perhaps excepted)
that Mount Sinai was situated in the Edomite country?
Or shall we slightly modify this view and suppose that
Sinai (Horeb) was in the land of which Yithro was the
' priest/ i.e. in Midian/ or (as Smend suggests ^) not far from
Midian, to the west (Ex. iii. i, ^^N) ?
I think myself that the answer must be, No. Either
there were two mountains called Se'ir, and two districts
called Kadesh and Teman respectively, or else we must
read ' Asshur ' for * Se'ir ' and ' Ethman ' ( = Ishmael) for
' Teman,' while retaining ' Kadesh.' The latter course is
preferable. That Kadesh was in very early times the centre
of the Israelite people, appears certain. Kadesh (as the
name — see below — may perhaps indicate) was an Asshurite
place. As for Smend's inference from nriN in Ex. iii. i, it
is surely incorrect. ' Behind the wilderness,' as a topo-
graphical note, is hardly tolerable. As so often, nn« in
Ex. iv. I comes from nntDN. As pointed out elsewhere, we
should read iniDN nn~TD ' to the wilderness of Ashhur.' ^ It
was to this district that Moses led his flock, and there that
the ' mountain of the Godhead ' rose. And this is no
isolated notice. From i K. xix. 3 f.^ after the text has been
criticised, we learn * that in order to get to Horeb Elijah
had to go to Ishmael (MT. itDD3"^N), or, in other words,
towards Yaman (MT. DV "T"n). The presumption is that
Horeb was in the Yerahme'elite country. As for ' Edom '
in the poetical passages referred to, it is extremely probable
that we should, as in many other cases, rather read ' Aram,'
and as for Teman, it is a popular corruption of ^NiJOtD"', the
connecting link being ;Dn« or Sonw (cp. DDn, Ex. xiii. 20,
Num. xxxiii. 6-8, and Siddn (i S. x. ii, xiv. 21). In
Am. i. 12 Teman is clearly = Aram (so read in vv. 6, 9, 11,
ii. i). It was therefore from Aram and from Asshur that
1 Wellhausen, Stade, Meyer, G. F. Moore.
- Religionsgeschichte {iZc)(j\ p. 35 (n. 2).
3 See T. and B. p. 527.
* Ibid. p. 429.
i66 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
the author of the psalm we are considering brought Yahweh,
Israel's God.
It will be noticed that ' Sinai ' and ' Se'ir ' {i.e. ' Asshur '),
* Paran ' and ' Kadesh ' (the prefix we will consider presently),
are parallel. It is probable that the name ' Asshur ' (or
Ashhur, or Ashtar) attached itself to the range of mountains
which included Sinai or Horeb (see on iii. 17) ; indeed, as we
shall see presently, Sinai itself sometimes bore a name one
component element of which was Asshur. As to Paran and
Kadesh, we find it expressly stated in Num. xiii. 26 that the
* spies ' came to Moses ' to the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh.'
Elsewhere (Num. xx. i, xxxiii. 36) Kadesh is placed in the
wilderness of Sin, which may be supposed to have formed
part of the wilderness of Paran. Elsewhere ^ I have, I think,
aram. The received text makes line 4 of the poem run, ' and
came out of holy myriads ' {Wlp Dino)- Putting aside less
suitable corrections, we may read with confidence mnp^ ninpp
(Ewald, Dillm., Steuernagel) ; (3 at any rate recognises
* Kadesh.' nno or ni"'"iD probably comes from '?I>T^Q
( I Chr. ix. 40) = '^i^l-QlN, where hvi represents either Sni^dID''
or f?NDm\ Kadesh was, in fact, in the land of Asshur-
Yerahme'el.
A great problem still awaits consideration. Line 5 runs
ioS D"! tDN 'lD"'n''p, which is usually rendered, ' At (or, from)
his right hand was the fire of the law for them.' m, ' law,'
however, only occurs in late Hebrew and in the Aramaic
parts of the O.T., and represents the Persian ddta, '(royal) law.'
That the text is corrupt has been seen by recent critics, but
they have thus far offered no satisfactory explanation. How,
indeed, could it be otherwise when the origin of the erroneous
reading ni"7t&N or n*TB?N (iii. 17, iv. 49, Josh. x. 40, etc.) has
been entirely missed. It is, beyond doubt, *iint&N or nntDN.
13"'D''D and *ID7 are also corrupt. The former comes from
pC)>o 2 _ .j«jp . ^Yie latter (like nSli? in Gen. xxi. 33)^ represents
the fuller form fpNom'' — apparently a gloss on ^o"*. Thus we
1 See T. and B. pp. 242, 561.
2 Renan, i'p;p, *du cot^ du sud' {Hist. i. 194). But I'o' sometimes
represents 19;, a regional name = Yerahme'el.
3 See T. and B. pp. 321 /.
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 167
get [^NorrT'] inmN ]o^d, * from Yaman-Ashtar,' or, adopting
the gloss, * from Yerahme'el-Ashtar.' This is probably a
gloss on Xinp nnoD, ' from Meribath-Kadesh.' Here, as
elsewhere, the greatest pains were taken to emphasise and
render intelligible the close N. Arabian connexion of the
people of Israel.
In the concluding part of the psalm (as I venture to
call the poetical setting of the tribal benedictions) there is
not much which calls for notice here. \nv . 26, however, a
happy idea of Hommel calls for mention. HiDN"! prefixed to
nnn (as if ' and who is the sword,' etc.) is certainly un-
necessary, and according to Graf, Dillm., Steuernagel, and
Bertholet, a prosaic gloss. But such an absolutely superfluous
gloss is not at all probable. Hommel therefore proposes to
point 1D?N ; ' Asher,' originally the god of the tribe named
after him, became identified with the great God Yahweh.
I would rather hold myself that Asher, with a plural
' Asherim,' is a collateral form of Asshur.^ But why should
we not point ij^n here ? ' Asshur 'or * El Asshur ' was
probably the name of the god of some at least of the tribes
which afterwards became united under the name ' Israel.'
It is in itself plausible, and also favoured by metre, to read
* [Yahweh] is the shield which is thy help, and Asshur the
sword which is thy pride.' ^ This implies a divine duad ^ —
Yahweh and Asshur, equivalent to Yahweh -Yerahme'el.
Such a thing is not impossible. Some late writers would have
shrunk from it as an infringement of monotheism. There were,
however, different schools even in the monotheistic period,
and archaisms like this were not impossible to all. If this
view should seem hazardous to any one, an alternative is
open. We may read ni^N Nirr, ' that is, Asshur,' a gloss on
T^''^'. * thy enemies,' in the next line. In chap, xxxii.
* Asshur' occurs in a gloss {v. 42, end) as the name of Israel's
enemies. This indeed will be another archaism, but the
parallels for such an archaism are more abundant than for
the other.
We now pass on to the blessings of the tribes. And first
to Reuben's {v. 6). But is the saying really a benediction ?
Hardly, if Driver translates correctly —
1 See T. and B. p. 24. 2 y^/^/ p. 24. ^ //^/^_ p_ j5
i68 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
Let Reuben live, and not die ;
But let his men be few.
Driver's opinion is that no"*"^M"i was added to emphasise TT''.
It was not enough to say ' let him live ' ; the same positive
declaration is repeated in another form. But if the poet is
so determined that people shall believe in the continued
vitality of this tribe, the next line ought certainly to be in
the same tone, and emphasise his energy or security. For
a parallel, cp. Ps. cxviii. 17 —
I shall not die, but live,
And tell out the works of Yahweh.
At the same time, we have no right to render with ^, ' and
let him (AL, Simson) be large in numbers ' (on which see
Hogg, E. Bib., ' Simeon,' § 3), though Bertholet shows a
correct.' But surely the text cannot be correct ; no plausible
rendering of it has yet been given.^ nn^'-f^Nl equally calls
for correction ; if the old solutions fail us, new ones must be
tried, and the experience gained in similar circumstances
utilised. The original word which has become hd'^'Sn"!
should be one which gives the saying on Reuben a historical
and geographical setting. The case is parallel to the sayings
in Gen. xlix., of which only those on Dan, Gad, and Ben-
jamin are without a definite historical reference. It is
therefore more likely than not that any particular saying in
Deut. xxxiii. should possess one, and in the case of Reuben
the only way to make sense is to look for any traces of a
historical reference which may still underlie the traditional
text.
Can we doubt what the word underlying the impossible
nc-^N is ? Surely not ; it is fpNi'DtD''. The two closing
letters (f?N) are often separated in MT., in cases where the
main part of the word is corrupted ; sometimes they appear
as Sn, sometimes as ah or t7. The form from which nD''"7N
immediately comes is either ^NDn"* or 'jioriN (see above, p. 165).
1 See Driver's discussion, Deui. p. 395 ; but is his own explanation
more plausible ?
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 169
The prefixed 1 may come from n. tx^^ however, is not a
probable word. That a tribal saying should begin ' Let him
live,' is contrary to all parallels. Some more definite word
is wanted ; it should be a word out of which TV may easily
have arisen — such a word as ^W = triN''. Thus we get, ' Let
Reuben lay hold of Yerahme'el.' Such a saying corresponds
excellently with the (most probably) true saying on Reuben
in Gen. xlix. 3 yT It may also be supported by the corrected
text of Gen. xxxv. 22,^ for the received text of that passage
is as violently improbable as that of Gen. xlix. 3 /. For
some of the exploits of Reuben see i Chr. v. 9 /., where ma
(Perath) means mDN (Ephrath), and Gilead is the southern
Now as to V. 6 b. We have seen that this cannot be
right. The easiest word to correct methodically is Vno,^
which, almost as plainly as nn"* 7N, must come from one of
several similar corruptions of f?Ni7tDQ)% such as pn"" or '^innr
It is almost as clear that iddd comes from D"|DD. That idd
is a clan-name, we know ; it is proved by idd VTMp (Josh.
XV. 15) and mDD. The mDD "'31 are expressly reckoned
among the ^Ni7nm"'-n"ii? "•51 ('sons of Arab-Ishmael '^), if we
accept an unavoidable correction of the improbable "^ili^ "•^n
rro^tt?, Neh. vii. 57. A word still remains, 'Ti'^l. As in v. 5 and
in Gen. xxxviii. 1 4, it most probably comes from Nin or Nim,
' that is ' {yC\T\ often introduces a gloss). The result is that
line 2 of the saying on Reuben consists of a gloss, ' that is,
Ishmael of the Sapherites.' It is probable that the Sapherites
(if this conjectural pronunciation is correct) were the same
as the Sarephites ^ or Sarephathites. It was at Sarephath,
probably the centre of this clan (which belonged to the
southern Sidon ^), that Elijah, according to the legend, ' found
religious kinsmen who revered his own God Yahweh.' ^ But
there was surely a time when neither among themselves nor
1 T. and B. p. 421.
2 'no would be grammatically more plausible; cp. iv. 27, Gen.
xxxiv. 30,
3 See E, Bib., ' Solomon's Servants.'
* Neh. iii. 31 /, where 'goldsmith,' 'goldsmiths,' should be
* Sarephite,' ' Sarephites.'
5 T. and B. pp. 17, 314, 504.
6 T. and B. p. 62 (n. 2). ' Yahweh ' = ' Yahweh- Yerahme'el.'
170 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
with the more civilised N. Arabians were the tribes which
afterwards became known as Israelites conscious of close
religious kinship.
What, then, does the Reuben-saying tell us ? It tells us
that Reuben was destined to take a firm hold on the part of
Yerahme'el occupied by the Sapherite clan. The second
line of the saying has dropped out ; its place is taken by
words produced artificially by a scribe out of the misread
glosses.
The blessing of Judah {v. 7), according to the analogy of
Gen. xlix. 8 f.^ should be of a martial character. The
blessing which we have now to deal with, however, is in a
strangely subdued tone. As the text stands, Judah appears
to be fighting outside his own territory. If so, it must be
with the object either of extending his own land, or of
supporting some of his allies. But where in the narrative
books can we find evidence of such wars of Judah as might
here be referred to ? For he is contending against dangerous
odds, and is in urgent need of supernatural help against his
enemies. It is a less natural theory, though very commonly
adopted, that the passage expresses the longing of a N.
Israelite that Judah might be reunited to the kingdom of
Israel (so e.g. Stade, Gesch. i. 1 60 ; Wellh., Dillm., Driver,
Steuernagel, Bertholet). But is such a longing probable,
and would it have been thus briefly expressed ? Kennett ^
proposes therefore to point i;p^, and to read ISN"-!":, * will He
bring him in.' He thinks the phrase ' his own people '
should mean * the people of Judah ' (in Judaea), and ' the
voice of Judah ' ' the prayer of the Jewish exiles in Babylon
to be restored to their kindred in the Holy Land.' The
consequence is that we get a ' double conception of Judah
as being both in Babylon and in Judaea at the same
time.' This can hardly be admitted. Kennett does not see
(though he must be on the point of seeing) that the present
unsatisfactory text covers over something different and yet
not altogether irrecoverable. It is in the apparently most
hopeless part of the saying that the key to the situation
exists, though one may frankly admit that but for experience
^ See art. in/, of T/ieol. Stud., already referred to (p. 9, n. 5), July
1906.
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 171
elsewhere one would be as much baffled as Stade and others
have been. The word * baffled ' may seem inconsistent with
the fact that Stade has offered a correction of the violently-
improbable words 1^ IT VT^, viz. h^ T*i ^n^, ' (with) thy hands
strive for him.' True, Stade does propose this correction,
but the harshness of TT is intolerable, and experience shows
that in such a case as that before us no superficial correction
is of use. We must therefore try to look beneath the
surface, and so doing one is struck by the analogy of lS> 1"'T
(so Sam. reads) to other groups of words containing nS or "17,
in which this nS or *i^ represents the final h'in in f^NDTlT,
while the preceding part of that word exists in a separate
and equally corrupted form. Most probably that is exactly
the case here, "h n or l'? TT comes from ^nIIT or rather
^Nn*" (fpi^lT*), while VT probably comes from TT'^I,^ and this
from Nim, which so often introduces a gloss (see on TT'I,
V. 6 b). Thus we get the gloss, * that is, Yerahme'el.' But
to what word does this gloss relate ? To clear the way, let
us look backward. Can the second line in the blessing be
quite right ? It runs, ' and to his people mayest thou bring
him in.' But what is Judah's people ? Is it not Judah ?
Must not "iDi? be mis written ? If so, does not the gloss point
the way to a probable correction of *idi7 ? The ethnic of
which Yerahme'el is the equivalent is surely Aram. Aram,
too, is the region which the other blessing of Judah represents
as the prize of Judah's valour^ (Gen. xlix. 10). A parallel
for the corrupt loi? may be found in Num. xxii. 5, where
poi? (accepted by Dillm.) is only less unlikely.^ In both cases
we should most probably read dn ""il, i.e. d^n "'DS. The gloss,
* that is, Yerahme'el,' was to prevent the early reader from
supposing the northern Aram to be referred to. The sense
therefore is —
1 Transposition plays a great role in corruption. Here '■■ri became
v.T, whence vt.
2 See T. and B. p. 503.
3 A Hebrew writer would not have brought a Yahweh-worshipper
from the land of the benS Ammon, and even a redactor would not
have put two plainly inconsistent accounts of the origin of Balaam side
by side.
172 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
Hear, O Yahweh, the voice of Judah,
And bring him in (triumphantly) to Aram [that is,
Yerahme'el],
And be a helper against his adversaries.
It will be noticed that the intrusive gloss-matter has sup-
planted the original third line.
There is also much difficulty in the blessing of Levi
{vv. 8-1 1 ). Meyer remarks, 'The saying gives us a distinct
picture of the position of the priestly class in the older regal
period, about 850 B.C. It is a single, compact work.' The
phrase 'those that hate him' {y. 11), according to Meyer,
means ' people who do not think much of the priests and
their oracles, offer sacrifice unwillingly, and would rather
act according to their own judgment than consult Yahweh.'
By the phrase iTon tD'^N is meant ' the descendants of
Yahweh's faithful one,' i.e. of Moses. That Moses is repre-
sented in the legend as the ' son,' i.e. descendant, of Levi, does
not matter ; it was through Moses that ' Levi ' received his
spiritual significance. Meyer also draws the conclusion that
the prize which Moses hoped to gain, and actually did gain,
in the contest with Yahweh, here,and here only, spoken of,
was the Thummim and the Urim.^
I am afraid that Meyer relies here on a too conservative
criticism. There are textual problems which he does not
seem to have recognised. I do not observe that he questions
either {a) T'TiN") Ton, or {b) yvcn xir\h, or {c) x\'Ciyp^-\ti.
Before we proceed, let us consider each of these difficulties.
{a) Against this reading is the unusual order of the
words (see Ex. xxviii. 30, Lev. viii. 8, Ezra ii. 63 = Neh.
vii. 65), and the obscurity caused by the absence of a verb.
The latter objection may be removed by prefixing "'iS^ ]n (so
Ball, Bertholet). The former by emending ^f'DD into TfnoM,
and T'TIN ir^to iniN. nON, with reference to judicial utter-
ances (Zech. vii. 9) ; Tin, with regard to expositions of the
law (cp. Ps. xix. 9, cxix. 30).
{b) "[Ton WnS. The variations of the commentators
justify the suspicion that all is not right here. ' To the
^ Ed. Meyer, Die Israeliten., pp. 51-54.
CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 173
man of thy pious one ' ! Who is the ' pious one ' ? — Moses,
Aaron, the tribe of Levi, or (so Stade, very strangely)
Yahweh? Ball {PSBA, 1896, p. 123) proposes ^nprr tD^N.
But ' the man who has received thy kindnesses ' is not the
sense required by the context. The only remedy I can see
is to point ID'^nS, which is in apposition to IT^on. Driver, at
any rate, renders as if he pointed thus. The pious one will,
of course, be the tribe of Levi personified. A tradition is
implied that Yahweh ' tested ' Levi at Massah, and ' strove '
with him at the waters of Meribah.
{c) poip'^-jD is supposed to mean ' that they rise not.'
I cannot, however, find any parallel for it quoted by the
grammarians, and 'p'^ is not probable after y^np. How shall
we correct the words ? Ball proposes -jd. Too superficial !
Why should such a common word here, and here only, have
become corrupted ? ]D (as in p"^nN) is probably the latter
part of f?^<D^T or '?n27DI»\ and pDip'' (like DiJDp"^, i K. iv. 1 2,
and D1p\ xi. 6, Gen. vii. 4, 23) is one of the many derivatives
of SNDm\ Either ' Yerahme'el ' dittographed, or ' Ishmael,
Yerahme'el ' (alternatives), may be regarded as a gloss, or
glosses, on I'^MtDD. The verb which originally stood in b
has fallen out.
The blessing of Benjamin seems to have been much
redacted. The original saying must have represented
Benjamin as a warlike tribe, fighting bravely against his
hostile neighbours. It may perhaps have said that his
territory was D"^*inDD J"^!, ' amidst the Kaphtorim ' (see
T. and B. pp. 191 /). VDnD pi is not natural (see Dillm,).
The blessing of Joseph {i.e. Ephraim and Menasseh
combined, v. 17 b) in vv. 13-17 is concerned first with the
fertility of his land and then with his irresistible strength.
First, Joseph's land is ' blessed of Yahweh with the most
precious things of heaven above (^5?p, Dillm.), and with
(those of) the ocean which coucheth beneath.' Then if we
follow the lexicons, the poet continues thus —
And with the precious things of the produce of the sun.
And with the precious things of the thrusting forth of the
months.
Driver finds here an allusion to ' the various crops of fruits.
174 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
vegetables, grain, etc., which ripen at different seasons of the
year.' But how oddly expressed an ' allusion ' ! ' Produce
(products) of the sun ' ! As if the sun were a land.
' Thrusting forth of the months ' ! A purely imaginary
rendering, for ©la occurs nowhere else, and the root-meaning
' to thrust forth ' is wildly absurd here. And how can
' months ' be parallel to ' sun ' ? Clearly the text has
suffered, and the physician must apply remedies. tDDCD
again and again elsewhere stands for "JNi'DtD"' (see e.g.
xi. 30),^ and so surely it is here. Observe that in Gen.
xlix. 25 we meet with the phrase Dm TOni, where Dm is
not * womb ' but a shortened form of Dm\ As for mii, we
may correct it as we have already corrected "XiXti in vii. i 3 ;
the original is nnm^ (cp. n^mi). Lastly, xiTTS^ is, of course,
DHT, the well-known shorter form of f?NDm\ See again
on Gen. xlix. 2${T. and B. p. 511). The poet continues, as most agree to render — And from the top of the ancient mountains, And with the precious things of the everlasting hills. A few, however, explain tUNT as ' best products ' (instead of ' top '), and Bertholet would even emend into n''C7NlD. This excellent scholar, at any rate, shows good judgment in questioning t&Ni, which, though it may mean ' best,' cannot mean ' best products.' But why should rr'lDNT have been used instead of ~riD ? Hence it is, no doubt, that Driver adheres to tDNl, and renders ' top.' But if the poet is under the influence of Gen. xlix. 26 (which Driver would be the last to deny), how comes he to put in a reference to the tops of the mountains ? What sense is there in the in- sertion ? Surely the blessing reads better without it. To this Driver may mean to reply by his brief reference to Ps. Ixxii. 1 6, which suggests to him the explanation, ' May the mountain-sides to their very tops be fertile 1 ' But it hardly needs a very keen sight to discover that Ps. Ixxii. 1 6 ^ is deeply corrupt. The truth seems to be that, as so often, a gloss has intruded into the original text, and expelled a part of it. The gloss is not indeed iDNn, but a 1 For other instances see T. and B. p. 273. CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 175 word underlying tDNn. What that word is, we shall see presently. The word which it expelled can only be restored by conjecture. But can we doubt what that word is? Parallelism imperatively demands "rlD. Our next step must be to criticise the phrases DTp~"'nirT and x^'ys mi^li. In Gen. xlix. 26 we find the same phrases, except that D*7p""'lirT becomes (according to most critics, following @) "t:? "^nnn. But how comes ^i7, 'eternity,' to have been altered into mp, ' antiquity ? ' The two words are not parallel. The explanation is that here, as often {e.g. Gen. xxv. 6, xxix. i ), mp has come from Dpi = Dm"^ (Yarham),^ and th^s from ^NDriT (Gen. xxi. 33, etc.). As has been pointed out elsewhere,^ the original text probably had Si? '^''^'\X^ = yis 'n, * mountains of Arabia,' and in the parallel line ^ndht n*ii;ll. That lii» and Dpi (om"') are synonyms, need not here be shown, i^n, miswritten as c^ni, is probably a gloss on these two words (see above). V. 16 a is troublesome. There is nothing corresponding to it in Gen. xlix. 26. It will be observed that the distich is devoid of parallelism. The first line gives a general reference to ' Nature at large ' (Driver, who, however, regards this as a climax) ; the second, a loosely connected mention of the favour of the covenant-God who revealed Himself to Moses (so at least Dillmann and Driver). Let us take the first line. The vagueness is intolerable. But why must pN mean ' earth ' ? And why accept rTN^PDI, which comes in so awkwardly? Surely it is a corruption of ^ndhT. * With the precious things of the land of Yerahme'el ' is probably a gloss on vv. 14, 15. Line 2 runs, in MT., rr3p ''DDto r^l^- That Yahweh really had such a title as ' dweller in the thorn-bush (?),' is extremely doubtful. The title would, of course, be suggested by Ex. iii. 2, where Yahweh is, according to most, represented as the nunien of a thorn-bush. It has, however, as I hope, been shown else- where ^ that both in Exodus and in the ' Blessing of Moses ' n3D should be "^D-^p. With this change in the text, line 2 1 Cp. T. and B. p. 200. 2 Ibid. p. 512. So, too, in Hab. iii. 6 (MT. ly mn), and probably in Isa. xlvii. 7 (MT. ^y ma^), Ivii. i 5 (ly \2v). 3 T. and B. p. 526. 176 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH oi V. \6 may stand. Line i has evidently fallen out, or been supplanted by the gloss pointed out just now. Line 3 also needs correction ; the impossible form ^n^»h!ln has probably come, not from HNlin (Konig, Ges.-Kautzsch), but from nN'iin, which must, it would seem, have made its way into the text from the margin. The true reading was probably y^r\r\ (Gen. xlix. 26). Thus we shall get — inserting a possible but purely conjectural first line — [Let the blessings of the God of Asshur,] And the favour of the dweller in Sinai, Be upon the head of Joseph, On the crown of the head of the prince among his brethren. We now come to the eulogy of Joseph's might. The text-reading of z;. 17, 11. i and 2, gives — His firstborn steer hath majesty, Its horns are horns of a wild ox. So, at least, most critics render *nilD niDl, though Ed. Meyer ^ ingeniously conjectures that *nitD is 'Joseph's steer-god, who begot Joseph as his firstborn, whence Joseph himself has the strength and the horns of a wild ox.' Certainly ' his firstborn steer' is a very odd expression for Jeroboam IL^ (so Graf and Reuss), and what right have we to take nhlD as a collective ? But is it not equally unnatural to take TilO for the steer-god ? ^ It is true, however, that the subject of lines I and 2 in z^. 17 must be Joseph. But to this it must be added that the text of line i is thoroughly wrong, or, more precisely, the original first line oi v. 17 has been supplanted by a gloss. This interpolation is probably niD"il f?NDm"'"l *i^£&N, which corresponds exactly to the gloss in Gen. xlix. 25 " (MT. Dmi DHID mDil). Zebulun and Issachar (Iskar) are coupled together {yv. iS/.) as in Gen. xlix. 13-15, but the descriptions of 1 Die Israeliten, p. 284. 2 Ephraim is excluded by the last distich of the verse. 3 Hos. xii. 12 and Ps. cvi. 20 would not justify this. 4 See T. and B. p. 511. CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 177 the tribes in the two collections of sayings are different. The text is not free from uncertainty. ' Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out,' is strange ; we surely require either a synonym for, or a word antithetic to, the ' tents ' of Issachar, assuming, that is, that * tents ' is correct. Ball therefore proposes, for rfn^sa, ^""HNS^ (an assumed alternative to Tf ^S5, * in thy ships 'j. But is T^rTN correct ? It has been pointed out elsewhere that f?r7N and hyrt are liable to be confounded.^ I propose, therefore, to read here T^3"'n, ' thy palaces.' The ' palaces ' are those which, rightly or wrongly, an ancient Hebrew poet supposed Issachar to have con- quered in N. Arabia. The parallel to T^D'^H in line i is, probably, T^INIS, ' thy troops.' The warlike character of Zebulun appears from Judg. v. 18 (cp. Gen. xlix. 13, as restored in T. and B.). From the present text it would seem that these two tribes sacrificed in common at some mountain sanctuary, and hospitably invited neighbouring peoples to take part in the accompanying feasts. Such occasions might naturally be used for purposes of trade. It is strange, however, that the invitation of the ' peoples ' should be put first ; strange, too, that the sanctuary should be so vaguely referred to as a mountain. There is surely some textual corruption. The going of the allied tribes to the sanctuary ought, of course, to be mentioned first of all. In short, we shall do well to restore ^^S^ which probably fell out owing to the preceding letters yh. It must now be added that forms of Nnp not seldom (e.g. 2 K. xviii. 4 b) take the place of '^NDn'T^, and probably enough this is the case here.^ D"'D2? is altogether out of place ; probably it is a variant to D'^D"' in the next line but one, which crept in from the margin. Thus we get as lines i and 2 — They go to Mount Yerahme'el, There they offer right sacrifices. By Mount Yerahme'el may be meant one of the most ^ Cheyne, Psalms (1904), i. 49, where, in the note on Ps. xv. i, Ps. xix. 5, xxvii. 5/"., Ixi. 5, Ixix. 26, Ixxviii. 60, Ixxxiv. 7 are referred to as instances. Hab. iii. 7 might probably be added. 2 Note that @'s c^oAo^pevcrovcrtv presupposes icnn>, which, hke iKip', may come from "jKism'. The common text of @ is in some disorder. 178 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH sacred of N. Arabian mountains, that on which Abraham would have offered up Isaac, and where too, perhaps, was the central sanctuary spoken of in the original Deuteronomic legislation (see on Dt. xii. 5). The 'right sacrifices' are those approved in Deuteronomy. Hogg's suggestion {E. Bib., ' Zebulun,' § 6) that the sacred mountain must have been not far from Esdraelon, and may have been called Baal-zebul (see 2 K. i. 2, 9) is at least a subtle attempt to supply the deficiencies of MT. Lines 3 and 4 of z^. 19 (as usually read), according to Driver, give ' the reason why the two tribes invite foreign nations to such feasts : the wealth derived by them from the sea enables them to do so.' In line 4, in particular, he sees (with most scholars) an allusion to the manufacture of glass from the sand about 'Akko.^ The allusion, however, is not obvious, and the text of line 4 (even more clearly than that of line 3) is highly questionable. To admit the two con- struct participles ("'DiDto ""^pto) side by side, cannot be right, especially as a verb is wanting.^ f?in, too, is often corrupt elsewhere, and is probably so here.^ The problem is a hard one, but I for my part incline to think that line 4 is a collection of glosses, viz. ^3D»1 = WDtt)^ Nirr, ^3*inZ3 = 'JlDn"^ = ^Nl;Dm^ (again ),f?in = Sm = ^NDmV and that line 3 should run,i?pb ''3 13)?;' D"'^C)^ ' for Shema of the Yamanites they acquire.' This may perhaps give the reason why Zebulun and Issachar go together to the sacred mountain. The sacrifices are sacrifices of thanksgiving. If so, the parallel line has fallen out, or been supplanted by the glosses already referred to. Verses 20 and 2 1 contain the blessing of Gad. His lion-like courage (cp. i Chr. xii. 8) and the choiceness of his allotment are dwelt upon. The three stichi in v. 20 are of unequal length. It would seem that some pious scribe prefixed TmDn "'^^)N. p^ is also questionable. * He layeth himself to rest like a lion, and teareth the arm, yea, the crown of the head,' is, at any rate, not quite natural. Or 1 Cp. Hogg, E. Bid., 'Zebulun,' § 5. 2 For attempts at emendation see Hogg, E. Bib., I.e. ^ @ gives kfXTTopLa, i.e. n^D-i. * See T. and B. p. 373, and note that o^'^an in Neh. iii. 31 comes from D'SKDm' (£". Bib., ' Merchant '). CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 179 shall we render (cp. ^), ' he layeth himself to rest, having torn,' etc. ? Later in the passage, however, we find the troublesome words UXH "'D. May not this be a corruption of D^ia, which originally stood in the margin as a correction of ptt) ? * Gad is like a lion of Kusham (Kushan).' We might then continue, ' He teareth the arm,' etc. We now pass on to v. 21. It is usually supposed that this passage alludes to the narrative in Num. xxxii., according to which Gad was conditionally favoured with an allotment in the rich pasture-land east of the Jordan (so the received text). The first two lines are thus rendered by Driver — And he looked out a first part for himself, For there a commander's portion was reserved. But can n^tUNT stand by itself? A 'first part' of what? Bickell inserts pN, but this is arbitrary. And how can pDD 'p^rvCi npSn pass for good Hebrew ? pop, ' reserved,' is specially difficult. Indeed, any participle after 'p'pT^'C^ is improbable. The next line has been rendered, ' And he came to the heads of the people.' But how can rrnN, 'to come,' be construed with an accusative of the person ? It has therefore been suggested ^ to read (for Nn"'l ]1Dd) pDDNlT'l (cp. V. 5).^ Certainly an inversion of the two parts of a word (when corrupted) is probable enough. But a ' paragogic Nun' only occurs once {v. 11) in the MT. of these blessings, and then at the end of a clause (the usual position). The value of the parallel is still further reduced by the strong probability that the word pDIp'' is corrupt. Besides this, who can assert that ' and the heads of the people were gathered together' fits into the context? If these are the right words, they must have come in from the margin. But they are, as I think, not the right words. It has not been observed that pDD may be a corruption of pDS,^ which, as I have shown, often represents pi;l2 ( = pDtD = T'NroiD''), and, if so, is a gloss ; also that niT'I, if corrupt, may 1 Hayman, Catnbridge University Reporter, May 21, 1895 ; Giese- brecht, ZATIV, 1887, p. 292. ^ Cp. @, (TWT)y[j.€vwv oLfia dp)(rjyois Aaaiv. 3 Some MSS. read jiiDs. 12 (I i8o DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH most easily be corrected into init'I ; further, that "'tUMT in line 3 may very well be the short for TT'Ont ('''tD^), and that Di?, like *iDi; in v. 7, may represent nnw, while "h in line i may come from f?N, a fragment of "JNonT. If we further suppose that there has been some slight transposition of words owing to the misunderstanding of the scribe, we arrive at this result ^ — D"]N JT'tDNT NT1 He saw the choicest part of Aram, ppniD npSrr "INn"**) And coveted a leader's portion. The concluding distich appears to mean that Gad's conduct in the matter of his allotment (Num. xxxii.) was just and right, both towards Yahweh and towards Israel. Dan's blessing {y. 22) is a short one. Yet, from the prevalent point of view, it presents one difficulty. ' Dan is a lion's whelp | That leapeth forth from Bashan ' ; but if the northern Dan is referred to, how can he be likened to a lion of Bashan ? As Ed. Meyer ^ remarks, the name ' Bashan ' here receives a surprisingly wide reference. That lions of Bashan are not elsewhere referred to is of less importance. What, then, shall we say to the former difficulty ? The answer is that though Dan did not live in the best known land of Bashan, he did dwell for a time in the original Bashan, i.e. Abshan or 'Arab-Ishmael.^ In the blessing of Naphtali {y. 23) there is, first of all, the question whether Naphtali is addressed, and directed to occupy his territory, or whether the poet declares that this favoured tribe actually possesses the land assigned to it. The MT. gives TWh'T',^ which is explained as a strengthened imperative Kal in pause. Sam., however, gives tDT^ and ^, Onk., Pesh., Vg. all presuppose the 3rd person. A recent critic* leaves line 2 of the blessing untranslated, declaring that ntDT D"n"T1 D"" is entirely obscure. Dillmann, it is true, does not think so. ' Naphtali's land,' he says, ' though chiefly a highland region in the north, is neverthe- 1 DE* '3 has been already accounted for as a marginal correction, 2 Die Israeliten, p. 526 (n. i). 3 See on iii. i (Og, king of Bashan), and cp. Crit. Bib. on Josh, xix. 40 ff., and T. and B. p. 571, * Ed, Meyer, Die Israe/^/en, p. 541. CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) i8i less to be extended southward by the Lake of Huleh and the Jordan to the Lake of Gennesaret.' This does not seem at all obvious. DITT^l D"' most naturally means not ' sea and south-land ' (Dillm.), ' the lake and the south ' (Driver), but ' west and south.' In this perplexity, let us assume the text to be corrupt, and apply ordinary methods of correction. We know that D"" often stands for ]p;;, and that letters are often inserted, omitted, or transposed, so that D*m may easily have come from ~niD3 or "tidd. In Mic. V. 5 the MT. gives TnD3 pN as a parallel to n^ii^N pN, and it can be shown that the Asshur who is referred to in this passage is not Assyria, but the N. Arabian Asshur.^ "T"nD:i, therefore, being parallel to n'lJDN, must be also a N. Arabian regional name, and so, presumably, is the moD which underlies the DITl in the blessing of Naphtali. TnJDD may, or may not, have stood in the original text of the blessing. In case it did not stand there, it is well to mention that inD3 in Gen. x. 8 has probably come from IIDD (]om), and that the statement ' Kush begot Rahman ' appears to be followed by the gloss, ' That is, Yerahme'el.' ^ So, then, ' sea and south ' should be ' Yaman and Rahman.' Perhaps the poet does but seek to show his learning. Or perhaps there really were two separate districts known by equivalent names. At any rate the local reference of Naphtali's blessing, like that in Gen. xlix. 21 (revised text), is N. Arabian. The blessing of Asher {yv. 2/^f.) is perhaps not quite as questionable as that in Gen. xlix. 20, not at least till we come to the last line. The hyperbole in v. 24 (end) may be paralleled by Job xxix. 6, and the bolts of iron and bronze remind us of the bronze bars of city-gates in i K. iv. 13. At the same time the hyperbole referred to would be quite isolated both in this special blessing and in the whole collection of sayings, and the parallel passage in Gen. xlix. 11 (see T. and B. pp. 505/) is corrupt. One may also doubt whether the blessing of Asher in the traditional text of both the collections is quite grand enough, 1 See T. and B. p. 182. In v. 4 note the gloss g\Sv n?, i.e. nt VKyDC", 'this is (means) Ishmael,' referring to the word mcK which follows. ' 2 J bid. p. 183. i83 DECUNE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH especially for the closing blessing, as here. The first two lines indeed may pass, but iSn p©! ^2101 should probably be ^f?ni pori Smn, and init nmn^i f?nn should be hxcm l"i»3 ;nB?m. To explain this I may refer to T. and B. p. 109, where it is pointed out that in Gen. iv. 22 ^n»n f?©l"TJ, underlying Snil niDna, is a pair of glosses on Tubal- kain, and that ;n©n stands for Ashhur-Ethan, and hxcm for *Arab-Ishmael. Thus we get the distich — Tubal in Ishmael is his district, Rabshal and H<^htan in Arabia. :i"T51, ' in Arabia,' doubtless needs explaining. This, how- ever, is not at all difficult ^SwD and TC^I in ^^T. also have to be accounted for. Let us take Tf?273D first This is usually explained 'thy bolts.' But should we not rather expect ' thy bars ' ? And what authorit>" have we for ' thy bolts ' ? The versions do not favour this ; ^, Pesh., Vg. give * thy shoes,' and such is very possibly the interpretation implied by the points. What, then, is the underlying word ? To answer this, let us take l^wo together with TQ"'^"^- That the latter word is corrupt, need not be argued at length, and \ve may (judging from our experience) natu- rally suppose that the name of a place or region underlies it It is probable that t?53D and *fTi"'D have the same original, and that that original is D53pr. This is one of the numerous derivatives, or popular corruptions, of ^Ncm"' ; it may be grouped with Dsep^, p5, pl5, ^py.^ That there was a northern Yokneam does not militate against the prior existence of a Yokneam in the N. Arabian border-land. And now as to the 2U2 underlying "INIT That something must be done with InIT is plain ; simply to remark with Ed. Meyer,* that the stichus containing the word is ' altogether obscure,' is to confess that the old critical methods are here powerless. It is also, apparently, to assume that the rest of the blessing is free from questionable matter. Surely it is no unreasonable conjecture that Nm, like ^m in Num. xxxL 8, Josh. xiiL 21, and "in3 in i. 5 (see above), has come from in^, or more precisely that "iNm represents ii^n, the final T (d) having come from l. 1 Cp. Crii. Bib. pp. 406, 427/ " Ibid. pp. 541/ CONCLUDING SECTIONS (xxvii.-xxxiv.) 183 We are now face to face with the close of the whole book, and of the great hero's life. We are told how Moses went up the appointed mountain, and surveyed the land which had been already promised to the patriarchs, and which he would himself so gladly have trodden. Then, in that same country, he died, and in the valley over against Beth-peor (cp. iii. 29) he was buried, but tradition did not point out the sepulchre. May we not, then, suppose that, according to an earlier legend, he escaped death, and was at once taken up, like the parallel hero Elijah, into heaven ? This would at any rate be a fitting close to the career of the great ' man of God,' and is ' at least analogous to the early Christian belief in a spiritual assumption.' ^ From this point of view the site of the mountain becomes less important. We may place it in the land of Moab (xxxiv. 5), or, if we will, in the neighbourhood of Kadesh," which seems once to have been regarded as the centre of the primitive Israelites. The mountain was called Nebo, alluding, as Jastrow ^ thinks, to the fact that Moses was a ndbl ; perhaps, however, in3 is a broken form of in^D, as to which see on xxxii. 48-52. Whether the name Neba, which is attached to the top of a headland five miles S.W. of Heshbon, has anything to do with Mount Nebo, is doubtful, and the same may be very positively said of a proposed identification with the neighbouring headland Ras Siaghah, the slopes of which fall steeply on all sides to the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea."* In fact, the limited view from the top of this mountain seems to recent scholars to put the identification out of the question.'^ It appears, however, to have been made probable that the original Land of Promise was in the N. Arabian border- land (see on xi. 24, Ex. xxiii. 31). The names of districts and boundaries in vv. 2 and 3 were originally applied to parts of that region, and some of them at least were after- 1 E. Bib., 'Moses,' § 19 ; cp. Clem. Alex. Strom, vi. 15, quoted by Charles, Assumption of Moses., p. 107. 2 E. Bib., 'Moses,' § 16. 3 Religion of Bab. and Ass. p. 130 (n. i). * Conder, Heth and Moab, pp. 132/. 5 See especially G. B. Gray, ' Mount Nebo,' Expositor, November 1904, and cp. E. Bib., 'Nebo,' ii. i84 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH wards carried northward. In v. 2 iinnNn DTF may have come from pntDN (D^ i.e. Ashhurite Yaman (see on xi. 24). n3!) may be a corruption of 1D»N (see T. and B. p. 380). irrT may, here and elsewhere, represent pm*', the name of a border -stream or wady (see T. and B. p. 228). For D"'nDn 'T'l; we should perhaps read D">nm ll^ {ibid. p. 448). On Soar see T. and B. p. 303. How far these writers really knew the geography of the border-land, I would not determine. But here, at any rate, was their true Holy Land, the region as near Paradise (with its four streams) as imagination could suggest — the land of their patriarchs, of their prophet-legislator, and of their favourite king, idealised by the mysterious power of a popular legend, David. INDEX OF SUBJECTS AND NAMES Abram and Abraham, explained, xxxv Achish, was he a Philistine? xxi, xlii Adonis. See Phcenicia Ahab, false prophet, 79 name explained, 72 Ahaz, king of Judah, 79 Altars, archaic, 105 Amalekites, xxx, xlv Amarna tablets, xxix, 120 Amon, king of Judah, 6 Apries, king of Egypt, 80 Arabia, Minaean inscriptions, xi («. ^), xiii («. ^), XV (n. '') Arabia, N. , Israelites in, 19 Israelitish sanctuary in, 27, iii cult of Melek in, 24 popular cults derived from, 73 Arabian, N., theory, ix, x, xx, xlviii Aram, southern, xxxiv/. , 162, 165, 171 Aramaic inscription (Pognon), xxxiii papyri, 23 («.'«), 24 (n.^) ' Aristeas ' quoted, 149 Arnon, origin of name, 113, 139 Arpad, 40 (with n.^) Arphaxad (Arpakshad), problem of, xliv Arvad, in Phoenicia, xxxvi Asa's reformation, 8 Asher, divine name, 167 Asherah, divine name, 22 Ashkal, 24, 93 Ashkalath, divine name, 119 Ashpenaz, name explained, 57 Ashtar, 93 Ashtart, divine name, 22, 33, 46 (moon- goddess?), 56 titles of, 33, 53/., 72, 114, 118/ opposition to cult of, in Deut. , 119- 123 Ashtereth, Og's city, 138 Ashtor, Mount, 143 Ashnrbanipal, Assyrian king, 7, 12, 34 Asshur, name of two different countries, xiii, 37, 89, 181 Asshur, or Ashhur, in Arabia, xi / , xxix, 40, 57, 85, 108, 166 Asshur, tree of, 113 Asshur- Yarham, 27, 115/. Asshurim, in Genesis, xi symbols of god Asshur, 27, 114, 161 Assur, in Palestine, xiii (n. ^) Astley, H. J. D., xv Baal, 22, 46 Babel, the Arabian, xiii, 57/!, ii9(«.^) Ezekiel on king of, 81 Babylon, first dynasty of, xxviii cult of Marduk, 4 cult of Nabu, 4 ; cp. 76 cult of Nergal, 118 («. ^) cult of Ninib(in Palestine), xl (with n. ') cult of Sakkut, 119 myth of heavenly tablets, loi (with n. ^} myth of Tamuz, 54, 75 popular cults perhaps derived from, 73/: Balaam (Bil'am), xxxiv, 124, 171 Ball, C. J., 164, 173, 177 Barton, G. A., 117 (n.^), 120/, 149 Bashan, name explained, 138, 143, 180 Beer-lahai-roi, xii Beer-sheba, 28 («. ^) Benjamin, original seat of, 173 Berossus, historian, 59, 68 («."^) Bertholet, A., 167/., 170, 172, 174 Beth-hakkerem, xxxiv Beth-melek, corrupt place-name, 51 Beth-Yerahme'el, probable place-name, 51, 8i ; cp. xxiii Bethel, origin of name, 26, 28 («. ^) Bickell, G. , 159, 179 Book of tor ah, \of. Canaan, southern, 67, 95, 146, 148, 150. 183 its natural gifts, 146-149 Caphtor. See Kaphtor Captivities, 59, 67, 84, 89 Captivity, results of ' Babylonian,' 84 Carchemish. See Karkemish Cherethites ( Kerethites ). See David Clem. Recogn., cited, 157 {n."^) 18s 1 86 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH Conder, Col., 31, 183 («.•*) Coniah, 49, 66 Cook, Stanley A., xxii («. ^), xxiv, xxx Cooke, G. A. [Inscriptions], xlii («.^), and elsewhere Cornill, C. H., 32, 51 («.■*), 52, 59 («.*), 92/ Covenant, Book of, 72, loi, 104-108 Curtiss, S. I., 120 («.^) Dahler on Jer. xi, 32 («. 2) Dance, religious, 117, 123 David, his origin, xxiii his hold on the Negeb, xxiii his Kerethites and Pelethites, xx-xxiii, 130 («. 3) his Arabian scribe, 99 («. ^) Davies, Witton, x, xi, xiii («. ^), xviii/. , xxxvi («.*), xxxviii Decalogues, the, 102-104 Delitzsch, Friedr. , 143 Deuteronomy, negative theories of, 9/. based on N. Arabian Israelite law- book, 20 no mere party program, 109/. N. Arabian atmosphere of, 131 fine morality of, 109 its law of the one sanctuary, no characteristic trees of, iizff. Dillmann, Aug., xxxii, 121, 145, 152 («.■*), 173. 175, 180/. Dod, divine name, 53 Dodah, title of Ashtart, 46, 53/! Dog (?), technical meaning of, 120 Driver, S. R., 33 (n.^), 121 (with n."^), 140, 145, 154, 156/, 167/., 173/, 175. 178/ Duff, Arch., lis Duhm, B., 32, 39 {«.2), 48 («.2), 51 («.■»), S3, 60, 79, 92/ East, sons of, the term corrected, xxxiv Ebal, sacrifice on Mt. , 153 E^dmans, B. D. , xvii, los («•'), 106 Egypt, history of, xxi, 35, 86 Egyptian religion, 3, 31 Eli, priestly descendants of, 24 Elijah, 164/, 169, 183 • Elohim, written with finger of,' 100 f. Ephrath, in N. Arabia, xxiv, 37, 108, 155- 162 Ephrem the Syrian, 120 Erbt, W., XV, 7, 8 («. J), 9 («.='), 12 («.^), 129 («. ') Esar-haddon, inscriptions of, xxi («. ^), xlii Euphrates, river. See Perath, Ephrath Evil-Merodach, 68 Ewald, H., 145 Exodus, original story of the, xli Ezekiel, historical use of, 70 f. his stress on Sabbath observance, 104. See also Jeremiah Feasts, Israelite, of Yerahme' elite origin, 116/ Pesah (Passover), 117 Shabu'oth (Weeks), 117 f. Sukkoth (Booths), 118/ of Issachar and Zebulun, 177 Finding of ' the book,' ^ff., 109 Foundation-stone, produced by priests, 12 Frazer, J. G., ss (''•') Gebal, northern and southern, 143 Gedaliah, governor, 28 Gerizzim and Ebal, 151 Gezer, Cretan influences on, xxiii Giesebrecht, Friedr., 54 («.^), 179 («. ^) Glaser, Ed., x («. ^) Goat-deities? 114 God, Divine Company, 22, 106, 167 Gordon, A. R. , xxvii, xxxii, xxxviii, xliii Gray, G. B., 183 («.«) Griffith, F. LI. , 35 («. *) Grimme, H. , 117/ Gunkel, H., 63 («. ^), 74, 76, 158 Habakkuk, 63/., 78 Ham, origin of, xviii, xxvii Hamaths, probably two, 44 Hammurabi, king of Babylon, xxix, 4, 51 («. '^), 99, lOI Hamutal, queen-mother, 4s Hananiah, prophet, 77 Hashram, name underlying Kasdim (which see), 58, 63, 94 Haupt, Paul, 58 («. i), 149 Hayman, Dr., 179 (ti.^) Hebrew tribes, earliest history of, xxv Hermon, Mt. , 140/". Herodotus, 35, 36 («. ^), 80 Hezekiah, 3, s. 8 Hilprecht, S9 Hincks, E. , Assyriologist, 89 Hittites, 9S Hitzig, Ferd. , 50, 53 Hogg, H. W., xlvi («. 1), 168, 178 Hommel (Fritz), xi (n."^), xiii («. ^), xxi, xxviii, .xxxiv, xliv, 119 («.■*), 120, 167 Horeb, Mt. , 164 Horites, 136/. Horses from Egypt or Misrim, 70/., no, 130 Huldah, prophetess, 17 ff. origin of name, 17 her residence, 19 her oracle, 20 INDEX OF SUBJECTS AND NAMES 187 Ibn Ezra, on Dt. vi. 4, 145 Ishmael, changes of name, xxxvi/. chariots of, 39 cubit of, 141 olive-trees of, 148 Israel, N. , scantiness of records of, xxxvii Jabbok. See Yabbok Jamani, at Ashdod, xvi, xxxv James, William, xlviii Jastrow, Morris, 183 Javan. See Yaman Jealousy, image of, 74 Jebusites, 25 Jeconiah. See Coniah, Jehoiachin Jehoahaz, 44 /i, 49 Jehoash, 8, 21/. Jehoiachin, three months' reign, 67 elegy on, 66 captivity of, 66/". release, 67-69 his sons, 68/". Jehoiakim, his earlier name, 45 (with how long did he reign ? 45 (with n. *) his early years, 56 builds fortifications, 51/, 90 his contest with Jeremiah, 47/. condemned by Jeremiah, 52 his last scenes, according to Jeremiah, 52/. Jeremiah, historical value of his book, 32. 45 his scribe Baruch, 47 his abhorrence of Baal-religion, 33 his address in the temple, 48/. his portraits of kings of Judah, 49^ his imprisonment, 82 his purchase of a family estate, 83 and Ezekiel, their deficiency, 72 ; cp. 31 Jeroboam I., 161, 163 Jeroboam II., 176 Jerusalem, siege of, release of Hebrew slaves, 73/, 82 the city taken, 83/ captains of king of Babel, 57, 84 Jeshurun. See Yeshurun Jethro. See Yithro Joktheel, origin of name, xxxiii Jordan, miswritten, 115, 133, 152, 184 Joseph, original scene of story, xli Judah, history of, its uncertainties, 3 Kadesh, 165/., 183 Kadytis, city, 35 Kamphausen, A., 90 Kaphtor, Kaphtorim, xxiii, 138 Karkemish, miswritten, 37, 40 («. ^) Kasdim, 62-64, 94 Kemarim, explained, 23 («.*), 120 Kennedy, A. R. S., 158 Kennett, R. H., 9, 11, 126 («.'), 144, 154, 170 Kennicott, B. , 153 («.^) Kiriath-arba, xii Kittel, R. , 9, 45 («. *) Klostermann, Aug., 6 (n.*), 158 («.'), 159 Konig, Ed., 176 Kraetzschmar, R. , 45 («. ^) Kiichler, Friedr. , xvii Kuenen, A., 163 Kush, N. Arabian, xlii/. , 42, 83, 88 Law-books, production of early, 99/. 'Mosaic,' 100 Lebanon, southern (?), 136, 150 Linen, symbolism of, 76 {n.^) Lyon, D. G. , loi («. *) Macalister, R. A. S., 85 Magan (in Arabia or in Nubia?), xix Magic and sorcery, 124^ Mal'ak, divine name, \ob ff. Manasseh, 5, 22, 79 (with «. *) Marti, K., 13 («.i) Maspero, G. , 13 Meinhold, Jul. , 104 Melek. See Arabia, N. Meluha (W. Arabia or Ethiopia?), xiii, XV, xvii, xix, xxviii (origin of name), .\lii Meribah, origin of, 166 Mesha, inscription of, 54 Meyer, Ed., xi («. ^), xiv, xliv, 65 («.'), 68(«.i), 83 Michael, archangel, 157 [n."^) Minasan. See Arabia Misrim, xii, xiii^, xxx, xli/, 36, 88, 129. 155 extradition of offenders, 56 and Misraim confounded, 37, 86, 155 Misrite religion, incorrect representation ■ of, 38 Mohammed, 30/. Montserrat, explained, 140 Moon-god in Hebrew names, xxxiii («. ^) Moore, G. F. , 113 («. •^), 24 («.''), 163 Moses, his origin, xxiv his contest with Yahweh, 172 writes the ' ten words,' loi parallel to Elijah, 183 death of, 183. See Law-books Mourning, formulas of public, 53-55 Miiller, W. Max, 34 {n.*), 40, 86-88, 147 («.i) Musri, N. Arabian. See Misrim N. Syrian, xiv, xvi Nabft-na'id, king of Babylon, 12 Nahum, Book of, 39-41 origin of prophet, 41 (n."^) No-Amon, 39/. DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH Name, his, a periphrasis for God ? xxviii Names, regional, doublings of, xiv archaistic use of regional, xliii naive ancient use of regional, xix Phoenician royal, xxix Babylonian royal, xxviii transformation of Hebrew, xxxii Naville, Ed., 13 («. ^) Nebo, Mt. , 183 Nebuchadrezzar, name, 57 traditions of, 58/". historical inscriptions of, 59 supposed confusion of two different kings, 61 Nebuzaradan, 57, 84 Negeb, Schmidt's expeditions into the, XX, xxvi the original Holy Land, 184 Nehushtan. See Serpent, sacred Nineveh, in Book of Nahum, questioned, 40/ No-Amon. See Nahum Og, king of Bashan, 138/!, 141 Olmstead, A. T., xiv, xvii, xx, xxvi («.^), xxxviii Paran, 166 Passover. See Feasts Paton, L. B. , xiv Pelethites, xxi^, 19 («.'"'), 138 Perath, N. Arabian name, 37 Persism in Deut. , asserted, 166 Petrie, Flinders, xv, xvi, 86/. Pharaoh-Hophra, 36, 80/. Neko, j,sff-, 61 Neko, the Nek6s of Herodotus (?), 35 Neko, is he mentioned on slab found at Sidon ? 35 Neko, was he Josiah's opponent, or is there a confusion ? 35/., 61 Philistines, name discussed, xxi/. , 19 Phoenicia, contemporary history of, 80, 84 religion of, 85 (Eshmun), 113 (Adonis) Phoenician inscriptions, 120 ships? 155 Pillars (Yakin and Bo'az), 21 Pisgah, slopes of the, 143/. Pleiades, myth of the, 117/. Priests, the two chief, 22 of N. Arabian affinities, 23 Prophets, inferior class of, 78 Prostitutes, sacred, 23, 120 Ra'anan-Xree, meaning of, 112/. Rab-mag, Rab-saris, non- Babylonian names, 57 («. ^) Rab-shakeh, name explained, 89/. his knowledge of Yahweh-prophecies, 89 Ramshah, or Ramshak, 40, 91, 162 («.i) Rawlinson, Sir H. , 89 Rekabites, 64^ Rekem, xxxiii, 37, 126. See Yarham Religion, heathen type of, whence came it? 22 Renan, Ernest, 166 («. ^) Rephaim, 137, 141 (cp. xxviii, ' Rapha') Robertson, E. , xxxvi Sabbath. See Ezekiel Sacrifices of children, 24/., 123 Salekah, place-name, 119, 139 Sanctuary, the one, 114^^, 152/ Saphon, in N. Arabia, 20, 42, 57, 59, 91 Sarephath, 169 Sargon, inscriptions of, xvi, xxxv Schmidt, N., xi, xiii («. ^), xviii^ Schwally, Friedr. , 124 Sennacherib, 4, 89 Seraiah, ambassador to Babel, 79 (with Serpent, sacred, 4, 85/. of bronze, found at Gezer, 86 Shallum, royal name, 49 Shechem (Shakram ?), i$2f.
Shedim, discussed, 160/.
Shem, origin of, xxviii
Shimron, place-name, 18, 40
and Shomeron (Samaria) confounded,
89
Shinar, explained, 62
Shishak, king of Egypt (?), 86
true origin of name, 87/".
Shoshenk, king of Egypt, 86
Sidon, southern, 169
Sihon, name explained, 139
Sinai, Mt. , 163-165, 175
Sirion, explained, 141
Smend, R., 165
Smith, G. A., 163
H. P., xxxi/!, xxxviii, 45, 50, 109
(«.i)
W. R., 4 («.'), 74, 120 («.^), 137,
161 («.»)
Sodom, vine of, 161
Solomon, his Arabian scribes, 99 («. ')
his bodyguard, 130
his high places destroyed, 25
Stade, B., 4 («. J), 6 («.*), 9 («. 2), 25,
145. 163, 170/
Steuernagel, C. , 122, 127, 129 («.^), 145,
151, 156 («.3), 157
Sukkoth-benoth, explained, 119
Sun-worship in Judah, 25, 46
Tamuz, god of vegetation, 54, 75
Teko'a, southern, 17
Teraphim, 125
Tiglath-Pileser III., inscription of, xvi
INDEX OF SUBJECTS AND NAMES
Totemism, xxxvi (with «. *), 74
Toy, C. H., 74
Tyre (or Missor?), 17
Ur-kasdim, problem of, xliv
Urim and Thumniim, 172
Vincent, P^re, 25 («.i), 31 («. ^), 86
Wady el-Arlsh, xiii (n. i), xx
Wellhausen, Jul., xlv, loi («.*), 103
Winckler, H., xiv, xv, xvi, xix/i, xxviii,
xxxix/:, 17 («.i), 35, 37 («.6). 45,
49, 68, 79, 87, 117 («. ^), 118,
163
Yabbok, the, 143
Yahweh, divine name, 103
Face of, title of Yerahme'el, 107
the numen of the thorn-bush (?), 175
Yahweh-Ashhur, rare divine name, 145 ;
cp. 167
Yahweh - Yerahme'el, fuller name of
Israel's God, 103 {n.^), 106, 145,
167
Yam-Pelishtim (?), 107/.
Yam-Suph (?), 107 ; cp. 134
Yaman or Yawan, meaning and origin
of, 41, 150; cp. xvi, xxxv/., 167,
184
Yarham or Yerahme'el, divine name, 46,
85, 94, 103
ethnic name, its wide reference,
xxviii ff.
Yawan. See Yaman
Yerahme'el, Mount, 177
Yerahme'el-images, 157, 160
Yerahme'elite influence on Judah, xxv
migration, ix, x.xxi
Yeshurun, 160
Yithro, priest of Midian, xxiv, 165
Zarephath. See Sarephath
Zebudah, queen-mother, 45 (with n."^)
Zedekiah, vassal of king of Babel, 70
his weak character, 71
his combination against king of Babel,
76
his rebellion, 80
his embassy to king of Misrim, 81
his regard for Jeremiah, 72
his fate, 83
Zerah the Kushite, 87, 91 (n.^)
Zerubbabel, 68
Zimmern, H., xxxvii («. ^), 76, 118
INDEX OF BIBLICAL AND COGNATE
LITERARY PASSAGES
Genesis
iv. 22, pp. 85, 182
ix. 25-27, p. xliii
ix. 27-30, p. xxvii
X. 2, pp. xxiii, 17
X. 6, p. XXX
x. 8, p. 181
X. 10/.. p. 42
X. II, p. 95
X. 14, p. x.\iii
xii. I, p. 115 (with n.*)
xii. 10, p. 147
xii. 16, p. 155
xv-i. 7, p. 154
xxi. 33, p. 175
xxii., p. 153
xxiv. 62, p. xii
XXV. 3, 18, pp. xi, XXX
XXV. 6, xxix. I, p. 175
xxvi. I, p. XXX
xxxv. 22, p. 169
xxxvi. 23, p. 154
xliii. II, p. 148
xlviii. 22, p. 150
xlix., p. 163
xlix. 3/, p. 169
xlix. 8/., p. 170
xlix. 10, p. 171
xlix. II, 13, pp. 155, 158
xlix. II, p. 181
xlix. 13, p. 177
xlix. 13-15, p. 176
xlix. 20/., p. 181
Exodus
iii. I, pp. 164/.
iii. 2, p. 17s
iii. 8, p. 148
iv. I, p. 165
xii. 23, p. 76
xiii. 3^, p. 117
xiii. 12, p. 150
xiii. 20, p. 165
xvi. 21, p. Ill
XX., pp. 102/.
XX. 22-xxiii. 33, p. 104
XX. 23-25, p. 112
XX. 24, pp. 105, 114
xxi. 2, p. 72
xxii. 8, p. 106
xxii. 19, p. 105
xxiii. 15, p. 107 {n. ')
xxiii. 19 d, p. 105
xxiii. 20-33, p. 106
xxiii. 28, p. 107
xxviii. 19, p. xxix
xxxii. 20, p. 114
xxxiii. 14, p. 107
xxxiv. 4, 28, p. loi
xxxiv. 15, p. 181
xxxiv. 17-26, p. loi
Leviticus
xvii. 7, p. 161
xxiii. 42/, p. 118
Numbers
xi. 5, p. 148
xii., p. 127
xiii. 23, p. 147
xiii. 27, p. 148
XX. I, p. 116
XX. 5, p. 147
XX. 10, p. 128
xxi. 9, p. 85
xxi. II, p. 163
xxi. 20, p. 143
xxii. I, p. 115
xxii. 5, p. 171
xxiii. 7, p. xxxiv
xxiv. 17, pp. xxvii, 162
(«.i)
xxiv. 20, p. XXX
xxvi. 38, p. xxix
xxvii. 12, p. 163
xxxi. 8, p. 182
xxxii., pp. 179/;
xxxiii. 36, p. 166
xxxiii. 44, p. 163
191
Deuteronomy
i. i-iv. 43, pp. 133^
i. I/, pp. 133/:
>■ 5. PP- 13s. 182
i. 6-8, p. 136
ii. 10-12, pp. 136/.
ii. 18, p. 137
ii. 20-23, PP- 137/
ii. 24-iii. II, p. 138
ii. 34, iii. 6, p. 140
iii. 4d, pp. 139/
iii. 9, p. 140
iii. 146, p. 142
iii. 16/. pp. 143/
iii. 17, p. 166
iv. 20, pp. xviii, 141, 144,
146
iv. 44-xi., pp. 145^
iv. 49, p. 166
v., p. 103
V. 6-10, p. 145
vi. 4/., pp. 145/
vii. 12-15, PP- 146. 149
viii. 7-9, pp. 146/:
ix. i/, p. 150
xi. 6, p. 173
xi. 10-12, pp. 146/!
xi. 10, p. no
xi. 24, pp. 108, 150
xi. 30, pp. 151/., 174
xii.-xxvi., pp. no, \\2ff.,
.131
xii. 5, etc., pp. no, 114
xii. II a, p. 115 («. ®)
xiii. 6, p. 116
xiv. 21, pp. 120/.
XV. 12, p. 72
xvi. 1-15, pp. WT ff.
xvi. 21, pp. Ill, 113
xvii. 14-20, p. 129
xvii. 16, p. no
xviii. 10/, pp. 123/
XX. I, p. 130
xxii. 5, pp. 119-121
xxii. 6/., p. 109
192 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
xxii. 9-1 1, pp. 120/.
xxiii. 2(1), pp. 126/.
xxiii. 3 (2), p. 126
xxiii. 4-6, p. 15
xxiv. 9, pp. 127/;
XXV. 4, p. 109
XXV. 17-19, pp. 127/.
XXV. 17, p. 127
xxvi. 1-15, pp. 128/.
xxvi. 5, pp. 129, 131
xxvii. -xxxiv. , pp. 153 j^
xxvii. 2, 4, 8, pp. 153/
xxvii. 11-13, p. 151
xxviii., pp. 154/
xxxi. 20, p. 159
xxxi. 26, p. 15
xxxii., pp. 155^
x.xxii. 5-10, pp. 155/
xxxii. 10, 13, p. 157
xxxii. 14/., pp. 158-160
xxxii. 17, pp. i6of.
xxxii. 20 f., 32, p. 161
xxxii. 42 i^, p. 155
xxxii. 42/;, pp. 162, 167
xxxii. 48-52, pp. 162/.
xxxiii. 2-5, 26-29, PP-
163^
xxxiii. 2, pp. 134, 164-167
xxxiii. 26, p. 167
xxxiii. 6, pp. 167-170
xxxiii. 7, pp. 170-172
xxxiii. 8-1 1, pp. 172/.
xxxiii. 12, p. 173
xxxiii. 13-17, pp. 173-176
xxxiii. 18/"., pp. 176-178
xxxiii. 20/"., pp. 178-180
xxxiii. 22, p. 180
xxxiii. 23, pp. 180/.
xxxiii. 24/., pp. 181/.
xxxiv., p. 183
xxxiv. 2, p. 184
xxxiv. ^f., p. 183
Joshua
viii. 33, p. 151
xi. 22, p. xxii
xiii. 21, p. 182
XV. 54, p. 159
JUDGE.S
i. 16, p. 65
V. 4, pp. 164/
V. 10, p. 155
v. 18, p. 177
X. 4, p. 139
xiv. 3, XV. 18, p. xxii
XV. 19, p. 85
XX. 48, p. 142
I Samuel
i.-iv. , p. 24
i. I, p. xxiv
11. 29, p. 159
ii. 36, pp. xliv/. , 24 (with
vii. 14, p. xxii
X. 27, p. xlv
xiii. 19/., p. 67 («. ^), 149
XV. 9, p. xlv
xvii. 12, p. xxiii
xxiv. 14, xxvi. 20, p. xii
XXV. 43, p. xxiii
xxvii. 10, XXX. 14, p. xxvii
xxviii. 7, p. 125
XXX. 16, p. xxi
XXX. 26, 29, p. 28 [n. 2)
2 Samuel
V. 25, p. xxiii
xvii. 25, p. xxiii
1 Kings
iii. 28, p. 99
iv. 3, p. 99 («.i)
iv. 13, p, 181
V. 6, X. 26, p. 130
v. 10/, p. 63 («. *)
vii. 21, p. 21
vii. 46, p. 149
X. 18, p. xiv
xi. 40, p. 87
xiii. 2, p. 29
xiii. 30, p. 55
xiv. 23/!, p. 119
xiv. 25/., p. 86
xvii. 24 ff., p. 29 («. ^)
xviii. 26, p. 117
xix. 3/., p. 165
xix. 8, p. 164
xix. 15, p. 38
xxi. 27, p. 125
2 Kings
vii. 6, p. xiv
xi. 14, p. 21
xii. 14-16, p. 8
xiii. i8, p. 45
xiv. 7, p. xxxiii
xvii. 6, pp. 29, 88/.
xvii. 30, pp. 58, 119
xviii. i^b, pp. 85, 177
xviii. 13(^-16, p. 89
xviii. 13-xix. , p. 89
xviii. 24, p. 90
xviii. 25, p. 60 (//. 1), 89
xviii. 32, pp. 113, 148
xix. 2, p. 16
xix. 35, pp. 5 («. 1), 17
XX. 12, p. 58
xxi. 3-5, p. 25
xxii. 14, p. 18
xxii. 15-20, p. 20
xxiii. 1-3, p. 21
xxiii. 8, pp. 26, 114
XXIII.
10, p. 24
xxiii.
11-13, p. 131
xxiii.
21-23, P- 30
xxiii.
24, p. 125
xxiii.
25, p. 8
xxiii.
29, pp. 34, 37
xxiii.
30, p. 44
xxiv.
I, pp. 56, 62
xxiv.
2, pp. 62/, 155
xxiv.
7. P- 66
xxiv.
16, p. 60
I Chronicles
"• 25-33, P- xxii
iii. 17/, p. 68
iv. 8,
p. 17 («••')
iv. 40, p. XXX
V. 9/., p. 169
v. 23
p. 140
viii. II, p. xxix
ix. 4c
, p. 166
xi. 21
, p. 147 («.3)
xii. 8
p. 178
xviii.
16, p. 99 («.i)
2 Chronicles
xi. 15, p. 161
xii. 3, p. 87
xxviii. 12, p. 17
xxxiii. II, pp. 56, 58
xxxiv. 6/, 33, p. 26 [n.'^)
XXXV. 21, p. 60 («. ^)
xxxv. 24, p. 39
XXXV. 25, p. 41 («. 1)
xxxvi. 6, p. 62
xxxvi. 8, p. 66
xxxvi. 23, p. 38
Ezra
ii. , p. xxv.
viii. 27, p. 147 («. ^)
Nehemiah
»• 55. P- 65 («.•■•)
iii., p. xxvi.
iii. 31/., pp. 95, 169 (;/.4)
vii., p. xxv
vii. 33, p. 163
vii. 57, p. 65 («.3)
viii. 14-17, p. 118
viii. 15, p. 113
ix. 25, p. 159
xiii. 1-3, pp. 15, 127
xiii. 23/., p. xxvi.
Job
iii. 5, p. 23 («.■*)
ix. 13, p. 75
xxix. 6, p. 181
xxxix. 5-8, p. xii
BIBLICAL AND COGNATE LITERARY PASSAGES 193
Psalms
iii. 8, vii. 6, p. 162
XV. I, xix. 5, p. 177 («. ^)
xxviii. 8, p. 164 [n. *)
xxxi. 7, p. 160 •
Ixviii. , p. 162
Ixviii. 8, p. 164
Ixviii. 31, p. 74
Ixxii. 8, pp. 108, 151
Ixxii. 16, p. 174
Ixxviii. 51, p. xviii
Ixxviii. 70, p. 159
Ixxxi. 17, p. 159
civ. 15, p. 148
cvi. 19/., 37, p. 160
cxviii. 17, p. 168
cxxii. , cxxv. , cxxxiii. ,
cxxxiv. , p. Ill
cxlvii. 14, p. 159
ECCLESIASTES
vii. 28, p. xi
Canticles
iii. 6, p. 95
iv. 8, p. 140
Isaiah
ii. 6, pp. 23, 157
viii. 19, pp. 124/.
X. 5, p. xxix
x. 9-1 1, p. 40
X. 27-32, p. 64
X. 27, p. 148
xi. II, pp. 142, 159 («.i)
xiv. 12, p. 157
xiv. 13, 31, p. 42
xvii. 2, p. 137
xvii. 10, p. 75 («.■*)
xix., pp. 124/".
XX., p. 88
xxvii. I, p. 85
xxviii. 1-4, p. 88
xxviii. I, p. xlvii
xxix. 4, pp. 124-126
XXX. 6, p. 142 {«. ')
XXXV. 7, p. 142
xlvi. I, p. 163
xlvii. I, p. 58
xlvii. 7, p. 175 (n."^)
Ivii. 5, p. 114
Ivii. 8, p. 106
Ivii. 15, p. 17s («.2)
Ixvi. 20, p. 30
Jeremiah
i. 13-15, p. 42
i. 15, p. 60
ii. II, p. 135 (n.'^)
ii. 28 b, p. 33
iii. 18, p. 59
iv. 5/, vi. I, p. 64
iv. 13, p. 41
V. 7. P- 33
vi. 1-22, p. 42
vi. I, p. 59
vi. 15, p. 78
vi. 22, p, 64
vi. 23-26(2, pp. 41/.
vii. 3-15, p. 48 («.2)
vii. 3-viii. 3, p. 48
vii. 9, 18, p. 46
vii. 17/., pp. 34, 75, 119
viii. 8, p. 33
X. 22, p. 59
xi. 1-8, p. 32
xi- 15- P- 33
xiii. 18-21, p. 66
XV. 12, p. 149
xvi. 15, P- 59
xvii. 2, p. 47 [n. ^)
xix. 4/., p. 25
xxii. 1-5, 6/, p. 51 («.5)
xxii. 10-19, xxiv, xxviii,
XXX, pp. 49^
xxii. 13-19, 24-30, pp. 90_^
xxii. 18/., p. 66 («.2)
xxii. 24, 25-27, p. 66 {n. *)
xxiii. 14, p. 78
xxiv., p. 71
xxiv. I, xxix. 2, p. 67
xxiv. 17/, pp. 72, 75
XXV. 25, p. 126 (with n.*)
XXV. 38, p. 43 («. 1)
xxvi. , p. 48
xxvi. 20-23, P- 5^ i"-^)
xxvi. 23, p. 82
xxvii. 2, p. 77
xxvii. 3, p. 76
xxvii. 17, p. 80
xxviii. 1-4, pp. 77, 80
xxix. , p. 79
xxix. 22/;, p. 60
xxxii. 6-15, p. 83
xxxii. 35, p. 25
xxxiv. , p. 72
xxxiv. 4/!, p. 63
XXXV. , p. 64
xxxvi., pp. 47/".
xxxvii. 3, 17, xxxviii. 14, p.
72
xxxvii. 5, pp. 73 («. 1), 80
xxxvii. 13, xxxviii. 6, 19,
p. 82
xxxix. 3, p. 84
xxxix. 6/., p. 83
xxxix. 11 f., p. 60
xxxix. 13, p. 57
xli. 5, pp. 28, III
xliv. 17^, pp. 72, 75
xliv. 30, p. 80
xlvi. 6, p. 42
xlvi. 16, p. 43 («. ^)
1. (i) 8, p. 57
1. 16, p. 43 («. 1)
Ii. 41, p. 58
Ii. 59, p. 79
Iii. 15, p. 82
Ezekiel
i. 4, p. 164
viii., ix., pp. 73^
viii. 16, p. 25
ix. 2, p. 76
xii. 13, p. 71
xiii., p. 77
.xiv. 5, p. 73
xiv. 22/., p. 71
XV. , p. 71
xvi. 3, 29, p. 95
xvii. 3/., pp. 67, 94
xvii. 5-21, p. 70
xviii. 6, p. 75
xix. 1-4, p. 49
xix. 5-9, p. 71
XX. 26, p. 25
.xxi. 24^, pp. 60/., 67
xxii. 27, p. 72 («. ^)
xxvi. 7, p. 59 («.•*)
xxvii. II, p. 17
xxvii. 13, p. 155
xxvii. 23, p. xi
xxix. 3, p. 85
xxxviii. 2, p. 162
xxxviii. -xxxix. , p. 59
xxxviii. 6, p. 17
Daniel
i. 2, p. 62
X. 5, p. 76
HOSEA
ii. 10 (8), p. 103
iv. II, p. xlvii
iv. 13, p. 113
X. 5, p. 23 («.•*)
X. 14, p. 51 («.3)
xi. 4, p. 125
xi. 5, p. 130
xii. 12, p. 160
xiii. 15, p. 113
Joel
ii. 20, p. 151
iv. 6, p. 155
Amos
'■ 9. P- 15s
i. 12, p. 165
ii. 6, p. xlvi
ii. 8, pp. 121 («. ^), 140
ii. 10, p. 150
iii. 12 b, p. 162 (n. ^)
iv. 3, p. 162
v. 26, p. 40
194 DECLINE AND FALL OF KINGDOM OF JUDAH
vi.
I. p. 29
Habakkuk
ii. 5, p. 19
vi.
2, p. 40
i. 5-10, 14-17, ii. 1-4, p.
ii. 11/, 12-15, P- 42
ix.
7, pp. xxiii, XXXV
64
i. 12, p. xlvii
ii. 15, iii. I, pp. 42/.
ix.
II, pp. xlvi/.
Zechariah
Jonah
i. 16, p. 94
iii.
6, p. 60 («.i)
ii. 2, pp. xlvii, 135 («. 2)
ii. 4, p. 63
ii. 10. pp. 57, 59
vi. I, p. 149
MiCAH
ii. s/., pp. xlvii, 64
vii. 2, p. 18
Hi.
12, p. 49
iii. 3, p. 164
vii. 9, p. 172
V.
5, p. 181
iii. 6, p. 175 («. ^)
ix. 10, pp. 108, 151
vi.
i,b, p. 128
iii. 7, p. 177 \nS)
xiv. 8, p. 151
vi.
16, pp. 99, 119, 131
xiv. 9, p. 146
(«.i)
Zephaniah
I ESDRAS
Nahum
i. 4, p. 23 («.*)
i. 28, p. 38 («.2)
8-11, p. 39
i. 8, p. 123
Enoch
8, 17, p. 40
i. 10, p. 18
19. P- 39
i. II, pp. 25, 94
vi. 6,' p. 140
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r | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7056893110275269, "perplexity": 17502.30036152117}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719677.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00395-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/5059/what-is-the-rationale-of-a-weight-passenger-value-for-the-icao-tcas-requirement/5061 | # What is the rationale of a weight/passenger value for the ICAO TCAS requirement?
What is the rationale for the figures 5,700 Kg and 19 passengers?
Excerpt from TCAS's Wikipedia entry page:
It is a type of airborne collision avoidance system mandated by the International Civil Aviation Organization to be fitted to all aircraft with a maximum take-off mass (MTOM) of over 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) or authorized to carry more than 19 passengers.
• I would guess costs-benefits tradeoff – Federico May 24 '14 at 10:37
• Can you expand please? – menjaraz May 24 '14 at 10:52
• The specific numbers were probably chosen with a representative list of aircraft in mind. The lawmakers may have done a cost/benefit analysis on several planes, and decided which ones it made sense for. Then a number that included and excluded the appropriate planes was chosen. This is heavy speculation on my part though. – TypeIA May 24 '14 at 12:48
The numbers aren't random, though at first glance the rationale may not be obvious.
### Weight
5700 kilograms is (roughly) 12,500 pounds - This aligns with the FAA definition of a "large aircraft" (an aircraft with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of more than 12,500 pounds).
Large aircraft tend to be "working airplanes" in passenger or cargo service, and will be operating to/from busy terminals. They will therefore benefit substantially from TCAS, and the operators can theoretically afford to equip their fleets.
### Seating Capacity
Carrying more than 19 passengers further includes aircraft which may not be "large aircraft" but might be used as "working airplanes" in regular airline/commuter service carrying passengers (and would therefore benefit from TCAS, and theoretically be producing revenue to offset the cost of equipping them).
This roughly aligns with FAR 121.391 flight attendant requirements (Even relatively small aircraft - maximum payload of 7,500 pounds or less - are required to have a flight attendant on board to assist in evacuation in the event of an emergency, so it logically follows that such aircraft should be equipped with TCAS to avoid at least one possible type of emergency (mid-air collision).
As Federico pointed out, this is largely a cost/benefit trade off (nobody would argue for a flight attendant on a Cessna 150, similarly the TCAS safety features would be overkill for most Cessna 150s in the world).
• I wonder if the smallish jets (Citation, LJ 45, etc) might not benefit? Anyone know the general costs associated with TCAS? – CGCampbell May 24 '14 at 20:39
• @CGCampbell they probably could - nothing stopping people from installing a TCAS system in them except money (\$20,000 for the box, plus install - as of right now) – voretaq7 May 24 '14 at 21:01
• @CGCampbell Most Learjets and Citations have TCAS, although it is only required for turbine powered aircraft with 10 or more seats operating under 14 CFR 135. – Lnafziger May 25 '14 at 20:11
• Basically, they require it on aircraft that will in normal situations be used in airliner operations. There's nothing prohibiting it from being installed in any aircraft, as long as they want to pay for the electronics, and/or certification costs if the part has never been fitted to the type in question. Also, as a note there are a significant number of business jets that are large enough to be in the 5700kg weight range. – slookabill Feb 20 '15 at 23:18 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18567371368408203, "perplexity": 2892.119505821293}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665575.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112151954-20191112175954-00503.warc.gz"} |
https://arxiv-export-lb.library.cornell.edu/list/cond-mat.stat-mech/1812?skip=135&show=25 | # Statistical Mechanics
## Authors and titles for cond-mat.stat-mech in Dec 2018, skipping first 135
[ total of 242 entries: 1-25 | ... | 61-85 | 86-110 | 111-135 | 136-160 | 161-185 | 186-210 | 211-235 | 236-242 ]
[ showing 25 entries per page: fewer | more | all ]
[136] arXiv:1812.02569 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Enhancing the efficiency of quantum annealing via reinforcement: A path-integral Monte Carlo simulation of the quantum reinforcement algorithm
Authors: A. Ramezanpour
Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. A 98 (2018)
Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[137] arXiv:1812.02853 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf, other]
Title: Soliton fractional charge of disordered graphene nanoribbon
Comments: 11 pages, 19 figures; J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 31 (2019) 265601; estimate of quantum charge fluctuations is included; more references are added
Journal-ref: J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 31 265601 (2019)
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[138] arXiv:1812.02913 (cross-list from cond-mat.mes-hall) [pdf]
Title: Field-induced ferromagnetic phase transition in 2D Fermi systems with magnetic dipole-dipole interaction
Journal-ref: Physical Review A 98, 023634 (2018)
Subjects: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[139] arXiv:1812.02917 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf]
Title: Microscopic analysis of homogeneous electron gas by considering dipole dipole interaction
Journal-ref: Modern Physics Letters B 31, 1750334 (2017)
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[140] arXiv:1812.02959 (cross-list from cond-mat.mes-hall) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Scaling laws for weakly disordered 1D flat bands
Authors: J. M. Luck
Comments: 29 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables
Journal-ref: J. Phys. A 52 (2019) 205301
Subjects: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[141] arXiv:1812.03701 (cross-list from cond-mat.soft) [pdf, other]
Title: Overtwisting induces polygonal shapes in bent DNA
Journal-ref: J. Chem. Phys. 150, 135101 (2019)
Subjects: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Biomolecules (q-bio.BM)
[142] arXiv:1812.04150 (cross-list from cond-mat.soft) [pdf, other]
Title: Reversibility, Pattern Formation and Edge Transport in Active Chiral and Passive Disk Mixtures
Journal-ref: J. Chem. Phys. 150, 064905 (2019)
Subjects: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[143] arXiv:1812.04217 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Out-of-time-ordered correlators of the Hubbard model: SYK strange metal in the spin freezing crossover region
Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. B 99, 115132 (2019)
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[144] arXiv:1812.04527 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, other]
Title: Local versus global stretched mechanical response in a supercooled liquid near the glass transition
Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 105501 (2019)
Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci); Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[145] arXiv:1812.04535 (cross-list from cond-mat.soft) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Topological states in chiral active matter: dynamic blue phases and active half-skyrmions
Comments: 8 pages, 7 figures. Supplementary movies at this https URL
Subjects: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS)
[146] arXiv:1812.04853 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, other]
Title: Fidelity susceptibility in Gaussian Random Ensembles
Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 99, 050102 (2019)
Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[147] arXiv:1812.04915 (cross-list from cond-mat.mes-hall) [pdf, other]
Title: Fluctuations and photon statistics in quantum metamaterial near the superradiant transition
Comments: 16 pages, 3 figures; revised version
Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. A 99, 063821 (2019)
Subjects: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[148] arXiv:1812.05115 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, other]
Title: Exact solution of a percolation analogue for the many-body localisation transition
Comments: 5 pages, 4 figures + supplementary material
Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. B 99, 220201 (2019)
Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[149] arXiv:1812.05621 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf, other]
Title: Deconfined Thermal Phase Transitions with $Z_2$ Gauge Structures
Authors: Eun-Gook Moon
Comments: 5+4 pages, expanded discussion with more figures
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[150] arXiv:1812.06002 (cross-list from cond-mat.soft) [pdf, other]
Title: Coexisting Ordered States, Local Equilibrium-like Domains, and Broken Ergodicity in a Non-turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard Convection at Steady-state
Comments: To appear in Scientific Reports
Journal-ref: Scientific Reports Vol. 9, Article number: 10615, 2019
Subjects: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
[151] arXiv:1812.06073 (cross-list from cond-mat.soft) [pdf, other]
Title: Electrification in granular gases leads to constrained fractal growth
Journal-ref: Scientific Reports 9: 9049 (2019)
Subjects: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[152] arXiv:1812.06098 (cross-list from cond-mat.mes-hall) [pdf, other]
Title: The Coulomb drag effect induced by the third cumulant of current
Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. B 99, 165404 (2019)
Subjects: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[153] arXiv:1812.06101 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, other]
Title: Percolation in Fock space as a proxy for many-body localisation
Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. B 99, 104206 (2019)
Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[154] arXiv:1812.06146 (cross-list from cond-mat.soft) [pdf, other]
Title: Motion of active tracer in a lattice gas with cross-shaped particles
Journal-ref: Journal of Chemical Physics 150, 144508 (2019)
Subjects: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[155] arXiv:1812.06259 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Robustness of Griffiths effects in homeostatic connectome models
Authors: Géza Ódor
Comments: 9 pages, 10 figures, accepted version in PRE
Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 99, 012113 (2019)
Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph); Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
[156] arXiv:1812.06279 (cross-list from cond-mat.mtrl-sci) [pdf, other]
Title: Change in the Crystallization Features of Supercooled Liquid Metal with an Increase in the Supercooling Level
Journal-ref: Jetp Lett. 107, 629 (2018)
Subjects: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Atomic and Molecular Clusters (physics.atm-clus); Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
[157] arXiv:1812.06308 (cross-list from cond-mat.soft) [pdf, other]
Title: A kinetic-Monte Carlo perspective on active matter
Journal-ref: Journal of Chemical Physics 150, 144113 (2019)
Subjects: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[158] arXiv:1812.06334 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, other]
Title: Study of longitudinal fluctuations of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model
Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
[159] arXiv:1812.06959 (cross-list from cond-mat.quant-gas) [pdf, other]
Title: Quantum critical behavior at the many-body-localization transition | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.54753178358078, "perplexity": 28845.166198784867}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322180852-20230322210852-00227.warc.gz"} |
https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Engineering/EGR_1010%3A_Introduction_to_Engineering_for_Engineers_and_Scientists/06%3A_Understanding_(how_to_investigate_on_your_own) | # 6: Understanding (how to investigate on your own)
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For engineering classes you will write essays on a number of subjects. For introduction to engineering the subjects are to be one page essays on a topic that relates to your desired discipline (or ones your thinking about) within engineering. Essays are due once every one or two weeks. The essays are to be about a particular subject, not about the discipline (so about an aspect of transistors, not about electrical engineering).
Why write essays? For two reasons, one is the simple reason of just practicing your English especially the skills needed for technical writing. The other reason is for you to write something that will help you see what your discipline is all about. For general engineering introduction classes this is the best way for you to learn (that is "teachers only open the door it is up to you to enter them." - Karate class). When doing specific discipline engineering introduction classes found in extremely well-funded schools this might not be necessary, but it doesn't hurt and you still need practice with technical writing in all schools.
Before we start writing essays though we need to set some groundwork on how to do your investigations. Not only will this benefit you for writing your technical essay but it also will give you a guideline on how to study on your own or even do classes on your own (if for some reason you have difficulty getting into a school).
Below we give a brief overview of how to reliably do your own investigations of topics. Unfortunately "fake" news/science/information (Yellow journalism - 100 years ago...this is NOT new) can be found anywhere. That being said their are multiple good sources on information (though they can be occasionally wrong, so always verify).
This is a selection from Astronomy class (substitute Engineering for Science):
Science Pseudo-Science Scientific Journal, peer-reviewed Literature is aimed at general public Reproducible results, precise description of experiments, many references of previous work Results cannot be reproduced consistently, vague results, vague description of experiments, no or very few references OR references that are not relevant but are added to fake legitimacy Refers to establish theory Ignores established theory with no basis to do so; no physical phenomena or process to back it up with Results are the results even if they don't seem to match our beliefs Appeals to belief rather than evidence Starts as a hypothesis “Proved” with multiple experiments Becomes a theory with a preponderance of evidence (interesting this is a little bit like the law; guilty beyond a reasonable doubt - not 100% no doubt, but reasonable doubt) Lacks evidence or spurious evidence (not peer reviewed evidence) Not trying to sell something Usually selling something: either a product, belief, or philosophy
So a note on theory: In science, a theory is not like the theory in mathematics where you prove a theory with axioms to produce a theorem. It would be near impossible to prove a science theory with axioms to produce a science theorem. Theories in science are more then the name suggests. They are not hypotheses. The theories of science are proven with a preponderance of evidence1, they are not just ideas that pop from ones head. Unfortunately pseudo-scientists like to use the word "theory" to suggest science is not rigorous, but are just ideas that pop into a scientists head. This is not true. To be clear, theories in science are, as far as present science allows, proven through a preponderance of evidence.
From the following table you should be able to glean some information on how to tell good information from bad information, but let us get specific with references you are likely to use.
¬ How do we trust the information we see on the web or in the "media"? That is how do we know what is accurate or not?
• The simple answer is "you don't know"
• We need expert knowledge
• However there is a method that can be used for anything you wish to know that can ensure a most likely good answer
¬ What is the best way to ensure your knowledge is real or good?
• Need five or more independent references to give you confidence that your information is real or good
• Independent means that it is not the same repeated claim (which unfortunately is all over the internet)
• Independent means that your source does not repeat the same idea in the same or very similar words
• A lot of sources copy from one another so those would not be independent references
• Even with references there is a chance you still might not be accurate, so a skeptical mind helps a lot...continue to find something that makes sense
• Imagine someone said that a particular flu only effected people from ages 25 to 35 years old...this doesn't make sense (does it?) since to date flus effect all age groups...this needs to be thoroughly investigated before we accept this reference
¬ So we all know (because my teacher says so) that Wikipedia (or other web pages) is not to be trusted, right?
• Well, not so fast, Wikipedia has made some mistakes and can be a victim of biased points of view, but it also has been very accurate on a number of pages as well
• Use Wikipedia for your investigations, but always look for independent verification (don't necessarily use the references in Wikipedia)
• Politically charged items are the most problematic on Wikipedia. Of course they are problematic on other sites as well, so a lot of research is needed if you want to take up a politically charged item. Wikipedia is not a good place to start for those sort of items unless you are very very careful.
• Note that Wikipedia is somewhat vetted
¬ So we all know (because my teacher says so) that the New York Times (or other newspapers or magazines) is to be trusted, right?
• Well, not so fast, while the Times is normally accurate it has had numerous inaccurate claims and statement over its very long history
• Use the New York Times for your investigations (though as an engineer you might want to go to more science/engineering type periodicals), but always look for independent verification
• The traditional media is usually partially vetted so it is preferable to unvetted sources of media
¬ So we all know that books are to be trusted, right?
• Well, not so fast, most books are reviewed and can be very good, but not all books are to be trusted for different reasons
• Some books are only reviewed for spelling and grammar not content
• Some books are not reviewed at all (those are the hardest to read)
• Some books are opinion pieces and aren't meant as a reference book unless you are referencing opinions
• Use books for your investigations, but always look for independent verification
• Most books are thoroughly vetted so obviously there is a higher trust factor here, but it is not perfect so independent verification is still required
Where else can we get information from especially on the internet. Should we get information from the following sources?
• No this is utterly unvetted and should not be used at all
• This is meant for people to say what is on their mind even if it is nonsense
• Science and Engineering doesn't do nonsense (unless it is off duty relaxing joking manner) and never on papers
• Conclusion: "Fake News or Yellow Journalism"
¬ Instagram?
• No this is utterly unvetted and should not be used at all
• This is meant for people to show you what is on their minds even if it is nonsense
• Science and Engineering doesn't do nonsense (unless it is off duty relaxing joking manner) and never on papers
• Conclusion: "Fake New or Yellow Journalism"
• No this is utterly unvetted and should not be used at all
• This is meant for you to keep in contacts with your personal friends, relatives, and favorite celebrities...
• Conclusion: There is no news on this platform, so don't use it as a news source at ALL
¬ Any other social network?
• No these are utterly unvetted and should not be used at all
• Social network are not news organization, not science organizations, not engineering organizations, etc., just a bunch of people (good or bad) that hang out together
• Totally unvetted sources should be ignored as far as facts or "news" is concerned
• Reason: bias (in all directions)
Know that we have a method of understanding how to investigate ideas, lets look at some web sites you might go to do some investigation that are not Wikipedia. Most of these magazines should be in your library (where paper books are).
## Magazines of interest (vetted/science):
• Science News -- Layperson magazine on science and engineering: This is for anyone who is reasonably educated and is published biweekly (used to be weekly, but with the advent of a website it was felt weekly was too much). Started in 1922 as Science News Letters. This is a small operation by news standards but is a better source of science then most newspapers.
• Scientific American -- Science oriented, but occasionally has engineering articles
• Astronomy
• Sky and Telescope
• Astronomy Now
• Discover
• National Geographic
• Nature Physics -- Physics is one of the basic sciences along with Chemistry (while this particular Nature is rather new, Nature itself started in 1869)
• Nature Chemistry -- Chemistry is one of the basic sciences along with Physics
• Nature Geoscience -- Might be of interest to petroleum engineers as well as scientists
• Royal Society Open Science -- contains science and engineering (while this Royal Society publication is rather new, the Royal Society's "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" was started in 1665 and was interestingly similar to the original Science News mentioned above)
• Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest -- Technical Journal for APL
## Web sites that are better vetted then most:
• Scholarpedia -- Like Wikipedia (with much less) but peer reviewed
• ScienceWorld -- Eric Weisstein's Scienceworld (sponsored by Wolfram Research - the "Mathematica" dudes)
• MathWorld -- Eric Weisstein's Mathworld
• How's it Made -- A TV show that has sometimes has very interesting stories on engineering processes...this has enough detail that it can be used as a reference and this show has run for 19 years (there are others in this class of TV show that are good as well like How Do They Do That?, Extreme Engineering, Impossible Engineering, Modern Marvels, How Did They Build That?, Strip the City, etc.)
Next let us discuss how you should write a paper. This begins with the classic English class refrain: Introduction, Body, Conclusion. This applies to engineering and science papers as well, the only difference is that their should be more seriousness to how the papers are written. No bells and whistles just the facts in your essays.
• Introduction
• Give an overview of what you are going to present
• Make in "short and sweet"
• For a one or two page essay do not do broad subjects, do specific subjects
• Body
• This is the "meat" of the paper
• Conclusion
• Summarize what you have presented
• Don't present substantially new material that needs to be defended
Standard English writing ideas still apply
• No clichés
• It is raining cats and dogs...so where are the cats and dogs all over the roads???
• Only time will tell...so what will it tell us???
• Once we read between the lines...so where are the words that you see between the lines???...show it.
• In this day and age,...you mean now??? Why do you even need to say this???
• No trite statements or hackneyed statements
• No run on sentences
• Paragraphs should normally have at least three sentences unless there is some special reason
• No run on paragraphs...10 sentences or more in a paragraph likely can be split up
• Make sure you have verb agreement and verb/noun agreement
• Don't use words you don't understand, just say it like you would normally say it...fanciness not needed
• If the sentence is awkward, rewrite it to be simple...simple is always better (example from famous playwriter: "To be or not to be")
• Do not use quotes for something you don't understand; either understand it and write it in your own words or don't include it in your essay
• Better yet don't use quotes at all
• Since you all have word processors - CHECK your spelling (if something weird is going on make sure you are set to American English if you are in America and writing in English) - if you are lucky you might even be able to CHECK your grammar.
So lets see some essays!
1Like in criminal law when you are found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt (usually through a preponderance of evidence or a preponderance of circumstantial evidence). Note you are not found guild beyond any doubt. We all have doubt. Even in science we are never glued completely to an idea if evidence is suggesting something else. Though it is hard to dislodge a scientific theory unless there is a preponderance of evidence.
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## Selena2345 2 years ago Val scored 85% on a test with 60 mutiple choice questions.How many problems did Val answer correctly ? Delete Cancel Submit
• This Question is Closed
1. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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if you get a score on you paper it is written like how?
2. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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i mean sometimes not all
3. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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you might see a 98 meaning you got 98 questions correct out of 100 ---- 100 coicedentally it also means that you got 98 percent as you score
4. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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calculate it as you see it :P
5. Selena2345
• 2 years ago
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i don't understand what you wrote
6. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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98 --- 100 98 divided by 100 ?
7. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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i spelled coincidentally wrong :P
8. Selena2345
• 2 years ago
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98/100=0.98
9. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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then for percentage you must move the decimal place 2 spaces back
10. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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95%
11. Selena2345
• 2 years ago
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12. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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to get a decimal numeric value move 2 spaces foward
13. Selena2345
• 2 years ago
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can you give me the answer @iforgot
14. lillybeth123
• 2 years ago
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the answer souldnt be a decimal or percentage, 1 min
15. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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0
16. Selena2345
• 2 years ago
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okay @lillybeth123
17. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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but do you know how calculate percentage problems back and forth?
18. Selena2345
• 2 years ago
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no
19. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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0
20. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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that is what the question was asking
21. Selena2345
• 2 years ago
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0
22. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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23. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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it will be too confusing doing 2 things at once
24. lillybeth123
• 2 years ago
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1
i can look it up later, but im in a quiz, ill tell you the answer in a bit.
25. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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ok back to my example this is a given situation TEST SCORE 98 --- 100
26. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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This means that 98 --- 100 <--- number of test problems
27. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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98 <--- number test problems correct --- 100 <--- number test problems
28. lillybeth123
• 2 years ago
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i don't see wat 98 has to do with her problem.
29. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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if you see my posts this is an example
30. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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she/he has said that they are not very clear on percentage calculation
31. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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98 <--- % out of --- 100 <--- number of problems this is synonymous when it is # % out of #
32. shevron
• 2 years ago
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i think she/he has to say $\frac{ 85 }{ 100 }$ and multiply it by 60
33. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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as i said in my examples 98 < --- correct --- = percentage yield 100 <--- # prob. you want # correct simple 60 <--- #prob --- = correct 85 <--- percent yield
34. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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use what you want to solve for
35. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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@Selena2345 do you understand y i am doing this?
36. Selena2345
• 2 years ago
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no
37. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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do you understand 98 --- = 98 % 100
38. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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?
39. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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"point" 98 (or any number) becomes a percent when the decimal space is moved back 2 places .98
40. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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therefore 98 --- = .98 = 98% 100
41. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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@Selena2345 you understand that?
42. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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if i had 1 it becomes 100% 1.5 it becomes 150% .25 it becomes 25%
43. iforgot
• 2 years ago
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44. Not the answer you are looking for?
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Thanks for being so helpful in mathematics. If you are getting quality help, make sure you spread the word about OpenStudy. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9999624490737915, "perplexity": 14725.849757566675}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246644200.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045724-00047-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/deriving-probability-density-functions-from-partial-differential-equations.616585/ | # Deriving Probability Density Functions from Partial Differential Equations?
1. Jun 26, 2012
### Annihilator
Deriving Probability Density Functions from Partial Differential Equations???
Hiyas,
I have been told that it is quite normal to get PDFs (Probability Density Functions) from PDEs (Partial Differential Equations). That in PDEs that the function can be a PDF and you can get this by solving the PDE.
Nobody has actually shown me how this is done. I have my doubts because I have learned that Probability Theory is not mixed with PDEs directly this way. That there are other types of mathematics called Stochastic Partial Differential Equations or Stochastic Differential Equations that do something similar.
I was taught to believe that PDFs are found by "reinterpreting" the PDE by approaching it with Probability Theory and looking at from a new way and creating new Probability Mathematics to deal with the PDE.
However others are insisting that I don't start by approaching it with Probability Theory. That I actually just solve PDEs to get PDFs and that I can also get PDFs from PDEs.
Another thing is they are using the term Probability Distribution Function and not Probability Density Function but I think they are claiming them to be the same thing.
Can anyone give me their thoughts on this.
Thank you.
2. Jun 26, 2012
### chiro
Re: Deriving Probability Density Functions from Partial Differential Equations???
Hey Annihilator and welcome to the forums.
The common area for this in financial calculus. What happens is you reduce a stochastic differential equation to a PDE and then you solve it.
One good thing about the PDE approach is that when you get arbitrary pay-off functions for your option contract, you can get an expression for the expectation of that arbitrary function.
The heat equation and the normal distribution are pretty much the same, so when you have the right transformations, you can use things like the heat equation to get a density or expectation value.
The above though is a specialized application of this.
There is however a common tool in probability that is known as the characteristic function which is used to retrieve PDF's from a MGF (Moment Generating Function) where you do a fourier transform on the MGF.
I'm speculating, but it's quite possible that this transform or others like it are able to be translated to PDE's or other similar representations especially if a representation is found to link the fourier transform with PDE's. I know you can relate these to linear ODE's but not sure about PDE's.
3. Jun 26, 2012
### Mute
Re: Deriving Probability Density Functions from Partial Differential Equations???
A PDE tells you how a given function changes with respect to its variables (time, position, etc). If your PDF changes with time and position (i.e., the values you can measure for your random variable change with time and/or position), then one can in principle write down an equation which relates together how the probability changes with time and space, and then solve this equation for the pdf.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_equation and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker-Planck_equation .
4. Jun 26, 2012
### bigfooted
Re: Deriving Probability Density Functions from Partial Differential Equations???
Deriving probability density functions from pde's is also quite common in classical physics like turbulence. You can go from the Navier stokes equations (pde) to the transport equation of the probability density function of velocity (a Fokker-Planck equation) using not much more than the ito formula and standard calculus. The solution of the Fokker-Planck equation can be obtained by realizing that a stochastic sample of the PDF (where the PDF = the solution of the FP equation) is actually described by a Langevin equation. A discrete solution of the FP equation can be obtained by solving N Langevin equations in a Monte Carlo method.
Actually, every PDE can be written as a stochastic equation, either as a Fokker-Planck equation or a Langevin equation (because every (?) PDE can be written as a diffusion process).
Check the book of Oksendal for an introduction.
5. Jun 26, 2012
### Mute
Re: Deriving Probability Density Functions from Partial Differential Equations???
Be warned, that book is rather formal and makes extensive use of measure theory notation. If you're comfortable with formal proofs and measure theory, go for it, but coming from a physics background I found it pretty dense and hard to read through.
6. Jun 27, 2012
### Annihilator
Re: Deriving Probability Density Functions from Partial Differential Equations???
Ok, nice thank you.
I take it though that not all PDEs can be written as a type of diffusion process without introducing some form of normalization of the PDE so that you can then begin Stochastic calculations. It seems to me some of these master equations types are pure postulates that can't be derived by any general means of getting PDFs from PDEs. It seems more like you have to figure out if the PDE can be modelled as a SPDE or SDE first and then get the PDF from there. Is this right or wrong?
7. Jun 27, 2012
### Mute
Re: Deriving Probability Density Functions from Partial Differential Equations???
It depends on what you want to do, I guess. If you want analytical results, I think you write down an SDE and then try to convert it into a PDE, because we know how to solve PDEs much better than we know how to solve SDEs.
However, if you want numerical results, it's easer to have an SDE which you can simulate because then you just add some noise terms which are really easy to do numerically; easier than solving PDEs numerically, at least.
See
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman-Kac_formula
That discusses the connection between parabolic PDEs and SDEs.
8. Jun 27, 2012
### Annihilator
Re: Deriving Probability Density Functions from Partial Differential Equations???
Cool. I know we are thinking the same because I am looking at the very same thing.
By the way have you heard of cases where people working on PDEs didn't know they where working Stochastic Partial Differential Equations or Stochastic Differential Equations and didn't get the differences at post-graduate level?
Thanks. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9190938472747803, "perplexity": 443.4942365088791}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813322.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221024420-20180221044420-00006.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/boat-velocity.257195/ | # Boat velocity
1. Sep 17, 2008
### missie
A fishing boat with a max. velocity of 2m/s is in a river that is flowing at 2m/s west.
a. what is the maximum velocity the boat can obtain?
is it 4m/s?
b. what is the minimum speed?
this question i need help answering....
2. Sep 17, 2008
### edziura
"a. what is the maximum velocity the boat can obtain?
is it 4m/s?"
The max speed is 4m/s; the max velocity is 4m/s west (magnitude and direction).
For part b, if you boat goes 2m/s east with respect to the water, and the water goes 2m/s west with repect to the river bank, what is the boat's speed with respect to the river bank? How would the boat appear to be moving to someone standing on the riverbank?
3. Sep 17, 2008
### missie
so it should be 0 m/s?
4. Sep 17, 2008
### edziura
Yep!
5. Sep 17, 2008
### missie
thanks ;]
6. Sep 17, 2008
### edziura
You're welcome.
Last edited: Sep 17, 2008
Similar Discussions: Boat velocity | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.827358603477478, "perplexity": 5273.082013265084}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225225657-20180226005657-00098.warc.gz"} |
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/amc.2020058 | # American Institute of Mathematical Sciences
doi: 10.3934/amc.2020058
## On the non-Abelian group code capacity of memoryless channels
Avenida Tiaraju 810, Alegrete, RS, 97541-151, Brazil
* Corresponding author
Received November 2018 Revised August 2019 Published January 2020
Fund Project: The author is supported by Fundação Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Brazil
In this work is provided a definition of group encoding capacity $C_G$ of non-Abelian group codes transmitted through symmetric channels. It is shown that this $C_G$ is an upper bound of the set of rates of these non-Abelian group codes that allow reliable transmission. Also, is inferred that the $C_G$ is a lower bound of the channel capacity. After that, is computed the $C_G$ of the group code over the dihedral group transmitted through the 8PSK-AWGN channel then is shown that it equals the channel capacity. It remains an open problem whether there exist non-Abelian group codes of rate arbitrarily close to $C_G$ and arbitrarily small error probability.
Citation: Jorge P. Arpasi. On the non-Abelian group code capacity of memoryless channels. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, doi: 10.3934/amc.2020058
##### References:
show all references
##### References:
$G(\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}})$-Symmetric sub-channels the $D_4$-symmetric channel 8PSK-AWGN
$\rho$ Array Sub-group $G(\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk})$ Sub-Constellation ${\mathcal{X}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk})$ 1 $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1\\ 0&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $2 {\mathbb{Z}}_4\boxtimes \{0\}=\{e,a^2\}$ $\{x_0,x_4\}$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1\\ 1&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $2 {\mathbb{Z}}_4\boxtimes {\mathbb{Z}}_2 = \{e,b,a^2,a^2b\}$ $\{x_0,x_1,x_4,x_5\}$ 2 $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&2\\ 0&{} \end{array}} \right)$ ${\mathbb{Z}}_4\boxtimes \{0\}=\{e,a,a^2,a^3\}$ $\{x_0,x_2,x_4,x_6\}$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&2\\ 1&{} \end{array}} \right)$ ${\mathbb{Z}}_4\boxtimes {\mathbb{Z}}_2 = D_4$ ${\mathcal{X}}_8$
$\rho$ Array Sub-group $G(\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk})$ Sub-Constellation ${\mathcal{X}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk})$ 1 $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1\\ 0&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $2 {\mathbb{Z}}_4\boxtimes \{0\}=\{e,a^2\}$ $\{x_0,x_4\}$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1\\ 1&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $2 {\mathbb{Z}}_4\boxtimes {\mathbb{Z}}_2 = \{e,b,a^2,a^2b\}$ $\{x_0,x_1,x_4,x_5\}$ 2 $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&2\\ 0&{} \end{array}} \right)$ ${\mathbb{Z}}_4\boxtimes \{0\}=\{e,a,a^2,a^3\}$ $\{x_0,x_2,x_4,x_6\}$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&2\\ 1&{} \end{array}} \right)$ ${\mathbb{Z}}_4\boxtimes {\mathbb{Z}}_2 = D_4$ ${\mathcal{X}}_8$
Output probability densities $\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk}}$ and capacities $C_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk}}$ of the sub-channels $G(\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}})$ of the $D_4$-symmetric channel 8PSK-AWGN, where $p_i(y): = p(y\vert x_i)$
Array Sub-Constell. ${\mathcal{X}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk})$ Density $\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk}}$ Capacity $C_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk}}$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1\\ 0&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $\{x_0,x_4\}$ $\frac{1}{2}(p_0+p_4)$ $H(\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{110}})-H(p_0)$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1\\ 1&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $\{x_0,x_1,x_4,x_5\}$ $\frac{1}{4}(p_0+p_1+p_4+p_5)$ $H(\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{111}})-H(p_0)$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&2\\ 0&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $\{x_0,x_2,x_4,x_6\}$ $\frac{1}{4}(p_0+p_2+p_4+p_6)$ $H(\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{120}})-H(p_0)$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&2\\ 1&{} \end{array}} \right)$ ${\mathcal{X}}_8$ $\frac{1}{8}(p_0+p_1+\dots+p_7)$ $H(\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{121}})-H(p_0)$
Array Sub-Constell. ${\mathcal{X}}(\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk})$ Density $\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk}}$ Capacity $C_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{ijk}}$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1\\ 0&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $\{x_0,x_4\}$ $\frac{1}{2}(p_0+p_4)$ $H(\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{110}})-H(p_0)$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1\\ 1&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $\{x_0,x_1,x_4,x_5\}$ $\frac{1}{4}(p_0+p_1+p_4+p_5)$ $H(\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{111}})-H(p_0)$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&2\\ 0&{} \end{array}} \right)$ $\{x_0,x_2,x_4,x_6\}$ $\frac{1}{4}(p_0+p_2+p_4+p_6)$ $H(\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{120}})-H(p_0)$ $\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&2\\ 1&{} \end{array}} \right)$ ${\mathcal{X}}_8$ $\frac{1}{8}(p_0+p_1+\dots+p_7)$ $H(\lambda_{\mathit{\boldsymbol{l}}_{121}})-H(p_0)$
[1] Cristina García Pillado, Santos González, Victor Markov, Consuelo Martínez, Alexandr Nechaev. New examples of non-abelian group codes. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2016, 10 (1) : 1-10. doi: 10.3934/amc.2016.10.1 [2] Sergio Estrada, J. R. García-Rozas, Justo Peralta, E. Sánchez-García. Group convolutional codes. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2008, 2 (1) : 83-94. doi: 10.3934/amc.2008.2.83 [3] Crnković Dean, Vedrana Mikulić Crnković, Bernardo G. Rodrigues. On self-orthogonal designs and codes related to Held's simple group. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2018, 12 (3) : 607-628. doi: 10.3934/amc.2018036 [4] Terasan Niyomsataya, Ali Miri, Monica Nevins. Decoding affine reflection group codes with trellises. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2012, 6 (4) : 385-400. doi: 10.3934/amc.2012.6.385 [5] Jamshid Moori, Amin Saeidi. Some designs and codes invariant under the Tits group. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2017, 11 (1) : 77-82. doi: 10.3934/amc.2017003 [6] Steven T. Dougherty, Cristina Fernández-Córdoba, Roger Ten-Valls, Bahattin Yildiz. Quaternary group ring codes: Ranks, kernels and self-dual codes. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2019, 0 (0) : 0-0. doi: 10.3934/amc.2020023 [7] Eldho K. Thomas, Nadya Markin, Frédérique Oggier. On Abelian group representability of finite groups. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2014, 8 (2) : 139-152. doi: 10.3934/amc.2014.8.139 [8] Arseny Egorov. Morse coding for a Fuchsian group of finite covolume. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2009, 3 (4) : 637-646. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2009.3.637 [9] Olof Heden, Fabio Pasticci, Thomas Westerbäck. On the existence of extended perfect binary codes with trivial symmetry group. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2009, 3 (3) : 295-309. doi: 10.3934/amc.2009.3.295 [10] Axel Kohnert, Johannes Zwanzger. New linear codes with prescribed group of automorphisms found by heuristic search. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2009, 3 (2) : 157-166. doi: 10.3934/amc.2009.3.157 [11] Tobias Sutter, David Sutter, John Lygeros. Capacity of random channels with large alphabets. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2017, 11 (4) : 813-835. doi: 10.3934/amc.2017060 [12] Carolyn Mayer, Kathryn Haymaker, Christine A. Kelley. Channel decomposition for multilevel codes over multilevel and partial erasure channels. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2018, 12 (1) : 151-168. doi: 10.3934/amc.2018010 [13] Elena Celledoni, Brynjulf Owren. Preserving first integrals with symmetric Lie group methods. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2014, 34 (3) : 977-990. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2014.34.977 [14] Bernardo Gabriel Rodrigues. Some optimal codes related to graphs invariant under the alternating group $A_8$. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2011, 5 (2) : 339-350. doi: 10.3934/amc.2011.5.339 [15] Steven T. Dougherty, Joe Gildea, Abidin Kaya, Bahattin Yildiz. New self-dual and formally self-dual codes from group ring constructions. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2020, 14 (1) : 11-22. doi: 10.3934/amc.2020002 [16] John Franks, Michael Handel. Some virtually abelian subgroups of the group of analytic symplectic diffeomorphisms of a surface. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2013, 7 (3) : 369-394. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2013.7.369 [17] Steven T. Dougherty, Joe Gildea, Adrian Korban, Abidin Kaya. Composite constructions of self-dual codes from group rings and new extremal self-dual binary codes of length 68. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2019, 0 (0) : 0-0. doi: 10.3934/amc.2020037 [18] John Fogarty. On Noether's bound for polynomial invariants of a finite group. Electronic Research Announcements, 2001, 7: 5-7. [19] Xiaojun Huang, Jinsong Liu, Changrong Zhu. The Katok's entropy formula for amenable group actions. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2018, 38 (9) : 4467-4482. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018195 [20] Gustavo Terra Bastos, Reginaldo Palazzo Júnior, Marinês Guerreiro. Abelian non-cyclic orbit codes and multishot subspace codes. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2019, 0 (0) : 0-0. doi: 10.3934/amc.2020035
2018 Impact Factor: 0.879 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4784841239452362, "perplexity": 4922.790069190822}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00049.warc.gz"} |
https://blog.stata.com/2016/page/2/ | Archive for 2016
## An ordered-probit inverse probability weighted (IPW) estimator
teffects ipw uses multinomial logit to estimate the weights needed to estimate the potential-outcome means (POMs) from a multivalued treatment. I show how to estimate the POMs when the weights come from an ordered probit model. Moment conditions define the ordered probit estimator and the subsequent weighted average used to estimate the POMs. I use gmm to obtain consistent standard errors by stacking the ordered-probit moment conditions and the weighted mean moment conditions. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags:
## Cointegration or spurious regression?
$$\newcommand{\betab}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$$Time-series data often appear nonstationary and also tend to comove. A set of nonstationary series that are cointegrated implies existence of a long-run equilibrium relation. If such an equlibrium does not exist, then the apparent comovement is spurious and no meaningful interpretation ensues.
Analyzing multiple nonstationary time series that are cointegrated provides useful insights about their long-run behavior. Consider long- and short-term interest rates such as the yield on a 30-year and a 3-month U.S. Treasury bond. According to the expectations hypothesis, long-term interest rates are determined by the average of expected future short-term rates. This implies that the yields on the two bonds cannot deviate from one another over time. Thus, if the two yields are cointegrated, any influence to the short-term rate leads to adjustments in the long-term interest rate. This has important implications in making various policy or investment decisions.
In a cointegration analysis, we begin by regressing a nonstationary variable on a set of other nonstationary variables. Suprisingly, in finite samples, regressing a nonstationary series with another arbitrary nonstationary series usually results in significant coefficients with a high $$R^2$$. This gives a false impression that the series may be cointegrated, a phenomenon commonly known as spurious regression.
In this post, I use simulated data to show the asymptotic properties of an ordinary least-squares (OLS) estimator under cointegration and spurious regression. I then perform a test for cointegration using the Engle and Granger (1987) method. These exercises provide a good first step toward understanding cointegrated processes. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags:
## Two faces of misspecification in maximum likelihood: Heteroskedasticity and robust standard errors
For a nonlinear model with heteroskedasticity, a maximum likelihood estimator gives misleading inference and inconsistent marginal effect estimates unless I model the variance. Using a robust estimate of the variance–covariance matrix will not help me obtain correct inference.
This differs from the intuition we gain from linear regression. The estimates of the marginal effects in linear regression are consistent under heteroskedasticity and using robust standard errors yields correct inference.
If robust standard errors do not solve the problems associated with heteroskedasticity for a nonlinear model estimated using maximum likelihood, what does it mean to use robust standard errors in this context? I answer this question using simulations and illustrate the effect of heteroskedasticity in nonlinear models estimated using maximum likelihood. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags:
## Group comparisons in structural equation models: Testing measurement invariance
When fitting almost any model, we may be interested in investigating whether parameters differ across groups such as time periods, age groups, gender, or school attended. In other words, we may wish to perform tests of moderation when the moderator variable is categorical. For regression models, this can be as simple as including group indicators in the model and interacting them with other predictors.
We naturally have hypotheses regarding differences in parameters across groups when fitting structural equation models as well. When these models involve latent variables and the corresponding observed measurements, we can test whether those measurements are invariant across groups. Evaluation of measurement invariance typically involves a series of tests for equality of measurement coefficients (factor loadings), equality of intercepts, and equality of error variances across groups.
In this post, I demonstrate how to use the sem command’s group() and ginvariant() options as well as the postestimation command estat ginvariant to easily perform tests of measurement invariance. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags:
## Exact matching on discrete covariates is the same as regression adjustment
I illustrate that exact matching on discrete covariates and regression adjustment (RA) with fully interacted discrete covariates perform the same nonparametric estimation. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags:
## Vector autoregressions in Stata
Introduction
In a univariate autoregression, a stationary time-series variable $$y_t$$ can often be modeled as depending on its own lagged values:
\begin{align}
y_t = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 y_{t-1} + \alpha_2 y_{t-2} + \dots
+ \alpha_k y_{t-k} + \varepsilon_t
\end{align}
When one analyzes multiple time series, the natural extension to the autoregressive model is the vector autoregression, or VAR, in which a vector of variables is modeled as depending on their own lags and on the lags of every other variable in the vector. A two-variable VAR with one lag looks like
\begin{align}
y_t &= \alpha_{0} + \alpha_{1} y_{t-1} + \alpha_{2} x_{t-1}
+ \varepsilon_{1t} \\
x_t &= \beta_0 + \beta_{1} y_{t-1} + \beta_{2} x_{t-1}
+ \varepsilon_{2t}
\end{align}
Applied macroeconomists use models of this form to both describe macroeconomic data and to perform causal inference and provide policy advice.
In this post, I will estimate a three-variable VAR using the U.S. unemployment rate, the inflation rate, and the nominal interest rate. This VAR is similar to those used in macroeconomics for monetary policy analysis. I focus on basic issues in estimation and postestimation. Data and do-files are provided at the end. Additional background and theoretical details can be found in Ashish Rajbhandari’s [earlier post], which explored VAR estimation using simulated data. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags:
## Multiple-equation models: Estimation and marginal effects using gmm
We estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) for an exponential mean model with an endogenous treatment. We have a two-step estimation problem where the first step corresponds to the treatment model and the second to the outcome model. As shown in Using gmm to solve two-step estimation problems, this can be solved with the generalized method of moments using gmm.
This continues the series of posts where we illustrate how to obtain correct standard errors and marginal effects for models with multiple steps. In the previous posts, we used gsem and mlexp to estimate the parameters of models with separable likelihoods. In the current model, because the treatment is endogenous, the likelihood for the model is no longer separable. We demonstrate how we can use gmm to estimate the parameters in these situations. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags:
## Probability differences and odds ratios measure conditional-on-covariate effects and population-parameter effects
$$\newcommand{\Eb}{{\bf E}} \newcommand{\xb}{{\bf x}} \newcommand{\betab}{\boldsymbol{\beta}}$$Differences in conditional probabilities and ratios of odds are two common measures of the effect of a covariate in binary-outcome models. I show how these measures differ in terms of conditional-on-covariate effects versus population-parameter effects. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags:
## Doctors versus policy analysts: Estimating the effect of interest
$$\newcommand{\Eb}{{\bf E}}$$The change in a regression function that results from an everything-else-held-equal change in a covariate defines an effect of a covariate. I am interested in estimating and interpreting effects that are conditional on the covariates and averages of effects that vary over the individuals. I illustrate that these two types of effects answer different questions. Doctors, parents, and consultants frequently ask individuals for their covariate values to make individual-specific recommendations. Policy analysts use a population-averaged effect that accounts for the variation of the effects over the individuals. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags:
## Effects of nonlinear models with interactions of discrete and continuous variables: Estimating, graphing, and interpreting
I want to estimate, graph, and interpret the effects of nonlinear models with interactions of continuous and discrete variables. The results I am after are not trivial, but obtaining what I want using margins, marginsplot, and factor-variable notation is straightforward. Read more…
Categories: Statistics Tags: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8360849022865295, "perplexity": 1918.3338594204727}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401614309.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928202758-20200928232758-00092.warc.gz"} |
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/a/afford+greater+flexibility.html | #### Sample records for afford greater flexibility
1. Discrimination reversal learning reveals greater female behavioural flexibility in guppies
PubMed Central
Lucon-Xiccato, Tyrone; Bisazza, Angelo
2014-01-01
Behavioural flexibility allows an animal to adapt its behaviour in response to changes in the environment. Research conducted in primates, rodents and domestic fowl suggests greater behavioural persistence and reduced behavioural flexibility in males. We investigated sex differences in behavioural flexibility in fish by comparing male and female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in a reversal learning task. Fish were first trained on a colour discrimination, which was learned equally rapidly by males and females. However, once the reward contingency was reversed, females were better at inhibiting the previous response and reached criterion twice as fast as males. When reward reversing was repeated, males gradually reduced the number of errors, and the two sexes had a comparable performance after four reversals. We suggest that sex differences in behavioural flexibility in guppies can be explained in terms of the different roles that males and females play in reproduction.
2. Flexible Learning Environments: Leveraging the Affordances of Flexible Delivery and Flexible Learning
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Hill, Janette R.
2006-01-01
The purpose of this article is to explore the key features of "flexible learning environments" (FLEs). Key principles associated with FLEs are explained. Underlying tenets and support mechanisms necessary for the implementation of FLEs are described. Similarities and differences in traditional learning and FLEs are explored. Finally, strategies…
3. F-35 Sustainment: Need for Affordable Strategy, Greater Attention to Risks, and Improved Cost Estimates
DTIC Science & Technology
2014-09-01
national security mission. One such weapon system is the F-35 Lightning II—also known as the Joint Strike Fighter—which is intended to replace a...The F-35 Lightning II program is a joint, multinational acquisition intended to develop and field an affordable family of next-generation strike ...GAO Did This Study The F-35 Lightning II is intended to replace a variety of existing aircraft in the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps, while
4. Phenotypic flexibility in the energetic strategy of the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula.
PubMed
Oliveira, Flávio G; Tapisso, Joaquim T; Monarca, Rita I; Cerveira, Ana M; Mathias, Maria L
2016-02-01
The balance between energetic acquisition and expenditure depends on the amount of energy allocated to biological functions such as thermoregulation, growth, reproduction and behavior. Ambient temperature has a profound effect on this balance, with species inhabiting colder climates often needing to invest more energy in thermoregulation to maintain body temperature. This leads to local behavioral and physiological adaptations that increase energetic efficiency. In this study, we investigated the role of activity, behavior and thermogenic capacity in the ability of the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula, to cope with seasonal changes. Individuals were captured in the Sintra-Cascais Natural Park, a Mediterranean region, and separated into three experimental groups: a control group, acclimated to a 12L:12D photoperiod and temperature of 18-20°C; a winter group, acclimatized to natural winter fluctuations of light and temperature; and a summer group, acclimatized to natural summer fluctuations of light and temperature. No differences were found in resting metabolic rate and nonshivering thermogenesis between the three groups. However, winter shrews significantly reduced their activity, particularly at night, compared to the control and summer groups. Differences in torpor use were also found between groups, with winter shrews entering torpor more frequently and during shorter periods of time than summer and control shrews. Our results indicate C. russula from Sintra relies on the flexibility of energy saving mechanisms, namely daily activity level and torpor use, to cope with seasonal changes in a Mediterranean climate, rather than mechanisms involving body heat production.
5. Juvenile mice show greater flexibility in multiple choice reversal learning than adults
PubMed Central
Johnson, Carolyn; Wilbrecht, Linda
2011-01-01
We hypothesized that decision-making strategies in juvenile animals, rather than being immature, are optimized to navigate the uncertainty and instability likely to be encountered in the environment at the time of the animal’s transition to independence. We tested juvenile and young adult mice on discrimination and reversal of a 4-choice and 2-choice odor-based foraging task. Juvenile mice (P26–27) learned a 4-choice discrimination and reversal faster than adults (P60–70), making fewer perseverative and distraction errors. Juvenile mice had shorter choice latencies and more focused search strategies. In both ages, performance of the task was significantly impaired by a lesion of the dorsomedial frontal cortex. Our data show that the frontal cortex can support highly flexible behavior in juvenile mice at a time coincident with weaning and first independence. The unexpected developmental decline in flexibility of behavior one month later suggests that frontal cortex based executive function may not inevitably become more flexible with age, but rather may be developmentally tuned to optimize exploratory and exploitative behavior for each life stage. PMID:21949556
6. Two-handed grip on a mobile phone affords greater thumb motor performance, decreased variability, and a more extended thumb posture than a one-handed grip.
PubMed
Trudeau, Matthieu B; Asakawa, Deanna S; Jindrich, Devin L; Dennerlein, Jack T
2016-01-01
Holding a mobile computing device with two hands may affect thumb motor performance, joint postures, and device stability compared to holding the device and tapping the touchscreen with the thumb of the holding hand. We tested the hypotheses that holding a touchscreen mobile phone with two hands lead to increased thumb motor performance, different thumb postures, and decreased device movement relative to using one hand. Ten right-handed participants completed reciprocal thumb tapping tasks between emulated keys on a smartphone in either a one- (portrait) or two-handed (landscape) grip configuration. Effective index of performance measured from Fitts' Law was 9% greater (p < 0.001), movement time 7% faster (p < 0.001), and taps were 4% more precise (p < 0.016) for the two-handed grip. Tapping with a two-handed grip involved significantly different wrist and thumb postures than a one-handed grip. Variability of the computing device's movement was 36-63% lower for the two-handed grip compared to the one-handed grip condition (p < 0.001). The support for our hypotheses suggests that a two-handed grip results in increased performance and more extended wrist and thumb postures than a single-handed grip. Device designs that allow two-handed grips may afford increased performance relative to a one-handed grip.
7. A Flexible Approach for Assessing Functional Landscape Connectivity, with Application to Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)
PubMed Central
Harju, Seth M.; Olson, Chad V.; Dzialak, Matthew R.; Mudd, James P.; Winstead, Jeff B.
2013-01-01
Connectivity of animal populations is an increasingly prominent concern in fragmented landscapes, yet existing methodological and conceptual approaches implicitly assume the presence of, or need for, discrete corridors. We tested this assumption by developing a flexible conceptual approach that does not assume, but allows for, the presence of discrete movement corridors. We quantified functional connectivity habitat for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) across a large landscape in central western North America. We assigned sample locations to a movement state (encamped, traveling and relocating), and used Global Positioning System (GPS) location data and conditional logistic regression to estimate state-specific resource selection functions. Patterns of resource selection during different movement states reflected selection for sagebrush and general avoidance of rough topography and anthropogenic features. Distinct connectivity corridors were not common in the 5,625 km2 study area. Rather, broad areas functioned as generally high or low quality connectivity habitat. A comprehensive map predicting the quality of connectivity habitat across the study area validated well based on a set of GPS locations from independent greater sage-grouse. The functional relationship between greater sage-grouse and the landscape did not always conform to the idea of a discrete corridor. A more flexible consideration of landscape connectivity may improve the efficacy of management actions by aligning those actions with the spatial patterns by which animals interact with the landscape. PMID:24349241
8. A flexible approach for assessing functional landscape connectivity, with application to greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus).
PubMed
Harju, Seth M; Olson, Chad V; Dzialak, Matthew R; Mudd, James P; Winstead, Jeff B
2013-01-01
Connectivity of animal populations is an increasingly prominent concern in fragmented landscapes, yet existing methodological and conceptual approaches implicitly assume the presence of, or need for, discrete corridors. We tested this assumption by developing a flexible conceptual approach that does not assume, but allows for, the presence of discrete movement corridors. We quantified functional connectivity habitat for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) across a large landscape in central western North America. We assigned sample locations to a movement state (encamped, traveling and relocating), and used Global Positioning System (GPS) location data and conditional logistic regression to estimate state-specific resource selection functions. Patterns of resource selection during different movement states reflected selection for sagebrush and general avoidance of rough topography and anthropogenic features. Distinct connectivity corridors were not common in the 5,625 km(2) study area. Rather, broad areas functioned as generally high or low quality connectivity habitat. A comprehensive map predicting the quality of connectivity habitat across the study area validated well based on a set of GPS locations from independent greater sage-grouse. The functional relationship between greater sage-grouse and the landscape did not always conform to the idea of a discrete corridor. A more flexible consideration of landscape connectivity may improve the efficacy of management actions by aligning those actions with the spatial patterns by which animals interact with the landscape.
9. Antimicrobial Peptide Potency is Facilitated by Greater Conformational Flexibility when Binding to Gram-negative Bacterial Inner Membranes
PubMed Central
Amos, Sarah-Beth T. A.; Vermeer, Louic S.; Ferguson, Philip M.; Kozlowska, Justyna; Davy, Matthew; Bui, Tam T.; Drake, Alex F.; Lorenz, Christian D.; Mason, A. James
2016-01-01
The interaction of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is a key determinant of their abilities to exert diverse bactericidal effects. Here we present a molecular level understanding of the initial target membrane interaction for two cationic α-helical AMPs that share structural similarities but have a ten-fold difference in antibacterial potency towards Gram-negative bacteria. The binding and insertion from solution of pleurocidin or magainin 2 to membranes representing the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, comprising a mixture of 128 anionic and 384 zwitterionic lipids, is monitored over 100 ns in all atom molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of the membrane interaction on both the peptide and lipid constituents are considered and compared with new and published experimental data obtained in the steady state. While both magainin 2 and pleurocidin are capable of disrupting bacterial membranes, the greater potency of pleurocidin is linked to its ability to penetrate within the bacterial cell. We show that pleurocidin displays much greater conformational flexibility when compared with magainin 2, resists self-association at the membrane surface and penetrates further into the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer. Conformational flexibility is therefore revealed as a key feature required of apparently α-helical cationic AMPs for enhanced antibacterial potency. PMID:27874065
10. Antimicrobial Peptide Potency is Facilitated by Greater Conformational Flexibility when Binding to Gram-negative Bacterial Inner Membranes
Amos, Sarah-Beth T. A.; Vermeer, Louic S.; Ferguson, Philip M.; Kozlowska, Justyna; Davy, Matthew; Bui, Tam T.; Drake, Alex F.; Lorenz, Christian D.; Mason, A. James
2016-11-01
The interaction of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is a key determinant of their abilities to exert diverse bactericidal effects. Here we present a molecular level understanding of the initial target membrane interaction for two cationic α-helical AMPs that share structural similarities but have a ten-fold difference in antibacterial potency towards Gram-negative bacteria. The binding and insertion from solution of pleurocidin or magainin 2 to membranes representing the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, comprising a mixture of 128 anionic and 384 zwitterionic lipids, is monitored over 100 ns in all atom molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of the membrane interaction on both the peptide and lipid constituents are considered and compared with new and published experimental data obtained in the steady state. While both magainin 2 and pleurocidin are capable of disrupting bacterial membranes, the greater potency of pleurocidin is linked to its ability to penetrate within the bacterial cell. We show that pleurocidin displays much greater conformational flexibility when compared with magainin 2, resists self-association at the membrane surface and penetrates further into the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer. Conformational flexibility is therefore revealed as a key feature required of apparently α-helical cationic AMPs for enhanced antibacterial potency.
11. Flexibility.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Humphrey, L. Dennis
1981-01-01
Flexibility is an important aspect of all sports and recreational activities. Flexibility can be developed and maintained by stretching exercises. Exercises designed to develop flexibility in ankle joints, knees, hips, and the lower back are presented. (JN)
12. Touch Affordances
Slegers, Karin; de Roeck, Dries; Arnall, Timo
The workshop “Touch Affordances” addresses a concept relevant to human computer interactions based on touch. The main topic is the challenge of applying the notion of affordances to domains related to touch interactions (e.g. (multi)touch screens, RFID & NFC, ubiquitous interfaces). The goals of this workshop are to launch a community of researchers, designers, etc. interested in this topic, to create a common understanding of the field of touch affordances and to generate ideas for new research areas for intuitive touch interactions. The workshop will be highly interactive and will have a creative, generative character.
13. Affordable Care?
PubMed
2015-01-01
Once a year, Stuart, a long-haul truck driver, visited a physician to get a signature on the forms that allowed him to continue driving his 18-wheeler. Over 8 years, he had never seen the same physician twice, in large part because of a lack of health insurance. Upon seeing him for the first time, I assured him that we could make financial arrangements, and he subsequently became my continuity patient. Two years later, we both looked forward to his impending 65th birthday, allowing Medicare to ease his fiscal health care burdens. His unexpected death made me ponder how a lack of access to affordable health care profoundly affects patients and their clinicians.
14. The new open Flexible Emission Inventory for Greece and the Greater Athens Area (FEI-GREGAA): Account of pollutant sources and their importance from 2006 to 2012
Fameli, Kyriaki-Maria; Assimakopoulos, Vasiliki D.
2016-07-01
Photochemical and particulate pollution problems persist in Athens as they do in various European cities, despite measures taken. Although, for many cities, organized and updated pollutant emissions databases exist, as well as infrastructure for the support of policy implementation, this is not the case for Greece and Athens. So far abstract efforts to create inventories from temporal and spatial annual low resolution data have not lead to the creation of a useful database. The objective of this study was to construct an emission inventory in order to examine the emission trends in Greece and the Greater Athens Area for the period 2006-2012 on a spatial scale of 6 × 6 km2 and 2 × 2 km2, respectively and on a temporal scale of 1 h. Emissions were calculated from stationary combustion sources, transportation (road, navigation and aviation), agriculture and industry obtained from official national and European sources. Moreover, new emission factors were calculated for road transport and aviation. The final database named F.E.I. - GREGAA (Flexible Emission Inventory for GREece and the GAA) is open-structured so as to receive data updates, new pollutants, various emission scenarios and/or different emission factors and be transformed for any grid spacing. Its main purpose is to be used in applications with photochemical models to contribute to the investigation on the type of sources and activities that lead to the configuration of air quality. Results showed a decreasing trend in CO, NOx and VOCs-NMVOCs emissions and an increasing trend from 2011 onwards in PM10 emissions. Road transport and small combustion contribute most to CO emissions, road transport and navigation to NOx and small combustion and industries to PM10. The onset of the economic crisis can be seen from the reduction of emissions from industry and the increase of biomass burning for heating purposes.
15. Affordability Approaches for Human Space Exploration
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
2012-01-01
The design and development of historical NASA Programs (Apollo, Shuttle and International Space Station), have been based on pre-agreed missions which included specific pre-defined destinations (e.g., the Moon and low Earth orbit). Due to more constrained budget profiles, and the desire to have a more flexible architecture for Mission capture as it is affordable, NASA is working toward a set of Programs that are capability based, rather than mission and/or destination specific. This means designing for a performance capability that can be applied to a specific human exploration mission/destination later (sometime years later). This approach does support developing systems to flatter budgets over time, however, it also poses the challenge of how to accomplish this effectively while maintaining a trained workforce, extensive manufacturing, test and launch facilities, and ensuring mission success ranging from Low Earth Orbit to asteroid destinations. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in support of Exploration Systems Directorate (ESD) in Washington, DC has been developing approaches to track affordability across multiple Programs. The first step is to ensure a common definition of affordability: the discipline to bear cost in meeting a budget with margin over the life of the program. The second step is to infuse responsibility and accountability for affordability into all levels of the implementing organization since affordability is no single person s job; it is everyone s job. The third step is to use existing data to identify common affordability elements organized by configuration (vehicle/facility), cost, schedule, and risk. The fourth step is to analyze and trend this affordability data using an affordability dashboard to provide status, measures, and trends for ESD and Program level of affordability tracking. This paper will provide examples of how regular application of this approach supports affordable and therefore sustainable human space exploration
16. Affordable Vehicle Avionics Overview
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cockrell, James J.
2015-01-01
Public and private launch vehicle developers are reducing the cost of propulsion for small commercial launchers, but conventional high-performance, high-reliability avionics remain the disproportionately high cost driver for launch. AVA technology performs as well or better than conventional launch vehicle avionics, but with a fraction of the recurring costs. AVA enables small launch providers to offer affordable rides to LEO to nano-satellites as primary payloads meaning, small payloads can afford to specify their own launch and orbit parameters
17. Affordable Vehicle Avionics Overview
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cockrell, James J.
2015-01-01
Public and private launch vehicle developers are reducing the cost of propulsion for small commercial launchers, but conventional high-performance, high-reliability avionics remain the disproportionately high cost driver for launch. AVA technology performs as well or better than conventional launch vehicle avionics, but with a fraction of the recurring costs. AVA enables small launch providers to offer affordable rides to LEO to nano-satellites as primary payloads meaning, small payloads can afford to specify their own launch and orbit parameters.
18. Affordable Care Act.
PubMed
Rak, Sofija; Coffin, Janis
2013-01-01
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA), although a subject of much debate in the Unites States, was enacted on March 23, 2010, and upheld by the Supreme Court on June 28, 2012. This act advocates that "healthcare is a right, not a privilege." The main goals of PPACA are to minimize the number of uninsured Americans and make healthcare available to everyone at an affordable price. The Congressional Budget Office has determined that 94% of Americans will have healthcare coverage while staying under the $900 billion limit that President Barack Obama established by bending the healthcare cost curve and reducing the deficit over the next 10 years. 19. Affordances: Ten Years On ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Brown, Jill P.; Stillman, Gloria 2014-01-01 Ten years ago the construct, affordance, was rising in prominence in scholarly literature. A proliferation of different uses and meanings was evident. Beginning with its origin in the work of Gibson, we traced its development and use in various scholarly fields. This paper revisits our original question with respect to its utility in mathematics… 20. "Affordable" Private Schools in South Africa. Affordable for Whom? ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Languille, Sonia 2016-01-01 The paper sets out to challenge the notions of "affordable" private schools in the context of South Africa. It is guided by one main question: "affordable private schools for whom?" It argues that, contrary to claims by its public and private proponents, affordable private schools in South Africa do not cater for poor children.… 1. Affordability of Defense Acquisition Programs DTIC Science & Technology 2015-02-01 the Office of Director, Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation (CAPE). The DPP is a particularly useful tool for assessing the affordability of DOD...within the Service programming communities. • The Defense Program Projection is a valuable tool for DOD’s use in assessing affordability; however, in... tool for assessing the affordability of future acquisition in the spirit of the Better Buying Power initiative. A. Ground Rules, Assumptions, and 2. 24 CFR 954.306 - Rental housing: qualification as affordable housing and income targeting. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-04-01 ... affordable housing and income targeting. 954.306 Section 954.306 Housing and Urban Development Regulations... Affordability § 954.306 Rental housing: qualification as affordable housing and income targeting. (a) Rent...: (1) Bears rents not greater than the lesser of— (i) The section 8 fair market rent for... 3. FACT SHEET: Clean Power Plan Flexibility EPA Pesticide Factsheets Fact sheet that describes the proposed Clean Power Plan national framework that will ensure a reliable and affordable supply of power while maximizing flexibilities for states to meet the goals of reducing carbon pollution 4. Improved Thin, Flexible Heat Pipes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rosenfeld, John H.; Gernert, Nelson J.; Sarraf, David B.; Wollen, Peter J.; Surina, Frank C.; Fale, John E. 2004-01-01 Flexible heat pipes of an improved type are fabricated as layers of different materials laminated together into vacuum- tight sheets or tapes. In comparison with prior flexible heat pipes, these flexible heat pipes are less susceptible to leakage. Other advantages of these flexible heat pipes, relative to prior flexible heat pipes, include high reliability and greater ease and lower cost of fabrication. Because these heat pipes are very thin, they are highly flexible. When coated on outside surfaces with adhesives, these flexible heat pipes can be applied, like common adhesive tapes, to the surfaces of heat sinks and objects to be cooled, even if those surfaces are curved. 5. Visual object affordances: object orientation. PubMed Symes, Ed; Ellis, Rob; Tucker, Mike 2007-02-01 Five experiments systematically investigated whether orientation is a visual object property that affords action. The primary aim was to establish the existence of a pure physical affordance (PPA) of object orientation, independent of any semantic object-action associations or visually salient areas towards which visual attention might be biased. Taken together, the data from these experiments suggest that firstly PPAs of object orientation do exist, and secondly, the behavioural effects that reveal them are larger and more robust when the object appears to be graspable, and is oriented in depth (rather than just frontally) such that its leading edge appears to point outwards in space towards a particular hand of the viewer. 6. Emerging Affordances in Telecollaborative Multimodal Interactions ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Dey-Plissonneau, Aparajita; Blin, Françoise 2016-01-01 Drawing on Gibson's (1977) theory of affordances, Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) affordances are a combination of technological, social, educational, and linguistic affordances (Blin, 2016). This paper reports on a preliminary study that sought to identify the emergence of affordances during an online video conferencing session between… 7. Developing Strategies for Affordable Bandwidth. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Educause Quarterly, 2000 2000-01-01 Written by Educause's Net@EDU Broadband Pricing Working Group, this article discusses what institutions of higher education can do to develop good partnerships with broadband vendors in order to negotiate affordable pricing for increased bandwidth. Describes problems with the marketplace, examples from a few universities, and points to remember… 8. Global affordability of fluoride toothpaste PubMed Central Goldman, Ann S; Yee, Robert; Holmgren, Christopher J; Benzian, Habib 2008-01-01 Objective Dental caries remains the most common disease worldwide and the use of fluoride toothpaste is a most effective preventive public health measure to prevent it. Changes in diets following globalization contribute to the development of dental caries in emerging economies. The aim of this paper is to compare the cost and relative affordability of fluoride toothpaste in high-, middle- and low-income countries. The hypothesis is that fluoride toothpaste is not equally affordable in high-, middle- and low-income countries. Methods Data on consumer prices of fluoride toothpastes were obtained from a self-completion questionnaire from 48 countries. The cost of fluoride toothpaste in high-, middle- and low-income countries was compared and related to annual household expenditure as well as to days of work needed to purchase the average annual usage of toothpaste per head. Results The general trend seems to be that the proportion of household expenditure required to purchase the annual dosage of toothpaste increases as the country's per capita household expenditure decreases. While in the UK for the poorest 30% of the population only 0.037 days of household expenditure is needed to purchase the annual average dosage (182.5 g) of the lowest cost toothpaste, 10.75 days are needed in Kenya. The proportion of annual household expenditure ranged from 0.02% in the UK to 4% in Zambia to buy the annual average amount of lowest cost toothpaste per head. Conclusion Significant inequalities in the affordability of this essential preventive care product indicate the necessity for action to make it more affordable. Various measures to improve affordability based on experiences from essential pharmaceuticals are proposed. PMID:18554382 9. The Affordance Template ROS Package for Robot Task Programming NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hart, Stephen; Dinh, Paul; Hambuchen, Kimberly 2015-01-01 This paper introduces the Affordance Template ROS package for quickly programming, adjusting, and executing robot applications in the ROS RViz environment. This package extends the capabilities of RViz interactive markers by allowing an operator to specify multiple end-effector waypoint locations and grasp poses in object-centric coordinate frames and to adjust these waypoints in order to meet the run-time demands of the task (specifically, object scale and location). The Affordance Template package stores task specifications in a robot-agnostic XML description format such that it is trivial to apply a template to a new robot. As such, the Affordance Template package provides a robot-generic ROS tool appropriate for building semi-autonomous, manipulation-based applications. Affordance Templates were developed by the NASA-JSC DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) team and have since successfully been deployed on multiple platforms including the NASA Valkyrie and Robonaut 2 humanoids, the University of Texas Dreamer robot and the Willow Garage PR2. In this paper, the specification and implementation of the affordance template package is introduced and demonstrated through examples for wheel (valve) turning, pick-and-place, and drill grasping, evincing its utility and flexibility for a wide variety of robot applications. 10. Affordable WDM components: the polymer solution NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Eldada, Louay A.; Yin, Shing; Norwood, Robert A.; Yardley, James T. 1998-02-01 An advanced polymeric waveguide technology was developed for affordable WDM components that address the needs of both the Telecom and the Datacom industries. We engineered high- performance organic polymers that can be readily made into both multimode and single-mode optical waveguide structures of controlled numerical aperture and geometry. These materials are formed from highly-crosslinked acrylate monomers with specific linkages that determine properties such as flexibility, toughness, loss, and environmental stability. These monomers are intermiscible, providing for precise adjustment of the refractive index from 1.3 to 1.6. In polymer form, they exhibit state-of-the-art loss values, high thermal stability, high humidity resistance, low dispersion and low birefringence. Waveguides are formed photolithographically, with the liquid monomer mixture polymerizing upon illumination in the UV via either mask exposure or laser direct writing. A wide range of rigid and flexible substrates can be used, including glass, quartz, oxidized silicon, glass-filled epoxy printed circuit board substrate, and flexible polyimide film. Waveguiding structures measuring tens of inches in length can be produced on computer boards, and guides that are meters long can be printed on rolls of plastic. We describe the fabrication of both Bragg gratings and waveguide grating routes in our polymers for filtering and demultiplexing applications in Telecom WDM systems. In Datacom, we describe polymeric components that we produced for aerospace WDM sensor systems. The importance of CAD tools in designing WDM devices is emphasized in this work. We further discuss the low-cost manufacturing of WDM components in an industrial environment. 11. Tradespace and Affordability - Phase 1 DTIC Science & Technology 2013-07-09 Flexibility Arch. Strategy Synergies Conflicts High module cohesion; Low module coupling Interoperability Reliability High Speed via Tight...Arch. Strategy Synergies Conflicts High module cohesion; Low module coupling Flexibility Reliability High Speed via Tight coupling Service...understood as observable properties of given super -systems. By this term we mean not only end products (e.g., vehicles), but also the meta-systems that 12. Optics learning through affordable kit SciTech Connect P, Anusha N E-mail: [email protected] Shaji, Chitra E-mail: [email protected] Sharan, Alok E-mail: [email protected] 2014-10-15 An affordable kit which helps to understand some of the optical phenomena qualitatively and quantitatively is presented in this paper. It supplements optics taught in classes. The kit consists of equipments which are available in the market at nominal cost such as laser pointer, lenses, glass plates, razor blades, coins, ball bearing etc. Experiments which come under wave optics (interference and diffraction) and ray optics (reflection and refraction) are explained using this kit. 13. NASA's Space Launch System: Affordability for Sustainability NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) May, Todd A.; Creech, Stephen D. 2012-01-01 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Launch System (SLS) Program, managed at the Marshall Space Flight Center, is charged with delivering a new capability for human exploration beyond Earth orbit in an austere economic climate. But the SLS value is clear and codified in United States (U.S.) budget law. The SLS Program knows that affordability is the key to sustainability and will provide an overview of initiatives designed to fit within the funding guidelines by using existing engine assets and hardware now in testing to meet a first launch by 2017 within the projected budget. It also has a long-range plan to keep the budget flat, yet evolve the 70-tonne (t) initial lift capability to 130-t lift capability after the first two flights. To achieve the evolved configuration, advanced technologies must offer appropriate return on investment to be selected through the competitive process. For context, the SLS will be larger than the Saturn V that took 12 men on 6 trips for a total of 11 days on the lunar surface some 40 years ago. Astronauts train for long-duration voyages on platforms such as the International Space Station, but have not had transportation to go beyond Earth orbit in modern times, until now. To arrive at the launch vehicle concept, the SLS Program conducted internal engineering and business studies that have been externally validated by industry and reviewed by independent assessment panels. In parallel with SLS concept studies, NASA is now refining its mission manifest, guided by U.S. space policy and the Global Exploration Roadmap, which reflects the mutual goals of a dozen member nations. This mission planning will converge with a flexible heavy-lift rocket that can carry international crews and the air, water, food, and equipment they need for extended trips to asteroids and Mars. In addition, the SLS capability will accommodate very large science instruments and other payloads, using a series of modular fairings and 14. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome. PubMed Strauss, Eric J; Nho, Shane J; Kelly, Bryan T 2010-06-01 Originally defined as "tenderness to palpation over the greater trochanter with the patient in the side-lying position," greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) as a clinical entity, has expanded to include a number of disorders of the lateral, peritrochanteric space of the hip, including trochanteric bursitis, tears of the gluteus medius and minimus and external coxa saltans (snapping hip). Typically presenting with pain and reproducible tenderness in the region of the greater trochanter, buttock, or lateral thigh, GTPS is relatively common, reported to affect between 10% and 25% of the general population. Secondary to the relative paucity of information available on the diagnosis and management of components of GTPS, the presence of these pathologic entities may be underrecognized, leading to extensive workups and delays in appropriate treatment. This article aims to review the present understanding of the lesions that comprise GTPS, discussing the relevant anatomy, diagnostic workup and recommended treatment for trochanteric bursitis, gluteus medius and minimus tears, and external coxa saltans. 15. Consequences of BBPs Affordability Initiative DTIC Science & Technology 2016-04-30 extending programming from five years in the future to the full life of each acquisition program—typically in excess of 25 years—and discussing the full ...concepts that are fundamental to the affordability vision. The memo text begins with the example of a program that the Army decided to cancel (thus...reducing spending. This is a laudable goal, but it cannot be the DoD’s only one. BBP 3.0’s full title includes the words Achieving Dominant 16. Perceiving Affordances for Fitting through Apertures ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Ishak, Shaziela; Adolph, Karen E.; Lin, Grace C. 2008-01-01 Affordances--possibilities for action--are constrained by the match between actors and their environments. For motor decisions to be adaptive, affordances must be detected accurately. Three experiments examined the correspondence between motor decisions and affordances as participants reached through apertures of varying size. A psychophysical… 17. Pedagogical Affordances of Multiple External Representations in Scientific Processes NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wu, Hsin-Kai; Puntambekar, Sadhana 2012-12-01 Multiple external representations (MERs) have been widely used in science teaching and learning. Theories such as dual coding theory and cognitive flexibility theory have been developed to explain why the use of MERs is beneficial to learning, but they do not provide much information on pedagogical issues such as how and in what conditions MERs could be introduced and used to support students' engagement in scientific processes and develop competent scientific practices (e.g., asking questions, planning investigations, and analyzing data). Additionally, little is understood about complex interactions among scientific processes and affordances of MERs. Therefore, this article focuses on pedagogical affordances of MERs in learning environments that engage students in various scientific processes. By reviewing literature in science education and cognitive psychology and integrating multiple perspectives, this article aims at exploring (1) how MERs can be integrated with science processes due to their different affordances, and (2) how student learning with MERs can be scaffolded, especially in a classroom situation. We argue that pairing representations and scientific processes in a principled way based on the affordances of the representations and the goals of the activities is a powerful way to use MERs in science education. Finally, we outline types of scaffolding that could help effective use of MERs including dynamic linking, model progression, support in instructional materials, teacher support, and active engagement. 18. Evolving Patterns of Enterprise Organisation: The Move towards Greater Flexibility. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Gustavsen, Bjorn 1986-01-01 After analyzing some of the factors--technological development, innovation, work reform movements--that have contributed to the erosion of the conventional model of enterprise organization, the author turns to what may happen in the future. (Author/CT) 19. Perceiving affordances in rugby union. PubMed Passos, Pedro; Cordovil, Rita; Fernandes, Orlando; Barreiros, João 2012-01-01 To succeed in competitive environments, players need to continuously adjust their decisions and actions to the behaviour of relevant others. Players' interactions demand ongoing decisions that are constrained by what is previously defined (e.g., coaches' prescriptions that establish 'what' to do) and by information that is available in the context and specifies not only 'what' the player should do, but also 'how', 'when' and 'where'. We describe what affordances emerge to the ball carrier as a consequence of changes in kinematic variables, such as interpersonal distances or distances to the nearest sideline. Changes in these variables determine whether and when different actions are possible. The ball carrier tended to perform a pass when the tackler was farthest from the sideline and the velocity of approach to the tackler did not seem to effect the ball carrier's decision. In the few episodes where the ball carrier moved forward instead of passing the ball, he was mainly influenced by contextual information, such as the variability of the players' distance to the nearest sideline. In sum, actors must be aware of the affordances of others that are specified by particular variables that become available just before decision-making. 20. Energy efficient affordable housing. Final report SciTech Connect 1995-07-01 In 1994, the Southface Energy Institute, working with support from US DOE, initiated a program to provide technical assistance to nonprofit organizations developing affordable housing in the Olympic target communities of Atlanta. The specific project goals were: Identify the barriers that nonprofit affordable housing providers face in increasing the energy and resource efficiency of affordable housing; Assist them in developing the resources to overcome these barriers; Develop specific technical materials and program models that will enable these affordable housing groups to continue to improve the energy efficiency of their programs; and, To transfer the program materials to other affordable housing providers. This report summarizes the progress made in each of these areas. 1. [Greater trochanteric pain syndrome]. PubMed Gollwitzer, H; Opitz, G; Gerdesmeyer, L; Hauschild, M 2014-01-01 Greater trochanteric pain is one of the common complaints in orthopedics. Frequent diagnoses include myofascial pain, trochanteric bursitis, tendinosis and rupture of the gluteus medius and minimus tendon, and external snapping hip. Furthermore, nerve entrapment like the piriformis syndrome must be considered in the differential diagnosis. This article summarizes essential diagnostic and therapeutic steps in greater trochanteric pain syndrome. Careful clinical evaluation, complemented with specific imaging studies and diagnostic infiltrations allows determination of the underlying pathology in most cases. Thereafter, specific nonsurgical treatment is indicated, with success rates of more than 90 %. Resistant cases and tendon ruptures may require surgical intervention, which can provide significant pain relief and functional improvement in most cases. 2. Flexible Ablators NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Stackpoole, Margaret M. (Inventor); Ghandehari, Ehson M. (Inventor); Thornton, Jeremy J. (Inventor); Covington, Melmoth Alan (Inventor) 2017-01-01 A low-density article comprising a flexible substrate and a pyrolizable material impregnated therein, methods of preparing, and devices using the article are disclosed. The pyrolizable material pyrolizes above 350 C and does not flow at temperatures below the pyrolysis temperature. The low-density article remains flexible after impregnation and continues to remain flexible when the pyrolizable material is fully pyrolized. 3. Affordable In-Space Transportation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Curtis, L. A.; VanDyke, M. K.; Lajoie, R. M.; Woodcock, G. R. 1996-01-01 Current and proposed launch systems will provide access to low-Earth orbit (LEO), and destinations beyond LEO, but the cost of delivering payloads will preclude the use of these services by many users. To develop and encourage revolutionary commercial utilization of geosynchronous orbit (GEO) and to provide an affordable means to continue NASA space science and exploration missions, the transportation costs to in-space destinations must be reduced. The principal objective of this study was to conceptually define three to four promising approaches to in-space transportation for delivery of satellites and other payloads, 3,000- to 10,000-lb class, to GEO destinations. This study established a methodology for evaluating in-space transportation systems based on life-cycle cost. The reusable concepts seemed to fare better in the evaluation than expendable, since a major driver in the life-cycle cost was the stage production cost. 4. Closing the Communal Gap: The Importance of Communal Affordances in Science Career Motivation. PubMed Brown, Elizabeth R; Thoman, Dustin B; Smith, Jessi L; Diekman, Amanda B 2015-12-01 To remain competitive in the global economy, the United States (and other countries) is trying to broaden participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) by graduating an additional 1 million people in STEM fields by 2018. Although communion (working with, helping, and caring for others) is a basic human need, STEM careers are often (mis)perceived as being uncommunal. Across three naturalistic studies we found greater support for the communal affordance hypothesis, that perceiving STEM careers as affording greater communion is associated with greater STEM career interest, than two alternative hypotheses derived from goal congruity theory. Importantly, these findings held regardless of major (Study 1), college enrollment (Study 2), and gender (Studies 1-3). For undergraduate research assistants, mid-semester beliefs that STEM affords communion predicted end of the semester STEM motivation (Study 3). Our data highlight the importance of educational and workplace motivational interventions targeting communal affordances beliefs about STEM. 5. Closing the Communal Gap: The Importance of Communal Affordances in Science Career Motivation PubMed Central Brown, Elizabeth R.; Thoman, Dustin B.; Smith, Jessi L.; Diekman, Amanda B. 2015-01-01 To remain competitive in the global economy, the United States (and other countries) is trying to broaden participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) by graduating an additional 1 million people in STEM fields by 2018. Although communion (working with, helping, and caring for others) is a basic human need, STEM careers are often (mis)perceived as being uncommunal. Across three naturalistic studies we found greater support for the communal affordance hypothesis, that perceiving STEM careers as affording greater communion is associated with greater STEM career interest, than two alternative hypotheses derived from goal congruity theory. Importantly, these findings held regardless of major (Study 1), college enrollment (Study 2), and gender (Studies 1–3). For undergraduate research assistants, mid-semester beliefs that STEM affords communion predicted end of the semester STEM motivation (Study 3). Our data highlight the importance of educational and workplace motivational interventions targeting communal affordances beliefs about STEM. PMID:26806983 6. Dopamine, Affordance and Active Inference PubMed Central Friston, Karl J.; Shiner, Tamara; FitzGerald, Thomas; Galea, Joseph M.; Adams, Rick; Brown, Harriet; Dolan, Raymond J.; Moran, Rosalyn; Stephan, Klaas Enno; Bestmann, Sven 2012-01-01 The role of dopamine in behaviour and decision-making is often cast in terms of reinforcement learning and optimal decision theory. Here, we present an alternative view that frames the physiology of dopamine in terms of Bayes-optimal behaviour. In this account, dopamine controls the precision or salience of (external or internal) cues that engender action. In other words, dopamine balances bottom-up sensory information and top-down prior beliefs when making hierarchical inferences (predictions) about cues that have affordance. In this paper, we focus on the consequences of changing tonic levels of dopamine firing using simulations of cued sequential movements. Crucially, the predictions driving movements are based upon a hierarchical generative model that infers the context in which movements are made. This means that we can confuse agents by changing the context (order) in which cues are presented. These simulations provide a (Bayes-optimal) model of contextual uncertainty and set switching that can be quantified in terms of behavioural and electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, one can simulate dopaminergic lesions (by changing the precision of prediction errors) to produce pathological behaviours that are reminiscent of those seen in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. We use these simulations to demonstrate how a single functional role for dopamine at the synaptic level can manifest in different ways at the behavioural level. PMID:22241972 7. Managing Requirements for Acquisition Program Affordability DTIC Science & Technology 2012-04-14 to buy weapon systems at a lower cost and higher quality by leveraging commercial technology. He also directed program managers (PMs) and... Managing Requirements for Acquisition Program Affordability by Colonel James O. Winbush, Jr. United States Army...2011 to 11-04-2012 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Managing Requirements for Acquisition Program Affordability 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c 8. College Affordability: Implications for College Opportunity ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Perna, Laura W.; Li, Chunyan 2006-01-01 By examining trends in college affordability, this article explores the extent to which the public perception that college is not affordable is justified. First, the article describes trends in national indicators that contribute to ability to pay, including income growth, health care costs, debt burden, and personal savings rates. Trends in… 9. Section 8: Affordable Housing for Exceptional Families ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Wright, Wesley E. 2009-01-01 Shelter is a basic human need. Unfortunately, affordable housing is a need that low income families who are caring for children and adults with disabilities can rarely afford without assistance. Because participating families generally pay rent of no more than 30 percent of their adjusted monthly income, the Section 8 program can provide… 10. 76 FR 56767 - Request for Information Regarding State Flexibility To Establish a Basic Health Program Under the... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-09-14 ... Flexibility To Establish a Basic Health Program Under the Affordable Care Act AGENCY: Centers for Medicare... there additional flexibilities, advantages, costs, savings or challenges for the State and/or... 11. Flexible, highly efficient all-polymer solar cells. PubMed Kim, Taesu; Kim, Jae-Han; Kang, Tae Eui; Lee, Changyeon; Kang, Hyunbum; Shin, Minkwan; Wang, Cheng; Ma, Biwu; Jeong, Unyong; Kim, Taek-Soo; Kim, Bumjoon J 2015-10-09 All-polymer solar cells have shown great potential as flexible and portable power generators. These devices should offer good mechanical endurance with high power-conversion efficiency for viability in commercial applications. In this work, we develop highly efficient and mechanically robust all-polymer solar cells that are based on the PBDTTTPD polymer donor and the P(NDI2HD-T) polymer acceptor. These systems exhibit high power-conversion efficiency of 6.64%. Also, the proposed all-polymer solar cells have even better performance than the control polymer-fullerene devices with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the electron acceptor (6.12%). More importantly, our all-polymer solar cells exhibit dramatically enhanced strength and flexibility compared with polymer/PCBM devices, with 60- and 470-fold improvements in elongation at break and toughness, respectively. The superior mechanical properties of all-polymer solar cells afford greater tolerance to severe deformations than conventional polymer-fullerene solar cells, making them much better candidates for applications in flexible and portable devices. 12. Flexible, highly efficient all-polymer solar cells PubMed Central Kim, Taesu; Kim, Jae-Han; Kang, Tae Eui; Lee, Changyeon; Kang, Hyunbum; Shin, Minkwan; Wang, Cheng; Ma, Biwu; Jeong, Unyong; Kim, Taek-Soo; Kim, Bumjoon J. 2015-01-01 All-polymer solar cells have shown great potential as flexible and portable power generators. These devices should offer good mechanical endurance with high power-conversion efficiency for viability in commercial applications. In this work, we develop highly efficient and mechanically robust all-polymer solar cells that are based on the PBDTTTPD polymer donor and the P(NDI2HD-T) polymer acceptor. These systems exhibit high power-conversion efficiency of 6.64%. Also, the proposed all-polymer solar cells have even better performance than the control polymer-fullerene devices with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the electron acceptor (6.12%). More importantly, our all-polymer solar cells exhibit dramatically enhanced strength and flexibility compared with polymer/PCBM devices, with 60- and 470-fold improvements in elongation at break and toughness, respectively. The superior mechanical properties of all-polymer solar cells afford greater tolerance to severe deformations than conventional polymer-fullerene solar cells, making them much better candidates for applications in flexible and portable devices. PMID:26449658 13. Flexibility in Higher Education: An Irish Perspective ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Flannery, Marie; McGarr, Oliver 2014-01-01 Irish public policy strongly promotes greater flexibility in higher education. This review paper examines Irish policy conceptualisations of flexible learning. The review finds that the promotion of flexible learning is positioned within strongly economistic discourses of lifelong learning, and primarily in human capital terms of meeting the… 14. Flexible Straws. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Prentice, Gerard 1989-01-01 Discusses the use of flexible straws for teaching properties of figures and families of shapes. Describes a way to make various two- or three-dimensional geometric shapes. Lists eight advantages of the method. (YP) 15. MISSE-X: Affordable Space Environment Testing NASA Video Gallery MISSEâX is a robotically serviceable ISS external facility providing government, industry and academia experimenters with affordable access to space for materials durability testing of potential ... 16. Clinton Foundation - Home Energy Affordability Loan (HEAL) EPA Pesticide Factsheets Home Energy Affordability Loan (HEAL) provides the infrastructure that allows employers to offer Energy Upgrades in a turnkey manner. This document will breakdown the different models of HEAL, financing, etc. 17. Modulation of visual attention by object affordance PubMed Central Garrido-Vásquez, Patricia; Schubö, Anna 2014-01-01 Some objects in our environment are strongly tied to motor actions, a phenomenon called object affordance. A cup, for example, affords us to reach out to it and grasp it by its handle. Studies indicate that merely viewing an affording object triggers motor activations in the brain. The present study investigated whether object affordance would also result in an attention bias, that is, whether observers would rather attend to graspable objects within reach compared to non-graspable but reachable objects or to graspable objects out of reach. To this end, we conducted a combined reaction time and motion tracking study with a table in a virtual three-dimensional space. Two objects were positioned on the table, one near, the other one far from the observer. In each trial, two graspable objects, two non-graspable objects, or a combination of both was presented. Participants were instructed to detect a probe appearing on one of the objects as quickly as possible. Detection times served as indirect measure of attention allocation. The motor association with the graspable object was additionally enhanced by having participants grasp a real object in some of the trials. We hypothesized that visual attention would be preferentially allocated to the near graspable object, which should be reflected in reduced reaction times in this condition. Our results confirm this assumption: probe detection was fastest at the graspable object at the near position compared to the far position or to a non-graspable object. A follow-up experiment revealed that in addition to object affordance per se, immediate graspability of an affording object may also influence this near-space advantage. Our results suggest that visuospatial attention is preferentially allocated to affording objects which are immediately graspable, and thus establish a strong link between an object’ s motor affordance and visual attention. PMID:24567725 18. DOE-HUD Initiative: Making Housing Affordable Through Energy Efficiency SciTech Connect Not Available 1991-10-01 A new collaborative program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a significant step toward making HUD-aided housing more comfortable and affordable through greater energy efficiency. The initiative on Energy Efficiency in Housing combines DOE's technical capabilities and HUD's experience in housing assistance. Over the next decade, the energy savings potential of this initiative is estimated to be 150 trillion Btu (0.15 quad) per year, or nearly$1.5 billion in annual energy costs.
19. Piping Flexibility
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1978-01-01
A NASA computer program aids Hudson Engineering Corporation, Houston, Texas, in the design and construction of huge petrochemical processing plants like the one shown, which is located at Ju'aymah, Saudi Arabia. The pipes handling the flow of chemicals are subject to a variety of stresses, such as weight and variations in pressure and temperature. Hudson Engineering uses a COSMIC piping flexibility analysis computer program to analyze stresses and unsure the necessary strength and flexibility of the pipes. This program helps the company realize substantial savings in reduced engineering time.
20. Flexible flatfoot
PubMed Central
Atik, Aziz; Ozyurek, Selahattin
2014-01-01
While being one of the most frequent parental complained deformities, flatfoot does not have a universally accepted description. The reasons of flexible flatfoot are still on debate, but they must be differentiated from rigid flatfoot which occurs secondary to other pathologies. These children are commonly brought up to a physician without any complaint. It should be kept in mind that the etiology may vary from general soft tissue laxities to intrinsic foot pathologies. Every flexible flatfoot does not require radiological examination or treatment if there is no complaint. Otherwise further investigation and conservative or surgical treatment may necessitate. PMID:28058304
1. Affordable Earth Observatories for Developing Countries
Meurer, R. H.
Traditionally high cost has been the principal impediment to developing nations desiring to pursue space programs. More particularly, the benefits derivable from a space system have been less than adequate to justify the investment required. Chief among the causes has been the inability of the system to produce results with sufficient direct economic value to the peoples of their countries. Over the past 15 years, however, "the Microspace Revolution" has resulted in dramatic reductions in the cost of space systems, while at the same time technology has improved to provide greater capabilities in the smallest micro- and nano-class1 satellites. Because of these advances, it behooves developing nations to reevaluate space as an option for their national development. This paper summarizes two new micro-satellite concepts - NanoObservatoryTM and MicroObservatoryTM that offer the prom- ise of a dedicated Earth remote sensing capability at costs comparable to or less than simply buying data from the best known large systems, Landsat and SPOT. Each system is defined both by its observation capabilities and technical parameters of the system's design. Moreover, the systems are characterized in terms of the other potential benefits to developing economies, i.e., education of a technical workforce or applications of Earth imagery in solving national needs. Comparisons are provided with more traditional Earth observing satellites. NanoObservatoryTM is principally intended to serve as a developmental system to build general technical expertise space technology and Earth observation. MicroObservatoryTM takes the next step by focusing on a more sophisticated optical imag- ing camera while keeping the spacecraft systems simple and affordable. For both programs, AeroAstro is working with non- profit institutions to develop a corresponding program of technical participation with the nations that elect to pursue such programs. Dependent upon current capabilities, this might include
2. Achieving Sustainable Construction in Affordable Housing
SciTech Connect
Barcik, M.K.; Creech, D.B.; Ternes, M.P.
1998-12-07
An energy-efficient design and construction checklist and information sheets on energy-efficient design and construction are two products being developed. These products will help affordable housing providers take the first steps toward a whole-house approach to the design and implementation of energy-efficient construction practices. The checklist presents simple and clear guidance on energy improvements that can be readily addressed now by most affordable housing providers. The information sheets complement the checklist by providing installation instructions and material specifications that are accompanied by detailed graphics. The information sheets also identify benefits of recommended energy-efficiency measures and procedures including cost savings and impacts on health and comfort. This paper presents details on the checklist and information sheets and discusses their use in two affordable housing projects.
3. Prepreg and Melt Infiltration Technology Developed for Affordable, Robust Manufacturing of Ceramic Matrix Composites
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Singh, Mrityunjay; Petko, Jeannie F.
2004-01-01
Affordable fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites with multifunctional properties are critically needed for high-temperature aerospace and space transportation applications. These materials have various applications in advanced high-efficiency and high-performance engines, airframe and propulsion components for next-generation launch vehicles, and components for land-based systems. A number of these applications require materials with specific functional characteristics: for example, thick component, hybrid layups for environmental durability and stress management, and self-healing and smart composite matrices. At present, with limited success and very high cost, traditional composite fabrication technologies have been utilized to manufacture some large, complex-shape components of these materials. However, many challenges still remain in developing affordable, robust, and flexible manufacturing technologies for large, complex-shape components with multifunctional properties. The prepreg and melt infiltration (PREMI) technology provides an affordable and robust manufacturing route for low-cost, large-scale production of multifunctional ceramic composite components.
4. The Transformation of Ergonomic Affordances into Cultural Affordances: The Case of the Alnuset System
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Chiappini, Giampaolo
2012-01-01
Is it possible to study the ergonomic affordances offered by a system designed for educational aims and their transformation into cultural affordances? To this purpose, what references can we adopt? This work describes the theoretical framework used to realise this study referring to AlNuSet, a system realised within the EC ReMath project to…
5. Affordance Templates for Shared Robot Control
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hart, Stephen; Dinh, Paul; Hambuchen, Kim
2014-01-01
This paper introduces the Affordance Template framework used to supervise task behaviors on the NASA-JSC Valkyrie robot at the 2013 DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) Trials. This framework provides graphical interfaces to human supervisors that are adjustable based on the run-time environmental context (e.g., size, location, and shape of objects that the robot must interact with, etc.). Additional improvements, described below, inject degrees of autonomy into instantiations of affordance templates at run-time in order to enable efficient human supervision of the robot for accomplishing tasks.
6. Access To Care And Affordability Have Improved Following Affordable Care Act Implementation; Problems Remain.
PubMed
Shartzer, Adele; Long, Sharon K; Anderson, Nathaniel
2016-01-01
7. Legal and policy foundations for global generic competition: Promoting affordable drug pricing in developing societies.
PubMed
Zapatero Miguel, Pablo
2015-01-01
The so-called 'TRIPS flexibilities' restated in 2001 by the World Trade Organization's Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health offer a variety of policy avenues for promoting global price-based competition for essential medicines, and thus for improving access to affordable medicines in the developing world. In recent years, developing countries and international organisations alike have begun to explore the potentialities of global generic markets and competition generally, and also of using compulsory licensing to remedy anti-competitive practices (e.g. excessive pricing) through TRIPS-compatible antitrust enforcement. These and other 'pro-competitive' TRIPS flexibilities currently available provide the critical leverage and policy space necessary to improve access to affordable medicines in the developing world.
8. 12 CFR 1807.400 - Affordable housing-general.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Affordable housing-general. 1807.400 Section... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.400 Affordable housing—general. Each Awardee that uses CMF funding to support Affordable Housing Activities shall ensure that...
9. 12 CFR 1807.401 - Affordable housing-rental housing.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Affordable housing-rental housing. 1807.401... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.401 Affordable housing—rental housing. To qualify as Affordable Housing, a rental Multi-family housing project financed with a CMF...
10. 12 CFR 1807.401 - Affordable housing-rental housing.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Affordable housing-rental housing. 1807.401... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.401 Affordable housing—rental housing. To qualify as Affordable Housing, a rental Multi-family housing project financed with a CMF...
11. 12 CFR 1807.400 - Affordable housing-general.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Affordable housing-general. 1807.400 Section... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.400 Affordable housing—general. Each Awardee that uses CMF funding to support Affordable Housing Activities shall ensure that...
12. 12 CFR 1807.400 - Affordable housing-general.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Affordable housing-general. 1807.400 Section... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.400 Affordable housing—general. Each Awardee that uses CMF funding to support Affordable Housing Activities shall ensure that...
13. 12 CFR 1807.401 - Affordable housing-rental housing.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Affordable housing-rental housing. 1807.401... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.401 Affordable housing—rental housing. To qualify as Affordable Housing, a rental Multi-family housing project financed with a CMF...
14. 12 CFR 1807.401 - Affordable housing-rental housing.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Affordable housing-rental housing. 1807.401... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.401 Affordable housing—rental housing. To qualify as Affordable Housing, a rental Multi-family housing project financed with a CMF...
15. No Role for Motor Affordances in Visual Working Memory
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Pecher, Diane
2013-01-01
Motor affordances have been shown to play a role in visual object identification and categorization. The present study explored whether working memory is likewise supported by motor affordances. Use of motor affordances should be disrupted by motor interference, and this effect should be larger for objects that have motor affordances than for…
16. Options for Affordable Fission Surface Power Systems
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Houts, Mike; Gaddis, Steve; Porter, Ron; VanDyke, Melissa; Martin Jim; Godfroy, Tom; Bragg-Sitton, Shannon; Garber, Anne; Pearson, Boise
2006-01-01
Fission surface power systems could provide abundant power anywhere on free surface of the moon or Mars. Locations could include permanently shaded regions on the moon and high latitudes on Mars. To be fully utilized; however, fission surface power systems must be safe, have adequate performance, and be affordable. This paper discusses options for the design and development of such systems.
17. 9 Tips for Affordable Student Trips
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
2013-01-01
The trick to having a successful and affordable trip is planning ahead and planning thoroughly. Keep the spirits high and the costs low by following a well-traveled ensemble director's suggestions as presented in this article. These tips include finding local attractions that are unique to the city that the group will be visiting, looking at…
18. Actions and Affordances in Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Chambers, Craig G.; Tanenhaus, Michael K.; Magnuson, James S.
2004-01-01
In 2 experiments, eye movements were monitored as participants followed instructions containing temporary syntactic ambiguities (e.g., "Pour the egg in the bowl over the flour"). The authors varied the affordances of task-relevant objects with respect to the action required by the instruction (e.g., whether 1 or both eggs in the visual workspace…
19. Diabetes and the Affordable Care Act
PubMed Central
2014-01-01
Abstract The Affordable Care Act—“Obamacare”—is the most important federal medical legislation to be enacted since Medicare. Although the goal of the Affordable Care Act is to improve healthcare coverage, access, and quality for all Americans, people with diabetes are especially poised to benefit from the comprehensive reforms included in the act. Signed into law in 2010, this massive legislation will slowly be enacted over the next 10 years. In the making for at least a decade, it will affect every person in the United States, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we discuss the major changes in healthcare that will take place in the next several years, including (1) who needs to purchase insurance on the Web-based exchange, (2) the cost to individuals and the rebates that they may expect, (3) the rules and regulations for purchasing insurance, (4) the characteristics of the different “metallic” insurance plans that are available, and (5) the states that have agreed to participate. With both tables and figures, we have tried to make the Affordable Care Act both understandable and appreciated. The goal of this comprehensive review is to highlight aspects of the Affordable Care Act that are of importance to practitioners who care for people with diabetes by discussing both the positive and the potentially negative aspects of the program as they relate to diabetes care. PMID:24927108
20. Housing Affordability And Children's Cognitive Achievement.
PubMed
Newman, Sandra; Holupka, C Scott
2016-11-01
Housing cost burden-the fraction of income spent on housing-is the most prevalent housing problem affecting the healthy development of millions of low- and moderate-income children. By affecting disposable income, a high burden affects parents' expenditures on both necessities for and enrichment of their children, as well as investments in their children. Reducing those expenditures and investments, in turn, can affect children's development, including their cognitive skills and physical, social, and emotional health. This article summarizes the first empirical evidence of the effects of housing affordability on children's cognitive achievement and on one factor that appears to contribute to these effects: the larger expenditures on child enrichment by families in affordable housing. We found that housing cost burden has the same relationship to both children's cognitive achievement and enrichment spending on children, exhibiting an inverted U shape in both cases. The maximum benefit occurs when housing cost burden is near 30 percent of income-the long-standing rule-of-thumb definition of affordable housing. The effect of the burden is stronger on children's math ability than on their reading comprehension and is more pronounced with burdens above the 30 percent standard. For enrichment spending, the curve is "shallower" (meaning the effect of optimal affordability is less pronounced) but still significant.
1. Can the US afford a lunar base
SciTech Connect
Keaton, P.W.
1986-01-01
Establishing a lunar base will require steady funding for a decade or two. The question addressed here is whether such a large space project is affordable at this time. The relevant facts and methodology are presented so that the reader may formulate independent answers. It is shown that a permanent lunar base can be financed without increasing NASA's historical budgetary trends.
2. Are Selective Private and Public Colleges Affordable?
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Karikari, John A.; Dezhbakhsh, Hashem
2013-01-01
We examine college affordability under the existing pricing and financial aid system that awards both non need-based and need-based aid. Using data of freshmen attending a large number of selective private and public colleges in the USA, we find that the prices students actually pay for college have increased over time. Need-based grant aid has…
3. Failure criterion of silver nanowire electrodes on a polymer substrate for highly flexible devices
PubMed Central
Kim, Donggyun; Kim, Sung-Hoon; Kim, Jong Hak; Lee, Jae-Chul; Ahn, Jae-Pyoung; Kim, Sang Woo
2017-01-01
Nanomechanical characteristics of standalone silver nanowires (Ag NWs) are a key issue for providing a failure criterion of advanced flexible electrodes that are trending towards smaller radius of curvatures (ROCs). Through in-situ tensile and buckling tests of pentagonal Ag NWs, we demonstrated that the intrinsic fracture strain provides a significant criterion to predict the mechanical and electrical failure of Ag NW electrodes under various strain modes, because the decrease in fracture strain limits figure of merit of flexible devices. The Ag NW electrodes on a polymer substrate exhibited a strain-dependent electrical failure owing to the unique deformation characteristics with a size-dependent brittle-to-ductile transition of the five-fold twinned Ag NWs. All the Ag NWs greater than approximately 40 nm in diameter exhibited brittle fracture with a size-independent stress-strain response under tensile and buckling modes, which leads to the electrical failure of flexible electrodes at the almost same threshold ROC. Meanwhile, the higher ductility of Ag NWs less than 40 nm in diameter resulted in much smaller threshold ROCs of the electrodes due to the highly extended fracture strains, which can afford a high degree of freedom for highly flexible devices. PMID:28378763
4. Failure criterion of silver nanowire electrodes on a polymer substrate for highly flexible devices.
PubMed
Kim, Donggyun; Kim, Sung-Hoon; Kim, Jong Hak; Lee, Jae-Chul; Ahn, Jae-Pyoung; Kim, Sang Woo
2017-04-05
Nanomechanical characteristics of standalone silver nanowires (Ag NWs) are a key issue for providing a failure criterion of advanced flexible electrodes that are trending towards smaller radius of curvatures (ROCs). Through in-situ tensile and buckling tests of pentagonal Ag NWs, we demonstrated that the intrinsic fracture strain provides a significant criterion to predict the mechanical and electrical failure of Ag NW electrodes under various strain modes, because the decrease in fracture strain limits figure of merit of flexible devices. The Ag NW electrodes on a polymer substrate exhibited a strain-dependent electrical failure owing to the unique deformation characteristics with a size-dependent brittle-to-ductile transition of the five-fold twinned Ag NWs. All the Ag NWs greater than approximately 40 nm in diameter exhibited brittle fracture with a size-independent stress-strain response under tensile and buckling modes, which leads to the electrical failure of flexible electrodes at the almost same threshold ROC. Meanwhile, the higher ductility of Ag NWs less than 40 nm in diameter resulted in much smaller threshold ROCs of the electrodes due to the highly extended fracture strains, which can afford a high degree of freedom for highly flexible devices.
5. Alternatives to the ACA's Affordability Firewall
PubMed Central
Nowak, Sarah A.; Saltzman, Evan; Cordova, Amado
2016-01-01
Abstract The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to increase health insurance coverage while limiting the disruption to individuals with existing sources of insurance coverage, particularly those with employer-sponsored insurance (ESI). To limit disruption to those with coverage, the ACA implements the employer mandate, which requires firms with more than 50 employees to offer health insurance or face penalties, and the individual “affordability firewall,” which limits subsidies to individuals lacking access to alternative sources of coverage that are “affordable.” This article examines the policy impacts of the affordability firewall and investigates two potential modifications. Option 1, which is the “entire family” scenario, involves allowing an exception to the firewall for anyone in a family where the family ESI premium contribution exceeds 9.5 percent of the worker's household income. In Option 2, the “dependents only” scenario, only dependents (and not the worker) become eligible for Marketplace subsidies when the ESI premium contribution exceeds 9.5 percent of the worker's household income. Relative to the ACA, RAND researchers estimate that nongroup enrollment will increase by 4.1 million for Option 1 and by 1.4 million for Option 2. However, the number without insurance only declines by 1.5 million in Option 1 and 0.7 million in Option 2. The difference between the increase in nongroup enrollment and the decrease in uninsurance is primarily due to ESI crowd-out, which is more pronounced for Option 1. Researchers also estimated that about 1.3 million families who have ESI and unsubsidized nongroup coverage under current ACA policy would receive Marketplace subsidies under the alternative affordability firewall scenarios. For these families, health insurance coverage would become substantially more affordable; these families' risk of spending at least 20 percent of income on health care would drop by more than two thirds. We additionally
6. Alternatives to the ACA's Affordability Firewall.
PubMed
Nowak, Sarah A; Saltzman, Evan; Cordova, Amado
2016-05-09
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to increase health insurance coverage while limiting the disruption to individuals with existing sources of insurance coverage, particularly those with employer-sponsored insurance (ESI). To limit disruption to those with coverage, the ACA implements the employer mandate, which requires firms with more than 50 employees to offer health insurance or face penalties, and the individual "affordability firewall," which limits subsidies to individuals lacking access to alternative sources of coverage that are "affordable." This article examines the policy impacts of the affordability firewall and investigates two potential modifications. Option 1, which is the "entire family" scenario, involves allowing an exception to the firewall for anyone in a family where the family ESI premium contribution exceeds 9.5 percent of the worker's household income. In Option 2, the "dependents only" scenario, only dependents (and not the worker) become eligible for Marketplace subsidies when the ESI premium contribution exceeds 9.5 percent of the worker's household income. Relative to the ACA, RAND researchers estimate that nongroup enrollment will increase by 4.1 million for Option 1 and by 1.4 million for Option 2. However, the number without insurance only declines by 1.5 million in Option 1 and 0.7 million in Option 2. The difference between the increase in nongroup enrollment and the decrease in uninsurance is primarily due to ESI crowd-out, which is more pronounced for Option 1. Researchers also estimated that about 1.3 million families who have ESI and unsubsidized nongroup coverage under current ACA policy would receive Marketplace subsidies under the alternative affordability firewall scenarios. For these families, health insurance coverage would become substantially more affordable; these families' risk of spending at least 20 percent of income on health care would drop by more than two thirds. We additionally estimated that federal
7. Affordances and the musically extended mind
PubMed Central
Krueger, Joel
2014-01-01
I defend a model of the musically extended mind. I consider how acts of “musicking” grant access to novel emotional experiences otherwise inaccessible. First, I discuss the idea of “musical affordances” and specify both what musical affordances are and how they invite different forms of entrainment. Next, I argue that musical affordances – via soliciting different forms of entrainment – enhance the functionality of various endogenous, emotion-granting regulative processes, drawing novel experiences out of us with an expanded complexity and phenomenal character. I argue that music therefore ought to be thought of as part of the vehicle needed to realize these emotional experiences. I appeal to different sources of empirical work to develop this idea. PMID:24432008
8. An Affordable Open-Source Turbidimeter
PubMed Central
Kelley, Christopher D.; Krolick, Alexander; Brunner, Logan; Burklund, Alison; Kahn, Daniel; Ball, William P.; Weber-Shirk, Monroe
2014-01-01
Turbidity is an internationally recognized criterion for assessing drinking water quality, because the colloidal particles in turbid water may harbor pathogens, chemically reduce oxidizing disinfectants, and hinder attempts to disinfect water with ultraviolet radiation. A turbidimeter is an electronic/optical instrument that assesses turbidity by measuring the scattering of light passing through a water sample containing such colloidal particles. Commercial turbidimeters cost hundreds or thousands of dollars, putting them beyond the reach of low-resource communities around the world. An affordable open-source turbidimeter based on a single light-to-frequency sensor was designed and constructed, and evaluated against a portable commercial turbidimeter. The final product, which builds on extensive published research, is intended to catalyze further developments in affordable water and sanitation monitoring. PMID:24759114
9. System Concepts for Affordable Fission Surface Power
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mason, Lee; Poston, David; Qualls, Louis
2008-01-01
This paper presents an overview of an affordable Fission Surface Power (FSP) system that could be used for NASA applications on the Moon and Mars. The proposed FSP system uses a low temperature, uranium dioxide-fueled, liquid metal-cooled fission reactor coupled to free-piston Stirling converters. The concept was determined by a 12 month NASA/DOE study that examined design options and development strategies based on affordability and risk. The system is considered a low development risk based on the use of terrestrial-derived reactor technology, high efficiency power conversion, and conventional materials. The low-risk approach was selected over other options that could offer higher performance and/or lower mass.
10. Affordable Heavy Lift Capability: 2000-2004
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
2004-01-01
This custom bibliography from the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program lists a sampling of records found in the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database. The scope of this topic includes technologies to allow robust, affordable access of cargo, particularly to low-Earth orbit. This area of focus is one of the enabling technologies as defined by NASA s Report of the President s Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy, published in June 2004.
11. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
THOMAS, 111th Congress
Rep. Rangel, Charles B. [D-NY-15
2009-09-17
03/23/2010 Became Public Law No: 111-148. (TXT | PDF) (All Actions) Notes: H.R.4872 makes a number of health-related financing and revenue changes to this bill. Read together, this bill and the health care-related provisions of H.R.4872 are commonly referred to as the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Tracker: This bill has the status Became LawHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:
12. Information Dominance: Can We Afford It
DTIC Science & Technology
1997-03-01
dominate all campaign areas such as air and fire superiority. This paper focuses on information warfare (IW) and its subset, information dominance (ID...the U.S. need information dominance , especially offensively, against second and third world countries, or should it put resources into active defense...Does the U.S. need defensive and offensive modes of information dominance ; can we afford both? Are we headed for information ’overkill’ to gain
13. Affordability of medicines in the European Union
PubMed Central
Zaprutko, Tomasz; Kopciuch, Dorota; Kus, Krzysztof; Merks, Piotr; Nowicka, Monika; Augustyniak, Izabela; Nowakowska, Elżbieta
2017-01-01
Background Medications and their prices are key issues for healthcare. Although access to medicines at affordable prices had been specified as a key objective of the European Health Policy, it seems that these goals have not been achieved. Therefore, we attempted an evaluation of affordability of selected medicines at full prices. Methods The analysis concerned 2012 and was conducted between 2013 and 2015 in all the European Union (EU) countries divided into 3 groups depending on the date of their accession to the EU. Finally, we considered 9 originators used in the treatment of schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis. Information on drug prices were collected from pharmacies. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous in order to avoid accusations of advertising. To evaluate affordability, several factors were used (e.g. minimum earnings and Gini coefficient). Due to unavailability in some countries, the exact number of analyzed medicines varies. Results Drug prices vary significantly between EU Member States. Almost eleven fold difference was observed between Germany (EUR 1451.17) and Croatia (EUR 132.77) in relation to Interferone beta-1a 22 μg. Generally, prices were the highest in Germany. The cheapest drugs were found in various countries but never in the poorest ones like Bulgaria or Romania. Discrepancies in wages were observed too (the smallest minimum wage was EUR 138.00 in Bulgaria and the highest EUR 1801.00 in Luxembourg). Full price of olanzapine 5mg, however, was higher in Bulgaria (EUR 64.53) than, for instance, in Belgium (EUR 37.26). Conclusions Analyzed medications are still unaffordable for many citizens of the EU. Besides, access to medicines is also impaired e.g. due to parallel trade. Unaffordability of medications may lead to the patients’ non-compliance and therefore to increased direct and indirect costs of treatment. Common European solutions are needed to achieve a real affordability and accessibility of medications. PMID
14. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
THOMAS, 111th Congress
Rep. Rangel, Charles B. [D-NY-15
2009-09-17
03/23/2010 Became Public Law No: 111-148. (PDF) (All Actions) Notes: H.R.4872 makes a number of health-related financing and revenue changes to this bill. Read together, this bill and the health care-related provisions of H.R.4872 are commonly referred to as the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Tracker: This bill has the status Became LawHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:
15. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
THOMAS, 111th Congress
Rep. Rangel, Charles B. [D-NY-15
2009-09-17
03/23/2010 Became Public Law No: 111-148. (TXT | PDF) (All Actions) Notes: H.R.4872 makes a number of health-related financing and revenue changes to this bill. Read together, this bill and the health care-related provisions of H.R.4872 are commonly referred to as the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Tracker: This bill has the status Became LawHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:
16. America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009
THOMAS, 111th Congress
Rep. Dingell, John D. [D-MI-15
2009-07-14
10/14/2009 Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 168. (All Actions) Notes: For further action, see H.R.3590, which became Public Law 111-148 on 3/23/2010. H.R.3590, often referred to as the Affordable Care Act, is the bill that became the health care reform law. Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:
17. Phenylated Polyimides With Greater Solubility
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Harris, Frank W.
1991-01-01
In experiments, 3,6-diphenylpyromellitic dianhydride monomer prepared and polymerized with several different diamines. Polyimides with pendent phenyl groups along polymer backbones considerably more soluble than PMDA-based materials. Increased solubility eases processing, providing increased potential use in variety of applications. Because most polymers soluble in organic solvents, usable in microelectronics applications. Excellent thermal stabilities and high transition temperatures make them ideally suited. Many polymers extremely rigid and useful as reinforcing polymers in molecular composites. More flexible compositions useful as matrix resins in carbon-reinforced composites.
18. FLEXIBLE COUPLING
DOEpatents
Babelay, E.F.
1962-02-13
A flexible shaft coupling for operation at speeds in excess of 14,000 rpm is designed which requires no lubrication. A driving sleeve member and a driven sleeve member are placed in concentric spaced relationship. A torque force is transmitted to the driven member from the driving member through a plurality of nylon balls symmetrically disposed between the spaced sleeves. The balls extend into races and recesses within the respective sleeve members. The sleeve members have a suitable clearance therebetween and the balls have a suitable radial clearance during operation of the coupling to provide a relatively loose coupling. These clearances accommodate for both parallel and/or angular misalignments and avoid metal-tometal contact between the sleeve members during operation. Thus, no lubrication is needed, and a minimum of vibrations is transmitted between the sleeve members. (AEC)
19. 75 FR 60482 - Proposed Extension of Information Collection Request Submitted for Public Comment; Affordable...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2010-09-30
... Comment; Affordable Care Act Enrollment Opportunity Notice Relating to Dependent Coverage; Affordable Care Act Grandfathered Health Plan Disclosure and Recordkeeping Requirement; Affordable Care Act Rescission Notice; Affordable Care Act Patient Protections Notice; Affordable Care Act Enrollment Opportunity...
20. High-performance, highly bendable MoS2 transistors with high-k dielectrics for flexible low-power systems.
PubMed
Chang, Hsiao-Yu; Yang, Shixuan; Lee, Jongho; Tao, Li; Hwang, Wan-Sik; Jena, Debdeep; Lu, Nanshu; Akinwande, Deji
2013-06-25
While there has been increasing studies of MoS2 and other two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting dichalcogenides on hard conventional substrates, experimental or analytical studies on flexible substrates has been very limited so far, even though these 2D crystals are understood to have greater prospects for flexible smart systems. In this article, we report detailed studies of MoS2 transistors on industrial plastic sheets. Transistor characteristics afford more than 100x improvement in the ON/OFF current ratio and 4x enhancement in mobility compared to previous flexible MoS2 devices. Mechanical studies reveal robust electronic properties down to a bending radius of 1 mm which is comparable to previous reports for flexible graphene transistors. Experimental investigation identifies that crack formation in the dielectric is the responsible failure mechanism demonstrating that the mechanical properties of the dielectric layer is critical for realizing flexible electronics that can accommodate high strain. Our uniaxial tensile tests have revealed that atomic-layer-deposited HfO2 and Al2O3 films have very similar crack onset strain. However, crack propagation is slower in HfO2 dielectric compared to Al2O3 dielectric, suggesting a subcritical fracture mechanism in the thin oxide films. Rigorous mechanics modeling provides guidance for achieving flexible MoS2 transistors that are reliable at sub-mm bending radius.
1. Perceiving Affordances for Different Motor Skills
PubMed Central
Cole, Whitney G.; Chan, Gladys L. Y.; Vereijken, Beatrix; Adolph, Karen E.
2013-01-01
We examined several factors that affect people’s ability to perceive possibilities for action. In Experiment 1, 24 participants crossed expanses of various sizes in three conditions: leaping, a familiar, launching action system; arm-swinging on monkey bars, an unpracticed skill that uses the arms rather than the legs; and crawling on hands and knees, a disused skill that involves all four limbs. Before and after performing each action, participants gave verbal judgments about the largest gap they could cross. Participants scaled initial judgments to their actual abilities in all three conditions. But they considerably underestimated their abilities for leaping, a launching action, and for arm-swinging when it was performed as a launching action; judgments about crawling, a non-launching action, and arm-swinging when it was performed as a non-launching action were more accurate. Thus, launching actions appear to produce a deficit in perceiving affordances that is not ameliorated by familiarity with the action. However, after performing the actions, participants partially corrected for the deficiency and more accurately judged their abilities for launching actions—suggesting that even brief action experience facilitates the perception of affordances. In Experiment 2, we confirmed that the deficit was due to the launching nature of the leaping and arm-swinging actions in Experiment 1. We asked an additional 12 participants to cross expanses using two non-launching actions using the legs (stepping across an expanse) and the arms (reaching across an expanse). Participants were highly accurate when judging affordances for these actions, supporting launching as the cause of the underestimation reported in Experiment 1. PMID:23411672
2. Breastfeeding and the Affordable Care Act.
PubMed
Hawkins, Summer Sherburne; Dow-Fleisner, Sarah; Noble, Alice
2015-10-01
Mothers who receive or qualify for the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program or have lower income are less likely to start and continue breastfeeding than their more advantaged counterparts. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires employers to provide break time and space to express breast milk and requires insurance companies to cover breastfeeding support, supplies, and counseling at no cost to mothers. This ACA benefit does not extend to all Medicaid recipients or women in the WIC program. Legislative and regulatory efforts are needed to provide comprehensive coverage for all women and reduce disparities in breastfeeding.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1986-01-01
NASA plans for advanced research and technology programs aimed at reducing operating costs and extending the capability of future space systems are described. The evolution of an almost entirely space-based mode is discussed, including the role of earth launch, servicing, fabrication and assembly and communications. The development of technology for affordable access to space is examined, taking into account progress in the areas of telerobotics, machine autonomy, human autonomy, space-based manufacturing and construction, electric power, and space-based propulsion.
4. Bison in the greater Yellowstone
USGS Publications Warehouse
Meagher, Mary
1994-01-01
In the Greater Yellowstone Area, free-ranging bison occur in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and Yellowstone National Park. The Yellowstone population is discussed, with emphasis on changes in numbers from approximately 400 in 1968 to about 3500 now. Major influences for change initially were natural; more recently the winter road system used by snowmobiles appeared to be the dominant factor. The situation is in a state of flux. Interagency planning is in progress to address management alternatives for conflicts outside the park.
5. 12 CFR 1807.402 - Affordable housing-homeownership.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Affordable housing-homeownership. 1807.402... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.402 Affordable housing—homeownership. (a) Acquisition with or without rehabilitation. Housing that is for Homeownership purchase...
6. 12 CFR 1291.12 - Affordable Housing Reserve Fund.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Affordable Housing Reserve Fund. 1291.12 Section 1291.12 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY HOUSING GOALS AND MISSION FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANKS' AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAM § 1291.12 Affordable Housing Reserve Fund. (a) Deposits. If...
7. 12 CFR 1291.12 - Affordable Housing Reserve Fund.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Affordable Housing Reserve Fund. 1291.12 Section 1291.12 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY HOUSING GOALS AND MISSION FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANKS' AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAM § 1291.12 Affordable Housing Reserve Fund. (a) Deposits. If...
8. 12 CFR 1807.402 - Affordable housing-homeownership.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Affordable housing-homeownership. 1807.402... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.402 Affordable housing—homeownership. (a) Acquisition with or without rehabilitation. Housing that is for Homeownership purchase...
9. 12 CFR 1291.12 - Affordable Housing Reserve Fund.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Affordable Housing Reserve Fund. 1291.12 Section 1291.12 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY HOUSING GOALS AND MISSION FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANKS' AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAM § 1291.12 Affordable Housing Reserve Fund. (a) Deposits. If...
10. 12 CFR 1807.402 - Affordable housing-homeownership.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Affordable housing-homeownership. 1807.402... TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.402 Affordable housing—homeownership. (a) Acquisition with or without rehabilitation. Housing that is for Homeownership purchase...
11. 12 CFR 1291.12 - Affordable Housing Reserve Fund.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Affordable Housing Reserve Fund. 1291.12 Section 1291.12 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY HOUSING GOALS AND MISSION FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANKS' AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROGRAM § 1291.12 Affordable Housing Reserve Fund. (a) Deposits. If...
12. 12 CFR 1807.400 - Affordable housing-general.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Affordable housing-general. 1807.400 Section 1807.400 Banks and Banking COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FUND, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.400 Affordable...
13. 12 CFR 1807.402 - Affordable housing-homeownership.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-01-01
... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Affordable housing-homeownership. 1807.402 Section 1807.402 Banks and Banking COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FUND, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY CAPITAL MAGNET FUND Qualification as Affordable Housing § 1807.402 Affordable...
14. Mission and Implementation of an Affordable Lunar Return
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Spudis, Paul; Lavoie, Anthony
2010-01-01
We present an architecture that establishes the infrastructure for routine space travel by taking advantage of the Moon's resources, proximity and accessibility. We use robotic assets on the Moon that are teleoperated from Earth to prospect, test, demonstrate and produce water from lunar resources before human arrival. This plan is affordable, flexible and not tied to any specific launch vehicle solution. Individual surface pieces are small, permitting them to be deployed separately on small launchers or combined together on single large launchers. Schedule is our free variable; even under highly constrained budgets, the architecture permits this program to be continuously pursued using small, incremental, cumulative steps. The end stage is a fully functional, human-tended lunar outpost capable of producing 150 metric tonnes of water per year enough to export water from the Moon and create a transportation system that allows routine access to all of cislunar space. This cost-effective lunar architecture advances technology and builds a sustainable transportation infrastructure. By eliminating the need to launch everything from the surface of the Earth, we fundamentally change the paradigm of spaceflight.
15. Developmental constraints on behavioural flexibility.
PubMed
Holekamp, Kay E; Swanson, Eli M; Van Meter, Page E
2013-05-19
We suggest that variation in mammalian behavioural flexibility not accounted for by current socioecological models may be explained in part by developmental constraints. From our own work, we provide examples of constraints affecting variation in behavioural flexibility, not only among individuals, but also among species and higher taxonomic units. We first implicate organizational maternal effects of androgens in shaping individual differences in aggressive behaviour emitted by female spotted hyaenas throughout the lifespan. We then compare carnivores and primates with respect to their locomotor and craniofacial adaptations. We inquire whether antagonistic selection pressures on the skull might impose differential functional constraints on evolvability of skulls and brains in these two orders, thus ultimately affecting behavioural flexibility in each group. We suggest that, even when carnivores and primates would theoretically benefit from the same adaptations with respect to behavioural flexibility, carnivores may nevertheless exhibit less behavioural flexibility than primates because of constraints imposed by past adaptations in the morphology of the limbs and skull. Phylogenetic analysis consistent with this idea suggests greater evolutionary lability in relative brain size within families of primates than carnivores. Thus, consideration of developmental constraints may help elucidate variation in mammalian behavioural flexibility.
PubMed
Rosen, Dennis
2014-09-01
How do you tell a sick kid that nobody cares if he gets better? That's an exaggeration, of course, but it is the fundamental message our society sends when we tell him that, because he and his family are undocumented immigrants, we are unwilling to extend them access to affordable and reliable health insurance. One major shortcoming of the Affordable Care Act is its specific exclusion of the almost twelve million undocumented immigrants-including millions of children-in this country from access to the state and federal insurance exchanges where coverage can be purchased. It is true that providing undocumented immigrants access to the exchanges and subsidies mandated by the ACA would require additional funding. However, a recent analysis in California has found that the costs of expanding state-supported care to include undocumented immigrants would largely be offset by the increased state sales tax revenue paid by managed care organizations and by reduced spending at the county level on emergency-room and hospital care of the uninsured.
17. Social affordances and the possibility of ecological linguistics.
PubMed
Kono, Tetsuya
2009-12-01
This paper includes an effort to extend the notion of affordance from a philosophical point of view the importance of ecological approach for social psychology, ethics, and linguistics. Affordances are not always merely physical but also interpersonal and social. I will conceptualize affordance in general and social affordance in particular, and will elucidate the relation between intentional action and affordances, and that between affordances and free will. I will also focus on the relation between social institution and affordance. An extended theory of affordances can provide a way to analyze in concrete ways how social institution works as an implicit background of interpersonal interactions. Ecological approach considers social institution as the producer and maintainer of affordances. Social institutions construct the niches for human beings. Finally, I will argue the possibility of the ecological linguistics. Language is a social institution. The system of signs is the way to articulate and differentiate interpersonal affordances. Language acquires its meaning, i.e. communicative power in the interpersonal interactions, and interpersonal interactions, in turn, develop and are elaborated through the usage of signs. Communication is seen as never aimed to transmit inner ideas to others, but to guide and adjust the behaviors of others thorough articulating the affordance of responsible-ness.
18. Enabling Dedicated, Affordable Space Access Through Aggressive Technology Maturation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Jones, Jonathan; Kibbey, Tim; Lampton, Pat; Brown, Thomas
2014-01-01
19. Piecing Together the College Affordability Puzzle: Student Characteristics and Patterns of (Un)Affordability
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Welbeck, Rashida; Diamond, John; Mayer, Alexander; Richburg-Hayes, Lashawn
2014-01-01
The cost of attending college has risen sharply over the last 40 years. Although more credit and grant aid have been made available to students, there are still major gaps between aid and the cost of attendance for many students in the United States, all of whom are left to figure out whether they can afford the remaining costs associated with…
20. Strength, flexibility, and maturity in adolescent athletes.
PubMed
Pratt, M
1989-05-01
The relationship between lower-extremity strength and flexibility and maturational status as measured by Tanner staging (TS) was assessed in 84 male high school athletes. The sum of one-repetition maximum lifts for knee extension and flexion was determined and flexibility was measured with the American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance sit-and-reach test. Chronologic age, body weight, and percent fat were also recorded. Strength and flexibility were compared for each maturational and chronologic age category. Maturational age was better correlated with strength and flexibility than was chronologic age. All correlations were significant. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated significant correlations of TS and age with strength and flexibility. Tanner staging had greater predictive value than age for strength and flexibility. After adjusting for age, the relationship between TS and strength remained significant.
1. [Autoerotic fatalities in Greater Dusseldorf].
PubMed
Hartung, Benno; Hellen, Florence; Borchard, Nora; Huckenbeck, Wolfgang
2011-01-01
Autoerotic fatalities in the Greater Dusseldorf area correspond to the relevant medicolegal literature. Our results included exclusively young to middle-aged, usually single men who were found dead in their city apartments. Clothing and devices used showed a great variety. Women's or fetish clothing and complex shackling or hanging devices were disproportionately frequent. In most cases, death occurred due to hanging or ligature strangulation. There was no increased incidence of underlying psychiatric disorders. In most of the deceased no or at least no remarkable alcohol intoxication was found. Occasionally, it may be difficult to reliably differentiate autoerotic accidents, accidents occurring in connection with practices of bondage & discipline, dominance & submission (BDSM) from natural death, suicide or homicide.
2. Affordable Laser Communication in the Classroom
Walker, Constance E.; Sparks, R.; Pompea, S.
2006-12-01
Several companies sell systems that illustrate laser communication such as Arbor Scientific1. These systems can be too expensive for classroom use. We will demonstrate a technique to modulate a standard diode laser using a microphone or other sound source that is capable of transmitting voice and music. This affordable system can transmit over 350 feet using simple, inexpensive parts readily available at your local electronics store. We will provide a list of parts necessary for assembly, detailed assembly instructions, as well as some suggested investigations using the laser communication system. This system can be used in the classroom either as a demonstration or hands-on activity to explore the physics and technology involved, citing more sophisticated laser communication systems on board spacecraft such as the Mercury Messenger Mission and the Mars Telecommunications Orbiter. 1http://www.arborsci.com
3. Affordable Care Act and Diabetes Mellitus.
PubMed
Shi, Qian; Nellans, Frank P; Shi, Lizheng
2015-12-01
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has the potential for great impact on U.S. health care, especially for chronic disease patients requiring long-term care and management. The act was designed to improve insurance coverage, health care access, and quality of care for all Americans, which will assist patients with diabetes mellitus in acquiring routine monitoring and diabetes-related complication screening for better health management and outcomes. There is great potential for patients with diabetes to benefit from the new policy mandating health insurance coverage and plan improvement, Medicaid expansion, minimum coverage guarantees, and free preventative care. However, policy variability among states and ACA implementation present challenges to people with diabetes in understanding and optimizing ACA impact. This paper aims to select the most influential components of the ACA as relates to people with diabetes and discuss how the ACA may improve health care for this vulnerable population.
4. Why epidemiologists cannot afford to ignore poverty.
PubMed
Krieger, Nancy
2007-11-01
Epidemiologists cannot afford to ignore poverty. To do so would, first, wrongly obscure the devastating impact of poverty on population health, and, second, undercut our commitment to scientific rigor. At issue is doing correct science, not "politically correct" science. Blot poverty and inequity from view, and not only will we contribute to making suffering invisible but our understanding of disease etiology and distribution will be marred. To make this case, I address current debates about the causal relationships between poverty and health, and provide examples of how failing to consider the impact of socioeconomic position has biased epidemiologic knowledge and harmed the public's health. By definition, the people we study are simultaneously social beings and biologic organisms-and we cannot study the latter without taking into account the former. It is the responsibility of all epidemiologists, and not only social epidemiologists, to keep in mind the connections between poverty and health.
5. Affordable Hybrid Heat Pump Clothes Dryer
SciTech Connect
TeGrotenhuis, Ward E.; Butterfield, Andrew; Caldwell, Dustin D.; Crook, Alexander
2016-06-30
This project was successful in demonstrating the feasibility of a step change in residential clothes dryer energy efficiency by demonstrating heat pump technology capable of 50% energy savings over conventional standard-size electric dryers with comparable drying times. A prototype system was designed from off-the-shelf components that can meet the project’s efficiency goals and are affordable. An experimental prototype system was built based on the design that reached 50% energy savings. Improvements have been identified that will reduce drying times of over 60 minutes to reach the goal of 40 minutes. Nevertheless, the prototype represents a step change in efficiency over heat pump dryers recently introduced to the U.S. market, with 30% improvement in energy efficiency at comparable drying times.
6. Vagal flexibility: A physiological predictor of social sensitivity.
PubMed
Muhtadie, Luma; Koslov, Katrina; Akinola, Modupe; Mendes, Wendy Berry
2015-07-01
This research explores vagal flexibility--dynamic modulation of cardiac vagal control--as an individual-level physiological index of social sensitivity. In 4 studies, we test the hypothesis that individuals with greater cardiac vagal flexibility, operationalized as higher cardiac vagal tone at rest and greater cardiac vagal withdrawal (indexed by a decrease in respiratory sinus arrhythmia) during cognitive or attentional demand, perceive social-emotional information more accurately and show greater sensitivity to their social context. Study 1 sets the foundation for this investigation by establishing that vagal flexibility can be elicited consistently in the laboratory and reliably over time. Study 2 demonstrates that vagal flexibility has different associations with psychological characteristics than does vagal tone, and that these characteristics are primarily social in nature. Study 3 links individual differences in vagal flexibility with accurate detection of social and emotional cues depicted in still facial images. Study 4 demonstrates that individuals with greater vagal flexibility respond to dynamic social feedback in a more context-sensitive manner than do individuals with less vagal flexibility. Specifically, compared with their less flexible counterparts, individuals with greater vagal flexibility, when assigned to receive negative social feedback, report more shame, show more pronounced blood pressure responses, and display less sociable behavior, but when receiving positive social feedback display more sociable behavior. Taken together, these findings suggest that vagal flexibility is a useful individual difference physiological predictor of social sensitivity, which may have implications for clinical, developmental, and health psychologists.
7. PhenoPhyte: a flexible affordable method to quantify 2D phenotypes from imagery
PubMed Central
2012-01-01
Background Accurate characterization of complex plant phenotypes is critical to assigning biological functions to genes through forward or reverse genetics. It can also be vital in determining the effect of a treatment, genotype, or environmental condition on plant growth or susceptibility to insects or pathogens. Although techniques for characterizing complex phenotypes have been developed, most are not cost effective or are too imprecise or subjective to reliably differentiate subtler differences in complex traits like growth, color change, or disease resistance. Results We designed an inexpensive imaging protocol that facilitates automatic quantification of two-dimensional visual phenotypes using computer vision and image processing algorithms applied to standard digital images. The protocol allows for non-destructive imaging of plants in the laboratory and field and can be used in suboptimal imaging conditions due to automated color and scale normalization. We designed the web-based tool PhenoPhyte for processing images adhering to this protocol and demonstrate its ability to measure a variety of two-dimensional traits (such as growth, leaf area, and herbivory) using images from several species (Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica rapa). We then provide a more complicated example for measuring disease resistance of Zea mays to Southern Leaf Blight. Conclusions PhenoPhyte is a new cost-effective web-application for semi-automated quantification of two-dimensional traits from digital imagery using an easy imaging protocol. This tool’s usefulness is demonstrated for a variety of traits in multiple species. We show that digital phenotyping can reduce human subjectivity in trait quantification, thereby increasing accuracy and improving precision, which are crucial for differentiating and quantifying subtle phenotypic variation and understanding gene function and/or treatment effects. PMID:23131141
8. A general protocol to afford enantioenriched linear homoprenylic amines.
PubMed
Bosque, Irene; Foubelo, Francisco; Gonzalez-Gomez, Jose C
2013-11-21
The reaction of a readily obtained chiral branched homoprenylamonium salt with a range of aldehydes, including aliphatic substrates, affords the corresponding linear isomers in good yields and enantioselectivities.
9. Affordable, Robust Ceramic Joining Technology (ARCJoint) Developed
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Steele, Gynelle C.
2001-01-01
Affordable, Robust Ceramic Joining Technology (ARCJoint) is a method for joining high temperature- resistant ceramic pieces together, establishing joints that are strong, and allowing joining to be done in the field. This new way of joining allows complex shapes to be formed by joining together geometrically simple shapes. The joining technology at NASA is one of the enabling technologies for the application of silicon-carbide-based ceramic and composite components in demanding and high-temperature applications. The technology is being developed and tested for high-temperature propulsion parts for aerospace use. Commercially, it can be used for joining ceramic pieces used for high temperature applications in the power-generating and chemical industries, as well as in the microelectronics industry. This innovation could yield big payoffs for not only the power-generating industry but also the Silicon Valley chipmakers. This technology, which was developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center by Dr. Mrityunjay Singh, is a two-step process involving first using a paste to join together ceramic pieces and bonding them by heating the joint to 110 to 120 C for between 10 and 20 min. This makes the joint strong enough to be handled for the final joining. Then, a silicon-based substance is applied to the joint and heated to 1400 C for 10 to 15 min. The resulting joint is as strong as the original ceramic material and can withstand the same high temperatures.
10. Partnerships for affordable and equitable disaster insurance
Mysiak, J.; Pérez-Blanco, C. D.
2015-08-01
Extreme events are becoming more frequent and intense, inflating the economic damages and social hardship set-off by natural catastrophes. Amidst budgetary cuts, there is a growing concern on societies' ability to design solvent disaster recovery strategies, while addressing equity and affordability concerns. The participation of private sector along with public one through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) has gained on importance as a means to address these seemingly conflicting objectives through the provision of (catastrophic) natural hazard insurance. This is the case of many OECD countries, notably some EU Member States such as the United Kingdom and Spain. The EU legislator has adapted to this new scenario and recently produced major reforms in the legislation and regulation that govern the framework in which PPPs for (catastrophic) natural hazard insurance develop. This paper has a dual objective: (1) review the complex legal background that rules the provision of insurance against natural catastrophes in the EU after these major reforms, (2) assess the implications of the reforms and offer concise Policy Guiding Principles.
11. Affordable underwater wireless optical communication using LEDs
2013-09-01
In recent years the need for high data rate underwater wireless communication (WC) has increased. Nowadays, the conventional technology for underwater communication is acoustic. However, the maximum data rate that acoustic technology can provide is a few kilobits per second. On the other hand, emerging applications such as underwater imaging, networks of sensors and swarms of underwater vehicles require much faster data rates. As a result, underwater optical WC, which can provide much higher data rates, has been proposed as an alternative means of communication. In addition to high data rates, affordable communication systems become an important feature in the development requirements. The outcome of these requirements is a new system design based on off-the-shelf components such as blue and green light emitting diodes (LEDs). This is due to the fact that LEDs offer solutions characterized by low cost, high efficiency, reliability and compactness. However, there are some challenges to be met when incorporating LEDs as part of the optical transmitter, such as low modulation rates and non linearity. In this paper, we review the main challenges facing the incorporation of LEDs as an integral part of underwater WC systems and propose some techniques to mitigate the LED limitations in order to achieve high data rate communication
12. Robust, affordable, semi-direct Mars mission
Salotti, Jean-Marc
2016-10-01
A new architecture is proposed for the first manned Mars mission, based on current NASA developments (SLS and Orion), chemical propulsion for interplanetary transit, aerocapture for all vehicles, a split strategy, and a long stay on the surface. Two important choices make this architecture affordable and appropriate for the first mission. The first is splitting the Earth return vehicle into two parts that are launched separately and dock in Mars orbit. This is necessary to make aerocapture feasible and efficient, which considerably reduces mass. The second is reducing the crew to 3 astronauts. This simplifies the mission and reduces the SLS payload mass under the 45-metric ton limit for a direct TMI (trans-Mars injection) burn without LEO assembly. Only 4 SLS launches are required. The first takes the Mars ascent vehicle and in situ resource utilization systems to the planet's surface. The second takes the first part of the Earth return vehicle, the habitat, into Mars orbit. Two years later, two further SLS launches take a dual-use habitat (outbound trip and surface), Orion, and an enhanced service module to LEO, and then into Mars orbit, followed by the landing of the habitat on the surface. Transit time is demonstrated to be easily reduced to less than 6 months, with relatively low impact on propellant mass and none at all on the architecture.
13. A New Measure of Medication Affordability
PubMed Central
BRIESACHER, BECKY; ROSS-DEGNAN, DENNIS; ADAMS, ALYCE; WAGNER, ANITA; GURWITZ, JERRY; SOUMERAI, STEPHAN
2010-01-01
This study developed a new measure of medication affordability that examines out-of-pocket drug expenses relative to available household resources. The authors assessed the spending patterns of ~2.1 million poor households (≤100% federal poverty level) of adults aged 51 and older by Medicaid status. The data were drawn from the 2000–2001 Health and Retirement Study. Household spending was categorized into three broad types: basic living, health care, and discretionary. Older (aged 51 or older) poor households without Medicaid allocated about 72% of their total resources ($17,421, SE$783) to basic living needs. In comparison, those with Medicaid had scarcer total resources ($12,498, SE$423) and allocated 85% to basic living needs. Medication costs consumed the largest proportion of health care expenses for both types of poor households (Medicaid: $463, SE$67; non-Medicaid: $970, SE$102). After paying for basic living needs and health care costs, these families had, on average, only $16 left each week. Poor families have very few resources available for anything beyond basic living needs, even when they have Medicaid coverage. There is no great reservoir of discretionary funds to pay for increases in cost-sharing under Medicaid and Medicare Part D. PMID:19821195 14. Decentralized sliding mode control of nonlinear flexible robots SciTech Connect Parker, G.G.; Robinett, R.D.; Segalman, D.J.; Inman, D.J. 1994-06-01 A technique using augmented sliding mode control for robust, real-time control of flexible multiple link robots is presented. For the purpose of controller design, the n-link, n-joint robot is subdivided into n single joint, single link subsystems. A sliding surface for each subsystem is specified so as to be globally, asymptotically stable. Each sliding surface contains rigid-body angular velocity, angular displacement and flexible body generalized velocities. The flexible body generalized accelerations are treated as disturbances during the controller design. This has the advantage of not requiring explicit equations for the flexible body motion. The result is n single input, single output controllers acting at the n joints of the robot, controlling rigid body angular displacement and providing damping for flexible body modes. Furthermore, the n controllers can be operated in parallel so that compute speed is independent of the number of links, affording real-time, robust, control. 15. Affordance-based perception-action dynamics: A model of visually guided braking. PubMed Harrison, Henry S; Turvey, Michael T; Frank, Till D 2016-04-01 Behavioral dynamics is a framework for understanding adaptive behavior as arising from the self-organizing interaction between animal and environment. The methods of nonlinear dynamics provide a language for describing behavior that is both stable and flexible. Behavioral dynamics has been criticized for ignoring the animal's sensitivity to its own capabilities, leading to the development of an alternative framework: affordance-based control. Although it is theoretically sound and empirically motivated, affordance-based control has resisted characterization in terms of nonlinear dynamics. Here, we provide a dynamical description of affordance-based control, extending behavioral dynamics to meet its criticisms. We propose a general modeling strategy consistent with both theories. We use visually guided braking as a representative behavior and construct a novel dynamical model. This model demonstrates the possibility of understanding visually guided action as respecting the limits of the actor's capabilities, while still being guided by informational variables associated with desired states of affairs. In addition to such "hard" constraints on behavior, our framework allows for the influence of "soft" constraints such as preference and comfort, opening a new area of inquiry in perception-action dynamics. 16. Vagal Flexibility: A Physiological Predictor of Social Sensitivity PubMed Central Muhtadie, Luma; Akinola, Modupe; Koslov, Katrina; Mendes, Wendy Berry 2015-01-01 This research explores vagal flexibility— dynamic modulation of cardiac vagal control—as an individual-level physiological index of social sensitivity. In 4 studies, we test the hypothesis that individuals with greater cardiac vagal flexibility, operationalized as higher cardiac vagal tone at rest and greater cardiac vagal withdrawal (indexed by a decrease in respiratory sinus arrhythmia) during cognitive or attentional demand, perceive social-emotional information more accurately and show greater sensitivity to their social context. Study 1 sets the foundation for this investigation by establishing that vagal flexibility can be elicited consistently in the laboratory and reliably over time. Study 2 demonstrates that vagal flexibility has different associations with psychological characteristics than does vagal tone, and that these characteristics are primarily social in nature. Study 3 links individual differences in vagal flexibility with accurate detection of social and emotional cues depicted in still facial images. Study 4 demonstrates that individuals with greater vagal flexibility respond to dynamic social feedback in a more context-sensitive manner than do individuals with less vagal flexibility. Specifically, compared with their less flexible counterparts, individuals with greater vagal flexibility, when assigned to receive negative social feedback, report more shame, show more pronounced blood pressure responses, and display less sociable behavior, but when receiving positive social feedback display more sociable behavior. Taken together, these findings suggest that vagal flexibility is a useful individual difference physiological predictor of social sensitivity, which may have implications for clinical, developmental, and health psychologists. PMID:25545841 17. Ground Processing Affordability for Space Vehicles NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Ingalls, John; Scott, Russell 2011-01-01 Launch vehicles and most of their payloads spend the majority of their time on the ground. The cost of ground operations is very high. So, why so often is so little attention given to ground processing during development? The current global space industry and economic environment are driving more need for efficiencies to save time and money. Affordability and sustainability are more important now than ever. We can not continue to treat space vehicles as mere science projects. More RLV's (Reusable Launch Vehicles) are being developed for the gains of reusability which are not available for ELV's (Expendable Launch Vehicles). More human-rated vehicles are being developed, with the retirement of the Space Shuttles, and for a new global space race, yet these cost more than the many unmanned vehicles of today. We can learn many lessons on affordability from RLV's. DFO (Design for Operations) considers ground operations during design, development, and manufacturing-before the first flight. This is often minimized for space vehicles, but is very important. Vehicles are designed for launch and mission operations. You will not be able to do it again if it is too slow or costly to get there. Many times, technology changes faster than space products such that what is launched includes outdated features, thus reducing competitiveness. Ground operations must be considered for the full product Lifecycle, from concept to retirement. Once manufactured, launch vehicles along with their payloads and launch systems require a long path of processing before launch. Initial assembly and testing always discover problems to address. A solid integration program is essential to minimize these impacts, as was seen in the Constellation Ares I-X test rocket. For RLV's, landing/recovery and post-flight turnaround activities are performed. Multi-use vehicles require reconfiguration. MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) must be well-planned--- even for the unplanned problems. Defect limits and 18. Affordable Space Tourism: SpaceStationSim NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 2006-01-01 For over 5 years, people have been living and working in space on the International Space Station (ISS), a state-of-the-art laboratory complex orbiting high above the Earth. Offering a large, sustained microgravity environment that cannot be duplicated on Earth, the ISS furthers humankind s knowledge of science and how the body functions for extended periods of time in space all of which will prove vital on long-duration missions to Mars. On-orbit construction of the station began in November 1998, with the launch of the Russian Zarya Control Module, which provided battery power and fuel storage. This module was followed by additional components and supplies over the course of several months. In November 2000, the first ISS Expedition crew moved in. Since then, the ISS has continued to change and evolve. The space station is currently 240 feet wide, measured across the solar arrays, and 171 feet long, from the NASA Destiny Laboratory to the Russian Zvezda Habitation Module. It is 90 feet tall, and it weighs approximately 404,000 pounds. Crews inhabit a living space of about 15,000 cubic feet. To date, 90 scientific investigations have been conducted on the space station. New results from space station research, from basic science to exploration research, are being published each month, and more breakthroughs are likely to come. It is not all work on the space station, though. The orbiting home affords many of the comforts one finds on Earth. There is a weightless "weight room" and even a musical keyboard alongside research facilities. Holidays are observed, and with them, traditional foods such as turkey and cobbler are eaten, with lemonade to wash them down 19. Commercial Platforms Allow Affordable Space Research NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 2013-01-01 At an altitude of about 240 miles, its orbital path carries it over 90 percent of the Earth s population. It circles the Earth in continuous free fall; its crew of six and one Robonaut pass the days, experiencing 16 sunrises and 16 sunsets every 24 hours, in microgravity, an environment in which everything from bodily functions to the physical behavior of materials changes drastically from what is common on the ground. Outside its shielded confines, temperatures cycle from one extreme to the other, radiation is rampant, and atomic oxygen corrodes everything it touches. A unique feat of engineering, the International Space Station (ISS) also represents the most remarkable platform for scientific research ever devised. In 2005, anticipating the space station s potential for NASA and non-NASA scientists alike, the NASA Authorization Act designated the US segment of the ISS as a national laboratory, instructing the Agency to "increase the utilization of the ISS by other Federal entities and the private sector." With the ISS set to maintain operations through at least 2020, the station offers an unprecedented long-term access to space conditions, enabling research not previously possible. "There will be new drug discoveries, new pharmaceuticals, a better understanding of how we affect the planet and how we can maintain it," says Marybeth Edeen, the ISS National Laboratory manager, based at Johnson Space Center. The ISS, she says, represents a major example of the government s role in making such advancements possible. "The government is key in that researchers cannot afford to build the kind of infrastructure that the government can provide. But we then have to make that infrastructure available at a reasonable cost." Enter Jeff Manber, who saw in the ISS National Lab an extraordinary opportunity to advance science, education, and business in ways never before seen. 20. Flexibility of Employment Relationships: Possibilities and Limits. IAB Labour Market Research Topics No. 22. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Walwei, Ulrich The controversial discussion of "atypical" forms of employment overlooks the fact that all parties involved can benefit from greater flexibility in the employment relationship. It all depends on what is made more flexible and how this greater flexibility is achieved. Employment relationships are built on a variety of factors… 1. One Hand, Two Objects: Emergence of Affordance in Contexts ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Borghi, Anna M.; Flumini, Andrea; Natraj, Nikhilesh; Wheaton, Lewis A. 2012-01-01 Studies on affordances typically focus on single objects. We investigated whether affordances are modulated by the context, defined by the relation between two objects and a hand. Participants were presented with pictures displaying two manipulable objects linked by a functional (knife-butter), a spatial (knife-coffee mug), or by no relation. They… 2. Affordance Analysis--Matching Learning Tasks with Learning Technologies ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Bower, Matt 2008-01-01 This article presents a design methodology for matching learning tasks with learning technologies. First a working definition of "affordances" is provided based on the need to describe the action potentials of the technologies (utility). Categories of affordances are then proposed to provide a framework for analysis. Following this, a… 3. 12 CFR 1282.14 - Special Affordable Housing Goal. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 12 Banks and Banking 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Special Affordable Housing Goal. 1282.14 Section 1282.14 Banks and Banking FEDERAL HOUSING FINANCE AGENCY HOUSING GOALS AND MISSION ENTERPRISE HOUSING GOALS AND MISSION Housing Goals § 1282.14 Special Affordable Housing Goal. (a) Purpose of the... 4. The Influence of Affordability in Strategic Enrollment Management ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Pugh, Susan L.; Thompson, Roger J. 2008-01-01 In state houses around the country, one of the common higher education themes is affordability. As tuition costs have increased at rates exceeding that of inflation, students and families have pressed their legislative representatives to examine these increases. Affordability is a term used by various constituent groups, and its definition varies… 5. Affordability Tradeoffs Under Uncertainty Using Epoch-Era Analysis DTIC Science & Technology 2013-09-30 exploration and change-related “ilities.” Dr. Ross holds a dual A.B. in Physics and Astronomy and Astrophysics from Harvard University, S.M. in Aeronautics...1 Introduction of Affordability in Defense Acquisition................................................. 2 Recent Definitions of Affordability...20 Introduction and Background ............................................................................... 20 Application 6. What Are the Affordances of Information and Communication Technologies? ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Conole, Grainne; Dyke, Martin 2004-01-01 The paper examines the notion that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have affordances that epitomize the features of our late modern age (Giddens, 1991) and explores whether these affordances (Salomon, 1993, p. 51) can be used to facilitate particular approaches to educational practice. It argues that a clear articulation of these… 7. Nurturing Opportunities for Educational Leadership: How Affordance and Leadership Interconnect ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Margolin, Ilana 2013-01-01 This qualitative ethnographic study focused on the affordances that facilitated the emergence of leadership, capturing a range of perspectives on leadership and leadership development of four groups: district superintendents; teacher-educators; mentor-teachers and graduates. The term "affordances" implies a reciprocal relationship… 8. Embodied Perception: A Proposal to Reconcile Affordance and Spatial Perception PubMed Central 2015-01-01 Proffitt's embodied approach to perception is deeply indebted to Gibson's ecological approach to visual perception, in particular the idea that the primary objects of perception are affordances or what the environment offers for action. Yet, rather than directly addressing affordance perception, most of the empirical work evaluating Proffitt's approach focuses on the perception of spatial properties of the environment. We propose that theoretical and empirical efforts should be directed toward an understanding of the relationship between affordance perception and spatial perception, keeping in mind that this relationship is nontrivial because affordance perception is dichotomous, whereas the perception of spatial properties is gradual. We argue that the perception of spatial properties of the environment is enslaved by affordance perception, most notably at the critical boundaries for action. To empirically scrutinize this proposition, and to solve issues raised regarding the validity of several empirical findings, we call for joint research efforts to further understanding of embodied perception. 9. An Affordability Comparison Tool (ACT) for Space Transportation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) McCleskey, C. M.; Bollo, T. R.; Garcia, J. L. 2012-01-01 NASA bas recently emphasized the importance of affordability for Commercial Crew Development Program (CCDP), Space Launch Systems (SLS) and Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV). System architects and designers are challenged to come up with architectures and designs that do not bust the budget. This paper describes the Affordability Comparison Tool (ACT) analyzes different systems or architecture configurations for affordability that allows for a comparison of: total life cycle cost; annual recurring costs, affordability figures-of-merit, such as cost per pound, cost per seat, and cost per flight, as well as productivity measures, such as payload throughput. Although ACT is not a deterministic model, the paper develops algorithms and parametric factors that use characteristics of the architectures or systems being compared to produce important system outcomes (figures-of-merit). Example applications of outcome figures-of-merit are also documented to provide the designer with information on the relative affordability and productivity of different space transportation applications. 10. Flexible thermal laminate NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Dawn, F. S.; Sauers, D. G. 1977-01-01 Lightweight flexible laminate of interwoven conducting and insulating yarns, designed to provide localized controlled heating for propellant tanks on space vehicles, is useful for nonspace applications where weight, bulk, and flexibility are critical concerns. 11. Flexibility and Muscular Strength. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Liemohn, Wendell 1988-01-01 This definition of flexibility and muscular strength also explores their roles in overall physical fitness and focuses on how increased flexibility and muscular strength can help decrease or eliminate lower back pain. (CB) 12. Flexible Skins Containing Integrated Sensors and Circuitry NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Liu, Chang 2007-01-01 Artificial sensor skins modeled partly in imitation of biological sensor skins are undergoing development. These sensor skins comprise flexible polymer substrates that contain and/or support dense one- and two-dimensional arrays of microscopic sensors and associated microelectronic circuits. They afford multiple tactile sensing modalities for measuring physical phenomena that can include contact forces; hardnesses, temperatures, and thermal conductivities of objects with which they are in contact; and pressures, shear stresses, and flow velocities in fluids. The sensor skins are mechanically robust, and, because of their flexibility, they can be readily attached to curved and possibly moving and flexing surfaces of robots, wind-tunnel models, and other objects that one might seek to equip for tactile sensing. Because of the diversity of actual and potential sensor-skin design criteria and designs and the complexity of the fabrication processes needed to realize the designs, it is not possible to describe the sensor-skin concept in detail within this article. 13. The Affording Mars Workshop: Background and Recommendations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Thronson, Harley A.; Carberry, Christopher 2014-01-01 . The workshop was organized around three topical breakout sessions: 1. The ISS and the path to Mars: The critical coming decade 2. Affordability and sustainability: what does it mean and what are its implications within guidelines established at the start of the workshop? 3. Notional sequence(s) of cost-achievable missions for the 2020s to 2030s, including capability objectives at each stage and opportunities for coordinated robotic partnerships. 14. Crashworthy Seats Would Afford Superior Protection NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gohmert, Dustin 2009-01-01 Seats to prevent or limit crash injuries to astronauts aboard the crew vehicle of the Orion spacecraft are undergoing development. The design of these seats incorporates and goes beyond crash-protection concepts embodied in prior spacecraft and racing-car seats to afford superior protection against impacts. Although the seats are designed to support astronauts in a recumbent, quasi-fetal posture that would likely not be suitable for non-spacecraft applications, parts of the design could be adapted to military and some civilian aircraft seats and to racing car seats to increase levels of protection. The main problem in designing any crashworthy seat is to provide full support of the occupant against anticipated crash and emergency-landing loads so as to safely limit motion, along any axis, of any part of the occupant s body relative to (1) any other part of the occupant s body, (2) the spacecraft or other vehicle, and (3) the seat itself. In the original Orion spacecraft application and in other applications that could easily be envisioned, the problem is complicated by severe limits on space available for the seat, a requirement to enable rapid egress by the occupant after a crash, and a requirement to provide for fitting of the seat to a wide range of sizes and shapes of a human body covered by a crash suit, space suit, or other protective garment. The problem is further complicated by other Orion-application-specific requirements that must be omitted here for the sake of brevity. To accommodate the wide range of crewmember body lengths within the limits on available space in the original Orion application, the design provides for taller crewmembers to pull their legs back closer toward their chests, while shorter crewmembers can allow their legs to stretch out further. The range of hip-support seat adjustments needed to effect this accommodation, as derived from NASA s Human Systems Integration Standard, was found to define a parabolic path along which the knees 15. Thinking about Flexibility ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Villa, Mario Diaz 2009-01-01 This article emphasizes the complexity of the term flexibility and discusses its meanings and political dimensions, along with its expressions or realizations within the field of higher education. It proposes a new principle of flexibility that overcomes an understanding of flexibility within higher education as the mere ability or versatility to… 16. Balancing adequacy and affordability?: Essential Health Benefits under the Affordable Care Act. PubMed Haeder, Simon F 2014-12-01 The Essential Health Benefits provisions under the Affordable Care Act require that eligible plans provide coverage for certain broadly defined service categories, limit consumer cost-sharing, and meet certain actuarial value requirements. Although the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) was tasked with the regulatory development of these EHB under the ACA, the department quickly devolved this task to the states. Not surprisingly, states fully exploited the leeway provided by HHS, and state decision processes and outcomes differed widely. However, none of the states took advantage of the opportunity to restructure fundamentally their health insurance markets, and only a very limited number of states actually included sophisticated policy expertise in their decisionmaking processes. As a result, and despite a major expansion of coverage, the status quo ex ante in state insurance markets was largely perpetuated. Decisionmaking for the 2016 revisions should be transparent, included a wide variety of stakeholders and policy experts, and focus on balancing adequacy and affordability. However, the 2016 revisions provide an opportunity to address these previous shortcomings. 17. Flexible Foot Test Assembly SciTech Connect Kurita, C.H.; /Fermilab 1987-04-27 A test model of the flexible foot support was constructed early in the design stages to check its reactions to applied loads. The prototype was made of SS 304 and contained four vertical plates as opposed to the fourteen Inconel 718 plates which comprise the actual structure. Due to the fact that the prototype was built before the design of the support was finalized, the plate dimensions are different from those of the actual proposed design (i.e. model plate thickness is approximately one-half that of the actual plates). See DWG. 3740.210-MC-222376 for assembly details of the test model and DWG. 3740.210-MB-222377 for plate dimensions. This stanchion will be required to not only support the load of the inner vessel of the cryostat and its contents, but it must also allow for the movement of the vessel due to thermal contraction. Assuming that each vertical plate acts as a column, then the following formula from the Manual of Steel Construction (American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Eigth edition, 1980) can be applied to determine whether or not such columns undergoing simultaneous axial compression and transverse loading are considered safe for the given loading. The first term is representative of the axially compressive stress, and the second term, the bending stress. If the actual compressive stress is greater than 15% of the allowable compressive stress, then there are additional considerations which must be accounted for in the bending stress term. 18. The Value of Full Correction: Achieving Excellent and Affordable Results. PubMed Kaplan, Julie Bass 2016-01-01 Patients often come to medical aesthetic offices with hopes to fully correct lost facial volume and achieve a natural appearance. Unfortunately, the cost per syringe of dermal filler can be a barrier to desired outcomes. Many aesthetic practitioners do the best they can with the amount of product the patient can afford, often falling short of the "wow" effect for the patient. This article describes what one office implemented to solve the conundrum of affordability while still allowing offices to cover its own financial realities. This tool can help patients achieve beautiful, natural, and affordable outcomes while helping offices advance in manufacturer's tiers, improve word-of-mouth advertising, and increase job satisfaction. 19. Workplace flexibility: from research to action. PubMed Galinsky, Ellen; Sakai, Kelly; Wigton, Tyler 2011-01-01 Ellen Galinsky, Kelly Sakai, and Tyler Wigton explore the "time famine" among American workers-the continuing sense among employees of not having enough time to manage the multiple responsibilities of work and personal and family life. Noting that large shares of U.S. employees report feeling the need for greater workplace flexibility to enable them to take better care of family responsibilities, the authors examine a large-scale community-engagement initiative to increase workplace flexibility voluntarily. Using the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce as a primary source of data, the authors begin with an overview of the prevalence of flexibility in today's American workplace. They track which categories of employees have access to various flexibility options, as well as the extent to which employees with access to various types of flexibility use those options. Findings from the study indicate that the majority of employees want flexibility but that access to it varies, with more advantaged employees--those who are well educated, have high salaries, and work full time, for example--being doubly advantaged in having greater access to flexibility. A number of employers, say the authors, tend to be skeptical of the value of workplace flexibility and to fear that employees will abuse it if it is offered. But the study data reveal that most employees use flexibility quite conservatively. When the authors use their nationally representative data set to investigate correlations between access to workplace flexibility and a range of workplace outcomes especially valued by employers--employee engagement, job satisfaction, retention, and health--they find that employers as well as employees can benefit from flexibility. Finally, the authors discuss When Work Works, a large, national community-based initiative under way since 2003 to increase voluntary adoption of workplace flexibility. The authors detail the conceptual basis of the project's design, noting its 20. On Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act in Connecticut PubMed Central Manthous, Constantine A.; Sofair, Andre N. 2014-01-01 Background: Medicaid is the federal program, administered by states, for health care for the poor. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has added a large number of new recipients to this program. Hypothesis: Medicaid programs in some, if not many, states do not provide patients uniform access to subspecialty care guaranteed by the federal statutes. Insofar as the ACA does not address this pre-existing “sub-specialty gap” and more patients are now covered by Medicaid under the ACA, the gap is likely to increase and may contribute to disparities of health care access and outcomes. Methods: A brief description of previous studies demonstrating or suggesting a subspecialty gap in Medicaid services is accompanied by perspectives of the authors, using published literature — most notably the Denver, Colorado health care system — to propose various solutions that may be deployed to address gaps in subspecialty coverage. Results: All published studies describing the Medicaid subspecialty gap are qualitative, survey designs. There are no authoritative objective data regarding the exact prevalence of gaps for each subspecialty in each state. However, surveys of caregivers suggest that gaps were prevalent in the United States prior to initiation of the ACA. Even fewer papers have addressed solutions (in light of the paucity of data describing the magnitude of the problem), and proposed solutions remain speculative and not grounded in objective data. Conclusions: There is reason to believe that a substantial proportion of U.S. citizens — those who are guaranteed a full complement of health services through Medicaid — have difficult or no access to some subspecialty services, many of which other citizens take for granted. This problem deserves greater attention to verify its existence, quantify its magnitude, and develop solutions. PMID:25506291 1. Can Consumers Make Affordable Care Affordable? The Value of Choice Architecture PubMed Central Johnson, Eric J.; Hassin, Ran; Baker, Tom; Bajger, Allison T.; Treuer, Galen 2013-01-01 Tens of millions of people are currently choosing health coverage on a state or federal health insurance exchange as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. We examine how well people make these choices, how well they think they do, and what can be done to improve these choices. We conducted 6 experiments asking people to choose the most cost-effective policy using websites modeled on current exchanges. Our results suggest there is significant room for improvement. Without interventions, respondents perform at near chance levels and show a significant bias, overweighting out-of-pocket expenses and deductibles. Financial incentives do not improve performance, and decision-makers do not realize that they are performing poorly. However, performance can be improved quite markedly by providing calculation aids, and by choosing a “smart” default. Implementing these psychologically based principles could save purchasers of policies and taxpayers approximately 10 billion dollars every year. PMID:24367484 2. Object Affordances Potentiate Responses but Do Not Guide Attentional Prioritization PubMed Central Yamani, Yusuke; Ariga, Atsunori; Yamada, Yuki 2016-01-01 Handled objects automatically activate afforded responses. The current experiment examined whether objects that afford a response are also prioritized for attentional processing in visual search. Targets were pictures of coffee cups with handles oriented either to the right or the left. Subjects searched for a target, a right-handled vs. left-handled coffee cup, among a varying number of distractor cups oriented in the opposite direction. Responses were faster when the direction of target handle and the key press were spatially matched than mismatched (stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) effect), but object affordance did not moderate slopes of the search functions, indicating the absence of attentional prioritization effect. These findings imply that handled objects prime afforded responses without influencing attentional prioritization. PMID:26793077 3. Reducing costs in aircraft: The metals affordability initiative consortium NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Martin, Rick; Evans, Daniel 2000-03-01 Emerging metallic materials, processing, and manufacturing technologies offer an important opportunity to meet current aircraft-airframe and jet-engine affordability goals, due to their inherent low material costs and excellent producibility characteristics. But to successfully meet systems goals within this new affordability-driven scenario, a consolidation ofindustry and military-agency development resources and technology-implementation activities is necessary to positively impact the military-aircraft production and sustainment infrastructure. To address this need, a consortium of aircraft and engine manufacturers and key material-and engine manufacturers and key material-and component-supplier companies has been formed to identify critical affordable metal technologies, develop a strategic roadmap for accelerated development and insertion of these technologies, and oversee execution of development activities by integrated industry teams. the goal of the Metals Affordability Initiative is to reduce the cost of metallic components by 50 percent while accelerating the implementation time. 4. High-Performance Flexible Waveguiding Photovoltaics PubMed Central Chou, Chun-Hsien; Chuang, Jui-Kang; Chen, Fang-Chung 2013-01-01 The use of flat-plane solar concentrators is an effective approach toward collecting sunlight economically and without sun trackers. The optical concentrators are, however, usually made of rigid glass or plastics having limited flexibility, potentially restricting their applicability. In this communication, we describe flexible waveguiding photovoltaics (FWPVs) that exhibit high optical efficiencies and great mechanical flexibility. We constructed these FWPVs by integrating poly-Si solar cells, a soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) waveguide, and a TiO2-doped backside reflector. Optical microstructures that increase the light harvesting ability of the FWPVs can be fabricated readily, through soft lithography, on the top surface of the PDMS waveguide. Our optimized structure displayed an optical efficiency of greater than 42% and a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.57%, with a projected PCE as high as approximately 18%. This approach might open new avenues for the harvesting of solar energy at low cost with efficient, mechanically flexible photovoltaics. PMID:23873225 5. Why the affordable care act needs a better name: 'Americare'. PubMed Sage, William M 2010-08-01 The culmination of a century's effort to enact universal coverage in the United States is a law with an uninspiring title, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and an even more awkward acronym, PPACA. The Obama administration has decided to call the legislation the Affordable Care Act, but the expansion of health coverage that the law sets in motion has no name, and therefore no identity. It badly needs one. 6. Affordable Exploration of Mars: Recommendations from a Community Workshop NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Thronson, Harley A.; Carberry, Chris; Cassady, R. Joseph; Cooke, Doug; Kirkpatrick, Jim; Perino, Maria Antonietta; Raftery, Michael; Westenberg, Artemis; Zucker, Richard 2014-01-01 There is a growing opinion that within two decades initial human missions to Mars are affordable under plausible budget scenarios, with sustained international participation, and --- especially --- without requiring those first missions to achieve a burdensome number of goals. In response to this view, a group of experts from the Mars exploration stakeholder communities attended the "Affording Mars" workshop at George Washington University in December 2013. Participants reviewed scenarios for proposed affordable and sustainable human and robotic exploration of Mars, the role of the International Space Station as the essential early step toward humans to Mars, possible "bridge" or "transition" missions in the 2020s, key capabilities required for affordable initial missions, international partnerships, and usable definitions of affordability and sustainability. We report here the findings, observations, and recommendations that were agreed to at that workshop. In the context of affordable early missions to Mars, we also discuss the recent report of the National Research Council on human space flight and a pair of recent scenarios that appear to promise reduced costs. 7. Commercial pressures on professionalism in american medical care: from Medicare to the Affordable Care Act. PubMed Marmor, Theodore R; Gordon, Robert W 2014-01-01 Since the passage of Medicare, the self-regulation characteristic of professionalism in health care has come under steady assault. While Canadian physicians chose to relinquish financial autonomy, they have enjoyed far greater professional autonomy over their medical judgments than their U.S. counterparts who increasingly have their practices micromanaged. The Affordable Care Act illustrates the ways that managerial strategies and a market model of health care have shaped the financing and delivery of health care in the U.S., often with little or no evidence of their effectiveness. 8. Does motor imagery enhance stretching and flexibility? PubMed Guillot, Aymeric; Tolleron, Coralie; Collet, Christian 2010-02-01 Although several studies have demonstrated that motor imagery can enhance learning processes and improve motor performance, little is known about its effect on stretching and flexibility. The increased active and passive range of motion reported in preliminary research has not been shown to be elicited by motor imagery training alone. We thus compared flexibility scores in 21 synchronized swimmers before and after a 5-week mental practice programme that included five stretching exercises in active and passive conditions. The imagery training programme resulted in selective increased flexibility, independently of the stretching method. Overall, the improvement in flexibility was greater in the imagery group than in the control group for the front split (F(1,18) = 4.9, P = 0.04), the hamstrings (F(1,18) = 5.2, P = 0.035), and the ankle stretching exercises (F(1,18) = 5.6, P = 0.03). There was no difference in shoulders and side-split flexibility (F(1,18) = 0.1, P = 0.73 and F(1,18) = 3.3, P = 0.08 respectively). Finally, there was no correlation between individual imagery ability and improvement in flexibility. Psychological and physiological effects of motor imagery could explain the increase in range of motion, suggesting that imagery enhances joint flexibility during both active and passive stretching. 9. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: opportunities for prevention and public health. PubMed Shaw, Frederic E; Asomugha, Chisara N; Conway, Patrick H; Rein, Andrew S 2014-07-05 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which was enacted by the US Congress in 2010, marks the greatest change in US health policy since the 1960s. The law is intended to address fundamental problems within the US health system, including the high and rising cost of care, inadequate access to health insurance and health services for many Americans, and low health-care efficiency and quality. By 2019, the law will bring health coverage--and the health benefits of insurance--to an estimated 25 million more Americans. It has already restrained discriminatory insurance practices, made coverage more affordable, and realised new provisions to curb costs (including tests of new health-care delivery models). The new law establishes the first National Prevention Strategy, adds substantial new funding for prevention and public health programmes, and promotes the use of recommended clinical preventive services and other measures, and thus represents a major opportunity for prevention and public health. The law also provides impetus for greater collaboration between the US health-care and public health systems, which have traditionally operated separately with little interaction. Taken together, the various effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act can advance the health of the US population. 10. Affordable Development and Qualification Strategy for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gerrish, Harold P., Jr.; Doughty, Glen E.; Bhattacharyya, Samit K. 2013-01-01 Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) is a concept which uses a nuclear reactor to heat a propellant to high temperatures without combustion and can achieve significantly greater specific impulse than chemical engines. NTP has been considered many times for human and cargo missions beyond low earth orbit. A lot of development and technical maturation of NTP components took place during the Rover/NERVA program of the 60's and early 70's. Other NTP programs and studies followed attempting to further mature the NTP concept and identify a champion customer willing to devote the funds and support the development schedule to a demonstration mission. Budgetary constraints require the use of an affordable development and qualification strategy that takes into account all the previous work performed on NTP to construct an existing database, and include lessons learned and past guidelines followed. Current guidelines and standards NASA uses for human rating chemical rocket engines is referenced. The long lead items for NTP development involve the fuel elements of the reactor and ground testing the engine system, subsystem, and components. Other considerations which greatly impact the development plans includes the National Space Policy, National Environmental Policy Act, Presidential Directive/National Security Council Memorandum #25 (Scientific or Technological Experiments with Possible Large-Scale Adverse Environmental Effects and Launch of Nuclear Systems into Space), and Safeguards and Security. Ground testing will utilize non-nuclear test capabilities to help down select components and subsystems before testing in a nuclear environment to save time and cost. Existing test facilities with minor modifications will be considered to the maximum extent practical. New facilities will be designed to meet minimum requirements. Engine and test facility requirements are based on the driving mission requirements with added factors of safety for better assurance and reliability 11. Flexible backbone aromatic polyimide adhesives NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Progar, Donald J.; St. Clair, Terry L. 1989-01-01 Continuing research at Langley Research Center on the synthesis and development of new inexpensive flexible aromatic polyimides as adhesives has resulted in a material identified as LARC-F-SO2 with similarities to polyimidesulfone, PISO2, and other flexible backbone polyimides recently reported by Progar and St. Clair. Also prepared and evaluated was an endcapped version of PISO2. These two polymers were compared with LARC-TPI and LARC-STPI, polyimides research in our laboratory and reported in the literature. The adhesive evaluation, primarily based on lap shear strength (LSS) tests at RT, 177 C and 204 C, involved preparing adhesive tapes, conducting bonding studies and exposing lap shear specimens to 204 C air for up to 1000 hrs and to a 72-hour water boil. The type of adhesive failure as well as the Tg was determined for the fractured specimens. The results indicate that LARC-TPI provides the highest LSSs. LARC-F-SO2, LARC-TPI and LARC-STPI all retain their strengths after thermal exposure for 1000 hrs and PISO2 retains greater than 80 percent of its control strengths. After a 72-hr water boil exposure, most of the four adhesive systems showed reduced strengths for all test temperatures although still retaining a high percentage of their original strength (greater than 60 percent) except for one case. The predominant failure type was cohesive with no significant change in the Tgs. 12. Flexible backbone aromatic polyimide adhesives NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Progar, Donald J.; St.clair, Terry L. 1988-01-01 Continuing research at Langley Research Center on the synthesis and development of new inexpensive flexible aromatic polyimides as adhesives has resulted in a material identified as LARC-F-SO2 with similarities to polyimidesulfone, PISO2, and other flexible backbone polyimides recently reported by Progar and St. Clair. Also prepared and evaluated was an endcapped version of PISO2. These two polymers were compared with LARC-TPI and LARC-STPI, polyimides research in our laboratory and reported in the literature. The adhesive evaluation, primarily based on lap shear strength (LSS) tests at RT, 177 C and 204 C, involved preparing adhesive tapes, conducting bonding studies and exposing lap shear specimens to 204 C air for up to 1000 hrs and to a 72-hour water boil. The type of adhesive failure as well as the Tg was determined for the fractured specimens. The results indicate that LARC-TPI provides the highest LSSs. LARC-F-SO2, LARC-TPI and LARC-STPI all retain their strengths after thermal exposure for 1000 hrs and PISO2 retains greater than 80 percent of its control strengths. After a 72-hr water boil exposure, most of the four adhesive systems showed reduced strengths for all test temperatures although still retaining a high percentage of their original strength (greater than 60 percent) except for one case. The predominant failure type was cohesive with no significant change in the Tgs. 13. GEOCHEM-EZ: a chemical speciation program with greater power and flexibility Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN) GEOCHEM –EZ is a multi-functional chemical speciation program, which was designed to replace the existing GEOCHEM-PC, a program that can only be used on DOS consoles. Chemical speciation programs, such as GEOCHEM (Sposito and Mattigod, 1980) and GEOCHEM-PC (Parker et al., 1995), have been excellent ... 14. Lumbopelvic flexibility modulates neuromuscular responses during trunk flexion-extension. PubMed Sánchez-Zuriaga, Daniel; Artacho-Pérez, Carla; Biviá-Roig, Gemma 2016-06-01 Various stimuli such as the flexibility of lumbopelvic structures influence the neuromuscular responses of the trunk musculature, leading to different load sharing strategies and reflex muscle responses from the afferents of lumbopelvic mechanoreceptors. This link between flexibility and neuromuscular response has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between lumbopelvic flexibility and neuromuscular responses of the erector spinae, hamstring and abdominal muscles during trunk flexion-extension. Lumbopelvic movement patterns were measured in 29 healthy women, who were separated into two groups according to their flexibility during trunk flexion-extension. The electromyographic responses of erector spinae, rectus abdominis and biceps femoris were also recorded. Subjects with greater lumbar flexibility had significantly less pelvic flexibility and vice versa. Subjects with greater pelvic flexibility had a higher rate of relaxation and lower levels of hamstring activation during maximal trunk flexion. The neuromuscular response patterns of the hamstrings seem partially modulated by pelvic flexibility. Not so with the lumbar erector spinae and lumbar flexibility, despite the assertions of some previous studies. The results of this study improve our knowledge of the relationships between trunk joint flexibility and neuromuscular responses, a relationship which may play a role in low back pain. 15. Availability, accessibility, and affordability of neurodiagnostic tests in 37 countries PubMed Central McLane, Hannah C.; Berkowitz, Aaron L.; Patenaude, Bryan N.; McKenzie, Erica D.; Wolper, Emma; Wahlster, Sarah; Fink, Günther 2015-01-01 Objective: To determine the availability, accessibility, and affordability of EEG, EMG, CSF analysis, head CT, and brain MRI for neurologic disorders across countries. Methods: An online, 60-question survey was distributed to neurology practitioners in 2014 to assess the presence, wait time, and cost of each test in private and public health sectors. Data were stratified by World Bank country income group. Affordability was calculated with reference to the World Health Organization's definition of catastrophic health expenditure as health-related out-of-pocket expenditure of >40% of disposable household income, and assessment of providers' perceptions of affordability to the patient. Results: Availability of EEG and EMG is correlated with higher World Bank income group (correlation coefficient 0.38, test for trend p = 0.046; 0.376, p = 0.043); CSF, CT, and MRI did not show statistically significant associations with income groups. Patients in public systems wait longer for neurodiagnostic tests, especially MRI, EEG, and urgent CT (p < 0.0001). The mean cost per test, across all tests, was lower in the public vs private sector (US$55.25 vs $214.62, p < 0.001). Each drop in World Bank income group is associated with a 29% decrease in the estimated share of the population who can afford a given test (95% confidence interval −33.4, 25.2; p < 0.001). In most low-income countries surveyed, only the top 10% or 20% of the population was able to afford tests below catastrophic levels. In surveyed lower-middle-income countries, >40% of the population, on average, could not afford neurodiagnostic tests. Conclusions: Neurodiagnostic tests are least affordable in the lowest income settings. Closing this “diagnostic gap” for countries with the lowest incomes is essential. PMID:26446063 16. Object affordance and spatial-compatibility effects in Parkinson's disease. PubMed Galpin, Adam; Tipper, Steven P; Dick, Jeremy P R; Poliakoff, Ellen 2011-03-01 Movement in Parkinson's disease (PD) is strongly influenced by sensory stimuli. Here, we investigated two features of visual stimuli known to affect response times in healthy individuals; the spatial location of an object (the spatial effect) and its action-relevance (the 'affordance' effect). Poliakoff et al. (2007) found that while PD patients show normal spatial effects, they do not show an additional affordance effect. Here we investigated whether these effects are driven by facilitation or inhibition, and whether the affordance effect emerges over a longer time-course in PD. Participants (24 PD and 24 controls) viewed either a lateralised door handle (affordance condition), a lateralised abstract stimulus (spatial condition), or a centrally presented baseline stimulus (baseline condition), and responded to a colour change in the stimulus occurring after 0 msec, 500 msec or 1000 msec. The colour change indicated whether to respond with the left or right hand, which were either spatially compatible or incompatible with the lateralised stimulus orientation in the affordance and spatial conditions. The baseline condition allowed us to assess whether compatibility effects were driven by facilitation of the compatible response or inhibition of the incompatible response. The results indicate that stimulus orientation elicited faster responses from the nearest hand. For controls, the affordance effect was stronger and driven by facilitation, whilst the spatial condition was driven by inhibition. In contrast, the affordance and spatial-compatibility effects did not differ between conditions in the PD group and both were driven by facilitation. This suggests that the PD group responded as if all stimuli were action-relevant, and may have implications for understanding the cueing of movement in PD. 17. A Single-use Strategy to Enable Manufacturing of Affordable Biologics. PubMed Jacquemart, Renaud; Vandersluis, Melissa; Zhao, Mochao; Sukhija, Karan; Sidhu, Navneet; Stout, Jim 2016-01-01 The current processing paradigm of large manufacturing facilities dedicated to single product production is no longer an effective approach for best manufacturing practices. Increasing competition for new indications and the launch of biosimilars for the monoclonal antibody market have put pressure on manufacturers to produce at lower cost. Single-use technologies and continuous upstream processes have proven to be cost-efficient options to increase biomass production but as of today the adoption has been only minimal for the purification operations, partly due to concerns related to cost and scale-up. This review summarizes how a single-use holistic process and facility strategy can overcome scale limitations and enable cost-efficient manufacturing to support the growing demand for affordable biologics. Technologies enabling high productivity, right-sized, small footprint, continuous, and automated upstream and downstream operations are evaluated in order to propose a concept for the flexible facility of the future. 18. Food Stress in Adelaide: The Relationship between Low Income and the Affordability of Healthy Food PubMed Central Ward, Paul R.; Verity, Fiona; Carter, Patricia; Tsourtos, George; Coveney, John; Wong, Kwan Chui 2013-01-01 Healthy food is becoming increasingly expensive, and families on low incomes face a difficult financial struggle to afford healthy food. When food costs are considered, families on low incomes often face circumstances of poverty. Housing, utilities, health care, and transport are somewhat fixed in cost; however food is more flexible in cost and therefore is often compromised with less healthy, cheaper food, presenting an opportunity for families on low incomes to cut costs. Using a “Healthy Food Basket” methodology, this study costed a week's supply of healthy food for a range of family types. It found that low-income families would have to spend approximately 30% of household income on eating healthily, whereas high-income households needed to spend about 10%. The differential is explained by the cost of the food basket relative to household income (i.e., affordability). It is argued that families that spend more than 30% of household income on food could be experiencing “food stress.” Moreover the high cost of healthy foods leaves low-income households vulnerable to diet-related health problems because they often have to rely on cheaper foods which are high in fat, sugar, and salt. PMID:23431321 19. Food stress in Adelaide: the relationship between low income and the affordability of healthy food. PubMed Ward, Paul R; Verity, Fiona; Carter, Patricia; Tsourtos, George; Coveney, John; Wong, Kwan Chui 2013-01-01 Healthy food is becoming increasingly expensive, and families on low incomes face a difficult financial struggle to afford healthy food. When food costs are considered, families on low incomes often face circumstances of poverty. Housing, utilities, health care, and transport are somewhat fixed in cost; however food is more flexible in cost and therefore is often compromised with less healthy, cheaper food, presenting an opportunity for families on low incomes to cut costs. Using a "Healthy Food Basket" methodology, this study costed a week's supply of healthy food for a range of family types. It found that low-income families would have to spend approximately 30% of household income on eating healthily, whereas high-income households needed to spend about 10%. The differential is explained by the cost of the food basket relative to household income (i.e., affordability). It is argued that families that spend more than 30% of household income on food could be experiencing "food stress." Moreover the high cost of healthy foods leaves low-income households vulnerable to diet-related health problems because they often have to rely on cheaper foods which are high in fat, sugar, and salt. 20. 78 FR 13575 - Coverage of Certain Preventive Services Under the Affordable Care Act; Correction Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-02-28 ... Affordable Care Act; Correction AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Correction to... Health Service Act, as added by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended,... 1. Flexible Animation Computer Program NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Stallcup, Scott S. 1990-01-01 FLEXAN (Flexible Animation), computer program animating structural dynamics on Evans and Sutherland PS300-series graphics workstation with VAX/VMS host computer. Typical application is animation of spacecraft undergoing structural stresses caused by thermal and vibrational effects. Displays distortions in shape of spacecraft. Program displays single natural mode of vibration, mode history, or any general deformation of flexible structure. Written in FORTRAN 77. 2. Shear flexibility for structures NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Stangeland, Maynard L. (Inventor) 1976-01-01 This device comprises a flexible sheet member having cross convolutions oriented 45.degree. to the shear vector with spherical reliefs at the convolution junctions. The spherical reliefs are essential to the shear flexibility by interrupting the principal stress lines that act along the ridges of the convolutions. The spherical reliefs provide convolutions in both directions in the plane of the cross-convolution ridges. 3. Shear flexibility for structures NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Stangeland, Maynard L. (Inventor) 1977-01-01 This device comprises a flexible sheet member having cross convolutions oriented 45.degree. to the shear vector with spherical reliefs at the convolution junctions. The spherical reliefs are essential to the shear flexibility by interrupting the principal stress lines that act along the ridges of the convolutions. The spherical reliefs provide convolutions in both directions in the plane of the cross-convolution ridges. 4. TOWARDS AN ECONOMICAL FLEXIBILITY. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center CAUDILL, WILLIAM W.; RICHARDSON, L.S. AN ARCHITECT AND A SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS COLLABORATED ON THE DESIGN FOR A HIGH SCHOOL, WHICH STRESSED ECONOMY AND FLEXIBILITY. THEY CONSIDERED THREE ASPECTS OF FLEXIBILITY--(1) EXPANDABILITY, (2) CONVERTIBILITY, AND (3) VERSATILITY. EXPANDABILITY IS DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING. CONVERTIBILITY FEATURES IDENTIFIED INCLUDE… 5. Flexible 'zoning' aids adaptability. PubMed Corben, Simon 2013-09-01 Simon Corben, business development director at Capita Symonds' Health team, examines how 'clever use of zoning' when planning new healthcare facilities could improve hospital design, increase inherent flexibility, and reduce lifetime costs, and argues that a 'loose-fit, non-bespoke approach' to space planning will lead to 'more flexible buildings that are suitable for conversion to alternative uses'. 6. Flexibility within Fidelity ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Kendall, Philip C.; Gosch, Elizabeth; Furr, Jami M.; Sood, Erica 2008-01-01 The authors address concerns regarding manual-based treatments, highlighting the role of flexibility and creativity. A cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth anxiety called the Coping Cat program demonstrates the flexible application of manuals and emphasizes the importance of a child-centered, personalized approach that involves the child in the… 7. Flexible ferroelectric organic crystals PubMed Central Owczarek, Magdalena; Hujsak, Karl A.; Ferris, Daniel P.; Prokofjevs, Aleksandrs; Majerz, Irena; Szklarz, Przemysław; Zhang, Huacheng; Sarjeant, Amy A.; Stern, Charlotte L.; Jakubas, Ryszard; Hong, Seungbum; Dravid, Vinayak P.; Stoddart, J. Fraser 2016-01-01 Flexible organic materials possessing useful electrical properties, such as ferroelectricity, are of crucial importance in the engineering of electronic devices. Up until now, however, only ferroelectric polymers have intrinsically met this flexibility requirement, leaving small-molecule organic ferroelectrics with room for improvement. Since both flexibility and ferroelectricity are rare properties on their own, combining them in one crystalline organic material is challenging. Herein, we report that trisubstituted haloimidazoles not only display ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity—the properties that originate from their non-centrosymmetric crystal lattice—but also lend their crystalline mechanical properties to fine-tuning in a controllable manner by disrupting the weak halogen bonds between the molecules. This element of control makes it possible to deliver another unique and highly desirable property, namely crystal flexibility. Moreover, the electrical properties are maintained in the flexible crystals. PMID:27734829 8. Flexible ferroelectric organic crystals NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Owczarek, Magdalena; Hujsak, Karl A.; Ferris, Daniel P.; Prokofjevs, Aleksandrs; Majerz, Irena; Szklarz, Przemysław; Zhang, Huacheng; Sarjeant, Amy A.; Stern, Charlotte L.; Jakubas, Ryszard; Hong, Seungbum; Dravid, Vinayak P.; Stoddart, J. Fraser 2016-10-01 Flexible organic materials possessing useful electrical properties, such as ferroelectricity, are of crucial importance in the engineering of electronic devices. Up until now, however, only ferroelectric polymers have intrinsically met this flexibility requirement, leaving small-molecule organic ferroelectrics with room for improvement. Since both flexibility and ferroelectricity are rare properties on their own, combining them in one crystalline organic material is challenging. Herein, we report that trisubstituted haloimidazoles not only display ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity--the properties that originate from their non-centrosymmetric crystal lattice--but also lend their crystalline mechanical properties to fine-tuning in a controllable manner by disrupting the weak halogen bonds between the molecules. This element of control makes it possible to deliver another unique and highly desirable property, namely crystal flexibility. Moreover, the electrical properties are maintained in the flexible crystals. 9. Affordability Engineering: Bridging the Gap Between Design and Cost NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Reeves, J. D.; DePasquale, Dominic; Lim, Evan 2010-01-01 Affordability is a commonly used term that takes on numerous meanings depending on the context used. Within conceptual design of complex systems, the term generally implies comparisons between expected costs and expected resources. This characterization is largely correct, but does not convey the many nuances and considerations that are frequently misunderstood and underappreciated. In the most fundamental sense, affordability and cost directly relate to engineering and programmatic decisions made throughout development programs. Systems engineering texts point out that there is a temporal aspect to this relationship, for decisions made earlier in a program dictate design implications much more so than those made during latter phases. This paper explores affordability engineering and its many sub-disciplines by discussing how it can be considered an additional engineering discipline to be balanced throughout the systems engineering and systems analysis processes. Example methods of multidisciplinary design analysis with affordability as a key driver will be discussed, as will example methods of data visualization, probabilistic analysis, and other ways of relating design decisions to affordability results. 10. The Affordable Care Act: a primer for plastic surgeons. PubMed Chen, Jenny T; Israel, Jacqueline S; Poore, Samuel O; Rao, Venkat K 2014-11-01 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, sometimes referred to as Obamacare, was signed into law on March 23, 2010. It represents the most extensive overhaul of the country's health care system since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. The Affordable Care Act has two goals. The first goal is to reduce the uninsured population in the United States. Key elements to covering the uninsured include the following: (1) expanding Medicaid coverage for low-income individuals and (2) establishing health insurance marketplaces for moderate-income individuals with subsidies and tax cuts in an effort to make health insurance more affordable. The second goal of the Affordable Care Act is to address concerns about quality and the overall cost of U.S. health care. It is imperative that plastic surgeons thoroughly understand the impact that the Affordable Care Act will undoubtedly have on the country, on our patients, and on our clinical practices. Plastic surgery will see many changes in the future. This will include an overall increase in the number of insured patients, a push toward joining accountable care organizations, and a shift in payment systems to bundled reimbursement for episodes of care. In this article, the authors describe how these changes are likely to occur and what plastic surgeons must do to be part of the change. 11. Comparing Individual Health Coverage On and Off the Affordable Care Act's Insurance Exchanges. PubMed McCue, Michael J; Hall, Mark A 2015-08-01 The new health insurance exchanges are the core of the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) reforms, but how the law improves the nonsubsidized portion of the individual market is also important. This issue brief compares products sold on and off the exchanges to gain insight into how the ACA's market reforms are functioning. Initial concerns that insurers might seek to enroll lower-risk customers outside the exchanges have not been realized. Instead, more-generous benefit plans, which appeal to people with health problems, constitute a greater portion of plans sold off-exchange than those sold on-exchange. Although insurers that sell mostly on the exchanges incur an additional fee, they still devote a greater portion of their premium dollars to medical care. Their projected administrative costs and profit margins are lower than are those of insurers selling only off the exchanges. 12. Dynamic perception of dynamic affordances: walking on a ship at sea. PubMed Walter, Hannah; Wagman, Jeffrey B; Stergiou, Nick; Erkmen, Nurtekin; Stoffregen, Thomas A 2017-02-01 Motion of the surface of the sea (waves, and swell) causes oscillatory motion of ships at sea. Generally, ships are longer than they are wide. One consequence of this structural difference is that oscillatory ship motion typically will be greater in roll (i.e., the ship rolling from side to side) than in pitch (i.e., the bow and stern rising and falling). For persons on ships at sea, affordances for walking on the open deck should be differentially influenced by ship motion in roll and pitch. Specifically, the minimum width of a walkable path should be greater when walking along the ship's short, or athwart axis than when walking along its long, or fore-aft axis. On a ship at sea, we evaluated the effects of walking in different directions (fore-aft vs. athwart) on actual walking performance. We did this by laying out narrow paths on the deck and asking participants (experienced maritime crewmembers) to walk as far as they could while remaining within the lateral path boundaries. As predicted, participants walked farther along the athwart path than along the fore-aft path. Before actual walking, we evaluated participants' judgments of their walking ability in the fore-aft and athwart directions. These judgments mirrored the observed differences in walking performance, and the accuracy of judgments did not differ between the two directions. We conclude that experienced maritime crewmembers were sensitive to affordances for walking in which the relevant properties of the environment were exclusively dynamic. 13. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome diagnosis and treatment. PubMed Mallow, Michael; Nazarian, Levon N 2014-05-01 Lateral hip pain, or greater trochanteric pain syndrome, is a commonly seen condition; in this article, the relevant anatomy, epidemiology, and evaluation strategies of greater trochanteric pain syndrome are reviewed. Specific attention is focused on imaging of this syndrome and treatment techniques, including ultrasound-guided interventions. 14. Flexible thermal protection materials for entry systems NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kourtides, Demetrius A. 1993-01-01 Current programs addressed in aeroassist flight experiment are: (1) evaluation of thermal performance of advanced rigid and flexible insulations and reflective coating; (2) investigation of lighter than baseline materials; (3) investigation of rigid insulations which perform well; (4) study of flexible insulations which require ceramic coating; and (5) study of reflective coating effective at greater than 15 percent. In National Aerospace Plane (NASP), the programs addressed are: (1) high and low temperature insulations; and (2) attachment/standoff methodology critical which affects thermal performance. 15. Assessment of the DARPA Affordable Polymer Matrix Composites Programs. DTIC Science & Technology 1997-07-01 and CATM Aft-aft center fuselage structure IATA PR500/IM7 plus CATB RTM bulkhead PR500/IM7 plus CATC 5ftx5ftx5ft wing section VARTM keelson Upper...Institute of Standards and Technology National Science Foundation OHC OPvNL OUSD(A&T) PMC R&D RaPat RAPTECH RTM S&T SAMPE SPF/DB TRP VARTM ...Affordability (IATA) ü-4 C. Cure-Form Processing ü-4 D. Rapid RTM Tooling Project (RaPat) II-6 E. Induction Hearing II-7 F. Affordable 16. Approach to an Affordable and Sustainable Space Transportation System NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) McCleskey, Caey M.; Rhodes, R. E.; Robinson, J. W.; Henderson, E. M. 2012-01-01 This paper describes an approach and a general procedure for creating space transportation architectural concepts that are at once affordable and sustainable. Previous papers by the authors and other members of the Space Propulsion Synergy Team (SPST) focused on a functional system breakdown structure for an architecture and definition of high-payoff design techniques with a technology integration strategy. This paper follows up by using a structured process that derives architectural solutions focused on achieving life cycle affordability and sustainability. Further, the paper includes an example concept that integrates key design techniques discussed in previous papers. ! 17. What does the Affordable Care Act mean for nursing? PubMed Luther, Brenda; Hart, Sara 2014-01-01 Nurses are ethically bound to engage in efforts of improving health and healthcare delivery and, even more important, nurses recently have been called out as key leaders in the reform of healthcare delivery, including many components of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, its history, and what healthcare will look like during and after implementation are addressed in this article. A discussion of the role and value of nurses in healthcare reform accompanies knowledge-building and action-oriented resources available to nurses and clients. 18. Rhythm as an affordance for the entrainment of movement. PubMed Cummins, Fred 2009-01-01 A general account of rhythm in human behaviour is provided, according to which rhythm inheres in the affordance that a signal provides for the entrainment of movement on the part of a perceiver. This generic account is supported by an explication of the central concepts of affordance and entrainment. When viewed in this light, rhythm appears as the correct explanandum to account for coordinated behaviour in a wide variety of situations, including such core senses as dance and the production of music. Speech may appear to be only marginally rhythmical under such an account, but several experimental studies reveal that speech, too, has the potential to entrain movement. 19. Flexible microstrip antennas NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Cano Barrera, Camilo Antonio 2013-05-01 Actually the technological community has an interest in developing flexible circuits and antennas with particular characteristics e.g. robust, flexible, lightweight load-bearing, economical and efficient antennas for integrated millimeter wave systems. Microstrip antennas are an excellent solution because those have all the characteristics before mentioned, but they have the problem of being rigid antennas and this makes impossible that those antennas can be use in portable devices. A practical solution is developing flexible microstrip antennas that can be integrated to different devices. One axis of work is the analysis of the electromagnetic field to the microstrip antennas using Bessel function and after generalize for application inflexible microstrip antennas. 20. Rolling cuff flexible bellows DOEpatents Lambert, Donald R. 1985-01-01 A flexible connector apparatus used to join two stiff non-deformable members, such as piping. The apparatus is provided with one or more flexible sections or assemblies each utilizing a bellows of a rolling cuff type connected between two ridge members, with the bellows being supported by a back-up ring, such that only the curved end sections of the bellows are unsupported. Thus, the bellows can be considered as being of a tube-shaped configuration and thus have high pressure resistance. The components of the flexible apparatus are sealed or welded one to another such that it is fluid tight. 1. Flexible reusable mandrels NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Willden, Kurtis S. (Inventor) 1995-01-01 A reusable laminate mandrel which is unaffected by extreme temperature changes. The flexible laminate mandrel is comprised of sheets stacked to produce the required configuration, a cover wrap that applies pressure to the mandrel laminate, maintaining the stack cross-section. Then after use, the mandrels can be removed, disassembled, and reused. In the method of extracting the flexible mandrel from one end of a composite stiffener, individual ones of the laminae of the flexible mandrel or all are extracted at the same time, depending on severity of the contour. 2. Conscientiousness predicts greater recovery from negative emotion. PubMed Javaras, Kristin N; Schaefer, Stacey M; van Reekum, Carien M; Lapate, Regina C; Greischar, Lawrence L; Bachhuber, David R; Love, Gayle Dienberg; Ryff, Carol D; Davidson, Richard J 2012-10-01 Greater levels of conscientiousness have been associated with lower levels of negative affect. We focus on one mechanism through which conscientiousness may decrease negative affect: effective emotion regulation, as reflected by greater recovery from negative stimuli. In 273 adults who were 35-85 years old, we collected self-report measures of personality including conscientiousness and its self-control facet, followed on average 2 years later by psychophysiological measures of emotional reactivity and recovery. Among middle-aged adults (35-65 years old), the measures of conscientiousness and self-control predicted greater recovery from, but not reactivity to, negative emotional stimuli. The effect of conscientiousness and self-control on recovery was not driven by other personality variables or by greater task adherence on the part of high conscientiousness individuals. In addition, the effect was specific to negative emotional stimuli and did not hold for neutral or positive emotional stimuli. 3. Composite flexible blanket insulation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kourtides, Demetrius A. (Inventor); Lowe, David M. (Inventor) 1994-01-01 An improved composite flexible blanket insulation is presented comprising top silicon carbide having an interlock design, wherein the reflective shield is composed of single or double aluminized polyimide and wherein the polyimide film has a honeycomb pattern. 4. Flexibility of zeolite frameworks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kapko, Vitaliy; Treacy, Michael; Thorpe, Michael 2009-03-01 Zeolites are an important class of industrial catalysts because of their large internal surfaces and molecular-sieving properties. Recent geometric simulations (1) show that almost all of the known zeolites can exist without distortion of their tetrahedra within some range of densities, which we call the flexibility window. Within this window, the framework accommodates density changes by rotations about the shared tetrahedral corners. We argue that the presence of a flexibility window can be used as a topological criterion to select potential candidates for synthesis from millions of hypothetical structures. We also investigate the exceptions to the rule, as well as the shape of the flexibility window and the symmetric properties of zeolites inside it. (1) A. Sartbaeva, S.A. Wells, M.M.J. Treacy and M.F. Thorpe The flexibility window in zeolites, Nature Materials 5, 962-965 (2006); I. Rivin, commentary 931-932. 5. Are flexible designs sound? PubMed Burman, Carl-Fredrik; Sonesson, Christian 2006-09-01 Flexible designs allow large modifications of a design during an experiment. In particular, the sample size can be modified in response to interim data or external information. A standard flexible methodology combines such design modifications with a weighted test, which guarantees the type I error level. However, this inference violates basic inference principles. In an example with independent N(mu, 1) observations, the test rejects the null hypothesis of mu < or = 0 while the average of the observations is negative. We conclude that flexible design in its most general form with the corresponding weighted test is not valid. Several possible modifications of the flexible design methodology are discussed with a focus on alternative hypothesis tests. 6. 76 FR 20354 - Notice of Intent To Award Supplemental Affordable Care Act Funding Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-04-12 ... Affordable Care Act Funding Notice of Intent to award supplemental Affordable Care Act funding to support...: Notice. SUMMARY: This notice provides public announcement of CDC's intent to use Affordable Care Act (ACA....'' Funding is appropriated under the Affordable Care Act (Pub. L. 111-148), Title IV, Section... 7. 7 CFR 3565.352 - Preservation of affordable housing. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-01-01 ... 7 Agriculture 15 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Preservation of affordable housing. 3565.352 Section 3565.352 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUARANTEED RURAL RENTAL HOUSING PROGRAM Project Management § 3565.352... 8. 7 CFR 3565.352 - Preservation of affordable housing. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-01-01 ... 7 Agriculture 15 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Preservation of affordable housing. 3565.352 Section 3565.352 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUARANTEED RURAL RENTAL HOUSING PROGRAM Project Management § 3565.352... 9. 7 CFR 3565.352 - Preservation of affordable housing. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-01-01 ... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Preservation of affordable housing. 3565.352 Section 3565.352 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUARANTEED RURAL RENTAL HOUSING PROGRAM Project Management § 3565.352... 10. 7 CFR 3565.352 - Preservation of affordable housing. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Preservation of affordable housing. 3565.352 Section 3565.352 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUARANTEED RURAL RENTAL HOUSING PROGRAM Project Management § 3565.352... 11. 7 CFR 3565.352 - Preservation of affordable housing. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-01-01 ... 7 Agriculture 15 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Preservation of affordable housing. 3565.352 Section 3565.352 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUARANTEED RURAL RENTAL HOUSING PROGRAM Project Management § 3565.352... 12. Lean, Mean and Green: An Affordable Net Zero School ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Stanfield, Kenneth 2010-01-01 From its conception, Richardsville Elementary was designed to be an affordable net zero facility. The design team explored numerous energy saving strategies to dramatically reduce energy consumption. By reducing energy use to 19.31 kBtus annually, the net zero goal could be realized through the implementation of a solar array capable of producing… 13. Affordances for Second Language Learning in "World of Warcraft" ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Rama, Paul S.; Black, Rebecca W.; van Es, Elizabeth; Warschauer, Mark 2012-01-01 What are the affordances of online gaming environments for second language learning and socialization? To answer this question, this qualitative study examines two college-age Spanish learners' experiences participating in the Spanish language version of the massively multi-player online game "World of Warcraft." Using data culled from participant… 14. Learning Affordances of Language and Communication National Curricula ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Scott, David 2016-01-01 This article focuses on the learning affordances of different language and communication curricula in the world. For reasons of space, only two national education systems (Finland and Singapore) and their language and communication curricula are referred to. The accounts of national education systems consist of the identification of mechanisms… 15. 24 CFR 81.14 - Special Affordable Housing Goal. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-04-01 ... MAE) AND THE FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION (FREDDIE MAC) Housing Goals § 81.14 Special..., as a Special Affordable Housing Home Purchase Subgoal, 17 percent of the total number of home purchase mortgages in metropolitan areas financed by each GSE's mortgage purchases shall be home... 16. 24 CFR 1000.101 - What is affordable housing? Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-04-01 ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false What is affordable housing? 1000.101 Section 1000.101 Housing and Urban Development REGULATIONS RELATING TO HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUED) OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC AND INDIAN HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING... 17. 24 CFR 81.14 - Special Affordable Housing Goal. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-04-01 ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Special Affordable Housing Goal. 81.14 Section 81.14 Housing and Urban Development Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and... MAE) AND THE FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION (FREDDIE MAC) Housing Goals § 81.14... 18. 24 CFR 81.14 - Special Affordable Housing Goal. Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR 2013-04-01 ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Special Affordable Housing Goal. 81.14 Section 81.14 Housing and Urban Development Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and... MAE) AND THE FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION (FREDDIE MAC) Housing Goals § 81.14... 19. 24 CFR 1006.201 - Eligible affordable housing activities. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-04-01 ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Eligible affordable housing activities. 1006.201 Section 1006.201 Housing and Urban Development REGULATIONS RELATING TO HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUED) OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC AND INDIAN HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING... 20. Disengaged Students and Dialogic Learning: The Role of CSCL Affordances ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Slakmon, Benzi; Schwarz, Baruch B. 2014-01-01 Only a few studies have dealt with the challenge of bridging the linguistic gap between the dialogic realm and the talk of disengaged students. Bridging this gap is particularly relevant to the CSCL community since one of its utmost aims is to promote the dialogic. This study aims to articulate how to harness the CSCL design and affordances to… 1. Teaching Text Structure: Examining the Affordances of Children's Informational Texts ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Jones, Cindy D.; Clark, Sarah K.; Reutzel, D. Ray 2016-01-01 This study investigated the affordances of informational texts to serve as model texts for teaching text structure to elementary school children. Content analysis of a random sampling of children's informational texts from top publishers was conducted on text structure organization and on the inclusion of text features as signals of text… 2. The Weight of Time: Affordances for an Integrated Magnitude System ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Lu, Aitao; Mo, Lei; Hodges, Bert H. 2011-01-01 In five experiments we explored the effects of weight on time in different action contexts to test the hypothesis that an integrated magnitude system is tuned to affordances. Larger magnitudes generally seem longer; however, Lu and colleagues (2009) found that if numbers were presented as weights in a range heavy enough to affect lifting, the… 3. 24 CFR 81.14 - Special Affordable Housing Goal. Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR 2012-04-01 ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Special Affordable Housing Goal. 81.14 Section 81.14 Housing and Urban Development Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and Urban Development THE SECRETARY OF HUD'S REGULATION OF THE FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION... 4. Affordances of Learning Technologies in Higher Education Multicultural Environments ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Arenas, Edilson 2015-01-01 A cluster of research has been conducted in higher education to investigate the affordances (action possibilities) and the influence information and communication technologies (ICT) may have on students' learning experiences and outcomes. Such studies have given rise to the implementation of a wide range of educational frameworks with a great deal… 5. Can Canadian Seniors on Public Pensions Afford a Nutritious Diet? ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Green, Rebecca J.; Williams, Patricia L.; Johnson, C. Shanthi; Blum, Ilya 2008-01-01 This study examined whether Canada's public pensions (Old Age Security and Canada Pension Plan) provided adequate income for seniors living in Nova Scotia in 2005 to afford a basic nutritious diet. Monthly incomes were compared to essential monthly expenses for four household scenarios: (a) married couple, 80 years and 78 years, in urban Nova… 6. Ubiquitous Knowledge and Experiences to Foster EFL Learning Affordances ERIC Educational Resources Information Center García-Sánchez, Soraya; Luján-García, Carmen 2016-01-01 This article explores the implementation of experiential learning affordances to improve skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in higher education. The administration of an online anonymous survey to 100 students of different undergraduate degrees presents current learning reflections from EFL students at the Universidad de Las Palmas de… 7. Monitoring the price and affordability of foods and diets globally. PubMed Lee, A; Mhurchu, C N; Sacks, G; Swinburn, B; Snowdon, W; Vandevijvere, S; Hawkes, C; L'abbé, M; Rayner, M; Sanders, D; Barquera, S; Friel, S; Kelly, B; Kumanyika, S; Lobstein, T; Ma, J; Macmullan, J; Mohan, S; Monteiro, C; Neal, B; Walker, C 2013-10-01 Food prices and food affordability are important determinants of food choices, obesity and non-communicable diseases. As governments around the world consider policies to promote the consumption of healthier foods, data on the relative price and affordability of foods, with a particular focus on the difference between 'less healthy' and 'healthy' foods and diets, are urgently needed. This paper briefly reviews past and current approaches to monitoring food prices, and identifies key issues affecting the development of practical tools and methods for food price data collection, analysis and reporting. A step-wise monitoring framework, including measurement indicators, is proposed. 'Minimal' data collection will assess the differential price of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods; 'expanded' monitoring will assess the differential price of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' diets; and the 'optimal' approach will also monitor food affordability, by taking into account household income. The monitoring of the price and affordability of 'healthy' and 'less healthy' foods and diets globally will provide robust data and benchmarks to inform economic and fiscal policy responses. Given the range of methodological, cultural and logistical challenges in this area, it is imperative that all aspects of the proposed monitoring framework are tested rigorously before implementation. 8. The ICCE Framework: Framing Learning Experiences Afforded by Games ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Foster, Aroutis; Shah, Mamta 2015-01-01 There is a need for game-based learning frameworks that provide a lens for understanding learning experiences afforded in digital games. These frameworks should aim to facilitate game analyses, identification of learning opportunities, and support for learner experiences. This article uses the inquiry, communication, construction, and expression… 9. Affordable comfort 95 - investing in our energy future SciTech Connect 1995-12-31 This report describes the topics from the conference on Affordable Comfort, held March 26-31, 1995. Topics are concerned with energy efficiency in homes, retrofitting, weatherization, and monitoring of appliances, heating, and air conditioning systems for performance, as well as topics on electric utilities. 10. Material Affordances: The Potential of Scrapbooks in the Composition Classroom ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Alexander, Kara Poe 2013-01-01 A multiliteracies pedagogy has renewed our interest in materiality, or how the physical text interacts with the author's choices and the context to contribute to the message, yet little attention has been paid to materiality in analog texts, such as the scrapbook, even though this medium contains affordances (capabilities and limitations) that… 11. A Few Reflections on Accountability, Affordability, and Access Worldwide ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Toma, J. Douglas 2008-01-01 Considering accountability, affordability, and access through the experiences in Chile, East Asia, Australia, Croatia, and the United States offers a clear reminder that trends and issues in higher education are often more similar across national contexts than they are distinct. Across higher education, institutions and systems are responding to… 12. Can the United States afford a lunar base NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Keaton, Paul W. 1988-01-01 Establishing a lunar base will require steady funding for a decade or two. The question addressed is whether such a large space project is affordable at this time. The relevant facts and methodology are presented so that the reader may formulate independent answers. It is shown that a permanent lunar base can be financed without increasing NASA's historical budgetary trend. 13. 24 CFR 81.14 - Special Affordable Housing Goal. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-04-01 ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Special Affordable Housing Goal. 81.14 Section 81.14 Housing and Urban Development Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and Urban Development THE SECRETARY OF HUD'S REGULATION OF THE FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION... 14. Toward Affordability: Policy Recommendations for Virginia Higher Education ERIC Educational Resources Information Center State Council of Higher Education for Virginia, 2009 2009-01-01 In its 2007-13 strategic plan, Advancing Virginia: Access, Alignment, Investment, the State Council highlighted 12 strategic higher education initiatives that it believed were necessary to ensure Virginia's future. Key among these goals was improvement of the affordability of a college education in the Commonwealth. Recent events have reinforced… 15. Learning at Work: Organisational Affordances and Individual Engagement ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Bryson, Jane; Pajo, Karl; Ward, Robyn; Mallon, Mary 2006-01-01 Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the interaction between organisational affordances for the development of individuals' capability, and the engagement of workers at various levels with those opportunities. Design/methodology/approach: A case study of a large New Zealand wine company, using in-depth interviews. Interviews were… 16. Reinventing Financial Aid: Charting a New Course to College Affordability ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Kelly, Andrew P., Ed.; Goldrick-Rab, Sara, Ed. 2014-01-01 In this provocative volume, two experts with very different points of view address the growing concern that student loan programs are not a sustainable solution to the problem of mounting college costs. They argue that the time has come to reform the financial aid system so that it is more effective in promoting college affordability, access, and… 17. Affordance, Learning Opportunities, and the Lesson Plan Pro Forma ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Anderson, Jason 2015-01-01 This article argues that the most commonly used lesson plan pro formas in language teacher education are inappropriately premised on an outcomes-based approach to teaching, one that is in conflict with what we know about how languages are learnt and how experienced teachers teach. It proposes an alternative, affordance-based approach to lesson… 18. Early Visual Perception Potentiated by Object Affordances: Evidence From a Temporal Order Judgment Task PubMed Central Yamada, Yuki; Yamani, Yusuke 2016-01-01 Perceived objects automatically potentiate afforded action. Object affordances also facilitate perception of such objects, and this occurrence is known as the affordance effect. This study examined whether object affordances facilitate the initial visual processing stage, or perceptual entry processes, using the temporal order judgment task. The onset of the graspable (right-handled) coffee cup was perceived earlier than that of the less graspable (left-handled) cup for right-handed participants. The affordance effect was eliminated when the coffee cups were inverted, which presumably conveyed less affordance information. These results suggest that objects preattentively potentiate the perceptual entry processes in response to their affordances. PMID:27698991 19. Flexible High Speed Codec (FHSC) NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Segallis, G. P.; Wernlund, J. V. 1991-01-01 The ongoing NASA/Harris Flexible High Speed Codec (FHSC) program is described. The program objectives are to design and build an encoder decoder that allows operation in either burst or continuous modes at data rates of up to 300 megabits per second. The decoder handles both hard and soft decision decoding and can switch between modes on a burst by burst basis. Bandspreading is low since the code rate is greater than or equal to 7/8. The encoder and a hard decision decoder fit on a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip. A soft decision applique is implemented using 300 K emitter coupled logic (ECL) which can be easily translated to an ECL gate array. 20. Health outcomes and related effects of using social media in chronic disease management: a literature review and analysis of affordances. PubMed Merolli, Mark; Gray, Kathleen; Martin-Sanchez, Fernando 2013-12-01 Whilst the future for social media in chronic disease management appears to be optimistic, there is limited concrete evidence indicating whether and how social media use significantly improves patient outcomes. This review examines the health outcomes and related effects of using social media, while also exploring the unique affordances underpinning these effects. Few studies have investigated social media's potential in chronic disease, but those we found indicate impact on health status and other effects are positive, with none indicating adverse events. Benefits have been reported for psychosocial management via the ability to foster support and share information; however, there is less evidence of benefits for physical condition management. We found that studies covered a very limited range of social media platforms and that there is an ongoing propensity towards reporting investigations of earlier social platforms, such as online support groups (OSG), discussion forums and message boards. Finally, it is hypothesized that for social media to form a more meaningful part of effective chronic disease management, interventions need to be tailored to the individualized needs of sufferers. The particular affordances of social media that appear salient in this regard from analysis of the literature include: identity, flexibility, structure, narration and adaptation. This review suggests further research of high methodological quality is required to investigate the affordances of social media and how these can best serve chronic disease sufferers. Evidence-based practice (EBP) using social media may then be considered. 1. Child Temperamental Flexibility Moderates the Relation between Positive Parenting and Adolescent Adjustment PubMed Central Rabinowitz, Jill A.; Drabick, Deborah A.G.; Reynolds, Maureen D.; Clark, Duncan B.; Olino, Thomas M. 2016-01-01 Temperamental flexibility and lower positive parenting are associated with internalizing and externalizing problems; however, youth varying in flexibility may be differentially affected by positive parenting in the prediction of symptoms. We examined whether children's flexibility moderated prospective relations between maternal and paternal positive parenting and youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms during adolescence. Participants (N =775, 71% male) and their caregivers completed measures when youth were 10-12 and 12-14 years old. Father positive parenting interacted with child flexibility to predict father-reported internalizing and externalizing problems. Consistent with the diathesis-stress model, children lower in flexibility experienced greater symptoms than children higher in flexibility in lower positive parenting contexts. Among children lower in flexibility, lower paternal positive parenting was associated with greater internalizing and externalizing symptoms compared to higher paternal positive parenting. However, among youth higher in flexibility, symptom levels were similar regardless of whether youth experienced lower or higher paternal positive parenting. PMID:26834305 2. Evaluating Drug Prices, Availability, Affordability, and Price Components: Implications for Access to Drugs in Malaysia PubMed Central Babar, Zaheer Ud Din; Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham Mohamed; Singh, Harpal; Bukahri, Nadeem Irfan; Creese, Andrew 2007-01-01 Background Malaysia's stable health care system is facing challenges with increasing medicine costs. To investigate these issues a survey was carried out to evaluate medicine prices, availability, affordability, and the structure of price components. Methods and Findings The methodology developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International (HAI) was used. Price and availability data for 48 medicines was collected from 20 public sector facilities, 32 private sector retail pharmacies and 20 dispensing doctors in four geographical regions of West Malaysia. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices (IRPs) to obtain a median price ratio. The daily wage of the lowest paid unskilled government worker was used to gauge the affordability of medicines. Price component data were collected throughout the supply chain, and markups, taxes, and other distribution costs were identified. In private pharmacies, innovator brand (IB) prices were 16 times higher than the IRPs, while generics were 6.6 times higher. In dispensing doctor clinics, the figures were 15 times higher for innovator brands and 7.5 for generics. Dispensing doctors applied high markups of 50%–76% for IBs, and up to 316% for generics. Retail pharmacy markups were also high—25%–38% and 100%–140% for IBs and generics, respectively. In the public sector, where medicines are free, availability was low even for medicines on the National Essential Drugs List. For a month's treatment for peptic ulcer disease and hypertension people have to pay about a week's wages in the private sector. Conclusions The free market by definition does not control medicine prices, necessitating price monitoring and control mechanisms. Markups for generic products are greater than for IBs. Reducing the base price without controlling markups may increase profits for retailers and dispensing doctors without reducing the price paid by end users. To increase access and affordability 3. Flexible parasympathetic responses to sadness facilitate spontaneous affect regulation. PubMed Stange, Jonathan P; Hamilton, Jessica L; Fresco, David M; Alloy, Lauren B 2017-03-23 The ability of the parasympathetic nervous system to flexibly adapt to changes in environmental context is thought to serve as a physiological indicator of self-regulatory capacity, and deficits in parasympathetic flexibility appear to characterize affective disorders such as depression. However, whether parasympathetic flexibility (vagal withdrawal to emotional or environmental challenges such as sadness, and vagal augmentation during recovery from sadness) could facilitate the effectiveness of adaptive affect regulation strategies is not known. In a study of 178 undergraduate students, we evaluated whether parasympathetic flexibility in response to a sad film involving loss would enhance the effectiveness of regulatory strategies (reappraisal, distraction, and suppression) spontaneously employed to reduce negative affect during a 2-min uninstructed recovery period following the induction. Parasympathetic reactivity and recovery were indexed by fluctuations in respiratory sinus arrhythmia and high-frequency heart rate variability. Cognitive reappraisal and distraction were more effective in attenuating negative affect among individuals with more parasympathetic flexibility, particularly greater vagal augmentation during recovery, relative to individuals with less parasympathetic flexibility. In contrast, suppression was associated with less attenuation of negative affect, but only among individuals who also had less vagal withdrawal during the sad film. Alternative models provided partial support for reversed directionality, with reappraisal predicting greater parasympathetic recovery, but only when individuals also experienced greater reductions in negative affect. These results suggest that contextually appropriate parasympathetic reactivity and recovery may facilitate the success of affect regulation. Impairments in parasympathetic flexibility could confer risk for affective disorders due to attenuated capacity for effective self-regulation. 4. LNG: Clean affordable energy for power and town gas in Asia SciTech Connect Williams, M.F.; Grant, C.W.; King, N. 1998-02-01 Some Asian countries such as Myanmar, Vietnam, and Indonesia are still at very low electricity consumption rates per capita, while others, such as Malaysia and Taiwan, are at much higher rates. What all Asian countries have in common is rapid growth in the demand for electricity. If the rising demand for additional electricity is not met, economic growth will be curtailed. However, all Asian countries face a major challenge in funding and constructing the required additional generating capacity fast enough to meet demand. Finding this amount of new capital is not going to be easy, and there will be much competition for scarce funds. The environmental challenge may be even greater than the financing hurdle. To date, most generation capacity in Asia has been coal based, and a significant amount of that is low technology and without flue gas desulfurization. The effect on the environment is already apparent. One argument has been that developing countries cannot afford the same standards of environmental performance as developed countries. With the levels of pollution that exist today, the question should be, can they afford not to? It has been estimated that pollution in China costs US$100 billion/a and that US$20 billion has to be spent over the next decade just to prevent worsening of pollution. 5. Greater Sao Paulo Newer Library Automation. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center McLean, Dulce Didio 1991-01-01 This followup to a 1981 study presents descriptions of automated projects or activities in academic, public, and special libraries or information centers in the Greater Sao Paulo region that developed from 1981 through 1987. It is noted that an overall increase in the level of automation since 1981 has been observed. (four references) (Author/MAB) 6. Paleotectonic and paleogeographic evolution of greater China SciTech Connect Yilmaz, P.O.; Norton, I.O. ) 1996-01-01 In this study, we utilize plate tectonic history of Central Asia to constrain understanding of sedimentary basin development and to show how regional scale tectonic events affect play elements for major basins of greater China. Tectonic framework and paleogeography are used as a constraint on models for basin formation, climate distribution and accommodation which in turn control distribution of reservoir, source, seal and trap. Greater China is an artifact of Phanerozoic tectonics. It has a protracted history of continental deformation as amalgamation of crustal blocks and island arc/subduction and accretion complexes occurred. Early Paleozoic hydrocarbon systems are dominated by extensive carbonate platform and Permian and younger systems are dominated by continental and lacustrine sedimentation. The basement of greater China consists of continental and accretion crust. The crustal blocks include South and North China, Indochina, Tibet and Tarim, and accretion blocks include the Altaids and Manchurides. The relative positions and interactions of these blocks during Paleozic and Mesozoic time resulted in formation of greater China. Final amalgamation and deformation occurred in Eocene time when India collided with Asia. The discussions consist of presentation of a model for tectonic evolution of these blocks and their paleogeography through Phanerozoic time. This is done with maps at 1:8 million scale covering nine time slices, three in the Paleozoic, three in the Mesozoic and three in the Cenozoic. 7. Spread of English across Greater China ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Feng, Anwei 2012-01-01 Greater China is used in this article to refer to mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Macao. While a holistic approach is adopted to present and compare the rapid spread of English and development in English language education in these geographically close, and sociopolitically, culturally and economically interrelated but hugely… 8. Waste Management in Greater Dhaka City. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Rahman, M. H. 1993-01-01 This study focuses on the environmental degradation of Greater Dhaka City (GDC) resulting from pollution created by the indiscriminate disposal of industrial wastes, open dumping of solid wastes, inadequate treatment and disposal of domestic sewage, and unplanned disposal of leachate from agricultural land. Measures to protect the GDC environment… 9. Flexible Quantum Oblivious Transfer NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yang, Yu-Guang; Yang, Rui; Cao, Wei-Feng; Chen, Xiu-Bo; Zhou, Yi-Hua; Shi, Wei-Min 2017-01-01 We propose a flexible protocol for one-out-of- nquantum oblivious transfer (QOT) Compared with existing QOT protocols, our protocol is more flexible. We demonstrate that, by adjusting the value of 𝜃 the flexible one-out-of- nQOT is allowable where n can be located theoretically on any value the communicating parties wanted. Meanwhile, it also meets the rigorous security requirements of the oblivious transfer (OT) definition, which ensures Bob can receive on average one of n messages held by Alice, while Alice cannot know which one Bob has received. Finally, we analyze the security of our protocol and show that it is not based on quantum bit commitment and does not violate Lo's no-go theorem so that its security can be achieved. 10. Flexible Quantum Oblivious Transfer NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yang, Yu-Guang; Yang, Rui; Cao, Wei-Feng; Chen, Xiu-Bo; Zhou, Yi-Hua; Shi, Wei-Min 2017-04-01 We propose a flexible protocol for one-out-of- nquantum oblivious transfer (QOT) Compared with existing QOT protocols, our protocol is more flexible. We demonstrate that, by adjusting the value of 𝜃 the flexible one-out-of- nQOT is allowable where n can be located theoretically on any value the communicating parties wanted. Meanwhile, it also meets the rigorous security requirements of the oblivious transfer (OT) definition, which ensures Bob can receive on average one of n messages held by Alice, while Alice cannot know which one Bob has received. Finally, we analyze the security of our protocol and show that it is not based on quantum bit commitment and does not violate Lo's no-go theorem so that its security can be achieved. 11. Small businesses and the Affordable Care Act of 2010. PubMed Collins, Sara R; Davis, Karen; Nicholson, Jennifer L; Stremikis, Kristof 2010-09-01 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) includes several short- and long-term provisions designed to help small businesses pay for and maintain health insurance for their workers, and to allow workers without employer coverage to gain access to affordable, comprehensive health insurance. Provisions include a small business tax credit to offset premium costs for firms that offer coverage starting this taxable year, establishment of state-based insurance exchanges that promise to lower administrative costs and pool risk more broadly, and creation of new market rules and an essential benefit standard to protect small firms and their workers. Analysis shows that up to 16.6 million workers are in firms that would be eligible for the tax credit in 2010 to 2013. Over the next 10 years, small businesses and organizations could receive an estimated$40 billion in federal support through the premium credit program.
12. Affordable ART in Kenya: The only hope for involuntary childlessness
PubMed Central
Ndegwa, SW
2016-01-01
Abstract The reported overall subfertility rate in Kenia is 26.1% with 50% attributed to tubal factors and 15% due to male factors. This is probably an underestimation taking into consideration that due to the stigma and myths of the disease, many couples are seeking alternative care from religious sects, witchdoctors, herbalists. Because the costs associated with IVF in private centres are only affordable for the happy few, the only true hope for most Kenyans struggling with unintended childlessness lies in the introduction of affordable ART services. The major challenge is to reduce the costs of ovarian stimulation medication and the equipment set-up cost of the ART laboratory. An important foreseeable barrier to low-cost ART is adequately trained personnel. PMID:27909571
13. Motivational Affordance and Risk-Taking Across Decision Domains.
PubMed
Zou, Xi; Scholer, Abigail A
2016-03-01
We propose a motivational affordance account to explain both stability and variability in risk-taking propensity in major decision domains. We draw on regulatory focus theory to differentiate two types of motivation (prevention, promotion) that play a key role in predicting risk-taking. Study 1 demonstrated that prevention motivation is negatively associated with risk-taking across six key decision domains, including health/safety, ethics, recreation, gambling, investment, and social. In contrast, promotion motivation is positively associated with risk-taking in the social and investment domains. Study 2 replicated the same pattern and provided direct evidence that promotion motivation is a strong predictor of risk-taking only in domains where there is true potential for gains. Study 3 manipulated promotion (vs. prevention) motivation experimentally to demonstrate that motivational affordance is a critical mechanism for understanding risk-taking behaviors.
14. Sustainable green inner-wall design for flexible floor plan
Tawil, N. M.; Husaini, H. A.; Ani, A. I.; Basri, H.; Saleh, R. M.
2013-06-01
The rises of house price in the market is so drastic that it effects the younger generation nowadays especially young executives and young couples who could not afford to buy their first home. The factors that determine the house price presumably are the interior and exterior structural of the house itself. So to lessen the house price, we have to minimize the usage of wet construction thus the idea of having a sustainable green inner-wall implemented into the house with a flexible floor plan. This concept is user-friendly as it is built on needs and the ownership's affordability. They can design the interior of the house however they want with using minimal cost because it does not involve wet construction.
15. Thin flexible intercalation anodes
SciTech Connect
Levy, S.C.; Cieslak, W.R.; Klassen, S.E.; Lagasse, R.R.
1994-10-01
Poly(acrylonitrile) fibers have been pyrolyzed under various conditions to form flexible carbon yarns capable of intercalating lithium ions. These fibers have also been formed into both woven and non woven cloths. Potentiostatic, potentiodynamic and galvanostatic tests have been conducted with these materials in several electrolytes. In some tests, a potential hold was used after each constant current charge and discharge. These tests have shown some of these flexible materials to reversibly intercalate lithium ions to levels that are suitable for use as a practical battery anode.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fox, Robert L.; Johnson, Samuel D.; Coultrip, Robert H.; Phillips, W. Morris
1994-01-01
United States Air Force is investigating method of repairing aircraft by use of adhesive bonding with induction heating to cure adhesive. Fast-acting and reliable induction heating device that is lightweight, portable, and easy to use needed for such applications. Newly developed flexible heating head lightweight and conforms to complex, curved surfaces. Incorporates principles and circuitry of toroid joining gun described in "Toroid Joining Gun for Fittings and Couplings" (LAR-14278). Concentrates heat in local area through induction heating. Flexible heating head contains tank circuit, connected via cable to source of power.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Oren, J. A.
1982-01-01
The soft tube radiator subsystem is described including applicable system requirements, the design and limitations of the subsystem components, and the panel manufacturing method. The soft tube radiator subsystem is applicable to payloads requiring 1 to 12 kW of heat rejection for orbital lifetimes per mission of 30 days or less. The flexible radiator stowage volume required is about 60% and the system weight is about 40% of an equivalent heat rejection rigid panel. The cost should also be considerably less. The flexible radiator is particularly suited to shuttle orbiter sortie payloads and also whose mission lengths do not exceed the 30 day design life.
18. The Affordable Care Act: A Prescription for Homeland Security Preparedness?
DTIC Science & Technology
2014-09-01
purchase health insurance Correct the inequity of Medicaid preventive coverage for new beneficiaries vs. existing beneficiaries Design and...might incentivize choosing health insurance over penalties. D. ADDRESS MEDICAID PREVENTIVE COVERAGE INEQUITY As noted in Chapter V, § 1001 of the...Affordable Care Act (ACA), tens of millions of U.S. citizens were without health insurance coverage. Without health insurance, health care can be
19. Options for Affordable Planetary Fission Surface Power Systems
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Houts, Mike; Gaddis, Steve; Porter, Ron; VanDyke, Melissa; Martin, Jim; Godfroy, Tom; Bragg-Sitton, Shannon; Garber, Anne; Pearson, Boise
2006-01-01
Nuclear fission systems could serve as "workhorse" power plants for the Vision for Space Exploration. In this context, the "workhorse" power plant is defined as a system that could provide power anywhere on the surface of the moon or Mars, land on the moon using a Robotic Lunar Exploration Program (RLEP)-developed lander, and would be a viable, affordable option once power requirements exceed that which can be provided by existing energy systems.
20. Assessment of Thermal Protection Afforded by Hot Water Diving Suits
DTIC Science & Technology
1980-07-03
Assessment of Thermal Protect! " Afforded by Hot Water Diving Suits A AA L. A. Kuehn Diver thermal comfort in cold water is presently only...with proper control oj inlet suit water flow% and temperature, as well as heating of inspired gas, this suit technology suffices for thermal comfort for...technology provides in part to the convective heat loss that it prpsents, sustained long-term thermal comfort in cold water, Webb (W) has defined a
1. Setting the price of essential drugs: necessity and affordability.
PubMed
Litvack, J I; Shepard, D S; Quick, J D
1989-08-12
A method has been developed for fine tuning the selection of drugs to improve cost recovery, to promote appropriate drug use, and to make more drugs more affordable. This scheme is based on a classification of drug necessity (vital, essential, non-essential) and on the relative cost of complete courses of treatment so that expensive drugs can be subsidised by marking up inexpensive ones.
2. Promoting Prevention Through the Affordable Care Act: Workplace Wellness
PubMed Central
Roffenbender, Jason S.; Goetzel, Ron Z.; Millard, Francois; Wildenhaus, Kevin; DeSantis, Charles; Novelli, William
2012-01-01
Public health in the United States can be improved by building workplace “cultures of health” that support healthy lifestyles. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), which includes the Prevention and Public Health Fund, will support a new focus on prevention and wellness, offering opportunities to strengthen the public’s health through workplace wellness initiatives. This article describes the opportunity the ACA provides to improve worker wellness. PMID:23237245
3. Correspondence effects with torches: grasping affordance or visual feature asymmetry?
PubMed
Song, Xiaolei; Chen, Jing; Proctor, Robert W
2014-01-01
Three experiments were conducted to determine whether an object-based correspondence effect for torch (flashlight) stimuli reported by Pellicano et al. [( 2010 ). Simon-like and functional affordance effects with tools: The effects of object perceptual discrimination and object action state. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 2190-2201] is due to a grasping affordance provided by the handle or asymmetry of feature markings on the torch. In Experiment 1 the stimuli were the same as those from Pellicano et al.'s Experiment 2, whereas in Experiments 2 and 3 the stimuli were modified versions with the graspable handle removed. Participants in all experiments performed upright/inverted orientation judgements on the torch stimuli. The results of Experiment 1 replicated those of Pellicano et al.: A small but significant object-based correspondence effect was evident, mainly when the torch was in an active state. With the handle of the torch removed in Experiment 2, making the barrel markings more asymmetric in the display, the correspondence effect was larger. Experiment 3 directly demonstrated an effect of barrel-marking asymmetry on the correspondence effect: When only the half of the markings nearest the light end of the torch was included, the correspondence effect reversed to favour the light end. The results are in agreement with a visual feature-asymmetry account and are difficult to reconcile with a grasping-affordance account.
4. Approach to an Affordable and Productive Space Transportation System
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
McCleskey, Carey M.; Rhodes, Russel E.; Lepsch, Roger A.; Henderson, Edward M.; Robinson, John W.
2012-01-01
This paper describes an approach for creating space transportation architectures that are affordable, productive, and sustainable. The architectural scope includes both flight and ground system elements, and focuses on their compatibility to achieve a technical solution that is operationally productive, and also affordable throughout its life cycle. Previous papers by the authors and other members of the Space Propulsion Synergy Team (SPST) focused on space flight system engineering methods, along with operationally efficient propulsion system concepts and technologies. This paper follows up previous work by using a structured process to derive examples of conceptual architectures that integrate a number of advanced concepts and technologies. The examples are not intended to provide a near-term alternative architecture to displace current near-term design and development activity. Rather, the examples demonstrate an approach that promotes early investments in advanced system concept studies and trades (flight and ground), as well as in advanced technologies with the goal of enabling highly affordable, productive flight and ground space transportation systems.
5. Health insurers' financial performance and quality improvement expenditures in the Affordable Care Act's second year.
PubMed
McCue, Michael J; Hall, Mark
2015-02-01
The Affordable Care Act requires health insurers to rebate any amounts less than 80%-85% of their premiums that they fail to spend on medical claims or quality improvement. This study uses the new comprehensive reporting under this law to examine changes in insurers' financial performance and differences in their quality improvement expenditures. In the ACA's second year (2012), insurers' median medical loss ratios continued to increase and their median administrative cost ratios dropped, producing moderate operating margins in the group markets but a small operating loss in the individual market, at the median. For-profit insurers showed larger changes, in general, than did nonprofits. For quality improvement, insurers reported spending a significantly greater amount per member in their government plans than they did on their self-insured members, with spending on commercial insurance being in between these two extremes. The magnitude and source of these differences varied by corporate ownership.
6. The visual encoding of tool-object affordances.
PubMed
Natraj, N; Pella, Y M; Borghi, A M; Wheaton, L A
2015-12-03
The perception of tool-object pairs involves understanding their action-relationships (affordances). Here, we sought to evaluate how an observer visually encodes tool-object affordances. Eye-movements were recorded as right-handed participants freely viewed static, right-handed, egocentric tool-object images across three contexts: correct (e.g. hammer-nail), incorrect (e.g. hammer-paper), spatial/ambiguous (e.g. hammer-wood), and three grasp-types: no hand, functional grasp-posture (grasp hammer-handle), non-functional/manipulative grasp-posture (grasp hammer-head). There were three areas of interests (AOI): the object (nail), the operant tool-end (hammer-head), the graspable tool-end (hammer-handle). Participants passively evaluated whether tool-object pairs were functionally correct/incorrect. Clustering of gaze scanpaths and AOI weightings grouped conditions into three distinct grasp-specific clusters, especially across correct and spatial tool-object contexts and to a lesser extent within the incorrect tool-object context. The grasp-specific gaze scanpath clusters were reasonably robust to the temporal order of gaze scanpaths. Gaze was therefore automatically primed to grasp-affordances though the task required evaluating tool-object context. Participants also primarily focused on the object and the operant tool-end and sparsely attended to the graspable tool-end, even in images with functional grasp-postures. In fact, in the absence of a grasp, the object was foveally weighted the most, indicative of a possible object-oriented action priming effect wherein the observer may be evaluating how the tool engages on the object. Unlike the functional grasp-posture, the manipulative grasp-posture caused the greatest disruption in the object-oriented priming effect, ostensibly as it does not afford tool-object action due to its non-functional interaction with the operant tool-end that actually engages with the object (e.g., hammer-head to nail). The enhanced attention
7. Greater trochanter apophysitis in the adolescent athlete.
PubMed
Young, Simon W; Safran, Marc R
2015-05-01
Lower limb traction apophysitis is common in young athletes, occurring at sites such as the tibial tubercle (Osgood-Schlatter disease) and distal patella (Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease). Around the hip, iliac apophysitis is well recognized, but no cases of greater trochanter apophysitis have previously been reported. We describe the case of a 15-year-old male basketball player with a 2-month history of the right hip pain and significant functional limitation. X-rays revealed widening of the greater trochanter apophysis with subchondral sclerosis, consistent with a diagnosis of traction apophysitis. The patient was treated with a period of relative rest and anti-inflammatory medication. He gradually returned to full athletic activity, including basketball, without recurrence of pain or limitation. We describe the first reported case of traction apophysitis of the greater trochanter. The unique muscular anatomy of this apophysis with balanced forces explains the rarity of this condition. If encountered, rest and activity modification is the recommended treatment.
8. Are Marketplace Plans Affordable? Consumer Perspectives from the Commonwealth Fund Affordable Care Act Tracking Survey, March-May 2015.
PubMed
Collins, Sara R; Gunja, Munira; Rasmussen, Petra W; Doty, Michelle M; Beutel, Sophie
2015-09-01
Most employers who provide health insurance to employees subsidize their premiums and provide a comprehensive benefit package. Before the Affordable Care Act, people who lacked health insurance through a job and purchased it on their own paid the full cost of their plans, which often came with skimpy benefit packages and high deductibles. Findings from the Commonwealth Fund Affordable Care Act Tracking Survey, March--May 2015, indicate that the law's tax credits have made premium costs in health plans sold through the marketplaces roughly comparable to employer plans, at least for people with low and moderate incomes. At higher incomes, the phase-out of the subsidies means that adults in marketplace plans have higher premium costs than those in employer plans. Overall, larger shares of adults in marketplace plans reported deductibles of $1,000 or more, compared with those in employer plans, though these differences were narrower among low-and moderate-income adults. 9. ESEA Flexibility. Updated ERIC Educational Resources Information Center US Department of Education, 2012 2012-01-01 In order to move forward with State and local reforms designed to improve academic achievement and increase the quality of instruction for all students in a manner that was not originally contemplated by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB), a State educational agency (SEA) may request flexibility, on its own behalf and on behalf of its… 10. Flexible optical panel DOEpatents Veligdan, James T. 2001-01-01 A flexible optical panel includes laminated optical waveguides, each including a ribbon core laminated between cladding, with the core being resilient in the plane of the core for elastically accommodating differential movement thereof to permit winding of the panel in a coil. 11. Retained Digital Flexible Ureteroscopes PubMed Central Huynh, Melissa; Telfer, Siobhan; Pautler, Stephen; Denstedt, John 2017-01-01 Abstract This report documents two instances of retained flexible ureteroscopes at the time of ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy in a healthy 37-year-old male and a 53-year-old male with a pelvic kidney. We describe maneuvers to remove the ureteroscope endoscopically in the first case, while the second case required conversion to open surgery for ureteroscope extrication. PMID:28265593 12. Split-Level Flexibility. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Roberson, Kelly 1997-01-01 Presents photographs and the floor plan of a middle school whose split-level design separates "noisy" areas, such as the band room and gymnasium, from the academic wing. The design encourages teaming and flexibility through its classroom clustering and mobile partitions between classrooms. Additionally, all classrooms possess windows and… 13. Flexibility: Ensuring Adaptability. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Van Slyke, Paul; Goode, Chris 2003-01-01 Discusses how to collaborate with administrators, physical plant representatives, department heads, lawmakers, and design professionals to create flexible school facilities that adapt to changing needs, noting the importance of utilizing a programming process that determines the true needs of a facility, based on the potential activities that will… 14. Flexible Classroom Furniture ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Kim Hassell, 2011-01-01 Classroom design for the 21st-century learning environment should accommodate a variety of learning skills and needs. The space should be large enough so it can be configured to accommodate a number of learning activities. This also includes furniture that provides flexibility and accommodates collaboration and interactive work among students and… 15. Adding flexibility to physician training. PubMed Mahady, Suzanne E 2011-05-02 Demographic changes among junior doctors are driving demand for increased flexibility in advanced physician training, but flexible training posts are lacking. Suitable flexible training models include flexible full-time, job-share and part-time positions. Major barriers to establishing flexible training positions include difficulty in finding job-share partners, lack of funding for creating supernumerary positions, and concern over equivalence of educational quality compared with full-time training. Pilot flexible training positions should be introduced across the medical specialties and educational outcomes examined prospectively. 16. Highly porous ceramic oxide aerogels having improved flexibility NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Meador, Mary Ann B. (Inventor); Nguyen, Baochau N. (Inventor) 2012-01-01 Ceramic oxide aerogels incorporating periodically dispersed flexible linkages are provided. The flexible linkages impart greater flexibility than the native aerogels without those linkages, and have been shown to reduce or eliminate the need for supercritical CO.sub.2-mediated drying of the corresponding wet gels. The gels may also be polymer cross-linked via organic polymer chains that are attached to and extend from surface-bound functional groups provided or present over the internal surfaces of a mesoporous ceramic oxide particle network via appropriate chemical reactions. 17. Torsional anharmonicity in the conformational thermodynamics of flexible molecules NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Miller, Thomas F., III; Clary, David C. We present an algorithm for calculating the conformational thermodynamics of large, flexible molecules that combines ab initio electronic structure theory calculations with a torsional path integral Monte Carlo (TPIMC) simulation. The new algorithm overcomes the previous limitations of the TPIMC method by including the thermodynamic contributions of non-torsional vibrational modes and by affordably incorporating the ab initio calculation of conformer electronic energies, and it improves the conventional ab initio treatment of conformational thermodynamics by accounting for the anharmonicity of the torsional modes. Using previously published ab initio results and new TPIMC calculations, we apply the algorithm to the conformers of the adrenaline molecule. 18. Is there any Influence of Variations in Context on Object-Affordance Effects in Schizophrenia? Perception of Property and Goals of Action PubMed Central Sevos, Jessica; Grosselin, Anne; Brouillet, Denis; Pellet, Jacques; Massoubre, Catherine 2016-01-01 The simple perception of an object can potentiate an associated action. This affordance effect depends heavily on the action context in which the object is presented. In recent years, psychologists, psychiatrists, and phenomenologists have agreed that subjects with schizophrenia may not perceive the affordances of people or objects that could lead to a loss of ease in their actions. We examined whether the addition of contextually congruent elements, during the perception of everyday objects, could promote the emergence of object-affordance effects in subjects with schizophrenia and controls. Participants performed two Stimulus–Response-Compatibility tasks in which they were presented with semantic primes related to sense of property (Experiment 1) or goal of action (Experiment 2) prior to viewing each graspable object. Controls responded faster when their response hand and the graspable part of the object were compatibly oriented, but only when the context was congruent with the individual’s needs and goals. When the context operated as a constraint, the affordance-effect was disrupted. These results support the understanding that object-affordance is flexible and not just intrinsic to an object. However, the absence of this object-affordance effect in subjects with schizophrenia suggests the possible impairment of their ability to experience the internal simulation of motor action potentialities. In such case, all activities of daily life would require the involvement of higher cognitive processes rather than lower level sensorimotor processes. The study of schizophrenia requires the consideration of concepts and methods that arise from the theories of embodied and situated cognition. PMID:27761127 19. Is there any Influence of Variations in Context on Object-Affordance Effects in Schizophrenia? Perception of Property and Goals of Action. PubMed Sevos, Jessica; Grosselin, Anne; Brouillet, Denis; Pellet, Jacques; Massoubre, Catherine 2016-01-01 The simple perception of an object can potentiate an associated action. This affordance effect depends heavily on the action context in which the object is presented. In recent years, psychologists, psychiatrists, and phenomenologists have agreed that subjects with schizophrenia may not perceive the affordances of people or objects that could lead to a loss of ease in their actions. We examined whether the addition of contextually congruent elements, during the perception of everyday objects, could promote the emergence of object-affordance effects in subjects with schizophrenia and controls. Participants performed two Stimulus-Response-Compatibility tasks in which they were presented with semantic primes related to sense of property (Experiment 1) or goal of action (Experiment 2) prior to viewing each graspable object. Controls responded faster when their response hand and the graspable part of the object were compatibly oriented, but only when the context was congruent with the individual's needs and goals. When the context operated as a constraint, the affordance-effect was disrupted. These results support the understanding that object-affordance is flexible and not just intrinsic to an object. However, the absence of this object-affordance effect in subjects with schizophrenia suggests the possible impairment of their ability to experience the internal simulation of motor action potentialities. In such case, all activities of daily life would require the involvement of higher cognitive processes rather than lower level sensorimotor processes. The study of schizophrenia requires the consideration of concepts and methods that arise from the theories of embodied and situated cognition. 20. Greater Sage-Grouse National Research Strategy USGS Publications Warehouse Hanser, Steven E.; Manier, Daniel J. 2013-01-01 The condition of the sagebrush ecosystem has been declining in the Western United States, and greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a sagebrush-obligate species, has experienced concurrent decreases in distribution and population numbers. This has prompted substantial research and management over the past two decades to improve the understanding of sage-grouse and its habitats and to address the observed decreases in distribution and population numbers. The amount of research and management has increased as the year 2015 approaches, which is when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is expected to make a final decision about whether or not to protect the species under the Endangered Species Act. In 2012, the Sage-Grouse Executive Oversight Committee (EOC) of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA) requested that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) lead the development of a Greater Sage-Grouse National Research Strategy (hereafter Research Strategy). This request was motivated by a practical need to systematically connect existing research and conservation plans with persisting or emerging information needs. Managers and researchers also wanted to reduce redundancy and help focus limited funds on the highest priority research and management issues. The USGS undertook the development of this Research Strategy, which addresses information and science relating to the greater sage-grouse and its habitat across portions of 11 Western States. This Research Strategy provides an outline of important research topics to ensure that science information gaps are identified and documented in a comprehensive manner. Further, by identifying priority topics and critical information needed for planning, research, and resource management, it provides a structure to help coordinate members of an expansive research and management community in their efforts to conduct priority research. 1. A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo USGS Publications Warehouse Stein, R.S.; Toda, S.; Parsons, T.; Grunewald, E.; Blong, R.; Sparks, S.; Shah, H.; Kennedy, J. 2006-01-01 Tokyo and its outlying cities are home to one-quarter of Japan's 127 million people. Highly destructive earthquakes struck the capital in 1703, 1855 and 1923, the last of which took 105 000 lives. Fuelled by greater Tokyo's rich seismological record, but challenged by its magnificent complexity, our joint Japanese-US group carried out a new study of the capital's earthquake hazards. We used the prehistoric record of great earthquakes preserved by uplifted marine terraces and tsunami deposits (17 M???8 shocks in the past 7000 years), a newly digitized dataset of historical shaking (10 000 observations in the past 400 years), the dense modern seismic network (300 000 earthquakes in the past 30 years), and Japan's GeoNet array (150 GPS vectors in the past 10 years) to reinterpret the tectonic structure, identify active faults and their slip rates and estimate their earthquake frequency. We propose that a dislodged fragment of the Pacific plate is jammed between the Pacific, Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates beneath the Kanto plain on which Tokyo sits. We suggest that the Kanto fragment controls much of Tokyo's seismic behaviour for large earthquakes, including the damaging 1855 M???7.3 Ansei-Edo shock. On the basis of the frequency of earthquakes beneath greater Tokyo, events with magnitude and location similar to the M??? 7.3 Ansei-Edo event have a ca 20% likelihood in an average 30 year period. In contrast, our renewal (time-dependent) probability for the great M??? 7.9 plate boundary shocks such as struck in 1923 and 1703 is 0.5% for the next 30 years, with a time-averaged 30 year probability of ca 10%. The resulting net likelihood for severe shaking (ca 0.9g peak ground acceleration (PGA)) in Tokyo, Kawasaki and Yokohama for the next 30 years is ca 30%. The long historical record in Kanto also affords a rare opportunity to calculate the probability of shaking in an alternative manner exclusively from intensity observations. This approach permits robust estimates 2. Primary torsion of the greater omentum. PubMed Gul, Y A; Jabbar, M F; Moissinac, K 2001-01-01 Primary or idiopathic greater omental torsion remains a rare cause of acute surgical abdomen in adults and children. The aetiology is as yet unknown and the treatment of choice, once diagnosis is established, is resection of the torted omentum. We report our experience with three such cases encountered over the last five years, two of which were diagnosed and subsequently managed laparoscopically. The performance of diagnostic laparoscopy for acute abdominal pain of an undetermined origin may lead to an increased detection of this condition and subsequent therapeutic intervention. 3. Interspecific hybridization between greater kudu and nyala. PubMed Dalton, Desiré L; Tordiffe, Adrian; Luther, Ilse; Duran, Assumpta; van Wyk, Anna M; Brettschneider, Helene; Oosthuizen, Almero; Modiba, Catherine; Kotzé, Antoinette 2014-06-01 Hybridization of wildlife species, even in the absence of introgression, is of concern due to wasted reproductive effort and a reduction in productivity. In this study we detail an accidental mating between a female nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) and a male greater kudu (T. strepsiceros). The hybrid was phenotypically nyala and was identified as such based on mitochondrial DNA. Further genetic analysis based on nine microsatellite markers, chromosome number and chromosome morphology however, confirmed its status as an F1 hybrid. Results obtained from a reproductive potential assessment indicated that this animal does not have the potential to breed successfully and can be considered as sterile. 4. Modelling and Control of Flexible Airship NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bennaceur, S.; Abichou, A.; Azouz, N. 2008-06-01 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (U.A.V.) have a need of a greater autonomy in their new missions. Autonomous U.A.V. flight control systems require a precise modeling of the dynamic behavior taking into account the effect of flexibility and the interaction with surrounding fluid. In this paper, we present an efficient modeling of the autonomous flexible blimps. These flying objects are assumed to undergo large rigid-body motion and small elastic deformations. The formalism used is based on the Newton-Euler approach. This one is frequently used for flying rigid objects. In this study we develop a method to generalize the existing Newton-Euler "rigid body" formalisms by including the effect of the flexibility without destroying the global methodology. The method is hybrid. It uses the Lagrange equations and the Eulerian variables. The flexibility appears in the global dynamical system by the way of few supplementary degrees of freedom. This method has the advantage of making easier the elaboration of algorithms of control, stabilization or generation of trajectories. The added mass phenomenon is also taken into account in the dynamical system. This phenomenon is important for big and light objects moving in a fluid such as airships. As validation we use the parameters of an AS-200 blimp belonging to the University of Evry. 5. Modeling flexible flapping wings oscillating at resonance NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Alexeev, Alexander; Masoud, Hassan 2010-03-01 Using a hybrid approach for fluid-structure interactions that integrates the lattice Boltzmann and lattice spring models, we study the three-dimensional aerodynamics of flexible flapping wings at hovering. The wings are a pair of flat elastic plates tilted from the horizontal and driven to oscillate according to the sinusoidal law. Our simulations reveal that resonance oscillations of flexible wings dramatically increase aerodynamic lift at low Reynolds number. Comparing to otherwise identical rigid wings, flexible wings at resonance generate up to two orders of magnitude greater lift. Within the resonance band, we identify two operation regimes leading to the maximum lift and the maximum efficiency, respectively. The maximum lift occurs when the wing tip and root move with a phase lag of 90 degrees, whereas the maximum efficiency occurs at the frequency where the wing tip and root oscillate in counterphase. Our results suggest that the resonance regimes would be optimal for the design of microscale flying machines using flexible flapping wings driven by simple kinematic strokes. 6. A Bootstrap Approach to an Affordable Exploration Program NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Oeftering, Richard C. 2011-01-01 This paper examines the potential to build an affordable sustainable exploration program by adopting an approach that requires investing in technologies that can be used to build a space infrastructure from very modest initial capabilities. Human exploration has had a history of flight programs that have high development and operational costs. Since Apollo, human exploration has had very constrained budgets and they are expected be constrained in the future. Due to their high operations costs it becomes necessary to consider retiring established space facilities in order to move on to the next exploration challenge. This practice may save cost in the near term but it does so by sacrificing part of the program s future architecture. Human exploration also has a history of sacrificing fully functional flight hardware to achieve mission objectives. An affordable exploration program cannot be built when it involves billions of dollars of discarded space flight hardware, instead, the program must emphasize preserving its high value space assets and building a suitable permanent infrastructure. Further this infrastructure must reduce operational and logistics cost. The paper examines the importance of achieving a high level of logistics independence by minimizing resource consumption, minimizing the dependency on external logistics, and maximizing the utility of resources available. The approach involves the development and deployment of a core suite of technologies that have minimum initial needs yet are able expand upon initial capability in an incremental bootstrap fashion. The bootstrap approach incrementally creates an infrastructure that grows and becomes self sustaining and eventually begins producing the energy, products and consumable propellants that support human exploration. The bootstrap technologies involve new methods of delivering and manipulating energy and materials. These technologies will exploit the space environment, minimize dependencies, and 7. Plastic modes of listening: affordance in constructed sound environments NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Sjolin, Anders This thesis is concerned with how the ecological approach to perception with the inclusion of listening modes, informs the creation of sound art installation, or more specifically as referred to in this thesis as constructed sound environments. The basis for the thesis has been a practiced based research where the aim and purpose of the written part of this PhD project has been to critically investigate the area of sound art, in order to map various approaches towards participating in and listening to a constructed sound environment. The main areas has been the notion of affordance as coined by James J. Gibson (1986), listening modes as coined by Pierre Schaeffer (1966) and further developed by Michel Chion (1994), aural architects as coined by Blesser and Salter (2007) and the holistic approach towards understanding sound art developed by Brandon LaBelle (2006). The findings within the written part of the thesis, based on a qualitative analysis, have informed the practice that has resulted in artefacts in the form of seven constructed sound environments that also functions as case studies for further analysis. The aim of the practice has been to exemplify the methodology, strategy and progress behind the organisation and construction of sound environments The research concerns point towards the acknowledgment of affordance as the crucial factor in understanding a constructed sound environment. The affordance approach govern the idea that perceiving a sound environment is a top-down process where the autonomic quality of a constructed sound environment is based upon the perception of structures of the sound material and its relationship with speaker placement and surrounding space. This enables a researcher to side step the conflicting poles of musical/abstract and non-musical/realistic classification of sound elements and regard these poles as included, not separated elements in the analysis of a constructed sound environment. 8. Flexible rotor dynamics analysis NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Shen, F. A. 1973-01-01 A digital computer program was developed to analyze the general nonaxisymmetric and nonsynchronous transient and steady-state rotor dynamic performance of a bending- and shear-wise flexible rotor-bearing system under various operating conditions. The effects of rotor material mechanical hysteresis, rotor torsion flexibility, transverse effects of rotor axial and torsional loading and the anisotropic, in-phase and out-of-phase bearing stiffness and damping force and moment coefficients were included in the program to broaden its capability. An optimum solution method was found and incorporated in the computer program. Computer simulation of experimental data was made and qualitative agreements observed. The mathematical formulations, computer program verification, test data simulation, and user instruction was presented and discussed. 9. FLEXIBLE GEIGER COUNTER DOEpatents Richter, H.G.; Gillespie, A.S. Jr. 1963-11-12 A flexible Geiger counter constructed from materials composed of vinyl chloride polymerized with plasticizers or co-polymers is presented. The counter can be made either by attaching short segments of corrugated plastic sleeving together, or by starting with a length of vacuum cleaner hose composed of the above materials. The anode is maintained substantially axial Within the sleeving or hose during tube flexing by means of polystyrene spacer disks or an easily assembled polyethylene flexible cage assembly. The cathode is a wire spiraled on the outside of the counter. The sleeving or hose is fitted with glass end-pieces or any other good insulator to maintain the anode wire taut and to admit a counting gas mixture into the counter. Having the cathode wire on the outside of the counter substantially eliminates the objectional sheath effect of prior counters and permits counting rates up to 300,000 counts per minute. (AEC) 10. Flexible cryogenic conduit DOEpatents Brindza, Paul Daniel; Wines, Robin Renee; Takacs, James Joseph 1999-01-01 A flexible and relatively low cost cryogenic conduit is described. The flexible cryogenic conduit of the present invention comprises a first inner corrugated tube with single braided serving, a second outer corrugated tube with single braided serving concentric with the inner corrugated tube, and arranged outwardly about the periphery of the inner corrugated tube and between the inner and outer corrugated tubes: a superinsulation layer; a one half lap layer of polyester ribbon; a one half lap layer of copper ribbon; a spirally wound refrigeration tube; a second one half lap layer of copper ribbon; a second one half lap layer of polyester ribbon; a second superinsulation layer; a third one half lap layer of polyester ribbon; and a spirally wound stretchable and compressible filament. 11. Enabling Dedicated, Affordable Space Access Through Aggressive Technology Maturation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Jones, Jonathan E.; Kibbey, Timothy P.; Cobb, C. Brent; Harris, Lawanna L. 2014-01-01 A launch vehicle at the scale and price point which allows developers to take reasonable risks with high payoff propulsion and avionics hardware solutions does not exist today. Establishing this service provides a ride through the proverbial technology "valley of death" that lies between demonstration in laboratory and flight environments. NASA's NanoLaunch effort will provide the framework to mature both earth-to-orbit and on-orbit propulsion and avionics technologies while also providing affordable, dedicated access to low earth orbit for cubesat class payloads. 12. New affordable options for infrastructure and asset protection SciTech Connect 2009-09-15 Securitas is one of the leaders evolving with technology and delivering new forms of affordable security for mining facilities. It was called in to protect a large mothballed coal mine in the central USA, the victim of repeated thefts. First, Mobile Surveillance Units (MSUs) were installed but thefts continued. Later, a new wireless video security system called Videofied which used MotionViewers which use infrared detectors to detect movement and send a 10 second clip of the intrusion to an operator. This led to the thieves being caught. 2 photos. 13. Dynamics for flexible systems NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Barraco, A.; Cuny, B.; Ishiomin, G. Analytical techniques for dynamic modeling of mechanical systems with deformable members are developed and demonstrated. Formulations for the rigid member and the flexible member are derived; the position of an arbitrary point is defined; and the construction of the complete model from these components is explained. Numerical results for the case of a planar four-bar parallelogram rotating about a fixed axis located in the same plane are presented in graphs and discussed. 14. Flexible Data Link DTIC Science & Technology 2015-04-01 continuously-interleaved Reed- Solomon scheme with 8% overhead has the best trade-off of performance (net coding gain) and overhead. Therefore, this is...disparity between attenuation at sea level versus at a 9150 meter altitude. As the Flexible Data Link system is an airborne asset which may operate...Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Key RF Radio Frequency RS Reed- Solomon S&E Scientist & Engineers SFP Small Form-factor 15. Industrial Fuel Flexibility Workshop SciTech Connect none, 2006-09-01 On September 28, 2006, in Washington, DC, ITP and Booz Allen Hamilton conducted a fuel flexibility workshop with attendance from various stakeholder groups. Workshop participants included representatives from the petrochemical, refining, food and beverage, steel and metals, pulp and paper, cement and glass manufacturing industries; as well as representatives from industrial boiler manufacturers, technology providers, energy and waste service providers, the federal government and national laboratories, and developers and financiers. 16. Flexible heliac configuration SciTech Connect Harris, J.H.; Cantrell, J.L.; Hender, T.C.; Carreras, B.A.; Morris, R.N. 1985-04-01 The addition of an l = 1 helical winding to the heliac central conductor adds a significant degree of flexibility to the configuration by making it possible to control the rotational transform and shear. Such control is essential for an experiment because the presence of low-order resonances in the rotational transform profile can cause breakup of the equilibrium magnetic surfaces. The use of the additional winding also permits reduction of the total central conductor current and can deepen the magnetic well. 17. Teacher Perceptions of Learning Affordances of Multi-User Virtual Environments ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Gamage, Vimani; Tretiakov, Alexei; Crump, Barbara 2011-01-01 While the affordances of multi-user virtual environments (MUVEs) for teaching and learning are a subject of numerous experience reports, there is little research on educators' perceptions of various MUVE affordances claimed in the literature. We investigate the educators' perceptions of claimed MUVE affordances for learning by conducting in-depth… 18. Learning Outcomes Afforded by Self-Assessed, Segmented Video-Print Combinations ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Koumi, Jack 2015-01-01 Learning affordances of video and print are examined in order to assess the learning outcomes afforded by hybrid video-print learning packages. The affordances discussed for print are: navigability, surveyability and legibility. Those discussed for video are: design for constructive reflection, provision of realistic experiences, presentational… 19. 78 FR 15553 - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Establishment of Exchanges and Qualified Health Plans... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-03-11 ... 45 CFR Parts 155 and 156 RIN 0938-AR76 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Establishment of... of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively referred to as the Affordable Care Act) related to the Small Business... 20. 77 FR 18309 - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Establishment of Exchanges and Qualified Health Plans... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-03-27 ...This final rule will implement the new Affordable Insurance Exchanges (Exchanges''), consistent with title I of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, referred to collectively as the Affordable Care Act. The Exchanges will provide competitive marketplaces for individuals and small employers to directly...... 1. 76 FR 41865 - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Establishment of Exchanges and Qualified Health Plans Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-07-15 ...This proposed rule would implement the new Affordable Insurance Exchanges (Exchanges''), consistent with title I of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Pub. L. 111-148) as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Pub. L. 111-152), referred to collectively as the Affordable Care Act. The Exchanges will provide competitive marketplaces for...... 2. 77 FR 28790 - Medical Loss Ratio Requirements Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-05-16 ... Protection and Affordable Care Act AGENCY: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS. ACTION: Final... Care Act (Pub. L. 111-148) was enacted on March 23, 2010; the Health Care and Education Reconciliation... collectively as the Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act reorganizes, amends, and adds to... 3. 78 FR 20581 - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Exchange Functions: Standards for Navigators and Non... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-04-05 ... HUMAN SERVICES 45 CFR Part 155 RIN 0938-AR75 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Exchange... state or Exchange must not prevent the application of the provisions of title I of the Affordable Care.... Introduction The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Pub. L. 111-148) was enacted on March 23,... 4. 76 FR 59702 - Notice of Intent To Award Affordable Care Act (ACA) Funding Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-09-27 ... HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Notice of Intent To Award Affordable Care Act... Services (HHS). ACTION: Notice. Overview Information Notice of Intent to Award Affordable Care Act (ACA...: This notice provides public announcement of CDC's intent to award Affordable Care Act... 5. 77 FR 16501 - Certain Preventive Services Under the Affordable Care Act Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-03-21 ...-AR42 Certain Preventive Services Under the Affordable Care Act AGENCIES: Internal Revenue Service... regarding certain preventive health services under provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act). The proposed amendments would establish alternative ways to fulfill... 6. 78 FR 65045 - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Program Integrity: Exchange, Premium Stabilization... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-10-30 ...This final rule implements provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively referred to as the Affordable Care Act). Specifically, this final rule outlines financial integrity and oversight standards with respect to Affordable Insurance Exchanges, qualified health plan (QHP) issuers in Federally-facilitated...... 7. 77 FR 17143 - Medicaid Program; Eligiblity Changes Under the Affordable Care Act of 2010 Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-03-23 ...This final rule implements several provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively referred to as the Affordable Care Act). The Affordable Care Act expands access to health insurance coverage through improvements to the Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance (CHIP) programs, the establishment of...... 8. Flexible Multi-Shock Shield NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Christiansen, Eric L. (Inventor); Crews, Jeanne L. (Inventor) 2005-01-01 Flexible multi-shock shield system and method are disclosed for defending against hypervelocity particles. The flexible multi-shock shield system and method may include a number of flexible bumpers or shield layers spaced apart by one or more resilient support layers, all of which may be encapsulated in a protective cover. Fasteners associated with the protective cover allow the flexible multi-shock shield to be secured to the surface of a structure to be protected. 9. Flexible multiply towpreg NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Muzzy, John D. (Inventor); Varughese, Babu (Inventor) 1992-01-01 This invention relates to an improved flexible towpreg and a method of production therefor. The improved flexible towpreg comprises a plurality of towpreg plies which comprise reinforcing filaments and matrix forming material; the reinforcing filaments being substantially wetout by the matrix forming material such that the towpreg plies are substantially void-free composite articles, and the towpreg plies having an average thickness less than about 100 microns. The method of production for the improved flexible towpreg comprises the steps of spreading the reinforcing filaments to expose individually substantially all of the reinforcing filaments; coating the reinforcing filaments with the matrix forming material in a manner causing interfacial adhesion of the matrix forming material to the reinforcing filaments; forming the towpreg plies by heating the matrix forming material contacting the reinforcing filaments until the matrix forming material liquifies and coats the reinforcing filaments; and cooling the towpreg plies in a manner such that substantial cohesion between neighboring towpreg plies is prevented until the matrix forming material solidifies. 10. Current Issues in Flexibility Fitness. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Knudson, Duane V.; Magnusson, Peter; McHugh, Malachy 2000-01-01 Physical activity is extremely important in maintaining good health. Activity is not possible without a certain amount of flexibility. This report discusses issues related to flexibility fitness. Flexibility is a property of the musculoskeletal system that determines the range of motion achievable without injury to the joints. Static flexibility… 11. Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act. Implications for Insurance-related Disparities in Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep PubMed Central Douglas, Ivor S.; Cooke, Colin R. 2014-01-01 The Affordable Care Act was intended to address systematic health inequalities for millions of Americans who lacked health insurance. Expansion of Medicaid was a key component of the legislation, as it was expected to provide coverage to low-income individuals, a population at greater risk for disparities in access to the health care system and in health outcomes. Several studies suggest that expansion of Medicaid can reduce insurance-related disparities, creating optimism surrounding the potential impact of the Affordable Care Act on the health of the poor. However, several impediments to the implementation of Medicaid’s expansion and inadequacies within the Medicaid program itself will lessen its initial impact. In particular, the Supreme Court’s decision to void the Affordable Care Act’s mandate requiring all states to accept the Medicaid expansion allowed half of the states to forego coverage expansion, leaving millions of low-income individuals without insurance. Moreover, relative to many private plans, Medicaid is an imperfect program suffering from lower reimbursement rates, fewer covered services, and incomplete acceptance by preventive and specialty care providers. These constraints will reduce the potential impact of the expansion for patients with respiratory and sleep conditions or critical illness. Despite its imperfections, the more than 10 million low-income individuals who gain insurance as a result of Medicaid expansion will likely have increased access to health care, reduced out-of-pocket health care spending, and ultimately improvements in their overall health. PMID:24708065 12. Physical activity in light of affordances in outdoor environments: qualitative observation studies of 3-5 years olds in kindergarten. PubMed Bjørgen, Kathrine 2016-01-01 This article examines the characteristic of affordances of different outdoor environments, related to the influences of children's physical activity levels. Qualitative observation studies in a Norwegian kindergarten were conducted of 3- to 5-year-olds into the natural environment and in the kindergarten's outdoor area. An ecological approach was important from both an analytical and theoretical point of view, using concepts from Gibson's (The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin Company, Bosten, 1979) theory of affordances. The concepts of affordances in an environment can explain children's movement behaviour. The findings reveal that situations with high physical activity levels among the children are more often created in natural environments than in the kindergarten's outdoor environment. Natural environments offer potential qualities that are a catalyst for physical activity. The study shows that certain characteristic of the physical outdoor environment are important for children's opportunities and inspiration for physical active play. The findings also show that social possibilities and opportunities, human interactions, in the environment have the greatest influence on the duration and intensity of physically active play. The need for knowledge on physical and social opportunities in outdoor environments, educational practice and the content of outdoor time in kindergartens should be given greater attention. 13. Controlling Flexible Manipulators, an Experimental Investigation. Ph.D. Thesis NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hastings, Gordon Greene 1986-01-01 Lightweight, slender manipulators offer faster response and/or greater workspace range for the same size actuators than tradional manipulators. Lightweight construction of manipulator links results in increased structural flexibility. The increase flexibility must be considered in the design of control systems to properly account for the dynamic flexible vibrations and static deflections. Real time control of the flexible manipulator vibrations are experimentally investigated. Models intended for real-time control of distributed parameter system such as flexible manipulators rely on model approximation schemes. An linear model based on the application of Lagrangian dynamics to a rigid body mode and a series of separable flexible modes is examined with respect to model order requirements, and modal candidate selection. Balanced realizations are applied to the linear flexible model to obtain an estimate of appropriate order for a selected model. Describing the flexible deflections as a linear combination of modes results in measurements of beam state, which yield information about several modes. To realize the potential of linear systems theory, knowledge of each state must be available. State estimation is also accomplished by implementation of a Kalman Filter. State feedback control laws are implemented based upon linear quadratic regulator design. 14. Health and Greater Manchester in Historical Perspective PubMed Central Snow, Stephanie J. 2015-01-01 This article maps the history of health organisation across Greater Manchester (GM), primarily since the Second World War, to show how against a continuing backdrop of health inequalities, services have been driven (and constrained) by the needs and the politics of each period. Defining ‘success’ as benefits for patients the article identifies examples such as Salford’s mental health services (1950s and 1960s), public health in North Manchester (1970s and 1980s), the creation of centres for diabetes, sickle-cell and thalassaemia (1980s) and the formation of the Joint Health Unit in 2002. What this history shows is that over the period the common factors influencing the ‘success’ of health organisation across GM have been the championing of particular issues by multi-disciplinary groups working across health and social care and stability in structures and personnel. PMID:27499557 15. 78 FR 39644 - Information Reporting for Affordable Insurance Exchanges Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-07-02 ....C. 18041). The estimated total annual reporting burden is 12,060 hours. The estimated annual burden... entities, the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6) does not apply. Pursuant to section 7805(f... Web site uses the same electronic format that F will use for the electronically furnished statement.... 16. Interaction between affordance and handedness recognition: a chronometric study. PubMed Lameira, A P; Pereira, A; Conde, E; Gawryszewski, L G 2015-04-01 The visualization of tools and manipulable objects activates motor-related areas in the cortex, facilitating possible actions toward them. This pattern of activity may underlie the phenomenon of object affordance. Some cortical motor neurons are also covertly activated during the recognition of body parts such as hands. One hypothesis is that different subpopulations of motor neurons in the frontal cortex are activated in each motor program; for example, canonical neurons in the premotor cortex are responsible for the affordance of visual objects, while mirror neurons support motor imagery triggered during handedness recognition. However, the question remains whether these subpopulations work independently. This hypothesis can be tested with a manual reaction time (MRT) task with a priming paradigm to evaluate whether the view of a manipulable object interferes with the motor imagery of the subject's hand. The MRT provides a measure of the course of information processing in the brain and allows indirect evaluation of cognitive processes. Our results suggest that canonical and mirror neurons work together to create a motor plan involving hand movements to facilitate successful object manipulation. 17. Reference Reactor Module for the Affordable Fission Surface Power System NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Poston, David I.; Kapernick, Richard J.; Dixon, David D.; Amiri, Benjamin W.; Marcille, Thomas F. 2008-01-01 Surface fission power systems on the Moon and Mars may provide the first US application of fission reactor technology in space since 1965. The requirements of many surface power applications allow the consideration of systems with much less development risk than most other space reactor applications, because of modest power (10s of kWe) and no driving need for minimal mass (allowing temperatures <1000 K). The Affordable Fission Surface Power System (AFSPS) study was completed by NASA/DOE to determine the cost of a modest performance, low-technical risk surface power system. This paper describes the reference AFSPS reactor module concept, which is designed to provide a net power of 40 kWe for 8 years on the lunar surface; note, the system has been designed with technologies that are fully compatible with a Martian surface application. The reactor concept uses stainless-steel based, UO2-fueled, liquid metal-cooled fission reactor coupled to free-piston Stirling converters. The reactor shielding approach utilizes both in-situ and launched shielding to keep the dose to astronauts much lower than the natural background radiation on the lunar surface. One of the important affordability'' attributes is that the concept has been designed to minimize both the technical and programmatic safety risk. 18. Spatial compatibility and affordance compatibility in patients with chronic schizophrenia. PubMed Kume, Yu; Sato, Fumiyasu; Hiraoka, Yuya; Suzuki, Shingo; Niyama, Yoshitsugu 2016-12-01 A deterioration in information-processing performance is commonly recognized in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Although the enhancement of cognitive skills in patients with schizophrenia is important, the types of external stimuli that influence performance have not received much attention. The aim of present study was to clarify the effects of spatial and affordance compatibility in patients with schizophrenia, compared with those in healthy people. The subjects (25 patients with schizophrenia and 25 healthy controls) participated in two experiment examining the effects of the spatial location of stimuli and the action-relevance of objects. The results showed that the effect of spatial compatibility was similar in both the patients and the controls, whereas the influence of action-relevant objects was not highlighted in either patients with chronic schizophrenia or healthy controls. These findings provide important evidence of a normal spatial compatibility effect in patients with chronic schizophrenia. However, further research examining the affordance compatibility effect is needed, taking into consideration the symptomatology and the severity of the social functioning level in patients with schizophrenia. 19. Interaction between affordance and handedness recognition: a chronometric study PubMed Central Lameira, A.P.; Pereira, A.; Conde, E.; Gawryszewski, L.G. 2015-01-01 The visualization of tools and manipulable objects activates motor-related areas in the cortex, facilitating possible actions toward them. This pattern of activity may underlie the phenomenon of object affordance. Some cortical motor neurons are also covertly activated during the recognition of body parts such as hands. One hypothesis is that different subpopulations of motor neurons in the frontal cortex are activated in each motor program; for example, canonical neurons in the premotor cortex are responsible for the affordance of visual objects, while mirror neurons support motor imagery triggered during handedness recognition. However, the question remains whether these subpopulations work independently. This hypothesis can be tested with a manual reaction time (MRT) task with a priming paradigm to evaluate whether the view of a manipulable object interferes with the motor imagery of the subject's hand. The MRT provides a measure of the course of information processing in the brain and allows indirect evaluation of cognitive processes. Our results suggest that canonical and mirror neurons work together to create a motor plan involving hand movements to facilitate successful object manipulation. PMID:25714894 20. Demonstrating the Viability and Affordability of Nuclear Surface Power Systems NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Vandyke, Melissa K. 2006-01-01 A set of tasks have been identified to help demonstrate the viability, performance, and affordability of surface fission systems. Completion of these tasks will move surface fission systems closer to reality by demonstrating affordability and performance potential. Tasks include fabrication and test of a 19-pin section of a Surface Power Unit Demonstrator (SPUD); design, fabrication, and utilization of thermal simulators optimized for surface fission' applications; design, fabrication, and utilization of GPHS module thermal simulators; design, fabrication, and test of a fission surface power system shield; and work related to potential fission surface power fuel/clad systems. Work on the SPUD will feed directly into joint NASA MSFC/NASA GRC fabrication and test of a surface power plant Engineering Development Unit (EDU). The goal of the EDU will be to perform highly realistic thermal, structural, and electrical testing on an integrated fission surface power system. Fission thermal simulator work will help enable high fidelity non-nuclear testing of pumped NaK surface fission power systems. Radioisotope thermal simulator work will help enable design and development of higher power radioisotope systems (power ultimately limited by Pu-238 availability). Shield work is designed to assess the potential of using a water neutron shield on the surface of the moon. Fuels work is geared toward assessing the current potential of using fuels that have already flown in space. 1. Reference Reactor Module for the Affordable Fission Surface Power System SciTech Connect Poston, David I.; Kapernick, Richard J.; Dixon, David D.; Amiri, Benjamin W.; Marcille, Thomas F. 2008-01-21 Surface fission power systems on the Moon and Mars may provide the first US application of fission reactor technology in space since 1965. The requirements of many surface power applications allow the consideration of systems with much less development risk than most other space reactor applications, because of modest power (10s of kWe) and no driving need for minimal mass (allowing temperatures <1000 K). The Affordable Fission Surface Power System (AFSPS) study was completed by NASA/DOE to determine the cost of a modest performance, low-technical risk surface power system. This paper describes the reference AFSPS reactor module concept, which is designed to provide a net power of 40 kWe for 8 years on the lunar surface; note, the system has been designed with technologies that are fully compatible with a Martian surface application. The reactor concept uses stainless-steel based, UO{sub 2}-fueled, liquid metal-cooled fission reactor coupled to free-piston Stirling converters. The reactor shielding approach utilizes both in-situ and launched shielding to keep the dose to astronauts much lower than the natural background radiation on the lunar surface. One of the important 'affordability' attributes is that the concept has been designed to minimize both the technical and programmatic safety risk. 2. Therapeutic Affordances of Social Media: Emergent Themes From a Global Online Survey of People With Chronic Pain PubMed Central Gray, Kathleen; Martin-Sanchez, Fernando 2014-01-01 and renaming of therapeutic affordances: "exploration" (52/155, 33.5% of quotes), "connection" (50/155, 32.3% of quotes), "narration" (33/155, 21.3% of quotes), "adaptation" (13/155, 8.4% of quotes), and "self-presentation" (7/155, 4.5% of quotes). Of the most described affordances, "exploration" was based on a propensity for participants to explain their social media use for information seeking purposes. "Connection" placed greater emphasis on interaction, highlighting themes of "exchanging information" and "mitigating isolation". Responses regarding "narration" highlighted the value of shared experiences and the emotionally cathartic role this plays. Conclusions Much of the efficacy of social media may be explicable via a closer examination of therapeutic affordances. Particular areas that warrant attention include social media’s ability to filter and guide people to useful information, connect individuals, and share experiences. Further research into a variety of chronic conditions is warranted. Coupled with the results of the present study, a greater theoretical basis detailing how social media may foster health outcomes may lead to an improved evidence base for conducting research and may inform recommendations for social media use in chronic disease management. PMID:25533453 3. Interrelation of preventive care benefits and shared costs under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). PubMed Dixon, Robert Brent; Hertelendy, Attila J 2014-08-01 With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), access to insurance and coverage of preventive care services has been expanded. By removing the barrier of shared costs for preventive care, it is expected that an increase in utilization of preventive care services will reduce the cost of chronic diseases. Early detection and treatment is anticipated to be less costly than treatment at full onset of chronic conditions. One concern of early detection of disease is the cost to treat. In reality, the confluence of early detection may result in greater overall expenditures. Even with improved access to preventive care benefits, cost-sharing of other health services remains a major component of insurance plans. In order to treat identified conditions or diseases, cost-sharing comes into play. With the greater adoption of cost-sharing insurance plans, expenditures on the part of enrollee are anticipated to rise. Once the healthcare recipients realize the implication of early identification and resultant treatment costs, enrollment in preventive care may decline. Healthcare legislation and regulation should consider the full spectrum of care and the microeconomic costs associated with preventive treatment. Although the system at large may not realize the immediate impact, behavioral shifts on the part of healthcare consumers may alter healthcare. Rather than the current status quo of treating presenting conditions, preventive treatment is largely anticipated to require more resources and may impact the consumer's financial capacity. This report will explore how these two concepts are co-dependent, and highlight the need for continued reform. 4. Implementing the Affordable Care Act in North Carolina: the rubber hits the road. PubMed Silberman, Pam 2013-01-01 The health insurance mandate, perhaps the best-known provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA), is slated to go into effect on January 1, 2014. Yet most people do not know how the ACA will affect them. More than one-third of people in a recent national poll were unaware that new health insurance marketplaces will make it easier to purchase coverage or that some people will qualify for subsidies to help them purchase coverage. The ACA includes many other provisions that will have a profound impact on our health care delivery system. Some changes are already helping to break down silos in the delivery of care. Groups of health care professionals are working together to manage the health of populations. The ACA places a much greater emphasis on measuring quality and on paying health professionals and health care institutions based on the value of the services they provide. In addition, the ACA makes greater investments in prevention and in population health management. This issue brief highlights some of the health system changes that have taken place over the past 3 years, as well as some of the potential changes that are yet to come relating to insurance coverage, access to care, quality of care, rising health care costs, and overall population health. 5. Multisensor Arrays for Greater Reliability and Accuracy NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Immer, Christopher; Eckhoff, Anthony; Lane, John; Perotti, Jose; Randazzo, John; Blalock, Norman; Ree, Jeff 2004-01-01 Arrays of multiple, nominally identical sensors with sensor-output-processing electronic hardware and software are being developed in order to obtain accuracy, reliability, and lifetime greater than those of single sensors. The conceptual basis of this development lies in the statistical behavior of multiple sensors and a multisensor-array (MSA) algorithm that exploits that behavior. In addition, advances in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and integrated circuits are exploited. A typical sensor unit according to this concept includes multiple MEMS sensors and sensor-readout circuitry fabricated together on a single chip and packaged compactly with a microprocessor that performs several functions, including execution of the MSA algorithm. In the MSA algorithm, the readings from all the sensors in an array at a given instant of time are compared and the reliability of each sensor is quantified. This comparison of readings and quantification of reliabilities involves the calculation of the ratio between every sensor reading and every other sensor reading, plus calculation of the sum of all such ratios. Then one output reading for the given instant of time is computed as a weighted average of the readings of all the sensors. In this computation, the weight for each sensor is the aforementioned value used to quantify its reliability. In an optional variant of the MSA algorithm that can be implemented easily, a running sum of the reliability value for each sensor at previous time steps as well as at the present time step is used as the weight of the sensor in calculating the weighted average at the present time step. In this variant, the weight of a sensor that continually fails gradually decreases, so that eventually, its influence over the output reading becomes minimal: In effect, the sensor system "learns" which sensors to trust and which not to trust. The MSA algorithm incorporates a criterion for deciding whether there remain enough sensor readings that 6. Mechanical flexible joint design document NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Daily, Vic 1993-01-01 The purpose of this report is to document the status of the Mechanical Flexible Joint (MFJ) Design Subtask with the intent of halting work on the design. Recommendations for future work is included in the case that the task is to be resumed. The MFJ is designed to eliminate two failure points from the current flex joint configuration, the inner 'tripod configuration' and the outer containment jacket. The MFJ will also be designed to flex 13.5 degrees and have three degrees of freedom. By having three degrees of freedom, the MFJ will allow the Low Pressure Fuel Duct to twist and remove the necessity to angulate the full 11 degrees currently required. The current flex joints are very labor intensive and very costly and a simple alternative is being sought. The MFJ is designed with a greater angular displacement, with three degrees of freedom, to reside in the same overall envelope, to meet weight constraints of the current bellows, to be compatible with cryogenic fuel and oxidizers, and also to be man-rated. 7. Native American Students: Affordability and Access. Policy Brief ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Washington Higher Education Coordinating Board, 2010 2010-01-01 Native American students in Washington attend more than 40 postsecondary institutions and participate in college at a rate greater than their proportional presence in the population. They are just as likely to apply for and receive financial aid as other groups, a little less likely to borrow to attend college, and experience a greater gap than… 8. On the Intentionality of Cultural Products: Representations of Black History As Psychological Affordances PubMed Central Salter, Phia S.; Adams, Glenn 2016-01-01 A cultural-psychological analysis emphasizes the intentionality of everyday worlds: the idea that material products not only bear psychological traces of culturally constituted beliefs and desires, but also subsequently afford and promote culturally consistent understandings and actions. We applied this conceptual framework of mutual constitution in a research project using quantitative and qualitative approaches to understand the dynamic resonance between sociocultural variance in Black History Month (BHM) representations and the reproduction of racial inequality in the U.S. In studies 1 and 2, we considered whether mainstream BHM artifacts reflect the preferences and understandings of White Americans (i.e., psychological constitution of cultural worlds). Consistent with the psychological constitution hypothesis, White American participants reported more positive affect, better recognition, and greater liking for BHM representations from the schools where White Americans were the majority than BHM representations from the schools where Black students and other students of color were the majority. Moreover, as an indication of the identity relevance of BHM representations, White identification was more positively associated with judgments of positive affect and preference in response to BHM representations from White schools than BHM representations from the schools where Black students were in the majority. In studies 3 and 4, we considered whether BHM representations from different settings differentially afford support or opposition to anti-racism policies (i.e., cultural constitution of psychological experience). In support of the cultural constitution hypothesis, BHM representations typical of schools where Black students were in the majority were more effective at promoting support for anti-racism policies compared to BHM representations typical of predominately White schools and a control condition. This effect was mediated by the effect of (different) BHM 9. On the Intentionality of Cultural Products: Representations of Black History As Psychological Affordances. PubMed Salter, Phia S; Adams, Glenn 2016-01-01 A cultural-psychological analysis emphasizes the intentionality of everyday worlds: the idea that material products not only bear psychological traces of culturally constituted beliefs and desires, but also subsequently afford and promote culturally consistent understandings and actions. We applied this conceptual framework of mutual constitution in a research project using quantitative and qualitative approaches to understand the dynamic resonance between sociocultural variance in Black History Month (BHM) representations and the reproduction of racial inequality in the U.S. In studies 1 and 2, we considered whether mainstream BHM artifacts reflect the preferences and understandings of White Americans (i.e., psychological constitution of cultural worlds). Consistent with the psychological constitution hypothesis, White American participants reported more positive affect, better recognition, and greater liking for BHM representations from the schools where White Americans were the majority than BHM representations from the schools where Black students and other students of color were the majority. Moreover, as an indication of the identity relevance of BHM representations, White identification was more positively associated with judgments of positive affect and preference in response to BHM representations from White schools than BHM representations from the schools where Black students were in the majority. In studies 3 and 4, we considered whether BHM representations from different settings differentially afford support or opposition to anti-racism policies (i.e., cultural constitution of psychological experience). In support of the cultural constitution hypothesis, BHM representations typical of schools where Black students were in the majority were more effective at promoting support for anti-racism policies compared to BHM representations typical of predominately White schools and a control condition. This effect was mediated by the effect of (different) BHM 10. Do Affordable Housing Projects Harm Suburban Communities? Crime, Property Values, and Taxes in Mount Laurel, NJ PubMed Central Albright, Len; Derickson, Elizabeth S.; Massey, Douglas S. 2016-01-01 This paper offers a mixed-method analysis of the municipal-level consequences of an affordable housing development built in suburban New Jersey. Opponents of affordable housing development often suggest that creating affordable housing will harm surrounding communities. Feared consequences include increases in crime, declining property values, and rising taxes. To evaluate these claims, the paper uses the case of Mt. Laurel, NJ – the site of a landmark affordable housing legal case and subsequent affordable housing development. Employing a multiple time series group control design, we compare crime rates, property values, and property taxes in Mt. Laurel to outcomes in similar nearby municipalities that do not contain comparable affordable housing developments. We find that the opening of the affordable housing development was not associated with trends in crime, property values, or taxes, and discuss management practices and design features that may have mitigated potential negative externalities. PMID:27390552 11. Do Affordable Housing Projects Harm Suburban Communities? Crime, Property Values, and Taxes in Mount Laurel, NJ. PubMed Albright, Len; Derickson, Elizabeth S; Massey, Douglas S 2013-06-01 This paper offers a mixed-method analysis of the municipal-level consequences of an affordable housing development built in suburban New Jersey. Opponents of affordable housing development often suggest that creating affordable housing will harm surrounding communities. Feared consequences include increases in crime, declining property values, and rising taxes. To evaluate these claims, the paper uses the case of Mt. Laurel, NJ - the site of a landmark affordable housing legal case and subsequent affordable housing development. Employing a multiple time series group control design, we compare crime rates, property values, and property taxes in Mt. Laurel to outcomes in similar nearby municipalities that do not contain comparable affordable housing developments. We find that the opening of the affordable housing development was not associated with trends in crime, property values, or taxes, and discuss management practices and design features that may have mitigated potential negative externalities. 12. How the affordable care act and mental health parity and addiction equity act greatly expand coverage of behavioral health care. PubMed Beronio, Kirsten; Glied, Sherry; Frank, Richard 2014-10-01 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) will expand coverage of mental health and substance use disorder benefits and federal parity protections to over 60 million Americans. The key to this expansion is the essential health benefit provision in the ACA that requires coverage of mental health and substance use disorder services at parity with general medical benefits. Other ACA provisions that should improve access to treatment include requirements on network adequacy, dependent coverage up to age 26, preventive services, and prohibitions on annual and lifetime limits and preexisting exclusions. The ACA offers states flexibility in expanding Medicaid (primarily to childless adults, not generally eligible previously) to cover supportive services needed by those with significant behavioral health conditions in addition to basic benefits at parity. Through these various new requirements, the ACA in conjunction with Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) will expand coverage of behavioral health care by historic proportions. 13. End-to-End Demonstrator of the Safe Affordable Fission Engine (SAFE) 30: Power Conversion and Ion Engine Operation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hrbud, Ivana; VanDyke, Melissa; Houts, Mike; Goodfellow, Keith; Schafer, Charles (Technical Monitor) 2001-01-01 The Safe Affordable Fission Engine (SAFE) test series addresses Phase 1 Space Fission Systems issues in particular non-nuclear testing and system integration issues leading to the testing and non-nuclear demonstration of a 400-kW fully integrated flight unit. The first part of the SAFE 30 test series demonstrated operation of the simulated nuclear core and heat pipe system. Experimental data acquired in a number of different test scenarios will validate existing computational models, demonstrated system flexibility (fast start-ups, multiple start-ups/shut downs), simulate predictable failure modes and operating environments. The objective of the second part is to demonstrate an integrated propulsion system consisting of a core, conversion system and a thruster where the system converts thermal heat into jet power. This end-to-end system demonstration sets a precedent for ground testing of nuclear electric propulsion systems. The paper describes the SAFE 30 end-to-end system demonstration and its subsystems. 14. Water quality improvement plan for Greater Vancouver SciTech Connect Foellmi, S.N. . Environmental Div.); Neden, D.G. ); Dawson, R.N. ) 1993-10-01 The Greater Vancouver Regional District commissioned an 18-month planning and predesign study to define the components in a comprehensive water and predesign study to define the components in a comprehensive water quality improvement plan for its 2,500-ML/d (660-mgd) system. The study included three primary tasks: (1) predesign of disinfection and corrosion control facilities, (2) a 12-month pilot testing program using parallel pilot plants at the Seymour and Capilano water supply reservoirs, and (3) planning for future filtration plants. The results of the study identified chlorine, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, soda ash, and carbon dioxide in a two-stage treatment approach as the recommended disinfection and corrosion control scheme for the low-pH, low-alkalinity water supplies. The pilot-plant studies confirmed that direct filtration using deep-bed monomedium filters operating at a loading rate of 22.5 m/h provided excellent treatment performance and productivity over a wide range of raw-water quality. Ozonation was studied extensively and found not to be beneficial in the overall treatment performance. The phased improvement plan for the disinfection, corrosion control, and filtration facilities has an estimated capital cost of about Can$459 million.
15. Greater Green River Basin Production Improvement Project
SciTech Connect
DeJarnett, B.B.; Lim, F.H.; Calogero, D.
1997-10-01
The Greater Green River Basin (GGRB) of Wyoming has produced abundant oil and gas out of multiple reservoirs for over 60 years, and large quantities of gas remain untapped in tight gas sandstone reservoirs. Even though GGRB production has been established in formations from the Paleozoic to the Tertiary, recent activity has focused on several Cretaceous reservoirs. Two of these formations, the Ahnond and the Frontier Formations, have been classified as tight sands and are prolific producers in the GGRB. The formations typically naturally fractured and have been exploited using conventional well technology. In most cases, hydraulic fracture treatments must be performed when completing these wells to to increase gas production rates to economic levels. The objectives of the GGRB production improvement project were to apply the concept of horizontal and directional drilling to the Second Frontier Formation on the western flank of the Rock Springs Uplift and to compare production improvements by drilling, completing, and testing vertical, horizontal and directionally-drilled wellbores at a common site.
16. Triatoma infestans in Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina.
PubMed
Gajate, P; Pietrokovsky, S; Abramo Orrego, L; Pérez, O; Monte, A; Belmonte, J; Wisnivesky-Colli, C
2001-05-01
The Health Administration Agencies of many municipalities in Greater Buenos Aires (GBA) receive frequent reports on triatomines in houses. The aim of this work was to identify and describe the dispersal foci of Triatoma infestans in an urban neighborhood of GBA, and contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiological situation in the region. In June 1998, potentially infested places were entomologically evaluated. T. infestans was only detected in a hen building for egg production, which housed approximately 6,000 birds. A total of 2,930 insects were collected. Density was about 9 triatomines/m(2). The proportions of fifth instar nymphs and adults were significantly higher than those of the other stages (p<0.001). The number of triatomines collected largely exceeded the highest domestic infestation found in one house from rural endemic areas of Argentina. Though triatomines were negative for Trypanosoma cruzi, they could acquire the parasite by coming in contact with infected people living in GBA. Besides, the numerous and widely distributed places housing hens and chickens, would favor the settlement of the vector. Together, both facts may constitute a risk of parasitic vectorial transmission. It is recommended to intensify systematic activities of vector search and case detection in GBA.
17. NASA Affordable Vehicle Avionics (AVA): Common Modular Avionics System for Nano-Launchers Offering Affordable Access to Space
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cockrell, James
2015-01-01
Small satellites are becoming ever more capable of performing valuable missions for both government and commercial customers. However, currently these satellites can only be launched affordably as secondary payloads. This makes it difficult for the small satellite mission to launch when needed, to the desired orbit, and with acceptable risk. NASA Ames Research Center has developed and tested a prototype low-cost avionics package for space launch vehicles that provides complete GNC functionality in a package smaller than a tissue box with a mass less than 0.84 kg. AVA takes advantage of commercially available, low-cost, mass-produced, miniaturized sensors, filtering their more noisy inertial data with realtime GPS data. The goal of the Advanced Vehicle Avionics project is to produce and flight-verify a common suite of avionics and software that deliver affordable, capable GNC and telemetry avionics with application to multiple nano-launch vehicles at 1 the cost of current state-of-the-art avionics.
18. Flexible plasma linear antenna
Zhao, Jiansen; Wang, Shengzheng; Wu, Huafeng; Liu, Yue; Chang, Yongmeng; Chen, Xinqiang
2017-02-01
In this work, we introduce a type of plasma antenna that was fabricated using flexible materials and excited using a 5-20 kHz alternating current (ac) power supply. The results showed that the antenna characteristics, including the impedance, the reflection coefficient (S11), the radiation pattern, and the gain, can be controlled rapidly and easily by varying both the discharge parameters and the antenna shapes. The scope for reconfiguration is greatly enhanced when the antenna shape is changed from a monopole to a helix configuration. Additionally, the antenna polarization can also be adjusted by varying the antenna shapes.
DOEpatents
Cooke, D. Wayne; Bennett, Bryan L.; Muenchausen, Ross E.; Wrobleski, Debra A.; Orler, Edward B.
2006-12-05
A flexible composite scintillator was prepared by mixing fast, bright, dense rare-earth doped powdered oxyorthosilicate (such as LSO:Ce, LSO:Sm, and GSO:Ce) scintillator with a polymer binder. The binder is transparent to the scintillator emission. The composite is seamless and can be made large and in a wide variety of shapes. Importantly, the composite can be tailored to emit light in a spectral region that matches the optimum response of photomultipliers (about 400 nanometers) or photodiodes (about 600 nanometers), which maximizes the overall detector efficiency.
20. Rotating flexible drag mill
DOEpatents
Pepper, W.B.
1984-05-09
A rotating parachute for decelerating objects travelling through atmosphere at subsonic or supersonic deployment speeds includes a circular canopy having a plurality of circumferentially arranged flexible panels projecting radially from a solid central disk. A slot extends radially between adjacent panels to the outer periphery of the canopy. Upon deployment, the solid disk diverts air radially to rapidly inflate the panels into a position of maximum diameter. Air impinging on the panels adjacent the panel slots rotates the parachute during its descent. Centrifugal force flattens the canopy into a constant maximum diameter during terminal descent for maximum drag and deceleration.
1. Flexible Volumetric Structure
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cagle, Christopher M. (Inventor); Schlecht, Robin W. (Inventor)
2014-01-01
A flexible volumetric structure has a first spring that defines a three-dimensional volume and includes a serpentine structure elongatable and compressible along a length thereof. A second spring is coupled to at least one outboard edge region of the first spring. The second spring is a sheet-like structure capable of elongation along an in-plane dimension thereof. The second spring is oriented such that its in-plane dimension is aligned with the length of the first spring's serpentine structure.
SciTech Connect
Hennagir, T.
1994-11-01
The challenge of sourcing equipment to meet customer needs around the world remains a prerequisite for boiler and CFB manufacturers as they strive to maintain a strong business presence in key markets. Boiler vendors are learning to meet their targets based upon what the market is, not what they hope it will become. An elastic equipment supply strategy is bolstering new business activity for internationally active boiler and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFB) vendors. Techniques such as flexible sourcing and expanded scope capability are helping suppliers gain market advantage in new global growth areas.
3. Flexible Material Systems Testing
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lin, John K.; Shook, Lauren S.; Ware, Joanne S.; Welch, Joseph V.
2010-01-01
An experimental program has been undertaken to better characterize the stress-strain characteristics of flexible material systems to support a NASA ground test program for inflatable decelerator material technology. A goal of the current study is to investigate experimental methods for the characterization of coated woven material stiffness. This type of experimental mechanics data would eventually be used to define the material inputs of fluid-structure interaction simulation models. The test methodologies chosen for this stress-strain characterization are presented along with the experimental results.
4. Composite Flexible Blanket Insulation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kourtides, Demetrius A. (Inventor); Pitts, William C. (Inventor); Goldstein, Howard E. (Inventor); Sawko, Paul M. (Inventor)
1991-01-01
Composite flexible multilayer insulation systems (MLI) were evaluated for thermal performance and compared with the currently used fibrous silica (baseline) insulation system. The systems described are multilayer insulations consisting of alternating layers of metal foil and scrim ceramic cloth or vacuum metallized polymeric films quilted together using ceramic thread. A silicon carbide thread for use in the quilting and the method of making it are also described. These systems are useful in providing lightweight insulation for a variety of uses, particularly on the surface of aerospace vehicles subject to very high temperatures during flight.
5. The hippocampus and the flexible use and processing of language
PubMed Central
Duff, Melissa C.; Brown-Schmidt, Sarah
2012-01-01
Fundamental to all human languages is an unlimited expressive capacity and creative flexibility that allow speakers to rapidly generate novel and complex utterances. In turn, listeners interpret language “on-line,” incrementally integrating multiple sources of information as words unfold over time. A challenge for theories of language processing has been to understand how speakers and listeners generate, gather, integrate, and maintain representations in service of language processing. We propose that many of the processes by which we use language place high demands on and receive contributions from the hippocampal declarative memory system. The hippocampal declarative memory system is long known to support relational binding and representational flexibility. Recent findings demonstrate that these same functions are engaged during the real-time processes that support behavior in-the-moment. Such findings point to the hippocampus as a potentially key contributor to cognitive functions that require on-line integration of multiple sources of information, such as on-line language processing. Evidence supporting this view comes from findings that individuals with hippocampal amnesia show deficits in the use of language flexibly and on-line. We conclude that the relational binding and representational flexibility afforded by the hippocampal declarative memory system positions the hippocampus as a key contributor to language use and processing. PMID:22493573
6. ManTech Affordability for Defense Weapon Systems
DTIC Science & Technology
2009-11-01
batteries Firefly Energy Development and Implementation of a Fast Braze Process for Aero Engine Components Woodward FST Inc. Intensive Quenching...Machining Preservation and Manufacturing of Legacy Components Rolls-Royce Cost-Effective Grinding of Nickel-Based Alloys for Quality Production of...Manufacturing Processes for Body Armor 2000 – Advanced Optics Manufacturing 2000 – Flexible Manufacturing of Microwave Vacuum Devices 1999 – Advanced
7. Phased array ultrasonic processing for enhanced and affordable diagnosis
Dominguez, N.; Rougeron, G.; Leberre, S.; Pautel, R.
2013-01-01
Phased array ultrasonic reconstruction techniques are often presented as a prospect for better and enhanced diagnosis. However to date few applications of these techniques can be found in the industry, partly because of questions on sizing but also because they often require heavy acquisitions. A way forward is then to propose techniques requiring less intensive data acquisition to make them broadly affordable in practice. Several approaches ranging from full matrix capture to paintbrush acquisitions are presented in this paper in combination with associated reconstruction processing like the Total Focusing Method (TFM) and the Time Domain Topological Energy (TDTE) techniques. Emphasis is given to their relative relevancies and practical applicability on typical configurations of interest for industries. The paper also presents recent efforts made on the acceleration of processing computation times, in particular through the use of GPU architectures.
8. Community-specific evaluation of tool affordances in wild chimpanzees.
PubMed
Gruber, Thibaud; Muller, Martin N; Reynolds, Vernon; Wrangham, Richard; Zuberbühler, Klaus
2011-01-01
The notion of animal culture, defined as socially transmitted community-specific behaviour patterns, remains controversial, notably because the definition relies on surface behaviours without addressing underlying cognitive processes. In contrast, human cultures are the product of socially acquired ideas that shape how individuals interact with their environment. We conducted field experiments with two culturally distinct chimpanzee communities in Uganda, which revealed significant differences in how individuals considered the affording parts of an experimentally provided tool to extract honey from a standardised cavity. Firstly, individuals of the two communities found different functional parts of the tool salient, suggesting that they experienced a cultural bias in their cognition. Secondly, when the alternative function was made more salient, chimpanzees were unable to learn it, suggesting that prior cultural background can interfere with new learning. Culture appears to shape how chimpanzees see the world, suggesting that a cognitive component underlies the observed behavioural patterns.
9. Affordable, Robust Ceramic Joining Technology (ARCJoinT)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Singh, M.
1998-01-01
Joining is recognized as one of the enabling technologies for the application of silicon carbide-based ceramic and composite components in a number of demanding and high temperature applications in aerospace and ground-based systems. An affordable, robust ceramic joining technology (ARCJoinT) for joining of silicon carbide-based ceramics and fiber reinforced composites has been developed. This technique is capable of producing joints with tailorable thickness and composition. A wide variety of silicon carbide-based ceramics and composites, in different shapes and sizes, have been joined using this technique. These joints maintain their mechanical strength up to 1350 C in air. This technology is suitable for the joining of large and complex shaped ceramic and composite components and with certain modifications, can be applied to repair ceramic components damaged in service.
10. Women and the Affordable Care Act of 2010.
PubMed
Collins, Sara R; Rustgi, Sheila D; Doty, Michelle M
2010-07-01
This issue brief analyzes how, over the next decade, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is likely to stabilize and reverse women's growing exposure to health care costs. Up to 15 million women who now are uninsured could gain subsidized coverage under the law. In addition, 14.5 million insured women will benefit from provisions that improve coverage or reduce premiums. Women who have coverage through the individual insurance market and are charged higher premiums than men, who have been unable to secure coverage for the cost of pregnancy, or who have a preexisting health condition excluded from their benefits will ultimately find themselves on a level playing field with men, enjoying a full range of comprehensive benefits.
11. The Future of the Affordable Care Act and Insurance Coverage.
PubMed
2017-04-01
We describe the patterns of coverage gains associated with the Affordable Care Act (ACA) expansions and use these patterns to assess the potential impact of alternative repeal or repeal and replace strategies because Congress and the president are weighing options to repeal or replace the ACA. We find that specific provisions of the ACA, including the Medicaid expansion and the structure of premium subsidies, have been associated with large and robust gains in insurance coverage. We evaluate the impact of retaining dependent coverage and high-risk pool provisions and show, on the basis of the ACA experience, that these provisions would have little effect on coverage. We find that many replacement proposal components, including flat tax credits and maintaining cost savings provisions, could jeopardize the ability of many of the ACA's primary beneficiaries, as well as other Americans, to access coverage and care. By leading to a deterioration of the safety net, these strategies could also imperil population health activities.
12. Design, analysis and testing of small, affordable HAWT rotors
Pricop, Mihai V.; Niculescu, Mihai L.; Cojocaru, Marius G.; Barsan, Dorin
2012-09-01
The paper presents affordable technologies dedicated to design, CAD modelling and manufacturing of the small-medium HAWT rotors. Three numerical tools are developed: blade/rotor design, blade modelling for industry CATIA(CATScript) and blade modelling for small scale developers. Numerical analysis of the rotors is accomplished for both performance and noise level estimation using XFLOW (LES) and an in-house code (URANS). Results are presented for a 5KW rotor at the design point only, since computations are expensive. Developement examples are included as two rotors are designed, manufactured and tested for 1.5 and 5KW. A third one, rated for 20KW is under developement. Basic testing results are also included.
13. Pico Reentry Probes: Affordable Options for Reentry Measurements and Testing
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ailor, William H.; Kapoor, Vinod B.; Allen, Gay A., Jr.; Venkatapathy, Ethiraj; Arnold, James O.; Rasky, Daniel J.
2005-01-01
It is generally very costly to perform in-space and atmospheric entry experiments. This paper presents a new platform - the Pico Reentry Probe (PREP) - that we believe will make targeted flight-tests and planetary atmospheric probe science missions considerably more affordable. Small, lightweight, self-contained, it is designed as a "launch and forget" system, suitable for experiments that require no ongoing communication with the ground. It contains a data recorder, battery, transmitter, and user-customized instrumentation. Data recorded during reentry or space operations is returned at end-of-mission via transmission to Iridium satellites (in the case of earth-based operations) or a similar orbiting communication system for planetary missions. This paper discusses possible applications of this concept for Earth and Martian atmospheric entry science. Two well-known heritage aerodynamic shapes are considered as candidates for PREP: the shape developed for the Planetary Atmospheric Experiment Test (PAET) and that for the Deep Space II Mars Probe.
14. An Object Oriented Extensible Architecture for Affordable Aerospace Propulsion Systems
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Follen, Gregory J.
2003-01-01
Driven by a need to explore and develop propulsion systems that exceeded current computing capabilities, NASA Glenn embarked on a novel strategy leading to the development of an architecture that enables propulsion simulations never thought possible before. Full engine 3 Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamic propulsion system simulations were deemed impossible due to the impracticality of the hardware and software computing systems required. However, with a software paradigm shift and an embracing of parallel and distributed processing, an architecture was designed to meet the needs of future propulsion system modeling. The author suggests that the architecture designed at the NASA Glenn Research Center for propulsion system modeling has potential for impacting the direction of development of affordable weapons systems currently under consideration by the Applied Vehicle Technology Panel (AVT).
15. International examples of undocumented immigration and the affordable care act.
PubMed
Stutz, Matthew; Baig, Arshiya
2014-08-01
As it stands there is no viable health care option for undocumented immigrants of low socioeconomic status. Even more worrisome is that Affordable Care Act simply does not address this issue with any direct plan. The US is in a very influential time period in terms of undocumented immigration and its relationship with health care. The purpose of this paper is to examine international examples of undocumented immigrant health care and their implications for the United States' undocumented immigrant health care. This study found that physicians in the US must work to prevent the initiation of policies which exclude undocumented immigrants from accessing health care. Exclusionary policies implemented in European nations have had disastrous effects on physicians and patients. This paper examines the implications which similar policies would have if implemented in the US.
16. Gender performativity in physics: affordances or only constraints?
Danielsson, Anna T.; Lundin, Mattias
2014-06-01
In this forum we engage in a dialogue with Allison Gonsalves's paper "Physics and the girly girl—there is a contradiction somewhere": Doctoral students' positioning around discourses of gender and competence in physics'. In her paper Gonsalves uses a sociocultural approach to examine women doctoral students' stories about becoming physicists. In doing so her paper focuses on how discourses of masculinity and femininity can create available and unavailable positions for the women students. In this dialogue we do a parallel reading of two of the student narratives presented by Gonsalves, using Judith Butler's (1990) concept of discursive agency as a means to more explicitly bring the affordances for women identity constitution offered by their localized physicist context to the fore, rather focusing on its, often more visible, constraints.
17. The Affordable Care Act, remedy, and litigation reform.
PubMed
Maher, Brendan S
2014-01-01
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) rewrote the law of private health insurance. How the ACA rewrote the law of civil remedies, however, is a question largely unexamined by scholars. Courts everywhere, including the U.S. Supreme Court, will soon confront this important issue. This Article offers a foundational treatment of the ACA on remedy. It predicts a series of flashpoints over which litigation reform battles will be fought. It identifies several themes that will animate those conflicts and trigger others. It explains how judicial construction of the statute's functional predecessor, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), converted a protective statute into a uniquely effective piece of federal litigation reform. Ultimately, it considers whether the ACA--which incorporates, modifies, and rejects ERISA in several notable ways--will experience a similar fate.
18. Suggested Interactivity: Seeking Perceived Affordances for Information Visualization.
PubMed
Boy, Jeremy; Eveillard, Louis; Detienne, Françoise; Fekete, Jean-Daniel
2016-01-01
In this article, we investigate methods for suggesting the interactivity of online visualizations embedded with text. We first assess the need for such methods by conducting three initial experiments on Amazon's Mechanical Turk. We then present a design space for Suggested Interactivity (i. e., visual cues used as perceived affordances-SI), based on a survey of 382 HTML5 and visualization websites. Finally, we assess the effectiveness of three SI cues we designed for suggesting the interactivity of bar charts embedded with text. Our results show that only one cue (SI3) was successful in inciting participants to interact with the visualizations, and we hypothesize this is because this particular cue provided feedforward.
19. Mobilizing slit lamp to the field: A new affordable solution.
PubMed
Farooqui, Javed Hussain; Jorgenson, Richard; Gomaa, Ahmed
2015-11-01
We are describing a simple and affordable design to pack and carry the slit lamp to the field. Orbis staff working on the Flying Eye Hospital (FEH) developed this design to facilitate mobilization of the slit lamp to the field during various FEH programs. The solution involves using a big toolbox, a central plywood apparatus, and foam. These supplies were cut to measure and used to support the slit lamp after being fitted snuggly in the box. This design allows easy and safe mobilization of the slit lamp to remote places. It was developed with the efficient use of space in mind and it can be easily reproduced in developing countries using same or similar supplies. Mobilizing slit lamp will be of great help for staff and institutes doing regular outreach clinical work.
20. A Flexible Cloud Generator
Benassi, A.; Deguy, S.; Szczap, F.
2001-05-01
In this work we propose a flexible cloud generating model as well as a software. This model depends upon 5 quantities: -the cloud fractional coverage -the spectral slope -the mean value -the variance -the internal heterogeneity (intermittency). All these quantities are independantly identifiable on the base of mathematical proofs. This model also depends on a given function, called "morphlet", and on the law of a random variables family. In order to get a positive water contain inside the cloud,we ask the morphlet and the random variables to be positives. The structure of the model is hierarchycal. The vertebral column of this model is a tree: the basic encoding tree of the space where the cloud lives. At each edge of the tree is attached: -a Bernoulli random variable,this for tuning the fractional cover and the intermittency, -a rate of energy loose,giving the spectral slope, -a dilated morphlet. The word flexible is justified by the fact that we can choose to modify some objets on the basic tree in order to adjust the caracteristics of the desired cloud.
1. Flexible ocean upwelling pipe
DOEpatents
Person, Abraham
1980-01-01
In an ocean thermal energy conversion facility, a cold water riser pipe is releasably supported at its upper end by the hull of the floating facility. The pipe is substantially vertical and has its lower end far below the hull above the ocean floor. The pipe is defined essentially entirely of a material which has a modulus of elasticity substantially less than that of steel, e.g., high density polyethylene, so that the pipe is flexible and compliant to rather than resistant to applied bending moments. The position of the lower end of the pipe relative to the hull is stabilized by a weight suspended below the lower end of the pipe on a flexible line. The pipe, apart from the weight, is positively buoyant. If support of the upper end of the pipe is released, the pipe sinks to the ocean floor, but is not damaged as the length of the line between the pipe and the weight is sufficient to allow the buoyant pipe to come to a stop within the line length after the weight contacts the ocean floor, and thereafter to float submerged above the ocean floor while moored to the ocean floor by the weight. The upper end of the pipe, while supported by the hull, communicates to a sump in the hull in which the water level is maintained below the ambient water level. The sump volume is sufficient to keep the pipe full during heaving of the hull, thereby preventing collapse of the pipe.
2. A flexible alternative
SciTech Connect
Dickenson, R.L.; Simbeck, D.R. )
1994-01-01
Coal gasification offers the efficiency and flexibility independent producers will need in an increasingly competitive power environment. It is difficult to make an economic case for coal-based power of any kind in the current market in most areas because of the low price and availability of natural gas. Furthermore, there is a large excess of baseload coal and nuclear capacity in the United States and Europe. New capacity requirements, for the time being, are necessary mainly for cycling and peaking service where coal is not economical compared with the much lower capital cost of gas- or oil-based combustion turbine systems. However, as erosion of the supply and demand balance drives natural gas prices up and new baseload capacity is required, coal-based power will again be widely economical. Based on recent technical and commercial successes coupled with current commercial demonstration programs, coal gasification will dramatically challenge direct-coal-fired power for this market. The advantages coal gasification has over direct coal-firing for power generation include environmental performance, efficiency and flexibility.
3. Respective capabilities of affordable Coronagraphs and Interferometers searching for Biosignatures
Leger, Alain M.
2015-12-01
We describe an analytic model to estimate the capabilities of space missions dedicated to the search for biosignatures in the atmosphere of rocky planets located in the Habitable Zone of nearby stars. Relations between performance and parameters such as mirror diameter, distance to target, stellar properties, are obtained.Two types of instruments are considered: Coronagraphs observing in the visible, and Nulling Interferometers observing in the thermal infrared. Missions considered as affordable are single-pupil coronagraphs with a 2.4 m primary mirror, and formation flying interferometers with 4 x 0.75 m collecting mirrors with baselines ranging from a few decameters to a few hectometers.The numbers of accessible planets are calculated as a function of ηearth, the mean number of Earth analogues and super-Earths in stellar Habitable Zones.Based on current estimates, ηearth=10% around FGK stars and 20% around M stars, the built-in coronagraph and starshade could study only ~2.0 relevant planets, and the interferometer ~14. These numbers are obtained under the major assumption that the exozodiacal light around the target stars is not an issue for any of these instruments.For the coronagraphs, our estimates are in agreement with the values recently published by Stark et al. (2014), but these authors did not consider the case of interferometers.For the long-term future, building both types of spectroscopic instruments, and using them on the same targets, will be the optimal solution because they provide complementary information. But as a first affordable space mission, the interferometer looks the more promising in term of biosignature harvest.
4. Global cancer surgery: delivering safe, affordable, and timely cancer surgery.
PubMed
Sullivan, Richard; Alatise, Olusegun Isaac; Anderson, Benjamin O; Audisio, Riccardo; Autier, Philippe; Aggarwal, Ajay; Balch, Charles; Brennan, Murray F; Dare, Anna; D'Cruz, Anil; Eggermont, Alexander M M; Fleming, Kenneth; Gueye, Serigne Magueye; Hagander, Lars; Herrera, Cristian A; Holmer, Hampus; Ilbawi, André M; Jarnheimer, Anton; Ji, Jia-Fu; Kingham, T Peter; Liberman, Jonathan; Leather, Andrew J M; Meara, John G; Mukhopadhyay, Swagoto; Murthy, Shilpa S; Omar, Sherif; Parham, Groesbeck P; Pramesh, C S; Riviello, Robert; Rodin, Danielle; Santini, Luiz; Shrikhande, Shailesh V; Shrime, Mark; Thomas, Robert; Tsunoda, Audrey T; van de Velde, Cornelis; Veronesi, Umberto; Vijaykumar, Dehannathparambil Kottarathil; Watters, David; Wang, Shan; Wu, Yi-Long; Zeiton, Moez; Purushotham, Arnie
2015-09-01
Surgery is essential for global cancer care in all resource settings. Of the 15.2 million new cases of cancer in 2015, over 80% of cases will need surgery, some several times. By 2030, we estimate that annually 45 million surgical procedures will be needed worldwide. Yet, less than 25% of patients with cancer worldwide actually get safe, affordable, or timely surgery. This Commission on global cancer surgery, building on Global Surgery 2030, has examined the state of global cancer surgery through an analysis of the burden of surgical disease and breadth of cancer surgery, economics and financing, factors for strengthening surgical systems for cancer with multiple-country studies, the research agenda, and the political factors that frame policy making in this area. We found wide equity and economic gaps in global cancer surgery. Many patients throughout the world do not have access to cancer surgery, and the failure to train more cancer surgeons and strengthen systems could result in as much as US 6.2 trillion in lost cumulative gross domestic product by 2030. Many of the key adjunct treatment modalities for cancer surgery--e.g., pathology and imaging--are also inadequate. Our analysis identified substantial issues, but also highlights solutions and innovations. Issues of access, a paucity of investment in public surgical systems, low investment in research, and training and education gaps are remarkably widespread. Solutions include better regulated public systems, international partnerships, super-centralisation of surgical services, novel surgical clinical trials, and new approaches to improve quality and scale up cancer surgical systems through education and training. Our key messages are directed at many global stakeholders, but the central message is that to deliver safe, affordable, and timely cancer surgery to all, surgery must be at the heart of global and national cancer control planning. 5. Critical Care Implications of the Affordable Care Act PubMed Central Dogra, Anjali P.; Dorman, Todd 2015-01-01 Objectives To provide an overview of key elements of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). To evaluate ways in which the ACA will likely impact the practice of critical care medicine. To describe strategies that may help health systems and providers effectively adapt to changes brought about by the ACA. Data Sources and Synthesis Data sources for this concise review include search results from the PubMed and Embase databases, as well as sources relevant to public policy such as the text of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and reports of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). As all of the ACA's provisions will not be fully implemented until 2019, we also drew upon cost, population and utilization projections as well as the experience of existing state-based healthcare reforms. Conclusion The ACA represents the furthest reaching regulatory changes in the US healthcare system since the 1965 Medicare and Medicaid provisions of the Social Security Act. The ACA aims to expand health insurance coverage to millions of Americans and place an emphasis on quality and cost-effectiveness of care. From models which link pay and performance to those which center on episodic care, the ACA outlines sweeping changes to health systems, reimbursement structures, and the delivery of critical care. Staffing models that include daily rounding by an intensivist, palliative care integration, and expansion of the role of telemedicine in areas where intensivists are inaccessible are potential strategies that may improve quality and profitability of ICU care in the post-ACA era. PMID:26565630 6. Affordable Development and Qualification Strategy for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gerrish, Harold P., Jr.; Doughty, Glen E.; Bhattacharyya, Samit K. 2013-01-01 A number of recent assessments have confirmed the results of several earlier studies that Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) is a leading technology for human exploration of Mars. It is generally acknowledged that NTP provides the best prospects for the transportation of humans to Mars in the 2030's. Its high Isp coupled with the high thrusts achievable, allow reasonable trip times, thereby alleviating concerns about space radiation and "claustrophobia" effects. NASA has embarked on the latest phase of the development of NTP systems, and is adopting an affordable approach in response to the pressure of the times. The affordable strategy is built on maximizing the use of the large NTP technology base developed in the 1950's and 60's. The fact that the NTP engines were actually demonstrated to work as planned, is a great risk reduction feature in its development. The strategy utilizes non-nuclear testing to the fullest extent possible, and uses focused nuclear tests for the essential qualification and certification tests. The perceived cost risk of conducting the ground tests is being addressed by considering novel testing approaches. This includes the use of boreholes to contain radioactive effluents, and use of fuel with very high retention capability for fission products. The use of prototype flight tests is being considered as final steps in the development prior to undertaking human flight missions. In addition to the technical issues, plans are being prepared to address the institutional and political issues that need to be considered in this major venture. While the development and deployment of NTP system is not expected to be cheap, the value of the system will be very high, and amortized over the many missions that it enables and enhances, the imputed costs will be very reasonable. Using the approach outlined, NASA and its partners, currently the DOE, and subsequently industry, have a good chance of creating a sustained development program leading to human 7. PLÉIADES: Responsiveness, Flexibility, Reactivity NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Gabriel-Robez, C.; Lees, R.; Bernard, M. 2012-08-01 By the end of 2011, Astrium GEO-Information Services launched Pléiades 1, the first of two identical optical imaging satellites that will be operated on a phased orbit. This satellite system, designed by the French Space Agency, CNES, based upon French Defense specifications, will provide 50-cm products in record time. The overall aim of this paper is to describe the benefits of the innovative features of Pléiades 1 and its operations, so as to assess their combined potential in emergency situations, crisis recovery, regular monitoring or large area mapping. Specific care will be brought to describe the reactivity enabled by the system. Based on real-life examples, the paper will lead the analysis on the two main components of the system. On the one hand, the space segment will be presented through the following characteristics: revisit capacity, agility, acquisition capacity and acquisition scenarios (target, single-pass mosaics, stereo, tristereo, linear monitoring, persistent surveillance). On the other hand, the flexibility of the ground segment will be assessed. The benefits of multiple tasking plans per day, direct tasking capacity, automated processing and on-line ordering and delivering will be illustrated, tested and qualified for applications requiring a high level of responsiveness and reactivity. The presentation will end with a summary of the benefits of the space segment features and the flexibility of the ground segment, fine-tuned to answer both military and civilian / commercial needs. The analysis will be extended in the perspective of the second Pléiades' launch, highlighting the advantages of having two satellites operating on a phased orbit, affording a daily revisit anywhere on Earth, with very high resolution. 8. Flexible Substrate-Based Devices for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. PubMed Wang, ShuQi; Chinnasamy, Thiruppathiraja; Lifson, Mark A; Inci, Fatih; Demirci, Utkan 2016-11-01 Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics play an important role in delivering healthcare, particularly for clinical management and disease surveillance in both developed and developing countries. Currently, the majority of POC diagnostics utilize paper substrates owing to affordability, disposability, and mass production capability. Recently, flexible polymer substrates have been investigated due to their enhanced physicochemical properties, potential to be integrated into wearable devices with wireless communications for personalized health monitoring, and ability to be customized for POC diagnostics. Here, we focus on the latest advances in developing flexible substrate-based diagnostic devices, including paper and polymers, and their clinical applications. 9. matNMR: a flexible toolbox for processing, analyzing and visualizing magnetic resonance data in Matlab. PubMed van Beek, Jacco D 2007-07-01 matNMR (matnmr.sourceforge.net) is a toolbox for processing, analyzing and visualizing magnetic-resonance data within the Matlab environment (www.mathworks.com) that aims for control, flexibility and extendability. Processing can be done using either a graphical user interface or with command-line scripts, both of which allow user-defined processing or analysis functions to be incorporated at any time. The direct access to data points during processing, and the extensive library of mathematical and visualization routines provided by Matlab, afford the high degree of control and flexibility needed in modern magnetic-resonance research. 10. Protein flexibility as a biosignal. PubMed Zhao, Qinyi 2010-01-01 Dynamic properties of a protein are crucial for all protein functions, and those of signaling proteins are closely related to the biological function of living beings. The protein flexibility signal concept can be used to analyze this relationship. Protein flexibility controls the rate of protein conformational change and influences protein function. The modification of protein flexibility results in a change of protein activity. The logical nature of protein flexibility cannot be explained by applying the principles of protein three-dimensional structure theory or conformation concept. Signaling proteins show high protein flexibility. Many properties of signaling can be traced back to the dynamic natures of signaling protein. The action mechanism of volatile anesthetics and universal cellular reactions are related to flexibility in the change of signaling proteins. We conclude that protein dynamics is an enzyme-enhanced process, called dynamicase. 11. The Flexibility Hypothesis of Healing. PubMed Hinton, Devon E; Kirmayer, Laurence J 2017-03-01 Theories of healing have attempted to identify general mechanisms that may work across different modalities. These include altering expectations, remoralization, and instilling hope. In this paper, we argue that many forms of healing and psychotherapy may work by inducing positive psychological states marked by flexibility or an enhanced ability to shift cognitive sets. Healing practices may induce these states of cognitive and emotional flexibility through specific symbolic interventions we term "flexibility primers" that can include images, metaphors, music, and other media. The flexibility hypothesis suggests that cognitive and emotional flexibility is represented, elicited, and enacted through multiple modalities in healing rituals. Identifying psychological processes and cultural forms that evoke and support cognitive and emotional flexibility provides a way to understand the cultural specificity and potential efficacy of particular healing practices and can guide the design of interventions that promote resilience and well-being. 12. Flexible transformation plasmonics using graphene. PubMed Lu, Wei Bing; Zhu, Wei; Xu, Hong Ju; Ni, Zhen Hua; Dong, Zheng Gao; Cui, Tie Jun 2013-05-06 The flexible control of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is important and intriguing due to its wide application in novel plasmonic devices. Transformation optics (TO) offers the capability either to confine the SPP propagation on rigid curved/uneven surfaces, or to control the flow of SPPs on planar surfaces. However, TO has not permitted us to confine, manipulate, and control SPP waves on flexible curved surfaces. Here, we propose to confine and freely control flexible SPPs using TO and graphene. We show that SPP waves can be naturally confined and propagate on curved or uneven graphene surfaces with little bending and radiation losses, and the confined SPPs are further manipulated and controlled using TO. Flexible plasmonic devices are presented, including the bending waveguides, wave splitter, and Luneburg lens on curved surfaces. Together with the intrinsic flexibility, graphene can be served as a good platform for flexible transformation plasmonics. 13. Flexible frequency selective metamaterials for microwave applications. PubMed Gao, Bo; Yuen, Matthew M F; Ye, Terry Tao 2017-03-21 Metamaterials have attracted more and more research attentions recently. Metamaterials for electromagnetic applications consist of sub-wavelength structures designed to exhibit particular responses to an incident EM (electromagnetic) wave. Traditional EM (electromagnetic) metamaterial is constructed from thick and rigid structures, with the form-factor suitable for applications only in higher frequencies (above GHz) in microwave band. In this paper, we developed a thin and flexible metamaterial structure with small-scale unit cell that gives EM metamaterials far greater flexibility in numerous applications. By incorporating ferrite materials, the thickness and size of the unit cell of metamaterials have been effectively scaled down. The design, mechanism and development of flexible ferrite loaded metamaterials for microwave applications is described, with simulation as well as measurements. Experiments show that the ferrite film with permeability of 10 could reduce the resonant frequency. The thickness of the final metamaterials is only 0.3mm. This type of ferrite loaded metamaterials offers opportunities for various sub-GHz microwave applications, such as cloaks, absorbers, and frequency selective surfaces. 14. Flexible frequency selective metamaterials for microwave applications NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Gao, Bo; Yuen, Matthew M. F.; Ye, Terry Tao 2017-03-01 Metamaterials have attracted more and more research attentions recently. Metamaterials for electromagnetic applications consist of sub-wavelength structures designed to exhibit particular responses to an incident EM (electromagnetic) wave. Traditional EM (electromagnetic) metamaterial is constructed from thick and rigid structures, with the form-factor suitable for applications only in higher frequencies (above GHz) in microwave band. In this paper, we developed a thin and flexible metamaterial structure with small-scale unit cell that gives EM metamaterials far greater flexibility in numerous applications. By incorporating ferrite materials, the thickness and size of the unit cell of metamaterials have been effectively scaled down. The design, mechanism and development of flexible ferrite loaded metamaterials for microwave applications is described, with simulation as well as measurements. Experiments show that the ferrite film with permeability of 10 could reduce the resonant frequency. The thickness of the final metamaterials is only 0.3mm. This type of ferrite loaded metamaterials offers opportunities for various sub-GHz microwave applications, such as cloaks, absorbers, and frequency selective surfaces. 15. Flexible frequency selective metamaterials for microwave applications PubMed Central Gao, Bo; Yuen, Matthew M. F; Ye, Terry Tao 2017-01-01 Metamaterials have attracted more and more research attentions recently. Metamaterials for electromagnetic applications consist of sub-wavelength structures designed to exhibit particular responses to an incident EM (electromagnetic) wave. Traditional EM (electromagnetic) metamaterial is constructed from thick and rigid structures, with the form-factor suitable for applications only in higher frequencies (above GHz) in microwave band. In this paper, we developed a thin and flexible metamaterial structure with small-scale unit cell that gives EM metamaterials far greater flexibility in numerous applications. By incorporating ferrite materials, the thickness and size of the unit cell of metamaterials have been effectively scaled down. The design, mechanism and development of flexible ferrite loaded metamaterials for microwave applications is described, with simulation as well as measurements. Experiments show that the ferrite film with permeability of 10 could reduce the resonant frequency. The thickness of the final metamaterials is only 0.3mm. This type of ferrite loaded metamaterials offers opportunities for various sub-GHz microwave applications, such as cloaks, absorbers, and frequency selective surfaces. PMID:28322338 16. Flexible cloth seal assembly DOEpatents Bagepalli, B.S.; Taura, J.C.; Aksit, M.F.; Demiroglu, M.; Predmore, D.R. 1999-06-29 A seal assembly is described having a flexible cloth seal which includes a shim assemblage surrounded by a cloth assemblage. A first tubular end portion, such as a gas turbine combustor, includes a longitudinal axis and has smooth and spaced-apart first and second surface portions defining a notch there between which is wider at its top than at its bottom and which extends outward from the axis. The second surface portion is outside curved, and a first edge of the cloth seal is positioned in the bottom of the notch. A second tubular end portion, such as a first stage nozzle, is located near, spaced apart from, and coaxially aligned with, the first tubular end portion. The second tubular end portion has a smooth third surface portion which surrounds at least a portion of the first tubular end portion and which is contacted by the cloth seal. 7 figs. 17. Conformational flexibility of aspartame. PubMed Toniolo, Claudio; Temussi, Pierandrea 2016-05-01 L-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester, better known as aspartame, is not only one of the most used artificial sweeteners, but also a very interesting molecule with respect to the correlation between molecular structure and taste. The extreme conformational flexibility of this dipeptide posed a huge difficulty when researchers tried to use it as a lead compound to design new sweeteners. In particular, it was difficult to take advantage of its molecular model as a mold to infer the shape of the, then unknown, active site of the sweet taste receptor. Here, we follow the story of the 3D structural aspects of aspartame from early conformational studies to recent docking into homology models of the receptor. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 376-384, 2016. 18. Flexible retinal electrode array DOEpatents Okandan, Murat; Wessendorf, Kurt O.; Christenson, Todd R. 2006-10-24 An electrode array which has applications for neural stimulation and sensing. The electrode array can include a large number of electrodes each of which is flexibly attached to a common substrate using a plurality of springs to allow the electrodes to move independently. The electrode array can be formed from a combination of bulk and surface micromachining, with electrode tips that can include an electroplated metal (e.g. platinum, iridium, gold or titanium) or a metal oxide (e.g. iridium oxide) for biocompatibility. The electrode array can be used to form a part of a neural prosthesis, and is particularly well adapted for use in an implantable retinal prosthesis where the electrodes can be tailored to provide a uniform gentle contact pressure with optional sensing of this contact pressure at one or more of the electrodes. 19. Flexible cloth seal assembly DOEpatents Bagepalli, Bharat Sampathkumar; Taura, Joseph Charles; Aksit, Mahmut Faruk; Demiroglu, Mehmet; Predmore, Daniel Ross 1999-01-01 A seal assembly having a flexible cloth seal which includes a shim assemblage surrounded by a cloth assemblage. A first tubular end portion, such as a gas turbine combustor, includes a longitudinal axis and has smooth and spaced-apart first and second surface portions defining a notch therebetween which is wider at its top than at its bottom and which extends outward from the axis. The second surface portion is outside curved, and a first edge of the cloth seal is positioned in the bottom of the notch. A second tubular end portion, such as a first stage nozzle, is located near, spaced apart from, and coaxially aligned with, the first tubular end portion. The second tubular end portion has a smooth third surface portion which surrounds at least a portion of the first tubular end portion and which is contacted by the cloth seal. 20. Flexible swivel connection DOEpatents Hoh, J.C. 1985-02-19 A flexible swivel boot connector for connecting a first boot shield section to a second boot shield section, both first and second boot sections having openings therethrough, the second boot section having at least two adjacent accordian folds at the end having the opening, the second boot section being positioned through the opening of the first boot section such that a first of the accordian folds is within the first boot section and a second of the accordian folds is outside of the first boot, includes first and second annular discs, the first disc being positioned within and across the first accordian fold, the second disc being positioned within and across the second accordian fold, such that the first boot section is moveably and rigidly connected between the first and second accordian folds of the second boot section. 1. Damped flexible seal SciTech Connect DuBois, Neil J.; Amaral, Antonio M. 1992-10-27 A damped flexible seal assembly for a torpedo isolates the tailcone thereof rom vibrational energy present in the drive shaft assembly. A pair of outside flanges, each of which include an inwardly facing groove and an O-ring constrained therein, provide a watertight seal against the outer non-rotating surface of the drive shaft assembly. An inside flange includes an outwardly-facing groove and an O-ring constrained therein, and provides a watertight seal against the inner surface of the tail cone. Two cast-in-place elastomeric seals provide a watertight seal between the flanges and further provide a damping barrier between the outside flanges and the inside flanges for damping vibrational energy present in the drive shaft assembly before the energy can reach the tailcone through the seal assembly. 2. Surgical treatment for greater sphenoid wing fracture (orbital blow-in fracture). PubMed Yoshioka, N; Tominaga, Y; Motomura, H; Muraoka, M 1999-01-01 The authors present 2 patients with greater sphenoid wing fractures that were treated surgically. This type of fracture is classified as a blow-in fracture of the lateral orbital wall. The first patient was a 16-year-old boy who was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Computed tomography (CT) disclosed a medial displacement of the inner wall of the greater sphenoid wing of the left orbit. He was unconscious for 3 days. After he recovered consciousness, he presented limited abduction of the left eye with diplopia in all gaze directions and mild left proptosis. Although these symptoms did not improve for 1 week, displaced bone fragments of the greater sphenoid wing were removed via the lateral orbital approach. The patient had a good postoperative course with progressive improvement in eye movement over the next several weeks. The second patient was a 22-year-old man whose face was hit in a fight. CT disclosed medial displacement of the inner wall of the greater sphenoid wing of the left orbit. Although the patient also presented limited abduction of the left eye on admission, this symptom improved gradually. However, diplopia in all gaze directions and mild left proptosis did not improve. Therefore, the displaced inner wall of the greater sphenoid wing was reduced via the lateral orbital approach. The patient showed a good postoperative course with progressive improvement over the next several weeks. This type of orbital fracture, which is classified as an orbital blow-in fracture, is relatively rare. This type of greater sphenoid wing fracture is caused by buckling of the orbital wall secondary to severe compression of the orbital rim. Surgical treatment using the lateral orbital approach through a hemicoronal skin incision afforded a wider operative field and better cosmetic result. 3. 29 CFR 1977.12 - Exercise of any right afforded by the Act. Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR 2014-07-01 ... 29 Labor 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exercise of any right afforded by the Act. 1977.12 Section... OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1970 Specific Protections § 1977.12 Exercise of any right afforded by the... because of the exercise “of any right afforded by this Act.” Certain rights are explicitly provided in... 4. 29 CFR 1977.12 - Exercise of any right afforded by the Act. Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-07-01 ... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exercise of any right afforded by the Act. 1977.12 Section... OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1970 Specific Protections § 1977.12 Exercise of any right afforded by the... because of the exercise “of any right afforded by this Act.” Certain rights are explicitly provided in... 5. 29 CFR 1977.12 - Exercise of any right afforded by the Act. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-07-01 ... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exercise of any right afforded by the Act. 1977.12 Section... OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT OF 1970 Specific Protections § 1977.12 Exercise of any right afforded by the... because of the exercise “of any right afforded by this Act.” Certain rights are explicitly provided in... 6. Flexibility of K3 and ProTaper universal instruments. PubMed Grazziotin-Soares, Renata; Barato Filho, Flares; Vanni, José Roberto; Almeida, Susimara; Oliveira, Elias Pandonor Motcy de; Barletta, Fernando Branco; Limongi, Orlando 2011-01-01 This study used a mechanical test to evaluate the flexibility of instruments from the K3 (conicity 0.04) and the ProTaper Universal systems when they were new and after 5 uses in simulated canals. Five sets of instruments of each system were tested: K3 (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45) and ProTaper Universal (S1, S2, F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5). Each set of instruments was used to prepare a simulated canal and the same set of instruments was used 5 times (50 canals). The number of each subgroup represented the number of uses: 0 (control), 1, 3 and 5 uses. Before and after each use, the instruments were submitted to a mechanical flexibility test performed in a Versat 502 universal testing machine. Interactions between the instrument and the number of uses were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at a 5% level of significance. Instruments from both systems presented lower flexibility after the third use compared to the flexibility obtained after uses 0 and 1 (p<0.05), and maintained the same flexibility after the fifth use. The flexibility of instruments from the K3 system decreased with the increase of diameter, irrespective of the number of uses. Among the instruments from the ProTaper Universal system, the shaping files presented greater flexibility than the finishing files. F2 and F3 were the least flexible instruments, and F4 and F5 presented flexibility values similar to those of F1. 7. Advanced Modular Power Approach to Affordable, Supportable Space Systems NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Oeftering, Richard C.; Kimnach, Greg L.; Fincannon, James; Mckissock,, Barbara I.; Loyselle, Patricia L.; Wong, Edmond 2013-01-01 Recent studies of missions to the Moon, Mars and Near Earth Asteroids (NEA) indicate that these missions often involve several distinct separately launched vehicles that must ultimately be integrated together in-flight and operate as one unit. Therefore, it is important to see these vehicles as elements of a larger segmented spacecraft rather than separate spacecraft flying in formation. The evolution of large multi-vehicle exploration architecture creates the need (and opportunity) to establish a global power architecture that is common across all vehicles. The Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Modular Power System (AMPS) project managed by NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) is aimed at establishing the modular power system architecture that will enable power systems to be built from a common set of modular building blocks. The project is developing, demonstrating and evaluating key modular power technologies that are expected to minimize non-recurring development costs, reduce recurring integration costs, as well as, mission operational and support costs. Further, modular power is expected to enhance mission flexibility, vehicle reliability, scalability and overall mission supportability. The AMPS project not only supports multi-vehicle architectures but should enable multi-mission capability as well. The AMPS technology development involves near term demonstrations involving developmental prototype vehicles and field demonstrations. These operational demonstrations not only serve as a means of evaluating modular technology but also provide feedback to developers that assure that they progress toward truly flexible and operationally supportable modular power architecture. 8. Skill transfer, affordances and dexterity in different climbing environments. PubMed Seifert, L; Wattebled, L; L'hermette, M; Bideault, G; Herault, R; Davids, K 2013-12-01 This study explored how skills in one region of a perceptual-motor landscape of performance, created in part by previous experience in rock climbing, can shape those that emerge in another region (ice climbing). Ten novices in rock climbing and five intermediate rock climbers were observed climbing an icefall. Locations of right and left ice tools and crampons were videotaped from a frontal camera. Inter-individual variability of upper and lower limb couplings and types of action regarding icefall properties were assessed by cluster hierarchical analysis, distinguishing three clusters. Pelvis vertical displacement, duration and number of pelvis pauses were also analyzed. Experienced rock climbers were grouped in the same cluster and showed the highest range and variability of limb angular locations and coordination patterns, the highest vertical displacement and the shortest pelvis plateaux durations. Non-fluent climbers (clusters 2 and 3) showed low range and variability of limb angular locations and coordination patterns. In particular, climbers of cluster 3 exhibited the lowest vertical displacement, the longest plateaux durations and the greatest ratio between tool swinging and definitive anchorage. Our results exemplified the positive influence of skills in rock climbing on ice climbing performance, facilitated by the detection of affordances from environmental properties. 9. Strategic options towards an affordable high-performance infrared camera NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Oduor, Patrick; Mizuno, Genki; Dutta, Achyut K.; Lewis, Jay; Dhar, Nibir K. 2016-05-01 The promise of infrared (IR) imaging attaining low-cost akin to CMOS sensors success has been hampered by the inability to achieve cost advantages that are necessary for crossover from military and industrial applications into the consumer and mass-scale commercial realm despite well documented advantages. Banpil Photonics is developing affordable IR cameras by adopting new strategies to speed-up the decline of the IR camera cost curve. We present a new short-wave IR (SWIR) camera; 640x512 pixel InGaAs uncooled system that is high sensitivity low noise (<50e-), high dynamic range (100 dB), high-frame rates (> 500 frames per second (FPS)) at full resolution, and low power consumption (< 1 W) in a compact system. This camera paves the way towards mass market adoption by not only demonstrating high-performance IR imaging capability value add demanded by military and industrial application, but also illuminates a path towards justifiable price points essential for consumer facing application industries such as automotive, medical, and security imaging adoption. Among the strategic options presented include new sensor manufacturing technologies that scale favorably towards automation, multi-focal plane array compatible readout electronics, and dense or ultra-small pixel pitch devices. 10. Experimental Enhanced Upper Stage (XEUS): An affordable large lander system NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Scotkin, J.; Masten, D.; Powers, J.; O'Konek, N.; Kutter, B.; Stopnitzky, B. The Experimental Enhanced Upper Stage (XEUS) offers a path to reduce costs and development time to sustainable activity beyond LEO by equipping existing large cryogenic propulsion stages with MSS VTVL propulsion and GNC to create a large, multi-thrust axis lander. Conventional lander designs have been driven by the assumption that a single, highly reliable, and efficient propulsion system should conduct the entire descent, approach, and landing. Compromises in structural, propulsion, and operational efficiency result from this assumption. System reliability and safety also suffer. The result is often an iterative series of optimizations, making every subsystem mission-unique and expensive. The XEUS multi-thrust axis lander concept uniquely addresses the programmatic and technical challenges of large-mass planetary landing by taking advantage of proven technologies and decoupling the deorbit and descent propulsion system from the landing propulsion system. Precise control of distributed, multi-thrust axis landing propulsion units mounted on the horizontal axis of a Centaur stage will ultimately enable the affordable deployment of large planetary rovers, uncrewed base infrastructure and manned planetary expeditions. The XEUS lander has been designed to offer a significantly improved mass fraction and mass to surface capability over conventional lander designs, while reducing airlock/payload to surface distances and distributing plume effects by using multiple gimbaled landing thrusters. In utilizing a proven cryogenic propulsion stage, XEUS reduces development costs required for development of new cryogenic propulsion stages and fairings and builds upon the strong heritage of successful Centaur and MSS RLV flights. 11. Twitter Sentiment Predicts Affordable Care Act Marketplace Enrollment PubMed Central Sap, Maarten; Schwartz, Andrew; Town, Robert; Baker, Tom; Ungar, Lyle; Merchant, Raina M 2015-01-01 Background Traditional metrics of the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and health insurance marketplaces in the United States include public opinion polls and marketplace enrollment, which are published with a lag of weeks to months. In this rapidly changing environment, a real-time barometer of public opinion with a mechanism to identify emerging issues would be valuable. Objective We sought to evaluate Twitter’s role as a real-time barometer of public sentiment on the ACA and to determine if Twitter sentiment (the positivity or negativity of tweets) could be predictive of state-level marketplace enrollment. Methods We retrospectively collected 977,303 ACA-related tweets in March 2014 and then tested a correlation of Twitter sentiment with marketplace enrollment by state. Results A 0.10 increase in the sentiment score was associated with an 8.7% increase in enrollment at the state level (95% CI 1.32-16.13; P=.02), a correlation that remained significant when adjusting for state Medicaid expansion (P=.02) or use of a state-based marketplace (P=.03). Conclusions This correlation indicates Twitter’s potential as a real-time monitoring strategy for future marketplace enrollment periods; marketplaces could systematically track Twitter sentiment to more rapidly identify enrollment changes and potentially emerging issues. As a repository of free and accessible consumer-generated opinions, this study reveals a novel role for Twitter in the health policy landscape. PMID:25707038 12. Small firm self-insurance under the Affordable Care Act. PubMed Buettgens, Matthew; Blumberg, Linda J 2012-11-01 The Affordable Care Act changes the small-group insurance market substantially beginning in 2014, but most changes do not apply to self-insured plans. This exemption provides an opening for small employers with healthier workers to avoid broader sharing of health care risk, isolating higher-cost groups in the fully insured market. Private stop-loss or reinsurance plans can mediate the risk of self-insurance for small employers, facilitating the decision to self-insure. We simulate small-employer coverage decisions under the law and find that low-risk stop-loss policies lead to higher premiums in the fully insured small-group market. Average single premiums would be up to 25 percent higher, if stop-loss insurance with no additional risk to employers than fully insuring is allowed--an option available in most states absent further government action. Regulation of stop-loss at the federal or state level can, however, prevent such adverse selection and increase stability in small-group insurance coverage. 13. Affordable Window Insulation with R-10/inch Rating SciTech Connect Jenifer Marchesi Redouane Begag; Je Kyun Lee; Danny Ou; Jong Ho Sonn; George Gould; Wendell Rhine 2004-10-15 During the performance of contract DE-FC26-00-NT40998, entitled ''Affordable Window Insulation with R-10/inch Value'', research was conducted at Aspen Aerogels, Inc. to develop new transparent aerogel materials suitable for window insulation applications. The project requirements were to develop a formulation or multiple formulations that have high transparency (85-90%) in the visible region, are hydrophobic (will not opacify with exposure to water vapor or liquid), and have at least 2% resiliency (interpreted as recoverable 2% strain and better than 5% strain to failure in compression). Results from an unrelated project showed that silica aerogels covalently bonded to organic polymers exhibit excellent mechanical properties. At the outset of this project, we believed that such a route is the best to improve mechanical properties. We have applied Design of Experiment (DOE) techniques to optimize formulations including both silica aerogels and organically modified silica aerogels (''Ormosils''). We used these DOE results to optimize formulations around the local/global optimization points. This report documents that we succeeded in developing a number of formulations that meet all of the stated criteria. We successfully developed formulations utilizing a two-step approach where the first step involves acid catalyzed hydrolysis and the second step involves base catalyzed condensation to make the gels. The gels were dried using supercritical CO{sub 2} and we were able to make 1 foot x 1 foot x 0.5 inch panels that met the criteria established. 14. Practical and affordable ways to cultivate leadership in your organization. PubMed Gaufin, Joyce R; Kennedy, Kathy I; Struthers, Ellen D 2010-01-01 Leadership can be cultivated through the intentional actions of managers and others in public health organizations. This article provides a rationale for taking innovative and proactive steps to build leadership, discusses four general strategies for doing so, and presents seven practical, creative, and affordable actions that can have a positive influence on efforts to cultivate leadership qualities in the public health workforce. Each action is illustrated with an actual contemporary example from a local public health agency. The actions include providing formal or informal coaching/mentoring opportunities; assigning staff to lead new projects or collaborations, projects outside their disciplines, projects that cause growth in their information technology capacity, or orphan or struggling projects; facilitating a book club; and institutionalizing reflection. The best way to ensure that effective leadership is available when the organization needs it is to intentionally develop it through an ongoing process. Leadership growth can be supported during the ordinary course of business in a public health organization through thoughtful challenges, sharing ideas and experiences, and especially through the example set by managers and those in positions of authority. 15. Innovating affordable neonatal care equipment for use at scale PubMed Central Sashi Kumar, V; Paul, V K; Sathasivam, K 2016-01-01 The care of small and sick neonates requires biomedical technologies, such as devices that can keep babies warm (radiant warmers and incubators), resuscitate (self-inflating bags), track growth (weighing scales), treat jaundice (phototherapy units) and provide oxygen or respiratory support (hoods, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices and ventilators). Until the 1990s, most of these products were procured through import at a high cost and with little maintenance support. Emerging demand and an informal collaboration of neonatologists, engineers and entrepreneurs has led to the production of good quality equipment of several high-volume categories at affordable cost in India. Radiant warmers, resuscitation bags, phototherapy units, weighing scales and other devices manufactured by Indian small-scale companies have enabled an expansion of neonatal care in the country, particularly in district hospitals, medical college hospitals and subdistrict facilities in the public sector as a part of the National Rural Health Mission. Indian products have acquired international quality standards and are even exported to developed nations. This paper captures this story of innovation and entrepreneurship in neonatal care. PMID:27924105 16. An Object Oriented Extensible Architecture for Affordable Aerospace Propulsion Systems NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Follen, Gregory J.; Lytle, John K. (Technical Monitor) 2002-01-01 Driven by a need to explore and develop propulsion systems that exceeded current computing capabilities, NASA Glenn embarked on a novel strategy leading to the development of an architecture that enables propulsion simulations never thought possible before. Full engine 3 Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamic propulsion system simulations were deemed impossible due to the impracticality of the hardware and software computing systems required. However, with a software paradigm shift and an embracing of parallel and distributed processing, an architecture was designed to meet the needs of future propulsion system modeling. The author suggests that the architecture designed at the NASA Glenn Research Center for propulsion system modeling has potential for impacting the direction of development of affordable weapons systems currently under consideration by the Applied Vehicle Technology Panel (AVT). This paper discusses the salient features of the NPSS Architecture including its interface layer, object layer, implementation for accessing legacy codes, numerical zooming infrastructure and its computing layer. The computing layer focuses on the use and deployment of these propulsion simulations on parallel and distributed computing platforms which has been the focus of NASA Ames. Additional features of the object oriented architecture that support MultiDisciplinary (MD) Coupling, computer aided design (CAD) access and MD coupling objects will be discussed. Included will be a discussion of the successes, challenges and benefits of implementing this architecture. 17. Cosmetic dentistry for patients who can't afford it. PubMed Kurthy, R 2000-12-01 As I noted earlier, all things being equal, patients prefer tooth-colored restorations. This technique has removed virtually all the barriers to treatment and makes things a lot more equal. There's the cost factor (Dramatically reduced!) There's the fear-of-needle factor (Gone!) There's the time factor (Minimized!). In fact, prepping and placing these occlusal veneers is so fast I can now do 8 to 10 amalgam rehabs in one appointment. Doing so many in a short time is extremely profitable, even at the reduced fee. This technique certainly does not qualify as "great dentistry," but it brings "desire-motivated" cosmetic dentistry to an entirely new universe and those patients are appreciative. They're even referring their friends! In my practice, veneering amalgam has brought cosmetic dentistry to many patients who would never agree to have their restorations replaced with traditional composite resin. And it has brought me several additional thousand dollars in collections each month. So this is a classic "win-win" situation. Patients are getting cosmetic restorations they didn't think they could afford, and I'm making a great profit doing it. 18. Data mining of space heating system performance in affordable housing SciTech Connect Ren, Xiaoxin; Yan, Da; Hong, Tianzhen 2015-02-16 The space heating in residential buildings accounts for a considerable amount of the primary energy use. Therefore, understanding the operation and performance of space heating systems becomes crucial in improving occupant comfort while reducing energy use. This study investigated the behavior of occupants adjusting their thermostat settings and heating system operations in a 62-unit affordable housing complex in Revere, Massachusetts, USA. The data mining methods, including clustering approach and decision trees, were used to ascertain occupant behavior patterns. Data tabulating ON/OFF space heating states was assessed, to provide a better understanding of the intermittent operation of space heating systems in terms of system cycling frequency and the duration of each operation. The decision tree was used to verify the link between room temperature settings, house and heating system characteristics and the heating energy use. The results suggest that the majority of apartments show fairly constant room temperature profiles with limited variations during a day or between weekday and weekend. Data clustering results revealed six typical patterns of room temperature profiles during the heating season. Space heating systems cycled more frequently than anticipated due to a tight range of room thermostat settings and potentially oversized heating capacities. In conclusion, from this study affirm data mining techniques are an effective method to analyze large datasets and extract hidden patterns to inform design and improve operations. 19. Data mining of space heating system performance in affordable housing DOE PAGES Ren, Xiaoxin; Yan, Da; Hong, Tianzhen 2015-02-16 The space heating in residential buildings accounts for a considerable amount of the primary energy use. Therefore, understanding the operation and performance of space heating systems becomes crucial in improving occupant comfort while reducing energy use. This study investigated the behavior of occupants adjusting their thermostat settings and heating system operations in a 62-unit affordable housing complex in Revere, Massachusetts, USA. The data mining methods, including clustering approach and decision trees, were used to ascertain occupant behavior patterns. Data tabulating ON/OFF space heating states was assessed, to provide a better understanding of the intermittent operation of space heating systems inmore » terms of system cycling frequency and the duration of each operation. The decision tree was used to verify the link between room temperature settings, house and heating system characteristics and the heating energy use. The results suggest that the majority of apartments show fairly constant room temperature profiles with limited variations during a day or between weekday and weekend. Data clustering results revealed six typical patterns of room temperature profiles during the heating season. Space heating systems cycled more frequently than anticipated due to a tight range of room thermostat settings and potentially oversized heating capacities. In conclusion, from this study affirm data mining techniques are an effective method to analyze large datasets and extract hidden patterns to inform design and improve operations.« less 20. Delivery of affordable and equitable cancer care in India. PubMed Pramesh, C S; Badwe, Rajendra A; Borthakur, Bibhuti B; Chandra, Madhu; Raj, Elluswami Hemanth; Kannan, T; Kalwar, Ashok; Kapoor, Sanjay; Malhotra, Hemant; Nayak, Sukdev; Rath, Goura K; Sagar, T G; Sebastian, Paul; Sarin, Rajiv; Shanta, V; Sharma, Suresh C; Shukla, Shilin; Vijayakumar, Manavalan; Vijaykumar, D K; Aggarwal, Ajay; Purushotham, Arnie; Sullivan, Richard 2014-05-01 The delivery of affordable and equitable cancer care is one of India's greatest public health challenges. Public expenditure on cancer in India remains below US10 per person (compared with more than US$100 per person in high-income countries), and overall public expenditure on health care is still only slightly above 1% of gross domestic product. Out-of-pocket payments, which account for more than three-quarters of cancer expenditures in India, are one of the greatest threats to patients and families, and a cancer diagnosis is increasingly responsible for catastrophic expenditures that negatively affect not only the patient but also the welfare and education of several generations of their family. We explore the complex nature of cancer care systems across India, from state to government levels, and address the crucial issues of infrastructure, manpower shortages, and the pressing need to develop cross-state solutions to prevention and early detection of cancer, in addition to governance of the largely unregulated private sector and the cost of new technologies and drugs. We discuss the role of public insurance schemes, the need to develop new political mandates and authority to set priorities, the necessity to greatly improve the quality of care, and the drive to understand and deliver cost-effective cancer care programmes. 1. The Future of the Affordable Care Act and Insurance Coverage PubMed Central Jackson, Adlan 2017-01-01 We describe the patterns of coverage gains associated with the Affordable Care Act (ACA) expansions and use these patterns to assess the potential impact of alternative repeal or repeal and replace strategies because Congress and the president are weighing options to repeal or replace the ACA. We find that specific provisions of the ACA, including the Medicaid expansion and the structure of premium subsidies, have been associated with large and robust gains in insurance coverage. We evaluate the impact of retaining dependent coverage and high-risk pool provisions and show, on the basis of the ACA experience, that these provisions would have little effect on coverage. We find that many replacement proposal components, including flat tax credits and maintaining cost savings provisions, could jeopardize the ability of many of the ACA’s primary beneficiaries, as well as other Americans, to access coverage and care. By leading to a deterioration of the safety net, these strategies could also imperil population health activities. PMID:28207344 2. Developing affordable multi-touch technologies for use in physics NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Potter, Mark; Ilie, Carolina; Schofield, Damian; Vampola, David 2012-02-01 Physics is one of many areas which has the ability to benefit from a number of different teaching styles and sophisticated instructional tools due to it having both theoretical and practical applications which can be explored. The purpose of this research is to develop affordable large scale multi-touch interfaces which can be used within and outside of the classroom as both an instruction technology and a computer supported collaborative learning tool. Not only can this technology be implemented at university levels, but also at the K-12 level of education. Pedagogical research indicates that kinesthetic learning is a fundamental, powerful, and ubiquitous learning style [1]. Through the use of these types of multi-touch tools and teaching methods which incorporate them, the classroom can be enriched to allow for better comprehension and retention of information. This is due in part to a wider range of learning styles, such as kinesthetic learning, which are being catered to within the classroom. [4pt] [1] Wieman, C.E, Perkins, K.K., Adams, W.K., Oersted Medal Lecture 2007: Interactive Simulations for teaching physics: What works, what doesn't and why,'' American Journal of Physics. 76 393-99. 3. Flexible Calendar and Staff Development. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Garlock, Jerry C. Three questionnaires were used at El Camino College to assess a flexible calendar that allowed ten days between semesters for staff development activities. A locally developed questionnaire on staff development drew responses from 245 instructors (68.6%), a state questionnaire on the flexible calendar was answered by 57% of full-time and 17% of… 4. Active Flexible Wing (AFW) Technology DTIC Science & Technology 1988-02-01 copy of zeach of the fbllowing records: AD B253477, XV-8A Flexible Win& Aerial Utility Vehicle, by H-. Kredit . January 1964, 144 pages AD 13252433...Counterinsurgency Operations by R.A. Wise, Feb 0965, 74 pages - AD 461202. XV-8A Flexible Wing Aerial Utility Vehicle, H. Kredit , Feb. 1965. 100 pages _-AD 5. Sensor Technologies on Flexible Substrates NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Koehne, Jessica 2016-01-01 NASA Ames has developed sensor technologies on flexible substrates integrated into textiles for personalized environment monitoring and human performance evaluation. Current technologies include chemical sensing for gas leak and event monitoring and biological sensors for human health and performance monitoring. Targeted integration include next generation EVA suits and flexible habitats. 6. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: impact on mental health services demand and provider availability. PubMed Pearlman, Shoshannah A 2013-01-01 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) will greatly increase the demand for mental health (MH) services, as 62.5 million Americans from relatively high-need populations will be newly eligible for MH benefits. Consequently, the supply of MH care provider services is expected to proportionately decrease by 18% to 21% in 2014. ACA funding does not demonstrate the ability to increase turnout of psychiatrists sufficiently to meet the need. Available data indicate that the numbers of advanced practice psychiatric nurses (APPNs) continue to increase at a much greater rate, but information from either a clinical perspective or a market perspective is complicated by the weak distinctions that are made between nurse practitioners (NPs) and other nonphysician care professionals. The following recommendations are made: (a) some of the ACA funding for research into efficient and effective care delivery systems should be allocated to acquiring data on APPNs in leadership roles or clinical settings in which they are ultimately responsible for management of MH care, as differentiated from settings in which they provide support for psychiatrists; and (b) since the available data indicate nurse practitioners achieve good outcomes and are more economically viable than psychiatrists, placement of psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners in community settings should be recognized as a realistic solution to the shortfall of MH services. 7. Early Impact Of The Affordable Care Act On Oral Contraceptive Cost Sharing, Discontinuation, And Nonadherence. PubMed Pace, Lydia E; Dusetzina, Stacie B; Keating, Nancy L 2016-09-01 The oral contraceptive pill is the contraceptive method most commonly used by US women, but inconsistent use of the pill is a contributor to high rates of unintended pregnancy. The relationship between consumer cost sharing and consistent use of the pill is not well understood, and the impact of the elimination of cost sharing for oral contraceptive pills in a mandate in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is not yet known. We analyzed insurance claims for 635,075 women with employer-sponsored insurance who were initiating use of the pill, to examine rates of discontinuation and nonadherence, their relationship with cost sharing, and trends before and during the first year after implementation of the ACA mandate. We found that cost sharing for oral contraceptives decreased markedly following implementation, more significantly for generic than for brand-name versions. Higher copays were associated with greater discontinuation of and nonadherence to generic pills than was the case with zero copayments. Discontinuation of the use of generic or brand-name pills decreased slightly but significantly following ACA implementation, as did nonadherence to brand-name pills. Our findings suggest a modest early impact of the ACA on improving consistent use of oral contraceptives among women initiating their use. 8. The Cost of Connecting: Distance Learning Can Be Affordable. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Morgan, W. Daniel 1994-01-01 Schools are beginning to tap into the growing industry of Interactive Television (ITV) as a way to offer their students greater learning resources. Switching to the new distance-learning method of ITV requires knowledge of the technological terminology. A cost-analysis model is given as an example for business administrators. (KDP) 9. What Is Affordable Community College Tuition?: Part I ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Sullivan, Patrick 2010-01-01 During the last 25 years, there has been a major shift in the way that state and federal governments fund financial aid to students attending colleges and universities. This shift has been characterized by the idea of "cost sharing"--a "high tuition, high aid" model that requires students and their families to shoulder a greater percentage of the… 10. Orthogonal flexible Rydberg aggregates NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Leonhardt, K.; Wüster, S.; Rost, J. M. 2016-02-01 We study the link between atomic motion and exciton transport in flexible Rydberg aggregates, assemblies of highly excited light alkali-metal atoms, for which motion due to dipole-dipole interaction becomes relevant. In two one-dimensional atom chains crossing at a right angle adiabatic exciton transport is affected by a conical intersection of excitonic energy surfaces, which induces controllable nonadiabatic effects. A joint exciton-motion pulse that is initially governed by a single energy surface is coherently split into two modes after crossing the intersection. The modes induce strongly different atomic motion, leading to clear signatures of nonadiabatic effects in atomic density profiles. We have shown how this scenario can be exploited as an exciton switch, controlling direction and coherence properties of the joint pulse on the second of the chains [K. Leonhardt et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 223001 (2014), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.223001]. In this article we discuss the underlying complex dynamics in detail, characterize the switch, and derive our isotropic interaction model from a realistic anisotropic one with the addition of a magnetic bias field. 11. Flexible Computational Science Infrastructure SciTech Connect Bergen, Ben; Moss, Nicholas; Charest, Marc Robert Joseph 2016-04-06 FleCSI is a compile-time configurable framework designed to support multi-physics application development. As such, FleCSI attempts to provide a very general set of infrastructure design patterns that can be specialized and extended to suit the needs of a broad variety of solver and data requirements. Current support includes multi-dimensional mesh topology, mesh geometry, and mesh adjacency information, n-dimensional hashed-tree data structures, graph partitioning interfaces, and dependency closures. FleCSI also introduces a functional programming model with control, execution, and data abstractions that are consistent with both MPI and state-of-the-art task-based runtimes such as Legion and Charm++. The FleCSI abstraction layer provides the developer with insulation from the underlying runtime, while allowing support for multiple runtime systems, including conventional models like asynchronous MPI. The intent is to give developers a concrete set of user-friendly programming tools that can be used now, while allowing flexibility in choosing runtime implementations and optimizations that can be applied to architectures and runtimes that arise in the future. The control and execution models in FleCSI also provide formal nomenclature for describing poorly understood concepts like kernels and tasks. 12. Flexible sparse regularization NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lorenz, Dirk A.; Resmerita, Elena 2017-01-01 The seminal paper of Daubechies, Defrise, DeMol made clear that {{\\ell }}p spaces with p\\in [1,2) and p-powers of the corresponding norms are appropriate settings for dealing with reconstruction of sparse solutions of ill-posed problems by regularization. It seems that the case p = 1 provides the best results in most of the situations compared to the cases p\\in (1,2). An extensive literature gives great credit also to using {{\\ell }}p spaces with p\\in (0,1) together with the corresponding quasi-norms, although one has to tackle challenging numerical problems raised by the non-convexity of the quasi-norms. In any of these settings, either superlinear, linear or sublinear, the question of how to choose the exponent p has been not only a numerical issue, but also a philosophical one. In this work we introduce a more flexible way of sparse regularization by varying exponents. We introduce the corresponding functional analytic framework, that leaves the setting of normed spaces but works with so-called F-norms. One curious result is that there are F-norms which generate the ℓ 1 space, but they are strictly convex, while the ℓ 1-norm is just convex. 13. Modelling the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System: Another flexible model NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Barhorst, Alan A. 1993-01-01 High fidelity elastic system modeling algorithms are discussed. The particular system studied is the Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (RMS) undergoing full articulated motion. The model incorporates flexibility via a methodology the author has been developing. The technique is based in variational principles, so rigorous boundary condition generation and weak formulations for the associated partial differential equations are realized, yet the analyst need not integrate by parts. The methodology is formulated using vector-dyad notation with minimal use of tensor notation, therefore the technique is believed to be affable to practicing engineers. The objectives of this work are as follows: (1) determine the efficacy of the modeling method; and (2) determine if the method affords an analyst advantages in the overall modeling and simulation task. Generated out of necessity were Mathematica algorithms that quasi-automate the modeling procedure and simulation development. The project was divided into sections as follows: (1) model development of a simplified manipulator; (2) model development of the full-freedom RMS including a flexible movable base on a six degree of freedom orbiter (a rigid-body is attached to the manipulator end-effector); (3) simulation development for item 2; and (4) comparison to the currently used model of the flexible RMS in the Structures and Mechanics Division of NASA JSC. At the time of the writing of this report, items 3 and 4 above were not complete. 14. Some perspectives on affordable healthcare systems in China. PubMed Zhang, Y T; Yan, Y S; Poon, C C Y 2007-01-01 Consistent with the global population trend, China is becoming an aging society. Over one-fifth of the world's elderly population (aged 65 and over) lives in China. Statistics show that the elderly populace in China constitutes 8% of the total population in 2006 and the percentage will be tripled to become 24% in 2050. As a result, there is inevitably an increase in the prevalence of chronic disease that accounted for almost 80% of all deaths in China in 2005. On the other hand, from 1978 to 2003, the total expenditure on healthcare in China increased from 11.02 billion RMB up to 658.41 billion RMB, and in terms of GDP, it is an increase from 3.04% to 5.62%. The annual average increase (12.1%) in healthcare investment is therefore even higher than the annual rate of GDP increase (9.38%) during the last two decades. Meeting the long-term healthcare needs of this growing elderly population and escalating healthcare expenditure pose a grim challenge to the current Chinese healthcare system and the solvency of state budgets. In fact, the healthcare services in China have become less accessible since the early 1980s when its costs soared up. The rising costs have prevented many Chinese people from seeking early medical care. The phenomenon has created a wide disparity in seeking healthcare between urban and rural areas. These trends are of particular concern to the elderly, who have higher healthcare needs yet lesser means to afford the services. Furthermore, according to the 3rd National Health Service Survey, 79.1% of rural residents and 44.8% of urban citizens did not have any form of medical insurance. Such a low percentage of coverage of medical insurance indicates that many people may not be able to afford medical services when they suffer from severe diseases. Therefore, there is a great need of a more effective and low-cost healthcare system. A new system that can allow multi-level, multi-dimensional and standardized healthcare services for urban and rural 15. Issaquah Highlands Zero Energy Affordable Housing (WA) - YWCA SciTech Connect Tom, Vincent; DeRobbio, Wendy; Hall, Linda 2012-04-30 The YWCA Family Village at Issaquah, Net Zero Energy Approach Project provides a compelling model for how the nation can seriously respond to the critical need for affordable housing while advancing environmental standards and reducing economic inequities. Affordable housing developments for vulnerable members of the community and in today's workforce cannot overlook issues, such as climate impact, energy security and water conservation. This project's advanced building design was based on the goal of creating a 100 year building that could achieve net zero energy usage if funding had been available to support the final pieces of energy generation. The team worked closely with community stakeholders to ensure the baseline components of high quality and efficient building envelopes along with efficient systems were in place to set the stage for future incorporation of energy generating systems such as solar panels. As built, these 146 homes, large child care center and community services areas are proving the value of investing upfront for the benefit of future generations by reducing ongoing utility and maintenance costs with an eye toward environmental stewardship and community/resident education. The DOE award helped fund two critical energy conservation features for the YWCA Family Village at Issaquah campus: 1) super-insulated roof assembly with a continuous air barrier and 2) domestic hot water preheat system. The roof system at the YWCA Family Village at Issaquah project was built to include 6" of Polyiso rigid insulation (R-38) on top of the roof sheathing to provide a super-insulated roof in line with the other green features of the project. Placing the rigid insulation on top of the roof sheathing allows the building to have a continuous layer of insulation and provides a continuous air barrier. The domestic hot water preheat system includes flat panel arrays on roofs of the buildings that heat the water using solar power, which reduces the amount of 16. Influence of flexibility and gender on the posture of school children☆ PubMed Central Coelho, Jerusa Jordão; Graciosa, Maylli Daiani; de Medeiros, Daiane Lazzeri; Pacheco, Sheila Cristina da Silva; da Costa, Leticia Miranda Resende; Ries, Lilian Gerdi Kittel 2014-01-01 Objective: To evaluate whether flexibility and gender influence students' posture. Method: Evaluation of 60 female and male students, aged 5 to 14 years, divided into two groups: normal flexibility (n=21) and reduced flexibility (n=39). Flexibility and posture were assessed by photogrammetry and by the elevation of the lower limbs in extension, considering the leg angle and the postural evaluation. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to assess the joint influence of flexibility and gender on the posture-dependent variables. After verifying an interactive effect between the variables of gender and flexibility, multiple comparisons using the t test were applied. Results: Flexibility influenced the symmetry angle of the knee (p<0.05) and anteroposterior body tilt (p<0.05). Gender did not influence postural angles (p>0.05). There was an interactive effect between the variables of gender and flexibility on the knee symmetry angle (p<0.02). Male students with reduced flexibility had greater asymmetry of the knee when compared to the other subgroups. Conclusion: Posture was influenced by an isolated effect of the variable of flexibility and by an interactive effect between gender and flexibility. PMID:25479853 17. Scientific experimentation afforded by the International Asteroid Mission NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) The International Asteroid Mission (IAM) affords scientists the opportunity to perform interesting and important experimentations. This opportunity is not sufficient in its own right to mandate inclusion of science into the mission. Certain scientific experimentations are essential to the success of the mission, and are the driving force behind the inclusion of science. Instrument designs incorporate the need for direct contribution to the success of the mining mission. Examples of these applications include the search for additional candidate asteroids, especially at the Earth-Sun Trojan points, with an infrared telescope facility; a gamma ray burst detector provides the crew with real-time notification of potentially harmful solar-flare activity; and a materials processing laboratory provides information on the porosity, composition, and crystalline structure of samples to optimize the mining operations in addition to yielding great insight into the history and formation of the solar-system. Instrument designs have emphasized the use of off-the-shelf hardware, demonstrated technologies. Their scientific value is derived from the location on an interplanetary platform, not necessarily advancements in technology or detection methods. Instrumentation will be delivered to the IAM project after completion of a thorough certification program. The program will include qualification, acceptance, performance, thermal balance, thermal vacuum, vibration, electromagnetic susceptibility and compatibility, and calibration testing. After delivery to the assembly-site in low-Earth orbit, an additional series of functional and compatibility tests will be required prior to initiation of the mission. The scientific instrumentation proposed for the IAM consists of experiments using a Gamma Ray Burst Detector, a Infrared Observatory, a Materials Processing Facility, Long-Wavelength Radar, Seismic Measurement Devices, Cosmic Ray Detectors, Interplanetary Plasma Measurements, a Solar 18. Affordable and personalized lighting using inverse modeling and virtual sensors NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Basu, Chandrayee; Chen, Benjamin; Richards, Jacob; Dhinakaran, Aparna; Agogino, Alice; Martin, Rodney 2014-03-01 Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have great potential to enable personalized intelligent lighting systems while reducing building energy use by 50%-70%. As a result WSN systems are being increasingly integrated in state-ofart intelligent lighting systems. In the future these systems will enable participation of lighting loads as ancillary services. However, such systems can be expensive to install and lack the plug-and-play quality necessary for user-friendly commissioning. In this paper we present an integrated system of wireless sensor platforms and modeling software to enable affordable and user-friendly intelligent lighting. It requires ⇠ 60% fewer sensor deployments compared to current commercial systems. Reduction in sensor deployments has been achieved by optimally replacing the actual photo-sensors with real-time discrete predictive inverse models. Spatially sparse and clustered sub-hourly photo-sensor data captured by the WSN platforms are used to develop and validate a piece-wise linear regression of indoor light distribution. This deterministic data-driven model accounts for sky conditions and solar position. The optimal placement of photo-sensors is performed iteratively to achieve the best predictability of the light field desired for indoor lighting control. Using two weeks of daylight and artificial light training data acquired at the Sustainability Base at NASA Ames, the model was able to predict the light level at seven monitored workstations with 80%-95% accuracy. We estimate that 10% adoption of this intelligent wireless sensor system in commercial buildings could save 0.2-0.25 quads BTU of energy nationwide. 19. Affordable Care Act risk adjustment: overview, context, and challenges. PubMed Kautter, John; Pope, Gregory C; Keenan, Patricia 2014-01-01 Beginning in 2014, individuals and small businesses will be able to purchase private health insurance through competitive marketplaces. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides for a program of risk adjustment in the individual and small group markets in 2014 as Marketplaces are implemented and new market reforms take effect. The purpose of risk adjustment is to lessen or eliminate the influence of risk selection on the premiums that plans charge and the incentive for plans to avoid sicker enrollees. This article--the first of three in the Medicare & Medicaid Research Review--describes the key program goal and issues in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) developed risk adjustment methodology, and identifies key choices in how the methodology responds to these issues. The goal of the HHS risk adjustment methodology is to compensate health insurance plans for differences in enrollee health mix so that plan premiums reflect differences in scope of coverage and other plan factors, but not differences in health status. The methodology includes a risk adjustment model and a risk transfer formula that together address this program goal as well as three issues specific to ACA risk adjustment: 1) new population; 2) cost and rating factors; and 3) balanced transfers within state/market. The risk adjustment model, described in the second article, estimates differences in health risks taking into account the new population and scope of coverage (actuarial value level). The transfer formula, described in the third article, calculates balanced transfers that are intended to account for health risk differences while preserving permissible premium differences. 20. Flexible Blades for Wind Turbines NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Collins, Madeline Carlisle; Macphee, David; Harris, Caleb 2016-11-01 Previous research has shown that windmills with flexible blades are more efficient than those with rigid blades. Flexibility offers passive pitch control, preferable to active pitch control which is costly and requires maintenance. Flexible blades morph such that the blade more closely resembles its design point at part load and over load. The lift-to-drag ratios on individual blades was investigated. A mold was designed and machined from an acrylic slab for the casting of blades with a NACA 0012 cross section. A flexible blade was cast from silicone and a rigid blade was cast from polyurethane. Each of these blades was tested in a wind tunnel, cantilever mounted, spanning the whole test section. The angle of attack was varied by rotating the mount. All tests were performed at the same wind speed. A load cell within the mount measured forces on the blade, from which the lift and drag forces were calculated. The stall point for the flexible blade occurred later than for the rigid blade, which agrees with previous research. Lift-to-drag ratios were larger for the flexible blade at all angles of attack tested. Flexible blades seem to be a viable option for passive pitch control. Future research will include different airfoil cross sections, wind speeds, and blade materials. Funding from NSF REU site Grant EEC 1358991 is greatly appreciated. 1. Swarming: Flexible Roaming Plans PubMed Central Partridge, Jonathan D. 2013-01-01 Movement over an agar surface via swarming motility is subject to formidable challenges not encountered during swimming. Bacteria display a great deal of flexibility in coping with these challenges, which include attracting water to the surface, overcoming frictional forces, and reducing surface tension. Bacteria that swarm on “hard” agar surfaces (robust swarmers) display a hyperflagellated and hyperelongated morphology. Bacteria requiring a “softer” agar surface (temperate swarmers) do not exhibit such a dramatic morphology. For polarly flagellated robust swarmers, there is good evidence that restriction of flagellar rotation somehow signals the induction of a large number of lateral flagella, but this scenario is apparently not relevant to temperate swarmers. Swarming bacteria can be further subdivided by their requirement for multiple stators (Mot proteins) or a stator-associated protein (FliL), secretion of essential polysaccharides, cell density-dependent gene regulation including surfactant synthesis, a functional chemotaxis signaling pathway, appropriate cyclic (c)-di-GMP levels, induction of virulence determinants, and various nutritional requirements such as iron limitation or nitrate availability. Swarming strategies are as diverse as the bacteria that utilize them. The strength of these numerous designs stems from the vantage point they offer for understanding mechanisms for effective colonization of surface niches, acquisition of pathogenic potential, and identification of environmental signals that regulate swarming. The signature swirling and streaming motion within a swarm is an interesting phenomenon in and of itself, an emergent behavior with properties similar to flocking behavior in diverse systems, including birds and fish, providing a convenient new avenue for modeling such behavior. PMID:23264580 2. 77 FR 36272 - SunShot Prize: America's Most Affordable Rooftop Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-06-18 ... Affordable Rooftop rules at eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/prize.html . DATES: DOE will accept comments... America's Most Affordable Rooftop'' in the Subject line Mail: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Solar....S. Department of Energy, Solar Program, 1000 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20585.... 3. 77 FR 29235 - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Standards Related to Reinsurance, Risk Corridors, and... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-05-17 ... HUMAN SERVICES 45 CFR Part 153 RIN 0938-AR07 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Standards... ] entitled, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Standards Related to Reinsurance, Risk Corridors... section 553(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) (5 U.S.C. 553(b)). However, we can waive... 4. 75 FR 81662 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Affordable... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-12-28 ...; Affordable Care Act Patient Protection Notice ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Department of Labor (DOL) hereby... collection request (ICR) titled, Affordable Care Act Patient Protection Notice,'' to the Office [email protected] . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Patient Protection Notice is used by health... 5. Affordability of Private Schools: Exploration of a Conundrum and towards a Definition of "Low-Cost" ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Tooley, James; Longfield, David 2016-01-01 The affordability of private education is a contentious issue. While the extent of "low-cost" private schooling is widely accepted, there is no agreement on what "low-cost" means in this context and how this relates to affordability for poor families. This paper addresses the lacuna in the literature by defining… 6. Quality or Affordability: Trade-Offs for Early Childhood Programs? ERIC Digest. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Willer, Barbara The demand for child care services in the United States continues to grow, stretching the levels of program quality to the limit. In fact, the country is facing a crisis in child care. Affordable child care continues to be a major issue for many families. Solutions to the current crisis in child care must, in addition to insuring affordability,… 7. Using task dynamics to quantify the affordances of throwing for long distance and accuracy. PubMed Wilson, Andrew D; Weightman, Andrew; Bingham, Geoffrey P; Zhu, Qin 2016-07-01 In 2 experiments, the current study explored how affordances structure throwing for long distance and accuracy. In Experiment 1, 10 expert throwers (from baseball, softball, and cricket) threw regulation tennis balls to hit a vertically oriented 4 ft × 4 ft target placed at each of 9 locations (3 distances × 3 heights). We measured their release parameters (angle, speed, and height) and showed that they scaled their throws in response to changes in the target's location. We then simulated the projectile motion of the ball and identified a continuous subspace of release parameters that produce hits to each target location. Each subspace describes the affordance of our target to be hit by a tennis ball moving in a projectile motion to the relevant location. The simulated affordance spaces showed how the release parameter combinations required for hits changed with changes in the target location. The experts tracked these changes in their performance and were successful in hitting the targets. We next tested unusual (horizontal) targets that generated correspondingly different affordance subspaces to determine whether the experts would track the affordance to generate successful hits. Do the experts perceive the affordance? They do. In Experiment 2, 5 cricketers threw to hit either vertically or horizontally oriented targets and successfully hit both, exhibiting release parameters located within the requisite affordance subspaces. We advocate a task dynamical approach to the study of affordances as properties of objects and events in the context of tasks as the future of research in this area. (PsycINFO Database Record 8. Affordance of Braille Music as a Mediational Means: Significance and Limitations ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Park, Hyu-Yong; Kim, Mi-Jung 2014-01-01 Affordance refers to the properties or designs of a thing that offer the function of the thing. This paper discusses the affordance of Braille music in terms of three notions: mediational means, mastery and appropriation, and focuses on answering the following three questions: (i) How do musicians with visual impairments (MVI) perceive Braille… 9. 78 FR 13405 - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Health Insurance Market Rules; Rate Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-02-27 ...This final rule implements provisions related to fair health insurance premiums, guaranteed availability, guaranteed renewability, single risk pools, and catastrophic plans, consistent with title I of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, referred to collectively as the Affordable Care Act. The final rule...... 10. An Exploratory Study of Emotional Affordance of a Massive Open Online Course ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Cheng, Jeremy C. Y. 2014-01-01 This exploratory study examines emotional affordance of a massive open online course (MOOC). Postings in a discussion forum of a MOOC in computer science are analysed following a research design informed by virtual ethnography. Emotional affordance is investigated, focusing on non-achievement emotions which are not directly linked to achievement… 11. 78 FR 19917 - Medicaid Program; Increased Federal Medical Assistance Percentage Changes Under the Affordable... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-04-02 ...This final rule implements the provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively referred to as the Affordable Care Act) relating to the availability of increased Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) rates for certain adult populations under states' Medicaid programs. This final rule...... 12. 78 FR 41074 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Innovation in Affordable Housing Design Student... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-07-09 ... URBAN DEVELOPMENT 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Innovation in Affordable Housing...: Innovation in Affordable Housing Design Student Competition. OMB Approval Number: N/A. Type of Request: New. Form Number: N/A. Description of the need for the information and proposed use: The Innovation... 13. The Affordability of University Education: A Perspective from Both Sides of the 49th Parallel ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Swail, Watson Scott 2004-01-01 This study was conducted to better understand the relative affordability of public university education in Canada and the United States. The report was written to answer two key questions: (1) How does access to university education in Canada compare to access in the US? and (2) How affordable is the Canadian university system compared to the… 14. Educational Affordances of a Ubiquitous Learning Environment in a Natural Science Course ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Tan, Tan-Hsu; Lin, Min-Sheng; Chu, Yu-Ling; Liu, Tsung-Yu 2012-01-01 Educational affordances are worthy of being explored because the affordances of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) provide the pedagogical effects for promoting cognitive acceleration, increasing the self-management of students, facilitating data collection, and presentation in science learning. This study aims to explore educational… 15. Ecological Affordance and Anxiety in an Oral Asynchronous Computer-Mediated Environment ERIC Educational Resources Information Center McNeil, Levi 2014-01-01 Previous research suggests that the affordances (van Lier, 2000) of asynchronous computer-mediated communication (ACMC) environments help reduce foreign language anxiety (FLA). However, FLA is rarely the focus of these studies and research has not adequately addressed the relationship between FLA and the affordances that students use. This study… 16. 76 FR 52663 - Notice of Intent To Award Affordable Care Act Funding, DP-09-001 Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-08-23 ... Care Act Funding, DP-09-001 AGENCY: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of... Centers (U48).'' It is the intent of CDC to fund the applications with Patient Protection Affordable Care... 4002 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Pub. L. 111-148.). DATES: The effective... 17. 76 FR 20352 - Notice of Intent To Award Affordable Care Act (ACA) Funding Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-04-12 ... HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Notice of Intent To Award Affordable Care Act (ACA) Funding Notice of Intent to award Affordable Care Act (ACA) funding to two Emerging Infections... Care Act (ACA) appropriations to the Connecticut Department of Public Health and the Georgia... 18. Educational Affordances of PDAs: A Study of a Teacher's Exploration of This Technology ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Churchill, Daniel; Churchill, Natalia 2008-01-01 This paper reports on a case study of a teacher from a technical education institution who explored the educational affordances of PDA technology over a period of six months. Based on this teacher's perspectives, the study was designed to inform our own understanding of educational affordances of this new and emerging technology. Understanding of… 19. Confined Metastable 2-Line Ferrihydrite for Affordable Point-of-Use Arsenic-Free Drinking Water. PubMed Kumar, Avula Anil; Som, Anirban; Longo, Paolo; Sudhakar, Chennu; Bhuin, Radha Gobinda; Gupta, Soujit Sen; Anshup; Sankar, Mohan Udhaya; Chaudhary, Amrita; Kumar, Ramesh; Pradeep, Thalappil 2017-02-01 Arsenic-free drinking water, independent of electrical power and piped water supply, is possible only through advanced and affordable materials with large uptake capacities. Confined metastable 2-line ferrihydrite, stable at ambient temperature, shows continuous arsenic uptake in the presence of other complex species in natural drinking water and an affordable water-purification device is made using the same. 20. Obstacles and Affordances for Integer Reasoning: An Analysis of Children's Thinking and the History of Mathematics ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Bishop, Jessica Pierson; Lamb, Lisa L.; Philipp, Randolph A.; Whitacre, Ian; Schappelle, Bonnie P.; Lewis, Melinda L. 2014-01-01 We identify and document 3 cognitive obstacles, 3 cognitive affordances, and 1 type of integer understanding that can function as either an obstacle or affordance for learners while they extend their numeric domains from whole numbers to include negative integers. In particular, we highlight 2 key subsets of integer reasoning: understanding or… 1. 24 CFR 81.19 - Affordability-Rent level definitions-tenant income is not known. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-04-01 ... determining whether a rental unit is affordable to very-low-, low-, or moderate-income families where the income of the family in the dwelling unit is not known to the GSE, the affordability of the unit is... housing for moderate-income families shall not exceed the following percentages of area median income... 2. 12 CFR 1282.19 - Affordability-Rent level definitions-tenant income is not known. Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-01-01 ... very low-, low-, or moderate-income families where the income of the family in the dwelling unit is not...) For moderate-income, maximum affordable rents to count as housing for moderate-income families shall... affordable rents to count as housing for low-income families shall not exceed the following percentages... 3. The Object-Based Simon Effect: Grasping Affordance or Relative Location of the Graspable Part? ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Cho, Dongbin; Proctor, Robert W. 2010-01-01 Reaction time is often shorter when the irrelevant graspable handle of an object corresponds with the location of a keypress response to the relevant attribute than when it does not. This object-based Simon effect has been attributed to an affordance for grasping the handle with the hand to the same side. Because a grasping affordance should… 4. Demand-driven biogas production by flexible feeding in full-scale - Process stability and flexibility potentials. PubMed Mauky, Eric; Weinrich, Sören; Jacobi, Hans-Fabian; Nägele, Hans-Joachim; Liebetrau, Jan; Nelles, Michael 2017-03-11 For future energy supply systems with high proportions from renewable energy sources, biogas plants are a promising option to supply demand-driven electricity to compensate the divergence between energy demand and energy supply by uncontrolled sources like wind and solar. Apart expanding gas storage capacity a demand-oriented feeding with the aim of flexible gas production can be an effective alternative. The presented study demonstrated a high degree of intraday flexibility (up to 50% compared to the average) and a potential for an electricity shutdown of up to 3 days (decreasing gas production by more than 60%) by flexible feeding in full-scale. Furthermore, the long-term process stability was not affected negatively due to the flexible feeding. The flexible feeding resulted in a variable rate of gas production and a dynamic progression of individual acids and the respective pH-value. In consequence, a demand-driven biogas production may enable significant savings in terms of the required gas storage volume (up to 65%) and permit far greater plant flexibility compared to constant gas production. 5. Rolling-cuff flexible bellows DOEpatents Lambert, D.R. 1982-09-27 A flexible connector apparatus used to join two stiff non-deformable members, such as piping, is described. The apparatus is provided with one or more flexible sections or assemblies each utilizing a bellows of a rolling cuff type connected between two ridge members, with the bellows being supported by a back-up ring, such that only the curved end sections of the bellows are unsupported. Thus, the bellows can be considered as being of a tube-shaped configuration and thus have high pressure resistance. The components of the flexible apparatus are sealed or welded one to another such that it is fluid tight. 6. High performance flexible heat pipes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Shaubach, R. M.; Gernert, N. J. 1985-01-01 A Phase I SBIR NASA program for developing and demonstrating high-performance flexible heat pipes for use in the thermal management of spacecraft is examined. The program combines several technologies such as flexible screen arteries and high-performance circumferential distribution wicks within an envelope which is flexible in the adiabatic heat transport zone. The first six months of work during which the Phase I contract goal were met, are described. Consideration is given to the heat-pipe performance requirements. A preliminary evaluation shows that the power requirement for Phase II of the program is 30.5 kilowatt meters at an operating temperature from 0 to 100 C. 7. Navigating the Affordance Landscape: Feedback Control as a Process Model of Behavior and Cognition. PubMed Pezzulo, Giovanni; Cisek, Paul 2016-06-01 We discuss how cybernetic principles of feedback control, used to explain sensorimotor behavior, can be extended to provide a foundation for understanding cognition. In particular, we describe behavior as parallel processes of competition and selection among potential action opportunities ('affordances') expressed at multiple levels of abstraction. Adaptive selection among currently available affordances is biased not only by predictions of their immediate outcomes and payoffs but also by predictions of what new affordances they will make available. This allows animals to purposively create new affordances that they can later exploit to achieve high-level goals, resulting in intentional action that links across multiple levels of control. Finally, we discuss how such a 'hierarchical affordance competition' process can be mapped to brain structure. 8. Affordable Exploration of Mars: Recommendations from a Community Workshop on Sustainable Initial Human Missions NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Thronson, Harley; Carberry, Chris; Cassady, R. J.; Cooke, Doug; Hopkins, Joshua; Perino, Maria A.; Kirkpatrick, Jim; Raftery, Michael; Westenberg, Artemis; Zucker, Richard 2013-01-01 There is a growing consensus that within two decades initial human missions to Mars are affordable under plausible budget assumptions and with sustained international participation. In response to this idea, a distinguished group of experts from the Mars exploration stakeholder communities attended the "Affording Mars" workshop at George Washington University in December, 2013. Participants reviewed and discussed scenarios for affordable and sustainable human and robotic exploration of Mars, the role of the International Space Station over the coming decade as the essential early step toward humans to Mars, possible "bridge" missions in the 2020s, key capabilities required for affordable initial missions, international partnerships, and a usable definition of affordability and sustainability. We report here the findings, observations, and recommendations that were agreed to at that workshop. 9. Flexible Learning in a Digital World. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Collis, Betty; Moonen, Jef 2002-01-01 Defines flexible learning and describes components of flexible learning in higher education, including technology, pedagogy or instructional approach, implementation strategies, and institutional framework. Considers factors constraining learning flexibility; changing student characteristics; and the need for lifelong learning, particularly in the… 10. Achieving Greater Feedback and Flexibility Using Online Pre-Laboratory Exercises with Non-Major Chemistry Students ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Chittleborough, Gail D.; Mocerino, Mauro; Treagust, David F. 2007-01-01 The design and effects of using online pre-laboratory exercises in an introductory first-year university chemistry course that requires no previous knowledge of chemistry for non-major chemistry students is reported. The results have indicated that the majority of students involved in the study considered that their learning opportunities were… 11. Understanding the adoption dynamics of medical innovations: affordances of the da Vinci robot in the Netherlands. PubMed Abrishami, Payam; Boer, Albert; Horstman, Klasien 2014-09-01 This study explored the rather rapid adoption of a new surgical device - the da Vinci robot - in the Netherlands despite the high costs and its controversial clinical benefits. We used the concept 'affordances' as a conceptual-analytic tool to refer to the perceived promises, symbolic meanings, and utility values of an innovation constructed in the wider social context of use. This concept helps us empirically understand robot adoption. Data from 28 in-depth interviews with diverse purposively-sampled stakeholders, and from medical literature, policy documents, Health Technology Assessment reports, congress websites and patients' weblogs/forums between April 2009 and February 2014 were systematically analysed from the perspective of affordances. We distinguished five interrelated affordances of the robot that accounted for shaping and fulfilling its rapid adoption: 'characteristics-related' affordances such as smart nomenclature and novelty, symbolising high-tech clinical excellence; 'research-related' affordances offering medical-technical scientific excellence; 'entrepreneurship-related' affordances for performing better-than-the-competition; 'policy-related' affordances indicating the robot's liberalised provision and its reduced financial risks; and 'communication-related' affordances of the robot in shaping patients' choices and the public's expectations by resonating promising discourses while pushing uncertainties into the background. These affordances make the take-up and use of the da Vinci robot sound perfectly rational and inevitable. This Dutch case study demonstrates the fruitfulness of the affordances approach to empirically capturing the contextual dynamics of technology adoption in health care: exploring in-depth actors' interaction with the technology while considering the interpretative spaces created in situations of use. This approach can best elicit real-life value of innovations, values as defined through the eyes of (potential) users. 12. Is the Nutrition North Canada retail subsidy program meeting the goal of making nutritious and perishable food more accessible and affordable in the North? PubMed Galloway, Tracey 2014-08-21 The Nutrition North Canada program is a federal retail subsidy designed to make nutritious, perishable food more widely available and affordable in northern communities. Implemented in April 2011, Nutrition North replaced the Food Mail freight subsidy long used to offset the high cost of transporting perishable food to remote towns and villages lacking year-round road access. An examination of program and government reporting to date reveals little evidence that Nutrition North is meeting its goal of improving the availability and affordability of nutritious food. The fiscal reporting and food costing tools used by the program are insufficiently detailed to evaluate the accuracy of community subsidy rates and the degree to which retailers are passing on the subsidy to consumers. Action is needed to modify the program reporting structure to achieve greater accountability among retailers, and lower and more consistent food pricing across northern communities. 13. Photocatalytic reactor with flexible supports DOEpatents Jacoby, W.A.; Blake, D.M. 1995-09-12 Organic pollutants and bioaerosols in a gaseous stream are oxidized by exposure to light (e.g., UV light) in the presence of semiconductor catalyst particles or coatings supported on flexible strips suspended in the gaseous stream. 3 figs. 14. Photocatalytic reactor with flexible supports DOEpatents Jacoby, William A.; Blake, Daniel M. 1995-01-01 Organic pollutants and bioaerosols in a gaseous stream are oxidized by exposure to light (e.g., UV light) in the presence of semiconductor catalyst particles or coatings supported on flexible strips suspended in the gaseous stream. 15. Flexible fitting for fluid lines NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Barajas, S. L. 1976-01-01 Tube fitting, consisting of movable tubular section containing two spring pressure Teflon actuated low friction seals, two standard connectors, and two hexagonal retaining nuts, provides flexible joint that allows axial and rotational motion. 16. Flexible protection for metal bellows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kimble, K. G. 1970-01-01 RTV silicone is used with a braided wire sheath surrounding the metal bellows in fluid transfer systems. It demonstrated best overall performance in flexibility and shock absorbing tests, high temperature, low temperature, and salt spray. 17. Flexible sensors based on nanoparticles. PubMed Segev-Bar, Meital; Haick, Hossam 2013-10-22 Flexible sensors can be envisioned as promising components for smart sensing applications, including consumer electronics, robotics, prosthetics, health care, safety equipment, environmental monitoring, homeland security and space flight. The current review presents a concise, although admittedly nonexhaustive, didactic review of some of the main concepts and approaches related to the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in flexible sensors. The review attempts to pull together different views and terminologies used in the NP-based sensors, mainly those established via electrical transduction approaches, including, but, not confined to: (i) strain-gauges, (ii) flexible multiparametric sensors, and (iii) sensors that are unaffected by mechanical deformation. For each category, the review presents and discusses the common fabrication approaches and state-of-the-art results. The advantages, weak points, and possible routes for future research, highlighting the challenges for NP-based flexible sensors, are presented and discussed as well. 18. Flexible Transparent Electronic Gas Sensors. PubMed Wang, Ting; Guo, Yunlong; Wan, Pengbo; Zhang, Han; Chen, Xiaodong; Sun, Xiaoming 2016-07-01 Flexible and transparent electronic gas sensors capable of real-time, sensitive, and selective analysis at room-temperature, have gained immense popularity in recent years for their potential to be integrated into various smart wearable electronics and display devices. Here, recent advances in flexible transparent sensors constructed from semiconducting oxides, carbon materials, conducting polymers, and their nanocomposites are presented. The sensing material selection, sensor device construction, and sensing mechanism of flexible transparent sensors are discussed in detail. The critical challenges and future development associated with flexible and transparent electronic gas sensors are presented. Smart wearable gas sensors are believed to have great potential in environmental monitoring and noninvasive health monitoring based on disease biomarkers in exhaled gas. 19. Workplace Flexibility and Daily Stress Processes in Hotel Employees and their Children PubMed Central Almeida, David M.; Davis, Kelly D. 2013-01-01 Our research aims to understand the consequences of inadequate workplace flexibility through the lens of daily stress processes. Using a sample of hourly hotel employees with children aged 10 to 18 who participated in a daily diary study, we compared workers with low and high flexibility on stressor exposure, reactivity, and transmission. Our findings showed a consistent pattern of hourly workers with low flexibility having greater exposure to work stressors in general and to work place arguments in particular. Workers with low flexibility were also more emotional and physically reactive to work stressors. There was some evidence of stressor transmission to children when parents had low flexibility. Increasing workplace flexibility could serve as a protective factor in exposure and reactivity to stressors that are experienced in daily life. PMID:23833321 20. Workplace Flexibility and Daily Stress Processes in Hotel Employees and their Children. PubMed Almeida, David M; Davis, Kelly D 2011-11-01 Our research aims to understand the consequences of inadequate workplace flexibility through the lens of daily stress processes. Using a sample of hourly hotel employees with children aged 10 to 18 who participated in a daily diary study, we compared workers with low and high flexibility on stressor exposure, reactivity, and transmission. Our findings showed a consistent pattern of hourly workers with low flexibility having greater exposure to work stressors in general and to work place arguments in particular. Workers with low flexibility were also more emotional and physically reactive to work stressors. There was some evidence of stressor transmission to children when parents had low flexibility. Increasing workplace flexibility could serve as a protective factor in exposure and reactivity to stressors that are experienced in daily life. 1. Traditional and evaluative aspects of flexibility in gender roles, social conventions, moral rules, and physical laws. PubMed Levy, G D; Taylor, M G; Gelman, S A 1995-04-01 Traditional and evaluative aspects of flexibility regarding transgressions across several domains (masculine and feminine gender roles, moral rules, social etiquette, and physical law) were assessed in 24 4-year-olds, 40 8-year-olds, and 46 college undergraduates. Traditional and evaluative aspects of flexibility yielded distinctly different patterns of response. Data indicated an age-related increase in flexibility on traditional measures (i.e., traditional rule flexibility, cultural relativity) for transgressions in all domains, except physical laws. In contrast, subjects in all age groups were consistently negative in their evaluations of transgressions in moral rules, etiquette, and masculine gender roles. Female subjects viewed masculine gender role transgressions with greater flexibility and less negativity than did male subjects. Results demonstrate the multidimensional character of flexibility development in different social and physical domains. Results suggest that masculine and feminine gender roles and social etiquette may not fall within a common domain of social convention. 2. Affordable Development and Demonstration of a Small NTR Engine and Stage: A Preliminary NASA, DOE, and Industry Assessment NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Borowski, Stanley K.; Sefcik, Robert J.; Fittje, James E.; McCurdy, David R.; Qualls, Arthur L.; Schnitzler, Bruce G.; Werner, James E.; Weitzberg, Abraham; Joyner, Claude R. 2015-01-01 The Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) represents the next evolutionary step in cryogenic liquid rocket engines. Deriving its energy from fission of uranium-235 atoms contained within fuel elements that comprise the engine's reactor core, the NTR can generate high thrust at a specific impulse of approx. 900 seconds or more - twice that of today's best chemical rockets. In FY'11, as part of the AISP project, NASA proposed a Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) effort that envisioned two key activities - "Foundational Technology Development" followed by system-level "Technology Demonstrations". Five near-term NTP activities identified for Foundational Technology Development became the basis for the NCPS project started in FY'12 and funded by NASA's AES program. During Phase 1 (FY'12-14), the NCPS project was focused on (1) Recapturing fuel processing techniques and fabricating partial length "heritage" fuel elements for the two candidate fuel forms identified by NASA and the DOE - NERVA graphite "composite" and the uranium dioxide (UO2) in tungsten "cermet". The Phase 1 effort also included: (2) Engine Conceptual Design; (3) Mission Analysis and Requirements Definition; (4) Identification of Affordable Options for Ground Testing; and (5) Formulation of an Affordable and Sustainable NTP Development Strategy. During FY'14, a preliminary plan for DDT&E was outlined by GRC, the DOE and industry for NASA HQ that involved significant system-level demonstration projects that included GTD tests at the NNSS, followed by a FTD mission. To reduce development costs, the GTD and FTD tests use a small, low thrust (approx. 7.5 or 16.5 klbf) engine. Both engines use graphite composite fuel and a "common" fuel element design that is scalable to higher thrust (approx. 25 klbf) engines by increasing the number of elements in a larger diameter core that can produce greater thermal power output. To keep the FTD mission cost down, a simple "1-burn" lunar flyby mission was considered along with 3. Flexible solar-array mechanism NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Olson, M. C. 1972-01-01 One of the key elements of the flexible rolled-up solar array system is a mechanism to deploy, retract, and store the flexible solar-cell arrays. The selection of components, the design of the mechanism assembly, and the tests that were performed are discussed. During 6 months in orbit, all mission objectives were satisfied, and inflight performance has shown good correlation with preflight analyses and tests. 4. Flexible packaging for PV modules NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Dhere, Neelkanth G. 2008-08-01 Economic, flexible packages that provide needed level of protection to organic and some other PV cells over >25-years have not yet been developed. However, flexible packaging is essential in niche large-scale applications. Typical configuration used in flexible photovoltaic (PV) module packaging is transparent frontsheet/encapsulant/PV cells/flexible substrate. Besides flexibility of various components, the solder bonds should also be flexible and resistant to fatigue due to cyclic loading. Flexible front sheets should provide optical transparency, mechanical protection, scratch resistance, dielectric isolation, water resistance, UV stability and adhesion to encapsulant. Examples are Tefzel, Tedlar and Silicone. Dirt can get embedded in soft layers such as silicone and obscure light. Water vapor transmittance rate (WVTR) of polymer films used in the food packaging industry as moisture barriers are ~0.05 g/(m2.day) under ambient conditions. In comparison, light emitting diodes employ packaging components that have WVTR of ~10-6 g/(m2.day). WVTR of polymer sheets can be improved by coating them with dense inorganic/organic multilayers. Ethylene vinyl acetate, an amorphous copolymer used predominantly by the PV industry has very high O2 and H2O diffusivity. Quaternary carbon chains (such as acetate) in a polymer lead to cleavage and loss of adhesional strength at relatively low exposures. Reactivity of PV module components increases in presence of O2 and H2O. Adhesional strength degrades due to the breakdown of structure of polymer by reactive, free radicals formed by high-energy radiation. Free radical formation in polymers is reduced when the aromatic rings are attached at regular intervals. This paper will review flexible packaging for PV modules. 5. Oxide Heteroepitaxy for Flexible Optoelectronics. PubMed Bitla, Yugandhar; Chen, Ching; Lee, Hsien-Chang; Do, Thi Hien; Ma, Chun-Hao; Qui, Le Van; Huang, Chun-Wei; Wu, Wen-Wei; Chang, Li; Chiu, Po-Wen; Chu, Ying-Hao 2016-11-30 The emerging technological demands for flexible and transparent electronic devices have compelled researchers to look beyond the current silicon-based electronics. However, fabrication of devices on conventional flexible substrates with superior performance are constrained by the trade-off between processing temperature and device performance. Here, we propose an alternative strategy to circumvent this issue via the heteroepitaxial growth of transparent conducting oxides (TCO) on the flexible mica substrate with performance comparable to that of their rigid counterparts. With the examples of ITO and AZO as a case study, a strong emphasis is laid upon the growth of flexible yet epitaxial TCO relying muscovite's superior properties compared to those of conventional flexible substrates and its compatibility with the present fabrication methods. Besides excellent optoelectro-mechanical properties, an additional functionality of high-temperature stability, normally lacking in the current state-of-the-art transparent flexitronics, is provided by these heterostructures. These epitaxial TCO electrodes with good chemical and thermal stabilities as well as mechanical durability can significantly contribute to the field of flexible, light-weight, and portable smart electronics. 6. Reducing Health Care Disparities for Minority Women in the Era of the Affordable Care Act: Opportunities within Primary Care. PubMed Karliner, Leah; Marks, Angela; Mutha, Sunita 2016-01-01 Despite improvements in overall health of the American population, disparities persist, particularly for minority women. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) offers the potential to reduce disparities through expanded insurance coverage, greater access to high-quality care, and bolstered prevention efforts in the context of new models of care such as the patient-centered medical home (PCMH). We use case studies representing three clinical conditions (breast cancer, HIV, and coronary heart disease) to present strategies for how a PCMH could reduce disparities for minority women. The case studies highlight the opportunity that further implementation of the ACA provides to improve screening, risk assessment, and prevention for a range of conditions that impact the health of minority women, as well as areas ripe for future investigation. 7. Intellectual property rights, market competition and access to affordable antiretrovirals. PubMed Pascual, Fernando 2014-01-01 The number of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased from around half a million in 2003 to almost 10 million in only 10 years, and will continue to increase in the coming years. Over 16 million more are eligible to start ART according to the last World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The demand is also switching from the less expensive antiretrovirals (ARVs) that allowed such scale-up to newer more expensive ones with fewer side effects or those that can be used by people who have developed resistance to first-line treatment. However, patents on these new drugs can delay robust generic competition and, consequently, price reduction made possible by economies of scale. Various ways to address this issue have been envisaged or implemented, including the use of the flexibilities available under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), systematic widespread voluntary licensing, of which the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) is an example, and the application of different prices in different countries, called tiered pricing. This paper helps explain the impact of patents on market competition for ARVs and analyses various approaches available today to minimize this impact. 8. Affording to exchange: social capital and online information sharing. PubMed Maksl, Adam; Young, Rachel 2013-08-01 The potential harm and benefit associated with sharing personal information online is a topic of debate and discussion. Using survey methods (n=872), we explore whether attainment of social capital online relates to greater comfort with sharing personal information. We found that perceptions of bridging and bonding social capital earned from using Facebook are significant predictors of overall comfort levels with sharing personal information. This research raises timely questions about how the perceived benefits of social networking sites influence how personal information is shared online. 9. Design of micro, flexible light-emitting diode arrays and fabrication of flexible electrodes NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Gao, Dan; Wang, Weibiao; Liang, Zhongzhu; Liang, Jingqiu; Qin, Yuxin; Lv, Jinguang 2016-10-01 In this study, we design micro, flexible light-emitting diode (LED) array devices. Using theoretical calculations and finite element simulations, we analyze the deformation of the conventional single electrode bar. Through structure optimization, we obtain a three-dimensional (3D), chain-shaped electrode structure, which has a greater bending degree. The optimized electrodes not only have a bigger bend but can also be made to spin. When the supporting body is made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the maximum bending degree of the micro, flexible LED arrays (4 × 1 arrays) was approximately 230 µm this was obtained using the finite element method. The device (4 × 1 arrays) can stretch to 15%. This paper describes the fabrication of micro, flexible LED arrays using microelectromechancial (MEMS) technology combined with electroplating technology. Specifically, the isolated grooves are made by dry etching which can isolate and protect the light-emitting units. A combination of MEMS technology and wet etching is used to fabricate the large size spacing. 10. The Th17 family: flexibility follows function PubMed Central Basu, Rajatava; Hatton, Robin D.; Weaver, Casey T. 2012-01-01 Summary Discovery of the T-helper 17 (Th17) subset heralded a major shift in T-cell biology and immune regulation. In addition to defining a new arm of the adaptive immune response, studies of the Th17 pathway have led to a greater appreciation of the developmental flexibility, or plasticity, that is a feature of T-cell developmental programs. Since the initial finding that differentiation of Th17 cells is promoted by transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), it became clear that Th17 cell development overlapped that of induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells. Subsequent findings established that Th17 cells are also unusually flexible in their late developmental programming, demonstrating substantial overlap with conventional Th1 cells through mechanisms that are just beginning to be understood but would appear to have important implications for immunoregulation at homeostasis and in immune-mediated diseases. Herein we examine the developmental and functional features of Th17 cells in relation to iTreg cells, Th1 cells, and Th22 cells, as a basis for understanding the contributions of this pathway to host defense, immune homeostasis, and immune-mediated disease. PMID:23405897 11. THE KINEMATICS OF PRIMATE MIDFOOT FLEXIBILITY PubMed Central Greiner, Thomas M.; Ball, Kevin A. 2015-01-01 This study describes a unique assessment of primate intrinsic foot joint kinematics based upon bone pin rigid cluster tracking. It challenges the assumption that human evolution resulted in a reduction of midfoot flexibility, which has been identified in other primates as the “midtarsal break.” Rigid cluster pins were inserted into the foot bones of human, chimpanzee, baboon and macaque cadavers. The positions of these bone pins were monitored during a plantarflexion-dorsiflexion movement cycle. Analysis resolved flexion-extension movement patterns and the associated orientation of rotational axes for the talonavicular, calcaneocuboid and lateral cubometatarsal joints. Results show that midfoot flexibility occurs primarily at the talonavicular and cubometatarsal joints. The rotational magnitudes are roughly similar between humans and chimps. There is also a similarity among evaluated primates in the observed rotations of the lateral cubometatarsal joint, but there was much greater rotation observed for the talonavicular joint, which may serve to differentiate monkeys from the hominines. It appears that the capability for a midtarsal break is present within the human foot. A consideration of the joint axes shows that the medial and lateral joints have opposing orientations, which has been associated with a rigid locking mechanism in the human foot. However, the potential for this same mechanism also appears in the chimpanzee foot. These findings demonstrate a functional similarity within the midfoot of the hominines. Therefore, the kinematic capabilities and restrictions for the skeletal linkages of the human foot may not be as unique as has been previously suggested. PMID:25234343 12. Americans' Experiences with ACA Marketplace Coverage: Affordability and Provider Network Satisfaction: Findings from the Commonwealth Fund Affordable Care Act Tracking Survey, February--April 2016. PubMed Gunja, Munira Z; Collins, Sara R; Doty, Michelle M; Beutel, Sophie 2016-07-01 For people with low and moderate incomes, the Affordable Care Act's tax credits have made premium costs roughly comparable to those paid by people with job-based health insurance. For those with higher incomes, the tax credits phase out, meaning that adults in marketplace plans on average have higher premium costs than those in employer plans. The law's cost-sharing reductions are reducing deductibles. Lower-income adults in marketplace plans were less likely than higher-income adults to report having deductibles of$1,000 or more. Majorities of new marketplace enrollees and those who have changed plans since they initially obtained marketplace coverage are satisfied with the doctors participating in their plans. Overall, the majority of marketplace enrollees expressed confidence in their ability to afford care if they were to become seriously ill. This issue brief explores these and other findings from the Commonwealth Fund Affordable Care Act Tracking Survey, February--April 2016.
13. Flexibility in data interpretation: effects of representational format
PubMed Central
Braithwaite, David W.; Goldstone, Robert L.
2013-01-01
Graphs and tables differentially support performance on specific tasks. For tasks requiring reading off single data points, tables are as good as or better than graphs, while for tasks involving relationships among data points, graphs often yield better performance. However, the degree to which graphs and tables support flexibility across a range of tasks is not well-understood. In two experiments, participants detected main and interaction effects in line graphs and tables of bivariate data. Graphs led to more efficient performance, but also lower flexibility, as indicated by a larger discrepancy in performance across tasks. In particular, detection of main effects of variables represented in the graph legend was facilitated relative to detection of main effects of variables represented in the x-axis. Graphs may be a preferable representational format when the desired task or analytical perspective is known in advance, but may also induce greater interpretive bias than tables, necessitating greater care in their use and design. PMID:24427145
14. Guidance on Compatibility of UST Systems with Ethanol Blends Greater Than 10 Percent and Biodiesel Blends Greater Than 20 Percent
EPA Pesticide Factsheets
EPA guidance on complying with the federal compatibility requirement for underground storage tank (UST) systems storing gasoline containing greater than 10 percent ethanol or diesel containing greater than 20 percent biodiesel.
15. A Burgeoning Crisis? A Nationwide Assessment of the Geography of Water Affordability in the United States.
PubMed
Mack, Elizabeth A; Wrase, Sarah
2017-01-01
While basic access to clean water is critical, another important issue is the affordability of water access for people around the globe. Prior international work has highlighted that a large proportion of consumers could not afford water if priced at full cost recovery levels. Given growing concern about affordability issues due to rising water rates, and a comparative lack of work on affordability in the developed world, as compared to the developing world, more work is needed in developed countries to understand the extent of this issue in terms of the number of households and persons impacted. To address this need, this paper assesses potential affordability issues for households in the United States using the U.S. EPA's 4.5% affordability criteria for combined water and wastewater services. Analytical results from this paper highlight high-risk and at-risk households for water poverty or unaffordable water services. Many of these households are clustered in pockets of water poverty within counties, which is a concern for individual utility providers servicing a large proportion of customers with a financial inability to pay for water services. Results also highlight that while water rates remain comparatively affordable for many U.S. households, this trend will not continue in the future. If water rates rise at projected amounts over the next five years, conservative projections estimate that the percentage of U.S. households who will find water bills unaffordable could triple from 11.9% to 35.6%. This is a concern due to the cascading economic impacts associated with widespread affordability issues; these issues mean that utility providers could have fewer customers over which to spread the large fixed costs of water service. Unaffordable water bills also impact customers for whom water services are affordable via higher water rates to recover the costs of services that go unpaid by lower income households.
16. Foregrounding Sociomaterial Practice in Our Understanding of Affordances: The Skilled Intentionality Framework
PubMed Central
van Dijk, Ludger; Rietveld, Erik
2017-01-01
Social coordination and affordance perception always take part in concrete situations in real life. Nonetheless, the different fields of ecological psychology studying these phenomena do not seem to make this situated nature an object of study. To integrate both fields and extend the reach of the ecological approach, we introduce the Skilled Intentionality Framework that situates both social coordination and affordance perception within the human form of life and its rich landscape of affordances. We argue that in the human form of life the social and the material are intertwined and best understood as sociomateriality. Taking the form of life as our starting point foregrounds sociomateriality in each perspective we take on engaging with affordances. Using ethnographical examples we show how sociomateriality shows up from three different perspectives we take on affordances in a real-life situation. One perspective shows us a landscape of affordances that the sociomaterial environment offers. Zooming in on this landscape to the perspective of a local observer, we can focus on an individual coordinating with affordances offered by things and other people situated in this landscape. Finally, viewed from within this unfolding activity, we arrive at the person’s lived perspective: a field of relevant affordances solicits activity. The Skilled Intentionality Framework offers a way of integrating social coordination and affordance theory by drawing attention to these complementary perspectives. We end by showing a real-life example from the practice of architecture that suggests how this situated view that foregrounds sociomateriality can extend the scope of ecological psychology to forms of so-called “higher” cognition. PMID:28119638
17. A Burgeoning Crisis? A Nationwide Assessment of the Geography of Water Affordability in the United States
PubMed Central
Mack, Elizabeth A.; Wrase, Sarah
2017-01-01
While basic access to clean water is critical, another important issue is the affordability of water access for people around the globe. Prior international work has highlighted that a large proportion of consumers could not afford water if priced at full cost recovery levels. Given growing concern about affordability issues due to rising water rates, and a comparative lack of work on affordability in the developed world, as compared to the developing world, more work is needed in developed countries to understand the extent of this issue in terms of the number of households and persons impacted. To address this need, this paper assesses potential affordability issues for households in the United States using the U.S. EPA’s 4.5% affordability criteria for combined water and wastewater services. Analytical results from this paper highlight high-risk and at-risk households for water poverty or unaffordable water services. Many of these households are clustered in pockets of water poverty within counties, which is a concern for individual utility providers servicing a large proportion of customers with a financial inability to pay for water services. Results also highlight that while water rates remain comparatively affordable for many U.S. households, this trend will not continue in the future. If water rates rise at projected amounts over the next five years, conservative projections estimate that the percentage of U.S. households who will find water bills unaffordable could triple from 11.9% to 35.6%. This is a concern due to the cascading economic impacts associated with widespread affordability issues; these issues mean that utility providers could have fewer customers over which to spread the large fixed costs of water service. Unaffordable water bills also impact customers for whom water services are affordable via higher water rates to recover the costs of services that go unpaid by lower income households. PMID:28076374
18. Dissociating between object affordances and spatial compatibility effects using early response components
PubMed Central
Wilf, Meytal; Holmes, Nicholas P.; Schwartz, Isabella; Makin, Tamar R.
2013-01-01
Perception and action are tightly linked: objects may be perceived not only in terms of visual features, but also in terms of possibilities for action. Previous studies showed that when a centrally located object has a salient graspable feature (e.g., a handle), it facilitates motor responses corresponding with the feature's position. However, such so-called affordance effects have been criticized as resulting from spatial compatibility effects, due to the visual asymmetry created by the graspable feature, irrespective of any affordances. In order to dissociate between affordance and spatial compatibility effects, we asked participants to perform a simple reaction-time task to typically graspable and non-graspable objects with similar visual features (e.g., lollipop and stop sign). Responses were measured using either electromyography (EMG) on proximal arm muscles during reaching-like movements, or with finger key-presses. In both EMG and button press measurements, participants responded faster when the object was either presented in the same location as the responding hand, or was affordable, resulting in significant and independent spatial compatibility and affordance effects, but no interaction. Furthermore, while the spatial compatibility effect was present from the earliest stages of movement preparation and throughout the different stages of movement execution, the affordance effect was restricted to the early stages of movement execution. Finally, we tested a small group of unilateral arm amputees using EMG, and found residual spatial compatibility but no affordance, suggesting that spatial compatibility effects do not necessarily rely on individuals' available affordances. Our results show dissociation between affordance and spatial compatibility effects, and suggest that rather than evoking the specific motor action most suitable for interaction with the viewed object, graspable objects prompt the motor system in a general, body-part independent fashion
19. Enabling Greater Penetration of Solar Power via the Use of CSP with Thermal Energy Storage
SciTech Connect
Denholm, P.; Mehos, M.
2011-11-01
At high penetration of solar generation there are a number of challenges to economically integrating this variable and uncertain resource. These include the limited coincidence between the solar resource and normal demand patterns and limited flexibility of conventional generators to accommodate variable generation resources. Of the large number of technologies that can be used to enable greater penetration of variable generators, concentrating solar power (CSP) with thermal energy storage (TES) presents a number of advantages. The use of storage enables this technology to shift energy production to periods of high demand or reduced solar output. In addition, CSP can provide substantial grid flexibility by rapidly changing output in response to the highly variable net load created by high penetration of solar (and wind) generation. In this work we examine the degree to which CSP may be complementary to PV by performing a set of simulations in the U.S. Southwest to demonstrate the general potential of CSP with TES to enable greater use of solar generation, including additional PV.
20. Simple, Affordable and Sustainable Borehole Observatories for Complex Monitoring Objectives
Kopf, A.; Hammerschmidt, S.; Davis, E.; Saffer, D.; Wheat, G.; LaBonte, A.; Meldrum, R.; Heesemann, M.; Villinger, H.; Freudenthal, T.; Ratmeyer, V.; Renken, J.; Bergenthal, M.; Wefer, G.
2012-04-01
Around 20 years ago, the scientific community started to use borehole observatories, so-called CORKs or Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kits, which are installed inside submarine boreholes, and which allow the re-establishment and monitoring of in situ conditions. From the first CORKs which allowed only rudimentary fluid pressure and temperature measurements, the instruments evolved to multi-functional and multi-level subseafloor laboratories, including, for example, long-term fluid sampling devices, in situ microbiological experiments or strainmeter. Nonetheless, most boreholes are still left uninstrumented, which is a major loss for the scientific community. In-stallation of CORKs usually requires a drillship and subsequent ROV assignments for data download and instru-ment maintenance, which is a major logistic and financial effort. Moreover, the increasing complexity of the CORK systems increased not only the expenses but led also to longer installation times and a higher sensitivity of the in-struments to environmental constraints. Here, we present three types of Mini-CORKs, which evolved back to more simple systems yet providing a wide range of possible in situ measurements. As a regional example the Nankai Trough is chosen, where repeated subduction thrust earthquakes with M8+ occurred. The area has been investigated by several drilling campaigns of the DSDP, ODP and IODP, where boreholes were already instrumented by different CORKs. Unfortunately, some of the more complex systems showed incomplete functionality, and moreover, the increased ship time forced IODP to rely on third party funds for the observatories. Consequently, the need for more affordable CORKs arose, which may be satisfied by the systems presented here. The first type, the so-called SmartPlug, provides two pressure transducers and four temperature sensors, and monitors a hydrostatic reference section and an isolated zone of interest. It was already installed at the Nankai Trough accretionary
1. Leveraging the Affordable Care Act to improve the health of mothers and newborns.
PubMed
Grande, David; Srinivas, Sindhu K
2013-06-01
Health insurance in the United States is a patchwork system whereby opportunities for coverage are strongly associated with life circumstances (ie, age, income, pregnancy, parental status). For pregnant women, this situation contributes to unstable coverage before, between, and after pregnancies. The Affordable Care Act has the potential to make coverage for women of reproductive age more stable and create new opportunities to intervene on conditions associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity. In this article, we discuss the health economics of the Affordable Care Act, its implications for maternal and neonatal health, specific challenges associated with implementation, and opportunities for obstetricians to leverage the Affordable Care Act to improve the care of women.
2. Body image flexibility as a protective factor against disordered eating behavior for women with lower body mass index.
PubMed
Hill, Mary L; Masuda, Akihiko; Latzman, Robert D
2013-08-01
The purpose of the current study was to examine whether body dissatisfaction and body image flexibility would be uniquely and significantly associated with disordered eating behavior. In addition, the study examined if body mass index (BMI) moderated the relationships between each of the body image related variables and disordered eating. Two-hundred-fifty-eight female participants completed the web-based survey. Body dissatisfaction and body image flexibility were significantly related to disordered eating behavior, after controlling for ethnicity and BMI, and BMI moderated the relation between body image flexibility and disordered eating. Specifically, for those with low BMI, greater body image flexibility was associated with reduced disordered eating behavior. Body image flexibility was not associated with disordered eating behavior among those with average or high BMI. These results suggest that greater body image flexibility may serve as a protective factor against disordered eating behaviors for those with low BMI.
3. Conceptual structure and the procedural affordances of rational numbers: relational reasoning with fractions and decimals.
PubMed
DeWolf, Melissa; Bassok, Miriam; Holyoak, Keith J
2015-02-01
The standard number system includes several distinct types of notations, which differ conceptually and afford different procedures. Among notations for rational numbers, the bipartite format of fractions (a/b) enables them to represent 2-dimensional relations between sets of discrete (i.e., countable) elements (e.g., red marbles/all marbles). In contrast, the format of decimals is inherently 1-dimensional, expressing a continuous-valued magnitude (i.e., proportion) but not a 2-dimensional relation between sets of countable elements. Experiment 1 showed that college students indeed view these 2-number notations as conceptually distinct. In a task that did not involve mathematical calculations, participants showed a strong preference to represent partitioned displays of discrete objects with fractions and partitioned displays of continuous masses with decimals. Experiment 2 provided evidence that people are better able to identify and evaluate ratio relationships using fractions than decimals, especially for discrete (or discretized) quantities. Experiments 3 and 4 found a similar pattern of performance for a more complex analogical reasoning task. When solving relational reasoning problems based on discrete or discretized quantities, fractions yielded greater accuracy than decimals; in contrast, when quantities were continuous, accuracy was lower for both symbolic notations. Whereas previous research has established that decimals are more effective than fractions in supporting magnitude comparisons, the present study reveals that fractions are relatively advantageous in supporting relational reasoning with discrete (or discretized) concepts. These findings provide an explanation for the effectiveness of natural frequency formats in supporting some types of reasoning, and have implications for teaching of rational numbers.
4. Expanded Glucose Import Capability Affords Staphylococcus aureus Optimized Glycolytic Flux during Infection
PubMed Central
Vitko, Nicholas P.; Grosser, Melinda R.; Khatri, Dal; Lance, Thurlow R.
2016-01-01
ABSTRACT Acquisition of numerous virulence determinants affords Staphylococcus aureus greater pathogenicity than other skin-colonizing staphylococci in humans. Additionally, the metabolic adaptation of S. aureus to nonrespiratory conditions encountered during infection (e.g., hypoxia, nitric oxide, iron chelation) has been implicated as contributing to S. aureus virulence. Specifically, S. aureus has been shown to ferment glycolytic substrates in nonrespiratory environments encountered within the host. Here, we show that S. aureus has acquired unique carbohydrate transporters that facilitate the maximal uptake of host sugars and serve to support nonrespiratory growth in inflamed tissue. The carbohydrate substrates of 11 S. aureus transporters were identified, and at least four of their genes encode S. aureus glucose transporters (glcA, glcB, glcC, and glcU). Moreover, two transporter genes (glcA and glcC) are unique to S. aureus and contribute disproportionately to the nonrespiratory growth of S. aureus on glucose. Targeted inactivation of sugar transporters reduced glucose uptake and attenuated S. aureus in a murine model of skin and soft tissue infections. These data expand the evidence for metabolic adaptation of S. aureus to invasive infection and demonstrate the specific requirement for the fermentation of glucose over all other available carbohydrates. Ultimately, acquisition of foreign genes allows S. aureus to adopt a metabolic strategy resembling that of infiltrating host immune cells: high glycolytic flux coupled to lactate excretion. PMID:27329749
5. Sinistrals are rarely "right": evidence from tool-affordance processing in visual half-field paradigms.
PubMed
Michałowski, Bartosz; Króliczak, Gregory
2015-01-01
Although current neuroscience and behavioral studies provide substantial understanding of tool representations (e.g., the processing of tool-related affordances) in the human brain, most of this knowledge is limited to right-handed individuals with typical organization of cognitive and manual skills. Therefore, any insights from these lines of research may be of little value in rehabilitation of patients with atypical laterality of praxis and/or hand dominance. To fill this gap, we tested perceptual processing of man-made objects in 18 healthy left-handers who were likely to show greater incidence of right-sided or bilateral (atypical) lateralization of functions. In the two experiments reported here, participants performed a tool vs. non-tool categorization task. In Experiment 1, target and distracter objects were presented for 200 ms in the left (LVF) or right (RVF) visual field, followed by 200 ms masks. In Experiment 2, the centrally presented targets were preceded by masked primes of 35 ms duration, again presented in the LVF or RVF. Based on results from both studies, i.e., response times (RTs) to correctly discriminated stimuli irrespective of their category, participants were divided into two groups showing privileged processing in either left (N = 9) or right (N = 9) visual field. In Experiment 1, only individuals with RVF advantage showed significantly faster categorization of tools in their dominant visual field, whereas those with LVF advantage revealed merely a trend toward such an effect. In Experiment 2, when targets were preceded by identical primes, the "atypical" group showed significantly facilitated categorization of non-tools, whereas the "typical" group demonstrated a trend toward faster categorization of tools. These results indicate that in subjects with atypically organized cognitive skills, tool-related processes are not just mirror reversed. Thus, our outcomes call for particular caution in neurorehabilitation directed at left
6. Substituting activities mediates the effect of cognitive flexibility on physical activity: a daily diary study.
PubMed
Kelly, Scout M; Updegraff, John A
2017-03-02
Pursuit of physical activity goals often requires modifying plans, but research on these flexible processes is limited. Cognitive flexibility may heighten one's likelihood of using flexible self-regulatory strategies (e.g., substitution), thereby increasing physical activity. This study used daily diary methodology to test the indirect effect of cognitive flexibility on physical activity via activity substitution. A sample of 128 college students (73% female, mean age 19.9) completed baseline measures and cognitive flexibility assessments, then logged physical activity daily for 2 weeks. Activity substitution was defined as adopting an alternate activity on a day another planned activity was unfulfilled. Controlling for baseline activity, intentions, and time, a multilevel mediation model revealed a significant indirect effect of cognitive flexibility on physical activity via activity substitution (b = 81.36, p = .041). Our results indicate that people with greater cognitive flexibility are more likely to use flexible self-regulation, leading to greater physical activity.
7. A Concept for Flexible Operations and Optimized Traffic into Metroplex Regions
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
DeLaurentis, Daniel; Landry, Steve; Sun, Dengfeng; Wieland, Fred; Tyagi, Ankit
2011-01-01
A "Flexible Flight Operations" concept for airport metroplexes was studied. A flexible flight is one whose destination airport is not assigned until a threshold is reached near the arrival area at which time the runway which reduces overall delay is assigned. The concept seeks to increase throughput by exploiting flexibility. The quantification of best-case benefits from the concept was pursued to establish whether concept research is warranted. Findings indicate that indeed the concept has potential for significant reductions in delay (and cost due to delay) in the N90 (NY/NJ) and SCT (Southern California) metroplexes. Delay reductions of nearly 26% are possible in N90 when 30% of the commercial airline flights are flexible (smartly selected by their low probability of connecting passengers); nearly 40% delay reduction is found when 50% of the flights are flexible. In the SCT metroplex, delay reductions estimates are greater. Greater reductions result at SCT since it is less constrained currently than N90, providing "more room" to take advantage of flexibility. Using the flexible operations concept for on-demand/air taxi and General Aviation flights were found to be beneficial at NY/NJ, indicating the flexible operations concepts may be useful to wide variety of users..
8. Women at risk: why increasing numbers of women are failing to get the health care they need and how the Affordable Care Act will help. Findings from the Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey of 2010.
PubMed
Robertson, Ruth; Collins, Sara R
2011-05-01
Women have greater health care needs than men, and generally play larger roles in the health care of family members. Rising health care costs combined with sluggish income growth has contributed to losses in health insurance among women and rising rates of problems gaining necessary health care and paying medical bills. Women who seek coverage in the individual insurance market face additional hurdles--few plans offer maternity coverage and, in most states, insurance carriers charge higher premium rates to young women than men of the same age. The Affordable Care Act is bringing change for women through required free coverage of preventive care services, small business tax credits, new affordable coverage options, and insurance market reforms, including bans on gender rating. When the law is fully implemented in 2014, nearly all the 27 million working-age women who went without health insurance in 2010 will gain affordable and comprehensive benefits.
9. A third place in the everyday lives of people living with cancer: functions of Gilda's Club of Greater Toronto.
PubMed
Glover, Troy D; Parry, Diana C
2009-03-01
The purpose of this paper was to examine the therapeutic functions of Gilda's Club of Greater Toronto in the everyday lives of people living with cancer. Gilda's Club is a non-institutional setting, where people living with cancer join together to build physical, social, and emotional support as a supplement to medical care. Findings reveal members regarded Gilda's Club as an escape from the stressors of home and hospital, a place where they could meet others living with cancer, and a social environment in which they could confront or distance themselves from their health problems. The paper demonstrates the significance of "third places" for health and calls on researchers to afford such places greater attention.
10. SunShot Initiative: Making Solar Energy Affordable for All Americans (Fact Sheet)
SciTech Connect
Not Available
2013-10-01
Through SunShot, DOE supports efforts by private companies, universities, and national laboratories to drive down the cost of solar electricity to \$0.06 per kilowatt-hour, making solar energy affordable for more American families and businesses.
11. Places to Intervene to Make Complex Food Systems More Healthy, Green, Fair, and Affordable.
PubMed
Malhi, Luvdeep; Karanfil, Ozge; Merth, Tommy; Acheson, Molly; Palmer, Amanda; Finegood, Diane T
2009-07-01
A Food Systems and Public Health conference was convened in April 2009 to consider research supporting food systems that are healthy, green, fair, and affordable. We used a complex systems framework to examine the contents of background material provided to conference participants. Application of our intervention-level framework (paradigm, goals, system structure, feedback and delays, structural elements) enabled comparison of the conference themes of healthy, green, fair, and affordable. At the level of system structure suggested actions to achieve these goals are fairly compatible, including broad public discussion and implementation of policies and programs that support sustainable food production and distribution. At the level of paradigm and goals, the challenge of making healthy and green food affordable becomes apparent as some actions may be in conflict. Systems thinking can provide insight into the challenges and opportunities to act to make the food supply more healthy, green, fair, and affordable.
12. A study of social information control affordances and gender difference in Facebook self-presentation.
PubMed
Kuo, Feng-Yang; Tseng, Chih-Yi; Tseng, Fan-Chuan; Lin, Cathy S
2013-09-01
Affordances refer to how interface features of an IT artifact, perceived by its users in terms of their potentials for action, may predict the intensity of usage. This study investigates three social information affordances for expressive information control, privacy information control, and image information control in Facebook. The results show that the three affordances can significantly explain how Facebook's interface designs facilitate users' self-presentation activities. In addition, the findings reveal that males are more engaged in expressing information than females, while females are more involved in privacy control than males. A practical application of our study is to compare and contrast the level of affordances offered by various social network sites (SNS) like Facebook and Twitter, as well as differences in online self-presentations across cultures. Our approach can therefore be useful to investigate how SNS design features can be tailored to specific gender and culture needs.
13. 78 FR 4093 - Extension of Comment Period for the Rulemaking Enhancing Protections Afforded Customers and...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-01-18
..., risk management programs, internal monitoring and controls, capital and liquidity standards, customer... Enhancing Protections Afforded Customers and Customer Funds Held by Futures Commission Merchants and...'') published in the Federal Register a notice of proposed rulemaking (the `Customer Protection Proposal'')...
14. Dean C. Bennett d/b/a Affordable Tuckpointing Information Sheet
EPA Pesticide Factsheets
Dean C. Bennett d/b/a Affordable Tuckpointing (the Company) is located in Arnold, Missouri. The Complaint involves renovation activities conducted at property constructed prior to 1978, located in St. Louis, Missouri.
15. 78 FR 73204 - Announcement of Requirements and Registration for “Innovation in Affordable Housing Student...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-12-05
... Student Design and Planning Competition'' AGENCY: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy Development... in Affordable Housing Student Design and Planning Competition. The competition requires teams of... communities and neighborhoods; to raise practitioner and future practitioner capacity to produce more...
16. Beyond the Light Touch: Next Steps for Improving Energy Efficiency in Multi-Family Affordable Housing
EPA Pesticide Factsheets
This 90-minute webinar explored the specific challenges and opportunities faced by programs that aim to improve energy efficiency in multifamily affordable housing, with an emphasis on achieving multiple benefits through deeper retrofits.
17. Analyses to improve operational flexibility
SciTech Connect
Trikouros, N.G.
1986-01-01
Operational flexibility is greatly enhanced if the technical bases for plant limits and design margins are fully understood, and the analyses necessary to evaluate the effect of plant modifications or changes in operating modes on these parameters can be performed as required. If a condition should arise that might jeopardize a plant limit or reduce operational flexibility, it would be necessary to understand the basis for the limit or the specific condition limiting operational flexibility and be capable of performing a reanalysis to either demonstrate that the limit will not be violated or to change the limit. This paper provides examples of GPU Nuclear efforts in this regard. Examples of Oyster Creek and Three Mile Island operating experiences are discussed.
18. Flexible ultrasonic pipe inspection apparatus
DOEpatents
Jenkins, Charles F.; Howard, Boyd D.
1998-01-01
A flexible, modular ultrasonic pipe inspection apparatus, comprising a flexible, hollow shaft that carries a plurality of modules, including at least one rotatable ultrasonic transducer, a motor/gear unit, and a position/signal encoder. The modules are connected by flexible knuckle joints that allow each module of the apparatus to change its relative orientation with respect to a neighboring module, while the shaft protects electrical wiring from kinking or buckling while the apparatus moves around a tight corner. The apparatus is moved through a pipe by any suitable means, including a tether or drawstring attached to the nose or tail, differential hydraulic pressure, or a pipe pig. The rotational speed of the ultrasonic transducer and the forward velocity of the apparatus are coordinated so that the beam sweeps out the entire interior surface of the pipe, enabling the operator to accurately assess the condition of the pipe wall and determine whether or not leak-prone corrosion damage is present.
19. Specifying spacecraft flexible appendage rigidity
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Seltzer, S. M.; Shelton, H. L.
1977-01-01
As a method for specifying the required degree of rigidity of spacecraft flexible appendages, an analytical technique is proposed for establishing values for the frequency, damping ratio, and modal gain (deflection) of the first several bending modes. The shortcomings of the technique result from the limitations associated with the order of the equations that can be handled practically. An iterative method is prescribed for handling a system whose structural flexibility is described by more than one normal mode. The analytical technique is applied to specifying solar panel rigidity constraints for the NASA Space Telescope. The traditional nonanalytic procedure for specifying the required degree of rigidity of spacecraft flexible appendages has been to set a lower limit below which bending mode frequencies may not lie.
20. High Performance Flexible Thermal Link
Sauer, Arne; Preller, Fabian
2014-06-01
The paper deals with the design and performance verification of a high performance and flexible carbon fibre thermal link.Project goal was to design a space qualified thermal link combining low mass, flexibility and high thermal conductivity with new approaches regarding selected materials and processes. The idea was to combine the advantages of existing metallic links regarding flexibility and the thermal performance of high conductive carbon pitch fibres. Special focus is laid on the thermal performance improvement of matrix systems by means of nano-scaled carbon materials in order to improve the thermal performance also perpendicular to the direction of the unidirectional fibres.One of the main challenges was to establish a manufacturing process which allows handling the stiff and brittle fibres, applying the matrix and performing the implementation into an interface component using unconventional process steps like thermal bonding of fibres after metallisation.This research was funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23649729788303375, "perplexity": 7107.02428957311}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825141.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022041437-20171022061437-00738.warc.gz"} |
https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/38948/eta-expansion-in-the-pattern-lambda-calculus | Eta expansion in the pattern lambda calculus
Klop, van Oostrom, and de Vrijer have a paper on the lambda calculus with patterns.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304397508000571
In some sense, a pattern is a tree of variables -- though I am just thinking of it as a nested tuple of variables, for example, ((x,y),z),(t,s)).
In the paper they showed that if the patterns are linear, in the sense that no variable in a pattern is repeated, then the rule
(\p . m) n = m [n/p]
where p is a variable pattern and n is a tuple of terms with the exact same shape as p, is confluent.
I am curious if there are similar developments in the literature for the lambda calculus with patterns and the additional eta rule (expansion, reduction, or just equality).
In particular, by eta, I mean
m = \lambda p . m p
More directly, I am curious what properties such a lambda calculus would have. For example, is it confluent?
It forces the classifying category to be closed because it forces the property that
m p = n p implies m = n
By using the \xi-rule in between. But perhaps something could go wrong?
• Can you write put what eta rule you mean? Unless it's very strange you should be able to encode it using sums and make a simulation argument. Aug 30 '17 at 13:16
• @MaxNew: it looks like he's asking about the untyped calculus. Everything about patterns works perfectly with types (I oh-so-modestly suggest my own Focusing on Pattern Matching), but untyped lambda calculus is different enough from typed LC (especially wrt eta) that I don't dare to answer without doing the proofs. Aug 31 '17 at 10:12
• @MaxNew: What would encoding by sums entail? Sep 6 '17 at 3:43
• @NeelKrishnaswami: I am actually interested in both. I think I am nervous about having variables of a product type together with the eta rule. I think this is done, for example, dicosmo.org/Articles/JFP96.pdf. But if I'm mistaken, please correct me. Then you have equalities like \lambda x .m x = m = \lambda (p,q) . m (p,q), for example. Thanks for the link to your paper! Sep 6 '17 at 3:48
This is not a complete answer; it is a comment that got too large.
If you extend typed lambda calculus with products with projective eliminators (ie, product eliminators fst(e) and snd(e)), there are no basically issues whatsoever. The reason it took so long to figure out is because it turns out to be more natural to do eta expansions rather than eta reductions. See Barry Jay's The Virtues of Eta Expansion.
If you want products to have a pattern-style eliminator
let (a,b) = e in t
Then matters are more complex. The primary difficulty with pattern matching are the commuting conversions. That is, these calculi have the equation
C[let (a,b) = e in t] === let (a,b) = e in C[t]
and figuring out (a) which context C[-] to use and (b) how to orient this equation gets tricky. IMO, the state of the art for rewriting-style approaches are Sam Lindley's Extensional Rewriting with Sums and Gabriel Scherer's Deciding Equivalence with Sums and the Empty Type, both of which consider the typed lambda calculus with both products and sums. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7174307107925415, "perplexity": 530.0831937162366}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588216.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027150823-20211027180823-00203.warc.gz"} |
https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0089794 | # Open Collections
## UBC Theses and Dissertations
### Case-control studies with misclassified exposure : a Bayesian approach Saskin, Refik 2000-12-31
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Case-control Studies with Misclassified Exposure: A Bayesian Approach by Refik Saskin B.Sc, Brock University, 1998 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Statistics) we accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard The University of British Columbia August 2000 © Refik Saskin, 2000 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date AjJC Of. £°<~ . DE-6 (2/88) Abstract When dealing with the case-control data, it is often the case that the ex posure to a risk factor of interest is subject to miclassification. Methods for correcting the odds-ratio are available when the misclassification probabilities are known. In practice, however, good guesses rather than the exact values are available for these probabilities. We show that when these guesses are treated as exact even the smallest differencies between the true and guessed values can lead to very erroneous odds-ratio estimates. This problem is alle viated by a Bayesian analysis which incorporates the uncertainty about the misclassification probabilities as prior information. In practice, data on the exposure variable are quite often available from more than one source. We review three methods for improving the odds-ratio estimates that combine information from two sources. We then develop a Bayesian approach which is based on latent class analysis, and apply it to the sudden infant death syndrome data. The inference required the use of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and/or the Gibbs sampler. ii Contents Abstract ii Contents iiList of Tables v List of Figures vii Acknowledgements xiDedication xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 One Test Case 5 2.1 Definitions and Terminology . 5 2.1.1 Data and Setup 7 2.2 Known Sensitivity and Specificity 10 2.3 The Gibbs Sampler 17 2.3.1 Examples 21 iii 2.4 The Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm 24 2.4.1 Large Sample Case 31 2.4.2 Finite Sample Case 5 2.4.3 Examples . . 36 2.5 Discussion 40 3 Two Test Case 9 3.1 Data and Setup 43.2 Correction Methods 51 3.2.1 The Marshall and Graham Method 51 3.2.2 The Drews, Flanders and Kosinski Method 52 3.2.3 The Kaldor and Clayton Method 54 3.3 Our Method 56 3.3.1 Examples 60 3.4 An Application to Real Data 68 3.5 Discussion 72 4 Conclusion 4 Bibliography 78 IV List of Tables 2.1 Distribution of subjects in a case-control study by disease sta tus and an imperfect measurement of a dichotomous exposure. Symbol + denotes apparently exposed, and — denotes appar ently unexposed 9 2.2 (a) True distribution of exposure among cases and controls, (b) Observed distribution of exposure, given 10% misclassifcation among cases and controls, (c) Estimated distribution of expo sure assuming 14% misclassifcation among cases and controls. 14 2.3 Distribution of observed and latent data when one imperfect classification procedure is used. Symbol + denotes exposed, and — denotes unexposed 18 3.1 Distribution of subjects in a case-control study when two tests are used to assess the exposure status. Symbol + denotes ex posed and — denotes unexposed. 50 v 3.2 Distribution of observed and latent data when two imperfect tests are used, together with the contribution to the likelihood each combination of the observed and latent data makes. Sym bol + denotes exposed, and — denotes unexposed 57 3.3 True parameter values and the empirical coverage of the 80% HPD credible intervals for logc/> for the sample sizes iVj = 200, N{ = 800, and Ni = 3200, i = 0,1. Numbers in brackets repre sent mean interval length. For the empirical coverage and the mean length, 1000 data sets were simulated 67 3.4 A pseudorandom sample of 226 SIDS cases and 226 controls from the NICHD study. Data was classified using medical record (MR) and interview (Int) data 69 3.5 Median estimates of the sensitivities, specificities and the loga rithm of the odds-ratio, and 95% HPD credible intervals for the logarithm of the odds-ratio, using the Gibbs sampler 73 3.6 95% HPD credible intervals for the sensitivities and specificities of the interview data and the medical records 73 3.7 Estimates of the sensitivities, specificities and the logarithm of the odds-ratio, and 95% confidence intervals for the logarithm of the odds-ratio, using the EM algorithm (Drews et al. (1993)). 73 vi List of Figures 2.1 Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in con trols and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 1. Data was simulated for N0 = Nx = 200 25 2.2 Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in con trols and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 1. Data was simulated for N0 = Nx = 800 26 2.3 Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in con trols and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 1. Data was simulated for N0 = Nx = 3200 27 2.4 Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in con trols and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 2. Data was simulated for N0 = Nx = 200 28 vn 2.5 Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in con trols and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 2. Data was simulated for N0 = Ni = 800 29 2.6 Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in con trols and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 2. Data was simulated for N0 = Ni = 3200 . 30 2.7 The support of p(a, P\90, 6\). The shaded rectangles comprise A{e0,el) 32 2.8 Posterior distribution of logc/> in Example 1. The first column gives the M-COR posterior, the second column gives the U-COR posterior, and the third column gives the E-COR posterior. The rows correspond to sample sizes N0 = Nx = 200, N0 = Ni — 800, N0 = N1 = 3200 and 7V0 = Ni = oo 42 2.9 80% highest posterior density credible intervals for logc/> in Ex ample 1. The solid vertical lines represent credible intervals for forty data sets with sample sizes N0 = Nx = 3200, the solid horizontal line indicates the true value of log cp and the dashed horizontal line indicates log </>'. The first panel gives the M-COR intervals, the second panel gives the U-COR intervals, and the third panel gives the E-COR intervals 43 viii 2.10 Prior and posterior samples of the sensitivity and specificity for the datasets in Example 1 44 2.11 Posterior distribution of log</> in Example 2. The first column gives the M-COR posterior, the second column gives the U-COR posterior, and the third column gives the E-COR posterior. The rows correspond to sample sizes N0 = Nx = 200, N0 = Nx = 800, JV0 = Ni= 3200 and NQ = JVI = OO 45 2.12 80% highest posterior density credible intervals for log</> in Ex ample 2. The solid vertical lines represent credible intervals for forty data sets with sample sizes JV0 = Nx = 3200, the solid horizontal line indicates the true value of log <p and the dashed horizontal line indicates log <f>'. The first panel gives the M-COR " intervals, the second panel gives the U-COR intervals, and the third panel gives the E-COR intervals. . 46 2.13 Posterior distribution of log0 in Example 3. The first column gives the M-COR posterior, the second column gives the U-COR posterior, and the third column gives the E-COR posterior. The rows correspond to sample sizes N0 = Nx = 200, N0 = Ni = 800, N0 = N1 = 3200 and N0 = Nx = oo 47 ix 2.14 80% highest posterior density credible intervals for log</> in Ex ample 3. The solid vertical lines represent credible intervals for forty data sets with sample sizes N0 = Nx = 3200, the solid horizontal line indicates the true value of log <f> and the dashed i horizontal line indicates log <$>'. The first panel gives the M-COR intervals, the second panel gives the U-COR intervals, and the third panel gives the E-COR intervals 3.1 Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivities, specificities, prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 1. Data was simulated for JV0 = Nx = 200 3.2 Posterior samples of the logarithm of the odds-ratio for the datasets in Example 1 ' 3.3 80% highest posterior density credible intervals for log <j> in Ex ample 1. The solid vertical lines represent credible intervals for forty data sets and the solid horizontal line indicates the true value of log 4>. The panel (a) gives the intervals for the sample size N0 = Ni = 200, the panel (b) gives the intervals for the sample size N0 — Ni — 800, and the panel (c) gives the intervals for the sample size N0 = Nx = 3200 x Posterior samples of the logarithm of the odds-ratio for the sam ple size N0 = JVi = 800 in Example 1. (a) Beta(l, 1) prior used for all six parameters, (b) Beta(7.55, 2.64) prior used for a, and = 1,2, while Beta(l,l) prior used for TIQ and 7Ti (the his togram is identical to that shown in Figure 3.2 (b)). (c) Beta prior for each parameter was chosen so that the mode 7 is cen tred at the true value and 0.95 probability is assigned to the interval 7 ± 0.05 xi Acknowledgements I would like.to thank Dr. Paul Gustafson for his consistent guidance, help and support. His patience and expert advice made the completion of my research possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Nhu Lee for his generous input and willingness to share his expertise with me. Many thanks to the entire UBC Statistics Department for making these last two years most pleasurable. Also, many thanks to my family for all their love, support and encour agement. Finally, I would like to thank my girlfriend Marnie for her continued support and patience. REFIK SASKIN The University of British Columbia August 2000 xii To my mother, God rest her soul. xiii Chapter 1 Introduction Misclassification of exposure is one of the most serious problems in epidemi ology. Even on the smallest scale, exposure misclassification can substantially bias estimates of the relative risk. In particular, nondifferential misclassifica tion of a dichotomous exposure variable always tends to attenuate observed exposure-disease relationships. This attenuation can be particularly large for rare exposures and imperfect specificity or highly prevalent exposure and im perfect sensitivity of the test used to assess the exposure status. The corrected estimates can be obtained easily if the sensitivity and specificity of the clas sification procedure are known, which was illustrated by Barron (1977) and Greenland and Kleinbaum (1983). In most cases, however, these quantities are very difficult to estimate, because no measure of true exposure is available, and even if available, such "gold standard" measures are often very expensive and/or invasive. A more common scenario is when good guesses rather than exact values are available for the sensitivity and specificity. If one treats these 1 guesses as exact, Marshall (1989) has shown that even small discrepancies be tween the true and guessed values of the sensitivity and specificity can lead to very erroneous odds-ratio estimates. The effects of ignoring misclassification and the methods which correct for it have received a considerable attention in the literature. Thomas, Stam and Dwyer (1993) and Walter and Irwig (1988) provide reviews. Although one can rarely obtain completely accurate exposure data for epidemiologic studies, data on the exposure variable are often available from more than one source. For instance, exposure data'are often available from both medical records and interviews, or from two different diagnostic tests performed on a study subject. A variety of methods have been suggested for improving the odds-ratio estimates by combining data from two information sources. One simple approach, as suggested by Marshall and Graham (1984), is to restrict the analysis to subjects for whom the two sources agree about the exposure. As pointed out by Walter (1984), however, this method may result in a substantial loss of precision due to the exclusion of a potentially large proportion of study subjects. Hui and Walter (1980) developed a method for estimating the sensitivity and specificity of two classification schemes in two groups (such as controls and cases) when, given the true exposure status, misclassification is nondifferential and the two schemes classify study subjects independently. More recent work by Drews, Flanders and Kosinski (1993) has extended their method to more complicated settings. They perform numeric maximization rather than providing a closed-form solution. The approach of 2 Drews et al. (1993) requires that the analyst specify the degree of dependency between the two classification schemes. Since, in practice, a gold standard may be unavailable, impractical, or itself measured with error, this method could have limited applicability. In their discussion of latent class analysis, Kaldor and Clayton (1985) give an example of data where replicate measurements are available for some or all of the cases and/or controls. They demonstrate that obtaining a replicate measurements on even a modest proportion of subjects leads to substantially improved estimation of odds-ratio. In the following chapter we will consider a case-control setting where one imperfect classification scheme is used to assess the exposure status. In this context, we will introduce a simple approach to Bayesian inference about the odds-ratio when the misclassification probabilities are known. Then, we will outline a Bayesian approach to odds-ratio inference with only partial knowledge of classification probabilities. Two computational methods will be presented that enable the inference on odds-ratio. Finally, examples will be presented illustrating the use of these methods. In chapter 3 we will look at a case-control setting where the exposure status is measured by two imperfect classification schemes. We will briefly review three existing methods to correct the odds-ratio estimates. Then, we will introduce a Bayesian approach. It is an extension of the Joseph, Gyorkos and Coupal (1995) method for inference on the sensitivities and specificities of two classification procedures applied to one population. We will examine the validity of our method by applying it to nine hypothetical case-control studies, 3 where the true odds-ratio are known. Finally, we will apply our method to a case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome, and compare the results with those obtained using the method of Drews et al. (1993). 4 Chapter 2 One Test Case 2.1 Definitions and Terminology In this section we present some key definitions and terminology, making the subsequent sections easier to follow. In a "case-control study" investigator selects "cases" of a disease, and a comparison group, called "controls". The cases and controls are then compared with respect to a specific risk factor, often referred to as "exposure". The samples of the cases and controls are usually regarded as independent. "Misclassification" or "measurement error" refers to any diference be tween the true value of a variable and its measured value. The term mis classification is almost always used in the context of categorical variables and measurement error when one refers to continuous variables. Errors can be "random" or "systematic". If the error is not randomly distributed around its true value, we say that it is systematic. Overestimating everyone's exposure 5 level by a factor of two would be an example of a systematic error. Systematic and random errors can be either "differential" or "nondif ferential". If the misclassification in the exposure depends upon the disease status, than the misclassification is differential. If on the other hand, the mis classification is the exposure does not depend on the disease status, we say that the misclassification is nondifferential. A more rigorous definition of non-differential misclassification is that the risk of disease depends only on the true exposure, and given this true exposure, the measured exposure does not add any additional information. In clinical medicine and epidemiology, tests are often used to determine the presence or absence of a disease, or whether or not someone was exposed to a risk factor of interest. Ideally, those who are exposed (or with disease) should be classified as being exposed (or with disease), and those who are not exposed (or without disease) should be classified as unexposed (or without disease). The "sensitivity" and "specificity" of a test consider how often such correct classification occurs. The sensitivity of a test is the percentage of exposed study subjects (or with disease) classified as exposed (or with disease). The specificity of a test is the percentage of unexposed study subjects (or without disease) classified as unexposed (or without disease).. Moreover, the "false postive rate" (FPR) of a test is the percentage of unexposed study subjects (or without disease) who are classified as exposed (or with disease). The "false negative rate" (FNR) of a test is the percentage of exposed study subjects (or with disease) who are classified as unexposed (or without disease). Therefore, 6 FPR = 1 - specificity and FNR = 1 - sensitivity. As the methodology we develop in subsequent chapters is of Bayesian nature, we will very briefly introduce some of its key features. In a nutshell, the Bayesian approach uses probability to describe both model parameters and random variables. In the context of the usual statistical model with a random variable X having possible distributions indexed by parameter 9, the data x becomes known to the statistician and the object is to make inference about the unknown parameter. The information about 6 that is available to the statistician prior to observing the data and his/her belief about the parameter are reflected in a "prior distribution". In the Bayesian approach, the statistician will wish to calculate the probability distribution of 9 given X = x, called the "posterior distribution". Once this is accomplished, point and interval estimates of 9 can be calculated, significance tests can be performed, etc. With the recent development of computer techniques has come an increase in the popularity of Bayesian inference. 2.1.1 Data and Setup Suppose we have a case-control study attempting to assess the relationship between disease status and a dichotomous exposure (usually labeled as 0 for unexposed and 1 for exposed). Suppose further that the measurement proce dure used to assess the exposure status is not perfect, i.e., the sensitivity and specificity of that procedure are less than one (so that there is a non-negligible number of false positives and false negatives). The study, therefore, consists of 7 measuring the apparent exposure status for random sample of N0 controls and Ni cases. We will assume that the random samples are independent and that the disease status is known exactly, without error. These assumptions are not particularly unreasonable or limiting. First, the independence between cases and controls is a usual assumption one makes in a case-control study. Second, in order to determine the potential treatment, clinicians concentrate on correctly identifying the disease. For a disease that is difficult to diagnose, multiple tests, sometimes even invasive procedures, are applied. Moreover, the diseased subjects chosen to participate in a case-control study have usually had the condition for quite some time before the start of a study, increasing the chance of correct diagnosis. As a result, the disease status is (usually) very well determined. Throughout this thesis we will assume that the misclassification is non-differential, i.e., independent of disease status. In the case-control setting, the data comes in a two-by-two table, as shown in Table 2.1. Here, Xi and yi are the observed number of positive and negative test results, respectively, in the sample of Xi + yi = study subjects. The subscript i = 0 denotes controls, i = 1 cases. Furthermore, let D, E and E' represent disease status, actual expo sure status and apparent exposure status, respectively. In each case, suppose that one represents presence, and zero represents absence. As nondifferential misclassification is assumed, the relevant parameters are TTO = Pr{E = 1\D = 0), 8 Test + — Controls x0 yo Cases • Xi y\ iVi N Table 2.1: Distribution of subjects in a case-control study by disease status and an imperfect measurement of a dichotomous exposure. Symbol + denotes apparently exposed, and — denotes apparently unexposed. 7Ti = Pr(E = 1\D = 1), a = Pr{E' = l\E = 1), 8 = Pr(E' = 0\E = 0). Here, a is the sensitivity of the classification procedure, (3 is the specificity of the classification procedure, and 7r0 and TT\ are the exposure prevalences among the controls and cases, respectively. The false positive and false negative rates are \ — B and 1 — a, respectively. The odds-ratio, denoted as t/>, is defined in terms of the exposure prevalences as Tri/O-jri) 7r0/(l-7r0)' In general, suppose that R tests are applied to S populations and that misclassification is nondifferential. As R tests are used to determine the expo sure status, there are 2R possible classification outcomes. Furthermore, since 9 the number of subjects is fixed for each population, there are 2R — 1 degrees of freedom per population, giving a total of (2R — 1)5 degrees of freedom avail able. On the other hand, if the misclassification is nondifferential, there are 2R + S parameters to estimate, the sensitivity and specificity of each test and S exposure prevalences. Therefore, in the case of one test and two population (R = 1,5 = 2), the likelihood with no constraint placed on the parameters is overparameterized. Hence, if (a,7r0,7Ti) are unknown, the resulting like lihood function from a case-control study where one classification scheme is used to assess the exposure is nonidentifiable (Hui and Walter (1980)). 2.2 Known Sensitivity and Specificity If the misclassification probabilities a and /? are known, Barron (1977) and Greenland and Kleinbaum (1983) present a relatively straightforward proce dure for the adjustment of odds-ratio estimates. To illustrate their methodol ogy, suppose that a and j3 are the sensitivity and specificity of a test used to assess the exposure, while a* and j3* are the sensitivity and specificity of a test used to assess the disease in a case-control study. Note that their method does not require the assumption that the disease status is known exactly. Suppose further that (xTi,yTi) and {xMi,yMi) are, respectively, true and misclassified cell counts in a 2 x 2 table (see Table 2.1). When there is no misclassification, we estimate the odds-ratio by <h=——> (2.1) XTOVTI 10 and if the exposure is subject to misclassification, we estimate the odds-ratio by (2.2) XMIVMO The misclassified cell counts are related to the true cell counts by the set of four equations m = Ct, where m %M0 %T0 VMO VTO ,t = VM\ VTI and a/3* (1 — (3)8* a(l-a*) {I - (3){l - a*) (l-a)fi* /38* (l-a)(l-a*) 8(1 - a*) a(l-8*) (1 — ^)(1 — aa* (1 - 8)a* (l-a)(l-8*) (3(1-/3*) (l-a)a* pa* Therefore, if (a, (3, a*, 8*) are known and C is invertible, a correction formula is easily derived, since t — C_1m. This, in turn, enables us to compute the estimate of the true odds-ratio </>T-We now present a simple approach to Bayesian inference about odds-ratio when the sensitivity and specificity are known. Let XQ be the number of apparently exposed controls and Xx be the number of apparently exposed cases. A control can be truly exposed and cor rectly classified as exposed with probability (TXQO) or unexposed and incorrectly classified as unexposed with probability (1 — 7r0)(l — B). Similar is true for the 11 cases. Therefore, X0 and X\ are distributed as independent Binomial(Ni,9i) random variables, where .0i = 7TiQ!+(l-7ri)(l- ^,1 = 0,1. (2.3) Here, 90 and$i are apparent exposure prevalences among controls and cases, respectively. Suppose now that a and B are known exactly, without error. Further, note that an estimate of (j> can be obtained from estimates of 9Q and 9X, as 7r0/(l-7r0) (gi+)9-l)/(a-gi) ( . (e0 + p-i)/(a-e0y l'j Thus, inference about the odds-ratio (f> is simple. To illustrate this, suppose that independent Uniform[0,1] priors are chosen for 7r0 and 7Ti, i.e., no prior knowledge is assumed about the prevalence of exposure in controls and cases. This choice of prior implies Uniform [min(l — B,a), max(l — B, a)] priors for 90 and 9i, since (2.3) implies 9i G [min(l - f3, a), max(l — B, a)], i = 0,1. Consequently, 9i\xo,Xx follows a Beta(xi + 1, Ni — Xi + 1) distribution truncated to the interval [min(l — 8, a), max(l — B, a)], yielding the posterior distribution of (j)\x0,xi. Therefore, sampling from the posterior distribution of odds-ratio is straightforward. Examples illustrating this approach will be shown in section 2.4.3. 12 We now examine a more realistic scenario, when good guesses rather than exact values are available for the sensitivity and specificity. These guesses could be available, for instance, via previous studies. If these guesses are treated as exact, Marshall (1989) has demonstrated that even small differ ences between the guessed and true values of misclassification probabilities can lead to very erroneous odds-ratio estimates. More specifically, consider the following example. Table 2(a) below shows the true distribution of ex posure among 300 cases and 300 controls. In this case, logc/> = 1.35, with a 95% confidence interval of (0.90, 1.80). This confidence interval was computed assuming the asymptotic normality of logc/>. Table 2(b) presents the effect the misclassification of 10% has on the odds-ratio. Here, logc/> = 0.85, with a 95% confidence interval of (0.47, 1.23), thus lessening the apparent effect of expo sure. Of the 30 exposed controls, only 90% are correctly identified as exposed and 10% are mistakenly identified as not exposed. Ignoring the sampling error, of the 270 unexposed controls, 90% are correctly classified with 10% classified as exposed. Hence, the 54 controls classified as exposed in Table 2(b) include 90% of 30, or 27, who are exposed and 10% of 270, or 27, who are unexposed. The same process applies to cases. The investigator who knows that the misclassification is 10% can easily adjust the data in Table 2(b) and correctly estimate the odds-ratio. A slight miscorrection can yield an erroneus estimate of the odds-ratio. To illustrate this, suppose that the investigator may guess, on the basis of previous studies, that the misclassification is 14%. Table 2(c) displays the result of adjusting 13 (a) Test + Controls 30 270 300 Cases 90 210 300 600 (b) Test (c) • Test Controls + + — 54 2 If) 300 Controls 17 283 300 102 198 300 Cases 83 217 300 600 600 Table 2.2: (a) True distribution of exposure among cases and controls, (b) Observed distribution of exposure, given 10% misclassifcation among cases and controls, (c) Estimated distribution of exposure assuming 14% misclassifcation among cases and controls. the data in Table 2(b) using the guessed value. Here, log</> = 1.85, with a 95% confidence interval of (1.30, 2.40), thus producing an exaggerated estimate of the effect of exposure. As shown in the above example, odds-ratio estimates can be very sensi tive to small discrepancies between the actual and assumed values of a and 8. We investigate this further by looking at the asymptotic bias of the odds-ratio that arises when incorrect values of the sensitivity and specificity are assumed. 14 To that end, let a' and be the assumed values of a and ft used to correct the odds-ratio estimate. We say that "miscorectioh" occurs when (a1, /?') 7^ (a, 8). Moreover, we say that miscorrection is "asymptotically unde tectable" if both #o and Q\ lie in the interval [min(l — B', a'), max(l — B', a')}. On the other hand, we say that miscorrection is "asymptotically detectable" if a' and 8' are such that one or both of 60 and 0\ lie outside the inter val [min(l — 8', a'), max(l — 8', a')}. This distinction comes from the fact that, in the large sample case, the values of 90 and 0\ are efectively known exactly. So, no amount of data could detect that miscorrection occurs if 6i e [min(l - 8', a'), max(l - B',a')],i = 0,1. Therefore, as N0 and Nx in crease, the exposure prevalences converge to 7r- = (0j + ft' — l)/(a + 8 — 1). Consequently, the posterior distribution of cf> concentrates at * ~ (d0 + 8'-l)/(a'-60y {2-b) The difference $$j>' — 4>\ is the asymptotic bias. The following theorem illustrates potentially very dangerous consequences of a very small miscorrection. Theorem: Suppose a and ft are fixed, with a + 8 > 1. Let ea > 0, e/j > 0 and R > 0 be arbitrary. Then, there exist a', 8', TV0 and TT\ such that (i) there is asymptotically undetectable miscorrection, (ii) \a' — a\ < ea, \fi' — fi\ < ep and (iii) l<\> = R. Proof: Note first that </>' = Rcj), where = [l + cM/[l 4-^/(1-^)] [l + c/7r0]/[l + d/(l-7r0)]' 15 c = (8' - 8)/(a + 8 + 1) and d = (a' - a)/(a + 8 + 1), Note also that the requirement for asymptotic undetectability is equivalent to — c < ^ < 1 + d, i = 0,1. Now, choose a' so that \a' — a\ < ea and d > 1 and choose 8' such that \B' — 8\ < ep and c G (—1,0). Therefore, asymptotic undetectability holds for |c| < 7Tj < 1, z = 0,1. So now equation (2.6) is given by _ [1-lcl/TTx] / [l + d/(l-7n)] . • [1 - |C| /TTo] / [1 + - TTo)] - ^ ' Hence, R increases to infinity as 7To decreases to |c| (or TT\ increases to one) and decreases to zero as 7Ti decreases to |c| (or 7r0 increases to one), as required. Here we considered the case where a' > a and 8' > 8. It is easy to establish the claim for other three cases. It is worth noting that R can go to either zero or infinity without ir0 or 71"! going to either zero or one, which are rather unrealistic cases. Secondly, the assumption that a + 8 > 1 is not unreasonable, given that no case-control study would be carried out if the false positive and false negative rates of the classification procedure are very high (higher than 0.5, say). The previous work, coupled with the result of the above theorem, sug gests that it seems reasonable to include the uncertainty in the available guesses into the analysis. Bayesian methods make this feasible, as the lack of exact knowledge of a and 8 is easily incorporated via the appropriate choice of priors for a and 8. This methodology was introduced by Joseph, Gyorkos and Coupal (1995) in the context of applying R different diagnostic tests to S populations. Specifically, they focused their attention on one population and 16 one test (R = 1,5 = 1) and one population and two tests (R = 2,5 = 1). Consequently, their inference was on ,the sensitivity, specificity and disease prevalence of the population of interest. We will attempt to extend their ap proach to the case-control setting. The Gibbs sampler will be used to draw the posterior samples of a, 8, 7TQ and TX\ and consequently of 0. Let Ai and B~i be the information that is missing when the test used to assess the exposure is imperfect, that is the number of true positive test results out of ai and 6j, respectively. Thus, Ai is the number of true positives and Bi is the number of false negatives, i = 0,1. This missing information is called "latent data" and analysis of such data, called "latent class analysis", has been done by Kaldor and Clayton (1985) and Walter and Irwig (1988). Incorporating this latent information into Table 2.1, we have (Table 2.3). Using the independence between cases and controls, the likelihood func tion of the data in Table 2.3 is given by 2.3 The Gibbs Sampler 1(AQ, B0, Ai, Bi,x0,y0,xuyi\n0,7Ti, a, 8) x [^{\-a)]Bi [(1-^)8] x [7rlC^[(l-^)(l-/?)] \Vi-Bi 17 + Apparent exposure Controls True Exposure Cases True Exposure + — + — x0 - A0 x0 + xx - Ax Xi BQ yo - Bo yo — Bx yi-Bx y\ N0 Table 2.3: Distribution of observed and latent data when one imperfect clas sification procedure is used. Symbol + denotes exposed, and — denotes unex posed. By gathering the like terms, the likelihood becomes Z^o.BcAi.Bi.xo.yo.^i.yikcTi.a,/?) = II [Ail ...(yi- Bi)\ x irfi+Bi(l-TTT)NI-A>-B> x a Ao+Ai Bo+Bi x pyo+yi-Bo-Bi ^ _ p^xo+xi-Ao-Ai (2.8) The likelihood (2.8) is nonidentifiable if (a,/3,7r0,7Ti) are unknown. We now state a more formal definition of nonidentifiability, introduced by Dawid (1979), Suppose that the Bayesian model is denoted by likelihood l(x\A) and prior p(A), where A = (Ai,A2). We say that A2 is nonidentifiable if p(A2|Ax, x) = p(A2|Ai). In other words, A2 is not identified by the data if observing data x 18 does not increase our knowledge about A2 given Ai. However, nonidentifiabil-ity does not imply that there is no Bayesian updating, i.e., it does not imply that p(X2\x) = p(A2). Furthermore, since p(A2|Ai,x) oc l(x\A)p(X2\Xi)p(Xi), A2 is nonidentifiable if and only if l(x\A) is free of A2. Hence, the definition of nonidentifiability, as introduced by Dawid (1979), is equivalent to nonidentifi-ability in the likelihood. We now turn our attention to the choice of prior for a, ft, ir0 and iii. We will choose beta densities to represent the prior information available for a, 8, 7T0 and 7Ti. The reason for this choice of prior is three-fold. First, the beta density is positive on the interval [0,1], which coincides with the range of all parameters of interest. Secondly, the family of beta densities is flexible, in the sense that a variety of shapes can be chosen by selecting different values of the hyperparameters. Finally, it is the conjugate prior distribution for the binomial likelihood, significantly easing the derivation of the posterior distribution. Therefore, suppose that the four parameters are independent a priori, with a ~ Beta(aa, fj,a), 8 ~ Beta(ai8,^), 7T0 ~ Beta(a7ro,^7ro), 7T! ~ Beta(a^1,^7ri), giving a joint prior density p(a,/3,7r0,7ri) = pa(a)pp{P) J[ p^fa). . (2.9) i=0,l 19 Since a posterior density is proportional to a likelihood multiplied by a prior, we have that the posterior density p(ir0, TT\, a, B\Ai, Bi, x0, y0, xx, yi) is propor tional to n i=0,l x a Al\...{yl-Bi)\ A0+Ai+aa-l^ _ ^Bo+Bx+Hc-1 (2.10) Note here that the latent data Ai and Bi, i = 0,1 are not observed, hindering the use of (2.10) in calculating the marginal posterior densities of a, B, ir0 and 7Ti. However, the inference is made possible by using a Gibbs sampler. This is a very useful technique for sampling from a p-dimensional distribution. Here is a brief review. Suppose gx is the joint density distribution function of a p-dimensional random variable X = (Xx,X2,..., Xp), with the univariate conditional densi ties qx1\X2,x3,...,xp,Qx2\xux3,...,Xp, and so on. To implement the Gibbs sampler, we start with initial guesses of the Xi, say .x[°\ X^,..., X^ and simulate xfWUf,...,^0) from qXl\x2,x3,..,xP, X^\X[l\xi°\...,X^ from qx2lxux3,..,xP, X^X11\X£\...,XJ»1 from qx^x,,...^-This is repeated k times, generating the sample X(fc) = (XJfe\ , ..., X^). 20 At each stage the conditional distribution uses the most recent values of all the other components of X. It can be shown that, as k —> oo, the density of the samples approaches qx- In practice, the convergence is usually quite rapid. Once the convergence has occurred, subsequent samples can be gen erated either by restarting the algorithm with the new guesses, or continuing the algorithm at the current value X(fc). We can now use the Gibbs sampler to sample from the posterior distri bution (2.10). We have the following conditional densities: a\A0, B0, Ai, Bx, aa, \ia ~ Beta(A) + Ax + aa, B0 + Bx + fj,a), B\x0,y0, xuyl,AQ, B0, Ax,Bi, o&, up ~ Beta(y0 + Hi - B0 - Bx + ap,x0 + xi - Ao- Ai+ fj.p), ni\Ai, Bi, Xi, yh aWi, /j,^ ~ Beta(Ai + B{ + o^Xi + y, - A{- Bi - nni),i = 0,1, Ai\iri, a, B,Xi ~ Binomial^, v.a+{l7!^%){l_p)), i = 0,1, Bi\irl,a,B,yl ~ Binomial^, v.{1l£)+_1<.)p),i = 0,1. Hence, conditional on knowing the exact values of a, B, 7r0 and nx, we can easily sample from the posterior distributions of the latent variables Ai and Bi. Conversely, conditional on A{ and Bt, sampling from the posterior distributions of a, 8, 7r0 and 7Ti, and consequently from </>, is straightforward. 2.3.1 Examples Example 1 To illustrate the use of the Gibbs sampler, consider a scenario 21 in which the true value of sensitivity is a — 0.85, specificity 8 = 0.90 and the prevalences of exposure in controls and cases is, respectively, ir0 = 0.08 and 7Ti = 0.12. These values imply that 4> = 1-57 or logc/> = 0.45. Data are simulated using the true values for three different sample sizes, namely for JV0 = Nx = 200, N0 = Nx = 800 and N0 = Nx = 3200, with re spective simulated values of (x0,Xi) = (37,41), (x0,xi) = (128,147) and (x0,xi) = (495,603). The prior for the prevalence of exposure in controls and the prevalence of exposure in cases was chosen to be Beta(l, 1). No prior knowledge was assumed for 7r0 and -K\, since the motivation for doing the case-control study is to make inference about odds-ratio. Further, suppose that the researcher's guesses at the sensitivity and specificity are 0.83 and 0.91, respectively, and that these guesses are accurate to within ±0.05. The infor mation of the form 7 ± S could be translated into a Beta prior with mode at 7 and 0.95 probability on the interval 7 ± 6. This implies 5^(2(183.50, 38.38) prior for sensitivity and £eta(128.50,13.61) prior for specificity. Five indepen dent chains of the Gibbs sampler were run with different starting values. The output is shown in Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3. The plots shown in these figures clearly indicate drifiting behaviour by the Gibbs sampler and a lack of adequte mixing, even after the first 10000 observations were discarded. For example, as the plots in Figure 2.1 indicate, convergence was not achieved for none of the parameters. This may not be surprising because, as Gelfand and Sahu (1999) note, drifting behaviour may arise when the Gibbs sampler is applied to nonidentifiable models. The drifting 22 behaviour also seems to be the case for intermediate and large sample sizes, however, it is not as pronounced. Even though more formal diagnostic methods were not used in assessing the convergence of the Gibbs sampler, we believe that the plots in Figure 2.1 through Figure 2.3 present strong enough evidence of the inadequacy of the Gibbs sampler in this case. Example 2 Consider now a different scenario where the true value of sensitivity and specificity is a = (5 = 0.95 and prevalence of exposure in controls and cases is 7r0 = 0.06 and TTX — 0.15, respectively. These values imply 4> = 2.76 or logc/> = 1.02. Using these true values, we simulated data (x0,xi) = (13,44), (x0,xi) = (68,141) and (x0,xi) = (340,595) for N0 = Nx = 200, N0 = Nx = 800 and N0 = Ni = 3200 respectively. As before, Beta(l, 1) was used as prior for both the prevalence of exposure in controls and the prevalence of exposure in cases. As for the sensitivity and specificity, we will assume that our guess at both the sensitivity and specificity is 0.95, and that it is accurate to within ±0.05. This translates into Beta(99.70, 6.19) prior for both the sensitivity and specificity. Five independent chains were run with different starting values. The output is shown in Figure 2.4, Figure 2.5 and Figure 2.6. We observe a similar behaviour of the Gibbs sampler as in Example 1, even though our guesses at the true values of the sensitivity and specificity were exact. For instance, note the behaviour of the fourth chain in Figure 2.4. It exibits a completely different behaviour than the other four chains in the sense that it drifts towards a completely different value in the parameter space. 23 In particular, the mean value of the sensitivity obtained from the fourth chain is 0.03, whereas the mean value obtained from the other four chains is 0.57, a very big discrepancy. Moreover, no point estimates were close to the true value of 0.95 for the sensitivity. The 95% HPD credible intervals of the sensitivity and the prevalence of exposure in cases for every sample size considered did not contain the true values. 2.4 The Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm The behaviour observed above may not be surprising. Gelfand and Sahu (1999) have noted that drifting behaviour in the Gibbs sampler can arise if it is applied to nonidentifiable models. Therefore, the extension of the methodology of Joseph, Gyorkos and Coupal (1995) to the case-control setting does not seem to be appropriate. Instead, we use the the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm in the reparameterization (2.3). This reparameterization separates the identifiable parameters (90,9i) from the nonidentifiable parameters (a, 8). In this new parameterization, (2.9) becomes p(a, 8,90,9,) 1 Pa(a)pp(B) (a + 8-iy x (2-11) since the Jacobian is given by .7(0o,0i) duo d80 dir\ ae0 1 d6i d-Ky 001 (a + B- l)2' 24 J|C4m/ ^iJW/ 3000 INDEX Wf^pwi^ "*^y^V yv^^V ?w****fw 3000 INDEX 3000 INDEX 3000 INDEX Figure 2.1: Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 1. Data was simulated for JV0 = Nx = 200. 25 ^fVAA> wa hjV A,..,. 3000 INDEX 3000 INDEX ^..^.A 3000 INDEX >^ AVXJ 3000 INDEX Figure 2.2: Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 1. Data was simulated for N0 = N1 = 800. 26 3000 INDEX 3000 INDEX 3000 INDEX 3000 INDEX Figure 2.3: Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 1. Data was simulated for iV0 = jVi = 3200. 27 v/w«m wAmi* XjAJ 0 1000 2000 3000 INDEX 4000 5000 600 mV^WW^^ V^^VWW^W^^rf^ 'WV^VfTYWV^^VVVr^ 0 1000 2000 3000 INDEX 4000 5000 60O 4JUU^AJ*« UWUJAWUJW \i/MfMj/^ 0 1000 2000 3000 INDEX 4000 SOOO 600 a/VIW vv\ WW 0 1000 3000 3000 4000 5000 6000 INDEX Figure 2.4: Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 2. Data was simulated for N0 = Ni = 200. 28 ijl v^, w v^v a^t 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 INDEX 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 INDEX °- 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 INDEX ,AAAA^ g 6 i . . . , . . r 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 INDEX Figure 2.5: Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 2. Data was simulated for jV0 = Nx = 800. 29 0 1000 2000 3000 . 4000 5000 6000 INDEX 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 INDEX Figure 2.6: Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivity, specificity, prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 2. Data was simulated for N0 = Ni = 3200. 30 Therefore, the joint posterior distribution of (a, B,90,9x) given the data is Here, the prior and posterior conditional distribution of a, 8\9o, 9\ are identical, and hence, according to Dawid (1979), (a, 8) are nonidentifiable parameters. However, as a result of learning about (90,9X), the marginal prior and posterior distributions of the sensitivity and specificity are not equal. Thus, one could learn about (a,B) indirectly, through the updating of {60,9x)-2.4.1 Large Sample Case Let us examine (2.12) further. Since p(90, 9x\xo, xx) and p(90,9x) constitute a regular model and prior, the posterior distribution of 90,9i\x0, x\ will converge to a point mass at the true value of (90,9x), as No —» 00 and iV\ —> 00. The uncertainty in p(a, 8, \90, 9{) remains unchanged by any amount of data. Note that we can express it as p(a,/3|0o,0i) cx p{90,9l\a,B)p{9Q,9l) oc p(90\91,a,8)p(9l\a,p)pa(a)pi}(p) oc p(9o\a, B)p(0i\a, B)pa(a)pp(B) 31 p(a, 8,90,9^X0, xx) p(xQ, XX\90, 9X, a, 8)p(a, 8,90,9±) p(x0,xi)'. p(xo,xl\9o,9l)p{a, B,9Q,9I) p(x0,xi) p(90,91\xo,xi)p(a,B, \90,9x). (2.12) * (a + B- i)2/^o,gi)(Q;> 8)pa(<x)Pf>(P), (2-13) where A(90,9l) = {{a,B) :9< a < 1,1-0 <B< l} U {(a, B) : 0 < a < 0,0 < 8 < 1 - 0} , and 0 = max{0o, #i} and 9 = min{#0, ^j. This region is shown in Figure 2.7. p (1.1) 1-9 1-6 \a+p=l (0. (!) 6 6 a Figure 2.7: The support of p(a, B\QQ, 9X). The shaded rectangles comprise A(90,9l). From (2.13) we see that p(a, B) differs fromp(o;, B\90, 9$$ in two respects. First, the support of p(ot, B) is the whole unit square, whereas the support of 32 p(a, B\90,9i) is A(90,9i). Blettner and Wahrendorf (1984) observed this in the context of finite samples. They describe how to calculate the range of the possible underlying true effects, measured by odds-ratio, and of the possible misclassification probabilities, given the observed data. Second, the density p(a, B\90, 9\) has (a + B — 1)~2 as a factor. It is, of course, infinite along the line a = 1 — B. The rectangles that make up the support A(90,9i) are on either side of this line, implying that (2.13) is bounded. In particular, (Q + p _ 1p J^(0o,fli)0*. P)P*(a)Pp(P) < ^ ]_ e^2lA{B0A)(ai B)pa(a)pp(/3). (2.14) Therefore, we can sample from (2.13) using the "acceptance/rejection algo rithm". To sample from a random variable X, this algorithm makes use of samples of another random variable, say Y,- whose probability density func tion gy is similar to the probability density function of X, pX- The random variable Y is chosen so that we can easily generate samples of it and so that its density gy can be scaled to majorize px, using some constant c; that is, so that cgy(x) > px(x), for all x. The density gY is called the "majorizing density" and cgY is called the "majorizing function". The closer cgy(x) is to px(%), the faster the acceptance/rejection algorithm will be. In our case, the majorizing density is pa(a)pp(B) truncated to the interval A(9o, 9i). For a more detailed description, see Gentle (1998). However, we have not found the acceptance/rejection algorithm to be very efficient, and instead used the "Metropolis-Hastings algorithm". The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm helps when it is difficult to sample from the 33 target distribution, say TT(X), but there is an easy way to sample from an other, say q(x,y), called the "candidate-generating density". In our case, the candidate-generating density is pa{o)pp{B) truncated to the interval A(90,9i), same as the majorizing density above. The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm proceeds by constructing a Markov Chain which has ir(x) as its stationary distribution. We present a brief illustration of how the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm works. For a complete description, see Chib and Greenberg (1995) or Gentle (1998). Let X be an irreducible, recurrent Markov Chain, with the stationary distribution n(x), and let x be its current state. The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm proceeds by sampling a candidate value y from q(x, y), and choosing the next state of the Markov Chain to be either the candidate value y or the current state x, depending on the following acceptance probability a(x,y) = < (2.15) 1 otherwise The process is repeated k times. Of course, the draws are regarded as a sample from the target density ir(x) only as k gets large. The above algorithm has a drawback in comparison with the Gibbs sampler: the degree of serial correlation is increased due to the possibility of rejection of a move. If q(x, y) is such that the probability of a move is very small, the chain will be characterized by long sequences of repeated outcomes. However, a very convenient feature of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, apart from the free selection of the candidate-generating density q(x,y), is that we only need to know ir(x) up to a normalizing constant (as it cancels out in the 34 ratio n(y)/7r(x)). Different choices of q(x, y) give rise to different variants of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. If q(x,y) is symmetric, i.e., if q(x,y) = q(y,x), the prob ability of a move reduces to min7r(y)/7r(x). This is known as the "Metropolis algorithm". Another family of the candidate-generating densities is given by q(x,y) — q(y — x), characterizing the "random walk" chain. The candidate value y is given by y = x + z, where Z is a random variable drawn from q(z). Our choice of q(x, y) yields what is known as the "independence" chain. It arises when the candidate-generating density is not a function of the current state, i.e, when q(x,y) = q(y), for some density q(-). Other choices of the candidate-generating density are possible. 2.4.2 Finite Sample Case In a finite sample case, we have demonstrated that the Gibbs sampler does not work very well. Instead, we try to sample from (2.12) using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Note that (2.12) can be expressed'as p(a,/5,0o,0i|zo,zi) oc ex00(l-e0)No-xo9^(1-6^-^ x (a + p _ 1)2/-A(go.gi)(Q!» P)pa(a)pp{B). (2.16) The candidate generating density that approximates (2.16) from which we can sample to drive the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is /(a,)Mo,0i) = ^^/O(0O)/I(0I)/A(0o^O(«^K(«)^(/5)- (2.17). 35 Here, fc(0o,0i) = Pr{(a,£) G A(9O,01)}, so that /(a, /3|0O,#1) is the prior /?) truncated to A(0O, #i)- Furthermore, /, is the Beta(xi + 1, iVj — xi + 1) density, so that p(a, B\9o, 9\) in (2.12) is approximated by f(d0,9i) by replacing the intractable prior for (0O, 9\) by a uniform prior on the unit square. There fore, we can sample from (2.17) by first sampling from f(90, 6\) and then from f{a,B\90,9x). We now present three examples illustrating the use of Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. 2.4.3 Examples Example 1 Consider a scenario in which the true value of sensitivity and specificity is a = B = 0.84, and the prevalences of exposure in controls and cases is, respectively, 7r0 = 0.061 and -KX = 0.15, implying that 90 = 0.20148, 9\ = 0.262 and log0 = 1.00. Furthermore, suppose that our best guesses at the sensitivity and specificity are (a',B') = (0.81,0.81) and that these guesses are accurate to within ±0.05. This leads to a Beta(19A.OO, 46.27) prior for both a and B. Under the guessed values, log^' = 1.94. Data are simulated un der this scenario for three different sample sizes, namely for N0 = Nx = 200, iV0 = Nx — 800 and NQ = Nx = 3200, with respective simulated values of {x0,Xl) = (41,54), (x0,xx) = (162,214) and (x0,xx) = (661,861). Three dif ferent posterior distributions were used to generate the samples of log </> for each of the data sets. The first, named "miscorrected" (M-COR) posterior, originates from assuming (a,B) = (a',B'). The second, named "uncertainty-36 corrected" (U-COR) posterior originates from assuming a prior distribution on a and 8. The third, named "exactly-corrected" (E-COR) posterior arises from the knowledge of the exact values of the sensitivity and specificity. The sam pling from M-COR and E-COR proceeds as described in section 2.2, whereas from U-COR as per section 2.4.2. Furthermore, we consider the large sample case where the M-COR and E-COR concentrate at 4>' and </>, respectively, and the sampling from U-COR proceeds as per section 2.4.1. All posterior distributions are shown in Figure 2.8. There is very little difference between the three posteriors for N0 = Ni = 200. At the intermediate sample size, M-COR and U-COR posteriors are similar, with E-COR posterior being more peaked. A greater difference between M-COR and U-COR poste riors appears for the large sample size. The U-COR posterior covers both the true value of log<?!> and the wrong value log</>', whereas the M-COR posterior misses the true value and is drawn towards log0'. Even in the large-n limit, the U-COR posterior is quite wide, covering both values. However, this should still be preferable to the M-COR posterior which, asymptotically, concentrates at the wrong answer. Convergence is very slow in the present scenario. To assess the coverage of the credible intervals under each posterior, we simulate forty data sets under the same scenario for the large sample size N0 = Ni = 3200 and compute 80% HPD credible intervals for \og(j) under the three posteriors. These intervals appear in Figure 2.9. The empirical coverage rates for the intervals are 22%, 90%, 90% and the average interval widths are 1.76, 1.64, 0.56 for the M-COR, U-COR and E-COR intervals 37 respectively. Note the very poor empirical coverage exhibited by the M-COR credible intervals as many of the intervals are drawn toward log</>'. On the other hand, the U-COR intervals show overcoverage. However, the cost of admitting uncertainty seems to be high, as the average length of the U-COR intervals is 1.64 on the log scale. As mentioned in section 2.4.1, the prior and the posterior distribution for (a, 8) differ in two respects, one of which is the support. Figure 2.10 shows the effects of truncation to A(9o,9i). We see that this effect is most evident for the case NQ = Nx = oo. Furthermore, note that the truncation affects 8 but not a. This will usually be true for small exposure prevalences. When 7r0 and ITi are small, 1 — 90 and 1 — 9± will lie in the region where draws from pp(8) are likely, whereas 90 and 9\ will be in the region where draws from pa (a) are not likely. Example 2 Consider now a scenario in which the true values of the sensitivity an specificity are a = 0.84 and 8 = 0.78, and all other quantities are the same as in Example 1. This implies 90 = 0.25 7 82 , 9\ = 0.313 and log</>' = 0.70. Under these conditions, we simulate data (x0,xi) — (55,67), (z0,zi) = (190,256) and {x0,xx) = (830,966) for N0 = Nx = 200, N0 = Nx = 800 and N0 = Ni = 3200 respectively. Posterior distributions for these data are shown in Figure 2.11. For the small sample, size, there is very little difference between the M-COR and U-COR posteriors. For the intermediate and large sample sizes, the U-COR posterior performs better in the sense that it is closer to the E-COR posterior. The M-COR posterior again misses the 38 true value of the log odds-ratio. Forty data sets are again considered to assess the coverage of the cred ible intervals for the large sample size under each posterior. The 80% HPD credible intervals are shown in Figure 2.12. The empirical coverage rates for the intervals are 37%, 87%, 82% and the average interval widths are 0.40, 0.77, 0.67 for the M-COR, U-COR and E-COR intervals respectively. Again, we see the undercoverage of the M-COR intervals, and the slight overcoverage of the U-COR intervals. In terms of the average widths of the intervals, the cost of admitting uncertainty in this example does not seem to be as high as in Example 1. Example 3 Finally, suppose that our best guesses at the sensitivity and specificity are (a1, 6') = (1,1), analogous to no misclassification. Fur ther, suppose that we feel that there could be small misclassification, so that Beta(58Al, 1) was assigned as a prior to both a and /5. This prior density is a strictly increasing function with finite maximum at 1, and 95% probability assigned to the interval [0.95,1]. Suppose that the prevalences are the same as in Example 1, but the sensitivity and specificity are a = 6 = 0.97. These val ues imply 60 = 0.08734, 9i = 0.171 and log</>' = 0.77. Again, we simulate data under this scenario for NQ = Nx = 200, N0 = N± = 800 and N0 = Nx = 3200, with respective simulated values being (x0,xi) = (23,31), (x0,xi) = (63,140) and (x0,xi) = (285,575). All posteriors appear in Figure 2.13. Again, for the small sample size, there is very little difference between the three poste riors. However, in the case of the intermediate and the large sample size, the 39 U-COR posterior is closer to the E-COR posterior than is M-COR posterior, showing once more the value of admitting uncertainty about the sensitivity and specificity. Again, we simulate 40 data sets under this scenario for No = Nx = 3200. The resulting 80% HPD credible intervals are shown in Figure 2.14. Similar to Examples 1 and 2, the empirical coverage of the M-CQR intervals is very low (3%), while 85% of the U-COR intervals cover the true value. The average interval widths are 0.20, 0.41, 0.28 for the M-COR, U-COR and E-COR intervals respectively. Hence, the cost of admitting uncertainty is not nearly as severe as in Example 1. 2.5 Discussion So far, we have focused our attention to a case-control setting where one imper fect classification scheme is used to assess the exposure status. The odds-ratio estimates obtained from the observed data, if not corrected for misclassifica tion, can be very imprecise. Relatively straightforward correction methods are available if the classification probabilities are known. However, the odds-ratio estimates which are corrected using slightly, inaccurate classification probabil ities may still be quite erroneous. In particular, we have demonstrated that even arbitrarily small differences between the true and assumed classification probabilities can, asymptotically, lead to arbitrarily large difference between the actual odds-ratio and the odds-ratio obtained using the assumed classifica tion probabilities. By admitting uncertainty about the classification prpbabil-40 ities, this problem seems to be alleviated. Two computational approaches to this analysis were suggested: the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. The Gibbs sampler did not seem to work particularly well. This was not surprising since, as Gelfand and Sahu (1999) noted, drifting behaviour of the Gibbs sampler may occur if it is applied to a nonidentifiable model. On the other hand, the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm applied to the model that separates the identifiable and the nonidentifiable part seemed to perform well. Despite nonidentifiability, there was considerable learning about the odds-ratio from the data. The U-COR posterior was quite concentrated rela tive to the prior. However, the cost of admitting uncertainty is evident in the increase in variability of the U-COR posterior relative to the E-COR posterior. As a result, the U-COR credible intervals were twice as wide as the E-COR credible intervals. On the other hand, there seemed to be an improvement of the U-COR posterior over the M-COR posterior. This improvement ap peared to arise from marginal learning about the specificity but not about the sensitivity. 41 LOG.-ODDS LOG-ODDS LOG-ODDS LOG-ODDS LOG-ODDS LOG-OODS Figure 2.8: Posterior distribution of log <fi in Example 1. The first column gives the M-COR posterior, the second column gives the U-COR posterior, and the third column gives the E-COR posterior. The rows correspond to sample sizes N0 = Ni = 200, N0 = N1 = 800, iV0 = Ni = 3200 and N0 = Nx = oo. 42 M-COR 1 , 1 | t -J-!— 1 J 1 M"l | 1 -L-L -1 OATASET U-COR Figure 2.9: 80% highest posterior density credible intervals for log</> in Exam ple 1. The solid vertical lines represent credible intervals for forty data sets with sample sizes N0 = Nx = 3200, the solid horizontal line indicates the true value of log(j) and the dashed horizontal line indicates log</>'. The first panel gives the M-COR intervals, the second panel gives the U-COR intervals, and the third panel gives the E-COR intervals. 43 SENSITIVITY (a) Prior (b) Sample size: N0 = Nx = 200 (c) Sample size: N0 = Ni = 3200 (d) Sample size: iVo = Ni = oo Figure 2.10: Prior and posterior samples of the sensitivity and specificity the datasets in Example 1. 44 LOG-ODDS ' LOG-ODDS LOG-ODDS ........... « Figure 2.11: Posterior distribution of log(/> in Example 2. The first column gives the M-COR posterior, the second column gives the U-COR posterior, and the third column gives the E-COR posterior. The rows correspond to sample sizes. N0 = Ni = 200, N0 = Nx = 800, N0 = Nx = 3200 and N0 = Nx = oo. 45 Figure 2.12: 80% highest posterior density credible intervals for log0 in Ex ample 2. The solid vertical lines represent credible intervals for forty data sets with sample sizes JV0 = Nx = 3200, the solid horizontal line indicates the true value of \og(f) and the dashed horizontal line indicates logfi'. The first panel gives the M-COR intervals, the second panel gives the U-COR intervals, and the third panel gives the E-COR intervals. 46 LOG-ODDS LOG-ODDS LOG-ODDS -0.6 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1,5 2.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 LOG-ODDS LOG-ODDS LOG-ODDS -0.5 • 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1,5 2.0 LOG-ODDS LOG-ODDS * LOG-ODDS Figure 2.13: Posterior distribution of log</> in Example 3. The first column gives the M-COR posterior, the second column gives the U-COR posterior, and the third column gives the E-COR posterior. The rows correspond to sample sizes N0 = NX = 200, N0 = Nx = 800, N0 =N1 = 3200 and N0 = Nx = oo. 47 M-COR Figure 2.14: 80% highest posterior density credible intervals for log</> in Ex ample 3. The solid vertical lines represent credible intervals for forty data sets with sample sizes N0 = Nx = 3200, the solid horizontal line indicates the true value of log</> and the dashed horizontal line indicates logc//. The first panel gives the M-COR intervals, the second panel gives the U-COR intervals, and the third panel gives the E-COR intervals. 48 Chapter 3 Two Test Case In the previous chapter we examined a case-control setting where exposure is measured with one imperfect test. We now turn our attention to the situa tion where the exposure status is determined by two imperfect classification schemes. We will illustrate the existing methods to correct the odds-ratio es timates, and examine our method via a simulation study and an analysis of data on the sudden infant death syndrome. 3.1 Data and Setup As in chapter 2 we define relevant parameters and introduce the general setup. Consider the data from a case-control study in which each subject has an underlying true, but unobserved exposure (E), coded as 1 for exposed and 0 for unexposed. This exposure is assessed by applying two measures or tests (say, Ti and T2) to each subject. These tests are coded as 1 for positive and 49 0 for negative outcome. We will assume that the classification procedures misclassify the subjects nondifferentially and that the disease status is known exactly, without error. When two tests are used to determine the exposure status, the data usually come in the following form (Table 3.1). Controls Cases Test 2 Test 2 + + a0 b0 a0 + b0 + Test 1 ai bi ax + bi Co d0 c0 + d0 — Ci di ci + di N0 Ni' Table 3.1: Distribution of subjects in a case-control study when two tests are used to assess the exposure status. Symbol + denotes exposed and — denotes unexposed. We define the following parameters to model the probabilities of the different possible outcomes in controls and cases: Oil = Pr(Tx = l\E = 1), a2 = Pr(T2 = 1\E = 1), = Pr(Tx = 0\E = 0), = Pr(T2 = 0\E = 0), with the exposure prevalences 7r0 and 7Ti and the odds-ratio 0 defined as before. 50 Here, ax and a2 are the sensitivities of test 1 and test 2, respectively, and B\ and B2 are the specificities of test 1 and test 2, respectively. 3.2 Correction Methods In this section we illustrate three different methods to correct the odds-ratio estimates using dual measurements. The first method uses only the concor dant data (i.e., the data for which two measurements are in agreement). The other two methods use the EM algorithm to obtain the estimates. This algo rithm is a useful way of obtaining maximum likelihood estimates when some data are missing. Each iteration of the EM algorithm involves two steps: the expectation step (E-step) and the maximization step (M-step). For precise definitions of these steps and the full description of the EM algorithm, see Dempster, Laird and Rubin (1977). 3.2.1 The Marshall and Graham Method Marshall and Graham (1984) consider the problem of exposure to a risk fac tor, where the "true" exposure is unknown. They proposed a simple way to decrease the bias in the odds-ratio estimates caused by misclassification, us ing two independent imperfect tests to gather information on exposure status. The method is based on restricting the analysis to data for which two inde pendent assessments of exposure are concordant, either positive or negative. Subjects for which both tests are positive are considered as exposed, and those for which both tests are negative are considered as unexposed. 51 They have demonstrated that the use of two tests in this fashion can provide a less biased estimate of the odds-ratio. Even if the second test is less accurate than the first, the contrast between subjects about whom there is test agreement yielded a better approximation of the odds-ratio than if only the more accurate report were used. There are, of course, obvious drawbacks of this method. The Marshall-Graham procedure uses only a subset of the data, the concordant observations. Clearly, by using only a part of the data, the statistical efficiency of the esti mate is decreased. Furthermore, this procedure does not completely remove the bias caused by misclassification. It is necessary that both the sensitiv ity and specificity of both assessment procedures be relatively high, in order to closely approximate the relative risk. For example, if the sensitivity and specificity are about 0.9, the prevalence of exposure in cases is 0.3 and the prevalence of exposure in controls is about 0.097, the true odds-ratio of 4.0 will be approximated by about 3.7. 3.2.2 The Drews, Flanders and Kosinski Method Drews, Flanders and Kosinski (1993) examine methods to use two classification schemes to improve the odds ratio estimates in case-control studies. Their assumptions are differ slightly from ours in that they do not assume that errors in one test are independent of errors in the second test. This is reflected in the following parameters used by these authors, in addition to the sensitivity and specificity of test 1, to model the probabilities of the different possible 52 outcomes in cases and controls: = Pr(T2 = 1\E = = 1), = Pr(T2 = 1\E = = 0), 02 = Pr(T2 = 0\E = 0,Ti = 1), &A*0 = Pr(T2 = 0\E = 0,71 = 0). Under this model, [i\ and represent deviations from a model in which, given true exposure status, errors in one test are independent of errors in a second test. Note also that if the misclassification probabilities of T2 are independent of the misclassification probabilities of 7\ (that is, //i = — 1),. a2 and B2 are not the sensitivity and specificity of T2. Since there are two tests applied to two populations, there are six degrees of freedom to estimate six parameters. Hence, the likelihood is identifiable, provided that we treat [ii and fi0 as known, which is precisely what the authors do. This might be a drawback because, in practice, the values of fix and fj,Q are not easily available. To derive the likelihood, consider an individual who was positive on both tests. This person could have been truly exposed and correctly tested positive on both tests (P = 7Tiotxa2), or the person could have been truly unexposed and falsely tested positive on both tests [P = (1 — 7Ti)(l — /?i)(l — B2Ho)]- The net contribution to the likelihood is then \rKiaxa2 + {l — 7r1)(l — B\)(l — (32fj,0)]ai, where ax is the number of individuals who tested positive on test 1 and test 2 and are cases. Similar contributions from other cells in Table 3.1 gives the 53 following likelihood: L = n [KkUi^+(i - 7rfc)(i - - /Mr fc=0,l X [7Tfcai(l - a2) + (1 - 7Tfc)(l - BJB^x x [Tr/bCl-aOCl-^/xO+^l-TrOA^r x [^(l-aOaaMi + Cl-Tr^ACl-^)]"*. (3.1) To estimate the parameters that maximize this likelihood, the authors use the EM algorithm. In this case, the missing data are the true number of exposed and the true number of unexposed subjects in each cell of Table 3.1. A very similar methodology was developed by Hui and Walter (1980). It is a careful application of the work done on the problem of evaluating the accuracy of a new diagnostic test against a standard test with unknown error rates. This method yields a similar likelihood to (3.1). Unlike Drews et al., however, they do not introduce /^ into their analysis and the maximization of the likelihood is done analytically. A drawback of this approach is that these estimates can sometimes lie outside the parameter space (i.e., outside the interval [0,1]). 3.2.3 The Kaldor and Clayton Method The methodology developed by Kaldor and Clayton (1985) uses latent class analysis to correct the odds-ratio estimate. To understand how their approach extends to a two-test case, we first introduce the general setup. 54 Suppose that all measurements made are categorical, and that the dis ease status D is measured without error. Suppose also that some variables Vi,...,Vr are measured without error, but each of the variables W\,..., Ws are measurements of one of t latent classes C\,..., Ct (unobservable true expo sure), where t < s, and are subject to misclassification error. Conditional on Cfc, the variables Wj are mutually independent, and independent of D and V*. Each possible outcome in the (1 + r + s + £)-dimensional table resulting from a cross^classification by all these variables can be represented by the vector x=(d, v,w, c), where d is disease status, and v,w and c are respectively r-, s- and ^-dimensional vectors representing categories of Vi, Wj and Ck- Fur ther, suppose that mx represent the number of individuals in category x. Of course, this variable is unobservable, since the true values of the latent classes are unknown. One can only observe m<ivw^ where the dot indicates summa tion over all categories of the t latent classes. The authors assume, however, that mx can be generated by log-linear model of the form log /J,X = XU^a > where [ix = E(mx). In terms of definitions above, for a model with two measurements per subject, we have r = 0 since there are no variables measured without error, and t — 1 because there is only one latent variable underlying the repeat measurements. Each of the variables D, C and Wj is dichotomous, taking the values 0 and 1. The latent class/logistic model is then of the form log fjiX = 6 + 9f + Bcc + 6™ + ELi(C + CH> where s is the number of repeat measurements made of the risk factor C. The authors utilize the EM algorithm 55 to estimate the relevant parameters. Here, the missing data are unobservable true exposure (C\,..., Ct). 3.3 Our Method Our method is an extension of the Joseph, Gyorkos and Coupal (1995) method for inference on the sensitivities and specificities of two classification proce dures applied to one population. We modify their method to apply to the two test, two population scenario. Let the unobserved latent data Ai} Bt, d, and Di, i = 0,1 represent the number of true positive subjects out of the observed.cell counts ai, bi} Ci, and di, i = 0,1, respectively, in the 2x2x2 table (see Table 3.1). In addition to the assumptions and definitions made in section 3.1, we will assume that the two tests determine the exposure status independently. We believe that this assumption is as reasonable as the assumption made by Drews, Flanders and Kosinski (1993), whereby they assume the degree of dependence is known. Let us now examine the possible outcomes involving the observed and the latent data. Since any.subject, whether truly exposed or not, can test positively or negatively on each test, there are eight possible combinations for both cases and controls. An individual can truly be exposed and correctly classified as exposed by both tests pTiaia^], or can truly be exposed and cor rectly classified by one of the tests and misclassified by the other [7TJQ!I(1 — ct2) or 7Tj(l — ai)o!2], and so on. Similarly, an individual can truly be unexposed and misclassified by both tests [(1 — 7Tj)(l — /?i)(l — 62)}, or can truly be un-56 exposed and correctly classified by both tests [(1 — n^Bifo], and so forth. All eight combinations are summarized in Table 3.2. Number of True Test 1 Test 2 Contribution to subjects exposure (Ti) likelihood Al + + + IXiO.iO.2 Bi + + —. 7TjQ!i(l - a2) Ci + — + 7Ti(l - a1)a2 A + — — 7Tj(l - «i)(l - a2) cii — Ai — + + (\ - - - h) h-B, — + — {l-n)(\-Bx)B2 ci ~ Ci — — + {\-*i)Bx{\-B2) di - Di — — — (1 -Table 3.2: Distribution of observed and latent data when two imperfect tests are used, together with the contribution to the likelihood each combination of the observed and latent data makes. Symbol + denotes exposed, and — denotes unexposed. Under the assumption of independence between controls and cases, the derivation of the likelihood function of the latent and observed data in Ta ble 3.2 is straightforward. Ni l(Ai,Bi,Ci,Di,ai,bi,Ci,di\iTi,ahBi) = JJ i0L>1Ai\...(di-Di)] x [TTiaia2]Ai [7TjQ!i(l - a2)}Bi x [7ri(l - a1)a2fi - ai)(l - a2)f> o-i-Ai [(1 B2 [(1 -7r0(l- B,)B2]BL -Bi [(1 -7T,)A(1 - B2)T -Ci [(1 - ^i)B^B2 \di-Di 57 By gathering the proper exponents and collecting the like terms, the likelihood can be rewritten as Ni n i=0,l ^Ai+Bi+d+Di ^ _ ^Ni-(Ai+Bi+Ci+Di) Ai\ ...(di - Di)\ X aAo+Bo+Ai+Bi ^ _ ^CO+DO+CI+DIQAQ+CO+AI+C!^ _ a^B0+D0+Bi+DX x pC0+d,o+ci+di-(Co+D0+Ci+Di) ^ _ ^^ao+60+ai+61_(A0+Bo+^i+JBi) X pbo+do+bi+di-tBo+Do+Bt+Di)^ _ ^ao+co+ai+ci-(A0+Co+Ai+Ci) (3.2) As in chapter 2, we will choose beta densities to represent the prior information available for at, Bi, and n^i = 0,1. Moreover, we will assume that the six parameters are independent a priori, with ai ~ Beta(crQi, fj,ai), i - 1, 2, Bi ~ Beta(a/3.,/i/8.),i = 1,2, 7r0 ~ Beta(a7ro,^0), 7Ti ~ Beta(crWl,^7ri), giving a joint prior density p(al,/31,a2,p2,ir0,'K1) = II Pf/fa) II P<*j(aj)PPj(Pj)- (3-3) i=0,l j=l,2 Since the posterior density is proportional to the likelihood function (3.2) and the prior distribution (3.3), it is easily seen that the posterior density is 58 X X proportional to TT Ni Aj+Bj+Ci+Di+v^-l, _ ^Ni-iAi+Bt+d+DO+^-l l{l[Al\...{dl-Di)^ V ^ • X af0+B°+Al+Bl+aal~l(l - a^Co+Do + Cy+Dy+lla.-l X aAo+Co+Ai+Ci+<ra2-l ^ _ a^Bo+Do+Bi+Di+na2-l ^co+d0+ci+d1-(Co+r»o+C,i+Ui)+o-^1-l^ _ p^ao+bo+ai+bl_(Ao+Bo+A1+B1)+iJ,i31-l ^6o+do+6i+di-(Bo+£'o+Bi+r'i)+<T/31-l^1 _ ^^ao+Co+ai+Cl_(J40+c0+A1-f-Ci)+^1-1 (3.4) We plan to use the Gibbs sampler to sample from (3.4). The implemen tation of this algorithm should be relatively straightforward as we have the following univariate conditional densities: o.\\Ai, Bi, Ci, Di, aai, jiai ~ Beta(^0 + BQ + Ax + Bx + aai ,C0 + D0 + Cx + DX +fiai), Bx\a,i, bi, dh Ai, Bi, d, Di, opx, (Apt ~ Beta(c0 + d0 + cx + dx - (C0 + D0 + Ci + Dx) + aPl,a0 + b0 + ax + 61 - (A0 + B0 + AX + Bx) +/ip,), ®21 A-i, Bi, Ci, Di, cQ2, fj,a2 ~ Beta(A) + Co + Ax + d + aa2,B0 + D0 + £l+Z>l+Ma2)> AI ^, 6i, q , ^, Ai, Bi, Ci, Di, a02, pp2 ~ Beta(60 + d0 + bx + di - (B0 + D0 + Bx + Dx) + o-^.oo + c0 + ax+cx- (A0 + C0 + Ax + Cx) + iip2), TVi\Ai,Bi,Cl,Di,di,bi,ci,di,ani,^i ~ Beta(Ai + Bt + Ci + D{ + an., Nt -(Ai + Bt + d + Di) + fiv.),i = 0,1, 59 Ai\m, on, Bu at ~ Binomial^, naia2+{1??\$-pl){1-p2)),i = 0,1, B^, ah Bu h ~ Binomial^, v.ai{x^%Zl%x-p^ i = °> L d\-Ki, at, Bi, Cl ~ Binomial^, ni{1_aJ^!}v%i{l_02)), i = 0,1, Aki, ai, A, di ~ Binomial^, J;^^^^ ), i = 0,1, We see that the Gibbs sampler enables us to draw inference not only on the prevalences of exposure (and consequently on the odds-ratio), but also on the the sensitivities and specificities of the two classification schemes. 3.3.1 Examples Here, we plan to investigate the validity of our method by applying it to eight hypothetical case-control studies where the true values of sensitivities, specificities, prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases are known. Data will be simulated using these true values for three different sample sizes, 7V0 = Nx = 200, N0 = Nx = 800 and N0 = Nx = 3200. One example will be discussed in more detail and the the results of the remaining eight will be summarized in a table. Example 1 Consider a scenario where the true values of the six param eters are (ax, Bx, a2, fa, TT0, TTI> = (0.85, 0.90, 0.90, 0.88, 0.07, 0.18). The value of 7T0 and iri imply <\> = 2.92 or log0 = 1.07. Data was simulated under this sce nario for three different sample sizes. For the sample size N0 = Nx = 200, simulated values were (a0,b0,c0,d0) = (11,9,21,159) and (ax, bi,cx,di) = (33,8,13,146). For the sample size N0 = Nx = 800, simulated values were 60 (a0, 60, Co, do) = (47, 83, 90, 580) and (auh, Ci, dx) = (113, 78, 90, 519). Finally, for the sample size N0 = Nx = 3200, simulated values were (a0,b0,c0,do) = (181,295,348,2376) and (ai,&i,Ci,di) = (453,297,338,2112). As in chapter 2, the prior for the prevalence of exposure in controls and the prevalence of exposure in cases was chosen to be Beta(l, 1). Furthermore, suppose that the investigator does not have a very good prior knowledge about the sensitivities and specificities of the two test, but is only willing to assume that the prob abilities of correct classification are greater than chance (i.e., they are in the interval [0.5,1]). We will translate this information into a Beta prior which assigns a 0.95 probability to this interval and with its mode at a value in this interval. In this example, we will set the mode at 0.8 for all four classification probabilities. This implies a Beta(7.55, 2.64) prior for the sensitivities and specificities. Five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler were run using different starting values. The sequential output is shown in Figure 3.1. Before attempting any inference, we will first examine the adequacy of the Gibbs sampler. The sequential plots of the post burn-in period (the first 500 observations from each chain were discarded) in Figure 3.1 indicate that convergence has occurred. The five independent chains appear to consistently converge to the same region in the parameter space, with no instances of slow mixing or drifting behaviour. Hence, we will regard Figure 3.1 as informal evidence that our posterior sampling is adequate. The statistical inference will be based on 5 x (2500 — 500) = 10000 sampled pairs of the prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases. 61 2000 4000 6000 S0OO Figure 3.1: Post burn-in output of the five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler for sensitivities, specificities, prevalence of exposure in controls and prevalence of exposure in cases in Example 1. Data was simulated for JV0 = Ni = 200. Figure 3.2 shows the histograms of the posterior log odds-ratio for the three sample sizes considered, together with the true log odds-ratio, which is obtained when JVj —> oo, i = 0,1. We see^ that the convergence toward the true value of log odds-ratio is much more rapid than in the case when one test is used. Also, as there is no nonidentifiability in the likelihood, the estimation error is 0(n-1/2), which is witnessed in the widths of the posterior distributions. As the sample size increases from 200 to 800, and from 800 to 62 3200, the width of the posterior distribution decreases roughly by the factor of 2. The posteriors in Figure 3.2 are, of course, based on single datasets. To assess the generality of the findings and the coverage of the credible intervals, we simulate 1000 datasets under the same scenario for the three sample sizes. For each dataset and each sample size we compute 80% HPD credible intervals for log0. The first forty intervals appear in Figure 3.3. The average interval widths are 1.01, 0.51, and 0.28 and the empirical coverage rates for the intervals are 85.7%, 83.8%, and 84.1% for the sample sizes N0 = Nx =.200,'N0 = Ni = 800, and N0- = Ni = 3200, respectively. As the standard error of the empirical coverage rates is approximately 1.26, it appears that 80% HPD credible intervals exhibit slight overcoverage for all three sample sizes. When doing Bayesian inference, it is important to assess the sensitivity of estimates. As we have already seen in Figure 3.1, the Gibbs sampler is not at all sensitive to the choice of starting values; all five chains converged to the same region in the parameter space. We now investigate whether the estimates of log0 are overly sensitive to different choices of the hyperparameters. We re-run the Gibbs sampler algorithm for the intermediate sample size, = Ni = 800, with different values of the hyperparameters. We consider two diametrically opposed scenarios. First, we examine the case where Beta(l, 1) prior is used for all six parameters. This scenario could potentially arise when an investigator has no prior knowledge of any of the six parameters, or is not certain of the validity of the available information. Second, we consider the 63 (a) Sample size: N0 = Nx = 200 (b) Sample size: N0 = Nx = 800 25 30 2.0 2.5 3.0 (c) Sample size: N0 = Nv= 3200 (d) Sample size: No = Ni = oo Figure 3.2: Posterior samples of the logarithm of the odds-ratio for the datasets in Example 1. 64 (a) n nn Ml"1 M 1 1 1 MM1 M -Ml 0 10 20 30 DATASET 40 (b) ! 1 I i 1 1 1 1 1 M i M i i i i iii ,1,1, , 1 i | I 1 | 1 1 11 M i l l 1 i i i | | | i | 1 1 1 i • i | i 0 10 20 30 DATASET 40 (o) i 1 i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 i . 1 1 1 1 . i 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 0 10 20 30 40 Figure 3.3: 80% highest posterior density credible intervals for \ogcj) in Exam ple 1. The solid vertical lines represent credible intervals for forty data sets and the solid horizontal line indicates the true value of log <j>. The panel (a) gives the intervals for the sample size N0 = Nx = 200, the panel (b) gives the intervals for the sample size N0 = Nx = 800, and the panel (c) gives the intervals for the sample size N0 = Nx = 3200. 65 (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.4: Posterior samples of the logarithm of the odds-ratio for the sample size N0 = Ni = 800 in Example 1. (a) Beta(l, 1) prior used for all six param eters, (b) Beta(7.55, 2.64) prior used for ctj and Bi,i = 1,2, while Beta(l, 1) prior used for ir0 and ITI (the histogram is identical to that shown in Fig ure 3.2 (b)). (c) Beta prior for each parameter was chosen so that the mode 7 is centred at the true value and 0.95 probability is assigned to the interval 7 ±0.05. case where very good prior knowledge is available for all six parameters. The hyperparameters a and /i of Beta(a, fi) priors were chosen so that the mode 7 is centred at the true value of each parameter and 0.95 probability is assigned to the interval 7 ± 0.05. The histograms of log(/> are shown in Figure 3.4, together with the histogram identical to that shown in Figure 3.2 (b). As evidenced in Figure 3.4, the posterior distribution of log 0 is very insensitive to the choice of hyperparameter values in this example, suggesting that the precise knowledge of hyperparameter values is not very important to the analysis. The results for the remaining eight examples are shown in Table 3.3. Under each scenario, 1000 data sets were simulated to assess the coverage of 66 the 80% HPD credible intervals and the mean interval length. It appears that for each scenario and each sample size, 80% HPD credible intervals exhibit slight overcoverage. Parameters Empirical coverage of 80% HPD CI a\ Pi a2 ft \0g(f) Ni = 200 Nt = 800 Ni = 3200 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.75 83.3% (0.94) 82.8% (0.48) 81.9% (0.25) 0.95 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.75 83.2% (0.96) 84.3% (0.47) 83.1% (0.27) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.87 0.86 84.4% (0.98) 84.7% (0.50) 84.2% (0.28) 0.85 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.86 83.8% (1.03) 83.6% (0.51) 82.1% (0.24) 0.85 0.83 0.87 0.85 1.54 81.9% (1.02) 84.9% (0.52) 83.0% (0.22) 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 1.54 81.8% (1.03) 82.6% (0.52) 82.5% (0.29) 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.88 1.07 83.2% (1.01) 82.5% (0.47) 82.6% (0.28) 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 1.11 81.2% (1.04) 82.8% (0.49) 81.6% (0.28) Table 3.3: True parameter values and the empirical coverage of the 80% HPD credible intervals for log</> for the sample sizes = 200, Ni = 800, and = 3200,2 = 0,1. Numbers in brackets represent mean interval length. For the empirical coverage and the mean length, 1000 data sets were simulated. From the above table, we see that the empirical coverage rates do not appear to depend on the values of the six parameters. In particular, the empirical coverage rates for the scenario where relatively high values were chosen for the sensitivities and specificities (the first row in Table 3.3) are not significantly different than the empirical coverage rates for the scenario where relatively low values were chosen for the sensitivities and specificities (the last row in Table 3.3). 67 3.4 An Application to Real Data We will now compare our method to the method of Drews et al. (1993) by analyzing data from a case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The exposure data was obtained from maternal interviews and medical records. The data appear in Drews et al.(1993), as taken from Hoffman et al. (1988). These data come from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's (NICHD) case-control study of SIDS. A total of 844 SIDS victims and two age-matched living infants were included in the case-control study. A first control was individually age-matched to the case in such a way that, at the time of the interview, the control would be the same age as the case had been when he/she died. A second control was matched to the case on birth-weight and race. Drews et al. (1993) were given access to a data on a pseudorandom sample (a systematic sample with a random start) of 226 of the 844 SIDS cases and one of the two age-matched controls for each of the 226 cases. See Hoffman et al. (1988) or Drews, Kraus and Greenland (1990) for a full description. Mothers of cases and controls were interviewed regarding events which had occurred during their pregnancies, their labour and deliveries, and their infants lives within five weeks of the death of the cases. We looked at six dichotomous exposure variables: maternal anemia dur ing pregnancy (ANEM), maternal urinary tract infection during pregnancy (UTI), previous spontaneous abortion (PSA), low pregnancy weight gain, which was defined as weight gain of less than 15 pounds (LPWG), mater-68 Controls Cases MR MR + • — + — ANEM Int + Int -20 15 43 147 24 15 49 125 UTI Int + Int -14 4 10 190 13 14 14 174 PSA Int + Int -21 11 13 175 23 15 12 169 PV Int + Int -91 6 12 66 69 9 9 78 LPWG Int + Int -6 4 3 86 11 5 13 73 PAU Int + Int -21 16 12 168 29 17 22 143 Table 3.4: A pseudorandom sample of 226 SIDS cases and 226 controls from the NICHD study. Data was classified using medical record (MR) and interview (Int) data. 69 nal antibiotic use during pregnancy (PAU), and polio vaccination (PV) before death or interview. Data for these variables were available from both med ical records and maternal interviews. The subjects for which information is missing from either source were not included in the analysis.Further, since the matching of cases and controls was fairly weak, it was ignored. Table 3.4 shows the distribution of controls and cases according to both interview and medical record data for the six variables. Interview data were arbitrarily taken to rep resent test 1 and medical records to represent test 2. This distinction has no ill effect, since we assumed that the errors between two tests are independent. As no reliable prior information about the sensitivity and specificity of the interview data and medical records was available, we assigned a Beta(l, 1) prior to all six parameters. The results of our analysis are shown in Table 3.4 and Table 3.5. Table 3.4 shows median estimates of the sensitivities, specifici ties and log0, together with 95% HPD credible intervals for log</>. Table 3.5 shows 95% HPD credible intervals for the sensitivities and specificities of the interview data and medical records. Five independent chains of the Gibbs sampler were run with different starting values. The inference was based on 5 x (5500 - 500) = 25000 draws. As mentioned before, Drews et al. (1993) used the EM algorithm to obtain estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the interview data and medical records and the odds-ratio. The results of their analysis appear in Table 3.6. Note that for data set, at least one of the parameters estimated using Drews et al. (1993) method lies on the boundary of the parameter space (i.e., 70 1.00). This is, of course not true when the Gibbs sampler is used. Except for this distinction, the EM algorithm and the Gibbs sampler produce similar estimates of the sensitivities and specificities for the ANEM, PV, LPWG, and PAU data sets. Greater discrepancies occur for the UTI and PSA datasets. For instance, in the UTI dataset, the estimate of the sensitivity of medical records obtained by the Gibbs sampler is 0.67, whereas the estimate obtained using the EM algorithm is 0.56, a difference of 0.11. Also, the estimate of the sensitivity of interview data using the Gibbs sampler is 0.70, while the one obtained via the EM algorithm is 0.60. A similar finding applies to the PSA dataset. The point estimates of log0 are similar in magnitude, though the ones obtained vie the Gibbs sampler are smaller than the EM estimates for all but the ANEM data set. However, the credible intervals are narrower than the confidence intervals for all six data sets. In particular, in five out of six data sets, the credible intervals for log <fi are completely contained in the confidence intervals. This finding is somewhat surprising, since our credible intervals take into account the variability associated with the sensitivities and specificities of the two tests, which is not true for the confidence intervals. The variance used to calculate the confidence interval for log <f> is estimated using the delta method, as follows: Var(log0)= VAR(?RO) 2+ VAR(7FL) 2 ZCOVKTTX) Ml - TTo)]2 Ml - TTx)]2 Ml - TO)] Ml - Tl)] ' The values of Var(-7r0), Var(7Ti), and Cov(7r0,7Ti) can be obtained by substi tuting the parameter estimates into the expected information matrix and in-71 verting this matrix to obtain the estimated covariance matrix. Therefore, Var(log (j)) only depends on the point estimates of the sensitivities and speci ficities, not the estimates of their standard errors. The explicit formulae for the information matrix when the errors of the two classification schemes are independent (/ii — /i0 = 1) are given in Hui and Walter (1980). Since we have established the coverage of the credible intervals through the simulation studies, and the length via the analysis of real data set, we can conclude that they perform better than the confidence intervals. 3.5 Discussion In this chapter we have examined the situation where the exposure status is determined by two imperfect classification schemes. We have seen that the Gibbs sampler works very well in this case, presumably because the likelihood is identifiable. Our method performed well both in the simulation studies and in the analysis of the real data, where it appeared to outperform the EM algorithm approach of Drews et al. (1993). 72 Interview Medical 95% HPD Data Record Cr. Int Variable a P a P for log <f> ANEM 0.75 0.91 0.42 0.94 0.52 (-0.07,1.15) UTI 0.70 0.97 0.67 0.98 0.45 (-0.39,1.07) PSA 0.75 0.96 0.77 0.96 0.15 (-0.42,0.74) PV 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.94 -0.43 • (-0.89,0.01) LPWG 0.78 0.98 0.56 0.97 1.08 (0.15,2.01) PAU 0.77 0.96 0.67 0.94 0.58 (0.02,1.17) Table 3.5: Median estimates of the sensitivities, specificities and the logarithm of the odds-ratio, and 95% HPD credible intervals for the logarithm of the odds-ratio, using the Gibbs sampler. Interview Medical Data Record Variable a P a P ANEM (0.61, 0.90) (0.83, 0.96) (0.30, 0.54) (0.88, 0.97) UTI (0.56, 0.88) (0.91, 1.00) (0.49, 0.87) (0.91, 1.00) PSA (0.63, 0.89) (0.89, 0.99) (0.64, 0.92) (0.90, 0.99) PV (0.89, 0.99) (0.87, 0.98) ' (0.84, 0.97) (0.88, 0.98) LPWG (0.60, 0.91) (0.93, 1.00) (0.41, 0^74) (0.93, 1.00) PAU (0.61, 0.91) (0.89, 1.00) (0.49, 0.87) (0.89, 0.98) Table 3.6: 95% HPD credible intervals for the sensitivities and specificities of the interview data and the medical records. Interview Medical 95% Data Record Conf. Int Variable a P a P log</> for log (j) ANEM 0.78 1.00 0.35 0.93 0.51 (-0.23,1.24) UTI 0.60 0.99 0.56 1.00 0.51 (-0.27,1.30) PSA 0.63 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.21 (-0.44,0.86) PV 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.91 -0.46 (-0.94,0.02) LPWG 0.84 1.00 0.52 0.97 1.17 (0.2,2.31) PAU 0.79 1.00 0.60 0.94 0.62 . (-0.01,1.24) Table 3.7: Estimates of the sensitivities, specificities and the logarithm of the odds-ratio, and 95% confidence intervals for the logarithm of the odds-ratio, using the EM algorithm (Drews et al. (1993)). 73 Chapter 4 Conclusion As we have seen, misclassification of exposure poses serious problems in statis tical analysis. The effects of ignoring misclassification and the methods which correct for it have received a considerable attention in literature. More often than not, exposure misclassification substantially biases estimates of the rel ative risk, even when misclassification rates are very small. Nondifferential misclassification, for example, tends to attenuate observed exposure-disease relationships (odds-ratio, for instance). Corrected estimates of the odds-ratio (p can be easily obtained if the misclassification probabilities (the sensitivity and specificity) are known. Bar ron (1977) and Greenland and Kleinbaum (1983) provide classical methods for correcting the odds-ratio, which rely on the invertibility of matrices. We introduced a Bayesian approach to correcting the odds-ratio when the sensi tivity and specificity are known. The sampling from the posterior distribution of prevalence of exposure among cases and control (and hence, the odds-ratio) 74 proved to be quite simple. However, having the exact values of the sensitivity and specificity is not very common in practice. Instead, good guesses of these values might be available (through previous studies or by comparing the diagnostic test.to a gold standard). It might be very tempting to carry out the above analysis by pretending that these guesses are the true values of the sensitivity and specificity. We showed, however, that even the smallest difference between the true and guessed values can result in very large difference between the miscorrected and true odds-ratio. This result, together with the previous work of Marshall (1989), sug gested that it is reasonable to incorporate the uncertainty into the analysis. Bayesian methods make this feasible, as partial knowledge about the sensitiv ity and specificity is easily represented with the appropriate prior distribution. We suggested two algorithms to sample from the posterior distribution: the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis-Hastings. The Gibbs sampler did not work particularly well. The possible explanation is that drifting behaviour of the Gibbs sampler may occur when it is applied to the nonidentifiable model. On the other hand, the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm applied to a parameteriza tion that separates the identifiable and nonidentifiable part seemed to perform well. We were able to demonstrate that the approach which admits the un certainty in the guesses of the sensitivity and specificity performs better than the method that ignores it. We also showed that, despite nonidentifiability, the marginal prior and posterior distributions of (a, B) were not equal. As a 75 result of learning about the apparent exposure prevalences (#i,#2), one could learn about (a,B). In chapter 3 we examined the scenario when the exposure data is avail able from two imperfect sources. Various methods for improving the odds-ratio estimates by combining data from two imperfect classification schemes have been suggested, of which we outlined three. The method of Marshall and Graham (1984) uses only the concordant observations to corect the odds-ratio estimates. The methods of Drews et al. (1993) and Kaldor and Clayton (1985) are both classical approaches that incorporate the underlying true exposure into their analysis. We developed a Bayesian latent class aproach, where the latent class was the true exposure. We used the Gibbs sampler to sample from the posterior distributions of the six parameters. Both the adequacy of the Gibbs sampler and the validity of our method were established through a simulation study. The analysis of case-control data on the sudden infant death syndrome showed that our method could easily be applied in practice. The analysis also showed that our method appears to outperform the method of Drews et al. (1993). The following suggestions could be considered for further development of the methodology presented here. One would be to extend the method to the situation where three or more imperfect tests are used to assess the exposure. This should be a very simple extension of our methodology. Other would be to modify the methods to apply to matched-pair case-control studies. And finally, 76 it seems useful to explore the situation where, in addition to the misclassified dichotomous exposure, other covariates are measured, possibly without error. This does not appear to be a matter of simple extension of our method, because it would require the use of a link function between the probability of disease and covariates in question. 77 Bibliography [1] Barron, B.A. "The effects of misclassification on the estimation of relative risk." Biometrics, 33, 414-418 (1977). [2] Blettner, M., Wahrendorf, J. "What does an observed relative risk convey about possible misclassification?." Methods of Information in Medicine, 41, 923-937 (1984). [3] Chib, S., Greenberg, E. "Understanding the Metropolis-Hastings algo rithm." The American Statistician, 49, 327-335 (1995). [4] Dawid, A.P. "Conditional independence in statistical theory (with discus sion)." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 41, 1-31 (1979). [5] Dempster, A.P., Laird, N.M., Rubin, D.B. "Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm (with discussion)." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 39, 1-38 (1977). [6] Drews, CD., Flanders, W.D., Kosinski, A.S. "Use of two data sources to estimate odds ratios in case-control studies." Epidemiology, 4, 327-335 (1993). 78 [7] Drews, CD., Kraus, J.R., Greenland, S. "Recall bias in a case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome." International Journal of Epi demiology, 19, 405-411 (1990). [8] Gelfand, A.E., Sahu, S.K. "Identifiability, improper priors, and Gibbs sampling for generalized linear models." Journal of the American Statis tical Association, 94, 247-253 (1999). [9] Gentle, J.E. Random Number Generation and Monte Carlo Methods. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1998. [10] Greenland, S., Kleinbaum, D.G. "Correcting for misclassification in two-way tables and matched-pair studies." International Journal of Epidemi ology, 12, 93-97 (1983). [11] Hoffman, H.J., Hunter, J.C., Ellish, N.J., Janerich, D.T., Goldberg,. J. "Adverse reproductive factors and the sudden infant death syndrome." In: Harper, C.M.R., Hoffman, H.J., eds. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Risk Factors and Basic Mechanisms. New York, PMA Publishing, 1988. [12] Hui, S.L., Walter, S.D. "Estimating the error rates of diagnostic tests." Biometrics, 36, 167-171 (1980). [13] Joseph, L., Gyorkos, T.W., Coupal, L. "Bayesian estimation of disease prevalence and the parameters of diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard." American Journal of Epidemiology, 141, 263-272 (1995). 79 [14] Kaldor, J., Clayton, D. "Latent class analysis in chronic disease epidemi ology." Statistics in Medicine, 4, 327-335 (1985). [15] Marshall, J.R. "The use of dual or multiple reports in epidemiological studies." Statistics in Medicine, 8, 1041-1049 (1989). [16] Marshall, J.R., Graham, S. "Use of dual responses to increase validity of case-control studies." Journal of Chronic Diseases, 37, 125-136 (1984). [17] Thomas, D., Stram, D., Dwyer, J. "Exposure measurement error: influ ence on exposure-disease relationships and methods of correction." An nual Review of Public Health, 14, 69-93 (1993). studies." [18] Walter, S.D. "Commentary on 'Use of dual responses to increase validity of case-control studies' ." Journal of Chronic Diseases, 37, 137-139 (1984). [19] Walter, S.D., Irwig, L.M. "Estimation of test error rates, disease preva lence and relative risk from misclassified data: a review." Journal of Clin ical Epidemiology, 9, 923-937 (1988). 80
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http://iiif.library.ubc.ca/presentation/dsp.831.1-0089794/manifest | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8623082637786865, "perplexity": 1598.4307757111744}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720154.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00529-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://pcs.org.au/problem/removalsorting | ## Removal Sorting
Points: 1
Time limit: 2.0s
Memory limit: 512M
Author:
Problem types
You have a zero-indexed array, $$A$$, containing positive integers, and a permutation of the indexes for that array, $$D$$. You plan to go through $$D$$ in order, and mark the corresponding element in $$A$$ as deleted. Note that you won't then move elements of $$A$$ down after deletion, so elements keep their original indexes throughout this process. For example, consider $$A = \{ 2, 1, 8, 3 \}$$ and $$D = \{ 1, 3, 0, 2 \}$$.
2, 1, 8, 3
Then index 1 is marked as deleted,
2, x, 8, 3
Then index 3,
2, x, 8, x
Then 0,
x, x, 8, x
Finally 2,
x, x, x, x
After which deletion is $$A$$ first sorted in monotonically ascending order? In our example, it is sorted after the second deletion, since (ignoring deleted elements) 2, 8 is sorted.
#### Input Specification
The first line contains a single integer, the size of $$A$$ ($$1 \leq |A| \leq 10^5$$). The next line contains $$|A|$$ space separated integers in the inclusive range from $$1$$ to $$10^9$$. The next line also contains $$|A|$$ space separated integers, these are the elements of $$D$$, and are a permutation of $$\{ 0, 1, \dots , |A|-1 \}$$.
#### Output Specification
Output a single integer. The minimum number of deletions after which $$A$$ is sorted.
#### Sample Input 1
4
2 1 8 3
1 3 0 2
#### Sample Output 1
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https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01661548 | Aspects explicites des fonctions L et applications
Abstract : This thesis focuses on L-functions, their explicit aspects and their applications.In the first chapter, we give a precise definition of L-functions and their main properties, especially about the invariants called local parameters. Then, we deal with Artin L-functions. For them, we have created a computer program in PARI/GP which gives the coefficients and the invariants for an Artin L-function above Q.In the second chapter, we make explicit a theorem of Henryk Iwaniec and Emmanuel Kowalski, which distinguishes between two L-functions by considering their local parameters for primes up to a theoretical bound.Actually, distinguishing between sums of local parameters of Artin L-functions is the same as separating the associated characters by the Frobenius automorphism. This is the subject of the third chapter, that can be related to Chebotarev Theorem. By applying the result to conjugate characters of the alternating group, we get a bound for a prime p giving the factorization modulo $p$ of a certain polynomial. This work has to be compared with a result from Joël Bellaïche (2013).Finally, we numerically illustrate our results by studying the evolution of the bound on polynomials X^n+uX+v, for n=5, 7 and 13.
Keywords :
Document type :
Theses
Cited literature [50 references]
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01661548
Contributor : Abes Star <>
Submitted on : Tuesday, December 12, 2017 - 1:04:10 AM
Last modification on : Friday, July 6, 2018 - 3:18:04 PM
File
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• HAL Id : tel-01661548, version 1
Citation
Charlotte Euvrard. Aspects explicites des fonctions L et applications. Théorie des nombres [math.NT]. Université de Franche-Comté, 2016. Français. ⟨NNT : 2016BESA2074⟩. ⟨tel-01661548⟩
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/why-did-the-dinosaurs-die-out.184526/ | # Why Did The Dinosaurs Die Out?
1. Sep 14, 2007
### Luke*
Right, I dont know if I can put this here, but I will try.
I know a asteroid, or something, wiped out the dinosaurs. But how exactly were they wiped out, did it just completely destroy the area they live in or what?
Luke.
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https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/21685/php-pdo-custom-class-ple/22710 | # PHP PDO Custom class ple
i created a database class from a good tutorial and wanted to put it up here so it would get in some search results. it took me about 2 days to find it. also i added a few custom functions to it.. here it is :P and if there is something that can be done better or more proficiently please feel free to let me know.
config.php:
// Database Constants
defined('DB_HOST') ? NULL : define('DB_HOST', 'edit:host');
defined('DB_USER') ? NULL : define('DB_USER', 'edit:user');
defined('DB_PASS') ? NULL : define('DB_PASS', 'edit:pass');
defined('DB_NAME') ? NULL : define('DB_NAME', 'edit:databasename');
database.class.php:
class Database {
private $dbhost = DB_HOST; private$dbuser = DB_USER;
private $dbpass = DB_PASS; private$dbname = DB_NAME;
private $dbh; private$error;
private $stmt; public function __construct() { // set DSN$dsn = 'mysql:host=' . $this->dbhost . ';dbname=' .$this->dbname;
// set OPTIONS
$options = array( PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT => TRUE, PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION ); // Create a new PDO instance try {$this->dbh = new PDO($dsn,$this->dbuser, $this->dbpass,$options);
} catch (PDOException $e) {$this->error = $e->getMessage(); } } public function query($query) {
$this->stmt =$this->dbh->prepare($query); } public function selectQuery($table, $fields,$FieldToQuery, $value) { try { if ((gettype($fields) != 'array') || (gettype($value) != 'array')) {$fields = (array) $fields;$FieldToQuery = (array) $FieldToQuery;$value = (array) $value; }$holders = $FieldToQuery; for ($i = 0; $i < count($holders); $i++) {$holders[$i] = ':' .$holders[$i]; }$array = array_combine($holders,$value);
$query = 'SELECT ' . implode(',',$fields) . ' FROM ' . $table . ' WHERE ' . implode(',',$FieldToQuery) . ' = ' . implode(',', $holders);$this->query($query);$this->bindArray($array);$rows = $this->resultset(); return$rows;
} catch (PDOException $e) {$this->error = $e->getMessage(); } } public function insertQuery($table, $fields,$values) {
try {
if ((gettype($fields) != 'array') || (gettype($values) != 'array')) {
$fields = (array)$fields;
$values = (array)$values;
}
$holders =$fields;
for ($i = 0;$i < count($holders);$i++) {
$holders[$i] = ':' . $holders[$i];
}
$array = array_combine($holders, $values);$query = 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . '(' . implode(',',$fields)
. ') VALUES (' . implode(',', $holders) . ')';$this->query($query);$this->bindArray($array);$this->execute();
} catch (PDOException $e) {$this->error = $e->getMessage(); } } public function bindArray($array) {
foreach ($array as$key => $value) {$this->bind($key,$value);
}
}
public function bind($param,$value, $type = null) { if (is_null($type)) {
switch (true) {
case is_int($value):$type = PDO::PARAM_INT;
break;
case is_bool($value):$type = PDO::PARAM_BOOL;
break;
case is_null($value):$type = PDO::PARAM_STR;
}
}
$this->stmt->bindValue($param, $value,$type);
}
public function execute() {
$this->stmt->execute(); } public function resultset() {$this->execute();
return $this->stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); } public function single() {$this->execute();
return $this->stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); } public function rowCount() { return$this->stmt->rowCount();
}
public function lastInsertId() {
return $this->dbh->lastInsertId(); } public function beginTransaction() { return$this->dbh->beginTransaction();
}
public function endTransaction() {
return $this->dbh->commit(); } public function cancelTransaction() { return$this->dbh->rollBack();
}
public function debugDumpParams() {
return $this->stmt->debugDumpParams(); } } here is the link http://culttt.com/2012/10/01/roll-your-own-pdo-php-class/ • Code Review is meant for reviewing code that you wrote, not code that you found on the internet. Feb 14, 2013 at 2:39 • @svick: Looks like it's only partly tutorial code. The bindArray, selectQuery, and insertQuery methods look original. – cHao Feb 14, 2013 at 2:56 • @TraeMoore: Please don't change your code too much once you've posted the question; it makes the answers look like people are seeing things. :) – cHao Feb 14, 2013 at 20:51 ## 2 Answers The constructor is basically always creating the same instances, so you are not really using the class as an object. I would rather create a database class that can be used like: $db = new Database('localhost', 'root', 'root', 'dbname');
and then instantiate it as:
$db = new Database(DB_HOST, DB_USER ...); which will prevent you from having to refactor your class if in the future when you'll need to connect to multi databases. Also you are using $this->stmt as the current statement just to save the:
$stmt =$pdo->prepare('...');
which doesn't really make any sense and just reconvert the OOP of PDO back to the functional way of programming.
This:
public function rowCount() {
return $this->stmt->rowCount(); } public function lastInsertId() { return$this->dbh->lastInsertId();
}
public function beginTransaction() {
return $this->dbh->beginTransaction(); } public function endTransaction() { return$this->dbh->commit();
}
public function cancelTransaction() {
return $this->dbh->rollBack(); } public function debugDumpParams() { return$this->stmt->debugDumpParams();
}
is just useless and unmaintainable. Why don't you extend the PDO class instead?
PDO provides a good error handling via Exceptions and you are taking it away by saving it to a private property that is never even called. Why do you wan't to hide errors? Why don't you just let PDOExceptions being thrown? Or why don't you create a:
class DatabaseException extends Exception {}
exception class?
tl;dr: think with objects!
• @cHao no i didn't.. your crazy :P Feb 14, 2013 at 20:23
• @TraeMoore: I have no idea what you're talking about. :)
– cHao
Feb 14, 2013 at 20:25
• @cHao while this is fun, maybe you could give me some pointers? the first time i tried to make this class i used extends and ended up with nothing... Feb 14, 2013 at 20:30
• @jeffrey isn't surrounding things in try and catch error catching? Feb 14, 2013 at 20:41
• @TraeMoore: In this case, it's error hiding. :P Callers will be expecting to catch exceptions (cause that's how every other method works), and in a handful of methods you're sticking error messages in some whole other place that (a) you don't let callers know to check, and (b) they wouldn't have access to check even if they knew. If you're not going to fix the problem, and don't have some cleanup to do, don't catch the exception.
– cHao
Feb 14, 2013 at 20:54
Those constants, DB_HOST etc, since there's no easy way to redefine them, pretty much ensure that you can only ever have one database per run of your app. Maybe this is an issue for you; maybe it's not. But it can be a showstopper if you have to use two databases. I'd at least accept args for host, db, user, and password, and maybe default to the DB_ constants if the args are not set. (Personally, i'd get rid of the constants altogether, but i can see some logic behind them...)
Your select query almost certainly fails for more than one field. The standard syntax is ...WHERE field1 = value1 AND field2 = value2... rather than WHERE field1, field2... = value1, value2....
While you're at it, you might consider using an associative array to replace the two separate ones. Maybe even for the insert as well. array('field1' => 'value1', 'field2' => value2, ...) is a bit less error-prone than having two separate arrays, and it looks like bindArray already expects such an array anyway.
Maybe it's just me, but i don't see any way to retrieve \$error. Either provide a getter for it or just get rid of it altogether and let the exceptions propagate like you do with most of the other methods. If you decide to keep it, you need to make sure to let the caller know to look at the error. (The mostly-standard way of doing that is to return false.) But really, you should probably just let the caller catch the exception, for consistency's sake; they'll have to do so for the rest of your methods anyway, and they shouldn't have to wonder how you're handling errors this time (or scratch their heads when they handle errors just like they do everywhere else, and aren't getting an exception back, but stuff's not working).
As far as your config script, it looks like the conditional operator is being abused. It works, as define is a real function rather than a language construct...but it's still abuse. The conditional operator is made for deciding between two values, which is why the ? NULL : is there.
if (!defined('DB_HOST')) define('DB_HOST', 'hostname');
is easier to follow, and is even less to type. :P
• After reading this i see exactly what your saying and am going to figure out how to fix it so that i can still keep what i have. I do see what your saying about error's piling up. i do need to implement some sort of err solution... Forgive me for not catching all corners, ive only been doing php for about 2 weeks. – Trae Moore 5 mins ago.. Feb 14, 2013 at 20:23
• You're forgiven... this time... :) Really, though, the point of this site is to bring up those details you hadn't thought about. As long as you consider our suggestions, it's all good.
– cHao
Feb 15, 2013 at 1:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23656336963176727, "perplexity": 4130.324583850456}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103344783.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627225823-20220628015823-00493.warc.gz"} |
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### Simplify matrix algebra
I'm trying to simplify some matrix linear algebra, for example, simplify $$\big(a1\times(A1\cdot A2)\big)\cdot\Big(a2\times A3\cdot A4+(a3\times A5)\cdot(a4\times A6)\Big)^{T}$$ where lower case ... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20252437889575958, "perplexity": 2347.7320967186693}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651909/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00014-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.e-olymp.com/en/contests/18830/problems/201301 | favorite We need a little bit of your help to keep things running, click on this banner to learn more
Competitions
# Sum of elements
Given sequence of n real numbers. Find the sum of all its elements.
#### Input
First line contains number n (n100). Next line contains n real numbers, each of them is no more than 100 by absolute value.
#### Output
Print the sum of all sequence elements with 1 digit after the decimal point.
Time limit 1 second
Memory limit 128 MiB
Input example #1
5
1.2 1.3 5.7 1.8 12.4
Output example #1
22.4 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18462516367435455, "perplexity": 2049.0214420405214}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991829.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514214157-20210515004157-00613.warc.gz"} |
http://mychaume.com/scientific-notation-worksheet/ | # Scientific Notation Worksheet
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Scientific Notation , | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9999988079071045, "perplexity": 23399.325153463382}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583826240.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122034213-20190122060213-00630.warc.gz"} |
https://help.syscad.net/Discussion:_Annual_Climate_Data_for_Dynamic_Modelling,_Part_II | Discussion: Annual Climate Data for Dynamic Modelling, Part II
This is a Discussion Page with supplementary user information. It is not part of the core SysCAD Help Documentation - please refer to the User Guide for full documentation links.
Navigation: Product Blog ➔ Discussion Pages ➔ Annual Climate Data for Dynamic Modelling, Part II
Related Links: PGM, Waveform Controller, Dynamic Evaporation Ponds
Recap
In the last page we looked at the issues around generating smooth profiles for annual climate data. We will now look implementing this using some of the advanced capabilities of PGM in a General Controller. The PGM language has built-in functionality for manipulating arrays and linear/matrix algebra, and in many cases this can simplify coding of complex models. The built-in methods are also coded at low level in C++, so will be much faster than implementing the same calculations via the PGM language. (Another application of the array methods is manipulating size distribution data, and we will examine an example of this in a future discussion page.)
Theory
Splines
A regular [spline] is a curve defined piecewise by polynomials that has continuous curvature. In the simplest case, each piecewise segment is a cubic polynomial, and the curvatures are linear over each interval, matching at the knots $\displaystyle{ x_i }$. So over the interval $\displaystyle{ [x_i, x_{i+1}] }$ the curvature is:
$\displaystyle{ a_i(x_{i+1}-x) + a_{i+1}(x-x_i) }$
We will assume the knots are equally spaced and the interval is 1 (so that $\displaystyle{ x_{i+1}-x_i = 1 }$). If the values at the knots are $\displaystyle{ f_i }$ we can integrate to find the representation:
$\displaystyle{ S_i(x) =\frac16 \left[a_i(x_{i+1}-x)^3 + a_{i+1}(x-x_i)^3\right] + (f_i-a_i/6)(x_{i+1}-x) + (f_{i+1}-a_{i+1}/6)(x-x_i) }$
The continuity condition $\displaystyle{ S_{i-1}'(1)= S_i'(0) }$ gives the condition:
$\displaystyle{ a_{i-1}+ 4a_i+ a_{i+1} = 6(f_{i-1}-2f_i+ f_{i+1}) }$
If there are $\displaystyle{ N }$ data points, we have $\displaystyle{ N-2 }$ conditions (at each interior knot) and we can write these in matrix form:
$\displaystyle{ \begin{bmatrix} 4 &1 &0 \cdots &0\\ 1 &4 &1 \cdots &0\\ 0 &1 &4 \cdots &0\\ &\cdots\\ 0 &0 &0 \cdots &4\\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a_1 \\ a_2 \\ a_2 \\ \cdots\\ a_{N-2}\\ \end{bmatrix} = 6 \begin{bmatrix} 1 &-2 &1 &0\cdots &0\\ 0 &1 &-2 &1\cdots &0\\ 0 &0 &1 &-2\cdots &0\\ &\cdots\\ &&&\cdots &-2\quad 1\\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} f_0 \\ f_1 \\ f_2 \\ \cdots\\ f_{N-1}\\ \end{bmatrix} }$
For a regular spline over a fixed interval we need to specify the curvature in some way at the two endpoints. The approach here is a natural spline where the curvature is defined to be zero. In any case, the system of equations is tridiagonal and can be solved efficiently. The right-hand side is actually just a column vector that can be calculated directly, but we write it in this form for reasons that will be clear soon...
Periodic Splines
For repeating (e.g. annual) data, we are actually interested in periodic splines which "wrap around" at the endpoints. Here things become more interesting! The system of equations now becomes:
$\displaystyle{ \begin{bmatrix} 4 &1 &0 \cdots &1\\ 1 &4 &1 \cdots &0\\ 0 &1 &4 \cdots &0\\ &\cdots\\ 1 &0 &0 \cdots &4\\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ a_2 \\ \cdots\\ a_{N-1}\\ \end{bmatrix} = 6 \begin{bmatrix} -2 &1 &0 \cdots &1\\ 1 &-2 &1 \cdots &0\\ 0 &1 &-2 \cdots &0\\ \cdots\\ 1 &0 &0 \cdots &-2\\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} f_0 \\ f_1 \\ f_2 \\ \cdots\\ f_{N-1}\\ \end{bmatrix} }$
The left-hand size matrix is no longer tridiagonal because of the non-zero elements in the corners. However, it does have other interesting properties that make it amenable to direct analysis - in particular it is circulant so that each row (and column) consists of the same elements shifted to the right (or down) and wrapping around at the edges, and there is a whole lot of interesting theory and application for such matrices.
Of particular interest here, the inverse of a circulant matrix is also circulant, as are the sums and products of two circulant matrices. So we can represent a circulant matrix by just a vector. In that case, the product of two circulant matrices is represented by the circular convolution of the vector representations. And the product of a circulant matrix with a column vector is just the circular convolution of the vectors. (As we mentioned in Part I, we added new array operations CircConv and CopyCircConv to the PGM array class for just this reason!)
Rather than writing out this in full we write $\displaystyle{ \mathbf{A a} = \mathbf{B f} }$ where the boldface capital is a matrix and the boldface lower case is a column vector. We can write the solution to this equation as $\displaystyle{ \mathbf{a} = \mathbf{A^{-1} B f} }$. If we precompute $\displaystyle{ \mathbf{A}^{-1} \mathbf{B} }$ for any particular value of N, then we have a direct calculation of the curvatures.
Averaging Splines
As we described in the previous discussion page, we are looking for a spline for which the area under the curve in each interval is equal to the input data, which we will write as $\displaystyle{ \bar f_i }$ (e.g. monthly rainfall data over a year). In this case we no longer know the values at the knots $\displaystyle{ \mathbf f }$. It is convenient to locate the knots at the midpoints of the intervals, and integrate the form for $\displaystyle{ S_i(x) }$:
$\displaystyle{ \frac18 \begin{bmatrix} 6 &1 &0 \cdots &1\\ 1 &6 &1 \cdots &0\\ 0 &1 &6 \cdots &0\\ \cdots\\ 1 &0 &0 \cdots &6\\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} f_0 \\ f_1 \\ f_2 \\ \cdots\\ f_{N-1}\\ \end{bmatrix} -\frac1{384} \begin{bmatrix} 18 &7 &0 \cdots &7\\ 7 &18 &7 \cdots &0\\ 0 &7 &18 \cdots &0\\ \cdots\\ 7 &0 &0 \cdots &18\\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ a_2 \\ \cdots\\ a_{N-1}\\ \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \bar f_0 \\ \bar f_1 \\ \bar f_2 \\ \cdots\\ \bar f_{N-1}\\ \end{bmatrix} }$
We write this as $\displaystyle{ \mathbf{C f} - \mathbf{D a} = \mathbf{\bar f} }$
So now, instead of solving for the curvatures $\displaystyle{ \mathbf{a} }$ directly, we have two systems of equations - we need to determine the knot values $\displaystyle{ \mathbf{f} }$ first, and then find the curvatures. We can use the solution we already have and we find:
$\displaystyle{ \mathbf{f} = \left[\mathbf{C} - \mathbf{D} \mathbf{A}^{-1}\mathbf{B}\right]^{-1} \mathbf{\bar{f}} }$
Again, for any particular value of N we can precompute the array $\displaystyle{ \mathbf{R} = \left[\mathbf{C} - \mathbf{D} \mathbf{A}^{-1}\mathbf{B}\right]^{-1} }$.
That's enough theory for the time being, so now let's look at implementing this in PGM.
Implementing the PGM Code
Array Precalculation
First we need to precalculate the arrays. We could do this in PGM if we really need to implement a general case with user-specified number of data points, but since we are dealing with a fixed number of data points (average monthly data, so 12) we can cheat and pre-calculate these externally. In this case we'll use numpy (numerical Python).
import numpy as np
import numpy.linalg as la
## the eye function returns a 2D array with ones on the specified diagonal and zeros elsewhere
def mgen(i, d, do):
return d*np.eye(i)+do*(np.eye(i, k=1) + np.eye(i, k=-1)+ np.eye(i, k=i-1) + np.eye(i, k=-(i-1)))
i = 12
A = mgen(i, 4, 1)
B = mgen(i, -12, 6)
C = mgen(i, 6, 1)/8
D = mgen(i, 18, 7)/384
AB = np.matmul(la.inv(A), B)
print ("AB = ", AB[0], "\n")
R = la.inv(C-np.matmul(D, AB))
print ("R = ", R[0])
This gives:
AB = [-4.39230769 2.78461538 -0.74615385 0.2 -0.05384615 0.01538462
-0.00769231 0.01538462 -0.05384615 0.2 -0.74615385 2.78461538]
R = [ 1.1998816 -0.13197293 0.04355866 -0.01571306 0.00576095 -0.00231401
0.00147916 -0.00231401 0.00576095 -0.01571306 0.04355866 -0.13197293]
PGM Code
We are interested in annual monthly data, so N = 12. Since we want to use this for rainfall, temperatures and other data, it is a good idea to create a reusable PGM class to do the work.
; Precalculated arrays for N = 12
array AB = {-4.39230769, 2.78461538, -0.74615385, 0.2, -0.05384615, 0.01538462,
-0.00769231, 0.01538462, -0.05384615, 0.2, -0.74615385, 2.78461538}
array R = { 1.1998816, -0.13197293, 0.04355866, -0.01571306, 0.00576095, -0.00231401,
0.00147916, -0.00231401, 0.00576095, -0.01571306, 0.04355866, -0.13197293}
class CRainDance
array f ; calculated values at knots
array a ; calculated curvature at knots
array data ; raw data (monthly averages) loaded from a file
integer i0, i1
real x0, x1, t1, a0, a1, f0, f1
sub Init(str datafile)
f.CopyCircConv(R, data) ; Convolution of data to find knot values
a.CopyCircConv(AB, f) ; Convolution to find curvatures
endsub
function Eval(real t)
t1 = mod(t-0.5,12)
if t1<0
t1 = t1+12
endif
i0 = trunc(t1)
i1 = mod(i0+1, 12)
x0 = t1-i0
x1 = 1-x0
a0 = a.getAt(i0)
a1 = a.getAt(i1)
f0 = f.getAt(i0)
f1 = f.getAt(i1)
return (a0*x1^3 + a1*x0^3)/6+(f0-a0/6)*x1 + (f1-a1/6)*x0
endfunct
endclass
The PGM array class load() method initializes an array with the values in the specified file, which should be in the Project folder. So to use this, we just create instances for rainfall, temperature and evaporation via the Init() subroutine on solve initialisation, and then call the Eval() function each iteration.
PageLabel("DailyData")
real Rainfall*("L", "m")<<0.4>>
real AmbientT*("T", "C")<<20>>
real Evaporation*("L", "m")<<5>>
real [email protected]
real [email protected]
CRainDance raind
CRainDance evapd
CRainDance tempd
Sub InitialiseSolution()
raind.Init("rain.txt")
tempd.Init("temp.txt")
evapd.Init("evap.txt")
EndSub
;--- Logic - executed at EVERY step ---
TNow = Time()/3600
YearFrac = 12.0*mod(TNow, 8766.0)/8766.0
RainFall = raind.Eval(YearFrac)
Evaporation = evapd.Eval(YearFrac)
AmbientT = tempd.Eval(YearFrac)
["Evap_Pond_Control.Rain (m)"] = RainFall
["Evap_Pond_Control.Evap (m)"] = Evaporation
["Evap_Pond_Control.PondTemperature (C)"]= AmbientT
The values are sent to the main pond control PGM (Evap_Pond_Control) and away we go...
The results are smooth curves for rainfall, temperature and evaporation. And the model runs stably!
Copying the Data Files
Since we are reading the monthly data from text files, we need to be sure these are also copied whenever we save a new copy of the project. Normally this would be done by manually copying the files across. We could also store the files outside of the project folder and supply a hard-coded path to the location.
Alternatively, we could use a sneaky trick to copy specific files when you create a new version of a project. We add the files as Excel reports via Add... Browse... In Save As Type choose Select All Files (*.*) and select the text files. This will add the files to the project's included file list.
New Waveform Controller Options
Since this functionality is very useful we have added it to the Waveform Controller model - so you don't need to use PGM at all. That said, using classes and array methods lets you do lots of things with PGM that you can't do with the standard SysCAD models, so it is good to be familiar with these techniques.
In the next discussion page we will look at using the new functionality of the Waveform controller.
First Posted: 24 May 2022
Reference Build: 139.30918 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6583086252212524, "perplexity": 1246.1350205052352}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499816.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130101912-20230130131912-00434.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2227819/approximating-specific-integrals-via-sums-tight-error-predictions | Approximating specific integrals via sums: Tight error predictions
Dear math enthusiasts,
I am facing a particular problem where I am looking at integrals of the form $$I = \int_{-\infty}^\infty p(t) {\rm e}^{-t^2} {\rm d}t,$$ where $p(t)$ are certain polynomials. These are either even or odd symmetric, the even symmetric ones being the more interesting case since for odd ones, the integral is zero (in fact, they are auto- and cross-products of Hermite polynomials but I think this detail is not relevant). For now, we can just consider the simplest example $p(t)=t^2$.
The reason why I am looking at the integrals is that I actually have sums of the form $$S(t) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty t_0 p(t-nt_0) {\rm e}^{-(t-nt_0)^2}$$ which I want to quantify. For $t_0$ small enough, these sums are very close to $I$ for any $t$. I need to quantify how close, i.e., I am interested in $$\max_t |S(t)-I|.$$
So, what I did was to interpret $S$ as a quadrature of the integral $I$ and use the residual formulas for quadratures. Since it is a linear quadrature, the standard results predict a residual of the order $|I-S|< {\rm const} \cdot t_0^2 \cdot \max|f''(t)|$, where $f(t) = p(t){\rm e}^{-t^2}$ (which gives $\max|f''(t)| = 2$ for $p(t)=t^2$). In other words, the error should decay quadratically with $t_0$. All this is not surprising and well within what I expected.
Until I tried it and realized that empirically, the error decays much much faster with $t_0$ than this pessimistic bound predicts. Here is an example:
In this example, I computed $S$ for $p(t)=t^2$, varying the grid spacing $t_0$. I plot $\max_t|I-S(t)|/I$ where the exact value $I$ is equal to $\sqrt{\pi}/2$.
Obviously, $t_0=1$ is too coarse but as I make it finer, the error goes to zero very rapidly (Note that the plot is doubly logarithmic!). In fact, around $t=0.35$ it reaches the numerical accuracy of my double floating point but I would expect the exponentially decaying trend to continue. The predicted upper bound is shown in the dashed line (it is a line with slope 2 due to the double logarithmic plot).
So here is my question: Can I make tighter predictions of $|S(t)-I|$ as $t_0\rightarrow 0$? I know it is easy to construct examples where the residual formula is basically tight, so it must have to do with the particular function I am integrating, especially the ${\rm e}^{-t^2}$ term. I keep getting reminded of Gaussian tails (erfc functions of some sort) but I cannot put my hands on how I could get there. Just before posting I stumbled upon Euler-Maclaurin, but it confuses me as well since what I read about it talks about finite sums (and derivatives being evaluated at the borders) while mine seems infinite (and everything becomes zero far enough from $t=0$).
It looks like a standard result and I would not be surprised about a very simple answer that I was just not seeing.
Any hint is appreciated, many thanks in advance!
edit: Thanks to user14717 I got what I needed. For someone stumbling across a similar problem, here is what worked: Theorem 5.1 in [*] says the following: Let $a>0$ such that the function $w(t)$ to be integrated is analytic in the string $|{\rm Im}(t)|<a$ and decays to zero uniformly as $|t|\rightarrow \infty$. Then: $$|I-S| \leq 2\sqrt{\pi} \frac{M}{{\rm e}^{2\pi a/t_0}-1},$$ where $M$ is a constant satisfying $\int |w(t+ib)| {\rm d}t \leq M$ for all $b \in (-a,a)$. If we apply this for $w(t) = {\rm e}^{-t^2}$ (i.e., my $p(t)=1$), we obtain $M={\rm e}^{a^2}$ as the best $M$ for a given $a$. This gives the family of bounds $$|I-S| \leq 2\sqrt{\pi} \frac{{\rm e}^{a^2}}{{\rm e}^{2\pi a/t_0}-1},$$ which is valid for any $a>0$. To obtain the tightest bound, we need to minimize over $a$. This is not possible analytically, however, for $t_0<1$, the value $a=\frac{\pi}{t_0}$ is very close to the optimum. Inserting it gives the bound $$|I-S| \leq \frac{2\sqrt{\pi}}{{\rm e}^{(\pi/t_0)^2}-{\rm e}^{-(\pi/t_0)^2}} \approx 2\sqrt{\pi} {\rm e}^{-(\pi/t_0)^2}.$$
And now, let us plot it:
Adapting this to any $p(t)$ should be a breeze now.
I could barely be happier! :)
Thanks so much!
edit2: For an even symmetric polynomial $p(t)$ it is then very easy to show that $$|S-I|\leq \frac{2{\rm e}^{a^2} h(a)}{{\rm e}^{2\pi a/t_0}-1},$$ where $h(a)$ is a polynomial of same degree as $p(t)$. For $a=\pi/t_0$, this gives $$|S-I|\leq \frac{2{\rm e}^{\pi^2/t_0^2}}{{\rm e}^{2\pi^2/t_0^2}-1}h(\pi/t_0) \approx 2{\rm e}^{-\pi^2/t_0^2}h(\pi/t_0),$$
i.e., still exponential convergence, as expected.
In fact, for a degree $2k$ polynomial $p(t) = \sum_n \alpha_n t^{2(k-n)}$, an explicit form of $h(t)$ is given by $$h(t) = \sqrt{\pi} \sum_n \sum_\ell |\alpha_n|\frac{k! (2\ell)!}{4^\ell (\ell!)^2 (k-\ell)!} b^{2(k-n-\ell)},$$ though it doesn't matter much since the relevant part is the exponential convergence.
It is a standard result. What you are observing is a well-known property of the Euler-Maclaurin expansion \begin{align*} h\frac{f(a) + f(b)}{2} + h\sum_{k = 1}^{n-1} f(a+kh) = \int_{a}^{b} f(x) \, \mathrm{d}x + \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \frac{ h^{2k} }{(2k)!} B_{2k}(f^{(2k-1)}(b) - f^{(2k-1)}(a)) \end{align*} Now, you are worried that this doesn't apply since your integrand is infinite. But in finite precision, $\exp(-t^2) = \epsilon$ which means that in practice your integration can only be performed over the range $[-\sqrt{-\log(\epsilon)}, \sqrt{-\log(\epsilon)}]$. In double precision, this is about $[-6, 6]$.
Now, all the derivatives of $f$ are also bell-shaped, so as $a\to -\infty$, $f^{(2k-1)}(a) \to 0$ very fast. Assuming that $B_{2k}f^{(2k-1)}(a)/(2k)!$ is tiny, we can state that your trapezoidal sum converges faster than any power of $h$. Let's examine this claim in more detail: Using the representation of the Bernoulli numbers \begin{align*} B_{2k} = (-1)^{k+1}\frac{2(2k)!}{(2\pi)^{2k}}\zeta(2k) \end{align*} we can write the error as \begin{align*} E(h) := \sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} (-1)^{k+1}h^{2k}\frac{2}{(2\pi)^{2k}}\zeta(2k)(f^{(2k-1)}(b) - f^{(2k-1)}(a)) \end{align*} In your case, it makes sense to make $a = -b$, and since we assume that $f$ is even then all odd-order derivatives of $f$ are odd. Then \begin{align*} E(h) = 4\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} (-1)^{k+1}\left(\frac{h}{2\pi}\right)^{2k}\zeta(2k)f^{(2k-1)}(b) \end{align*}
Now, $1 < \zeta(2k) < 2 \forall k \in \mathbb{N}$ so \begin{align*} |E(h)| \le 8\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \left(\frac{h}{2\pi}\right)^{2k}|f^{(2k-1)}(b)| \end{align*} All that we need is for the error to be smaller than the machine epsilon to get the result, as $f(0) \sim \mathcal{O}(1)$ and hence any corrections smaller than the unit roundoff are not observable.
I have an idea for getting this argument a bit more rigorous, but it needs some more TLC (or a counterexample):
Assume $f(x) = (x^{2n} + \cdots)\exp(-x^2)$ where $\cdots$ are terms with degree lower than $2n$. Then $f^{(2k-1)}(x) = (x^{2n+2k-1} +\cdots)\exp(-x^2)$ and hence for large $x$, $|f^{(2k-1)}(x)| \le C|x^{2k-1}|x^{2n}\exp(-x^2)$, so that \begin{align*} |E(h)| \le 8Cb^{2n-1}\exp(-b^2)\sum_{k = 1}^{\infty} \left(\frac{hb}{2\pi}\right)^{2k} = 8Cb^{2n-1}\exp(-b^2) \frac{(hb/2\pi)^2}{1-(hb/2\pi)^2} \end{align*} assuming $bh/2\pi < 1$. Now just choose $b$ large enough that $|E(h)| < \epsilon$ and the result is proved.
To prove the result without recourse to arguments about finite precision requires complex analysis. This is discussed by Trefenthen here.
• Great, this is helpful! Numerical issues let aside I could simple choose any fixed $[a,b]$ big enough, in a second step even looking at the limit $[a,b]\rightarrow[-\infty,\infty]$. Then I have $f^{(2k-1)}(t) = O(t^{2k+1}e^{-t^2})$ and I can bound $B_{2k}/(2k)!$ via Stirling, right (since it is constant, the $e^{-t^2}$ should take care of it all I guess)? Looks good, tomorrow I'll have a look at what I can do about the error term. I'd really like to get the the correct scaling law (without killing myself on the way). – Florian Apr 10 '17 at 17:03
• Great, the addition helps a lot. Just one more clarification how to get from the last inequality to "faster than any power of $h$": I would assume the argument is that if I were to truncate the sum to any finite number of terms $k=1...K$ then the limit would surely be zero (since $e^{-b^2}h^{2k}$ always goes to zero) - but I cannot say this for the infinite sum (since even if all terms are zero the infinite sum could have any value)? – Florian Apr 10 '17 at 18:54
• Well I guess my $C_k$ are not - if we keep forming derivatives we essentially get Hermite polynomials in front of the exp and their coefficients grow with $k$, if I am not mistaken. But that's fine, I think I can work with this answer. Thank you very much for taking the effort to reply in such detail, greatly appreciated! – Florian Apr 10 '17 at 19:27
• Thanks for the additional edit! The only problem I see is that I cannot choose $b$ "large enough" since we need $bh/2\pi<1$ and $h$ is not necessarily very small. What I'm really after is a point $h$ below which $|R(t)-I|$ is practically zero, so I need a fast decay in $h$ ("a little smaller than one" seems to work, I'd like to quantify that). It seems it's almost there, the only problem being that the $b^{2k}$ is still inside the sum which means I cannot let $b$ grow too much withouth constraining $h$ (and, rigorously speaking I really want to say something about $\lim b\rightarrow \infty$). – Florian Apr 11 '17 at 8:25
• In double precision, $b \sim 6$, so we only need $h < 1$. I don't see why that is a big restriction. As to the limit $b \to \infty$, this mode of analysis isn't going to help much, you'll need another strategy. – user14717 Apr 11 '17 at 13:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9825646281242371, "perplexity": 219.38813165581388}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513844.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021094247-20181021115747-00354.warc.gz"} |
https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/9102/training-by-one-batch-of-examples-what-does-it-mean | # Training by one batch of examples, what does it mean
Say I have a batch of examples, each examples represent a state:
[0.1, 0.2, 0.5] #1st example
[0.4, 0.0, 0.3] #2nd example
..........
[0.1, 0.1, 0.1] #16th example
I feed through the NN, and then the NN predict the following class:
[move up] #1st example
[move down] #2nd example
........
[move left] #16th example
And then I take the square loss (which calculated to be 0.1 after taking average over 16 examples), and do backward propagation.
So, can I assume that each of these examples will assign (or contribute) to a 0.1 loss? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9744185209274292, "perplexity": 8465.826413475963}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986659097.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015131723-20191015155223-00485.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/algebra-2-1st-edition/chapter-7-exponential-and-logarithmic-functions-7-2-graph-exponential-decay-functions-7-2-exercises-problem-solving-page-490/31a | ## Algebra 2 (1st Edition)
$y=200(0.75)^t$
Our initial amount is $200$, and the percent decrease is: $0.25$. Then the model for the value is: $y=200(1-0.25)^t=200(0.75)^t$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9624460339546204, "perplexity": 1190.4517268584116}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711390.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209043931-20221209073931-00133.warc.gz"} |
https://charm.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pose/manual.html | # 6. Parallel Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (POSE)¶
## 6.1. Introduction¶
POSE (Parallel Object-oriented Simulation Environment) is a tool for parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) based on Charm++. You should have a background in object-oriented programming (preferably C++) and know the basic principles behind discrete event simulation. Familiarity with simple parallel programming in Charm++ is also a plus.
POSE uses the approach of message-driven execution of Charm++, but adds the element of discrete timestamps to control when, in simulated time, a message is executed.
Users may choose synchronization strategies (conservative or several optimistic variants) on a per class basis, depending on the desired behavior of the object. However, POSE is intended to perform best with a special type of adaptive synchronization strategy which changes it’s behavior on a per object basis. Thus, other synchronization strategies may not be properly maintained. There are two significant versions of the adaptive strategy, adapt4, a simple, stable version, and adept, the development version.
### 6.1.1. Developing a model in POSE¶
Modeling a system in POSE is similar to how you would model in C++ or any OOP language. Objects are entities that hold data, and have a fixed set of operations that can be performed on them (methods).
Charm++ provides the parallelism we desire, but the model does not differ dramatically from C++. The primary difference is that objects may exist on a set of processors, and so invoking methods on them requires communication via messages. These parallel objects are called chares.
POSE adds to Charm++ by putting timestamps on method invocations (events), and executing events in timestamp order to preserve the validity of the global state.
Developing a model in POSE involves identifying the entities we wish to model, determining their interactions with other entities and determining how they change over time.
### 6.1.2. PDES in POSE¶
A simulation in POSE consists of a set of Charm++ chares performing timestamped events in parallel. In POSE, these chares are called posers. POSE is designed to work with many such entities per processor. The more a system can be broken down into its parallel components when designing the simulation model, the more potential parallelism in the final application.
A poser class is defined with a synchronization strategy associated with it. We encourage the use of the adaptive strategies, as mentioned earlier. Adaptive strategies are optimistic, and will potentially execute events out of order, but have rollback and cancellation messages as well as checkpointing abilities to deal with this behind the scenes.
Execution is driven by events. An event arrives for a poser and is sorted into a queue by timestamp. The poser has a local time called object virtual time (OVT) which represents its progress through the simulation. When an event arrives with a timestamp $$t>$$OVT, the OVT is advanced to $$t$$. If the event has timestamp $$t<$$OVT, it may be that other events with greater timestamps were executed. If this is the case, a rollback will occur. If not, the event is simply executed along with the others in the queue.
Time can also pass on a poser within the course of executing an event. An elapse function is used to advance the OVT.
POSE maintains a global clock, the global virtual time (GVT), that represents the progress of the entire simulation.
Currently, POSE has no way to directly specify event dependencies, so if they exist, the programmer must handle errors in ordering carefully. POSE provides a delayed error message print and abort function that is only performed if there is no chance of rolling back the dependency error. Another mechanism provided by POSE is a method of tagging events with sequence numbers. This allows the user to determine the execution order of events which have the same timestamp.
## 6.2. Compiling, Running and Debugging a Sample POSE program¶
Sample code is available in the Charm++ source distribution. Assuming a netlrts-linux-x86_64 build of Charm++, look in charm/netlrts-linux-x86_64/examples/pose. The SimBenchmark directory contains a synthetic benchmark simulation and is fairly straightforward to understand.
### 6.2.1. Compiling¶
To build a POSE simulation, run etrans.pl on each POSE module to get the new source files. etrans.pl is a source to source translator. Given a module name it will translate the module.h, module.ci, and module.C files into module_sim.h, module_sim.ci, and module_sim.C files. The translation operation adds wrapper classes for POSE objects and handles the interface with strategies and other poser options.
To facilitate code organization, the module.C file can be broken up into multiple files and those files can appended to the etrans.pl command line after the module name. These additional .C files will be translated and their output appended to the module_sim.C file.
The -s switch can be passed to use the sequential simulator feature of POSE on your simulation, but you must also build a sequential version when you compile (see below).
Once the code has been translated, it is a Charm++ program that can be compiled with charmc. Please refer to the CHARM++/CONVERSE Installation and Usage Manual for details on the charmc command. You should build the new source files produced by etrans.pl along with the main program and any other source needed with charmc, linking with -module pose (or -module seqpose for a sequential version) and -language charm++. The SimBenchmark example has a Makefile that shows this process.
### 6.2.2. Running¶
To run the program in parallel, a charmrun executable was created by charmc. The flag +p is used to specify a number of processors to run the program on. For example:
$./charmrun pgm +p4 This runs the executable pgm on 4 processors. For more information on how to use charmrun and set up your environment for parallel runs, see the CHARM++/CONVERSE Installation and Usage Manual. ### 6.2.3. Debugging¶ Because POSE is translated to Charm++, debugging is a little more challenging than normal. Multi-processor debugging can be achieved with the charmrun ++debug option, and debugging is performed on the module_sim.C source files. The user thus has to track down problems in the original POSE source code. A long-term goal of the POSE developers is to eliminate the translation phase and rely on the interface translator of Charm++ to provide similar functionality. ### 6.2.4. Sequential Mode¶ As mentioned above, the same source code can be used to generate a purely sequential POSE executable by using the -s flag to etrans.pl and linking with -module seqpose. This turns off all aspects of synchronization, checkpointing and GVT calculation that are needed for optimistic parallel execution. Thus you should experience better one-processor times for executables built for sequential execution than those built for parallel execution. This is convenient for examining how a program scales in comparison to sequential time. It is also helpful for simulations that are small and fast, or in situations where multiple processors are not available. ## 6.3. Programming in POSE¶ This section details syntax and usage of POSE constructs with code samples. ### 6.3.1. POSE Modules¶ A POSE module is similar to a Charm++ module. It is comprised of an interface file with suffix .ci, a header .h file, and the implementation in .C files. Several posers can be described in one module, and the module can include regular chares as well. The module is translated into Charm++ before the simulation can be compiled. This translation is performed by a Perl script called etrans.pl which is included with POSE. It generates files suffixed _sim.ci, _sim.h, and _sim.C. ### 6.3.2. Event Message and Poser Interface Description¶ Messages, be they event messages or otherwise, are described in the .ci file exactly the way they are in Charm++. Event messages cannot make use of Charm++’s parameter marshalling, and thus you must declare them in the .h file. Charm++ varsize event messages are currently not implemented in POSE. All event messages inherit from a POSE type eventMsg which includes data for timestamps and miscellaneous POSE statistics. A message is declared in the .ci file as follows: message myMessage; Posers are described similar to chares, with a few exceptions. First, the poser keyword is used to denote that the class is a POSE simulation object class. Second, event methods are tagged with the keyword event in square brackets. Finally, three components are specified which indicate how objects of the poser class are to be simulated. The sim component controls the wrapper class and event queue used by the object. The strat component controls the synchronization strategy the object should use (i.e. adaptive or basic optimistic). The rep component specifies the global state representation, which controls how the global state is kept accurate depending on the synchronization strategy being used (i.e. checkpointing or no checkpointing). Currently, there is only one wrapper type, sim. This 3-tuple syntax is likely to become obsolete, replaced simply by synchronization strategy only. Keeping the global state accurate is largely a function of the synchronization strategy used. poser mySim : sim strat rep { entry mySim(myMessage *); entry [event] void myEventMethod(eventMsg *); ... }; A typical .ci file poser specification might look like this: poser Worker : sim adapt4 chpt { entry Worker(WorkerCreationMsg *); entry [event] void doWork(WorkMsg *); ... }; Note that the constructors and event methods of a poser must take an event message as parameter. If there is no data (and thereby no message defined) that needs to be passed to the method, then the parameter should be of type eventMsg *. This ensures that POSE will be able to timestamp the event. ### 6.3.3. Declaring Event Messages and Posers¶ Currently, event messages are declared with no reference to what they might inherit from (unlike in Charm++). The translator takes care of this. In addition, they must define operator=. class myMessage { public: int someData; myMessage& operator=(const myMessage& obj) { eventMsg::operator=(obj); someData = obj.someData; return *this; } }; Similarly, posers do not refer to a base class when they are declared. Posers are required to have a void constructor declared that simply initializes the data to sensible values. A destructor must be provided as well. In addition, a pup and operator= must be provided. The pup method should call the pup method of the global state representation class being used. class mySim { int anInt; float aFloat; char aString[20]; public: mySim(); mySim(myMessage *m); ~mySim(); void pup(PUP::er &p); mySim& operator=(const mySim& obj); void myEventMethod(eventMsg *m); void myEventMethod_anti(eventMsg *m); void myEventMethod_commit(eventMsg *m); ... }; Further, for each event method, a commit method should be declared, and if the synchronization strategy being used is optimistic or involves any sort of rollback, an anti-method should also be provided. The syntax of these declarations is shown above. Their usage and implementation will be described next. ### 6.3.4. Implementing Posers¶ The void constructor for a poser should be defined however the user sees fit. It could be given an empty body and should still work for POSE. Poser entry constructors (those described in the .ci file) should follow the template below: mySim::mySim(myMessage *m) { // initializations from$m\$
...
delete m;
...
};
Note that while the incoming message $$m$$ may be deleted here in the constructor, event messages received on event methods should not be deleted. The PDES fossil collection will take care of those.
An event method should have the following form:
void mySim::myEventMethod(eventMsg *m) {
// body of method
};
Again, $$m$$ is never deleted in the body of the event. A side effect of optimistic synchronization and rollback is that we would like the effects of event execution to be dependent only upon the state encapsulated in the corresponding poser. Thus, accessing arbitrary states outside of the simulation, such as by calling rand, is forbidden. We are planning to fix this problem by adding a POSE_rand() operation which will generate a random number the first time the event is executed, and will checkpoint the number for use in subsequent re-executions should a rollback occur.
### 6.3.5. Creation of Poser Objects¶
Posers are created within a module using the following syntax:
int hdl = 13; // handle should be unique
myMessage *m = new myMessage;
m->someData = 34;
POSE_create(mySim(m), hdl, 0);
This creates a mySim object that comes into existence at simulation time zero, and can be referred to by the handle 13.
Creating a poser from outside the module (i.e. from main) is somewhat more complex:
int hdl = 13;
myMessage *m = new myMessage;
m->someData = 34;
m->Timestamp(0);
(*(CProxy_mySim *) & POSE_Objects)[hdl].insert(m);
This is similar to what the module code ultimately gets translated to and should be replaced by a macro with similar syntax soon.
### 6.3.6. Event Method Invocations¶
Event method invocations vary significantly from entry method invocations in Charm++, and various forms should be used depending on where the event method is being invoked. In addition, event messages sent to an event method should be allocated specifically for an event invocation, and cannot be recycled or deleted.
There are three ways to send events within a POSE module. The first and most commonly used way involves specifying and offset in simulation time from the current time. The syntax follows:
aMsg = new eventMsg;
POSE_invoke(myEventMethod(aMsg), mySim, hdl, 0);
Here, we’ve created an eventMsg and sent it to myEventMethod, an event entry point on mySim. mySim was created at handle hdl, and we want the event to take place now, i.e. at the current simulation time, so the offset is zero.
The second way to send an event is reserved for use by non-poser objects within the module. It should not be used by posers. This version allows you to specify an absolute simulation time at which the event happens (as opposed to an offset to the current time). Since non-poser objects are not a part of the simulation, they do not have a current time, or OVT, by which to specify an offset. The syntax is nearly identical to that above, only the last parameter is an absolute time.
aMsg = new eventMsg;
POSE_invoke_at(myEventMethod(aMsg), mySim, hdl, 56);
Posers should not use this approach because of the risk of specifying an absolute time that is earlier than the current time on the object sending the event.
Using this method, event methods can be injected into the system from outside any module, but this is not recommended.
The third approach is useful when an object send events to itself. It is simply a slightly shorter syntax for the same thing as POSE_invoke:
aMsg = new eventMsg;
POSE_local_invoke(myEventMethod(aMsg), offset);
### 6.3.7. Elapsing Simulation Time¶
We’ve seen in the previous section how it is possible to advance simulation time by generating events with non-zero offsets of current time. When such events are received on an object, if the object is behind, it advances its local simulation time (object virtual time or OVT) to the timestamp of the event.
It is also possible to elapse time on an object while the object is executing an event. This is accomplished thus:
elapse(42);
The example above would simulate the passage of forty-two time units by adding as much to the object’s current OVT.
### 6.3.8. Interacting with a POSE Module and the POSE System¶
POSE modules consist of <modname>.ci, <modname>.h and <modname>.C files that are translated via etrans.pl into <modname>_sim.ci, <modname>_sim.h and <modname>_sim.C files. To interface these with a main program module, say $$Pgm$$ in files pgm.ci, pgm.h and pgm.C, the pgm.ci file must declare the POSE module as extern in the mainmodule Pgm block. For example:
mainmodule Pgm {
extern module modname;
mainchare main {
entry main();
};
};
The pgm.C file should include pose.h and <modname>_sim.h along with its own headers, declarations and whatever else it needs.
Somewhere in the main function, POSE_init() should be called. This initializes all of POSE’s internal data structures. The parameters to POSE_init() specify a termination method. POSE programs can be terminated in two ways: with inactivity detection or with an end time. Inactivity detection terminates after a few iterations of the GVT if no events are being executed and virtual time is not advancing. When an end time is specified, and the GVT passes it, the simulation exits. If no parameters are provided to POSE_init(), then the simulation will use inactivity detection. If a time is provided as the parameter, this time will be used as the end time.
Now POSE is ready for posers. All posers can be created at this point, each with a unique handle. The programmer is responsible for choosing and keeping track of the handles created for posers. Once all posers are created, the simulation can be started:
POSE_start();
## 6.4. Configuring POSE¶
POSE can be configured in two different ways. Fundamental behaviors are controlled by altering values in the pose_config.h file in the POSE installation, and rebuilding POSE. Many of these configuration options can (and should) be controlled by command line options. These will be designated here by an asterisk ($$*$$). See section 6.4.1 for the command line options.
• POSE_STATS_ON *
$$\circ$$ Turn on timing and statistics gathering for internal POSE operations. Produces a small slowdown in program.
• POSE_DOP_ON *
$$\circ$$ Turn on timing and statistics gathering for degree of parallelism calculations. Generates log files that can be loaded by ploticus scripts to produce graphs plotting active entities over time. Slows down program dramatically.
• POSE_COMM_ON
$$\circ$$ Turn on streaming communication optimization for small message packing.
• COMM_TIMEOUT
$$\circ$$ Used by streaming communication library. Time to wait (in ?) before sending buffered messages.
• COMM_MAXMSG
$$\circ$$ Used by streaming communication library. Number of messages to buffer before packing and sending as one.
• LB_ON *
$$\circ$$ Turn on POSE load balancing.
• STORE_RATE *
$$\circ$$ Default checkpointing rate: 1 for every STORE_RATE events.
• SPEC_WINDOW *
$$\circ$$ Speculative window size: this is how far (in virtual time units) ahead of GVT posers are allowed to go.
• MIN_LEASH * and MAX_LEASH *
$$\circ$$ Bounds on the speculative window, these are adjusted by adaptive synchronization strategies.
• LEASH_FLEX *
$$\circ$$ Granularity of flexibility when speculative window is shrunk or expanded.
• MAX_POOL_SIZE
$$\circ$$ Memory used by event messages is recycled. This controls how many messages of a particular size will be kept on hand.
• MAX_RECYCLABLE
$$\circ$$ This is the largest size of message that will be recycled.
• LB_SKIP *
$$\circ$$ This controls the frequency of load balance invocation. 1 in every LB_SKIP executions of the GVT algorithm will invoke load balancing.
• LB_THRESHOLD *
$$\circ$$ What the heck does this number mean? I can’t remember. I’ll have to look through the code… later. Meanwhile, I think this indicates some sort of threshold a single processor has to cross before we even bother with analyzing the load.
• LB_DIFF *
$$\circ$$ Once the load has been analyzed, we compute the difference between the max and min PE loads. Only if this difference exceeds LB_DIFF do we bother migrating posers.
Several of the above flags and constants will be eliminated as the adaptive strategy is expanded. What remains will eventually become run-time options.
### 6.4.1. POSE Command Line Options¶
Command line options are handled like Charm++ command line parameters. For namespace purity all POSE command line options have a _pose suffix. They can be inspected by appending a -h to an execution of a POSE program. Command line options override any defaults set in the pose_config.h file
• +stats_pose
$$\circ$$ Turn on timing and statistics gathering for internal POSE operations. Produces a small slowdown in program.
• +dop_pose
$$\circ$$ Turn on timing and statistics gathering for degree of parallelism calculations. Generates log files that can be loaded by ploticus scripts to produce graphs plotting active entities over time. Slows down program dramatically.
• +lb_on_pose
$$\circ$$ Turn on POSE load balancing.
• +store_rate_pose N
$$\circ$$ Default checkpointing rate: 1 for every STORE_RATE events.
• +spec_window_pose N
$$\circ$$ Speculative window size: this is how far (in virtual time units) ahead of GVT posers are allowed to go.
• +min_leash_pose N and +min_leash_pose N
$$\circ$$ Bounds on the speculative window, these are adjusted by adaptive synchronization strategies.
• +leash_flex_pose N
$$\circ$$ Granularity of flexibility when speculative window is shrunk or expanded.
• +lb_skip_pose N
$$\circ$$ This controls the frequency of load balance invocation. 1 in every LB_SKIP executions of the GVT algorithm will invoke load balancing.
• +lb_threshold_pose N
$$\circ$$ Minimum threshold for load balancing, default is 4000
• +lb_diff_pose N
$$\circ$$ Once the load has been analyzed, we compute the difference between the max and min PE loads. Only if this difference exceeds LB_DIFF do we bother migrating posers.
• +checkpoint_gvt_pose N
$$\circ$$ Checkpoint to disk approximately every N GVT ticks (N is an integer). The default is 0, which indicates no checkpointing.
• +checkpoint_time_pose N
$$\circ$$ Checkpoint to disk every N seconds (N is an integer). The default is 0, which indicates no checkpointing. If both this parameter and +checkpoint_gvt_pose are greater than 0, a warning will be given, the value of this parameter will be set to 0, and POSE will checkpoint based on GVT ticks.
As a technical point, pose command line parsing is done inside the POSE_init() call. Therefore, the most consistent behavior for interleaving pose command line options with user application options will be achieved by calling POSE_init() before handling user application command line arguments.
## 6.7. Glossary of POSE-specific Terms¶
• void POSE_init()
$$\circ$$ Initializes various items in POSE; creates the load balancer if load balancing is turned on; initializes the statistics gathering facility if statistics are turned on.
$$\circ$$ Must be called in user’s main program prior to creation of any simulation objects or reference to any other POSE construct.
• void POSE_start()
$$\circ$$ Sets busy wait to default if none specified; starts quiescence detection; starts simulation timer.
$$\circ$$ Must be called in user’s main program when simulation should start.
• void POSE_registerCallBack(CkCallback cb)
$$\circ$$ Registers callback function with POSE - when program ends or quiesces, function is called.
$$\circ$$ CkCallback is created with the index of the callback function and a proxy to the object that function is to be called on. For example, to register the function wrapUp in the main module as a callback:
CProxy_main M(mainhandle);
POSE_registerCallBack(CkCallback(CkIndex_main::wrapUp(), M));
• void POSE_stop()
$$\circ$$ Commits remaining events; prints final time and statistics (if on); calls callback function.
$$\circ$$ Called internally when quiescence is detected or program reaches POSE_endtime.
• void POSE_exit()
$$\circ$$ Similar to CkExit().
• void POSE_set_busy_wait(int n)
$$\circ$$ Used to control granularity of events; when calling POSE_busy_wait, program busywaits for time to compute $$fib(n)$$.
• void POSE_busy_wait()
$$\circ$$ Busywait for time to compute $$fib(n)$$ where n is either 1 or set by POSE_set_busy_wait.
• POSE_useET(t)
$$\circ$$ Set program to terminate when global virtual time (GVT) reaches $$t$$.
• POSE_useID()
$$\circ$$ Set program to terminate when no events are available in the simulation.
• void POSE_create(constructorName(eventMsg *m), int handle, int atTime)
$$\circ$$ Creates a poser object given its constructor, an event message $$m$$ of the appropriate type, any integer as the handle (by which the object will be referred from then on), and a time (in simulation timesteps) at which it should be created.
$$\circ$$ The handle can be thought of as a chare array element index in Charm++.
• void POSE_invoke_at(methodName(eventMsg *m), className, int handle, int atTime)
$$\circ$$ Send a methodName event with message $$m$$ to an object of type className designated by handle $$handle$$ at time specified by $$atTime$$.
$$\circ$$ This can be used by non-poser objects in the POSE module to inject events into the system being simulated. It should not be used by a poser object to generate an event.
• void POSE_invoke(methodName(eventMsg *m), className, int handle, int timeOffset)
$$\circ$$ Send a methodName event with message $$m$$ to an object of type className designated by handle $$handle$$ at current OVT + $$timeOffset$$.
$$\circ$$ This is used by poser objects to send events from one poser to another.
• void POSE_local_invoke(methodName(eventMsg *m), int timeOffset)
$$\circ$$ Send a methodName event with message $$m$$ to this object at current OVT + $$timeOffset$$.
$$\circ$$ This is used by poser objects to send events to themselves.
• void CommitPrintf(char *s, args...)
$$\circ$$ Buffered print statement; prints when event is committed (i.e. will not be rolled back).
$$\circ$$ Currently, must be called on the wrapper class (parent) to work properly, but a fix for this is in the works.
• void CommitError(char *s, args...)
$$\circ$$ Buffered error statement; prints and aborts program when event is committed.
$$\circ$$ Currently, must be called on the wrapper class (parent) to work properly, but a fix for this is in the works.
• void elapse(int n)
$$\circ$$ Elapse $$n$$ simulation time units.
• poser
$$\circ$$ Keyword (used in place of chare) to denote a poser object in the .ci file of a POSE module.
• event
$$\circ$$ Keyword used in square brackets in the .ci file of a POSE module to denote that the entry method is an event method.
• eventMsg
$$\circ$$ Base class for all event messages; provides timestamp, priority and many other properties.
• sim
$$\circ$$ Base class of all wrapper classes.
• strat
$$\circ$$ Base class of all strategy classes.
• con
$$\circ$$ Simple conservative strategy class.
• opt, opt2, opt3, spec, adapt, adapt2
$$\circ$$ Optimistic strategy classes.
• rep
$$\circ$$ Base class for all representation classes.
• chpt
$$\circ$$ Simple checkpointing representation class.
• OVT()
$$\circ$$ Returns the object virtual time (OVT) of the poser in which it is called
• void MySim::terminus()
$$\circ$$ When simulation has terminated and program is about to exit, this method is called on all posers. Implemented as an empty method in the base rep class, the programmer may choose to override this with whatever actions may need to be performed per object at the end of the simulation. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.22727307677268982, "perplexity": 3800.700270131839}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038062492.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411115126-20210411145126-00065.warc.gz"} |
https://www.kseebsolutions.com/2nd-puc-physics-model-question-paper-2/ | # 2nd PUC Physics Model Question Paper 2 with Answers
Students can Download 2nd PUC Physics Model Question Paper 2 with Answers, Karnataka 2nd PUC Physics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.
## Karnataka 2nd PUC Physics Model Question Paper 2 with Answers
Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. All parts are compulsory.
2. Answers without relevant diagram/figure/circuit wherever necessary will not cany any marks
3. Direct answers to the Numerical problems without detailed solutions will not carry any marks.
Part – A
I. Answer all the following questions ( 10 × 1 = 10 )
Question 1.
Write the SI unit of Electric field.
Newton per coulomb (N/C)
Question 2.
When will the magnetic force on a movi¬ng charge be maximum in a mag notified?
F = qVBsinθ , If θ = 90° (Fm – qυB)
The magnetic force is maximum only when moving charge is ⊥r to field.
Question 3.
Where on the Earth’s surface is the magnetic dip zero?
At equator, dip is zero
Question 4.
State Curie’s law in magnetism.
The magnetic susceptability of a para magnetic substance varies inversely to its absolute temperature(T).
i.e x α $\frac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{T}}$ (x = $\frac{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{T}}$)
Question 5.
What is the significance of Lenz’s law?
Law of conservation of energy.
Question 6.
Write the formula for Malus law.
i = i0cos2θ
Where I → is intensity of the light transmitted by the analyser.
I0 → is intensity of the light incident on the analyser.
θ → is angle between the pass axes of the analyser & polariser.
Question 7.
What is the ratio of the nuclear densities of two nuclei having mass numbers in the ratio 1:3?
Nuclear density is independent of mass number & is approximately constant.
Hence $\frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}}$ = 1
Question 8.
Define current amplification factor in a common – emitter mode of transistor.
It is defined as the ratio of change in collector current ( ΔI)to the change in base current (ΔIb) at constant collector emitter voltage (VCE) when the transistor is in active state
Question 9.
Write the truth table of NAND gate.
Truth table of NAND gate
Question 10.
Why sky wave propagation is not possi¬ble for waves having frequency more than 30 MHz?
The sky wave range is short & it is used in short wave broad cast service.
Part – B
II. Answer anyfive ofthe following questions. ( 5 × 3 = 15 )
Question 11.
Sketch the electric lines of force due to a point charge q. If i) q<0 and ii) q>0
Question 12.
A galvanometer having a coil of resistance 12 Ω gives full scale deflection for a current of 4 mA. How can it be converted into a voltmeter of range 0 to 24V?
Given G = 12 Ω, Ig = 4 x 10-3A. V = 24V
We have,
$\mathrm{R}=\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{B}}}-\mathrm{G}$
R = 5988Ω
A resistance of 5988 Ω must be connected in series with galvanometer.
Question 13.
Distinguish between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances.
Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic Substances 1. Paramagnetics are feebly attracted by magnets. 1. They are strongly attracted by magnets. 2. Magnetic permeability is slightly greater than one i.e. Mr>1 2. Relative permeability is greater than 1000 3. Magnetic susceptability is low & positive. 3. Magnetic susceptability is +ve & large.
Question 14.
What is meant by Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance?
1. The phenomena in which an emf is induced in a coil due to change of current through the same coil is known as self-induction.
2. The phenomena in which an emf is induced in one coil due to change of current is the neighbouring coil is called mutual induction
Question 15.
What are electromagnetic waves? Write the expression for the velocity of electro magnetic waves in terms of permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space.
The waves in which there are a sinusoidal variation of electric & magnetic field vectors at right angles to each other & also right angle to the direction of propagation of the wave is called e.m waves.
∴ The expression for velocity of e.m. wave is
$C=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_{0} \varepsilon_{0}}}$ Where µ0 → is permeability of free
space, ε0 → is the permittivity of free space.
Question 16.
Write the relation between the path difference and wavelength of light wave used for constructive and destructive interference of light.
a) For constructive interference
∴ Path difference = 2n$\frac{\lambda}{2}$ = nλ
Wheve λ → is wave length of light used
n → 0, 1, 2,
b) For destructive interference :
∴ Path difference = (2n+l)$\frac{\lambda}{2}$
Wheve λ → is wave length of light used n → 0, 1, 2,………
Question 17.
Define :
i) photoelectric work function
ii) electron volt (ev)
i) Photoelectric work fraction : the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the metal surface is called work function, i.e. w = hV0
Where h → is planck’s constant
V0 → is threshold frequency
ii) Electron volt is the kinetic energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt.
i.e. lev = 1.602 × 10-19J.
Question 18.
Draw the block diagram of a AM receiver.
x → Intermediate frequency stage
y → power amplifier
Part – C
III. Answer any five of the following questions. ( 2 × 5 = 10 )
Question 19.
Derive an expression for potential energy of a system of two charges in the absence of external electric field.
Consider 2 point charges q1 & q2 are separated by a distance ‘r’ are as sho in the fig.
∴ The change q1 is bringing from ∞ to given point A, No work done i.e. w1= 0 |||ly the charge q2 is bringing from ∞ to given point ‘B’ against us field q2
∴work is done it is given by
i.e. w2 = vq2
Question 20.
Arrive at an expression for drift velocity.
Controller a metalic conductor is connected to a battery
Let $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}} \rightarrow$ is E.f. setup inside the conductor
m → is mass of electom
e → charge of free elector
Vd → is drift velovity
τ → is ralaxation time
the force experienced by an electron in the field is given by $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}=-\mathrm{e} \overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}}$
-Ve sign shows that divertion of $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}}$ & $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}$ are in apposite each other
Question 21.
State and explain Gauss law in magnetism.
The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero
$\sum \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{As}}=0$
consider a closed surface
S in a uniform
$\mathrm{M} . \mathrm{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}}$ Let $\overrightarrow{\Delta \mathrm{S}}$
be a small area element of this surface with $\hat{n}$
along its normal
Question 22.
Derive the expression for motional emf induced in a conductor moving in a uniform magnetic field.
Consider a straight metallic rod PQ of length ‘t’ placed in a uniform M.F. $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}}$. The rod is moved with a velocity $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{v}}$ is a direction ⊥r to
$\overrightarrow{\mathrm{B}}$ Let the rod moved through a distance ‘x’ in time‘t’ them the area covered by the rod is A= 1 xx The magnetic flux linked with the rod is
Φ = B.A Φ = B1x
∴ The included emf in the rod is
Motional emf (e – Blv)
$\mathrm{v}=\frac{\mathrm{dx}}{\mathrm{dt}}$
Question 23.
With a diagram, explain the working of a transformer.
AC voltage is applied to the primary, it creates a varying M.F. & hence a changing magnetic flux in the core. Since the secondary coil is magnetically coupled, due to the mutual induction the changing flux causes induced emf in it. Thus, the power is transferred from primary to secondary.
Question 24.
What is total internal reflection? Mention two applications of optical fibres.
The phenomena of complete reflection of light at the interface of two optical media when a ray of light travelling in denser medium is called total internal reflection.
• Optical fibre are used in telecommunication
• It is used to measure rate of flow of blood.
Question 25.
What are the matter waves? Write the expression for De – Broglie wavelength of a particle and explain the terms.
The waves associated with material particles in motion is called matter waves. The expression for de Broglie wavelength is $\lambda=\frac{\mathrm{h}}{\mathrm{mv}}$
where
h → is Planck’s constant
m → is mass of moving particle
v → is the velocity of moving particle.
Question 26.
Write three differences between n-type and p-type semiconductors.
P – type S.C.
1. It is a semiconductor doped with trivalent impurities.
2. Majority charge carriers are holes
3. The impurit atom is called acceptor impurity.
n-type S.c
1. It is a semiconductor doped with pentavalent impurities.
2. Majority charge carriers are electron
3. The impurity atom is called Sonar impurity
Part – D
IV. Answer any two of the following questions ( 2 × 5 = 10 )
Question 27.
Derive an expression for the electric field at a point due to an infinitely long thin charged straight wire using Gauss law.
Consider an infinitely long thin straight wive with uniform linear charge q density λ. Let P be a point at ⊥r distance r from the wire.
To calculate the E.F $\overrightarrow{\mathrm{E}}$ at P, imagine a cylindrical Gaussian surface.
∴ The surface area of the] curved part S = 2πrl
Total charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface q = λl
Electric fliix through the end Surfaces of the cylinder is Φ = 0
Electric flux through the curved Surfaces of the cylinder is Φ2 = Ecosθ.s
Φ2 = EX1X2πrl
The total electric flux Φ = Φ1 + Φ2
Φ = 0 + E2πrl, Φ2= 2πrlE …………… 1
A/C to Gauss law,
from (a) and (2)
Question 28.
Obtain the bridge balanced condition of Wheatstone’s bridge network by applying Kirchhoff’s rules.
Wheatstone’s bridge is a device used to determine unknown resistance.
It resistances R1, R2, R3 & R4 a galvanometer of resistance G & a battery with key. Let I is the math current & splits into branch current I1 & I2 respectively
i.e. I = I1 +I2
At B, I1 = I3+ Ig………….(1)
A + D, I2 = 4 + Ig ………. (2)
Apply KVL to the mesh ABDA
I1R1 + igG – I2R2 = o ………….. (3)
to the mesh BCDB
I3R3 – I4R4– IgG = 0 ……………… (4)
The wheatstones bridge is said to be balanced
when no current flowing throught the galvano
meter i.e. Ig 0 ∴ eqn (1) is I1 = I3
eqn(2)is I2 = I4
eqn (3) is I1R1 – I2R2 = 0
∴ I1R1 = I2R2 …………. (5)
eqn (4) is I3R3 – I2R2
∴I3R3 = I4R4 …………………. (6)
Question 29.
Two straight parallel conductors are placed at certain distance in free space. The direction of current in both the conductors is same. Find the magnitude and direction of the force between them. Hence define ampere.
Consider two infinitely long straight parallel condu ctors x & y carrying a current I1 & I2 respectively. Let d is the ⊥r distance between them.
Let I1 is the current flowing through x conductor, it produces a M.F. (B1)
Now the conductor Y carrying current I2 in the M.F.B, it experiences a mehanical force of length 1 is
The direction of force can be obtained using ampere’s left-hand rule.
∴ The force bn. two ||le conductors carrying currents in the same direction is attractive. ||ly the force bn two ||le conductors carrying current in opposite direction is repulsive.
Definition of ampere If I1 = I2 = IA, d=lm them F = 2 × 10-7N.
Ampere is the steady current which when flowing through each of 2 infinitely long straight ||le conductors placed in the air at a distance of lm produces a force of 2 × 10-7 N/m.
V. Answer any two of the following question ( 2 × 5 = 10 )
Question 30.
Derive Lens Maker’s formula for a con vex lens.
Consider a thin convex lens of focal length f & R.I (n) placed in air as shown in fig let R1 & R2 → are the of curvatur of the surfaces ABC & ADC of the respectively.
o → Luminous point object on the principle axis.
A ray op invident at p, after refraction, emerges along QI & meet at I on the principal axis.
Image formution takes place in two stages. (1) Refraction at the surface ABC In the observe of ADC, the refracted ray is meet at I1, then
(2) Refraction at the surface ADC the image I1 acts as a virtual object to form a real image at a distance V, then
Question 31.
Assuming the expression for radius of the orbit, derive an expression for total energy of an electron in hydrogen atom.
Consider an electron of mass m, charge, e revoking around the nucleus of radius of r. The charge on the nucleus + Te.
∴ T.E = KE + P.E
T. E = K + U ………… (1)
For circulation
Centripetal force = Electrostate force bn nucleus & electron.
The Potential energy of the electron is the field o nucleus is
Question 32.
With the help of circuit diagram, explain the working of NPN transistor as a common emitter amplifier.
The circuit diagram of a CE amplifier using NPN transistor is as shown m fit. The input circuit is forward biased & the output circuit is reverse biased when the ac input signal to be amplified is fed to the base-emitter circuit. The output voltage V0 varies in accordance with the relation, V0=VCE =Vcc – IcRc, These variations is the collector voltage VCE uppers as amplified output.
During the -t-ve half cycle of ac input signal the forward base of emitter as junction increase Due to this base current IB increase & hence collector current IC increases. As a result of this ICRC increases output voltage VO this indicates that the +ve half cycle of input ac signal voltage is amplified through -ve half cycle.
During the -ve half cycle of ac input signal, the forward bias of emitter-base junction decreases. Due to this base current IB decreases & hence collector current IC decreases. As a result of this ICRC decreases the. output voltage V0 is +ve. This indicates that the -ve half cycle of input ac signal voltage is amplified through +ve half cycle.
Thus, the weak input signal is amplified & output signal is out of phase with the input signal by 180°
VI. Answer any three of the following questions ( 3 × 5 = 15 )
Question 33.
Charges 2 µ C, 4 µ C and 6 µ C are placed at the three corners A, B and C respectively of a square ABCD of side x metre. Find, what charge must be placed at the fourth corner so that the total potential at the center of the square is 0
In the Δle ABC
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = x2 + x2
AC2 = 2x2
∴ AC = √2 x,.m
Question 34.
A wire having length 2.0m, diameter 1.0 mm and resistivity 1.963 × 10-8 Ω m is connected in series with a battery of emf 3 V and internal resistance 1 Calculate the resistance of the wire and current in the circuit.
Given,
length (l) = 2m
Diameter (D) = 1mm = 1 × 10-3 m
∴ radius (r) = $\frac{\mathrm{D}}{2}$ = 0.5 × 10-3 m
resistivity (f) = 1.963 × 10-8Ωm
E = 3V Internal senstarce (r) = 1 Ω
R=? I = ?
We have,
Question 35.
An inductor and a bulb are connected in series to an AC source of 220 V, 50 Hz. A current of 11A flows in the circuit and phase angle between voltage and current is $\frac{\pi}{4}$ radians. Calculate the impedance and inductance of the circuit.
Given,
Vrms = 220v, f = 50 Hz
Irms = 11A
Φ = $\frac{\pi}{4}$ radian, Z=?, L =?
Question 36.
In Young’s double slit experiment while using a source of light of wavelength
4500 Å, the fringe width is 5mm. 1f the distance between the screen and the plane of the slits ¡s reduced to half, what should be the wavelength of light to get fringe 4 mm?
Given,
wavelength (λ) 45OOA°= 45OO × 10-10 m
fringe width (w) = 5mm = 5 × 10-3 m
D = $\frac { D }{ 2 }$
wavelength (λ1) = ?
fringe width (w1) = 4mm = 4 × 10-3 m
we have, fringe width (w) = $\frac{\lambda \mathrm{D}}{\mathrm{d}}$
5 × 10-3 =4500 × 1010 × $\frac { D }{ d }$
Question 37.
The activity of a radioactive substance is 4700 per minute. Five minutes later the activity is 2700 per minute. Find
a) decay constant and
b) half – life of the radioactive substance. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 27, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8905866146087646, "perplexity": 2390.6928308741567}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657154789.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715003838-20200715033838-00538.warc.gz"} |
https://aeroncookbook.com/agrona/agents-idle-strategies/ | # Agents & Idle Strategies¶
In 2006, Edward A. Lee wrote a tech report titled "The Problem with Threads". In the tech report, he had the following to say:
Threads, as a model of computation, are wildly nondeterministic, and the job of the programmer becomes one of pruning that nondeterminism. Although many research techniques improve the model by offering more effective pruning, I argue that this is approaching the problem backwards. Rather than pruning nondeterminism, we should build from essentially deterministic, composable components. Nondeterminism should be explicitly and judiciously introduced where needed, rather than removed where not needed.
Agrona Agents and Idle Strategies are one way to achieve what he proposes. Agrona Agents – when used alongside Aeron – allow for deterministic, resource managed threads to be built safely, and in a consistent manner that is easy for the developer to reason about.
## Agents¶
Agrona Agents are containers for application logic that execute in a duty cycle, such as processing messages from an Aeron subscription. Agent duty cycle intervals and by extension their CPU consumption are controlled by idle strategies. An Agent can be scheduled on a dedicated thread, or it can be run as part of a composite group of agents on a single thread.
A typical duty cycle will poll the doWork function of an agent until it returns zero. Once the zero is returned, the idle strategy will be called.
Below is a sample agent, showing the duty cycle. The duty cycle will return an integer value $in this case from the combined value from dutyCyclePart1() and and dutyCyclePart2()$. With a typical idle strategy, if the combined value is greater than or larger than zero, it will be returned immediately to execute the next duty cycle. If the value returned is zero, then the idle strategy will execute the selected back off.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 public final class Sample implements Agent { ... public int doWork() { int workCount = 0; workCount += dutyCyclePart1(); workCount += dutyCyclePart2(); return workCount; } ... }
Here's the key part of the Yielding Idle Strategy, showing the key logic where the workCount value is checked. If workCount is zero, the agent backs off.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 public final class YieldingIdleStrategy implements IdleStrategy { ... public void idle(int workCount) { if (workCount <= 0) { Thread.yield(); } } ... }
These Agent and IdleStrategy then come together in the AgentRunner as follows:
public class AgentRunner implements Runnable, AutoCloseable
{
...
public void run()
{
...
while (isRunning)
{
doDutyCycle(idleStrategy, agent);
}
...
}
private void doDutyCycle(final IdleStrategy idleStrategy, final Agent agent)
{
...
final int workCount = agent.doWork();
idleStrategy.idle(workCount);
...
}
...
}
## Idle Strategies¶
Agrona provides a range of idle strategies, however, it is easy to implement a custom one if needed.
Name Implementation Details
SleepingIdleStrategy Uses parkNanos to park the thread for the given time period
SleepingMillisIdleStrategy Uses thread.sleep to idle the thread for the given time period. Good for using when developing locally on a lower spec machine, or with a large number of processes.
BackoffIdleStrategy An aggressive strategy that backs off from spinning to yielding and then to parking for a configurable period of nanos. This is the default strategy for Aeron Cluster.
NoOpIdleStrategy The most aggressive idle strategy available. This never idles.
BusySpinIdleStrategy This will call java.lang.Thread.onSpinWait() if available on the running JVM $i.e. the JVM is running Java 9+$. This provides a weak hint to the CPU that the thread is in a tight loop but busy waiting for something, and the CPU may then assign additional resources to another thread without involving the OS scheduler.
If you want to implement a custom idle strategy, you will need to implement the IdleStrategy interface, which is:
1 2 3 4 5 public interface IdleStrategy { void idle(int count); void idle(); void reset(); }
## Scheduling Agents¶
To start the agent duty cycle, you will need to decide on how it should be scheduled.
• You can have an agent run on a thread supplied by Agrona;
• You can supply a thread factory to run your agent on;
• You can construct a CompositeAgent out of a collection of agents that allows you to then schedule them as a single unit.
Warning
Not all idle strategies are thread safe. It is recommended to generally have a distinct idle strategy per agent that is scheduled.
Once you've decided how to execute the agent, you can start it using an Agent Runner. An example, with the idleStrategy set to one of the idle strategies above, and an agent. Error handler is typically a method accepting a string value and captures errors raised. Error Counter is used to count the errors raised by this agent. The usage of AgentRunner.startOnThread tells Agrona to schedule the agent on a new thread.
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https://rubytree.pl/1608639459+difference-between-silicon-carbide-and-aluminum-oxide-process.html | # difference between silicon carbide and aluminum oxide process
#### Explain why silicon carbide-reinforced alumina is…
Silicon carbide, $\mathrm{SiC}$ , is one of the hardest materials known. Surpassed in hardness only by diamond, it is sometimes known commercially as carborundum. silicon carbide is used primarily as an abrasive for sandpaper and is manufactured by heating common sand (silicon dioxide, $\mathrm{SiO}_{2} )$ with carbon in a furnace.
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#### Difference in Sharpening Stone Materials
Synthetic water stones are generally made of Aluminum Oxide. This is the same abrasive material used in the India stones. However, the difference between the two is the binder that holds the abrasives in the water stone together.
#### Thermal Oxidation Mechanism of Silicon Carbide
eq. (6) correspond to the interfacial oxide growth, the oxide growth inside SiO2, and that on the oxide surface, respectively. The concentrations of Si interstitials and O2 moleculers in SiO Thermal Oxidation Mechanism of Silicon Carbide
#### WO1996008451A1 - Sialon-bonded silicon carbide …
The invention also includes a raw batch and a process for producing the refractory article. A predominantly β''-sialon-bonded silicon carbide refractory article is produced by reaction-nitriding a green body containing a plurality of silicon carbide powders, none having an average particle size greater than about 200 micrometers, a metal oxide oxygen source, fine grained silicon, and a source
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Aluminum oxide ceramic is the most readily available technical ceramic in terms of physical size and also pure aluminum oxide content. Aluminum oxide, commonly known as Alumina, should be the first ceramic to investigate when a designer is considering ceramics as a replacement for current metal appliions or where environment precludes metals due to extreme temperature or electrical or
#### Alumina | chemical compound | Britannica
Alumina, synthetically produced aluminum oxide, Al2O3, a white or nearly colourless crystalline substance that is used as a starting material for the smelting of aluminum metal. It also serves as the raw material for a broad range of advanced ceramic products and
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#### Corrosion characteristics of silicon carbide and silicon nitride
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#### Room Temperature and Reduced Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Carbide …
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#### ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION OF ALUMINUM OXIDE
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#### Processing and Characterization of Silicon Carbide (6H- and 4H …
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#### Sampling and Analytical Methods | Aluminum Oxide in …
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#### And Different Carbide Patents and Patent Appliions …
A porous body comprises one or more materials selected from silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, diamond, graphite, yttrium oxide, and magnesium oxide and has a porosity that is 10 to 50 volume % and a three-point bending strength that is 50
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http://arxiv-export-lb.library.cornell.edu/list/stat/1604?skip=0&show=100 | # Statistics
## Authors and titles for Apr 2016
[ total of 355 entries: 1-100 | 101-200 | 201-300 | 301-355 ]
[ showing 100 entries per page: fewer | more | all ]
[1]
Title: Pointwise Adaptive Estimation of the MarginalDensity of a Weakly Dependent Process
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[2]
Title: A marked renewal process model for the size of a honey bee colony
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
[3]
Title: Spatial Clustering of Curves with Functional Covariates: A Bayesian Partitioning Model with Application to Spectra Radiance in Climate Study
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP)
[4]
Title: A track-before-detect labelled multi-Bernoulli particle filter with label switching
Comments: Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
Journal-ref: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 2123-2138, October 2016
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP); Systems and Control (eess.SY)
[5]
Title: A sequential Monte Carlo approach to Thompson sampling for Bayesian optimization
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Systems and Control (eess.SY)
[6]
Title: Parameter recovery in two-component contamination mixtures: the $\mathbb{L}^2$ strategy
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[7]
Title: On choosing mixture components via non-local priors
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[8]
Title: Fast and exact simulation of complex-valued stationary Gaussian processes through embedding circulant matrix
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[9]
Title: Inferring network structure in non-normal and mixed discrete-continuous genomic data
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[10]
Title: Estimating the interaction graph of stochastic neural dynamics
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[11]
Title: Ordering-Free Inference from Locally Dependent Data
Authors: Kyungchul Song
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[12]
Title: Non-asymptotic results for Cornish--Fisher expansions
Journal-ref: Journal of Mathematical Sciences, October 2016, Volume 218, Issue 3, pp 363--368
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[13]
Title: Nonparametric Conditional Density Estimation in a High-Dimensional Regression Setting
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[14]
Title: On the Conditional Distribution of the Multivariate $t$ Distribution
Authors: Peng Ding
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[15]
Title: Online EM for Functional Data
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[16]
Title: Spatio-temporal Modelling of Temperature Fields in the Pacific Northwest
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP)
[17]
Title: Handling missing data in large healthcare dataset: a case study of unknown trauma outcomes
Journal-ref: Computers in Biology and Medicine, 75 (2016) 203-216
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP)
[18]
Title: Multi-Relational Learning at Scale with ADMM
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
[19]
Title: A constructive definition of the beta process
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[20]
Title: Diagnosing Suboptimal Cotangent Disintegrations in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[21]
Title: Asymptotic Theory of Rerandomization in Treatment-Control Experiments
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Applications (stat.AP)
[22]
Title: SINOMA - A new approach for estimating linear relationships between noisy serial data streams
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP)
[23]
Title: Bayesian Computing with INLA: A Review
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[24]
Title: Geometrically Tempered Hamiltonian Monte Carlo
Subjects: Computation (stat.CO)
[25]
Title: A multivariate nonlinear mixed effects model for longitudinal image analysis: Application to amyloid imaging
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Applications (stat.AP)
[26]
Title: Inference on the tail process with application to financial time series modelling
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[27]
Title: Towards personalized causal inference of medication response in mobile health: an instrumental variable approach for randomized trials with imperfect compliance
Comments: Main text, appendixes, and supplementary materials were re-organized
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP)
[28]
Title: Bayesian Local Extrema Splines
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[29]
Title: A Dynamic Bayesian Network Model for Inventory Level Estimation in Retail Marketing
Comments: Paper is 6 pages (as required by the conference submission rules) and contains 2 figures. Paper will appear on the Proceedings of the 2016 Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[30]
Title: Unbiased Monte Carlo estimation for the expected value of partial perfect information
Authors: Takashi Goda
Subjects: Computation (stat.CO); Methodology (stat.ME)
[31]
Title: Sparse Recovery from Extreme Eigenvalues Deviation Inequalities
Comments: 33 pages, 1 figure, final version
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Information Theory (cs.IT); Probability (math.PR); Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[32]
Title: Functional mixed effects wavelet estimation for spectra of replicated time series
Journal-ref: Electron. J. Statist. Volume 10, Number 2 (2016), 2461-2510
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[33]
Title: NEAT: an efficient network enrichment analysis test
Comments: The original version of the paper is freely available (Open Access) from the editor's website (this https URL)
Journal-ref: BMC Bioinformatics (2016), 17:352
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP); Molecular Networks (q-bio.MN)
[34]
Title: Construction of Simultaneous Confidence Bands for Multiple Logistic Regression Models over Restricted Regions
Authors: Lucy Kerns
Comments: 15 pages, 2 figures in 2016, Statistics: A Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Methodology (stat.ME)
[35]
Title: Confidence Bands for the Logistic and Probit Regression Models Over Intervals
Authors: Lucy Kerns
Comments: 20 pages, 2 figures in 2015, Communication in Statistics - Theory and Methods
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Methodology (stat.ME)
[36]
Title: Fast methods for training Gaussian processes on large data sets
Journal-ref: R. Soc. Open Sci. 3, 160125 (2016)
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Computation (stat.CO); Methodology (stat.ME)
[37]
Title: Bayesian Estimation of the Threshold of a Generalised Pareto Distribution for Heavy-Tailed Observations
Authors: Cristiano Villa
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[38]
Title: Photo-z Estimation: An Example of Nonparametric Conditional Density Estimation under Selection Bias
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP); Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
[39]
Title: Bayesian Optimization with Exponential Convergence
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
[40]
Title: Nonparametric Detection of Geometric Structures over Networks
Comments: Submitted for journal publication in November 2015. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1404.0298
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[41]
Title: Analysis of distributional variation through multi-scale Beta-Binomial modeling
Authors: Li Ma, Jacopo Soriano
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Applications (stat.AP); Computation (stat.CO)
[42]
Title: Picking Winners in Daily Fantasy Sports Using Integer Programming
Subjects: Other Statistics (stat.OT)
[43]
Title: Conjugate Processes: Theory and Application to Risk Forecasting
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Probability (math.PR)
[44]
Title: Comments on: "A Random Forest Guided Tour" by G. Biau and E. Scornet
Authors: Sylvain Arlot (LMO, SELECT), Robin Genuer (ISPED, SISTM)
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Methodology (stat.ME); Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[45]
Title: An Alternative Discrete Skew Logistic Distribution
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[46]
Title: Estimating the treatment effect on the treated under time-dependent confounding in an application to the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[47]
Title: Manifold unwrapping using density ridges
Comments: 43 pages, 29 figures, submitted to the Journal of Machine Learning Research
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[48]
Title: BPEC: An R Package for Bayesian Phylogeographic and Ecological Clustering
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP)
[49]
Title: A Survey on Bayesian Deep Learning
Comments: To appear in ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 2020
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE)
[50]
Title: A phylogenetic latent feature model for clonal deconvolution
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP); Genomics (q-bio.GN)
[51]
Title: A U-statistic Approach to Hypothesis Testing for Structure Discovery in Undirected Graphical Models
Authors: Wacha Bounliphone (L2S, CVN, GALEN), Matthew Blaschko
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[52]
Title: Safe Probability
Authors: Peter Grünwald
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[53]
Title: Statistical sensitiveness for science
Comments: 25 pages, 1 figure, 2 tables, 3 supplemental materials
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Other Statistics (stat.OT)
[54]
Title: Building Ensembles of Adaptive Nested Dichotomies with Random-Pair Selection
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
[55]
Title: When is Nontrivial Estimation Possible for Graphons and Stochastic Block Models?
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
[56]
Title: A projection-based adaptive-to-model test for regressions
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[57]
Title: Robust Modeling Using Non-Elliptically Contoured Multivariate t Distributions
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[58]
Title: Monitoring Chinese Population Migration in Consecutive Weekly Basis from Intra-city scale to Inter-province scale by Didi's Bigdata
Authors: Renyu Zhao
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[59]
Title: An Adaptive Resample-Move Algorithm for Estimating Normalizing Constants
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[60]
Title: A Property of the Kullback--Leibler Divergence for Location-scale Models
Authors: Cristiano Villa
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Methodology (stat.ME)
[61]
Title: Automated Selection of r for the r Largest Order Statistics Approach with Adjustment for Sequential Testing
Comments: 21 pages (with tables and figures), 11 pages without, 6 tables, 7 figures
Journal-ref: Statistics and Computing 27.6 (2017): 1435-1451
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[62]
Title: Adaptive non-parametric instrumental regression in the presence of dependence
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[63]
Title: CopulaDTA: An R Package for Copula Based Bivariate Beta-Binomial Models for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in a Bayesian Framework
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[64]
Title: ANOVA model for network meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy data
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[65]
Title: Automated Threshold Selection for Extreme Value Analysis via Goodness-of-Fit Tests with Application to Batched Return Level Mapping
Comments: 21 pages (text and figures), 27 pages total with reference and title, 9 figures, 1 table
Journal-ref: Ann. Appl. Stat. Volume 12, Number 1 (2018), 310-329
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Applications (stat.AP)
[66]
Title: Tracking Changes in Resilience and Level of Coordination in Terrorist Groups
Comments: 22 pages + 14 pages supplementary material, 6 figures
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP)
[67]
Title: Hankel Matrix Nuclear Norm Regularized Tensor Completion for $N$-dimensional Exponential Signals
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Information Theory (cs.IT); Numerical Analysis (math.NA); Spectral Theory (math.SP); Medical Physics (physics.med-ph)
[68]
Title: Multilevel Weighted Support Vector Machine for Classification on Healthcare Data with Missing Values
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Applications (stat.AP)
[69]
Title: Quantile Processes for Semi and Nonparametric Regression
Comments: To Appear in Electronic Journal of Statistics
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[70]
Title: Structured Correlation Detection with Application to Colocalization Analysis in Dual-Channel Fluorescence Microscopic Imaging
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Applications (stat.AP); Methodology (stat.ME)
[71]
Title: A Unified Framework for Sparse Non-Negative Least Squares using Multiplicative Updates and the Non-Negative Matrix Factorization Problem
Comments: To appear in Signal Processing
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[72]
Title: Box-Cox symmetric distributions and applications to nutritional data
Journal-ref: The final publication is available at Springer (2017)
Subjects: Other Statistics (stat.OT); Methodology (stat.ME)
[73]
Title: Non-parametric indices of dependence between components for inhomogeneous multivariate random measures and marked sets
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[74]
Title: Inference in partially identified models with many moment inequalities using Lasso
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Methodology (stat.ME)
[75]
Title: Bayesian Smooth-and-Match strategy for ordinary differential equations models that are linear in the parameters
Comments: 31 pages, 4 tables, 5 figures
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[76]
Title: Liu-type Negative Binomial Regression: A Comparison of Recent Estimators and Applications
Authors: Yasin Asar
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[77]
Title: Minimax Optimal Procedures for Locally Private Estimation
Comments: 64 pages, 8 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1302.3203
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Information Theory (cs.IT); Methodology (stat.ME)
[78]
Title: The Empirical Likelihood Approach to Quantifying Uncertainty in Sample Average Approximation
Authors: Henry Lam, Enlu Zhou
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[79]
Title: Hypothesis Testing via Affine Detectors
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[80]
Title: Species richness estimation with high diversity but spurious singletons
Authors: Amy Willis
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[81]
Title: Grid Based Nonlinear Filtering Revisited: Recursive Estimation & Asymptotic Optimality
Comments: 38 pages. To appear in the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Information Theory (cs.IT); Optimization and Control (math.OC); Methodology (stat.ME); Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[82]
Title: Online Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with Outliers
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Information Theory (cs.IT); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Optimization and Control (math.OC); Methodology (stat.ME)
[83]
Title: Program Evaluation with Right-Censored Data
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Econometrics (econ.EM)
[84]
Title: Hypergraphs in the characterization of regular vine copula structures
Comments: Presented on the XIII-th Conference on Mathematics and its Applications, University "Politehnica" of Timisoara, Romania, November, 1-3, 2012
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[85]
Title: Distance for Functional Data Clustering Based on Smoothing Parameter Commutation
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Applications (stat.AP); Machine Learning (stat.ML)
[86]
Title: Identifying the Spectral Representation of Hilbertian Time Series
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[87]
Title: A plug-in bandwidth selection procedure for long run covariance estimation with stationary functional time series
Subjects: Computation (stat.CO); Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[88]
Title: Generalized R-squared for Detecting Dependence
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[89]
Title: Active Learning for Online Recognition of Human Activities from Streaming Videos
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
[90]
Title: Gaussian Process Domain Experts for Model Adaptation in Facial Behavior Analysis
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
[91]
Title: Equivariant adjusted least squares estimator in two-line fitting model
Authors: Sergiy Shklyar
Comments: Published at this http URL in the Modern Stochastics: Theory and Applications (this https URL) by VTeX (this http URL)
Journal-ref: Modern Stochastics: Theory and Applications 2016, Vol. 3, No. 1, 19-45
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Probability (math.PR)
[92]
Title: Variational Latent Gaussian Process for Recovering Single-Trial Dynamics from Population Spike Trains
Journal-ref: Neural Computation, May 2017, Vol. 29, No. 5 , Pages: 1293-1316
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
[93]
Title: Estimating an NBA player's impact on his team's chances of winning
Comments: To appear in the Journal of Quantitative Analysis of Sport
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP)
[94]
Title: Scalar-on-Image Regression via the Soft-Thresholded Gaussian Process
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME); Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[95]
Title: On the connection between cherry-tree copulas and truncated R-vine copulas
Subjects: Methodology (stat.ME)
[96]
Title: Confidence Decision Trees via Online and Active Learning for Streaming (BIG) Data
Authors: Rocco De Rosa
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
[97]
Title: Using Extreme Value Theory for Determining the Probability of Carrington-Like Solar Flares
Comments: 13 pages, 4 figures; updated content following reviewer feedback
Subjects: Applications (stat.AP); Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR); Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)
[98]
Title: A Convex Surrogate Operator for General Non-Modular Loss Functions
Authors: Jiaqian Yu (CVC, GALEN), Matthew Blaschko
Comments: in The 19th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, May 2016, Cadiz, Spain
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
[99]
Title: A statistical learning strategy for closed-loop control of fluid flows
Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Optimization and Control (math.OC); Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
[100]
Title: The Matrix Generalized Inverse Gaussian Distribution: Properties and Applications | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4539603590965271, "perplexity": 16592.10630616126}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212959.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923211300-20200924001300-00351.warc.gz"} |
https://gitlab.mpi-sws.org/iris/iris/commit/c2be88542af620f1521aefd6bde035cdebcb72d1 | Commit c2be8854 by Ralf Jung
### docs: rename some section labels
parent d4316b8a
... ... @@ -253,7 +253,8 @@ We obtain the following frame-preserving update: % \end{proof} \subsection{Authoritative}\label{sec:auth} \subsection{Authoritative} \label{sec:auth-cmra} Given a CMRA $M$, we construct a monoid $\authm(M)$ modeling someone owning an \emph{authoritative} element $x$ of $M$, and others potentially owning fragments $\melt \le_M x$ of $x$. We assume that $M$ has a unit $\munit$, and hence its core is total. ... ... @@ -286,7 +287,7 @@ We then obtain \end{mathpar} \subsection{STS with tokens} \label{sec:stsmon} \label{sec:sts-cmra} Given a state-transition system~(STS, \ie a directed graph) $(\STSS, {\stsstep} \subseteq \STSS \times \STSS)$, a set of tokens $\STST$, and a labeling $\STSL: \STSS \ra \wp(\STST)$ of \emph{protocol-owned} tokens for each state, we construct an RA modeling an authoritative current state and permitting transitions given a \emph{bound} on the current state and a set of \emph{locally-owned} tokens. ... ...
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Finish editing this message first! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9992621541023254, "perplexity": 6274.534215845304}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00369.warc.gz"} |
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cagr.asp | ## What Is Compound Annual Growth Rate – CAGR?
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is the rate of return that would be required for an investment to grow from its beginning balance to its ending balance, assuming the profits were reinvested at the end of each year of the investment’s lifespan.
## Formula and Calculation of CAGR
\begin{aligned} &CAGR=\left(\frac{EB}{BB}\right)^{\frac{1}{n}}-1\\ &\textbf{where:}\\ &EB = \text{Ending balance}\\ &BB = \text{Beginning balance}\\ &n = \text{Number of years} \end{aligned}
To calculate the CAGR of an investment:
1. Divide the value of an investment at the end of the period by its value at the beginning of that period.
2. Raise the result to an exponent of one divided by the number of years.
3. Subtract one from the subsequent result.
### Key Takeaways
• CAGR is one of the most accurate ways to calculate and determine returns for anything that can rise or fall in value over time.
• Investors can compare the CAGR of two alternatives in order to evaluate how well one stock performed against other stocks in a peer group or against a market index.
• CAGR does not reflect investment risk.
## What CAGR Can Tell You
The compound annual growth rate isn't a true return rate, but rather a representational figure. It is essentially a number that describes the rate at which an investment would have grown if it had grown the same rate every year and the profits were reinvested at the end of each year. In reality, this sort of performance is unlikely. However, CAGR can be used to smooth returns so that they may be more easily understood when compared to alternative investments.
## Example of How to Use CAGR
Imagine you invested $10,000 in a portfolio with the returns outlined below: • From Jan 1, 2014, to Jan 1, 2015, your portfolio grew to$13,000 (or 30% in year one).
• On Jan 1, 2016, the portfolio was $14,000 (or 7.69% from Jan 2015 to Jan 2016). • On Jan 1, 2017, the portfolio ended with$19,000 (or 35.71% from Jan 2016 to Jan 2017).
We can see that on an annual basis, the year-to-year growth rates of the investment portfolio were quite different as shown in the parenthesis.
On the other hand, the compound annual growth rate smooths the investment’s performance and ignores the fact that 2014 and 2016 were so different from 2015. The CAGR over that period was 23.86% and can be calculated as follows:
$CAGR=\left(\frac{\19,000}{\10,000}\right )^{\frac{1}{3}}-1=23.86\%$
The compound annual growth rate of 23.86% over the three-year investment period can help an investor compare alternatives for their capital or make forecasts of future values. For example, imagine an investor is comparing the performance of two investments that are uncorrelated. In any given year during the period, one investment may be rising while the other falls. This could be the case when comparing high-yield bonds to stocks, or a real estate investment to emerging markets. Using CAGR would smooth the annual return over the period so the two alternatives would be easier to compare.
The compound annual growth rate can be used to calculate the average growth of a single investment. As we saw in our example above, due to market volatility, the year-to-year growth of an investment will likely appear erratic and uneven. For example, an investment may increase in value by 8% in one year, decrease in value by -2% the following year and increase in value by 5% in the next. CAGR helps smooth returns when growth rates are expected to be volatile and inconsistent.
### Compare Investments
CAGR can be used to compare investments of different types with one another. For example, suppose in 2013 an investor placed $10,000 into an account for 5 years with a fixed annual interest rate of 1% and another$10,000 into a stock mutual fund. The rate of return in the stock fund will be uneven over the next few years so a comparison between the two investments would be difficult.
Assume that at the end of the five-year period, the savings account’s balance is $10,510.10 and, although the other investment has grown unevenly, the ending balance in the stock fund was$15,348.52. Using CAGR to compare the two investments can help an investor understand the difference in returns:
$\text{Savings Account CAGR} =\, \left ( \frac{\ 10,510.10}{\ 10,000} \right )^{\frac{1}{5}}-1 = 1.00\%$
And:
$\text{Stock fund CAGR} =\, \left ( \frac{\ 15,348.52}{\ 10,000} \right )^{\frac{1}{5}}-1 = 8.95\%$
On the surface, the stock fund may look like a better investment with nearly nine times the return of the savings account. On the other hand, one of the drawbacks to CAGR is that by smoothing the returns, CAGR cannot tell an investor how volatile or risky the stock fund was.
### Track Performance
CAGR can also be used to track the performance of various business measures of one or multiple companies alongside one another. For example, over a five-year period, Big-Sale Stores’ market share CAGR was 1.82%, but its customer satisfaction CAGR over the same period was -0.58%. In this way, comparing the CAGRs of measures within a company reveals strengths and weaknesses.
### Detect Weaknesses and Strengths
Comparing CAGRs of business activities across similar companies will help evaluate competitive weaknesses and strengths. For example, Big-Sale’s customer satisfaction CAGR might not seem so low when compared with SuperFast Cable’s customer satisfaction CAGR of -6.31% during the same period.
## Investor Use of CAGR
Understanding the formula used to calculate CAGR is an introduction to many other ways investors evaluate past returns or estimate future profits. The formula can be manipulated algebraically into a formula to find the present value or future value of money, or to calculate a hurdle rate of return.
For example, imagine that an investor knows that they need $50,000 for a child’s college education in 18 years and they have$15,000 to invest today. How much does the average rate of return need to be in order to reach that objective? The CAGR calculation can be used to find the answer to this question as follows:
$\text{Required Return} =\, \left ( \frac{\ 50,000}{\ 15,000} \right )^{\frac{1}{18}}-1 = 6.90\%$
## CAGR vs. IRR
The CAGR measures the return on an investment over a certain period of time. The internal rate of return (IRR) also measures investment performance but is more flexible than CAGR.
The most important distinction is that CAGR is straightforward enough that it can be calculated by hand. In contrast, more complicated investments and projects, or those that have many different cash inflows and outflows, are best evaluated using IRR. To back into the IRR rate, a financial calculator, Excel, or portfolio accounting system is ideal.
## Example of How to Use CAGR
Let’s say an investor bought 100 shares of Amazon.com (AMZN) stock in December 2015 at $650 per share, for a total investment of$65,000. After 3 years, in December 2018, the stock has risen to $1,750 per share, and the investor’s investment is now worth$175,000. What is the compound annual growth rate?
Using the CAGR formula, we know that we need the:
• Ending Balance: $175,000 • Beginning Balance:$65,000
• Number of Years: 3
So to calculate the CAGR for this simple example we'd enter that data into the formula as follows:
$\text{CAGR for Amazon} =\, \left ( \frac{\ 175,000}{\ 65,000} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}}-1 = 39.12\%$
This tells us that the compound annual growth rate for the investment in Amazon is 39.12%. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 7, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5066859722137451, "perplexity": 1324.6367930930298}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143646.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218085715-20200218115715-00277.warc.gz"} |
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?f=117&t=49610&p=179063 | ## shrodinger equation
$H_{\psi }=E_{\psi }$
1-D: $E_{TOTAL}\psi (x)=E_{k}\psi (x)+V(x)\psi(x)=-\frac{h^{2}}{8\pi ^{2}m}\frac{d^{2}\psi(x)}{dx^{2}}+V(x)\psi(x)$
halle young 4A
Posts: 68
Joined: Thu Jul 11, 2019 12:16 am
### shrodinger equation
I know we won't have to do calculations with this equation, but conceptually can someone go over what the equation does? I am still a bit confused on what it means.
thanks
A Raab 1K
Posts: 56
Joined: Sat Aug 24, 2019 12:16 am
### Re: shrodinger equation
I think it just describes the wave function or a path that a given system will take. It has to do with potential energy and kinetic energy to find the total energy, and using it to find the behavior of an electron bound to a nucleus.
Camellia Liu 1J
Posts: 51
Joined: Sat Aug 24, 2019 12:15 am
### Re: shrodinger equation
Shrodinger's equation basically defines a wave function of a particle that has a certain value at any given time for certain points in space. It also helps specify how the waves are altered by external forces.
The equation is HΨ=EΨ,
where Ψ represents the height of a wave at position x, y, z and
Ψ^2 represents the probability of finding an electron
so change in Ψ(x, y, z) = energy (x, y, z)
ValerieChavarin 4F
Posts: 99
Joined: Wed Sep 18, 2019 12:18 am
### Re: shrodinger equation
Emma Popescu 1L
Posts: 105
Joined: Wed Sep 11, 2019 12:16 am
### Re: shrodinger equation
The Schrodinger equation is used to calculate both the wavefunction and the corresponding energy. There is a lot of information about it in Topic 1C in the textbook but we do not need to read that section. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8748894333839417, "perplexity": 1272.73013766335}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538741.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123222657-20210124012657-00453.warc.gz"} |
https://www.lexifi.com/blog/ocaml/mixin/ | # Mixin objects
Alain Frisch 2013-06-14
The “O” part of OCaml is not very popular amongst OCaml developers and many of them explain (with some pride) that they avoid any contact with the OO sublanguage altogether.
In this post, I’ll try to restore the image of classes and objects in OCaml by showing some interesting use cases for them. And I won’t even mention the obvious and typical use of objects in GUI frameworks! (Doh, I just did it!)
Let’s assume one wants to model a variety of different business concepts of a given domain as OCaml types. I’ll take “financial instruments” as examples, because this is the domain of expertise of LexiFi, but the examples won’t even mention our generic approach to describing the semantics of financial contracts (our “contract algebra”). Each instrument will be described by an OCaml data type storing its parameters. Let’s define the parameters for a simple instrument:
(* Some global mocked-up definition *)
type date = int
type underlying = string
let fixing (_ : underlying) (_ : date) = 0.
(* A function which returns the value observed on the market,
on a given date, for a given underlying. *)
(* The parameters for a capital protected instrument *)
type capital_protected =
{
start_date: date;
end_date: date;
underlying: underlying;
participation: float;
notional: float;
}
This instrument is assumed to pay on end_date a cash flow whose amount is obtained from the following:
• We define “final_performance” as the ratio between the value of the underlying on the end_date and its value on the start_date, minus 1.
• The paid amount is the notional if the final performance is negative, and “notional + participation * final_performance” otherwise.
We can write a function which computes the list of cash flows (as list of pairs (payment_date, amount)) for this instrument:
let cash_flows_of_capital_protected
{
start_date;
end_date;
underlying;
participation;
notional;
} =
let final_performance =
fixing underlying end_date /. fixing underlying start_date -. 1.
in
[ (end_date,
notional *. (1. +. max 0. (participation *. final_performance))) ]
## Returning several results
But maybe we are interested in also getting the final_performance, for reporting purposes. To avoid code duplication, we can do:
let final_performance_of_capital_protected
{start_date; end_date; underlying; _} =
fixing underlying end_date /. fixing underlying start_date -. 1.
let cash_flows_of_capital_protected
({end_date; participation; notional; _} as params) =
let final_performance = final_performance_of_capital_protected params in
[ (end_date,
notional *. (1. +. max 0. (participation *. final_performance))) ]
This is not very nice, because we loose the static check that all parameters are indeed used (warning 27). For instance, if we forget to bind (and use) the participation field, we get no warning from the compiler. Another solution is to return both the cash flows and the final performance together. While we are at it, let’s also return the initial and final values of the underlying:
let capital_protected
{start_date; end_date; underlying; participation; notional} =
let initial_value = fixing underlying start_date in
let final_value = fixing underlying end_date in
let final_performance = final_value /. initial_value -. 1. in
let cash_flows =
[ (end_date,
notional *. (1. +. max 0. (participation *. final_performance))) ]
in
initial_value, final_value, final_performance, cash_flows
But now, if we are only interested in computing the final_performance, we also end up computing the cash flows, which, in a more complex example, might be costly or even impossible (the computation could raise an exception). With objects, we could write:
let capital_protected
{
start_date;
end_date;
underlying;
participation;
notional;
} =
object(this)
method initial_value = fixing underlying start_date
method final_value = fixing underlying end_date
method final_performance =
(this # final_value) /. (this # initial_value) -. 1.
method cash_flows =
[ (end_date,
notional *. (1. +. max 0. (participation *. (this # final_performance)))) ]
end
Contrary to using a tuple or records to return the various “results”, we get the following advantages from using objects:
• Only the results which are requested are actually computed.
• If more results have to be returned, this won’t usually change the call sites.
• Because of the nominal nature of objects, it is possible to write polymorphic functions which can operate on the objects created by different instruments, as long as they all define the required methods.
An an illustration of the last point, the function below works on any instrument defining final_value and cash_flows.
let show o =
Printf.printf "Final value: %f\n" (o # final_value);
Printf.printf "Number of cash flows: %i\n" (List.length (o # cash_flows))
The astute reader will remark that in the example above, if we want to get both the final_value and the final_performance, the final_value method will be called twice, resulting in duplicated computation. Using a variant of the code in this blog post, let’s define:
let memoize_obj (o : < .. >) =
let o = Obj.repr o in
let meths = Obj.dup (Obj.field o 0) in
Obj.set_field o 0 meths;
let nmeths : int = Obj.magic (Obj.field meths 0) in
for i = 0 to nmeths - 1 do
let idx = i * 2 + 2 in
let old_f : Obj.t -> Obj.t = Obj.magic (Obj.field meths idx) in
let memo = lazy (old_f o) in
let new_f self = if self == o then Lazy.force memo else old_f self in
Obj.set_field meths idx (Obj.repr new_f);
done
class memoized = object(this)
initializer memoize_obj this
end
I won’t go into the details, but the effect of inheriting from this class (with an empty interface) is that the resulting object gets a “memoized” semantics for its methods. So let’s add inherit memoized to the capital_protected object above, and we’re done: the returned object will evaluate each of its method at most once.
## Sharing common behavior
Now let’s assume that the end_date can be specified either explicitly or as a shift from the start_date:
type from_start_date = [Explicit of date | N_days_after_start_date of int]
type capital_protected =
{
start_date: date;
end_date: from_start_date;
underlying: underlying;
participation: float;
notional: float;
}
let capital_protected
{
start_date;
end_date;
underlying;
participation;
notional;
} =
object(this)
inherit memoized
method end_date =
match end_date with
| Explicit t -> t
| N_days_after_start_date n -> start_date + n
method initial_value = fixing underlying start_date
method final_value = fixing underlying (this # end_date)
method final_performance =
(this # final_value) /. (this # initial_value) -. 1.
method cash_flows =
[ (end_date,
notional *. (1. +. max 0. (participation *. (this # final_performance)))) ]
end
If we have other instruments with both a start_date and an end_date, it is likely that they will share the same logic to compute the actual end_date. So we would like to factorise this piece of code. With objects, this can be done like that:
class virtual end_date_from_start_date end_date =
object(this)
method virtual start_date: date
method end_date =
match end_date with
| Explicit t -> t
| N_days_after_start_date n -> this # start_date + n
end
let capital_protected
{
start_date;
end_date;
underlying;
participation;
notional;
} =
object(this)
inherit memoized
inherit end_date_from_start_date end_date
method start_date = start_date
method initial_value = fixing underlying (this # start_date)
method final_value = fixing underlying (this # end_date)
method final_performance =
(this # final_value) /. (this # initial_value) -. 1.
method cash_flows =
[ (this # end_date,
notional *. (1. +. max 0. (participation *. (this # final_performance)))) ]
end
We have introduced a reusable “end_date_from_start_date” class. It could be used in another instrument which has the same logic for defining the actual end_date. Note how the “start_date” is passed to this virtual class, not as a parameter, but as a virtual method. This kind of class is often referred to as a “mixin”.
Let’s introduce some more such reusable classes:
(* mixin for products with a notional *)
class notional (x : float_ =
object
method notional = x
end
(* mixin for products with a start date *)
class start_date (x : date) =
object
method start_date = x
end
(* mixin for products with a single underlying *)
class single_underlying (x : underlying) =
object
method value_on = fixing x
end
(* mixin for performance products *)
class virtual performance_product =
object(this)
method virtual start_date: date
method virtual end_date: date
method virtual value_on: date -> float
method initial_value = this # value_on (this # start_date)
method final_value = this # value_on (this # end_date)
method final_performance =
this # final_value /. this # initial_value -. 1.
end
(* mixin for products with a single final cash flow
obtained by scaling a payoff formula by a notional *)
class virtual final_payoff =
object(this)
method virtual end_date: date
method virtual notional: float
method virtual product_formula: float
method cash_flows =
[ (this # end_date,
(this # notional) *. (this # product_formula)) ]
end
let capital_protected {start_date; end_date; underlying; participation; notional} =
object(this)
inherit memoized
inherit end_date_from_start_date end_date
inherit performance_product
inherit final_payoff
inherit notional notional
inherit single_underlying underlying
inherit start_date start_date
method product_formula =
1. +. max 0. (participation *. (this # final_performance))
end
The plumbing is quite light: since the start_date value is passed as a method, it is available for the two reusable classes which require it (end_date_from_start_date and performance_product); and the end_date produced by one class is available to the two other classes which require it. And now, we can easily define other instruments which reuse some or all of these classes. For instance, one can define a variant of the capital_protected with a cap:
type capital_protected_with_cap =
{
start_date: date;
end_date: from_start_date;
underlying: underlying;
participation: float;
notional: float;
cap: float;
}
let capital_protected_with_cap {start_date; end_date; underlying; participation; notional; cap} =
object(this)
inherit memoized
inherit end_date_from_start_date end_date
inherit performance_product
inherit final_payoff
inherit notional notional
inherit single_underlying underlying
inherit start_date start_date
method product_formula =
1. +. max 0. (min cap (participation *. (this # final_performance)))
end
Since the “capital_protected” and the “capital_protected_with_cap” both inherit from the same mixins, we could have created a “meta mixin” simply combining all these mixins (or a subset):
class vanilla_product ~start_date ~end_date ~underlying ~notional =
object
inherit memoized
inherit end_date_from_start_date end_date
inherit performance_product
inherit final_payoff
inherit notional notional
inherit single_underlying underlying
inherit start_date start_date
end
let capital_protected {start_date; end_date; underlying; participation; notional} =
object(this)
inherit vanilla_product ~start_date ~end_date ~underlying ~notional
method product_formula =
1. +. max 0. (participation *. (this # final_performance))
end
let capital_protected_with_cap {start_date; end_date; underlying; participation; notional; cap} =
object(this)
inherit vanilla_product ~start_date ~end_date ~underlying ~notional
method product_formula =
1. +. max 0. (min cap (participation *. (this # final_performance)))
end
Let’s create another variant where the notional is derived from the initial value of the underlying:
type capital_protected_unit =
{
start_date: date;
end_date: from_start_date;
underlying: underlying;
participation: float;
}
let capital_protected_unit {start_date; end_date; underlying; participation} =
object(this)
inherit memoized
inherit end_date_from_start_date end_date
inherit performance_product
inherit final_payoff
inherit single_underlying underlying
inherit start_date start_date
method notional = this # initial_value
method product_formula =
1. +. max 0. (min participation *. (this # final_performance))
end
And yet another variant where the performance is based on a basket of underlyings. Since this notion of basket is quite common in many instruments, we can again factorise its support in a reusable class:
type capital_protected_basket =
{
start_date: date;
end_date: from_start_date;
underlyings: (float * underlying) list;
participation: float;
notional: float;
}
object(this)
method virtual start_date: date
method value_on t =
List.fold_left (fun x (w, u) -> x +. w *. fixing u t /. fixing u (this # start_date)) 0. composition
end
let capital_protected_basket {start_date; end_date; underlyings; participation; notional} =
object(this)
inherit memoized
inherit end_date_from_start_date end_date
inherit performance_product
inherit final_payoff
inherit notional notional
inherit start_date start_date
method product_formula =
1. +. max 0. (participation *. (this # final_performance))
end
Yet another example of an Asian call, paying the arithmetic average of the underlying observed on several dates, minus a strike, floored at 0. The notion of Asian product (= arithmetic average) being quite common, we can factorise it:
type asian_call =
{
underlying: underlying;
fixing_dates: date list;
end_date: date;
strike: float;
notional: float;
}
class virtual asian dates =
object(this)
method virtual value_on: date -> float
method average = List.fold_left (+.) 0. (List.map (this # value_on) dates)
/. float (List.length dates)
end
let asian_call_basket {underlying; fixing_dates; end_date; strike; notional} =
object(this)
inherit memoized
inherit final_payoff
inherit asian fixing_dates
inherit single_underlying underlying
inherit notional notional
method end_date = end_date
method product_formula = max 0. (this # average -. strike)
end
Note that for this example, we have decided to make the end_date explicit again (because there is no start_date). And now, we can create an “Asian call” on a basket of underlying performances:
type asian_call_basket =
{
underlyings: (float * underlying) list;
fixing_dates: date list;
start_date: date;
end_date: from_start_date;
strike: float;
notional: float;
}
let asian_call_basket {underlyings; fixing_dates; start_date; end_date; strike; notional} =
object(this)
inherit memoized
inherit final_payoff
inherit asian fixing_dates
inherit end_date_from_start_date end_date
inherit start_date start_date
inherit notional notional
method product_formula = max 0. (this # average -. strike)
end
This is a bit lengthy, but it illustrates a possible approach to organise a library of similar “things” sharing some common concepts, and from which we need to derive some attributes, using common formulas. By abstracting such common computations into reusable classes, and passing information around through (virtual) methods, a lot of the required plumbing comes from free.
A nice property of factorising the code like that is that it becomes very lightweight to add more attributes. For instance, we can extend the performance_product mixin to return the “current” value and performance (between the start_date and a global “today” reference):
class virtual performance_product =
object(this)
method virtual start_date: date
method virtual end_date: date
method virtual value_on: date -> float
method initial_value = this # value_on (this # start_date)
method final_value = this # value_on (this # end_date)
method final_performance =
this # final_value /. this # initial_value -. 1.
method current_value = this # value_on !today
method current_performance =
(this # current_value /. this # initial_value) -. 1
end
All the instruments which inherit from this mixin gets the two new attributes, without any extra plumbing.
The examples above are a bit tedious, because the factorised computations are simple enough that we don’t gain a lot by sharing same, but I hope they convey the idea. If you try to write the same examples, with the same amount of code sharing, without objects, you’ll end up with some very tedious code which does mostly plumbing (passing data to functions, extracting their result from record or tuple fields).
LexiFi • 892 rue Yves Kermen • F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt • France | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.464446097612381, "perplexity": 25812.871617421857}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825098.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213193633-20181213215133-00534.warc.gz"} |
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01263358 | # The generalized density approach in progressive enlargement of filtrations
* Auteur correspondant
Abstract : Motivated by credit risk modelling, we consider a type of default times whose probability law can have atoms, where standard intensity and density hypotheses in the enlargement of filtrations are not satisfied. We propose a generalized density approach in order to treat such random times in the framework of progressive enlargement of filtrations. We determine the compensator process of the random time and study the martingale and semimartingale processes in the enlarged filtration which are important for the change of probability measures and the evaluation of credit derivatives. The generalized density approach can also be applied to model simultaneous default events in the multi-default setting.
Keywords :
Type de document :
Article dans une revue
Electronic Journal of Probability, Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS), 2015, 20, pp.85. <10.1214/EJP.v20-3296>
Domaine :
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01263358
Contributeur : Gestionnaire Hal-Upmc <>
Soumis le : mercredi 27 janvier 2016 - 16:39:00
Dernière modification le : mardi 11 octobre 2016 - 14:02:45
Document(s) archivé(s) le : jeudi 28 avril 2016 - 11:22:11
### Fichier
3296-22621-1-PB.pdf
Publication financée par une institution
### Citation
Ying Jiao, Shanqiu Li. The generalized density approach in progressive enlargement of filtrations. Electronic Journal of Probability, Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS), 2015, 20, pp.85. <10.1214/EJP.v20-3296>. <hal-01263358>
Consultations de
la notice
## 85
Téléchargements du document | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9003580212593079, "perplexity": 5543.228771611724}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189090.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00518-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/browse?value=Zavatarelli,%20S.&type=author | Viser treff 1-1 av 1
• Detection of low energy antiproton annihilations in a segmented silicon detector
(Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2014-06)
The goal of the AEḡIS experiment at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) at CERN, is to measure directly the Earth’s gravitational acceleration on antimatter by measuring the free fall of a pulsed, cold antihydrogen beam. The ... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9626266360282898, "perplexity": 10120.840916885036}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663006341.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527205437-20220527235437-00153.warc.gz"} |
https://www.jepusto.com/clubsandwich-for-rve-meta-analysis/ | # The clubSandwich package for meta-analysis with RVE
I’ve recently been working on small-sample correction methods for hypothesis tests in linear regression models with cluster-robust variance estimation. My colleague (and grad-schoolmate) Beth Tipton has developed small-sample adjustments for t-tests (of single regression coefficients) in the context of meta-regression models with robust variance estimation, and together we have developed methods for multiple-contrast hypothesis tests. We have an R package (called clubSandwich) that implements all this stuff, not only for meta-regression models but also for other models and contexts where cluster-robust variance estimation is often used.
The alpha-version of the package is currently available on Github. See the Github README for instructions on how to install it in R. Below I demonstrate how to use the package to get robust variance estimates, t-tests, and F-tests, all with small-sample corrections. The example uses a dataset of effect sizes from a Campbell Collaboration systematic review of dropout prevention programs, conducted by Sandra Jo Wilson and her colleagues.
The original analysis included a meta-regression with covariates that capture methodological, participant, and program characteristics. I’ll use a regression specification that is similar to Model III from Wilson et al. (2011), but treat the evaluator_independence and implementation_quality variables as categorical rather than interval-level; the original analysis clustered at the level of the sample (some studies reported results from multiple samples), whereas I will cluster at the study level. I fit the model two ways, first using the robumeta package and then using metafor.
#### robumeta model
options(width=150)
library(robumeta)
library(clubSandwich)
data(dropoutPrevention)
m3_robu <- robu(LOR1 ~ study_design + attrition + group_equivalence + adjusted
+ outcome + evaluator_independence
+ male_pct + white_pct + average_age
+ implementation_quality + program_site + duration + service_hrs,
data = dropoutPrevention, studynum = studyID, var.eff.size = varLOR,
modelweights = "HIER")
print(m3_robu)
## RVE: Hierarchical Effects Model with Small-Sample Corrections
##
## Model: LOR1 ~ study_design + attrition + group_equivalence + adjusted + outcome + evaluator_independence + male_pct + white_pct + average_age + implementation_quality + program_site + duration + service_hrs
##
## Number of clusters = 152
## Number of outcomes = 385 (min = 1 , mean = 2.53 , median = 1 , max = 30 )
## Omega.sq = 0.24907
## Tau.sq = 0.1024663
##
## Estimate StdErr t-value dfs P(|t|>) 95% CI.L 95% CI.U Sig
## 1 X.Intercept. 0.016899 0.615399 0.0275 16.9 0.97841541 -1.28228 1.31608
## 2 study_designNon.random..non.matched -0.002626 0.185142 -0.0142 40.5 0.98875129 -0.37667 0.37141
## 3 study_designRandomized -0.086872 0.140044 -0.6203 38.6 0.53869676 -0.37024 0.19650
## 4 attrition 0.118889 0.247228 0.4809 15.5 0.63732597 -0.40666 0.64444
## 5 group_equivalence 0.502463 0.195838 2.5657 28.7 0.01579282 0.10174 0.90318 **
## 7 outcomeenrolled 0.097059 0.139842 0.6941 16.5 0.49727848 -0.19862 0.39274
## 8 outcomegraduation 0.147643 0.134938 1.0942 30.2 0.28253825 -0.12786 0.42315
## 9 outcomegraduation.ged 0.258034 0.169134 1.5256 16.3 0.14632629 -0.10006 0.61613
## 10 evaluator_independenceIndirect..influential -0.765085 0.399109 -1.9170 6.2 0.10212896 -1.73406 0.20389
## 11 evaluator_independencePlanning -0.920874 0.346536 -2.6574 5.6 0.04027061 -1.78381 -0.05794 **
## 12 evaluator_independenceDelivery -0.916673 0.304303 -3.0124 4.7 0.03212299 -1.71432 -0.11903 **
## 13 male_pct 0.167965 0.181538 0.9252 16.4 0.36824526 -0.21609 0.55202
## 14 white_pct 0.022915 0.149394 0.1534 21.8 0.87950385 -0.28704 0.33287
## 15 average_age 0.037102 0.027053 1.3715 21.2 0.18458247 -0.01913 0.09333
## 16 implementation_qualityPossible.problems 0.411779 0.128898 3.1946 26.7 0.00358205 0.14714 0.67642 ***
## 17 implementation_qualityNo.apparent.problems 0.658570 0.123874 5.3164 34.6 0.00000635 0.40699 0.91015 ***
## 18 program_sitemixed 0.444384 0.172635 2.5741 28.6 0.01550504 0.09109 0.79768 **
## 19 program_siteschool.classroom 0.426658 0.159773 2.6704 37.4 0.01115192 0.10303 0.75028 **
## 20 program_siteschool..outside.of.classroom 0.262517 0.160519 1.6354 30.1 0.11236814 -0.06525 0.59028
## 21 duration 0.000427 0.000873 0.4895 36.7 0.62736846 -0.00134 0.00220
## 22 service_hrs -0.003434 0.005012 -0.6852 36.7 0.49752503 -0.01359 0.00672
## ---
## Signif. codes: < .01 *** < .05 ** < .10 *
## ---
## Note: If df < 4, do not trust the results
Note that robumeta produces small-sample corrected standard errors and t-tests, and so there is no need to repeat those calculations with clubSandwich. The evaluator_independence variable has four levels, and it might be of interest to test whether the average program effects differ by the degree of evaluator independence. The null hypothesis in this case is that the 10th, 11th, and 12th regression coefficients are all equal to zero. A small-sample adjusted F-test for this hypothesis can be obtained as follows. (The vcov = "CR2" option means that the standard errors will be corrected using the bias-reduced linearization method proposed by McCaffrey, Bell, and Botts, 2001.)
Wald_test(m3_robu, constraints = 10:12, vcov = "CR2")
## Test F d.f. p.val
## HTZ 2.78 16.8 0.0732
By default, the Wald_test function provides an F-type test with degrees of freedom estimated using the approximate Hotelling’s $T^2_Z$ method. The test has less than 17 degrees of freedom, even though there are 152 independent studies in the data, and has a p-value of .07, so not-quite-significant at conventional levels. The low degrees of freedom are a consequence of the fact that one of the levels of evaluator independence has only a few effect sizes in it:
table(dropoutPrevention$evaluator_independence) ## ## Independent Indirect, influential Planning Delivery ## 6 33 43 303 #### metafor model Our package also works with models fit using the metafor package. Here I re-fit the same regression specification, but use REML to estimate the variance components (robumeta uses a method-of-moments estimator) and use a somewhat different weighting scheme than that used in robumeta. library(metafor) m3_metafor <- rma.mv(LOR1 ~ study_design + attrition + group_equivalence + adjusted + outcome + evaluator_independence + male_pct + white_pct + average_age + implementation_quality + program_site + duration + service_hrs, V = varLOR, random = list(~ 1 | studyID, ~ 1 | studySample), data = dropoutPrevention) summary(m3_metafor) ## ## Multivariate Meta-Analysis Model (k = 385; method: REML) ## ## logLik Deviance AIC BIC AICc ## -489.0357 978.0714 1026.0714 1119.5371 1029.6217 ## ## Variance Components: ## ## estim sqrt nlvls fixed factor ## sigma^2.1 0.2274 0.4769 152 no studyID ## sigma^2.2 0.1145 0.3384 317 no studySample ## ## Test for Residual Heterogeneity: ## QE(df = 363) = 1588.4397, p-val < .0001 ## ## Test of Moderators (coefficient(s) 2:22): ## QM(df = 21) = 293.8694, p-val < .0001 ## ## Model Results: ## ## estimate se zval pval ci.lb ci.ub ## intrcpt 0.5296 0.7250 0.7304 0.4651 -0.8915 1.9506 ## study_designNon-random, non-matched -0.0494 0.1722 -0.2871 0.7741 -0.3870 0.2881 ## study_designRandomized 0.0653 0.1628 0.4010 0.6884 -0.2538 0.3843 ## attrition -0.1366 0.2429 -0.5623 0.5739 -0.6126 0.3395 ## group_equivalence 0.4071 0.1573 2.5877 0.0097 0.0988 0.7155 ** ## adjustedadjusted data -0.3581 0.1532 -2.3371 0.0194 -0.6585 -0.0578 * ## outcomeenrolled -0.2831 0.0771 -3.6709 0.0002 -0.4343 -0.1320 *** ## outcomegraduation -0.0913 0.0657 -1.3896 0.1646 -0.2201 0.0375 ## outcomegraduation/ged 0.6983 0.0805 8.6750 <.0001 0.5406 0.8561 *** ## evaluator_independenceIndirect, influential -0.7530 0.4949 -1.5214 0.1282 -1.7230 0.2171 ## evaluator_independencePlanning -0.7700 0.4869 -1.5814 0.1138 -1.7242 0.1843 ## evaluator_independenceDelivery -1.0016 0.4600 -2.1774 0.0294 -1.9033 -0.1000 * ## male_pct 0.1021 0.1715 0.5951 0.5518 -0.2341 0.4382 ## white_pct 0.1223 0.1804 0.6777 0.4979 -0.2313 0.4758 ## average_age 0.0061 0.0291 0.2091 0.8344 -0.0509 0.0631 ## implementation_qualityPossible problems 0.4738 0.1609 2.9445 0.0032 0.1584 0.7892 ** ## implementation_qualityNo apparent problems 0.6318 0.1471 4.2965 <.0001 0.3436 0.9201 *** ## program_sitemixed 0.3289 0.2413 1.3631 0.1729 -0.1440 0.8019 ## program_siteschool classroom 0.2920 0.1736 1.6821 0.0926 -0.0482 0.6321 . ## program_siteschool, outside of classroom 0.1616 0.1898 0.8515 0.3945 -0.2104 0.5337 ## duration 0.0013 0.0009 1.3423 0.1795 -0.0006 0.0031 ## service_hrs -0.0003 0.0047 -0.0654 0.9478 -0.0096 0.0090 ## ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 metafor produces model-based standard errors, t-tests, and confidence intervals. The coef_test function from clubSandwich will calculate robust standard errors and robust t-tests for each of the coefficients: coef_test(m3_metafor, vcov = "CR2") ## Coef Estimate SE d.f. p-val (Satt) Sig. ## 1 intrcpt 0.529569 0.724851 20.08 0.47347 ## 2 study_designNon-random, non-matched -0.049434 0.204152 58.42 0.80952 ## 3 study_designRandomized 0.065272 0.149146 53.17 0.66342 ## 4 attrition -0.136575 0.306429 10.52 0.66485 ## 5 group_equivalence 0.407108 0.210917 23.10 0.06595 . ## 6 adjustedadjusted data -0.358124 0.136132 43.20 0.01176 * ## 7 outcomeenrolled -0.283124 0.237199 7.08 0.27108 ## 8 outcomegraduation -0.091295 0.091465 9.95 0.34188 ## 9 outcomegraduation/ged 0.698328 0.364882 8.02 0.09188 . ## 10 evaluator_independenceIndirect, influential -0.752994 0.447670 6.56 0.13929 ## 11 evaluator_independencePlanning -0.769968 0.403898 6.10 0.10446 ## 12 evaluator_independenceDelivery -1.001648 0.355989 4.89 0.03834 * ## 13 male_pct 0.102055 0.148410 9.68 0.50782 ## 14 white_pct 0.122255 0.141470 16.88 0.39961 ## 15 average_age 0.006084 0.033387 15.79 0.85772 ## 16 implementation_qualityPossible problems 0.473789 0.148660 22.44 0.00419 ** ## 17 implementation_qualityNo apparent problems 0.631842 0.138073 28.68 < 0.001 *** ## 18 program_sitemixed 0.328941 0.196848 27.47 0.10607 ## 19 program_siteschool classroom 0.291952 0.146014 42.70 0.05195 . ## 20 program_siteschool, outside of classroom 0.161640 0.171700 29.27 0.35420 ## 21 duration 0.001270 0.000978 31.96 0.20332 ## 22 service_hrs -0.000309 0.004828 49.63 0.94915 Note that coef_test assumed that it should cluster based on studyID, which is the outer-most random effect in the metafor model. This can also be specified explicitly by including the option cluster = dropoutPrevention$studyID in the call.
The F-test for degree of evaluator independence uses the same syntax as before:
Wald_test(m3_metafor, constraints = 10:12, vcov = "CR2")
## Test F d.f. p.val
## HTZ 2.71 18.3 0.0753
Despite some differences in weighting schemes, the p-value is very close to the result obtained using robumeta. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5692646503448486, "perplexity": 8046.990849507551}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657151.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116093643-20190116115643-00162.warc.gz"} |
http://indico.cern.ch/event/230448/ | # Perturbative QCD (1/3)
## by Aude Gehrmann-De Ridder (ETH Zurich)
Europe/Zurich
500-1-001 - Main Auditorium (CERN)
### 500-1-001 - Main Auditorium
#### CERN
400
Show room on map
Description Perturbative QCD is the general theoretical framework for describing hard scattering processes yielding multiparticle production at hadron colliders. In these lectures, we shall introduce fundamental features of perturbative QCD and describe its application to several high energy collider processes, including jet production in electron-positron annihilation, deep inelastic scattering, Higgs boson and gauge boson production at the LHC. Slides Video in CDS From the same series 2 3 Organised by Mario Campanelli, Maureen Prola-Tessaur | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9663221836090088, "perplexity": 5939.084025988492}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828314.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00040-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/66850-concavity-print.html | # Concavity
• January 4th 2009, 01:58 PM
abclarinetuvwxyz
Concavity
The graph of f(x)= integral from 0 to x (15(t^2) - 2(t^3) + 24)dt is concave up on (a,b). Find b-a.
Okay so I know from the curve sketching lesson in AB calculus that to find concavity you take the second derivative and then set that to 0. Do I take the integral and then take the first derivative, and then the second?
• January 4th 2009, 02:17 PM
skeeter
• January 4th 2009, 03:39 PM
Soroban
Hello, abclarinetuvwxyz!
Quote:
The graph of: . $f(x)\;= \;\int^x_0(15t^2 - 2t^3 + 24)\,dt$ . is concave up on $(a,b).$]
Find $b-a$
The first derivative is: . $f'(x) \:=\:15x^2 - 2x^3 + 24$
The second derivative is: . $f''(x) \:=\:30x - 6x^2$
Now where is the graph concave up?
. . Where $f''(x)$ is positive.
So we have: . $30x - 6x^2 \:>\:0\quad\Rightarrow\quad 6x(5 - x) \:>\:0$
This is true when: . $0 \,<\,x\,<\,5$
Therefore, the interval is: . $(0,5) \quad\Rightarrow\quad b - a \:=\:5-0 \:=\:\boxed{5}$
• January 4th 2009, 03:49 PM
abclarinetuvwxyz
Thanks very much! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 9, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9844720363616943, "perplexity": 2308.076876516469}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304444.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00283-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/determine-currents-in-resistors-help.328087/ | # Determine currents in resistors help
1. Jul 31, 2009
### araujo3rd
Iv started physics electronics literacy at university as a requirement for my degree, i didnt do science at school and im very confused with whats going on..How to a determine a current in the resistors, please can someone give me a step by step on how they got to the answer...i have uploaded a picture of the circuit i was given
all help is very much appreciaited, im writing a test on this stuff soon.. i know how to get Req of parrallel resister, but how do i get the currents, specifically of the 3.3k and 560 resistors?
#### Attached Files:
• ###### circuit.GIF
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2. Jul 31, 2009
### jmb
If you already know how to calculate the effective resistance of parallel and series circuits, then you should be able to use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current through the circuit.
In addition if you use the following two pieces of information: (1) the current along a series circuit is the same everywhere and (2) the total voltage drop across two pieces of circuit that are joined in parallel is the same for each piece, then you should be able to work out the things you need (btw these two rules come from the more general set of rules known as Kirchoff's laws).
Hint: Start out by treating the entire circuit as one single effective resistor and successively break it into smaller pieces (some of which will be series circuits and some will be parallel circuits).
Have a go at it and post your attempt back here and we will give you feedback/corrections...
3. Jul 31, 2009
### araujo3rd
Thanks for your reply, ok so i worked out the total resistance to be 2909.5, then worked out the current passing through I2 (5/2909.5) and got 1.72mA which gave me a voltage of 3.44V, is that correct?
Now what do i do from here, how would i work out the current passing through through the 1k resistor? please show me how and ill then use that knowledge to try calculate the current in the 3 on my own, i just not sure what to do now
4. Jul 31, 2009
### jmb
That's correct.
This is the total current in the whole circuit. If by I2 you meant the 2k resistor then, yes, this is also the current going through the 2k resistor.
Again, assuming I2 means the 2k resistor, then yes that is the correct voltage drop across that resistor.
Since that is the voltage drop across the resistor, the voltage across the rest of the circuit (i.e. if you were to connect a voltmeter between the point just after the 2k resistor and the ground terminal of the battery) is 5V - 3.44V = 1.56V.
Using the second rule I gave you (the voltage drop across two parts of a parallel circuit is the same for each part) this tells you that the voltage across the 3300 Ohm resistor is 1.56V (from which you should be able to work out the current in it directly from Ohm's law) and the voltage drop across the remaining subcircuit (consisting of the 1000, 560 and 470 Ohm resistors) is also 1.56V.
Since you know the voltage drop across the subcircuit you should now be able to treat it on its own as an isolated system. To find the currents in each of its resistors just go through exactly the same process as you did for the original circuit (since it exactly resembles the original circuit but with the subcircuit replaced by a single resistor).
Have a go at finishing it off and post your results here and then we'll check it for you...
5. Aug 1, 2009
### araujo3rd
I have tried am im just not sure how to work them out :( im really confused, because im not sure which values to use for the 1k, 560 and 470 ohm resistors, i know that 560 and 470 must have the same current, but how do i work out the 1k one (because its in parrallel with the 3.3k. Really dono how to get them, should the voltage be of the resistors be calculated first or the current first? thank you for all the feedback
6. Aug 3, 2009
### jmb
No they don't! Remember: only elements in serial will necessarily have the same current going through them.
You've already worked out the voltage drop across what I've called the "subcircuit" (consisting of the 1k, 560 and 470 Ohm resistors) so you can then ignore everything else outside that subcircuit (e.g. the 3.3k resistor) provided you use this calculated voltage drop.
It depends, sometimes it will be easier to get the voltage first, and sometimes the current. The point is to be systematic. Let's recap on what has already been done:
• We started by treating the entire circuit as a single component. Using the laws for adding parallel and series resistors you worked out the total effective resistance for the circuit.
• Since you already knew the total voltage across the circuit (given by the battery) you could combine this with the calculated total resistance to find the total current in the circuit (Ohm's Law).
• Since the current won't change until there's a junction (because of the first rule I gave you: the current is the same across series parts of the circuit) we knew that the current going through the 2k resistor was equal to this total current. So this time we could use Ohm's law to find the voltage drop across the 2k resistor. This in turn told us how much voltage was 'left over' to drive those parts of the circuit that come after the 2k resistor.
• I told you (the 2nd rule I gave you) that the voltage drop is the same across parts of a parallel circuit, so that we knew the voltage across the 3.3k resistor was the 'left over' calculated above. Since we know resistance and voltage, this should be enough to let you calculate the current going through it using Ohm's Law again.
• This 'left over' voltage is also the voltage drop across the 'subcircuit' (consisting of the 1k 560 and 470 Ohm resistors).
As I said, the remaining subcircuit can be solved by repeating the same process again. Try and think what this is for yourself and then check it against the below:
• Calculate the total effective resistance for the subcircuit using the parallel and series resistor rules.
• Use this, the already calculated voltage drop across the subcircuit and Ohm's Law to calculate the total current in the subcircuit.
• This total subcircuit current must also be the current going through the 1k resistor (first rule I gave you), thus you can use Ohm's Law to cacluate the voltage drop across the 1k resistor.
• You then know the 'left over' voltage is the voltage drop across the parallel 560 and 470 Ohm resistors. Since the voltage drop across both will be the same (2nd rule I gave you) you can again just use Ohm's Law to calculate the current in each.
Have a go at doing this and see what numbers you get. You should see that current is conserved at junctions (i.e. the outgoing current always splits into amounts that sum up to the original input current at that junction).
If you still have difficulty then there are some additional rules I can give you. However, these rules are the result of applying the rules I've already given you to the general case. So if you can do things without them the first few times you'll end up with a much better understanding of how circuits work...
Let us know how you get on!
7. Aug 4, 2009
### araujo3rd
ok thank you so mch i think i got it...the current in the 1k is 1.24V, leaving 0.32V in the 560 and 470 ohm resistors..therefore current in the 570 ohm is 571 micro amps and the 470 is 680 micro amps
8. Aug 5, 2009
### jmb
Good that is correct, but be careful with your rounding. If you want to quote the current in the 560 Ohm resistor to 3 figures then you need to keep your intermediate calculations more accurately (the answer should be 568 microAmps but you have a little rounding error in your own calculations, similarly the 470 Ohm resistor has 677 microAmps).
As I mentioned in my last post you should notice that the current is conserved. In fact you could have used this fact to save a little time in your calculations.
However I would suggest you keep using the simple approach we went through here until you feel happy with how things work --- this should give you a good feeling for circuits.
Once you are comfortable with the methods I would advise you to do this:
Consider a simple series circuit consisting of just two resistors of resistance A and B under a total voltage V (this is often called a potential divider). Use the rules we've been using to calculate an expression for the voltage drop across the first resistor (A) and hence the remaining voltage that is applied to resistor B. The resulting formula should allow you tackle these kind of problems much faster since you should then be able to immediately calculate the voltage across each resistor and so then get the current straight from Ohm's Law. The advantage (in my opinion) is that you will also by this point understand the formula rather than just be applying it blindly.
Similar Discussions: Determine currents in resistors help | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8242232203483582, "perplexity": 396.29902908927187}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948580416.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215231248-20171216013248-00626.warc.gz"} |
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2427270 | Public User
# On an Optimal Stopping Problem of an Insider
6 Pages Posted: 23 Apr 2014
## Erhan Bayraktar
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Mathematics
## Zhou Zhou
University of Minnesota - Twin Cities
Date Written: April 21, 2014
### Abstract
We consider the optimal problem $\sup_{\tau\in\mathcal{T}_{\eps,T}}\mathbb{E}\left[\sum_{i=1}^n \phi_{(\tau-\eps^i)^ }^i\right]$, where $T>0$ is a fixed time horizon, $(\phi_t^i)_{0\leq t\leq T}$ is progressively measurable with respect to the Brownian filtration, $\eps^i\in[0,T]$ is a constant, $i=1,\dotso,n$, and $\mathcal{T}_{\eps,T}$ is the set of stopping times that lie between a constant $\eps\in[0,T]$ and $T$. We solve this problem by conditioning and then using the theory of reflected backward stochastic differential equations (RBSDEs). As a corollary, we provide a solution to the optimal stopping problem $\sup_{\tau\in\mathcal{T}_{0,T}}\mathbb{E}B_{(\tau-\eps)^ }$ recently posed by Shiryaev at the International Conference on Advanced Stochastic Optimization Problems organized by the Steklov Institute of Mathematics in September 2012. We also provide its asymptotic order as $\eps\searrow 0$.
Keywords: optimal stopping problem of an insider, Reflected Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (RBSDEs), Levy's modulus for Brownian motion
Suggested Citation
Bayraktar, Erhan and Zhou, Zhou, On an Optimal Stopping Problem of an Insider (April 21, 2014). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2427270 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2427270 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9100989103317261, "perplexity": 829.9289029893802}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107744.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821080132-20170821100132-00246.warc.gz"} |
https://www.sparrho.com/item/age-period-cohort-analysis-of-lung-cancer-mortality-rates-in-andalusia-1975-2004/2d1f2a/ | # Age-period-cohort analysis of lung cancer mortality rates in Andalusia, 1975-2004.
Research paper by A A Cayuela, S S Rodríguez-Domínguez, J L JL López-Campos, E E Vigil
Indexed on: 27 Apr '07Published on: 27 Apr '07Published in: Lung Cancer
#### Abstract
Our objective is to describe lung cancer mortality trends in Andalusia, Spain, during the period 1975-2004 using age-period-cohort analysis (APC). For each gender, age-standardised (European Standard Population) mortality rates from lung cancer were computed based on the causes of death on the death certificates from the official registry of vital statistics in Andalusia. In men, after climbing considerably from 1975 to 1994, adjusted lung cancer mortality rates, have been declining by 0.8% per year since 1994. For women, the mortality from lung cancer was almost constant but tended to increase after 1994 (average annual increase of 2.1%). Among males, the cohort effect was steadily and appreciably upwards to the cohort born around 1905, then levelled off, and declined in the youngest generations. An increasing period effect was also observed until 1995. For females, cohort values decreased until the cohort born around 1930, then levelled off, and increased for women born since 1940. Period effect trend was downward until 1990, and upward thereafter. In conclusion, the cohort effect observed for women born since 1940 suggests the start of a lung cancer epidemic associated with a higher prevalence of smokers in women. The decrease in prevalence of smokers among males and the decrease in mortality in younger age groups suggest that the trend initiated in 1994 will continue as long as smoking prevalence continues to decrease. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8677442073822021, "perplexity": 5456.884863221614}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621273.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615114909-20210615144909-00035.warc.gz"} |
https://byjus.com/maths/square-root-questions/ | # Square Root Questions
It has been often said that “practice makes perfect.” This phrase is actually very relatable when it comes to math as students can be good at the subject only by practicing and solving problems more and more. While it may not be easy but developing math skills and fluency is important. Mathematical skills of investigation, problem solving, and logical thinking can further help students progress in other subjects as well.
That being said, here in this page we will be discussing about the topic of square roots. Well, generally when we define the term, the square root of a number is a value that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number. For example, let’s say when you multiply 4 × 4 you get 16. So the square root of 16 is 4. This is the basic concept.
It is denoted by the symbol √ and it means that is a positive or perfect square root. For example, √36 = 6 (6 x 6 = 36). There are also square negative numbers. For example, (-5) X (-5) = 25. When we square a negative number we get a positive result.
Moving on, if you want to know how to find the square root of a number, then there are a lot of methods. However, the most basic method that can be used is the prime factorization method or the popular square root long division method. You can use this method to find the square root of a number that is satisfactory or accurate enough for you. An example of division method showing how to take the square root is given below;
Additionally, you can also check out BYJU’S YouTube channel to learn how to find the square of any number using different methods:
1.Which of the following numbers is a perfect square?
(a) 141
(b) 196
(c) 124
(d) 222
2.A perfect square number can never have the digit ….. at the units place.
(a) 1
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 9
3.Evaluate √6084
(a) 75
(b) 77
(c) 78
(d) 68
4.Find the square root of 5929.
(a) 49
(b) 33
(c) 77
(d) 73
5.Evaluate √1471369.
(a) 1213
(b) 1223
(c) 1233
(d) 1243 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8221369981765747, "perplexity": 309.1363779098857}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249490870.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223061816-20190223083816-00604.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/387611/calculating-the-galois-group-of-the-splitting-field-of-f-x3-3 | # Calculating The Galois Group of the Splitting Field of $f=x^3-3$
If we let $f=x^3-3$ the let L be the splitting field for this polynomial I am trying to find $\Gamma(L:\mathbb{Q})$ and all intermediate field extensions.
Now as this is a splitting field and finite it is a finite normal extension and so we can use the fundemental theorem of Galois Theory so we know that:
$|\Gamma(L:\mathbb{Q})|=[L:\mathbb{Q}]$
Now we can see that if we define $\zeta=\exp{\frac{2\pi i}{3}}$ then we have that $L=\mathbb{Q}(\zeta,(3)^{\frac{1}{3}})$ and the minimal polynomial of $(3)^{\frac{1}{3}}$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ has degree 3 and the minimal polynomial of $\zeta$ has degree 2 over $\mathbb{Q}((3)^{\frac{1}{3}})$ so from the tower law we can see that:
$[L:\mathbb{Q}]=6$
Now we can see that a basis for $L$ is given by $\displaystyle{\{1,\zeta,(3)^{\frac{1}{3}},(3)^{\frac{2}{3}},(3)^{\frac{1}{3}}\zeta,(3)^{\frac{2}{3}}\zeta\}}$
So if we now consider $\mathbb{Q}$ automorphisms of $L$ then we need only consider it's action on the basis elements, so we can see that if $f$ is a $\mathbb{Q}$ automorphism then we must have that:
$f(\zeta)=\zeta,(3)^{\frac{1}{3}}\zeta$ and
$f((3)^{\frac{1}{3}})=(3)^{\frac{1}{3}},(3)^{\frac{2}{3}},-\zeta$
which will give us the 6 elements of $\Gamma(L:\mathbb{Q})$
Is what I have done so far correct? and if so how do I now find the intermediate fields? I know that they are related to the subgroups but I am unsure how?
Thanks for any help
-
In the very first line I think that + must be an = ... – DonAntonio May 10 '13 at 14:21
If you write $\,(-1)^{1/3}\,$ chances are people will think this is $\,-1\,$ – DonAntonio May 10 '13 at 14:22
@DonAntonio yeah thats what it was supposed to be, what should I write instead of $(-1)^{\frac{1}{3}}$ just $\alpha$ where $\alpha$ is a non-real third root of unity? – hmmmm May 10 '13 at 14:40
it is customary to write $\,\zeta_3=e^{2\pi i/3}\,$ to avoid confusions, or simply $\,\zeta\,$ is there's only one such root of unity. – DonAntonio May 10 '13 at 14:42
@DonAntonio cool thanks I did not know that, I will edit it now and just put $\exp{\frac{2\pi i}{3}}$ in instead I can see that this is much more clear. – hmmmm May 10 '13 at 14:44
I'll add a few things to this. You know that the Galois group has order 6, so there are only two choices: $S_3$ and $Z_3\times Z_2$. The latter group is abelian, so this means that every subgroup is normal. Thus, let $L/\mathbb{Q}$ be the splitting field and denote the Galois group by $G$.
The fundamental theorem also says that there's a bijective correspondence between subextensions $L/K/\mathbb{Q}$ such that $K/\mathbb{Q}$ is Galois and normal subgroups of $G$. Take the subextension $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{3})/\mathbb{Q}$. This extension is not normal, so the subgroup $\textrm{Aut}(L/\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{3}))\leq G$ is not a normal subgroup. This implies that $G$ can't be abelian, so it must be $S_3$.
Now $S_3$ has the following subgroups:
• A unique subgroup of order $3$.
• $3$ subgroups of order $2$ that are all conjugate. These are the ones generated by $(1\, 2)$, $(1\, 3)$ and $(2\, 3)$.
The unique order $3$ subgroup is normal, so it corresponds to a unique quadratic Galois extension $K/\mathbb{Q}$. This must be the field extension $\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_3)/\mathbb{Q}$, which we know is Galois.
Next, we find the three non-Galois cubic subextensions of $\mathbb{Q}$. These are the field extensions corresponding to each root of $X^3-3$, so we get the extensions:
$$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{3})/\mathbb{Q},\;\;\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_3\sqrt[3]{3})/\mathbb{Q},\;\;\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_3^2\sqrt[3]{3})/\mathbb{Q}$$
To show that these extensions are all distinct, note that if e.g. $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{3})=\mathbb{Q}(\zeta_3\sqrt[3]{3})$, then $\zeta_3 = \zeta_3\sqrt[3]{3}/\sqrt[3]{3}\in \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{3})$. This is impossible, since $L\neq \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{3})$. The same argument applies to the other two pairs.
-
An easier way to see why the group is $S_3$ is that the Galois group of (the splitting field of) a polynomial of degree $n$ acts by permuting the roots of the polynomial, and thus is always a subgroup of $S_n$. – Hurkyl May 13 '13 at 0:25
Yes, there are much slicker ways of doing this depending on how much you know. I chose this method, since for trickier cases you have to look at the subgroup lattice. – Edvard Fagerholm May 16 '13 at 4:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9746586680412292, "perplexity": 97.13139127037213}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049281876.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002121-00019-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/19611-functions-models.html | 1. functions and models
The following problems are the only problems from my homework that i couldn't not solve or rather figure out. If i could by any chance receive any help to that would be great. -please if you help me solve these show me the steps so i at least know how to do it... thank you.
1)Find an expression for the function whose graph consists of the line segment from the point (-2,2) to the point (-1,0) together with the top half of the circle with center the origin and radius 1.
F(x)= -2x-2 if -2 < x < -1
root(1-x^2) if -1< x <1
why?
2) if f(x) = ln x and g(x) = x^2-9 find the functions of a, b ,c ,d and their domains
a)(f o g)
ln(x^2-9)
b)(g o f) (ln x)^2 -9
c) (f o f) ln(ln(x))
d) (g o g) (x^2-9)^2 -9 = x^4-18x^2 +72
3) if f(x) = 2x+ ln(x) find inverse of f(2)
the answer is 1 but how?
4) Solve each equation for x.
a) e^x = 5
x = 5th root of e? am i right?
b) ln(x) = 2
c)e^e^x = 2
x = ln(ln(2))
5) sketch the graph of the function g(x) = |x^2-1| - |x^2=4|
Any help with any of the above problems would be greatly appreciated it. Those are some of the few problems that i seem to be having a hard time. I also showed some of the work that i did in regular font(no bold).
2. Originally Posted by nuttynutz
The following problems are the only problems from my homework that i couldn't not solve or rather figure out. If i could by any chance receive any help to that would be great. -please if you help me solve these show me the steps so i at least know how to do it... thank you.
1)Find an expression for the function whose graph consists of the line segment from the point (-2,2) to the point (-1,0) together with the top half of the circle with center the origin and radius 1.
F(x)= -2x-2 if -2 < x < -1
root(1-x^2) if -1< x <1
why?
The first part of the function is because $f(x) = -2x - 2$ is the line containing the points (-2, 2) and (-1, 0).
For the second part note that the circle of radius 1 and center at the origin is
$x^2 + y^2 = 1$
So solving for $y = f(x) = \sqrt{1 - x^2}$.
-Dan
3. Originally Posted by nuttynutz
2) if f(x) = ln x and g(x) = x^2-9 find the functions of a, b ,c ,d and their domains
a)(f o g)
ln(x^2-9)
b)(g o f) (ln x)^2 -9
c) (f o f) ln(ln(x))
d) (g o g) (x^2-9)^2 -9 = x^4-18x^2 +72
So far so good. Now what the their domains?
-Dan
4. i can't find their domain... i don't know how to solve for ln at least not yet. so, i can't find the domain
5. Originally Posted by nuttynutz
3) if f(x) = 2x+ ln(x) find inverse of f(2)
the answer is 1 but how?
Don't you mean the inverse function evaluated at 2? ie. $f^{-1}(2)$?
Unless you get lucky and see the answer probably the best thing to do would be to graph the function and look for the x value such that f(x) = 2. See the graph below.
-Dan
Attached Thumbnails
6. Originally Posted by nuttynutz
4) Solve each equation for x.
a) e^x = 5
x = 5th root of e? am i right?
b) ln(x) = 2
c)e^e^x = 2
x = ln(ln(2))
a)
$e^x = 5$
$ln(e^x) = ln(5)$
$x = ln(5)$
b)
$ln(x) = 2$
$e^{ln(x)} = e^2$
$x = e^2$
c)
$e^{e^x} = 2$
$ln \left ( e^{e^x} \right ) = ln(2)$
$e^x = ln(2)$
$ln(e^x) = ln(ln(2))$
$x = ln(ln(2))$
-Dan
7. Originally Posted by nuttynutz
5) sketch the graph of the function g(x) = |x^2-1| - |x^2=4|
Worst comes to worst, pick a bunch of x values and find the g(x)'s.
$g(x) = |x^2 - 1| - |x^2 - 4|$
$g(x) = |(x + 1)(x - 1)| - |(x + 2)(x - 2)|$
Critical points are where the arguments of the absolute value bars is zero, so I have critical points at $x = -2, -1, 1, 2$.
For $(-\infty, -2)$ $(x + 1)(x - 1) > 0 \implies |(x + 1)(x - 1)| = (x + 1)(x - 1)$ and $(x + 2)(x - 2) > 0 \implies |(x + 2)(x - 2)| = (x + 2)(x - 2)$.
So on $(-\infty, -2)$ $g(x) = (x + 1)(x - 1) - (x + 2)(x - 2) = 3$
For $(-2, -1)$ $(x + 1)(x - 1) > 0 \implies |(x + 1)(x - 1)| = (x + 1)(x - 1)$ and $(x + 2)(x - 2) < 0 \implies |(x + 2)(x - 2)| = -(x + 2)(x - 2)$.
So on $(-2, -1)$ $g(x) = (x + 1)(x - 1) + (x + 2)(x - 2) = 2x^2 - 5$
So far we have:
$g(x) = \begin{cases} 3, \text{ for }-\infty \leq x \\ 2x^2 - 5, \text{ for } -2 < x \leq -1 \end{cases}$
I'll let you figure the other two intervals.
-Dan
8. Originally Posted by nuttynutz
2) if f(x) = ln x and g(x) = x^2-9 find the functions of a, b ,c ,d and their domains
a)(f o g)
ln(x^2-9)
b)(g o f) (ln x)^2 -9
c) (f o f) ln(ln(x))
d) (g o g) (x^2-9)^2 -9 = x^4-18x^2 +72
If you haven't worked with the ln function then why are you even trying to do these??
You should still be able to do d). This is simply a polynomial. What is the domain of a polynomial function?
-Dan
9. Originally Posted by topsquark
If you haven't worked with the ln function then why are you even trying to do these??
You should still be able to do d). This is simply a polynomial. What is the domain of a polynomial function?
-Dan
all real numbers =) lol sometimes i don't think...
10. Originally Posted by topsquark
Don't you mean the inverse function evaluated at 2? ie. $f^{-1}(2)$?
Unless you get lucky and see the answer probably the best thing to do would be to graph the function and look for the x value such that f(x) = 2. See the graph below.
-Dan
could this be done without the use of a calculator? if so then how?
11. Originally Posted by topsquark
Worst comes to worst, pick a bunch of x values and find the g(x)'s.
$g(x) = |x^2 - 1| - |x^2 - 4|$
$g(x) = |(x + 1)(x - 1)| - |(x + 2)(x - 2)|$
Critical points are where the arguments of the absolute value bars is zero, so I have critical points at $x = -2, -1, 1, 2$.
For $(-\infty, -2)$ $(x + 1)(x - 1) > 0 \implies |(x + 1)(x - 1)| = (x + 1)(x - 1)$ and $(x + 2)(x - 2) > 0 \implies |(x + 2)(x - 2)| = (x + 2)(x - 2)$.
So on $(-\infty, -2)$ $g(x) = (x + 1)(x - 1) - (x + 2)(x - 2) = 3$
For $(-2, -1)$ $(x + 1)(x - 1) > 0 \implies |(x + 1)(x - 1)| = (x + 1)(x - 1)$ and $(x + 2)(x - 2) < 0 \implies |(x + 2)(x - 2)| = -(x + 2)(x - 2)$.
So on $(-2, -1)$ $g(x) = (x + 1)(x - 1) + (x + 2)(x - 2) = 2x^2 - 5$
So far we have:
$g(x) = \begin{cases} 3, \text{ for }-\infty \leq x \\ 2x^2 - 5, \text{ for } -2 < x \leq -1 \end{cases}$
I'll let you figure the other two intervals.
-Dan
alright i did a lot of research and sort of reviewing to try and figure everything out and i think i have it all done correctly my only problem is the question above.. i really am clueless when it comes to it. Any help would be appreciated it
12. Originally Posted by topsquark
Don't you mean the inverse function evaluated at 2? ie. $f^{-1}(2)$?
Unless you get lucky and see the answer probably the best thing to do would be to graph the function and look for the x value such that f(x) = 2. See the graph below.
-Dan
Originally Posted by nuttynutz
could this be done without the use of a calculator? if so then how?
The only way to do it without a calculator is to look at the equation and see what your intuition says. I can't guide you with that any further, except to say that I would likely have (if I hadn't seen the solution right below it) tried a few integer x to see what came out of it. If you did that you would have noted that $f(1) = 2$ and thus you could easily get $f^{-1}(2) = 1$.
-Dan
13. Originally Posted by topsquark
Worst comes to worst, pick a bunch of x values and find the g(x)'s.
$g(x) = |x^2 - 1| - |x^2 - 4|$
$g(x) = |(x + 1)(x - 1)| - |(x + 2)(x - 2)|$
Critical points are where the arguments of the absolute value bars is zero, so I have critical points at $x = -2, -1, 1, 2$.
For $(-\infty, -2)$ $(x + 1)(x - 1) > 0 \implies |(x + 1)(x - 1)| = (x + 1)(x - 1)$ and $(x + 2)(x - 2) > 0 \implies |(x + 2)(x - 2)| = (x + 2)(x - 2)$.
So on $(-\infty, -2)$ $g(x) = (x + 1)(x - 1) - (x + 2)(x - 2) = 3$
For $(-2, -1)$ $(x + 1)(x - 1) > 0 \implies |(x + 1)(x - 1)| = (x + 1)(x - 1)$ and $(x + 2)(x - 2) < 0 \implies |(x + 2)(x - 2)| = -(x + 2)(x - 2)$.
So on $(-2, -1)$ $g(x) = (x + 1)(x - 1) + (x + 2)(x - 2) = 2x^2 - 5$
So far we have:
$g(x) = \begin{cases} 3, \text{ for }-\infty \leq x \\ 2x^2 - 5, \text{ for } -2 < x \leq -1 \end{cases}$
I'll let you figure the other two intervals.
-Dan
Originally Posted by nuttynutz
alright i did a lot of research and sort of reviewing to try and figure everything out and i think i have it all done correctly my only problem is the question above.. i really am clueless when it comes to it. Any help would be appreciated it
The solution method I gave you is pretty systematic and exploits the fact that
$|x| = \begin{cases} -x; x < 0 \\ x; x \geq 0 \end{cases}$
You look at your function and see where the argument inside the absolute value bars is negative and then equate that to the negative of the argument. Case in point:
For $(-\infty, -2)$, $(x + 1)(x - 1) > 0 \implies |(x + 1)(x - 1)| = (x + 1)(x - 1)$ and $(x + 2)(x - 2) > 0 \implies |(x + 2)(x - 2)| = (x + 2)(x - 2)$
from above. (Sorry, I guess I could've used some separators in there for clarity.)
I've given you examples of how to do it with two of the intervals, and I'm asking you to do it yourself for the other three intervals: $(-1, 1) \text{ and } (1, 2) \text{ and } (2, \infty )$.
Just find where each expression inside the absolute value bars is negative, then replace the absolute value with the negative of that expression. Then simplify.
Edit: If the problem is notation, let me break down the above quote a bit:
For $(-\infty, -2)$, $(x + 1)(x - 1) > 0 \implies |(x + 1)(x - 1)| = (x + 1)(x - 1)$ and $(x + 2)(x - 2) > 0 \implies |(x + 2)(x - 2)| = (x + 2)(x - 2)$
This means that I am considering the case where x is between $-\infty$ and -2. So we know that $x + 1$ is negative and $x - 1$ is negative so $(x + 1)(x - 1)$ is positive, etc.
-Dan | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 73, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9022791385650635, "perplexity": 411.3531189846847}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661768.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00294-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/krm.2013.6.919 | American Institute of Mathematical Sciences
December 2013, 6(4): 919-943. doi: 10.3934/krm.2013.6.919
Empirical measures and Vlasov hierarchies
1 Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Mathématiques Laurent Schwartz, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France 2 University of Cambridge, DPMMS, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce road, Cambridge CB30WA, United Kingdom 3 Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 34, 90123 Palermo, Italy
Received August 2013 Revised September 2013 Published November 2013
The present note reviews some aspects of the mean field limit for Vlasov type equations with Lipschitz continuous interaction kernel. We discuss in particular the connection between the approach involving the $N$-particle empirical measure and the formulation based on the BBGKY hierarchy. This leads to a more direct proof of the quantitative estimates on the propagation of chaos obtained on a more general class of interacting systems in [S.Mischler, C. Mouhot, B. Wennberg, arXiv:1101.4727]. Our main result is a stability estimate on the BBGKY hierarchy uniform in the number of particles, which implies a stability estimate in the sense of the Monge-Kantorovich distance with exponent $1$ on the infinite mean field hierarchy. This last result amplifies Spohn's uniqueness theorem [H. Spohn, H. Neunzert, Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 3 (1981), 445--455].
Citation: François Golse, Clément Mouhot, Valeria Ricci. Empirical measures and Vlasov hierarchies. Kinetic & Related Models, 2013, 6 (4) : 919-943. doi: 10.3934/krm.2013.6.919
References:
[1] L. Ambrosio, N. Gigli and G. Savaré, Gradient Flows in Metric Spaces and in the Space of Probability Measures,, $2^{nd}$ edition, (2008). Google Scholar [2] C. Bardos, F. Golse, A. Gottlieb and N. Mauser, On the derivation of nonlinear Schrödinger and Vlasov equations,, in Dispersive Transport Equations and Multiscale Models, 136 (2004), 1. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8935-2_1. Google Scholar [3] W. Braun and K. Hepp, The Vlasov dynamics and its fluctuations in the $1/N$ limit of interacting classical particles,, Comm. in Math. Phys., 56 (1977), 101. doi: 10.1007/BF01611497. Google Scholar [4] R. L. Dobrushin, Vlasov equations,, Func. Anal. Appl., 13 (1979), 115. Google Scholar [5] F. A. Grünbaum, Propagation of chaos for the Boltzmann equation,, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 42 (1971), 323. Google Scholar [6] G. Hardy, J. Littlewood and G. Polya, Inequalities,, Cambridge Univ. Press, (1952). Google Scholar [7] M. Hauray and P.-E. Jabin, $N$-particle approximation of the Vlasov equation with singular potential,, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 183 (2007), 489. doi: 10.1007/s00205-006-0021-9. Google Scholar [8] M. Hauray and P.-E. Jabin, Particle Approximation of Vlasov Equations with Singular Forces: Propagation of Chaos, preprint,, , (). Google Scholar [9] E. Hewitt and L. J. Savage, Symmetric measures on Cartesian products,, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 80 (1955), 470. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1955-0076206-8. Google Scholar [10] J. Horowitz and R. Karandikar, Mean rates of convergence of empirical measures in the Wasserstein metric,, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 55 (1994), 261. doi: 10.1016/0377-0427(94)90033-7. Google Scholar [11] N. A. Krall and A. W. Trivelpiece, Principles of Plasma Physics,, McGraw-Hill, (). Google Scholar [12] C. Marchioro and M. Pulvirenti, Mathematical Theory of Incompressible Nonviscous Fluids,, Applied Mathematical Sciences, (1994). doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4284-0. Google Scholar [13] S. Mischler and C. Mouhot, Kac's program in kinetic theory,, Inventiones Math., 193 (2013), 1. doi: 10.1007/s00222-012-0422-3. Google Scholar [14] S. Mischler, C. Mouhot and B. Wennberg, A New Approach to Quantitative Propagation of Chaos for Drift, Diffusion and Jump Processes, preprint,, , (). Google Scholar [15] H. Narnhofer and G. Sewell, Vlasov hydrodynamics of a quantum mechanical model,, Comm. Math. Phys., 79 (1981), 9. doi: 10.1007/BF01208282. Google Scholar [16] H. Neunzert and J. Wick, Die Approximation der Lösung von Integro-Differentialgleichungen durch endliche Punktmengen, (German),, in Numerische Behandlungen nichtlinearer Integrodifferential- und Differentialgleichungen, 395 (1974), 275. doi: 10.1007/BFb0060678. Google Scholar [17] L. Onsager, Statistical hydrodynamics,, Nuovo Cimento (9), 6 (1949), 279. doi: 10.1007/BF02780991. Google Scholar [18] H. Spohn, On the Vlasov hierarchy,, Math. Meth. in the Appl. Sci., 3 (1981), 445. doi: 10.1002/mma.1670030131. Google Scholar [19] S. Ukai, On the existence of global solutions of mixed problem for non-linear Boltzmann equation,, Proc. Japan Acad., 50 (1974), 179. doi: 10.3792/pja/1195519027. Google Scholar [20] S. Ukai, The Boltzmann-Grad limit and Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem,, Recent topics in mathematics moving toward science and engineering, 18 (2001), 383. doi: 10.1007/BF03168581. Google Scholar [21] S. Ukai and T. Okabe, On classical solutions in the large in time of two-dimensional Vlasov's equation,, Osaka J. Math., 15 (1978), 245. Google Scholar [22] C. Villani, Topics on Optimal Transportation,, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, (2003). Google Scholar
show all references
References:
[1] L. Ambrosio, N. Gigli and G. Savaré, Gradient Flows in Metric Spaces and in the Space of Probability Measures,, $2^{nd}$ edition, (2008). Google Scholar [2] C. Bardos, F. Golse, A. Gottlieb and N. Mauser, On the derivation of nonlinear Schrödinger and Vlasov equations,, in Dispersive Transport Equations and Multiscale Models, 136 (2004), 1. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8935-2_1. Google Scholar [3] W. Braun and K. Hepp, The Vlasov dynamics and its fluctuations in the $1/N$ limit of interacting classical particles,, Comm. in Math. Phys., 56 (1977), 101. doi: 10.1007/BF01611497. Google Scholar [4] R. L. Dobrushin, Vlasov equations,, Func. Anal. Appl., 13 (1979), 115. Google Scholar [5] F. A. Grünbaum, Propagation of chaos for the Boltzmann equation,, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 42 (1971), 323. Google Scholar [6] G. Hardy, J. Littlewood and G. Polya, Inequalities,, Cambridge Univ. Press, (1952). Google Scholar [7] M. Hauray and P.-E. Jabin, $N$-particle approximation of the Vlasov equation with singular potential,, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 183 (2007), 489. doi: 10.1007/s00205-006-0021-9. Google Scholar [8] M. Hauray and P.-E. Jabin, Particle Approximation of Vlasov Equations with Singular Forces: Propagation of Chaos, preprint,, , (). Google Scholar [9] E. Hewitt and L. J. Savage, Symmetric measures on Cartesian products,, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 80 (1955), 470. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1955-0076206-8. Google Scholar [10] J. Horowitz and R. Karandikar, Mean rates of convergence of empirical measures in the Wasserstein metric,, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 55 (1994), 261. doi: 10.1016/0377-0427(94)90033-7. Google Scholar [11] N. A. Krall and A. W. Trivelpiece, Principles of Plasma Physics,, McGraw-Hill, (). Google Scholar [12] C. Marchioro and M. Pulvirenti, Mathematical Theory of Incompressible Nonviscous Fluids,, Applied Mathematical Sciences, (1994). doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4284-0. Google Scholar [13] S. Mischler and C. Mouhot, Kac's program in kinetic theory,, Inventiones Math., 193 (2013), 1. doi: 10.1007/s00222-012-0422-3. Google Scholar [14] S. Mischler, C. Mouhot and B. Wennberg, A New Approach to Quantitative Propagation of Chaos for Drift, Diffusion and Jump Processes, preprint,, , (). Google Scholar [15] H. Narnhofer and G. Sewell, Vlasov hydrodynamics of a quantum mechanical model,, Comm. Math. Phys., 79 (1981), 9. doi: 10.1007/BF01208282. Google Scholar [16] H. Neunzert and J. Wick, Die Approximation der Lösung von Integro-Differentialgleichungen durch endliche Punktmengen, (German),, in Numerische Behandlungen nichtlinearer Integrodifferential- und Differentialgleichungen, 395 (1974), 275. doi: 10.1007/BFb0060678. Google Scholar [17] L. Onsager, Statistical hydrodynamics,, Nuovo Cimento (9), 6 (1949), 279. doi: 10.1007/BF02780991. Google Scholar [18] H. Spohn, On the Vlasov hierarchy,, Math. Meth. in the Appl. Sci., 3 (1981), 445. doi: 10.1002/mma.1670030131. Google Scholar [19] S. Ukai, On the existence of global solutions of mixed problem for non-linear Boltzmann equation,, Proc. Japan Acad., 50 (1974), 179. doi: 10.3792/pja/1195519027. Google Scholar [20] S. Ukai, The Boltzmann-Grad limit and Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem,, Recent topics in mathematics moving toward science and engineering, 18 (2001), 383. doi: 10.1007/BF03168581. Google Scholar [21] S. Ukai and T. Okabe, On classical solutions in the large in time of two-dimensional Vlasov's equation,, Osaka J. Math., 15 (1978), 245. Google Scholar [22] C. Villani, Topics on Optimal Transportation,, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, (2003). Google Scholar
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/203601-related-rates-problem.html | # Thread: Related rates problem.. :)
1. ## Related rates problem.. :)
Hello So first this is the problem:
A Swimming pool is 20 ft. wide, 40 ft. long, 3 ft. deep at the shallow end and 9 ft. deep at it's deepest point. A cross section is shown in the figure. If the pool is being filled at a rate of 0.8 cu ft. per min., how fast is the water level rising when the depth at the deepest end is 5ft.
Thank you.. mind if you please show me the step by step procedure thank you...
2. ## Re: Related rates problem.. :)
Was that picture part of the given problem or did you draw it yourself? It is not what I would get from your description- nor is it my experience with swimming pools. You have a "lowered" section on the left with slanted sides and then up to a height of 3 feet beow the top, then flat for the rest of the forty foot length. Where did you get that "6- 12- 6- 16" along the bottom (which I assume are distances). I would, rather, have drawn the side view of the swimming pool as a single trapezoid with the two parallel ends of lengths 3 and 9 feet and the "height" 40 feet. I don't know if you were given that rather strange picture or drew it yourself.
3. ## Re: Related rates problem.. :)
No sir, I didn't... It was given to our midterms exam just a while ago, me and my other colleague discussed the solutions and answered all of our questions.. excepts one... that One exactly... yep, i tried to use the area, which then substituted it to the volume then differentiated it.. but I'm pretty sure I'm still lost..
4. ## Re: Related rates problem.. :)
Hello, kspkido!
A swimming pool is 20 ft. wide, 40 ft. long, 3 ft. deep at the shallow end and 9 ft. deep at it's deepest point.
A cross-section is shown in the figure.
If the pool is being filled at a rate of 0.8 cu ft. per min.,
. . how fast is the water level rising when the depth at the deepest end is 5 ft?
Code:
: - - - - - - - - - - 40 - - - - - - - - - :
- *-------------------------------------------*
3 | |
- * - - - - - - - *-------------------*
:*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*: - - - 16 - - - - :
6 : *:::::::::|:::::::::* :
: -*::::::::|h:::::::* :
- + - *-------------- * - :
: 6 : - - 12 - - - : 6 :
Since $h \le 6$, we are concerned with the trapezoid only.
The cross-section looks like this:
Code:
h : 12 : h
*-------+-------*
*::::::|::::::*
*:::::|h::::*
*::::|::::*
*---*---*
12
The area is: . $A \:=\:\tfrac{h}{2}(12 + 12 + 2h) \:=\:12h+h^2$
The volume is: . $V \:=\:20A \:=\:20(12h+h^2)$
Then: . $\frac{dV}{dt} \:=\:20(12 + 2h)\frac{dh}{dt}$
When $\frac{dV}{dt} = 0.8,\;h - 5$, we have: . $0.8 \:=\:20(22)\frac{dh}{dt}$
. . $\frac{dh}{dt} \:=\:\frac{0.8}{440} \:=\:\frac{1}{55}$
The water is rising at the rate of $\tfrac{1}{55}$ ft/min.
5. ## Re: Related rates problem.. :)
Wow... I never thought you could do that... h=6, but you used it as an integer just so that you could derive ayt?... but one question sir... h-5? is equals to 5? how is that? but thank you sir...
6. ## Re: Related rates problem.. :)
you've posted this problem before ... and it was answered.
Rate Problem Involving Changing Height.. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 8, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8655416369438171, "perplexity": 1146.0022773493145}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693363.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925201601-20170925221601-00417.warc.gz"} |
http://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-Annual-Interest-on-Bonds | Expert Reviewed
# wikiHow to Calculate Annual Interest on Bonds
Investing in a bond is all about how much you can expect to earn in interest. Most bonds carry a fixed interest rate and pay out a fixed amount of interest at specific intervals. The intervals are typically annual or semiannual. To calculate interest on a bond issued at a premium or a discount, you need to find out the present value of the bond. Then, calculate the effective interest expense based on the market interest rate at the time of the bond issue.
### Method 1 Calculating Interest for Bonds Sold at a Discount
1. 1
Determine the bond discount. If the market interest rate is higher than the coupon rate for the bond, then the bond must be sold at a discount. This means that the price of the bond is less than the face value, or par value of the bond. This compensates investors for the difference between the coupon rate and the market rate.[1]
• For example, Company ABC issues 5-year, \$500,000, 10 percent bonds, with interest paid semi-annually. The market interest rate is 12 percent, so the bond must be issued at a discount.
• The bond selling price equals the present value of the principal + the present value of the interest payments. The discount is the difference between the selling price and the face value of the bond.[2]
• Interest is paid semi-annually, so the coupon rate per period is 5 percent (10 percent / 2) and the market interest rate per period is 6 percent (12 percent / 2).
• The number of periods is 10 (2 periods per year * 5 years).
• The coupon payment per period is \$25,000 (\$500,000 *.05).
• Calculate the present value of the principal. Multiply the face value of the bond by the present value interest factor (PVIF). Calculate PVIF with the formula ${\displaystyle 1/(1+r)^{t}}$, where r = the market interest rate per period and t = the number of periods.[3]
• ${\displaystyle PVIF=1/(1+.06)^{1}0=0.5584}$
• Present value of the principal = ${\displaystyle \500,000*0.5584=\279,200}$
• Calculate the present value of the interest payments by multiplying the amount of the coupon payment by the present value factor for an ordinary annuity (PVOA). Calculate PVOA with the formula ${\displaystyle (1-(1/(1+r)^{t}))/r}$, where r = the market interest rate per period and t = the number of periods.
• ${\displaystyle PVOA=(1-(1/(1+.06)^{10}))/.06=7.3601}$
• Multiply the amount of the coupon payment by the PVOA to get the present value of the interest.
• ${\displaystyle \25,000*7.3601=\184,002}$.
• The selling price of the bond = the present value of the principal + the present value of the interest.
• ${\displaystyle \279,200+\184,002=\463,202}$
• The discount is ${\displaystyle \500,000-\463,202=\36,798}$
2. 2
Calculate the interest payment for each period. The interest payment for each period is the amount the investor receives each period. This is the coupon payment * the face value of the bond. Using the above example, the coupon payment per period is 5 percent (10 percent / 2 payments per year = 5 percent). The face value of the bond is \$500,000.
• ${\displaystyle \500,000*.05=\25,000}$.
• The interest payment per period is \$25,000.
3. 3
Compute the total effective interest expense for each period. Since you sold the bond at a discount, the effective interest rate you are paying on the bond equals the market interest rate at the time you issued the bond. The total interest expense is the present value of the bond * the effective interest rate. This gets recalculated every period.
• Using the above example, the present value of the bond on the date of issue is \$463,202.
• The total interest expense is the present value * the effective interest rate per period.
• ${\displaystyle \463,202*.06=\27,792}$
4. 4
Record the interest paid and the amortization of the discount. Because you issued the bond at a discount, you paid an effective interest amount of \$27,792. However, you have to separate out the amount of interest paid to investors and the amortization of the discount on your monthly financial statements.
• The total effective interest expense is \$27,792. The coupon payment to investors is \$25,000. The amortization expense of the discount for this period is ${\displaystyle \27,792-\25,000=\2,792}$.
• On your financial statement for this month, record a debit of \$27,792 to interest expense, a credit of \$2,792 to Discount on Bonds Payable and a credit of \$25,000 to Cash.[4]
5. 5
Verify the ending present value of the bond. Now you need to recalculate the present value of the bond. This will be the beginning present value of the bond from this period plus the amortization recorded for this period. You will use the ending present value from this period as the beginning present value for the next period when you recalculate the total interest expense.[5]
• The beginning present value for the period was \$463,202. The amortization of the discount for this period was \$2,792.
• The ending present value for the period is ${\displaystyle \463,202+\2,792=\465,994}$.
• Use \$465,994 when as the beginning present value calculating the total effective interest expense for the next period.
### Method 2 Calculating Interest for Bonds Sold at a Premium
1. 1
Determine the bond premium. If the market interest rate is lower than the coupon rate for the bond, then the bond must be sold at a premium. This means that the price of the bond is more than the face value, or par value of the bond. This is how investors compensate for the difference between the coupon rate and the market rate.[6]
• For example, Company XYZ issues 5-year, \$500,000, 10 percent bonds, with interest paid semi-annually. The market interest rate is 8 percent, so the bond must be issued at a premium.
• The bond selling price equals the present value of the principal + the present value of the interest payments. The premium is the difference between the selling price and the face value of the bond.[7]
• Interest is paid semi-annually, so the coupon rate per period is 5 percent (10 percent / 2) and the market interest rate per period is 4 percent (8 percent / 2).
• The number of periods is 10 (2 periods per year * 5 years).
• The coupon payment per period is \$25,000 (\$500,000 *.05).
• Calculate the present value of the principal. Multiply the face value of the bond by the present value interest factor (PVIF). Calculate PVIF with the formula ${\displaystyle 1/(1+r)^{t}}$, where r = the market interest rate per period and t = the number of periods.[8]
• ${\displaystyle PVIF=1/(1+.04)^{1}0=0.6756}$
• Present value of the principal = ${\displaystyle \500,000*0.6756=\337,800}$
• Calculate the present value of the interest payments by multiplying the amount of the coupon payment by the present value factor for an ordinary annuity (PVOA). Calculate PVOA with the formula ${\displaystyle (1-(1/(1+r)^{t}))/r}$, where r = the market interest rate per period and t = the number of periods.
• ${\displaystyle PVOA=(1-(1/(1+.04)^{10}))/.06=8.1109}$
• Multiply the amount of the coupon payment by the PVOA to get the present value of the interest.
• ${\displaystyle \25,000*8.1109=\202,773}$.
• The selling price of the bond = the present value of the principal + the present value of the interest.
• ${\displaystyle \337,800+\202,773=\540,573}$
• The premium is ${\displaystyle \540,573-\500,000=\40,573}$
2. 2
Calculate the interest payment for each period. The interest payment for each period is the amount the investor receives each period. This is the coupon payment * the face value of the bond. Using the above example, the coupon payment per period is 5 percent (10 percent / 2 payments per year = 5 percent). The face value of the bond is \$500,000.
• ${\displaystyle \500,000*.05=\25,000}$.
• The interest payment per period is \$25,000.
3. 3
Compute the total effective interest expense for each period. Since you sold the bond at a premium, the effective interest rate you are paying on the bond equals the market interest rate at the time you issued the bond. The total interest expense is the present value of the bond * the effective interest rate. This gets recalculated every period.
• Using the above example, the present value of the bond on the date if issue is \$540,573.
• The total interest expense is the present value * the effective interest rate per period.
• ${\displaystyle \540,573*.04=\21,623}$
4. 4
Record the interest paid and the amortization of the premium. Because you issued the bond at a premium, you paid an effective interest amount of \$21,623. However, you have to separate out the amount of interest paid to investors and the amortization of the premium on your monthly financial statements.
• The total effective interest expense is \$21,623. The coupon payment to investors is \$25,000. The amortization expense of the premium for this period is ${\displaystyle \25,000-21,623=\3,377}$.
• On your financial statement for this month, record a debit of \$21,623 to interest expense, a debit of \$3,377 to Premium on Bonds Payable and a credit of \$25,000 to Cash.[9]
5. 5
Verify the ending present value of the bond. Now you need to recalculate the present value of the bond. This will be the beginning present value of the bond from this period less the amortization recorded for this period. You will use the ending present value from this period as the beginning present value for the next period when you recalculate the total interest expense.[10]
• The beginning present value for the period was \$540,573. The amortization of the discount for this period was \$3,377.
• The ending present value for the period is ${\displaystyle \540,573-\3,3777=\537,196}$.
• Use \$537,196 as the beginning present value when calculating the total effective interest expense for the next period.
### Method 3 Calculating Interest for Bonds Sold at Face Value
1. 1
Gather the information. When a bond is sold at face value, or issued at par, the selling price equals the principal of the bond. Also, the yield, or the return, on the bond equals the interest rate. To calculate the annual interest, you need to know the coupon rate and the price of the bond.[11]
• For example, Company QRS issues 5-year, \$500,000, 10 percent bonds, with interest paid semi-annually. The market interest rate is 10 percent, so the bond is issued at par.
• Interest is paid semi-annually, so the coupon rate per period is 5 percent (10 percent / 2) and the market interest rate per period is 5 percent (10 percent / 2).
• The number of periods is 10 (2 periods per year * 5 years).
2. 2
Calculate the interest payment for each period. Multiply the face value of the bond by the coupon rate per period. This tells you the interest payment the investors receive each period.
• Using the above example, the face value of the bond is \$500,000 and the coupon rate per period is 5 percent.
• ${\displaystyle \500,000*.05=\25,000}$
• The interest payment to investors each period is \$25,000
3. 3
Record the total interest expense. Because you issued the bond at par, the journal entries are straightforward. You don’t need to record any amortization of discounts or premiums. For each period, record a debit of \$25,000 to Interest Expense. Also, record a credit of \$25,000 to Cash.[12]
## Community Q&A
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https://pegaswitch.com/trending/what-is-the-principle-of-an-analog-multiplier/ | Trending
# What is the principle of an analog multiplier?
## What is the principle of an analog multiplier?
ANALOG MULTIPLIER BASICS The signal at the output is the product of the two input signals. If both input and output signals are voltages, the transfer characteristic is the product of the two voltages divided by a scaling factor, K, which has the dimension of voltage as shown in Figure 1.
How does frequency doubler work?
Frequency multipliers consist of a nonlinear circuit that distorts the input signal and consequently generates harmonics of the input signal. A subsequent bandpass filter selects the desired harmonic frequency and removes the unwanted fundamental and other harmonics from the output.
### Where is analog multiplier IC used?
Analog multiplier is a circuit whose output voltage at any instant is proportional to the product of instantaneous value of two individual input voltages. Important applications of these multipliers are multiplication, division, squaring and square – rooting of signals, modulation and demodulation.
Is an example for a frequency multiplier?
__________ is an example for a frequency multiplier. Explanation: A non linear device has the ability to generate the harmonics of the input sinusoidal signal. Transistor and diodes are non linear devices and hence can be used as a frequency multiplier.
#### What are the applications of analog multiplier?
In electronics, an analog multiplier is a device which takes two analog signals and produces an output which is their product. Such circuits can be used to implement related functions such as squares (apply same signal to both inputs), and square roots.
How does BJT act as multiplier?
The capacitance multiplier circuit operation is quite straightforward. It acts as a simple emitter follower. The resistor R1 provides bias for the base emitter junction, and the capacitor provides smoothing. This considerably reduces the levels on noise on the output, i.e. Vout.
## What device improves output at low frequency?
A frequency changer or frequency converter is an electronic or electromechanical device that converts alternating current (AC) of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency.
How do you increase the frequency of a signal?
If we want to increase the frequency, we need to do is:
1. take the fourier transform.
2. leave the DC offset unchanged.
3. shift the positive part of the spectrum to the right.
4. shift the negative part of the spectrum to the left.
### Which diode is used in frequency multiplier circuit?
Planar Schottky varactor diodes
Planar Schottky varactor diodes are commonly used in frequency multipliers, taking the advantage of GaAs substrateless technology to reduce substrate loss. The drive sources can be BWOs or solid-state sources such as Gunn and IMPATT oscillators, with relatively high output power in the range of 50 GHz to 150 GHz.
What analog means?
1 : something that is similar or comparable to something else either in general or in some specific detail : something that is analogous to something else historical analogues to the current situation an aspirin analogue.
#### What is the application of analog multiplier?
What is multiplier circuit?
A multiplier is a combinational logic circuit that we use to multiply binary digits. Just like the adder and the subtractor, a multiplier is an arithmetic combinational logic circuit. It is also known as a binary multiplier or a digital multiplier.
## Which is an example of an analog multiplier?
INTRODUCTION 2. Analog multiplier are basic circuit building blocks for analog signal processing in instrumentation and communication systems such as a variable gain amplifier, automatic gain control amplifier, frequency doubler, phase locked loop, amplitude locked loop, small signal rectifier, etc.
How is the multiplier of an operational amplifier achieved?
The opamp supply current sensing technique [3]-[4] is employed to obtain the square of the sum and difference of two input signals. The multiplication is achieved by the quarter-square algebraic identity. The purpose of this article is to propose analog multiplier using operational amplifier.
### How are multipliers used in the feedback loop?
USING MULTIPLIERS WITH OP AMPS TO PERFORM ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS . Multipliers can be placed in the feedback loop of op amps to form several useful functions. Figure 9 illustrates the basic principle of analog computation that a function generator in a negative feedback loop computes the inverse function (provided, of course, that the function is
What do you need to know about multipliers?
PREFACE CONTENTS MULTIPLIERS – SOME BASICS MULTIPLICATION DIVISION AND ROOTING POLARITY SPECIAL MULTIPLICATION-DIVISION FUNCTIONS SCALING BRIEF DEFINITIONS APPLICATIONS ii 2 2 3 3 3 4 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8868049383163452, "perplexity": 1213.8489960547226}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103850139.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630153307-20220630183307-00195.warc.gz"} |
http://www.physicsforums.com/printthread.php?t=21017 | Physics Forums (http://www.physicsforums.com/index.php)
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- - Finite hyperbolic universe and large scale structure patterns (http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=21017)
hellfire Apr16-04 04:13 PM
Finite hyperbolic universe and large scale structure patterns
This paper :
Hyperbolic Universes with a Horned Topology and the CMB Anisotropy
http://arxiv.org/astro-ph/0403597
...press release:
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994879
proposes a universe with the shape of a horn. This is a hyperbolic space with negative curvature.
The paper mentions an interesting issue: the relation between finite hyperbolic spaces and chaos. Finite hyperbolic spaces generate chaotic mixing of trayectories, leading to fractal structure formation. See e.g.:
Chaos and order in a finite universe
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9907288
A fractal nature of large scale structures was already suggested due to the self-similarity of the distribution of galaxies and clusters (similar correlation functions AFAIK).
My knowledge of chaotic systems is almost non existent, thus I would like to know qualitatively why finite hyperbolic spaces do have such properties in relation to chaos and infinite flat spaces do not (although you can find an interesting remark in the previous cited paper about the cosmological constant in infinite flat spaces).
But there is another thing that bothers me. In the paper it is claimed that the CMB data would not reflect the negative curvature. But why? Usually it is assumed that the angular scale of the first peak of the CMB anisotropies gives a measure of the curvature.
Regards.
meteor Apr16-04 06:16 PM
An universe infinitely long but with finite volume: it remembers me a surface called Gabriel's Horn
And this thing called Picard topology must be an invention of F.Steiner. i did a google on "Picard topology", and only appeared 5 entries, and the 5 related to this horn-shaped-universe theory
Mike2 Apr16-04 08:11 PM
Is this like a universe that grow from a singularity infinitely in the past in an accelerated manner?
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https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions?sort=newest&pagesize=30 | # All Questions
7,487 questions
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150 views
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33 views
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37 views
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103 views
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10k views
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### Why didn't all the iron and heavier elements find their way to the center of the accretion disc in the early solar system?
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44 views
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66 views
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### What does it mean for space to expand?
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834 views
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147 views
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How far a spaceship should travel to take a full picture of our own galaxy from the outside?
25 views
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### Plot SuperWasp Lightcurves
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31 views
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133 views
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I'm aware that voids are relatively empty regions of the universe, but just how empty can they be? Wikipedia states that voids have 'few or no' galaxies, but I can't find much else. To make my ...
63 views
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35 views
### How do they know the X-ray and radio intensity really come from a magnetic field bridge between these two clusters of galaxies?
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55 views
### How can we calculate velocity of an object given the distance from an object in parsecs?
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67 views
### Why is true and average anomaly of planet important?
Why is a true and average anomaly of the planet important? What useful information do they give us?
28 views
### Comet mass loss
As the comet orbits around the Sun, I gather that its tail loses mass due to solar wind and tidal waves. Approximately, from what distance (with respect to Sun) will the mass loss begin? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.686148464679718, "perplexity": 1233.0457142883783}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998250.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616142725-20190616164725-00228.warc.gz"} |
http://kennyyu.me/blog/page/2/ | # Coupling and the Coupon Collector
In the fall semester last year, I took Stat 110, an introductory statistics course focusing on probability. I had done probability in contest math from high school, but this course was my first real rigorous treatment of probability.
One of the most interesting problems I saw in the course involves Markov chains and a simple and elegant solution using another interesting problem we saw earlier in the course–the coupon collector’s problem.
## Random-to-Top Shuffling Problem
Suppose $n$ cards are placed in order on a table. Consider the following shuffling procedure: Pick a card at random from the deck and place it on top of the deck. What is the expected number of times we need to repeat the process to arrive at a “random” deck, for some suitable definition of “random”?
To solve this question, we’ll need to answer a seemingly unrelated question first.
## Coupon Collector’s Problem (aka. The Toy Collector’s Problem)
A certain brand of cereal always distributes a toy in every cereal box. The toy chosen for each box is chosen randomly from a set of $n$ distinct toys. A toy collector wishes to collect all $n$ distinct toys. What is the expected number of cereal boxes must the toy collector buy so that the toy collector collects all $n$ distinct toys?
## Solution to the Toy Collector’s Problem
The key to understanding this problem is to break the task of collecting all $n$ distinct toys into different stages: what is the expected number of cereal boxes that the toy collector has to buy to get the $i$-th new toy?
Let random variable $X_i$ be the number of boxes it takes for the toy collector to collect the $i$-th new toy after the $i-1$-th toy has already been collected. (Note: this does NOT mean assign numbers to toys and then collect the $i$-th toy. Instead, this means that after $X_i$ boxes, the toy collector would have collected $i$ distinct toys, but with only $X_i - 1$ boxes, the toy collector would have only collected $i-1$ distinct toys.)
Clearly $E(X_1) = 1$, because the toy collector starts off with no toys. Now consider the $i$-th toy. After the $i-1$-th toy has been collected, then there are $n - (i-1)$ possible toys that could be the new $i$-th toy. We can interpret the process of waiting for the $i$-th new toy as a geometric distribution, where each trial is buying another cereal box, “success” is getting any of the $n - (i-1)$ uncollected toys, and “failure” is getting any of the already collected $i - 1$ toys. From this point of view, we see that $$X_i - 1 \sim \textrm{Geom}(p)$$ where the probability of success $p$ is $$p = \frac{n - (i-1)}{n}.$$
Here, our definition of the geometric distribution does NOT include the success. Using the expectation of a geometric distribution, we have that the expected number of cereal boxes the toy collector must collect to get the $i$-th new toy after collecting $i-1$ toys is $$E(X_i - 1) = \frac{1 - p}{p}$$ $$E(X_i) = \frac{1}{p} = \frac{n}{n - (i - 1)}.$$
Now let random variable $X$ to be the number of cereal boxes the toy collector needs to buy to collect all $n$ distinct toys. Since we have separated the process into collecting the $i$-th new toy, then $$X = X_1 + X_2 + \cdots + X_n.$$
Using linearity of expectation, we can compute the expected value of $X$ by summing the individual expectations of $X_i$. Thus, we obtain the following result: $$E(X) = E(X_1 + X_2 + X_3 + \cdots + X_n)$$ $$E(X) = E(X_1) + E(X_2) + E(X_3) + \cdots + E(X_n)$$ $$E(X) = n\left( 1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \cdots + \frac{1}{n} \right).$$
This is the harmonic series! The harmonic series diverges to infinity and grows approximately as $\gamma + \log n$ where $\gamma \approx 0.57722$ is Euler’s constant. Thus, we can approximate the expected number of cereal boxes with: $$E(X) \approx n (\gamma + \log n).$$
## Solution to the Random-to-Top Shuffling Problem
### Markov Chains and Stationary Distrubutions
Coming back to the random-to-top shuffling problem, we first need to define our notion of “random” for our deck. In order to do this, we use Markov chains.
For our Markov chain, let our states be all $n!$ permutations of $n$-card deck, and two states are adjacent if and only if it is possible to reach one of the states from the other through one step of this shuffle. For any state, we move to one of its $n-1$ neighbors with probability $\frac{1}{n}$, or stay at the same state with probability $\frac{1}{n}$. Since all of our $n!$ states has degree $n$ (including loops), then by symmetry, the probability of having any permutation is equally likely. Thus, the stationary distribution for our random-to-top shuffling Markov process is the uniform vector $$\vec{s} = \left(\frac{1}{n!}, …, \frac{1}{n!}\right).$$
Thus, to define our notion of a “random” deck, we would like that after implementing our shuffling algorithm, the resulting deck is sampled from our stationary distribution: that is, our resulting deck is equally likely to be any of the $n!$ permutations.
### Coupling
Now that we have established that our shuffling process can be modeled with a Markov chain that has a stationary distribution, we use the idea of “coupling” to arrive at our solution.
Let deck $A$ be our original deck, and let deck $B$ be uniformly randomly sampled from all $n!$ permutations. Since the stationary distribution for our shuffling process is the uniform distribution, then deck $B$ is sampled from the stationary distribution.
We use the fact that if we start our Markov process from a state sampled from the stationary distribution, then the resulting state will also be sampled from the stationary distribution. More formally:
Lemma. Let $\vec{s}$ be the stationary distribution of our Markov chain. Let $X_0$ be our starting state, and let it be sampled from the stationary distribution (i.e. $P(X_0 = i) = s_i$). Then the resulting state $X_1$ after running the Markov chain for one step will also be sampled from $\vec{s}$.
Now consider our “coupling” strategy: every time we move a card $C$ to the top of deck $A$, we locate card $C$ in deck $B$ and place it on top of the deck. Note that the physical process of how we chose card $C$ in the two decks is different: we choose a random position in deck $A$, whereas we located card $C$ in deck $B$. Although the process of how we chose card $C$ is different, from deck $B$’s perspective, $C$ is simply a card selected at random. Using our lemma, we have that deck $B$ still remains sampled from the stationary distribution after moving card $C$ to the top of deck $B$.
We note that after $t$ steps, all the cards that have been touched up to time $t$ will be in the same order on top of both decks. When all the cards of deck A and deck B are in the same order after some time $T$ steps, we will have that deck A and deck B are both sampled from the stationary distribution (because B always stays stationary through our coupling strategy). Thus, after $T$ steps, deck A will satisfy our notion of a “random” deck. We wish to compute $E(T)$.
How do we compute $E(T)$? We note that both decks will be the same once we have touched all the cards. Therefore, we wish to compute the expected number of random-to-top shuffles needed to touch all the cards. This is an instance of the coupon collector’s problem! Instead of touching all $n$ cards, we wish the collect all $n$ coupons. Thus, after approximately $n (\gamma + \log n)$ random-to-top shuffles, our original deck $A$ will be a “random” deck. For $n = 52$, we require $E(T) \approx 236$ shuffles to randomize our deck.
# A Twist on Binary Search
This past semester, I took a graduate course, CS 207 - Systems Development in Computational Science. In the course, we talked about good software engineering practices in C++ (but the lessons span beyond C++), in particular representation invariants, abstraction functions, and writing solid code specifications so that one could even prove things about code. The professor made a couple of blog entries for some of the lectures, explaining cool tricks with iterators and bits.
Early in the semester, we discussed several implementations of binary search, starting from a simplistic version and incrementally building up to a production-ready version. I thought the binary search discussion was an extremely eye-opening exercise; it was my first time seeing invariants being used in proofs to prove properties about code.
Below is how I’ve written binary search since high school:
Here, I am using Doxygen style comments for my specifications. In this version of binary search, I return the index of any occurence of item x in array a, or return -1 if there is no such occurrence. While this implementation is acceptable for an array of ints, it is not particularly useful for other data types.
Using C++ templates, we can generalize this implementation to make it polymorphic for any type T, provided we provide a suitable comparison function compare where compare(p,q) returns true if and only if p is less than q for some ordering of values of type T. Thus, here is our attempt #2 at binary search:
Now, in order to call binary search, we must provide a function object compare that defines how we compare two elements of type T. Below is an example of how we would invoke this version of binary search:
We overload operator() to allow IntComp objects to be invoked like functions, and we pass an instance of IntComp to binary_search2 whenever we perform a binary search on an array of ints.
Note one other difference between the two versions of binary search: in attempt #1, we had the line:
whereas in attempt #2, we replaced this line with:
For all these years, I’ve been writing binary search incorrectly! In the first version, we may run into integer overflow if lo + hi happen to be greater than the maximum integer value for int! In the second version, we fix this subtle bug by first subtracting r and l, then halving the difference and add the result to l to calculate the new middle index m. By subtracting first, we are guaranteed that r - l will not overflow (by the implicit precondition that r and l are valid indices into the array and r > l), and thus m will also be a valid index into the array.
We have generalized our binary search to work on an array containing any type. But, we have actually done more than this. In C++, iterators overload pointer syntax to represent collections of items. Using iterators, we can represent an entire range of items in a collection with only two iterators–one pointing to the beginning of the collection, and one pointing to the “position” after the last element in the collection. See the CS 207 blog entries here for more information on C++ iterators. In our example, however, we represent the array collection with a pointer to the first position and the number of items in the list. Because binary search requires random access into our collection, any collection represented by a random access iterator will be able to use the second version of our binary search!
Can we still do better? In our specification for binary search, note that we allowed the index of any occurrence of our search item x to be returned. This ambiguity makes it difficult to make any real use of the return value of binary search (except simply to check whether the item is in the collection). Instead of returning any index, what if we returned a lower bound position of the element x in our collection? By lower bound, we mean the first index into the array at which we should insert x and still keep the elements in sorted order.
For example, with the array {0, 1, 2, 5, 5, 5, 7, 9}, the lower bound of 0 would be 0, because we can insert 0 into index 0 and still keep our array sorted. The lower bound of -1 is also 0 by a similar reasoning. The lower bound of 5 is 3 because 3 is the smallest index that we can insert 5 and keep the array sorted. Similarly, the lower bound of 6 is 6. Note that the lower bound of 10 is 8, which is not a valid index into the array. This is okay because the return value only indicates the index that one could insert an item and maintain the sorted property of the array.
To implement this, we can think of the array as a collection of boolean values where the entries are {false, false, ..., false, true, true, ... true} (all the falses occur together at the beginning of the array). The boolean values correspond to whether our target element x is less than or equal to the value in that array position. Our goal, then, is to find the first true in the array, or return the last position (indicating that placing x at the end of the array would maintain the sorted property of our array). Building on the polymorphism we introduced in attempt #2, here is attempt #3 using the lower bound idea:
Nice, clean, and simple!
Note that this version uses only one comparison instead of two (as we did in attempts #1 and #2)! This lower bound idea not only tells us whether our element x is the array, but where we should place it to keep the list sorted!
This code looks simple enough to verify the correctness by eyeballing it; but can we make this rigorous? Can we prove the correctness of this code? Yes! Here is the same piece of code but commented heavily with the proof of its own correctness.
To prove the correctness, we make heavy use of the post condition:
Thus, all elements at indices less than the return value R are less than x, and all other elements are greater than or equal to x. We use this both of these if and only if conditions in the two branches of the if conditional to guide us on how we should update l or r.
In both of the branches of the conditional, we have that the new values of l and r are maintained so that l <= R <= r and still satisfy the post condition of the function. Thus, the statement l <= R <= r is a loop invariant of the while loop: it is always true on entering and leaving the loop. To ensure that the loop terminates, we require a decrementing function, a function that decreases on each iteration of the loop and is equal to zero when the loop terminates. In this case, the obvious choice for the decrementing function would be d = r - l. We show in both branches that the new values of l and r are such that r_new - l_new < r - l, and so d decreases on each iteration. When d = 0, we have that l = r, which is indeed when the loop terminates. Thus, our final line return l; is proven correct by the combination of our post conditions, pre conditions (array is sorted), loop invariant, and decrementing function. By analyzing the invariants in the code, the code almost writes itself! Cool!
To view the code in its entirety (along with a couple of simple test harnesses for each version of binary search), check out the source here.
# New Layout, LaTeX, and Tag Clouds!
I got a new octopress layout using Melandri’s layout here. I also discovered how to make cool striped backgrounds with StripeGenerator, use cool new fonts from The League of Movable Type, and use cool pre-made icons with Double-J Design. Hopefully the layout will encourage me to actually keep up with my tech blog!
I also installed $\LaTeX$ integration with Octopress using the handy hints from here. Now I can write pretty in-line equations like $e^{i\pi} + 1 = 0$ or centered equations like $$\int_{\Omega} \, d\omega = \int_{\partial \Omega} \, \omega.$$ Nice! Hopefully this will motivate me to write more math-related entries!
To keep track of tags, I installed a plugin to generate tag clouds (see the right sidebar) using this plugin here. I also finally discovered how to make background images that are just noises using this background generator here. I like the simplicity of these backgrounds! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5991973876953125, "perplexity": 469.481370022945}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159561.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923153915-20180923174315-00339.warc.gz"} |
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/a/angular+correlation+measurements.html | #### Sample records for angular correlation measurements
1. γ - γ Angular Correlation Measurements With GRIFFIN
Science.gov (United States)
Maclean, Andrew; Griffin Collaboration
2015-10-01
When an excited nuclear state emits successive γ-rays causing a γ - γ cascade an anisotropy is found in the spatial distribution of γ2 with respect to γ1. Defining the direction of γ1 as the z-axis, the intermediate level, in general will have an uneven distribution of m-states. This causes an anisotropy in the angular correlation of the second γ-ray with respect to the first. These angular correlations are expressed by the W (θ) that depends on numerical coefficients described by the sequence of spin-parity values for the nuclear states involved, the multipolarities and mixing ratios. Angular correlations can be used for the assignment of spins and parities for the nuclear states, and thus provide a powerful means to elucidate the structure of nuclei far from stability through β - γ - γ coincidence measurements. In order to explore the sensitivity of the new 16 clover-detector GRIFFIN γ-ray spectrometer at TRIUMF-ISAC to such γ - γ angular correlations, and to optimize its performance for these measurements we have studied a well known γ - γ cascade from 60Co decay through both experimental measurements and Geant4 simulation. Results will be shown in this talk. Work supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the National Research Council of Canada.
2. Statistical analysis of angular correlation measurements
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Obtaining the multipole mixing ratio, δ, of γ transitions in angular correlation measurements is a statistical problem characterized by the small number of angles in which the observation is made and by the limited statistic of counting, α. The inexistence of a sufficient statistics for the estimator of δ, is shown. Three different estimators for δ were constructed and their properties of consistency, bias and efficiency were tested. Tests were also performed in experimental results obtained in γ-γ directional correlation measurements. (Author)
3. Installation for e-γ angular correlation measurements
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A set-up for measurements of e-γ angular correlations consisting of Si(Li) conversion electron detector and either single Ge(Li) or two NaJ(Tl) gamma detectors is described. The Si(Li) detector chamber is designed in such a way as to enable to employ the perturbed e-γ and βγ angular correlation technique for measurements of e-γ angular correlations and for studies of quadrupole interactions. Operation of the set-up was tested via calibration measurements of angular correlations in decays of 169Tm
4. A furnace for high temperature perturbed angular correlation measurements
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Forker, M.; Herz, W.; Huetten, U.; Mueller, M.; Muesseler, R.; Schmidberger, J.; Simon, D.; Weingarten, A.; Bedi, S.C. (Inst. fuer Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Univ. Bonn (Germany))
1993-04-01
A compact furnace for perturbed angular correlation (PAC) measurements at high temperatures is described. Using a graphite heating element, the furnace combines small dimensions and high temperatures. With an outer diameter of only 23 mm and outer walls at room temperature, it provides sample temperatures up to 2350 K. Test measurements carried out up to this temperature with the standard PAC probe [sup 181]Ta in Zr and Hf metal and in undoped zirconia ZrO[sub 2] show problems arising from interactions of the sample with furnace materials, but at the same time illustrate the great potential of high-temperature PAC spectroscopy for solid state reaction studies. (orig.).
5. Cosmological forecasts from photometric measurements of the angular correlation function
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We study forecasts for the accuracy of the determination of cosmological parameters from future large-scale photometric surveys obtained using the full shape of the 2-point galaxy angular correlation function. The effects of linear redshift-space distortion, photometric redshift Gaussian errors, galaxy bias and nonlinearities in the power spectrum are included on our analysis. The Fisher information matrix is constructed with the full covariance matrix, including the correlation between nearby redshift shells arising from the photometric redshift error. We show that under some reasonable assumptions, a survey such as the imminent Dark Energy Survey should be able to constrain the dark energy equation of state parameter w and the cold dark matter density Ωcdm with a precision of the order of 20% and 13%, respectively, from the full shape of the angular correlation function alone. When combined with priors from other observations the precision in the determination of these parameters improve to 8% and 4%, respectively.
6. Cosmological forecasts from photometric measurements of the angular correlation function
CERN Document Server
Sobreira, F; Rosenfeld, R; da Costa, L A N; Maia, M A G; Makler, M
2011-01-01
We study forecasts for the accuracy of the determination of cosmological parameters from future large scale photometric surveys obtained using the full shape of the 2-point galaxy angular correlation function. The effects of linear redshift-space distortion, photometric redshift gaussian errors, galaxy bias and non-linearities in the power spectrum are included on our analysis. The Fisher information matrix is constructed with the full covariance matrix, including the correlation between nearby redshift shells arising from the photometric redshift error. We show that under some reasonable assumptions, a survey such as the imminent Dark Energy Survey should be able to constrain the dark energy equation of state parameter w and the cold dark matter density \\Omega_{cdm} with a precison of the order of 20% and 13% respectively from the full shape of the angular correlation function alone. When combined with priors from other observations the precision in the determination of these parameters improve to 8% and 4% ...
7. Measurement of Angular Correlations in the Decay of Polarized Neutrons
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Christensen, Carl Jørgen; Krohn, V.E.; Ringo, G.R.
1970-01-01
The electron-momentum-neutron-spin correlation coefficient was found to be A=-0.115±0.008, and the antineutrino-momentum-neutron-spin correlation coefficient was found to be B=1.00±0.05. The value of A leads to |GA/GV|=1.26±0.02 for the ratio of Gamow-Teller-to-Fermi coupling constants in β decay...
8. Identification of mechanisms in heavy ion reactions by measurement of angular correlations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The identification of reaction mechanisms in light heavy-ion collisions has been performed within the framework of the three body kinematics, by means of angular correlation measurements. The 16O+27Al, 16+O+28Si and 10B+27Al reactions were investigated at Laboratory bombarding energies of 64 MeV, 64 and 48 MeV, respectively. Contributions of transfer-reemission and projectile sequential decay mechanisms were identified by the analysis of the relative kinetic energy of the final state components, excitation energies of the system at the intermediate stages, and also by means of fits to theoretical predictions for the angular correlations. (author)
9. Angular correlation measurements for the 32Dsub(j) states of atomic hydrogen
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Angular correlation measurements have been made of the Lyman-α radiation arising from the cascade of the 32Dsub(j) states of atomic hydrogen detected in coincidence with electron scattered with n=3 energy loss. Data are presented at incident energies of 54.4 and 100 eV and electron scattering angles thetasub(e)=20 and 250. (author)
10. Magnetic texture in Ni films after Xe ion implantations measured with perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Perturbed angular correlation of tracer nuclei is sensitive to the size and orientation of the hyperfine field(s) in ferromagnetic films. We report on PAC measurements for 111In nuclei in 75 nm Ni films irradiated with 200 keV Xe ions. In particular, we investigated the effects of magnetostriction when bending the samples and of the 111In tracer implantation itself
11. Positronium Yields in Liquids Determined by Lifetime and Angular Correlation Measurements
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Mogensen, O. E.; Jacobsen, F. M.
1982-01-01
Positron lifetime and angular correlation spectra were measured for 36 pure liquids, CCl4 mixtures with hexane and diethylether, and C6F6 mixtures with hexane. Apparent ortho-Ps yields, I'3, were determined as the intensity of the long-lived component in the lifetime spectra, while the apparent...
12. Angular correlations of identified charged particles measured in pp collisions by ALICE at the LHC
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We report on studies of untriggered two-particle angular correlations of identified particles (pions, kaons and protons) measured in proton–proton collisions at center-of-mass energy √(s)=7 TeV recorded by ALICE at the LHC. These type of studies are sensitive to a wide range of correlations which arise from different physics mechanisms, each of them having a unique structure in ΔηΔφ space. The correlations of particles with different quark content and flavor are sensitive to various conservation laws. The study of these correlations is the main goal of this analysis. The results confirm that these laws strongly influence the shape of the correlation functions for different particle types and must be taken into account while analyzing the data. Moreover, we verify their implementation using two Monte Carlo event generators and we found that the analyzed models do not reproduce the measured correlations for protons
13. Electron-photon angular correlation measurements for the 2 1P state of helium
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Electron-photon angular correlations have been measured by detecting in delayed coincidence, electrons inelastically scattered from helium and photons emitted in decays from the 21P state at incident electron energies of 60 and 80 eV. Analysis of the data yields values for the ratio lambda of the differential cross sections for magnetic sublevel excitations and the phase difference X between the corresponding probability amplitudes. The measurements extend over the angular range 10-1200 of electron scattering angles. The present data are in good agreement with the experimental results of Hollywood et al, (J. Phys. B.; 12: 819 (1979)), and show a marked discrepancy at large scattering angles with the recent data of Steph and Golde. (Phys. Rev.; A in press (1980)). The experimental results are compared with some recent theories. (author)
14. Measurements of β-ν angular correlation parameter in nuclear β decays
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Correlation measurements in beta transitions are performed at low energy with high precision to highlight new physics beyond the Standard Model. In LPC-Caen, the team 'Interactions fondamentales' has built an ion trapping based set-up, LPCTrap, installed at LIRAT-GANIL and initially dedicated to the precise measurement of the beta-v angular correlation parameter in the pure Gamow-Teller decay of 6He nuclei. This parameter is sensitive to the coupling constants of weak interaction, and its precise determination enables to search for exotic tensor contribution. The goal of the present work is twofold. First, the progress of this 6He project is presented in its theoretical and experimental framework, and, secondly, short and mean range plans at GANIL in this fundamental field are discussed. (author)
15. The Mass-8 experiment -- Measuring the β-α angular correlations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The objective of the Mass-8 experiment is to perform a precision test of the conservation of the vector current hypothesis and a search for second class currents. The authors present preliminary data on the correlation coefficients of the β-α angular correlations of the β-delayed α-decays of 8Li and 8B
16. Measurement of the beta-neutrino angular correlation parameter in the 6He decay
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The subject of this work is the data analysis of the LPCTrap experiment which occurred in 2008. The goal was to measure the β-ν angular correlation coefficient, aβν, in the 6He decay at a 0.5% precision level. Evidences of a discrepancy between the experimental value of aβν and the prediction of the Standard Model (SM) would mean the existence of a vector current in the weak decay of 6He. This discovery would question the V-A structure used to described the weak interaction in the SM. A Paul trap is used to confine 6He+ ions almost at rest in a very small volume in order to have a decay source as well defined as possible. The emitted β particle and 6Li++ ion are detected in coincidence by detectors located around the trap. The angular correlation coefficient aβν is determined from a comparison between the experimental data and a Monte Carlo simulated distribution of the time of flight of the recoiling ions. During this work, a simulation based on GEANT4 has been developed, taking into account all the experimental effects which are likely to contribute to the systematic error of the aβν estimation. A special focus has been put on the electron scattering modelling. Despite a sufficient experimental statistics and an efficient simulation, a correct estimation was not achieved due to a malfunction of the ion detector. An exploratory statistical study has been undertaken in order to accurately specify the sensitivity level of the measurement performed with the LPCTrap apparatus in testing the hypotheses of the SM. The tools developed in this work will be used to analyze future experiments. (author)
17. Measurement of the full three-dimensional Fermi surface at room temperature by angular correlation of positron annihilation radiation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The two-dimensional measurement of the angular correlation of the positron annihilation radiation (2D-ACAR) is a powerful tool to investigate the electronic structure of materials. Here we present the full three-dimensional Fermi surface obtained by temperature dependent 2D-ACAR measurements in combination with common reconstruction algorithms. Although copper is believed to be a well understood system we find discrepancies between measurement and recent ab-initio calculations.
18. Electron-photon angular-correlation measurements for the 2P state of hydrogen at 35 eV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Electron-photon angular correlations have been measured for excitation of the 2P states of hydrogen at an incident energy of 35 eV. The data presented relate to electron-scattering angles from theta/sub e/ = 80 to theta/sub e/ = 1200 and yield values for the parameters lambdaand R. The experimental results are compared with several theories. In general, none of the theories is found to be adequate at this energy
19. Angular correlation measurements for electron impact excitation of the 32Psub(j) states of atomic hydrogen
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Angular correlation measurements have been made of the Lsub(β) fluorescence arising from the excitation of the 32Psub(j) states of atomic hydrogen detected in coincidence with electrons scattered with n = 3 energy loss. Data are presented for incident energies of 54.4 and 100 eV and electron scattering angles 20 and 25 deg, and compared with the predictions of the first Born approximation. (author)
20. Angular correlation measurements for electron impact excitation of the 3/sup 2/P/sub j/ states of atomic hydrogen
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Chwirot, S.; Slevin, J.
1987-11-28
Angular correlation measurements have been made of the L/sub ..beta../ fluorescence arising from the excitation of the 3/sup 2/P/sub j/ states of atomic hydrogen detected in coincidence with electrons scattered with n = 3 energy loss. Data are presented for incident energies of 54.4 and 100 eV and electron scattering angles 20 and 25 deg, and compared with the predictions of the first Born approximation.
1. Nuclear spectroscopic studies on the nucleus 107Cd using an apparature for the measurement of neutron-gamma angular correlations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In the present thesis an apperature for the measurement of n-γ angular correlations was developed. With that the nucleus 107Cd was studied using the reaction 107Ag(p,nγ) 107Cd. The analysis of the measured angular distributions yields by comparison with the calculated angular distribution a number of hitherto not yet or only uncertainly determined spins. Especially for levels, for which from neutron transfer experiments the orbital angular momentum of the transferred neutron was determined to lsub(n) = 2, a decision for spin 3/2+ or 5/2+ could be made. For a number of levels in addition to the spins the multipole mixing parameter of the γ-radiation could be determined. Using the obtain multipole mixing parameters and lifetimes from the measurement of Gompf using the Doppler shift attenuation method statements about the excitation character of some levels could be made. For this in the particle-core coupling model a wave function with two components was assumed, a pure particle wave function and a coupled core-particle excitation. By the knowledge of multipole mixing parameter and lifetime the amplitudes of the wave function are determined. (orig./HSI)
2. Study and implementation of a device to measure the angular correlation parameter in the decay of helium 6
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This thesis is about the design and the implementation of a device to guide ion beams. It is to be used to measure the angular correlation parameter in the decay of Helium 6 ions confined in a Paul trap. The principle of the measurement is to detect in coincidence the emitted electron and recoil ion in order to reconstruct the complete kinematics on an event by event basis in the best possible conditions. Indeed, the experimental setup allows us to study ions almost at rest and confined in a small volume. The beta-neutrino angular correlation parameter is deduced from the coincidence spectrum and its value constitutes a test of the V-A structure of the weak interaction. The work presented here concerns mainly the characterization of the device for the reduction of the beam emittance: the radiofrequency quadrupole with buffer gas. Ions lose energy by elastic collisions on the buffer gas atoms while being confined with help of an electric radiofrequency field. Tests have been done with stable ions which show on the one hand a very good agreement with simulations and, on the other hand, confirm the adequacy of the device. The cooled ions are then trapped inside the Paul trap with an efficiency of the order of 20%. Finally, the obtained characteristics of the detection setup (efficiencies and resolutions) allow us to estimate the event statistics needed to reach the required precision on the angular correlation parameter. (author)
3. Study of the disintegration process and of the angular moments of the excited levels of Pm-147 using spectrographic and angular correlation measurements (1963)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A direct spectrographic study together with a manual decomposition have made it possible for us to calculate the energies and the relative intensities, together with their error, of fifteen γ lines. During this work a new γ1 line having an energy of 77 ± 2 keV and a relative intensity of 8 ± 1 (with respect to γ2) has been found. A spectrographic study at the coincidences has enabled us to confirm the positions of the excited levels of 147Pm. We have thus been able to place the γ1 line of 77 ± 2 keV between the 409 and 490 keV levels. We have measured five angular correlations: W (434 - 91); W (319 - 92); W (272 - 319); W (121 - 319), W (121 - 92) with a well defined aim: that of providing the double correlation results in two triple cascades having three common levels. By using a method making it possible to isolate the parameters relative to the intermediate transition in a triple cascade, we have deduced a unique value for the angular moment, respectively 5/2, 7/2 and 5/2 for the energy levels 92 keV, 409 keV and 532 keV, and two values 5/3 or 7/2 for the 685 keV energy level. The associated mixing coefficients are: δ(92) = 0.18 ± 0.06; δ(121) = 0.12 ± 0.3; δ(310) = 0.38 ± 0.06; δ(436) = 0.05 ± 0.05 or δ(436) (372) = 0.16 ± 0.02 or -22 ± 2 and if the 685 keV level has an angular moment of 7/2, δ(272) = -0.50 ± 0.02. (author)
4. Measurement of the β-ν angular correlation parameter in the decay of 6He using a Paul trap
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The central topic of this work is the study of the properties and the implementation of a Paul trap used for the measurement of the beta-neutrino angular correlation parameter in the decay of 6He. This coefficient provides a signature of the nature of the interactions involved in the weak interaction. The value of this coefficient can be deduced from the kinematical distribution of the decay events. An electromagnetic trap is used for the trapping of 6He+ ions in a small volume. This trap has an open geometry that enables the detection in coincidence of the electron and the recoil ion emitted in the beta decay. A dedicated detection set up is used for the measurement of the electron energy, the ion time of flight and the position of the two particles for each event. A general description of the LPCTrap facility and of its performances is presented and shows that this set up is able to fulfill the proposed measurement. Especially, a comparison is made between the characteristics of the ion cloud obtained from Monte Carlo simulations and the experimental measurements with a good agreement. More than 100 000 coincident events have been recorded during the first experiment. A preliminary analysis of these results is shown. It includes a description of the different observables as well as a comparison between the experimental time of flight spectrum and the simulated spectrum. These data will allow a measurement of the angular correlation parameter with a statistical error smaller than 2 %. (author)
5. 'aspect' - a new spectrometer for the measurement of the angular correlation coefficient a in neutron beta decay
CERN Document Server
Zimmer, O; Grinten, M G D; Heil, W; Glück, F
2000-01-01
The combination of the coefficient a of the antineutrino/electron angular correlation with the beta asymmetry of the neutron provides a sensitive test for scalar and tensor contributions to the electroweak Lagrangian, as well as for right-handed currents. A method is given for measuring a with high sensitivity from the proton recoil spectrum. The method is based on a magnetic spectrometer with electrostatic retardation potentials such as used for searches of the neutrino mass in tritium beta decay. The spectrometer can also be used for similar studies using radioactive nuclei.
6. Probing Angular Correlations in Sequential Double Ionization
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We study electron correlation in sequential double ionization of noble gas atoms and HCl in intense, femtosecond laser pulses. We measure the photoelectron angular distributions of Ne+ relative to the first electron in a pump-probe experiment with 8 fs, 800 nm, circularly polarized laser pulses at a peak intensity of a few 1015 W/cm2. Using a linear-linear pump-probe setup, we further study He, Ar, and HCl. We find a clear angular correlation between the two ionization steps in the sequential double ionization intensity regime.
7. Measurement of inclusive two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
Science.gov (United States)
2012-05-01
We present a measurement of two-particle angular correlations in proton- proton collisions at √{s} = 900 GeV and 7 TeV. The collision events were collected during 2009 and 2010 with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider using a single-arm minimum bias trigger. Correlations are measured for charged particles produced in the kinematic range of transverse momentum p T > 100 MeV and pseudorapidity | η| < 2.5. A complex structure in pseudorapidity and azimuth is observed at both collision energies. Results are compared to pythia 8 and herwig++ as well as to the AMBT2B, DW and Perugia 2011 tunes of pythia 6. The data are not satisfactorily described by any of these models.
8. Measurement of inclusive two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
CERN Document Server
2012-01-01
We present a measurement of two-particle angular correlations in proton-proton collisions at $\\sqrt{s}$ = 900 GeV and 7 TeV. The collision events were collected during 2009 and 2010 with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider using a single-arm minimum bias trigger. Correlations are measured for charged particles produced in the kinematic range of transverse momentum pT > 100 MeV and pseudorapidity |$\\eta$| < 2.5. A complex structure in pseudorapidity and azimuth is observed at both collision energies. Results are compared to Pythia 8 and Herwig++ as well as to the AMBT2B, DW and Perugia 2011 tunes of Pythia 6. The data are not satisfactorily described by any of these models.
9. Measurement of the electron antineutrino angular correlation coefficient a with the neutron decay spectrometer aSPECT
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Simson, Martin
2010-09-21
This thesis describes measurements with the retardation spectrometer aSPECT at the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble. The goal of the measurement is to determine the angular correlation coefficient a from the form of the proton recoil spectrum in the decay of the free neutron in order to determine a precise value for the ratio of the weak axial vector and vector coupling constants of the nucleon. A big improvement was achieved with the use of a silicon drift detector which was used here for the first time to detect low energetic protons. A saturation effect of the electronics that was only discovered during the analysis of the data from neutron decay proved to be not correctable. The findings from analysis, simulations and test experiments gained in this work should allow a measurement of a with high precision in a future beamtime. (orig.)
10. Measurement of the electron antineutrino angular correlation coefficient a with the neutron decay spectrometer aSPECT
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This thesis describes measurements with the retardation spectrometer aSPECT at the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble. The goal of the measurement is to determine the angular correlation coefficient a from the form of the proton recoil spectrum in the decay of the free neutron in order to determine a precise value for the ratio of the weak axial vector and vector coupling constants of the nucleon. A big improvement was achieved with the use of a silicon drift detector which was used here for the first time to detect low energetic protons. A saturation effect of the electronics that was only discovered during the analysis of the data from neutron decay proved to be not correctable. The findings from analysis, simulations and test experiments gained in this work should allow a measurement of a with high precision in a future beamtime. (orig.)
11. Initial measurements of the angular velocity of walking humans using an active millimeter-wave correlation interferometer
Science.gov (United States)
Zilevu, Kojo S.; Kammerman, Kelly L.; Nanzer, Jeffrey A.
2013-05-01
The design of a 29.5 GHz experimental active interferometer for the measurement of the angular velocity of moving humans is presented in this paper, as well as initial measurements of walking humans. Measurement of the angular motion of moving objects is a desirable function in remote security sensing applications. Doppler radar sensors are able to measure the signature of moving humans based on micro-Doppler analysis; however, a person moving with little to no radial velocity produces negligible Doppler returns. Measurement of the angular movement of humans can be done with traditional radar techniques however the process involves either continuous tracking with narrow beamwidth or angle-of arrival estimation algorithms. Recently, the authors presented a new method of measuring the angular velocity of moving objects using interferometry. The method measures the angular velocity of an object without tracking or complex processing. The frequency shift imparted on the signal response is proportional to the angular velocity of the object as it passes through the interferometer beam pattern. The experimental system consists of a transmitter and two separate receivers with two widely spaced antennas. The received signals in each of the two channels are downconverted and digitized, and post-processed offline. Initial results of a walking person passing through the interferometer beam pattern are presented, which verify the expected operation of the receiver derived from the initial theory.
12. Measurement of the angular correlation parameters in the β decay of polarized Λ hyperons
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
From a final sample of 544 polarized Λ → peν events, values of Asub(ν) = 0.72 +- 0.12, Asub(e) = 0.05 +- 0.12 and Asub(p) = -0.47 +- 0.12 for the three spin asymmetry parameters are obtained, and Asub(eν) = 0.07 +- 0.12 for the electron-neutrino correlation. The lepton plane correlation with the Λ spin, D = 0.11 +- 0.20, is consistent with no violation of time reversal invariance. (author)
13. Perturbed angular correlations and distributions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The present index comprises original works and review papers on the perturbed angular correlations (PAC) and distributions (PAD). The articles published in the Soviet and foreign journals as well as the materials of conferences, monographs and collections published in the USSR and abroad, the preprints produced by various institutes and abstracts of disertations are included from 1948 up to 1973. The whole material compiled in this index is divided into three parts. Part one is a bibliographic index. All papers in this part are divided into three sections. Section one comprises the papers devoted to the theoretical works on PAC, review papers, monographs, materials of conferences. Section two deals with the works of methodical character where correlation spectrometers as well as the treatment of experimental data are described. In section three experimental works with concrete nuclei are compiled. Part two gives the characteristic of works performed with concrete nuclei. This part is presented in the form of the table in which the works are systematized according to the chemical elements and isotopes. The table shows the characteristics of the nuclear levels used in the investigations by PAC as well as brief characteristics of experiments and results obtained. Part three - appendix contains alphabetic index of the authors, the list of the used editions with the abbreviations of the titles of these editions. The lists indicating the dynamic of the quantity of works on PAC and the distribution according to the literature sources are also given
14. Angular correlation measurements for 4-{alpha} decaying states in {sup 16}O
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wuosmaa, A.H.; Back, B.B.; Betts, R.R. [and others
1995-08-01
Previous measurements of the {sup 12}C({sup 12}C,{sup 8}Be){sup 16}O{sup *}(4 {alpha}) reaction identified discrete levels in {sup 16}O which decay by breakup into 4 {alpha} particles through a number of different decay sequences, including {sup 16}O{sup *} {yields} {sup 8}Be + {sup 8}Be and {alpha} + {sup 12}C (O{sub 2}{sup +}). These states are observed in a range of excitation energies where resonances are observed in inelastic {alpha} + {sup 12}C scattering leading to the {sup 8}Be + {sup 8}Be and {alpha} + {sup 12}C final states. These resonances were associated with 4 {alpha}-particle chain configurations in {sup 16}O. Should the states populated in the {sup 12}C + {sup 12}C reaction possess this same extended structure, it would serve as an important piece of evidence supporting the idea that even more deformed structures are formed in the {sup 24}Mg compound system. In order to more firmly make this association, it is important to determine the spins of the states populated in the {sup 12}C + {sup 12}C reaction.
15. Precise measurement of the angular correlation parameter aβν in the β decay of 35Ar with LPCTrap
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Fabian X.
2014-03-01
Full Text Available Precise measurements in the β decay of the 35Ar nucleus enable to search for deviations from the Standard Model (SM in the weak sector. These measurements enable either to check the CKM matrix unitarity or to constrain the existence of exotic currents rejected in the V-A theory of the SM. For this purpose, the β-ν angular correlation parameter, aβν, is inferred from a comparison between experimental and simulated recoil ion time-of-flight distributions following the quasi-pure Fermi transition of 35Ar1+ ions confined in the transparent Paul trap of the LPCTrap device at GANIL. During the last experiment, 1.5×106 good events have been collected, which corresponds to an expected precision of less than 0.5% on the aβν value. The required simulation is divided between the use of massive GPU parallelization and the GEANT4 toolkit for the source-cloud kinematics and the tracking of the decay products.
16. Measurement of inclusive two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; Chudoba, Jiří; Gallus, Petr; Gunther, Jaroslav; Hruška, I.; Juránek, Vojtěch; Kepka, Oldřich; Kupčo, Alexander; Kůs, Vlastimil; Lipinský, L.; Lokajíček, Miloš; Marčišovský, Michal; Mikeštíková, Marcela; Myška, Miroslav; Němeček, Stanislav; Panušková, M.; Růžička, Pavel; Schovancová, Jaroslava; Šícho, Petr; Staroba, Pavel; Svatoš, Michal; Taševský, Marek; Tic, Tomáš; Valenta, J.; Vrba, Václav; Zeman, Martin
2012-01-01
Roč. 2012, č. 5 (2012), s. 1-47. ISSN 1126-6708 R&D Projects: GA MŠk LA08032 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z10100502 Keywords : ATLAS * LHC * hadron-hadron scattering * angular correlation * charged particle multiplicity Subject RIV: BF - Elementary Particles and High Energy Physics Impact factor: 5.618, year: 2012 http:// arxiv .org/abs/ arXiv :1203.3549
17. Measurement of the Orbital Angular Momentum Spectrum of Partially Coherent Fields using Double Angular Slit Interference
CERN Document Server
Malik, Mehul; Leach, Jonathan; Boyd, Robert W
2012-01-01
We implement an interferometric method using two angular slits to measure the orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode spectrum of a partially coherent field. As the angular separation of the slits changes, an interference pattern for a particular OAM mode is obtained. The visibility of this interference pattern as a function of angular separation is equivalent to the angular correlation function of the field. By Fourier transforming the angular correlation function obtained from the double angular slit interference, we are able to calculate the OAM spectrum of the partially coherent field. This method has potential application for characterizing the OAM spectrum in high-dimensional quantum information protocols.
18. Understanding GRETINA using angular correlation method
Science.gov (United States)
2015-10-01
The ability to trace the path of gamma rays through germanium is not only necessary for taking full advantage of GRETINA but also a promising possibility for homeland security defense against nuclear threats. This research tested the current tracking algorithm using the angular correlation method by comparing results from raw and tracked data to the theoretical model for Co-60. It was found that the current tracking method is unsuccessful in reproducing angular correlation. Variations to the tracking algorithm were made in the FM value, tracking angle, number of angles of separation observed, and window of coincidence in attempt to improve correlation results. From these variations it was observed that having a larger FM improved results, reducing the number of observational angles worsened correlation, and that overall larger tracking angles improved with larger windows of coincidence and vice-verse. Future research would be to refine the angle of measurement for raw data and to explore the possibility of an energy dependence by testing other elements. This work is supported by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, under Contract Number DE-AC02-06CH11357
19. Measurement of $B\\bar{B}$ Angular Correlations based on Secondary Vertex Reconstruction at $\\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Khachatryan, Vardan [Yerevan Physics Inst. (Armenia); et al.
2011-03-01
A measurement of the angular correlations between beauty and anti-beauty hadrons (B B-bar) produced in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV at the CERN LHC is presented, probing for the first time the region of small angular separation. The B hadrons are identified by the presence of displaced secondary vertices from their decays. The B hadron angular separation is reconstructed from the decay vertices and the primary-interaction vertex. The differential B B-bar production cross section, measured from a data sample collected by CMS and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.1 inverse picobarns, shows that a sizable fraction of the B B-bar pairs are produced with small opening angles. These studies provide a test of QCD and further insight into the dynamics of b b-bar production.
20. Measurement of $B\\overline{B}$ angular correlations based on secondary vertex reconstruction at $\\sqrt{s}$=7 TeV
CERN Document Server
2011-01-01
A measurement of the angular correlations between beauty and anti-beauty hadrons (B B-bar) produced in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV at the CERN LHC is presented, probing for the first time the region of small angular separation. The B hadrons are identified by the presence of displaced secondary vertices from their decays. The B hadron angular separation is reconstructed from the decay vertices and the primary-interaction vertex. The differential B B-bar production cross section, measured from a data sample collected by CMS and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.1 inverse picobarns, shows that a sizable fraction of the B B-bar pairs are produced with small opening angles. These studies provide a test of QCD and further insight into the dynamics of b b-bar production.
1. Electron-photon angular correlation measurements for excitation of the 2P state of hydrogen at 55 and 100 eV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Electron-photon angular correlations have been measured for excitation of the 2P state of hydrogen at incident energies of 55 and 100 eV. The data presented extend the results of Weigold and co-workers (Flinders Univ. preprint (1980)) to smaller scattering angles and reveal the existence of a deep minimum in the parameter lambda thetasub(e) = 100 at and incident electron energy of 100 eV. (author)
2. Measurement of long-range angular correlations and azimuthal anisotropies in high-multiplicity $p$$+Au collisions at \\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV CERN Document Server Aidala, C; Alfred, M; Andrieux, V; Apadula, N; Asano, H; Azmoun, B; Babintsev, V; Bandara, N S; Barish, K N; Bathe, S; Bazilevsky, A; Beaumier, M; Belmont, R; Berdnikov, A; Berdnikov, Y; Blau, D S; Bok, J S; Brooks, M L; Bryslawskyj, J; Bumazhnov, V; Campbell, S; Cervantes, R; Chi, C Y; Chiu, M; Choi, I J; Choi, J B; Citron, Z; Cronin, N; Csanád, M; Csörgő, T; Danley, T W; Daugherity, M S; David, G; DeBlasio, K; Dehmelt, K; Denisov, A; Deshpande, A; Desmond, E J; Dion, A; Dixit, D; Do, J H; Drees, A; Drees, K A; Durham, J M; Durum, A; Enokizono, A; En'yo, H; Esumi, S; Fadem, B; Fan, W; Feege, N; Fields, D E; Finger, M; Finger, M; Jr., \\,; Fokin, S L; Frantz, J E; Franz, A; Frawley, A D; Fukuda, Y; Gal, C; Gallus, P; Garg, P; Ge, H; Giordano, F; Goto, Y; Grau, N; Greene, S V; Perdekamp, M Grosse; Gunji, T; Guragain, H; Hachiya, T; Haggerty, J S; Hahn, K I; Hamagaki, H; Hamilton, H F; Han, S Y; Hanks, J; Hasegawa, S; Haseler, T O S; He, X; Hemmick, T K; Hill, J C; Hill, K; Hollis, R S; Homma, K; Hong, B; Hoshino, T; Hotvedt, N; Huang, J; Huang, S; Imai, K; Inaba, M; Iordanova, A; Isenhower, D; Ivanishchev, D; Jacak, B V; Jezghani, M; Jiang, X; Johnson, B M; Jouan, D; Jumper, D S; Kang, J H; Kapukchyan, D; Karthas, E; Kawall, D; Kazantsev, A V; Khachatryan, V; Khanzadeev, A; Kim, C; Kim, E -J; Kim, M; Kincses, D; Kistenev, E; Klatsky, J; Kline, P; Koblesky, T; Kotov, D; Kudo, S; Kurita, K; Kwon, Y; Lajoie, J G; Lebedev, A; Lee, S; Leitch, M J; Leung, Y H; Li, X; Lim, S H; Liu, M X; Loggins, V-R; Lovasz, K; Lynch, D; Majoros, T; Makdisi, Y I; Makek, M; Manko, V I; Mannel, E; McCumber, M; McGaughey, P L; McGlinchey, D; McKinney, C; Mendoza, M; Mignerey, A C; Milov, A; Mishra, D K; Mitchell, J T; Mitsuka, G; Miyasaka, S; Mizuno, S; Montuenga, P; Moon, T; Morrison, D P; Murakami, T; Murata, J; Nagai, K; Nagashima, K; Nagashima, T; Nagle, J L; Nagy, M I; Nakagawa, I; Nakano, K; Nattrass, C; Niida, T; Nouicer, R; Novák, T; Novitzky, N; Nyanin, A S; O'Brien, E; Ogilvie, C A; Koop, J D Orjuela; Osborn, J D; Oskarsson, A; Ottino, G J; Ozawa, K; Pantuev, V; Papavassiliou, V; Park, J S; Park, S; Pate, S F; Patel, M; Perepelitsa, D V; Perera, G D N; Peressounko, D Yu; PerezLara, C E; Perry, J; Petti, R; Phipps, M; Pinkenburg, C; Pisani, R P; Purschke, M L; Read, K F; Reynolds, D; Riabov, V; Riabov, Y; Rinn, T; Rolnick, S D; Rosati, M; Rowan, Z; Safonov, A S; Sakaguchi, T; Sako, H; Samsonov, V; Sarsour, M; Sato, S; Schaefer, B; Schmoll, B K; Sedgwick, K; Seidl, R; Sen, A; Seto, R; Sexton, A; Sharma, D; Shein, I; Shibata, T -A; Shigaki, K; Shimomura, M; Shioya, T; Shukla, P; Sickles, A; Silva, C L; Silvermyr, D; Singh, B K; Singh, C P; Singh, V; Slunečka, M; Snowball, M; Soltz, R A; Sondheim, W E; Sorensen, S P; Sourikova, I V; Stankus, P W; Stoll, S P; Sugitate, T; Sukhanov, A; Sumita, T; Sun, J; Sziklai, J; Tanida, K; Tannenbaum, M J; Tarafdar, S; Tarnai, G; Tieulent, R; Timilsina, A; Todoroki, T; Tomášek, M; Towell, C L; Towell, R S; Tserruya, I; Ueda, Y; Ujvari, B; van Hecke, H W; Velkovska, J; Virius, M; Vrba, V; Vukman, N; Wang, X R; Watanabe, Y S; Wong, C P; Woody, C L; Xu, C; Xu, Q; Xue, L; Yalcin, S; Yamaguchi, Y L; Yamamoto, H; Yanovich, A; Yoo, J H; Yoon, I; Yu, H; Yushmanov, I E; Zajc, W A; Zelenski, A; Zou, L 2016-01-01 We present the first measurements of long-range angular correlations and the transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow v_2 in high-multiplicity p$$+$Au collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. A comparison of these results with previous measurements in high-multiplicity $d$$+Au and ^3{\\rm He}$$+$Au collisions demonstrates a relation between $v_2$ and the initial collision eccentricity $\\varepsilon_2$, suggesting that the observed momentum-space azimuthal anisotropies in these small systems have a collective origin and reflect the initial geometry. Good agreement is observed between the measured $v_2$ and hydrodynamic calculations for all systems, and an argument disfavoring theoretical explanations based on momentum-space domain correlations is presented. The set of measurements presented here allows us to leverage the distinct intrinsic geometry of each of these systems to distinguish between different theoretical descriptions of the long-range correlations observed in small collision systems.
3. Angular correlation measurements in a thermal beam of H^* (2s) atoms using a Stern-Gerlach atomic axicon
Science.gov (United States)
Robert, J.; Miniatura, Ch.; Chormaic, S. Nic; Lawson-Daku, J.; Gorceix, O.; Perales, F.; Baudon, J.
1994-11-01
The effect of transverse magnetic gradients in Stern-Gerlach atom interferometry is to make interfere plane waves the momenta of which differ in their directions. As a result the contrast of the interference pattern produced by the longitudinal gradient is attenuated by an angular auto-correlation function in the momentum space. This effect is studied experimentally on a thermal beam of metastable H^* (2s) atoms, with a radial transverse gradient (atomic “axicon”). L'effet de gradients magnétiques transverses en interférométrie atomique de type Stern-Gerlach est de faire interférer des ondes planes ayant initialement des vecteurs d'onde différant par leurs directions. Il en résulte que, dans le signal d'interférences induit par le gradient longitudinal, le contraste est atténué par une fonction d'autocorrélation angulaire. Cet effet est étudié expérimentalement sur un jet thermique d'atomes métastables H^* (2s), dans le cas d'un gradient transverse radial (“axicon” atomique).
4. Preliminary work on the measurement of the β - ν angular correlation in the 6He beta decay by means of a Paul's trap
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The subject of this thesis is the preparation of a measurement of the β - ν angular correlation coefficient, in 6He nuclear β - decay, using a Paul trap. Its principle consists in studying the decay of radioactive ions trapped in a small volume, practically at rest in the center of a transparent electric trap. The trajectories of the particles emitted in the decay are weakly disturbed. The detection in coincidence of the electron and the recoil ion in each decay allows the measurement of 3 observables: the energies of the particles and their relative angle. The β - ν angular correlation parameter deduced from the coincidence spectrum is sensitive to the existence of exotic interactions excluded by the V - A theory of the weak interactions. In the case of 6He decay a deviation observed on the predicted value would imply the existence of tensor type interactions, which might be due to the exchange of leptoquarks. These are gauge bosons present in many extensions of the Standard Model. The work presented here concerns the tests of a transparent Paul trap. The performance of the trap has been tested with ions created in a laser plasma source (Mo+, Fe+, Al+), and also with ions delivered by an ionization source (4He+ ions). These experiments were carried out in parallel with their simulations which required the development of a computer code of the electrical potential in various geometries, and of a code of ions transport in the associated fields. These simulations showed a good agreement with the experiment. A Monte Carlo simulation of the experimental setup, for the β - ν angular correlation measurement, was then carried out. The distortions of the spectra associated with the varying electric fields in the vicinity of the trap and with the ion cloud size were estimated for various geometries. The statistical needs for the experiment were evaluated in order to reach the required precision. (author)
5. Measurement of electric field gradient at 117In on the Cu-site in mavicyanin by perturbed angular correlation of γ-rays
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The structure around the metal site of mavicyanin, a protein molecule with a copper site, was investigated in solution by using time-differential perturbed angular correlation of 117In. The electric field gradient (EFG) of the metal site was deduced from the measurement. It demonstrated that the site in a mutant-type mavicyanin, Thr15Ala-Mav, gives an EFG different from that in the wild-type mavicyanin does. The pH dependence of the EFG was also observed for both proteins.
6. A study of the 4p-excited autoionization resonances in Sr by measurement of the angular correlation between the photoejected electrons and polarized fluorescent photons
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
For five autoionization resonances of Sr in the 4p excitation region, we have determined the ratios of five amplitudes and one phase difference for the photo-ejected electron waves which leave the Sr+ ion in the 5p 2P1/2,3/2 excited states. The technique employed is a combination of conventional angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, and angular correlation measurements between photoejected electrons and polarized fluorescent photons. We discuss how the ratios of the dipole amplitudes are related to the spectroscopic descriptions of the resonances studied. (author)
7. Measurement of the electron-antineutrino angular correlation coefficient a in neutron beta decay with the spectrometer aSPECT
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Petzoldt, G.
2007-08-29
In the four beam times we performed at the FRM-II, we were able to show that the spectrometer works in principle and that a determination of a with it is possible. A set of routines has been written for decoding and analyzing the raw data. The routines are written in C using the ROOT libraries and can be easily adapted or expanded. We have found a reliable way to extract the proton count rates from the data by building pulseheight spectra for each measurement, subtracting background measurements from those and fitting the resulting peak with a Gaussian. The background of the measurements was studied in detail. The background caused by electrons from neutron decay is very well understood and conforms quantitatively to our expectation. Due to the spatial resolution of our detector and the time resolution provided by our DAQ electronics, we were able to study correlated electron-proton pairs from one neutron decay event. They form a clearly visible peak in a time- and channel-distance spectrum, which can be shifted in the channel-dimension by varying the voltages applied to the lower and upper E x B electrodes. Performing a pulseheight analysis for both involved particles allowed us to obtain a fairly clean energy spectrum of the background caused by electrons from neutron decay in our detector. Using these correlations for data analysis may be of interest for future neutron decay experiments which use segmented detectors. (orig.)
8. Measurement of the electron-antineutrino angular correlation coefficient a in neutron beta decay with the spectrometer aSPECT
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In the four beam times we performed at the FRM-II, we were able to show that the spectrometer works in principle and that a determination of a with it is possible. A set of routines has been written for decoding and analyzing the raw data. The routines are written in C using the ROOT libraries and can be easily adapted or expanded. We have found a reliable way to extract the proton count rates from the data by building pulseheight spectra for each measurement, subtracting background measurements from those and fitting the resulting peak with a Gaussian. The background of the measurements was studied in detail. The background caused by electrons from neutron decay is very well understood and conforms quantitatively to our expectation. Due to the spatial resolution of our detector and the time resolution provided by our DAQ electronics, we were able to study correlated electron-proton pairs from one neutron decay event. They form a clearly visible peak in a time- and channel-distance spectrum, which can be shifted in the channel-dimension by varying the voltages applied to the lower and upper E x B electrodes. Performing a pulseheight analysis for both involved particles allowed us to obtain a fairly clean energy spectrum of the background caused by electrons from neutron decay in our detector. Using these correlations for data analysis may be of interest for future neutron decay experiments which use segmented detectors. (orig.)
9. Measurement of Long-Range Near-Side Two-Particle Angular Correlations in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV.
Science.gov (United States)
2016-04-29
Results on two-particle angular correlations for charged particles produced in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV are presented. The data were taken with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of about 270 nb^{-1}. The correlations are studied over a broad range of pseudorapidity (|η|2.0), near-side (Δϕ≈0) structure emerges in the two-particle Δη-Δϕ correlation functions. The magnitude of the correlation exhibits a pronounced maximum in the range 1.0correlation strength similar to that found in earlier pp data at sqrt[s]=7 TeV. The present measurement extends the study of near-side long-range correlations up to charged particle multiplicities N_{ch}∼180, a region so far unexplored in pp collisions. The observed long-range correlations are compared to those seen in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions at lower collision energies. PMID:27176516
10. An experiment to measure λ=GA/GV from a combination of angular correlation coefficients in the beta decay of polarized neutrons
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A technique is described which allows us to measure the ratio λ=GA/GV of the weak axial-vector and vector coupling constants in neutron decay without any measurement of the neutron beam polarization. λ is determined from a combination of the parity-odd angular correlations σ→·p→e and σ→·p→ν between the neutron spin σ→ and the electron momentum p→e and the anti-neutrino momentum p→ν, respectively, both of which are measured in a single experiment using the same neutron beam. A description of the experiment and the results of the first run at the cold neutron beam facility at the Institut Laue-Langevin are presented
11. LHCb - First measurements of long-range near-side angular correlations in $\\sqrt {^SNN} = 5$ TeV proton-lead collisions in the forward region
CERN Multimedia
Yang, Zhenwei
2015-01-01
Two-particle angular correlations are studied in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of $\\sqrt {^SNN} = 5$ TeV, collected with the LHCb detector at the LHC. The analysis is based on data recorded in two opposing beam configurations, in which either the direction of the proton or that of the lead remnant is analysed. The correlations are measured as a function of relative pseudorapidity, $\\Delta \\eta$, and relative azimuthal angle, $\\Delta \\phi$, for events in different classes of event activity and for different bins of particle transverse momentum. In high-activity events a long-range correlation on the near side is observed in the pseudorapidity range $2.0 < \\eta < 4.9$. This is the first measurement of a long-range correlation on the near side in proton-lead collisions in the forward region and extends previous observations in the central region. The correlation increases with growing event activity and is found to be more pronounced in the direction of the lead beam. Wh...
12. Measurements of long-range near-side angular correlations in $\\sqrt{s_{\\text{NN}}}=5$TeV proton-lead collisions in the forward region
CERN Document Server
Aaij, Roel; Adeva, Bernardo; Adinolfi, Marco; Affolder, Anthony; Ajaltouni, Ziad; Akar, Simon; Albrecht, Johannes; Alessio, Federico; Alexander, Michael; Ali, Suvayu; Alkhazov, Georgy; Alvarez Cartelle, Paula; Alves Jr, Antonio Augusto; Amato, Sandra; Amerio, Silvia; Amhis, Yasmine; An, Liupan; Anderlini, Lucio; Anderson, Jonathan; Andreassi, Guido; Andreotti, Mirco; Andrews, Jason; Appleby, Robert; Aquines Gutierrez, Osvaldo; Archilli, Flavio; d'Argent, Philippe; Artamonov, Alexander; Artuso, Marina; Aslanides, Elie; Auriemma, Giulio; Baalouch, Marouen; Bachmann, Sebastian; Back, John; Badalov, Alexey; Baesso, Clarissa; Baldini, Wander; Barlow, Roger; Barschel, Colin; Barsuk, Sergey; Barter, William; Batozskaya, Varvara; Battista, Vincenzo; Bay, Aurelio; Beaucourt, Leo; Beddow, John; Bedeschi, Franco; Bediaga, Ignacio; Bel, Lennaert; Bellee, Violaine; Belloli, Nicoletta; Belyaev, Ivan; Ben-Haim, Eli; Bencivenni, Giovanni; Benson, Sean; Benton, Jack; Berezhnoy, Alexander; Bernet, Roland; Bertolin, Alessandro; Bettler, Marc-Olivier; van Beuzekom, Martinus; Bien, Alexander; Bifani, Simone; Billoir, Pierre; Bird, Thomas; Birnkraut, Alex; Bizzeti, Andrea; Blake, Thomas; Blanc, Frédéric; Blouw, Johan; Blusk, Steven; Bocci, Valerio; Bondar, Alexander; Bondar, Nikolay; Bonivento, Walter; Borghi, Silvia; Borsato, Martino; Bowcock, Themistocles; Bowen, Espen Eie; Bozzi, Concezio; Braun, Svende; Britsch, Markward; Britton, Thomas; Brodzicka, Jolanta; Brook, Nicholas; Buchanan, Emma; Burr, Christopher; Bursche, Albert; Buytaert, Jan; Cadeddu, Sandro; Calabrese, Roberto; Calvi, Marta; Calvo Gomez, Miriam; Campana, Pierluigi; Campora Perez, Daniel; Capriotti, Lorenzo; Carbone, Angelo; Carboni, Giovanni; Cardinale, Roberta; Cardini, Alessandro; Carniti, Paolo; Carson, Laurence; Carvalho Akiba, Kazuyoshi; Casse, Gianluigi; Cassina, Lorenzo; Castillo Garcia, Lucia; Cattaneo, Marco; Cauet, Christophe; Cavallero, Giovanni; Cenci, Riccardo; Charles, Matthew; Charpentier, Philippe; Chefdeville, Maximilien; Chen, Shanzhen; Cheung, Shu-Faye; Chiapolini, Nicola; Chrzaszcz, Marcin; Cid Vidal, Xabier; Ciezarek, Gregory; Clarke, Peter; Clemencic, Marco; Cliff, Harry; Closier, Joel; Coco, Victor; Cogan, Julien; Cogneras, Eric; Cogoni, Violetta; Cojocariu, Lucian; Collazuol, Gianmaria; Collins, Paula; Comerma-Montells, Albert; Contu, Andrea; Cook, Andrew; Coombes, Matthew; Coquereau, Samuel; Corti, Gloria; Corvo, Marco; Couturier, Benjamin; Cowan, Greig; Craik, Daniel Charles; Crocombe, Andrew; Cruz Torres, Melissa Maria; Cunliffe, Samuel; Currie, Robert; D'Ambrosio, Carmelo; Dall'Occo, Elena; Dalseno, Jeremy; David, Pieter; Davis, Adam; De Aguiar Francisco, Oscar; De Bruyn, Kristof; De Capua, Stefano; De Cian, Michel; De Miranda, Jussara; De Paula, Leandro; De Simone, Patrizia; Dean, Cameron Thomas; Decamp, Daniel; Deckenhoff, Mirko; Del Buono, Luigi; Déléage, Nicolas; Demmer, Moritz; Derkach, Denis; Deschamps, Olivier; Dettori, Francesco; Dey, Biplab; Di Canto, Angelo; Di Ruscio, Francesco; Dijkstra, Hans; Donleavy, Stephanie; Dordei, Francesca; Dorigo, Mirco; Dosil Suárez, Alvaro; Dossett, David; Dovbnya, Anatoliy; Dreimanis, Karlis; Dufour, Laurent; Dujany, Giulio; Dupertuis, Frederic; Durante, Paolo; Dzhelyadin, Rustem; Dziurda, Agnieszka; Dzyuba, Alexey; Easo, Sajan; Egede, Ulrik; Egorychev, Victor; Eidelman, Semen; Eisenhardt, Stephan; Eitschberger, Ulrich; Ekelhof, Robert; Eklund, Lars; El Rifai, Ibrahim; Elsasser, Christian; Ely, Scott; Esen, Sevda; Evans, Hannah Mary; Evans, Timothy; Falabella, Antonio; Färber, Christian; Farley, Nathanael; Farry, Stephen; Fay, Robert; Ferguson, Dianne; Fernandez Albor, Victor; Ferrari, Fabio; Ferreira Rodrigues, Fernando; Ferro-Luzzi, Massimiliano; Filippov, Sergey; Fiore, Marco; Fiorini, Massimiliano; Firlej, Miroslaw; Fitzpatrick, Conor; Fiutowski, Tomasz; Fohl, Klaus; Fol, Philip; Fontana, Marianna; Fontanelli, Flavio; Forshaw, Dean Charles; Forty, Roger; Frank, Markus; Frei, Christoph; Frosini, Maddalena; Fu, Jinlin; Furfaro, Emiliano; Gallas Torreira, Abraham; Galli, Domenico; Gallorini, Stefano; Gambetta, Silvia; Gandelman, Miriam; Gandini, Paolo; Gao, Yuanning; García Pardiñas, Julián; Garra Tico, Jordi; Garrido, Lluis; Gascon, David; Gaspar, Clara; Gauld, Rhorry; Gavardi, Laura; Gazzoni, Giulio; Gerick, David; Gersabeck, Evelina; Gersabeck, Marco; Gershon, Timothy; Ghez, Philippe; Gianì, Sebastiana; Gibson, Valerie; Girard, Olivier Göran; Giubega, Lavinia-Helena; Gligorov, Vladimir; Göbel, Carla; Golubkov, Dmitry; Golutvin, Andrey; Gomes, Alvaro; Gotti, Claudio
2015-01-01
Two-particle angular correlations are studied in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of $\\sqrt{s_{\\text{NN}}}=5$TeV, collected with the LHCb detector at the LHC. The analysis is based on data recorded in two beam configurations, in which either the direction of the proton or that of the lead ion is analysed. The correlations are measured as a function of relative pseudorapidity, $\\Delta\\eta$, and relative azimuthal angle, $\\Delta\\phi$, for events in different classes of event activity and for different bins of particle transverse momentum. In high-activity events a long-range correlation on the near side, $\\Delta\\phi \\approx 0$, is observed in the pseudorapidity range $2.0<\\eta<4.9$. This measurement of long-range correlations on the near side in proton-lead collisions extends previous observations into the forward region up to $\\eta=4.9$. The correlation increases with growing event activity and is found to be more pronounced in the direction of the lead beam. However, the...
13. Measurement of long-range near-side two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions at $\\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Khachatryan, Vardan [Yerevan Physics Inst. (YerPhI) (Armenia). et al.
2015-10-13
Our results on two-particle angular correlations for charged particles produced in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV are presented. The data were taken with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of about 270 nb-1. The correlations are studied over a broad range of pseudorapidity (|η| < 2.4) and over the full azimuth (Φ) as a function of charged particle multiplicity and transverse momentum (pT). In high-multiplicity events, a long-range (|Δη| > 2.0), near-side (ΔΦ≈ 0) structure emerges in the two-particle Dh–Df correlation functions. The magnitude of the correlation exhibits a pronounced maximum in the range 1.0 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c and an approximately linear increase with the charged particle multiplicity. The overall correlation strength at √s = 13 TeV is similar to that found in earlier pp data at √s = 7 TeV, but is measured up to much higher multiplicity values. We observed long-range correlations are compared to those seen in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions at lower collision energies.
14. Measurement of long-range near-side two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions at $\\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV
CERN Document Server
2016-01-01
Results on two-particle angular correlations for charged particles produced in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV are presented. The data were taken with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of about 270 inverse-nanobarns. The correlations are studied over a broad range of pseudo rapidity (|$\\eta$| 2.0), near-side ($\\Delta\\phi\\approx$ 0) structure emerges in the two-particle $\\Delta\\eta$-$\\Delta\\phi$ correlation functions. The magnitude of the correlation exhibits a pronounced maximum in the range 1.0 < $p_{\\mathrm{T}}$ < 2.0 GeV/$c$ and an approximately linear increase with the charged particle multiplicity. The overall correlation strength at $\\sqrt{s} =$ 13TeV is similar to that found in earlier pp data at $\\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV, but is measured up to much higher multiplicity values. The observed long-range correlations are compared to those seen in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions at lower collision energies.
15. Calculation of fusion product angular correlation coefficients for fusion plasmas
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The angular correlation coefficients for fusion products are calculated in the cases of Maxwellian and beam-target plasmas. Measurement of these coefficients as a localized ion temperature or fast-ion diagnostic is discussed. 8 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab
16. From complete to uncomplete fusion: Correlated measurement of momentum and angular-momentum transfer in the reaction 19F+154Sm
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The properties of complete and incomplete fusion in the system 19F+154Sm were measured at 162 MeV and 249 MeV with the Heidelberg-Darmstadt crystall ball spectrometer. For this the γ multiplicity in coincidence with light particles and the time of flight of the residual nuclei was measured for the first time from which a momentum-angular momentum correlation is obtained. Contrarily to the expectation we find a 2.3% contribution of incomplete fusion and a 25% contribution of preequilibrium emission at an energy of 162 MeV. The preequilibrium emission is thereby confined to the lower half 1<23(h/2π) of the angular momentum window available for fusion (1sub(crit)=46(h/2π)). We identify the preequilibrium emission by an additional contribution in the neutron multiplicity Nsub(n) in the range 0.39< vsub(R)<0.44 cm/ns of the residual-nucleus velocity vsub(R). From the asymmetry of the forward/backward deposed energy results that for the preequilibrium process a neutron emission elevated by ΔNsub(n)=1.2 conclusive in the forward region (45 degrees). The events from uncomplete fusion are mainly to be assigned to the α breakup of the projectile; at an incident angular momentum of 53(h/2π) this leads to the observed compound-nucleus spin Jsub(cn)=42(h/2π). At 249 MeV we find strong contributions of incomplete fusion. The γ multiplicity is changed only weakly against the complete fusion (+10%). The delayed multiplicity and the energy decrease for vsub(R)< vsub(cm) nearly linearly with decreasing residual-nucleus velocity as consequence of the decreased excitation energy of the compound nucleus in uncomplete fusion. From the multiplicity we can for the uncomplete fusion indicate an angular momentum range of the compound nucleus of Jsub(cn)=35-55(h/2π) which corresponds to an incident angular momentum of Jsub(in)=57-86(h/2π) in the single breakup channels of the projectile. (orig./HSI)
17. Measurement of angular correlations of jets at √(s)=1.96 TeV and determination of the strong coupling at high momentum transfers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We present a measurement of the average value of a new observable at hadron colliders that is sensitive to QCD dynamics and to the strong coupling constant, while being only weakly sensitive to parton distribution functions. The observable measures the angular correlations of jets and is defined as the number of neighboring jets above a given transverse momentum threshold which accompany a given jet within a given distance ΔR in the plane of rapidity and azimuthal angle. The ensemble average over all jets in an inclusive jet sample is measured and the results are presented as a function of transverse momentum of the inclusive jets, in different regions of ΔR and for different transverse momentum requirements for the neighboring jets. The measurement is based on a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.7 fb-1 collected with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider in pp¯ collisions at √(s)=1.96 TeV. The results are well described by a perturbative QCD calculation in next-to-leading order in the strong coupling constant, corrected for non-perturbative effects. From these results, we extract the strong coupling and test the QCD predictions for its running over a range of momentum transfers of 50-400 GeV.
18. Measurement of the angular correlation coefficient a between electron and antineutrino in neutron β-decay with the spectrometer aSPECT
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Neutron β-decay is parametrized by several measurable correlation coefficients which are used to determine parameters of the Standard Model and to search for new physics. The aim of the retardation spectrometer aSPECT is to measure the electron-antineutrino angular correlation coefficient a with an unprecedented accuracy of well below 1%. The coefficient is extracted from a high precision measurement of the proton energy spectrum. A central point of this PhD thesis is the analysis of the background, motivated by the observations of discharges during the beam time of 2011, and an earlier indication for a dependence on the retardation potential. During this thesis, several measurements were conducted off-line, without ionizing particles from neutron decay. An 'internal' background (X-rays and ions) was identified. It has an influence of 10-5 to 10-4 on Δa/a depending on the vacuum level (∼10-9 mbar) and the spectrometer settings. Within the analysis of the data from the beam time in 2013, a model was built to correct for backgrounds present in neutron decay experiment, taking into account its time dependence. The correction is about 3% on the coefficient for standard settings and vacuum but it can reach 7% for unfavorable settings. To reduce the background, a drift electric field was applied close to the maximum of the retardation potential. Additional measurements performed during this beam time included tests of systematics, in particular the edge effect (beam profile) and different electrode settings. In order to obtain the final result, the analysis has to be extended by including the different corrections and by comparing with simulations of the systematic effects. (author)
19. Basis of γ-γ directional angular correlation theory
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In nuclear spectroscopy, the measurement of directional angular correlations of nuclear radiations is a powerful technique for determining the spins and parities of nuclear states. In part I the theoretic basis of this technique are described for a double gamma cascade. The methods of analyses which are specially used in this technique are presented in part II and the final part of the text is devoted to computer processing of experimental data. (author)
20. Gamma-gamma angular correlation studies in 97Tc
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
By use of multichannel goniometer gamma-gamma angular correlations have been measured in 97Tc. These data are used to deduce the E2/M1 mixing-ratios of several transitions. The spin of the 785.0 keV level is found to be 5/2. The reduced transition strengths as well as relative transition strengths are calculated for some transitions and are compared with the predictions of a recent theoretical calculation. (orig.)
1. The difficulty of measuring orbital angular momentum
OpenAIRE
Preece, D; Nieminen, T. A.; Asavei, T.; Heckenberg, N. R.; Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H.
2011-01-01
Light can carry angular momentum as well as energy and momentum; the transfer of this angular momentum to an object results in an optical torque. The development of a rotational analogue to the force measurement capability of optical tweezers is hampered by the difficulty of optical measurement of orbital angular momentum. We present an experiment with encouraging results, but emphasise the difficulty of the task.
2. The difficulty of measuring orbital angular momentum
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
D. Preece
2011-09-01
Full Text Available Light can carry angular momentum as well as energy and momentum; the transfer of this angular momentum to an object results in an optical torque. The development of a rotational analogue to the force measurement capability of optical tweezers is hampered by the difficulty of optical measurement of orbital angular momentum. We present an experiment with encouraging results, but emphasise the difficulty of the task.
3. The angular two-point correlation of NVSS galaxies revisited
CERN Document Server
Chen, Song
2015-01-01
We measure the angular two-point correlation and angular power spectrum from the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) of radio galaxies. Contrary to previous claims in the literature, we show that it is consistent with primordial Gaussianity on all angular scales and it is consistent with the best-fit cosmological model from the Planck analysis, as well as the redshift distribution obtained from the Combined EIS-NVSS Survey Of Radio Sources (CENSORS). Our analysis is based on an optimal estimation of the two-point correlation function and makes use of a new mask, which takes into account direction dependent effects of the observations, side lobe effects of bright sources and galactic foreground. We also use a lower flux threshold and take the cosmic radio dipole into account. The latter turns out to be an essential step in the analysis. This improved cosmological analysis of the NVSS stresses the importance of a flux calibration that is robust and stable on large angular scales for future radio continuum surveys.
4. Angular correlations and fragmentation in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions have been studied from 35 A MeV up to 94 A MeV at various accelerators. Angular correlations between light particles and detection of projectile- and target-fragments have been used to investigate the reaction mechanisms in this transition region between low- and high energy. An excess of correlations is observed in the particle-particle elastic scattering plane. This excess increases with particle mass and can be understood in terms of momentum conservation. The fragmentation measurements gives an indication that both energy and momentum transfer to the spectator volumes does occur. (author)
5. High intensity positron beam and angular correlation experiments at Livermore
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A positron beam apparatus that produces a variable energy positron beam with sufficient intensity to perform new positron experiments in an ultrahigh vacuum environment has been installed at the Lawrence Livermore 100 MeV electron linac. We have installed two large area position sensitive gamma-ray detectors to measure angular correlations in two dimensions and a separate highly collimated detector to measure positronium energy distributions by time-of-flight velocity determination. Data from measurements on single crystals of Cu will be described
6. Object Identification Using Correlated Orbital Angular Momentum States
CERN Document Server
Uribe-Patarroyo, Nestor; Simon, David S; Minaeva, Olga; Sergienko, Alexander V
2012-01-01
Using spontaneous parametric down conversion as a source of entangled photon pairs, correlations are measured between the orbital angular momentum (OAM) in a target beam (which contains an unknown object) and that in an empty reference beam. Unlike previous studies, the effects of the object on off-diagonal elements of the OAM correlation matrix are examined. Due to the presence of the object, terms appear in which the signal and idler OAM do not add up to that of the pump. Using these off-diagonal correlations, the potential for high-efficiency object identification by means of correlated OAM states is experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The higher-dimensional OAM Hilbert space enhances the information capacity of this approach, while the presence of the off-diagonal correlations allows for recognition of specific spatial signatures present in the object. In particular, this allows the detection of discrete rotational symmetries and the efficient evaluation of multiple azimuthal Fourier coefficie...
7. Complete angular distribution measurements of pp spin correlation parameters Axx, Ayy, and Axz and analyzing power Ay at 197.4 MeV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Measurements of pp spin correlation coefficients Axx, Ayy, and Axz and analyzing power Ay for pp elastic scattering at 197.4 MeV over the laboratory angular range 3.5 degree - 43.5 degree (θc.m.=7 degree - 90 degree) have been carried out. The typical statistical accuracy per 1 degree angle bin is better than 0.02 for the Amn and better than 0.005 for Ay. Systematic errors are negligible except for an overall normalization uncertainty of 2.5% for Amn and 1.3% for Ay. The experiment makes use of a polarized hydrogen gas target internal to a proton storage ring (IUCF Cooler) and a circulating beam of polarized protons. The target polarization is switched in sign and direction (x,y,z) every 2 s by reversing a weak guide field (∼0.3 mT). Scattered and recoil protons are detected in coincidence by two sets of wire chambers, by scintillators, and by silicon-strip recoil detectors placed 5 cm from the proton beam. Analysis methods and comparison to recent pp partial-wave analyses and NN potential models are described. copyright 1998 The American Physical Society
8. Interaction of vacancies with implanted metal atoms in tungsten observed by means of thermal helium desorption spectrometry and perturbed angular correlation measurements
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kolk, G.J. van der; Veen, A. van; Post, K.; Pleiter, F.; Hosson, J.T.M. de
1985-01-01
With two techniques the defect complexes are studied when formed after implantation of 5 to 100 keV metal ions into tungsten. Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) studies clearly indicate the presence of substitutional impurities in samples implanted with Ag or In. With Thermal Helium Desorption Spectrometry (THDS), however, virtually no substitutional implants (Ag, Cu, Mn, Cr, In) could be seen after implantation due to the nearby vacancies. Migration of vacancies towards the implants during annealing at stage III temperature was observed by means of PAC measurements. At upper stage III vacancy-implant complexes disintegrate, while the substitutional fraction increases. According to THDS, no vacancy-implant complexes are left in the case of 5 keV implantation after annealing to temperatures slightly beyond stage III temperature. In the case of 20 keV implantation a vacancy-type defect is formed which is stable up to 1350 K. The results of both techniques are compared with each other and with model calculations.
9. Demonstration of a large deformation in the first stage of the sequence reaction 12C(28Si,αα)32S(g.s.) by analysis of angular correlation measurements
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The measurement of angular correlations of light particles emitted in sequence by a highly excited compound nucleus yields information on the angular momenta of the transitions. Detailed statistical model calculations have been used for a particular study of the sequence emission of α particles in the 12C + 28Si reaction, which leads to the first excited states of 32S with energies between 60 and 90 MeV. The formation cross-section of the compound nucleus is calculated. The measured angular correlations are well represented by a statistical model calculation with a large deformation in the 40Ca → 36Ar transition. Such a large deformation is compatible with the fusion configurations given by TDHF calculations. Structures superimposed on the mean cross-section from the statistical model are seen and it is shown that they are not due only to statistical fluctuations
10. Measurement of long-range angular correlation and quadrupole anisotropy of pions and (anti)protons in central $d$$+Au collisions at \\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV OpenAIRE Adare, A.; Aidala, C.; Ajitanand, N. N.; Akiba, Y; Akimoto, R.; Al-Bataineh, H.; Al-Ta'ani, H.; Alexander, J.; Andrews, K. R.; Angerami, A.(Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, U.S.A.); Aoki, K.; Apadula, N.; Appelt, E.; Aramaki, Y.; Armendariz, R. 2014-01-01 We present azimuthal angular correlations between charged hadrons and energy deposited in calorimeter towers in central d$$+$Au and minimum bias $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. The charged hadron is measured at midrapidity $|\\eta| 11. Angular-Rate Estimation Using Quaternion Measurements Science.gov (United States) Azor, Ruth; Bar-Itzhack, Y.; Deutschmann, Julie K.; Harman, Richard R. 1998-01-01 In most spacecraft (SC) there is a need to know the SC angular rate. Precise angular rate is required for attitude determination, and a coarse rate is needed for attitude control damping. Classically, angular rate information is obtained from gyro measurements. These days, there is a tendency to build smaller, lighter and cheaper SC, therefore the inclination now is to do away with gyros and use other means and methods to determine the angular rate. The latter is also needed even in gyro equipped satellites when performing high rate maneuvers whose angular-rate is out of range of the on board gyros or in case of gyro failure. There are several ways to obtain the angular rate in a gyro-less SC. When the attitude is known, one can differentiate the attitude in whatever parameters it is given and use the kinematics equation that connects the derivative of the attitude with the satellite angular-rate and compute the latter. Since SC usually utilize vector measurements for attitude determination, the differentiation of the attitude introduces a considerable noise component in the computed angular-rate vector. 12. Angular velocity nonlinear observer from vector measurements OpenAIRE Magnis, Lionel; Petit, Nicolas 2015-01-01 The paper proposes a technique to estimate the angular velocity of a rigid body from vector measurements. Compared to the approaches presented in the literature, it does not use attitude information nor rate gyros as inputs. Instead, vector measurements are directly filtered through a nonlinear observer estimating the angular velocity. Convergence is established using a detailed analysis of the linear-time varying dynamics appearing in the estimation error equation. This equation stems from t... 13. Angular correlation of electrons and positrons in internal pair conversion International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The angular distribution of electrons and positrons which are emitted in internal pair conversion (IPC) is calculated. Coulomb-distorted waves are used as electron wave functions. Nuclear transitions of various multipolarities L>0 and of magnetic (ML) and electric (EL) type are considered as well as E0-conversion. Analytical expressions for the angular correlation are derived which are evaluated numerically assuming a finite extension of the nucleus and, for the EL and ML conversion, also in point-nucleus approximation. The calculated angular correlations are compared with results obtained within the Born approximation and, for the E0 case, with experimental data. (orig.) 14. Perturbed angular correlation measurement of the electric field gradient at {sup 181}Ta in ZrSiO{sub 4} and HfSiO{sub 4} Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jaeger, H., E-mail: [email protected] [Miami University, Department of Physics (United States); McBride, S. P. [Kansas State University, Department of Physics (United States) 2007-06-15 We have used time-differential perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy with {sup 181}Ta-probes to study the electric field gradient at Zr-sites in synthetic zircon and hafnon between room temperature and 1,200 deg. C. PAC spectra are similar to those obtained from naturally occurring zircons. In particular, a change in slope of the quadrupole coupling vs. temperature is observed in the synthetic zircon at the same temperature as seen in natural zircons from the Mud Tank carbonatite (Australia). The synthetic hafnon data also shows this feature but at somewhat higher temperature. Low-temperature PAC spectra of both synthetic zircon and hafnon have a clearly reduced anisotropy. We believe that the cause for this is a electronic defect, possibly created during the {beta}-decay of the probe parent nucleus. 15. Angular correlations in the double Drell-Yan process Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kasemets, Tomas; Diehl, Markus 2012-10-15 We study the impact of parton correlations on the double Drell-Yan process, i.e. on the production of two electroweak gauge bosons by double parton scattering in a single proton-proton collision. Spin correlations between two partons in a proton are shown to change the overall rate of the process and to induce characteristic angular correlations between the decay leptons of the two gauge bosons. 16. Weak measurements with orbital angular momentum pointer states OpenAIRE Puentes G.; Hermosa N.; Torres J.P. 2012-01-01 Weak measurements are a unique tool for accessing information about weakly interacting quantum systems with minimal back action. Joint weak measurements of single-particle operators with pointer states characterized by a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution can provide, in turn, key information about quantum correlations which can be of relevance for quantum information applications. Here we demonstrate that by employing two-dimensional pointer states endowed with orbital angular momentum (O... 17. Measurement of the energy, multiplicity and angular correlation of γ-rays from the thermal neutron capture reaction Gd(n, γ) using JPARC-ANNRI Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ou, Iwa; Yamada, Yoshiyuki; Yano, Takatomi; Mori, Takaaki; Kayano, Tsubasa; Sakuda, Makoto [Department of Physics, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 (Japan); Kimura, Atsushi; Harada, Hideo [Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195 (Japan) 2014-05-02 We conducted an experiment using the JPARC-ANNRI spectrometer to measure the energy, multiplicity and correlation of γ-rays from the neutron capture of natural gadolinium. We incorporated the GEANT4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation into the detector, and compared the data with the results of the MC simulation. We report our data analysis and compare our data with those obtained by the MC simulation. 18. Long-range angular correlation in dissipative reaction of 27Al+27A1 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) 2000-01-01 Angular correlation of excitation functions in dissipative heavy ion collision 27Al+27A1 has been measured. The incident beam energies ranged from 114MeV to 127 MeV in steps of 200keV. The angular analysis region was continuous from 50° to 90° in the center of mass system. An angular coherent width, at least 40°, was obtained. This long-range angular correlation could not be interpreted in the framework of the standard statistical reaction theory with state of equilibrium or near equilibrium, maybe it reveals the formation of a new kind ofdissipative structure in the reaction of 27Al+27A1 with the state that is far from equilibrium. 19. Orbital angular momentum correlations with a phase-flipped Gaussian mode pump beam International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We report orbital angular momentum (OAM) and angle correlations between signal and idler photons observed when the nonlinear crystal used in spontaneous parametric down-conversion is illuminated by a non-fundamental Gaussian pump beam. We introduce a π-phase step to the transverse profile of the pump, before it impinges on the crystal to create a phase-flipped Gaussian mode, which is a close approximation to an HG10 Hermite–Gaussian-like beam. The correlations in OAM and angular position are then measured holographically using two separate spatial light modulators in the signal and idler arms. We show the transfer of the OAM spectrum of the pump to the down-converted fields, manifested as a redistribution in the OAM correlations consistent with OAM conservation. This corresponds to a modulation of the angular position correlations consistent with the Fourier relationship between the OAM and angle. (paper) 20. A perturbed angular correlation spectrometer for material science studies Indian Academy of Sciences (India) C C Dey 2008-05-01 A four-detector perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectrometer has been developed with ultra-fast BaF2 detectors to acquire four coincidence spectra simultaneously, two at 180° and two at 90°. This spectrometer has double efficiency compared to that of a three-detector set-up. Higher efficiency is desirable for PAC studies in solid state physics where large number of coincidences are required to obtain the PAC spectra with good statistics and is particularly useful when the half-lives of the parent probe nuclei used for PAC measurements are ∼ 2-3 days or less as in 111In (2.8 d), 99Mo (2.7 d) and 140La (1.7 d). The performance of the spectrometer has been tested for the HfO2 monoclinic crystal in the temperature range from 77 to 873 K and for the HfF4.3H2O crystal at room temperature. The polycrystalline HfO2 has been synthesized from Hf metal by heating in air. The hydrated hafnium fluoride has been crystallized by dissolving Hf metal in 40% HF and drying slowly at room temperature. 1. Hadron Correlations Measured with ALICE CERN Document Server Grosse-Oetringhaus, Jan Fiete 2013-01-01 Angular particle correlations are a powerful tool to study collective effects and in-medium jet modification as well as their interplay in the hot and dense medium produced in central heavy-ion collisions. We present measurements of two-particle angular correlations of inclusive charged and identified particles performed with the ALICE detector. The near-side peak in the short-range correlation region is quantitatively analyzed: while the rms of the peak in$\\phi$-direction is independent of centrality within uncertainties, we find a significant broadening in$\\eta$-direction from peripheral to central collisions. The particle content of the near-side peak is studied finding that the$p/\\piratio of particles associated to a trigger particle is much smaller than the one in the bulk of the particles and consistent with fragmentation of a parton in vacuum. 2. Contactless Measurement of Angular Velocity using Circularly Polarized Antennas OpenAIRE Sipal, Vit; Narbudowicz, Adam; Ammann, Max 2014-01-01 An innovative method to measure the angular velocity using circularly polarized antennas is proposed. Due to the properties of circular polarization, the angular velocity is frequency modulated (FM) on a wireless carrier. This enables a low-cost precise continuous measurement of angular velocity using a standard FM demodulator. The hardware can be easily adapted for both high and low angular velocity values. The precise alignment angle between the antennas can be determined if the initial ant... 3. Electronic Properties of Tin and Bismuth from Angular Correlation of Annihilation Photons DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Mogensen, O.E.; Trumpy, Georg 1969-01-01 liquid-metal curves are smaller and of another form than the tails of polycrystalline curves; no Gaussian with only one adjustable constant factor can give a fit to both tails. No useful method for interpreting liquid-metal angular-correlation curves seems to exist. Two deformed bismuth samples gave......A linear slit setup has been used to obtain results of angular-correlation measurements in (a) tin single crystals in three orientations: [001], [100], and [110], (b) bismuth single crystals in four orientations: [111], [100], [1¯10], and [2¯1¯1], (c) solid and liquid tin and bismuth, and (d......) deformed bismuth. For both metals, the single-crystal angular-correlation curves lie near to the free-electron parabola. The tin curves show more anisotropy than the bismuth curves. An important result is the clear anisotropy found in the high-momentum part of the curves—the tails—for both metals. Little... 4. Angular and Current-Target Correlations in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA CERN Document Server Abbiendi, G; Abramowicz, H; Acosta, D; Adamczyk, L; Adamus, M; Ahn, S H; Amelung, C; An Shiz Hong; Anselmo, F; Antonioli, P; Arneodo, M; Bacon, Trevor C; Badgett, W F; Bailey, D C; Bailey, D S; Bamberger, A; Barbagli, G; Bari, G; Barreiro, F; Barret, O; Bashindzhagian, G L; Bashkirov, V; Basile, M; Bauerdick, L A T; Bednarek, B; Behrens, U; Bellagamba, L; Bertolin, A; Bhadra, S; Bienlein, J K; Blaikley, H E; Bohnet, I; Bokel, C; Boogert, S; Bornheim, A; Borzemski, P; Boscherini, D; Botje, M; Breitweg, J; Brock, I; Brook, N H; Brugnera, R; Bruni, A; Bruni, G; Brümmer, N; Burgard, C; Burow, B D; Bussey, P J; Butterworth, J M; Bylsma, B; Caldwell, A; Capua, M; Cara Romeo, G; Carlin, R; Cartiglia, N; Cashmore, R J; Castellini, G; Catterall, C D; Chapin, D; Chekanov, S; Chwastowski, J; Ciborowski, J; Cifarelli, Luisa; Cindolo, F; Cirio, R; Cloth, P; Coboken, K; Coldewey, C; Cole, J E; Contin, A; Cooper-Sarkar, A M; Coppola, N; Cor, M; Cormack, C; Corriveau, F; Costa, M; Cottingham, W N; Crittenden, J; Cross, R; D'Agostini, G; Dagan, S; Dal Corso, F; Dardo, M; De Pasquale, S; De Wolf, E; Deffner, R; Del Peso, J; Deppe, O; Derrick, M; Deshpande, Abhay A; Desler, K; Devenish, R C E; Dhawan, S; Dolgoshein, B A; Dondana, S; Dosselli, U; Doyle, A T; Drews, G; Dulinski, Z; Durkin, L S; Dusini, S; Eckert, M; Edmonds, J K; Eisenberg, Y; Eisenhardt, S; Engelen, J; Epperson, D E; Ermolov, P F; Eskreys, Andrzej; Fagerstroem, C P; Fernández, J P; Ferrero, M I; Figiel, J; Filges, D; Foster, B; Foudas, C; Fox-Murphy, A; Fricke, U; Frisken, W R; Fusayasu, T; Gadaj, T; Galea, R; Gallo, E; García, G; Garfagnini, A; Gendner, N; Gialas, I; Gilmore, J; Ginsburg, C M; Giusti, P; Gladilin, L K; Glasman, C; Göbel, F; Golubkov, Yu A; Grabosch, H J; Graciani, R; Grosse-Knetter, J; Grzelak, G; Göttlicher, P; Haas, T; Hain, W; Hall-Wilton, R; Hamatsu, R; Hanna, D S; Harnew, N; Hart, H; Hart, J C; Hartmann, J; Hartner, G F; Hasell, D; Hayes, M E; Heaphy, E A; Heath, G P; Heath, H F; Hebbel, K; Heinloth, K; Heinz, L; Hernández, J M; Heusch, C A; Hilger, E; Hirose, T; Hochman, D; Holm, U; Homma, K; Hong, S J; Howell, G; Hughes, V W; Iacobucci, G; Iannotti, L; Iga, Y; Inuzuka, M; Ishii, T; Jakob, H P; Jelen, K; Jeoung, H Y; Jing, Z; Johnson, K F; Jones, T W; Kananov, S; Kappes, A; Karshon, U; Kasemann, M; Katz, U F; Kcira, D; Kerger, R; Khakzad, M; Khein, L A; Kim, C L; Kim, J Y; Kisielewska, D; Kitamura, S; Klanner, Robert; Klimek, K; Ko, I A; Koch, W; Koffeman, E; Kooijman, P; Koop, T; Korotkova, N A; Kotanski, A; Kowal, A M; Kowalski, H; Kowalski, T; Krakauer, D; Kreisel, A; Kuze, M; Kuzmin, V A; Kötz, U; Labarga, L; Lamberti, L; Lane, J B; Laurenti, G; Lee, J H; Lee, S B; Lee, S W; Levi, G; Levman, G M; Levy, A; Lim, H; Lim, I T; Limentani, S; Lindemann, L; Ling, T Y; Liu, W; Lohrmann, E; Long, K R; Lopez-Duran Viani, A; Lukina, O Yu; Löhr, B; Ma, K J; MacDonald, N; Maccarrone, G; Magill, S; Mallik, U; Margotti, A; Marini, G; Markun, P; Martin, J F; Martínez, M; Maselli, S; Massam, Thomas; Mastroberardino, A; Matsushita, T; Mattingly, M C K; Mattingly, S E K; McCance, G J; McCubbin, N A; McFall, J D; Mellado, B; Menary, S R; Meyer, A; Meyer-Larsen, A; Milewski, J; Milite, M; Miller, D B; Monaco, V; Monteiro, T; Morandin, M; Moritz, M; Murray, W N; Musgrave, B; Mönig, K; Nagano, K; Nam, S W; Nania, R; Nigro, A; Nishimura, T; Notz, D; Nowak, R J; Noyes, V A; Nylander, P; Ochs, A; Oh, B Y; Okrasinski, J R; Olkiewicz, K; Orr, R S; Pac, M Y; Padhi, S; Palmonari, F; Park, I H; Park, S K; Parsons, J A; Paul, E; Pavel, N; Pawlak, J M; Pawlak, R; Pelfer, Pier Giovanni; Pellegrino, A; Pelucchi, F; Peroni, C; Pesci, A; Petrucci, M C; Pfeiffer, M; Pic, D; Piotrzkowski, K; Poelz, G; Polenz, S; Polini, A; Posocco, M; Prinias, A; Proskuryakov, A S; Przybycien, M B; Puga, J; Quadt, A; Raach, H; Raso, M; Rautenberg, J; Re, J; Redondo, I; Reeder, D D; Ritz, S; Riveline, M; Rohde, M; Rulikowska-Zarebska, E; Ruske, O; Ruspa, M; Sabetfakhri, A; Sacchi, R; Sadrozinski, H F W; Saint-Laurent, M; Salehi, H; Samp, S; Sartorelli, G; Saull, P R B; Savin, A A; Saxon, D H; Schechter, A; Schioppa, M; Schlenstedt, S; Schmidke, W B; Schneekloth, U; Schnurbusch, H; Schwarzer, O; Sciulli, F; Scott, J; Sedgbeer, J K; Seiden, A; Selonke, F; Shah, T P; Shcheglova, L M; Sideris, D; Sievers, M; Simmons, D; Sinclair, L E; Skillicorn, I O; Smalska, B; Smith, W H; Solano, A; Solomin, A N; Son, D; Staiano, A; Stairs, D G; Stanco, L; Stanek, R; Stifutkin, A; Stonjek, S; Straub, P B; Strickland, E; Stroili, R; Susinno, G; Suszycki, L; Sutton, M R; Suzuki, I; Tandler, J; Tapper, A D; Tapper, R J; Tassi, E; Terron, J; Tiecke, H G; Tokushuku, K; Toothacker, W S; Tsurugai, T; Tuning, N; Tymieniecka, T; Umemori, K; Vaiciulis, A W; Van Sighem, A; Velthuis, J J; Verkerke, W; Voci, C; Vossebeld, Joost Herman; Votano, L; Walczak, R; Walker, R; Wang, S M; Waters, D S; Waugh, R; Weber, A; Whitmore, J J; Wichmann, R; Wick, K; Wieber, H; Wiggers, L; Wildschek, T; Williams, D C; Wing, M; Wodarczyk, M; Wolf, G; Wollmer, U; Wróblewski, A K; Wölfle, S; Yamada, S; Yamashita, T; Yamauchi, K; Yamazaki, Y; Yoshida, R; Youngman, C; Zajac, J; Zakrzewski, J A; Zamora Garcia, Y; Zawiejski, L; Zetsche, F; Zeuner, W; Zhu, Q; Zichichi, Antonino; Zotkin, S A 2000-01-01 Correlations between charged particles in deep inelastic ep scattering have been studied in the Breit frame with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 6.4 pb-1. Short-range correlations are analysed in terms of the angular separation between current-region particles within a cone centred around the virtual photon axis. Long-range correlations between the current and target regions have also been measured. The data support predictions for the scaling behaviour of the angular correlations at high Q2 and for anti-correlations between the current and target regions over a large range in Q2 and in the Bjorken scaling variable x. Analytic QCD calculations and Monte Carlo models correctly describe the trends of the data at high Q2, but show quantitative discrepancies. The data show differences between the correlations in deep inelastic scattering and e+e- annihilation. 5. Neutrinoless double beta decay. Electron angular correlation as a probe of new physics International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The angular distribution of the final electrons in the so-called long range mechanism of the neutrinoless double beta decay (0ν2β) is derived for the general Lorentz invariant effective Lagrangian. Possible theories beyond the SM are classified from their effects on the angular distribution, which could be used to discriminate among various particle physics models inducing 0ν2β decays. However, additional input on the effective couplings will be required to single out the light Majorana-neutrino mechanism. Alternatively, measurements of the effective neutrino mass and angular distribution in 0ν2β decays can be used to put independent bounds on the parameters of the underlying physics models. This is illustrated for the mass of the right-handed WR boson of the left-right symmetric model for assumed values of the angular correlation coefficient and either the effective Majorana neutrino mass or the half-life of the decay. (Orig.) 6. Angular correlation measurements for {sup 12}C{sup 12}C,{sup 12}C{sup 12}C 3{sup -} scattering Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wuosmaa, A.H.; Betts, R.R.; Freer, M. 1995-08-01 Previous studies of inelastic {sup 12}C + {sup 12}C scattering to a variety of final states identified significant resonance behavior in a number of different reaction channels. These resonances can be interpreted as either potential scattering resonances, or as population of cluster structures in the compound nucleus {sup 24}Mg, or as some interplay between the two mechanisms. Currently, for many of these resonances the situation remains unclear. One example is a large peak observed in the excitation function for the 3{sup -} - g.s. excitation, identified in previous work performed at the Daresbury Laboratory in England. This peak is observed at the same center-of-mass energy as one observed in the O{sub 2}{sup +}-O{sub 2}{sup +} inelastic scattering channel. That structure was suggested to correspond to exotic deformed configurations in the compound nucleus {sup 24}Mg. As the peak in the 3{sup -} + g.s. exit channel occurs at precisely the same energy as the purported resonance, it is tempting to associate the two. Before such an association can be confirmed or ruled out, further information must be obtained about the 3{sup -} + g.s. structure. In particular, it is important to determine the angular momenta that dominate the 3{sup -} + g.s. structure. 7. Vector correlation analysis for inelastic and reactive collisions between partners possessing spin and orbital angular momentum. Science.gov (United States) Balint-Kurti, Gabriel G; Vasyutinskii, Oleg S 2009-12-31 A general reactive collision of the type A + B --> C + D is considered where both the collision partners (A and B) or the products (C and D) may possess internal, i.e., spin, orbital or rotational, angular momenta. Compact expressions are derived using a rigorous quantum mechanical analysis for the angular momentum anisotropy of either of the products (C or D) arising from an initially polarized distribution of the reactant angular momentum. The angular momentum distribution of the product is expressed in terms of canonical spherical tensors multiplied by anisotropy-transforming coefficients c(K(i)q(k))(K)(K(r),L). These coefficients act as transformation coefficients between the angular momentum anisotropy of the reactants and that of the product. They are independent of scattering angle but depend on the details of the scattering dynamics. The relationship between the coefficients c(K(i)q(k))(K)(K(r),L) and the body-fixed scattering S matrix is given and the methodology for the quantum mechanical calculation of the anisotropy-transforming coefficients is clearly laid out. The anisotropy-transforming coefficients are amenable to direct experimental measurement in a similar manner to vector correlation and alignment parameters in photodissociation processes. A key aspect of the theory is the use of projections of both reactant and product angular momenta onto the product recoil vector direction. An important new conservation rule is revealed through the analysis, namely that if the state multipole for reactant angular momentum distribution has a projection q(k) onto the product recoil vector the state multipoles for the product angular momentum distribution all have this same projection. Expressions are also presented for the distribution of the product angular momentum when its components are evaluated relative to the space-fixed Z-axis. Notes with detailed derivations of all the formulas are available as Supporting Information. PMID:19642631 8. Angular correlations in three-jet events in ep collisions at HERA Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Chekanov, S.; Derrick, M.; Magill, B. [Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois (US)] (and others) 2008-07-15 Three-jet production in deep inelastic ep scattering and photoproduction was investigated with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 127 pb{sup -1}. Measurements of differential cross sections are presented as functions of angular correlations between the three jets in the final state and the proton-beam direction. These correlations provide a stringent test of perturbative QCD and show sensitivity to the contributions from different colour configurations. Fixed-order perturbative QCD calculations assuming the values of the colour factors C{sub F}, C{sub A} and T{sub F} as derived from a variety of gauge groups were compared to the measurements to study the underlying gauge group symmetry. The measured angular correlations in the deep inelastic ep scattering and photoproduction regimes are consistent with the admixture of colour configurations as predicted by SU(3) and disfavour other symmetry groups, such as SU(N) in the limit of large N. 9. Angular correlations in multi-jet final states from k perpendicularto -dependent parton showers International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Angular correlations in final states with multiple hadronic jets have recently been measured in DIS production at HERA. Next-to-leading-order QCD results for these observables turn out to be affected by sizeable theoretical uncertainties in the kinematic region of the data. We investigate the effects of multiple QCD radiation at higher order using parton-shower methods based on transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions and matrix elements. We observe that significant contributions to the angular correlations measured in three-jet production arise from regions in which transverse momenta in the initial-state shower are not ordered. We present Monte Carlo results for azimuthal two-jet and three-jet distributions, for jet multiplicities and for correlations in the transverse-momentum imbalance between the leading jets. We discuss the comparison with experimental data. (orig.) 10. Measurement of angular correlations in Drell-Yan lepton pairs to probe Z/gamma* boson transverse momentum at √s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Aad, G.; Abajyan, T.; Abbott, B.; Böhm, Jan; Chudoba, Jiří; Gunther, Jaroslav; Jakoubek, Tomáš; Juránek, Vojtěch; Kepka, Oldřich; Kupčo, Alexander; Kůs, Vlastimil; Lokajíček, Miloš; Marčišovský, Michal; Mikeštíková, Marcela; Myška, Miroslav; Němeček, Stanislav; Růžička, Pavel; Schovancová, Jaroslava; Šícho, Petr; Staroba, Pavel; Svatoš, Michal; Taševský, Marek; Tic, Tomáš; Vrba, Václav 2013-01-01 Roč. 720, 1-3 (2013), s. 32-51. ISSN 0370-2693 R&D Projects: GA MŠk LA08032 Institutional support: RVO:68378271 Keywords : ATLAS * CERN * vector boson * transverse momentum * quantum chromodynamics * perturbation theory * resummation * Monte Carlo * angular correlation * dilepton Subject RIV: BG - Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Colliders Impact factor: 6.019, year: 2013 11. Quantitative measurement of orbital angular momentum in electron microscopy OpenAIRE Clark, L.; Béché, A.; Guzzinati, G.; Verbeeck, J. 2014-01-01 Abstract: Electron vortex beams have been predicted to enable atomic scale magnetic information measurement, via transfer of orbital angular momentum. Research so far has focused on developing production techniques and applications of these beams. However, methods to measure the outgoing orbital angular momentum distribution are also a crucial requirement towards this goal. Here, we use a method to obtain the orbital angular momentum decomposition of an electron beam, using a multipinhole int... 12. Quantitative measurement of orbital angular momentum in electron microscopy CERN Document Server Clark, L; Guzzinati, G; Verbeeck, J 2014-01-01 Electron vortex beams have been predicted to enable atomic scale magnetic information measurement, via transfer of orbital angular momentum. Research so far has focussed on developing production techniques and applications of these beams. However, methods to measure the outgoing orbital angular momentum distribution are also a crucial requirement towards this goal. Here, we use a method to obtain the orbital angular momentum decomposition of an electron beam, using a multi-pinhole interferometer. We demonstrate both its ability to accurately measure orbital angular momentum distribution, and its experimental limitations when used in a transmission electron microscope. 13. Perturbed angular correlations for Gd in gadolinium: in-beam comparisons of relative magnetizations OpenAIRE Stuchbery, A. E.; Wilson, A. N.; Davidson, P. M.; Benczer-Koller, N. 2006-01-01 Perturbed angular correlations were measured for Gd ions implanted into gadolinium foils following Coulomb excitation with 40 MeV O-16 beams. A technique for measuring the relative magnetizations of ferromagnetic gadolinium hosts under in-beam conditions is described and discussed. The combined electric-quadrupole and magnetic-dipole interaction is evaluated. The effect of nuclei implanted onto damaged or non-substitutional sites is assessed, as is the effect of misalignment between the inter... 14. Angular correlation of annihilation photons in ice single crystals DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Mogensen, O. E.; Kvajic, G.; Eldrup, Morten Mostgaard; Milosevic-Kvajic, M. 1971-01-01 Linear-slit angular-correlation curves were obtained at - 148 °C for the [0001], [10¯10], and [11¯20] directions in single crystals of ice. Besides the narrow central peak, pronounced narrow side peaks were also observed. They occurred at angles θ=2πℏgz/mc, where gz is the projection of reciprocal......-lattice vectors g⃗ on the direction perpendicular to the slits and the sample surface. The relative area of the central plus the side peaks was (15.2 ± 0.4)% for all curves. All the peaks are interpreted as due to parapositronium annihilation. The side peaks are explained as evidence for the positronium center... 15. Angular correlation of annihilation photons in frozen aqueous solutions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Milosevic-Kvajic, M.; Mogensen, O. E.; Kvajic, G.; Eldrup, Morten Mostgaard 1972-01-01 Linear‐slit angular correlation curves were obtained at about −140°C for frozen aqueous solutions of HF, HCl, HBr, HI, NH3, FeCl2, FeCl3, NaI, H2SO4, NHO3, MnSO4, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, NaOH, and LiOH. We found no appreciable influence of a 4% concentration of the last seven impurities. Only halide......‐containing impurities strongly changed the form of the curves; ppm concentrations of HCl and HF could be seen. The main change was a broadening of the part of the curve where the narrow and broad components meet. This fact is interpreted as being caused by trapping of para‐positronium in holes in the structure created... 16. Measurement of Long-Range Angular Correlation and Quadrupole Anisotropy of Pions and (Anti)Protons in Central d+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV. Science.gov (United States) Adare, A; Aidala, C; Ajitanand, N N; Akiba, Y; Akimoto, R; Al-Bataineh, H; Al-Ta'ani, H; Alexander, J; Andrews, K R; Angerami, A; Aoki, K; Apadula, N; Appelt, E; Aramaki, Y; Armendariz, R; Aschenauer, E C; Atomssa, E T; Averbeck, R; Awes, T C; Azmoun, B; Babintsev, V; Bai, M; Baksay, G; Baksay, L; Bannier, B; Barish, K N; Bassalleck, B; Basye, A T; Bathe, S; Baublis, V; Baumann, C; Bazilevsky, A; Belikov, S; Belmont, R; Ben-Benjamin, J; Bennett, R; Bhom, J H; Blau, D S; Bok, J S; Boyle, K; Brooks, M L; Broxmeyer, D; Buesching, H; Bumazhnov, V; Bunce, G; Butsyk, S; Campbell, S; Caringi, A; Castera, P; Chen, C-H; Chi, C Y; Chiu, M; Choi, I J; Choi, J B; Choudhury, R K; Christiansen, P; Chujo, T; Chung, P; Chvala, O; Cianciolo, V; Citron, Z; Cole, B A; Conesa Del Valle, Z; Connors, M; Csanád, M; Csörgő, T; Dahms, T; Dairaku, S; Danchev, I; Das, K; Datta, A; David, G; Dayananda, M K; Denisov, A; Deshpande, A; Desmond, E J; Dharmawardane, K V; Dietzsch, O; Dion, A; Donadelli, M; Drapier, O; Drees, A; Drees, K A; Durham, J M; Durum, A; Dutta, D; D'Orazio, L; Edwards, S; Efremenko, Y V; Ellinghaus, F; Engelmore, T; Enokizono, A; En'yo, H; Esumi, S; Fadem, B; Fields, D E; Finger, M; Finger, M; Fleuret, F; Fokin, S L; Fraenkel, Z; Frantz, J E; Franz, A; Frawley, A D; Fujiwara, K; Fukao, Y; Fusayasu, T; Gal, C; Garishvili, I; Glenn, A; Gong, H; Gong, X; Gonin, M; Goto, Y; Granier de Cassagnac, R; Grau, N; Greene, S V; Grim, G; Grosse Perdekamp, M; Gunji, T; Guo, L; Gustafsson, H-Å; Haggerty, J S; Hahn, K I; Hamagaki, H; Hamblen, J; Han, R; Hanks, J; Harper, C; Hashimoto, K; Haslum, E; Hayano, R; He, X; Heffner, M; Hemmick, T K; Hester, T; Hill, J C; Hohlmann, M; Hollis, R S; Holzmann, W; Homma, K; Hong, B; Horaguchi, T; Hori, Y; Hornback, D; Huang, S; Ichihara, T; Ichimiya, R; Iinuma, H; Ikeda, Y; Imai, K; Inaba, M; Iordanova, A; Isenhower, D; Ishihara, M; Issah, M; Ivanischev, D; Iwanaga, Y; Jacak, B V; Jia, J; Jiang, X; Jin, J; John, D; Johnson, B M; Jones, T; Joo, K S; Jouan, D; Jumper, D S; Kajihara, F; Kamin, J; Kaneti, S; Kang, B H; Kang, J H; Kang, J S; Kapustinsky, J; Karatsu, K; Kasai, M; Kawall, D; Kawashima, M; Kazantsev, A V; Kempel, T; Khanzadeev, A; Kijima, K M; Kikuchi, J; Kim, A; Kim, B I; Kim, D J; Kim, E-J; Kim, Y-J; Kim, Y K; Kinney, E; Kiss, Á; Kistenev, E; Kleinjan, D; Kline, P; Kochenda, L; Komkov, B; Konno, M; Koster, J; Kotov, D; Král, A; Kravitz, A; Kunde, G J; Kurita, K; Kurosawa, M; Kwon, Y; Kyle, G S; Lacey, R; Lai, Y S; Lajoie, J G; Lebedev, A; Lee, D M; Lee, J; Lee, K B; Lee, K S; Lee, S H; Lee, S R; Leitch, M J; Leite, M A L; Li, X; Lichtenwalner, P; Liebing, P; Lim, S H; Linden Levy, L A; Liška, T; Liu, H; Liu, M X; Love, B; Lynch, D; Maguire, C F; Makdisi, Y I; Malik, M D; Manion, A; Manko, V I; Mannel, E; Mao, Y; Masui, H; Matathias, F; McCumber, M; McGaughey, P L; McGlinchey, D; McKinney, C; Means, N; Mendoza, M; Meredith, B; Miake, Y; Mibe, T; Mignerey, A C; Miki, K; Milov, A; Mitchell, J T; Miyachi, Y; Mohanty, A K; Moon, H J; Morino, Y; Morreale, A; Morrison, D P; Motschwiller, S; Moukhanova, T V; Murakami, T; Murata, J; Nagamiya, S; Nagle, J L; Naglis, M; Nagy, M I; Nakagawa, I; Nakamiya, Y; Nakamura, K R; Nakamura, T; Nakano, K; Nam, S; Newby, J; Nguyen, M; Nihashi, M; Nouicer, R; Nyanin, A S; Oakley, C; O'Brien, E; Oda, S X; Ogilvie, C A; Oka, M; Okada, K; Onuki, Y; Oskarsson, A; Ouchida, M; Ozawa, K; Pak, R; Pantuev, V; Papavassiliou, V; Park, B H; Park, I H; Park, S K; Park, W J; Pate, S F; Patel, L; Pei, H; Peng, J-C; Pereira, H; Peressounko, D Yu; Petti, R; Pinkenburg, C; Pisani, R P; Proissl, M; Purschke, M L; Qu, H; Rak, J; Ravinovich, I; Read, K F; Rembeczki, S; Reygers, K; Riabov, V; Riabov, Y; Richardson, E; Roach, D; Roche, G; Rolnick, S D; Rosati, M; Rosen, C A; Rosendahl, S S E; Ružička, P; Sahlmueller, B; Saito, N; Sakaguchi, T; Sakashita, K; Samsonov, V; Sano, S; Sarsour, M; Sato, T; Savastio, M; Sawada, S; Sedgwick, K; Seele, J; Seidl, R; Seto, R; Sharma, D; Shein, I; Shibata, T-A; Shigaki, K; Shim, H H; Shimomura, M; Shoji, K; Shukla, P; Sickles, A; Silva, C L; Silvermyr, D; Silvestre, C; Sim, K S; Singh, B K; Singh, C P; Singh, V; Slunečka, M; Sodre, T; Soltz, R A; Sondheim, W E; Sorensen, S P; Sourikova, I V; Stankus, P W; Stenlund, E; Stoll, S P; Sugitate, T; Sukhanov, A; Sun, J; Sziklai, J; Takagui, E M; Takahara, A; Taketani, A; Tanabe, R; Tanaka, Y; Taneja, S; Tanida, K; Tannenbaum, M J; Tarafdar, S; Taranenko, A; Tennant, E; Themann, H; Thomas, D; Thomas, T L; Togawa, M; Toia, A; Tomášek, L; Tomášek, M; Torii, H; Towell, R S; Tserruya, I; Tsuchimoto, Y; Utsunomiya, K; Vale, C; Valle, H; van Hecke, H W; Vazquez-Zambrano, E; Veicht, A; Velkovska, J; Vértesi, R; Virius, M; Vossen, A; Vrba, V; Vznuzdaev, E; Wang, X R; Watanabe, D; Watanabe, K; Watanabe, Y; Watanabe, Y S; Wei, F; Wei, R; Wessels, J; White, S N; Winter, D; Woody, C L; Wright, R M; Wysocki, M; Yamaguchi, Y L; Yamaura, K; Yang, R; Yanovich, A; Ying, J; Yokkaichi, S; Yoo, J S; You, Z; Young, G R; Younus, I; Yushmanov, I E; Zajc, W A; Zelenski, A; Zhou, S 2015-05-15 We present azimuthal angular correlations between charged hadrons and energy deposited in calorimeter towers in central d+Au and minimum bias p+p collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV. The charged hadron is measured at midrapidity |η|2.75 is observed in d+Au collisions. Using the event plane method applied to the Au-going energy distribution, we extract the anisotropy strength v_{2} for inclusive charged hadrons at midrapidity up to p_{T}=4.5 GeV/c. We also present the measurement of v_{2} for identified π^{±} and (anti)protons in central d+Au collisions, and observe a mass-ordering pattern similar to that seen in heavy-ion collisions. These results are compared with viscous hydrodynamic calculations and measurements from p+Pb at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV. The magnitude of the mass ordering in d+Au is found to be smaller than that in p+Pb collisions, which may indicate smaller radial flow in lower energy d+Au collisions. PMID:26024164 17. Measurement of long-range angular correlation and quadrupole anisotropy of pions and (anti)protons in centrald$$+Au collisions at \\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV CERN Document Server Adare, A; Ajitanand, N N; Akiba, Y; Akimoto, R; Al-Bataineh, H; Al-Ta'ani, H; Alexander, J; Andrews, K R; Angerami, A; Aoki, K; Apadula, N; Appelt, E; Aramaki, Y; Armendariz, R; Aschenauer, E C; Atomssa, E T; Averbeck, R; Awes, T C; Azmoun, B; Babintsev, V; Bai, M; Baksay, G; Baksay, L; Bannier, B; Barish, K N; Bassalleck, B; Basye, A T; Bathe, S; Baublis, V; Baumann, C; Bazilevsky, A; Belikov, S; Belmont, R; Ben-Benjamin, J; Bennett, R; Bhom, J H; Blau, D S; Bok, J S; Boyle, K; Brooks, M L; Broxmeyer, D; Buesching, H; Bumazhnov, V; Bunce, G; Butsyk, S; Campbell, S; Caringi, A; Castera, P; Chen, C -H; Chi, C Y; Chiu, M; Choi, I J; Choi, J B; Choudhury, R K; Christiansen, P; Chujo, T; Chung, P; Chvala, O; Cianciolo, V; Citron, Z; Cole, B A; del Valle, Z Conesa; Connors, M; Csanád, M; Csörgő, T; Dahms, T; Dairaku, S; Danchev, I; Das, K; Datta, A; David, G; Dayananda, M K; Denisov, A; Deshpande, A; Desmond, E J; Dharmawardane, K V; Dietzsch, O; Dion, A; Donadelli, M; Drapier, O; Drees, A; Drees, K A; Durham, J M; Durum, A; Dutta, D; D'Orazio, L; Edwards, S; Efremenko, Y V; Ellinghaus, F; Engelmore, T; Enokizono, A; En'yo, H; Esumi, S; Fadem, B; Fields, D E; Finger, M; Jr., \\,; Fleuret, F; Fokin, S L; Fraenkel, Z; Frantz, J E; Franz, A; Frawley, A D; Fujiwara, K; Fukao, Y; Fusayasu, T; Gal, C; Garishvili, I; Glenn, A; Gong, H; Gong, X; Gonin, M; Goto, Y; de Cassagnac, R Granier; Grau, N; Greene, S V; Grim, G; Perdekamp, M Grosse; Gunji, T; Guo, L; Gustafsson, H -Å; Haggerty, J S; Hahn, K I; Hamagaki, H; Hamblen, J; Han, R; Hanks, J; Harper, C; Hashimoto, K; Haslum, E; Hayano, R; He, X; Heffner, M; Hemmick, T K; Hester, T; Hill, J C; Hohlmann, M; Hollis, R S; Holzmann, W; Homma, K; Hong, B; Horaguchi, T; Hori, Y; Hornback, D; Huang, S; Ichihara, T; Ichimiya, R; Iinuma, H; Ikeda, Y; Imai, K; Inaba, M; Iordanova, A; Isenhower, D; Ishihara, M; Issah, M; Ivanischev, D; Iwanaga, Y; Jacak, B V; Jia, J; Jiang, X; Jin, J; John, D; Johnson, B M; Jones, T; Joo, K S; Jouan, D; Jumper, D S; Kajihara, F; Kamin, J; Kaneti, S; Kang, B H; Kang, J H; Kang, J S; Kapustinsky, J; Karatsu, K; Kasai, M; Kawall, D; Kawashima, M; Kazantsev, A V; Kempel, T; Khanzadeev, A; Kijima, K M; Kikuchi, J; Kim, A; Kim, B I; Kim, D J; Kim, E -J; Kim, Y -J; Kim, Y K; Kinney, E; Kiss, Á; Kistenev, E; Kleinjan, D; Kline, P; Kochenda, L; Komkov, B; Konno, M; Koster, J; Kotov, D; Král, A; Kravitz, A; Kunde, G J; Kurita, K; Kurosawa, M; Kwon, Y; Kyle, G S; Lacey, R; Lai, Y S; Lajoie, J G; Lebedev, A; Lee, D M; Lee, J; Lee, K B; Lee, K S; Lee, S H; Lee, S R; Leitch, M J; Leite, M A L; Li, X; Lichtenwalner, P; Liebing, P; Lim, S H; Levy, L A Linden; Liška, T; Liu, H; Liu, M X; Love, B; Lynch, D; Maguire, C F; Makdisi, Y I; Malik, M D; Manion, A; Manko, V I; Mannel, E; Mao, Y; Masui, H; Matathias, F; McCumber, M; McGaughey, P L; McGlinchey, D; McKinney, C; Means, N; Mendoza, M; Meredith, B; Miake, Y; Mibe, T; Mignerey, A C; Miki, K; Milov, A; Mitchell, J T; Miyachi, Y; Mohanty, A K; Moon, H J; Morino, Y; Morreale, A; Morrison, D P; Motschwiller, S; Moukhanova, T V; Murakami, T; Murata, J; Nagamiya, S; Nagle, J L; Naglis, M; Nagy, M I; Nakagawa, I; Nakamiya, Y; Nakamura, K R; Nakamura, T; Nakano, K; Nam, S; Newby, J; Nguyen, M; Nihashi, M; Nouicer, R; Nyanin, A S; Oakley, C; O'Brien, E; Oda, S X; Ogilvie, C A; Oka, M; Okada, K; Onuki, Y; Oskarsson, A; Ouchida, M; Ozawa, K; Pak, R; Pantuev, V; Papavassiliou, V; Park, B H; Park, I H; Park, S K; Park, W J; Pate, S F; Patel, L; Pei, H; Peng, J -C; Pereira, H; Peressounko, D Yu; Petti, R; Pinkenburg, C; Pisani, R P; Proissl, M; Purschke, M L; Qu, H; Rak, J; Ravinovich, I; Read, K F; Rembeczki, S; Reygers, K; Riabov, V; Riabov, Y; Richardson, E; Roach, D; Roche, G; Rolnick, S D; Rosati, M; Rosen, C A; Rosendahl, S S E; Ružička, P; Sahlmueller, B; Saito, N; Sakaguchi, T; Sakashita, K; Samsonov, V; Sano, S; Sarsour, M; Sato, T; Savastio, M; Sawada, S; Sedgwick, K; Seele, J; Seidl, R; Seto, R; Sharma, D; Shein, I; Shibata, T -A; Shigaki, K; Shim, H H; Shimomura, M; Shoji, K; Shukla, P; Sickles, A; Silva, C L; Silvermyr, D; Silvestre, C; Sim, K S; Singh, B K; Singh, C P; Singh, V; Slunečka, M; Sodre, T; Soltz, R A; Sondheim, W E; Sorensen, S P; Sourikova, I V; Stankus, P W; Stenlund, E; Stoll, S P; Sugitate, T; Sukhanov, A; Sun, J; Sziklai, J; Takagui, E M; Takahara, A; Taketani, A; Tanabe, R; Tanaka, Y; Taneja, S; Tanida, K; Tannenbaum, M J; Tarafdar, S; Taranenko, A; Tennant, E; Themann, H; Thomas, D; Thomas, T L; Togawa, M; Toia, A; Tomášek, L; Tomášek, M; Torii, H; Towell, R S; Tserruya, I; Tsuchimoto, Y; Utsunomiya, K; Vale, C; Valle, H; van Hecke, H W; Vazquez-Zambrano, E; Veicht, A; Velkovska, J; Vértesi, R; Virius, M; Vossen, A; Vrba, V; Vznuzdaev, E; Wang, X R; Watanabe, D; Watanabe, K; Watanabe, Y; Watanabe, Y S; Wei, F; Wei, R; Wessels, J; White, S N; Winter, D; Woody, C L; Wright, R M; Wysocki, M; Yamaguchi, Y L; Yamaura, K; Yang, R; Yanovich, A; Ying, J; Yokkaichi, S; Yoo, J S; You, Z; Young, G R; Younus, I; Yushmanov, I E; Zajc, W A; Zelenski, A; Zhou, S 2014-01-01 We present azimuthal angular correlations between charged hadrons and energy deposited in calorimeter towers in central d$$+$Au and minimum bias$p$$+$$p$collisions at \\sqsn=200 GeV. The charged hadron is measured at midrapidity$|\\eta|$2.75 is observed in$d$$+Au collisions. Using the event plane method applied to the Au-going energy distribution, we extract the anisotropy strength v_2 for inclusive charged hadrons at midrapidity up to p_T= 4.5 GeV/c. We also present the measurement of v_2 for identified \\pi^{\\pm} and (anti)protons in central d$$+$Au collisions, and observe a mass-ordering pattern similar to that seen in heavy ion collisions. These results are compared with viscous hydrodynamic calculations and measurements from$p$$+Pb at \\sqsn=5.02 TeV. The magnitude of the mass-ordering in d$$+$Au is found to be smaller than that in$p$$+Pb collisions, which may indicate smaller radial flow in lower energy d$$+Au collisions. 18. Bell's measure and implementing quantum Fourier transform with orbital angular momentum of classical light. Science.gov (United States) Song, Xinbing; Sun, Yifan; Li, Pengyun; Qin, Hongwei; Zhang, Xiangdong 2015-01-01 We perform Bell's measurement for the non-separable correlation between polarization and orbital angular momentum from the same classical vortex beam. The violation of Bell's inequality for such a non-separable classical correlation has been demonstrated experimentally. Based on the classical vortex beam and non-quantum entanglement between the polarization and the orbital angular momentum, the Hadamard gates and conditional phase gates have been designed. Furthermore, a quantum Fourier transform has been implemented experimentally. PMID:26369424 19. Energy- Angular Correlation of Medium Energy Particles Produced in Heavy Ion Collisions CERN Document Server Hussein, M T; Sadek, N M; Elsweedy, J; Elsweedy, Jamila 2004-01-01 The nuclear photo-emulsion technique is used to study the information carried by the medium energy nucleons produced in heavy ion collisions. Multiplicity, energies as well as the angular distribution of this type of particles are measured. Due to the difficulties in measuring the energy only some particles having special criteria could be selected to measure their energy with consenting accuracy. A hypothetical model is proposed to correlate the energy of the produced particles to their emission angles so that it becomes easy to estimate the energy distribution in terms of measured emission angle. The proposed model is constructed upon statistical thermodynamic assumptions. Moreover, two additional base functions are originated that play the role of the statistical angular weight factor and the nuclear density of the compressed nuclear matter at the moment of particle emission. The prediction of the model are compared with complete set of measured data of the reactions of proton, helium, carbon and neon nucl... 20. A detection system with broad angular acceptance for particle identification and angular distribution measurements International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A new detection system for time-optimized heavy-ion angular distribution measurements has been designed and constructed. This device is composed by an ionization chamber with a segmented-grid anode and three position-sensitive silicon detectors. This particular arrangement allows identifying reaction products emitted within a 30° wide angular range with better than 1° angular resolution. As a demonstration of its capabilities, angular distributions of the elastic scattering cross-section and the production of alpha particles in the 7Li+27Al system, at an energy above the Coulomb barrier, are presented. -- Highlights: • We constructed a detection system for time-optimized heavy-ion angular distribution measurements. • We characterized this device and obtained an energy resolution of 3% and an angular resolution of 1°. • We measured elastic scattering cross-sections in 7Li+27Al finding good agreement with previous data. • The performed tests included the measurement of alpha particle production cross-sections in 7Li+27Al 1. Contribution to the study of the action of electromagnetic fields on the angular correlations of nuclear radiation (1960) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This work deals with the study of interaction of E.M. fields with nuclear moments of nuclei emitting gamma rays. We describe first experiments on delayed angular correlation showing the role played by statistic quadrupole interaction. We have measured the magnetic moment of the second excited state of 19F using an external magnetic field. In the case of 19O, experiments of angular distributions and angular correlations of gamma -rays taking into account the possibility of perturbations, allow us to determine the spin and parities of the three first levels. (author) 2. Angular correlations of α-particles from decay of 40Ca following fusion of 28Si + 12C International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Angular correlations of α-particles from decay of 40Ca following fusion of 28Si + 12C were measured. The results for events leading to the ground state of 32S were quantitatively analysed, using the statistical model. Angular correlations in appropriate experimental conditions permitted to verify angular momentum selection predictions for each of the steps involved. Whereas the mean behaviour is well reproduced, more detailed comparison shows significant disagreement. Strongly structured coincident energy spectra were observed. It is shown that these structures are not compatible with standard statistical level densities 3. Perturbed angular correlations investigations on YMnO3 multiferroic manganite International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) technique was applied to study the yttrium local environment in YMnO3 multiferroic manganite. The electric field gradients (EFG) at the Y site have been measured as function of temperature, covering both ferroelectric and magnetic transitions. The results were compared with point charge model (PCM) calculations. The experimental results show two different EFG distributions for all temperatures. Only one can be directly attributed to the yttrium crystalline site in the hexagonal structure. 4. Correlation of aligned angular momentum with scattering angle and energy loss in deeply inelastic collisions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) γ-ray in-plane to out-of-plane anisotropy and multiplicity are determined for the 100Mo + 165Ho reaction at E/sub cm/ = 450 MeV. The measurements are made as functions of Q-value and theta/sub cm/ for the coincident quasi or deeply inelastically scattered ions. Strong correlations of the aligned angular momentum with both energy loss and scattering angle are observed 5. Gamma-gamma angular correlation for transitions in 101Tc and 76Se nuclei International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The technique of directional γ-γ angular correlation has been used the β- decay of 101Mo (T1/2 = 14,6 min) to levels in 101Tc and 76Hs (T1/2 = 26,3 h) to levels in 76Se. The angular correlation of coincident γ-transitions, in both nuclei, have been measured using HPGe-HPGe and HPGe-NaI(Tl) spectrometers. Measurements have been carried out for fifteen gamma-cascades in 101Tc and twenty four cascades in 76Se resulting in the determination of multipole mixing ratios δ(E2/M1), for fourteen γ-transitions in 101Tc and sexteen γ-transitions in 76Se. In the case of 101Tc these measurements were realized for the first time and in the case of 76Se the present results confirmed some of the mixing ratios determined In the earlier studies od nuclear orientation and angular correlation. Present results together with the results of earlier studies also permitted definite assigments of spins to the majority of levels in 101Tc and 76Se involved in the present study. The experimental results are discussed in terms of nuclear models and a comparasion of some of the properties of the Technetium odd mass nuclei with A = 95-103 and Selenium even mass nuclei with A = 76-82 has been made in order to ilustrate the systematic variation of these properties with mass number. (author) 6. Application of perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy in IgG immunoglobulins Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Silva, A.S.; Amaral, A.A.; Lapolli, A.L.; Carbonari, A.W. [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil)], e-mail: [email protected] 2009-07-01 In the present work, the technique of perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure the electric hyperfine field at IgG immunoglobulins using {sup 111}In {yields}{sup 111}Cd and {sup 181}Hf {yields} {sup 181}Ta probe nuclei. The biological materials studied in this work were originating from the immunological response of different mice lineages infected by the Y strain of T. cruzi. The samples were measured at room temperature (295K) and at liquid nitrogen temperature (77K). The PAC results showed that, samples measured with {sup 111}In obtained better results when they were compared with samples measured with {sup 181}Hf. (author) 7. Preliminary work on the measurement of the {beta} - {nu} angular correlation in the {sup 6}He beta decay by means of a Paul's trap; Etudes et tests preliminaires a une mesure de la correlation angulaire {beta} - {nu} dans la desintegration du noyau {sup 6}He a l'aide d'un piege de Paul Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Delahaye, P 2002-03-01 The subject of this thesis is the preparation of a measurement of the {beta} - {nu} angular correlation coefficient, in {sup 6}He nuclear {beta} - decay, using a Paul trap. Its principle consists in studying the decay of radioactive ions trapped in a small volume, practically at rest in the center of a transparent electric trap. The trajectories of the particles emitted in the decay are weakly disturbed. The detection in coincidence of the electron and the recoil ion in each decay allows the measurement of 3 observables: the energies of the particles and their relative angle. The {beta} - {nu} angular correlation parameter deduced from the coincidence spectrum is sensitive to the existence of exotic interactions excluded by the V - A theory of the weak interactions. In the case of {sup 6}He decay a deviation observed on the predicted value would imply the existence of tensor type interactions, which might be due to the exchange of leptoquarks. These are gauge bosons present in many extensions of the Standard Model. The work presented here concerns the tests of a transparent Paul trap. The performance of the trap has been tested with ions created in a laser plasma source (Mo{sup +}, Fe{sup +}, Al{sup +}), and also with ions delivered by an ionization source ({sup 4}He{sup +} ions). These experiments were carried out in parallel with their simulations which required the development of a computer code of the electrical potential in various geometries, and of a code of ions transport in the associated fields. These simulations showed a good agreement with the experiment. A Monte Carlo simulation of the experimental setup, for the {beta} - {nu} angular correlation measurement, was then carried out. The distortions of the spectra associated with the varying electric fields in the vicinity of the trap and with the ion cloud size were estimated for various geometries. The statistical needs for the experiment were evaluated in order to reach the required precision. (author) 8. Ion beam induced amorphisation in semiconductors studied using perturbed angular correlations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ion implantation is an increasingly important technique in the fabrication of semiconductor devices. The understanding of irradiation produced disorder is thus of important scientific and technological significance. While many techniques have been applied to the study of semiconductor materials, no single method can provide a full characterisation and a detailed understanding of the physical processes relies on the application of a diverse range of complimentary techniques. In this paper we discuss the application of the Perturbed Angular Correlation technique to the study of ion beam amorphisation in semiconductor materials. The Perturbed Angular Correlations (PAC) method uses radioactive atoms at very low concentrations to provide information about the local electronic or magnetic structure around the probe atom. It relies on the change in the radiation pattern observed when an excited nucleus decays in an extra-nuclear field. A good description of the fundamental principles of the PAC method and its application to semiconductors is provided by the recent review of Wishart. The current measurements have used the 111In probe nucleus. This nucleus decays via electron capture to the daughter, 111Cd which is formed in an excited state. This nucleus then de-excites by the emission of two γ -rays. It is the perturbation of the γ-γ angular correlation of these two γ-rays by the presence of non zero electric field gradients at the probe site which is observed in the current measurements 9. Influence of the angular correlation of fission neutrons on noise signatures International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Noise signatures, the measurement of the correlation between the fluctuating parts of the signals coming from neutron detectors, are commonly used to measure nuclear parameters (reactivities, mean lives) and to monitor nuclear systems. Several techniques are used, such as the correlation or analog signals in time or frequency domains or the statistical analysis of detection events. Apart from the experimental method, the useful components of the stochastic descriptors is related to the detection of neutrons that have ancestors born in the same fission event. Despite an early work opened to the inclusion of the n - n angular correlations of neutrons coming from the same fission, practically all the theoretical applications ignore this additional complication by making the implicit or explicit hypothesis that fission neutrons are born uncorrelated. However, there are direct measurements that show angular and energy correlation for the two-fission-neutron distribution. The first attempt to include this experimental evidence into the theory of neutron noise was the calculation of the ratio of spectral densities related to the 252Cf method of measuring reactivities under the simplest condition: two neutron detectors monitoring a 252Cf-plated fission chamber. The objective of this communication is to show how noise signatures of more complex systems are sensitive to the joint distribution γ(v,v '), of two neutrons coming from the same fission with velocities v and v' 10. Angular velocity nonlinear observer from single vector measurements OpenAIRE Magnis, Lionel; Petit, Nicolas 2015-01-01 The paper proposes a technique to estimate the angular velocity of a rigid body from single vector measurements. Compared to the approaches presented in the literature, it does not use attitude information nor rate gyros as inputs. Instead, vector measurements are directly filtered through a nonlinear observer estimating the angular velocity. Convergence is established using a detailed analysis of a linear-time varying dynamics appearing in the estimation error equation. This equation stems f... 11. DELTA - a computer program to analyze gamma-gamma angular correlations from unaligned states International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A computer program to analyze gamma-gamma angular correlations from radioactive decay and from thermal-neutron capture is described. The program can, in addition to correlation data, handle mixing ratio and conversion coefficient data. (author) 12. Measurement of the cross section and angular correlations for associated production of a Z boson with b hadrons in pp collisions at\\sqrt{s}= 7 TeV CERN Document Server Chatrchyan, Serguei; Sirunyan, Albert M; Tumasyan, Armen; Adam, Wolfgang; Bergauer, Thomas; Dragicevic, Marko; Erö, Janos; Fabjan, Christian; Friedl, Markus; Fruehwirth, Rudolf; Ghete, Vasile Mihai; Hörmann, Natascha; Hrubec, Josef; Jeitler, Manfred; Kiesenhofer, Wolfgang; Knünz, Valentin; Krammer, Manfred; Krätschmer, Ilse; Liko, Dietrich; Mikulec, Ivan; Rabady, Dinyar; Rahbaran, Babak; Rohringer, Christine; Rohringer, Herbert; Schöfbeck, Robert; Strauss, Josef; Taurok, Anton; Treberer-Treberspurg, Wolfgang; Waltenberger, Wolfgang; Wulz, Claudia-Elisabeth; Mossolov, Vladimir; Shumeiko, Nikolai; Suarez Gonzalez, Juan; Alderweireldt, Sara; Bansal, Monika; Bansal, Sunil; Cornelis, Tom; De Wolf, Eddi A; Janssen, Xavier; Knutsson, Albert; Luyckx, Sten; Mucibello, Luca; Ochesanu, Silvia; Roland, Benoit; Rougny, Romain; Staykova, Zlatka; Van Haevermaet, Hans; Van Mechelen, Pierre; Van Remortel, Nick; Van Spilbeeck, Alex; Blekman, Freya; Blyweert, Stijn; D'Hondt, Jorgen; Kalogeropoulos, Alexis; Keaveney, James; Maes, Michael; Olbrechts, Annik; Tavernier, Stefaan; Van Doninck, Walter; Van Mulders, Petra; Van Onsem, Gerrit Patrick; Villella, Ilaria; Clerbaux, Barbara; De Lentdecker, Gilles; Favart, Laurent; Gay, Arnaud; Hreus, Tomas; Léonard, Alexandre; Marage, Pierre Edouard; Mohammadi, Abdollah; Perniè, Luca; Reis, Thomas; Seva, Tomislav; Thomas, Laurent; Vander Velde, Catherine; Vanlaer, Pascal; Wang, Jian; Adler, Volker; Beernaert, Kelly; Benucci, Leonardo; Cimmino, Anna; Costantini, Silvia; Dildick, Sven; Garcia, Guillaume; Klein, Benjamin; Lellouch, Jérémie; Marinov, Andrey; Mccartin, Joseph; Ocampo Rios, Alberto Andres; Ryckbosch, Dirk; Sigamani, Michael; Strobbe, Nadja; Thyssen, Filip; Tytgat, Michael; Walsh, Sinead; Yazgan, Efe; Zaganidis, Nicolas; Basegmez, Suzan; Beluffi, Camille; Bruno, Giacomo; Castello, Roberto; Caudron, Adrien; Ceard, Ludivine; Delaere, Christophe; Du Pree, Tristan; Favart, Denis; Forthomme, Laurent; Giammanco, Andrea; Hollar, Jonathan; Jez, Pavel; Lemaitre, Vincent; Liao, Junhui; Militaru, Otilia; Nuttens, Claude; Pagano, Davide; Pin, Arnaud; Piotrzkowski, Krzysztof; Popov, Andrey; Selvaggi, Michele; Vizan Garcia, Jesus Manuel; Beliy, Nikita; Caebergs, Thierry; Daubie, Evelyne; Hammad, Gregory Habib; Alves, Gilvan; Correa Martins Junior, Marcos; Martins, Thiago; Pol, Maria Elena; Henrique Gomes E Souza, Moacyr; Aldá Júnior, Walter Luiz; Carvalho, Wagner; Chinellato, Jose; Custódio, Analu; Da Costa, Eliza Melo; De Jesus Damiao, Dilson; De Oliveira Martins, Carley; Fonseca De Souza, Sandro; Malbouisson, Helena; Malek, Magdalena; Matos Figueiredo, Diego; Mundim, Luiz; Nogima, Helio; Prado Da Silva, Wanda Lucia; Santoro, Alberto; Sznajder, Andre; Tonelli Manganote, Edmilson José; Vilela Pereira, Antonio; Bernardes, Cesar Augusto; De Almeida Dias, Flavia; Tomei, Thiago; De Moraes Gregores, Eduardo; Lagana, Caio; Mercadante, Pedro G; Novaes, Sergio F; Padula, Sandra; Genchev, Vladimir; Iaydjiev, Plamen; Piperov, Stefan; Rodozov, Mircho; Sultanov, Georgi; Vutova, Mariana; Dimitrov, Anton; Hadjiiska, Roumyana; Kozhuharov, Venelin; Litov, Leander; Pavlov, Borislav; Petkov, Peicho; Bian, Jian-Guo; Chen, Guo-Ming; Chen, He-Sheng; Jiang, Chun-Hua; Liang, Dong; Liang, Song; Meng, Xiangwei; Tao, Junquan; Wang, Jian; Wang, Xianyou; Wang, Zheng; Xiao, Hong; Xu, Ming; Asawatangtrakuldee, Chayanit; Ban, Yong; Guo, Yifei; Li, Qiang; Li, Wenbo; Liu, Shuai; Mao, Yajun; Qian, Si-Jin; Wang, Dayong; Zhang, Linlin; Zou, Wei; Avila, Carlos; Carrillo Montoya, Camilo Andres; Chaparro Sierra, Luisa Fernanda; Gomez, Juan Pablo; Gomez Moreno, Bernardo; Sanabria, Juan Carlos; Godinovic, Nikola; Lelas, Damir; Plestina, Roko; Polic, Dunja; Puljak, Ivica; Antunovic, Zeljko; Kovac, Marko; Brigljevic, Vuko; Duric, Senka; Kadija, Kreso; Luetic, Jelena; Mekterovic, Darko; Morovic, Srecko; Tikvica, Lucija; Attikis, Alexandros; Mavromanolakis, Georgios; Mousa, Jehad; Nicolaou, Charalambos; Ptochos, Fotios; Razis, Panos A; Finger, Miroslav; Finger Jr, Michael; Abdelalim, Ahmed Ali; Assran, Yasser; Elgammal, Sherif; Ellithi Kamel, Ali; Mahmoud, Mohammed; Radi, Amr; Kadastik, Mario; Müntel, Mait; Murumaa, Marion; Raidal, Martti; Rebane, Liis; Tiko, Andres; Eerola, Paula; Fedi, Giacomo; Voutilainen, Mikko; Härkönen, Jaakko; Karimäki, Veikko; Kinnunen, Ritva; Kortelainen, Matti J; Lampén, Tapio; Lassila-Perini, Kati; Lehti, Sami; Lindén, Tomas; Luukka, Panja-Riina; Mäenpää, Teppo; Peltola, Timo; Tuominen, Eija; Tuominiemi, Jorma; Tuovinen, Esa; Wendland, Lauri; Korpela, Arja; Tuuva, Tuure; Besancon, Marc; Choudhury, Somnath; Couderc, Fabrice; Dejardin, Marc; Denegri, Daniel; Fabbro, Bernard; Faure, Jean-Louis; Ferri, Federico; Ganjour, Serguei; Givernaud, Alain; Gras, Philippe; Hamel de Monchenault, Gautier; Jarry, Patrick; Locci, Elizabeth; Malcles, Julie; Millischer, Laurent; Nayak, Aruna; Rander, John; Rosowsky, André; 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Matveev, Viktor; Moisenz, Petr; Palichik, Vladimir; Perelygin, Victor; Shmatov, Sergey; Skatchkov, Nikolai; Smirnov, Vitaly; Zarubin, Anatoli; Evstyukhin, Sergey; Golovtsov, Victor; Ivanov, Yury; Kim, Victor; Levchenko, Petr; Murzin, Victor; Oreshkin, Vadim; Smirnov, Igor; Sulimov, Valentin; Uvarov, Lev; Vavilov, Sergey; Vorobyev, Alexey; Vorobyev, Andrey; Andreev, Yuri; Dermenev, Alexander; Gninenko, Sergei; Golubev, Nikolai; Kirsanov, Mikhail; Krasnikov, Nikolai; Pashenkov, Anatoli; Tlisov, Danila; Toropin, Alexander; Epshteyn, Vladimir; Erofeeva, Maria; Gavrilov, Vladimir; Lychkovskaya, Natalia; Popov, Vladimir; Safronov, Grigory; Semenov, Sergey; Spiridonov, Alexander; Stolin, Viatcheslav; Vlasov, Evgueni; Zhokin, Alexander; Andreev, Vladimir; Azarkin, Maksim; Dremin, Igor; Kirakosyan, Martin; Leonidov, Andrey; Mesyats, Gennady; Rusakov, Sergey V; Vinogradov, Alexey; Belyaev, Andrey; Boos, Edouard; Bunichev, Viacheslav; Dubinin, Mikhail; Dudko, Lev; Ershov, Alexander; Gribushin, Andrey; Klyukhin, Vyacheslav; Kodolova, Olga; Lokhtin, Igor; Markina, Anastasia; Obraztsov, Stepan; Petrushanko, Sergey; Savrin, Viktor; Azhgirey, Igor; Bayshev, Igor; Bitioukov, Sergei; Kachanov, Vassili; Kalinin, Alexey; Konstantinov, Dmitri; Krychkine, Victor; Petrov, Vladimir; Ryutin, Roman; Sobol, Andrei; Tourtchanovitch, Leonid; Troshin, Sergey; Tyurin, Nikolay; Uzunian, Andrey; Volkov, Alexey; Adzic, Petar; Djordjevic, Milos; Ekmedzic, Marko; Krpic, Dragomir; Milosevic, Jovan; Aguilar-Benitez, Manuel; Alcaraz Maestre, Juan; Battilana, Carlo; Calvo, Enrique; Cerrada, Marcos; Chamizo Llatas, Maria; Colino, Nicanor; De La Cruz, Begona; Delgado Peris, Antonio; Domínguez Vázquez, Daniel; Fernandez Bedoya, Cristina; Fernández Ramos, Juan Pablo; Ferrando, Antonio; Flix, Jose; Fouz, Maria Cruz; Garcia-Abia, Pablo; Gonzalez Lopez, Oscar; Goy Lopez, Silvia; Hernandez, Jose M; Josa, Maria Isabel; Merino, Gonzalo; Navarro De Martino, Eduardo; Puerta Pelayo, Jesus; Quintario Olmeda, Adrián; Redondo, Ignacio; Romero, Luciano; Santaolalla, Javier; Soares, Mara Senghi; Willmott, Carlos; Albajar, Carmen; de Trocóniz, Jorge F; Brun, Hugues; Cuevas, Javier; Fernandez Menendez, Javier; Folgueras, Santiago; Gonzalez Caballero, Isidro; Lloret Iglesias, Lara; Piedra Gomez, Jonatan; Brochero Cifuentes, Javier Andres; Cabrillo, Iban Jose; Calderon, Alicia; Chuang, Shan-Huei; Duarte Campderros, Jordi; Fernandez, Marcos; Gomez, Gervasio; Gonzalez Sanchez, Javier; Graziano, Alberto; Jorda, Clara; Lopez Virto, Amparo; Marco, Jesus; Marco, Rafael; Martinez Rivero, Celso; Matorras, Francisco; Munoz Sanchez, Francisca Javiela; Rodrigo, Teresa; Rodríguez-Marrero, Ana Yaiza; Ruiz-Jimeno, Alberto; Scodellaro, Luca; Vila, Ivan; Vilar Cortabitarte, Rocio; Abbaneo, Duccio; Auffray, Etiennette; Auzinger, Georg; Bachtis, Michail; Baillon, Paul; Ball, Austin; Barney, David; Bendavid, Joshua; Benitez, Jose F; Bernet, Colin; Bianchi, Giovanni; Bloch, Philippe; Bocci, Andrea; Bonato, Alessio; Bondu, Olivier; Botta, Cristina; Breuker, Horst; Camporesi, Tiziano; Cerminara, Gianluca; Christiansen, Tim; Coarasa Perez, Jose Antonio; Colafranceschi, Stefano; D'Enterria, David; Dabrowski, Anne; David Tinoco Mendes, Andre; De Roeck, Albert; De Visscher, Simon; Di Guida, Salvatore; Dobson, Marc; Dupont-Sagorin, Niels; Elliott-Peisert, Anna; Eugster, Jürg; Funk, Wolfgang; Georgiou, Georgios; Giffels, Manuel; Gigi, Dominique; Gill, Karl; Giordano, Domenico; Girone, Maria; Giunta, Marina; Glege, Frank; Gomez-Reino Garrido, Robert; Gowdy, Stephen; Guida, Roberto; Hammer, Josef; Hansen, Magnus; Harris, Philip; Hartl, Christian; Hinzmann, Andreas; Innocente, Vincenzo; Janot, Patrick; Karavakis, Edward; Kousouris, Konstantinos; Krajczar, Krisztian; Lecoq, Paul; Lee, Yen-Jie; Lourenco, Carlos; Magini, Nicolo; Malberti, Martina; Malgeri, Luca; Mannelli, Marcello; Masetti, Lorenzo; Meijers, Frans; Mersi, Stefano; Meschi, Emilio; Moser, Roland; Mulders, Martijn; Musella, Pasquale; Nesvold, Erik; Orsini, Luciano; Palencia Cortezon, Enrique; Perez, Emmanuelle; Perrozzi, Luca; Petrilli, Achille; Pfeiffer, Andreas; Pierini, Maurizio; Pimiä, Martti; Piparo, Danilo; Plagge, Michael; Quertenmont, Loic; Racz, Attila; Reece, William; Rolandi, Gigi; Rovelli, Chiara; Rovere, Marco; Sakulin, Hannes; Santanastasio, Francesco; Schäfer, Christoph; Schwick, Christoph; Segoni, Ilaria; Sekmen, Sezen; Sharma, Archana; Siegrist, Patrice; Silva, Pedro; Simon, Michal; Sphicas, Paraskevas; Spiga, Daniele; Stoye, Markus; Tsirou, Andromachi; Veres, Gabor Istvan; Vlimant, Jean-Roch; Wöhri, Hermine Katharina; Worm, Steven; Zeuner, Wolfram Dietrich; Bertl, Willi; Deiters, Konrad; Erdmann, Wolfram; Gabathuler, Kurt; Horisberger, Roland; Ingram, Quentin; Kaestli, Hans-Christian; König, Stefan; Kotlinski, Danek; Langenegger, Urs; Renker, Dieter; Rohe, Tilman; Bachmair, Felix; Bäni, Lukas; Bortignon, Pierluigi; Buchmann, Marco-Andrea; Casal, Bruno; Chanon, Nicolas; Deisher, Amanda; Dissertori, Günther; Dittmar, Michael; Donegà, Mauro; Dünser, Marc; Eller, Philipp; Freudenreich, Klaus; Grab, Christoph; Hits, Dmitry; Lecomte, Pierre; Lustermann, Werner; Marini, Andrea Carlo; Martinez Ruiz del Arbol, Pablo; Mohr, Niklas; Moortgat, Filip; Nägeli, Christoph; Nef, Pascal; Nessi-Tedaldi, Francesca; Pandolfi, Francesco; Pape, Luc; Pauss, Felicitas; Peruzzi, Marco; Ronga, Frederic Jean; Rossini, Marco; Sala, Leonardo; Sanchez, Ann - Karin; Starodumov, Andrei; Stieger, Benjamin; Takahashi, Maiko; Tauscher, Ludwig; Thea, Alessandro; Theofilatos, Konstantinos; Treille, Daniel; Urscheler, Christina; Wallny, Rainer; Weber, Hannsjoerg Artur; Amsler, Claude; Chiochia, Vincenzo; Favaro, Carlotta; Ivova Rikova, Mirena; Kilminster, Benjamin; Millan Mejias, Barbara; Otiougova, Polina; Robmann, Peter; Snoek, Hella; Taroni, Silvia; Tupputi, Salvatore; Verzetti, Mauro; Cardaci, Marco; Chen, Kuan-Hsin; Ferro, Cristina; Kuo, Chia-Ming; Li, Syue-Wei; Lin, Willis; Lu, Yun-Ju; Volpe, Roberta; Yu, Shin-Shan; Bartalini, Paolo; Chang, Paoti; Chang, You-Hao; Chang, Yu-Wei; Chao, Yuan; Chen, Kai-Feng; Dietz, Charles; Grundler, Ulysses; Hou, George Wei-Shu; Hsiung, Yee; Kao, Kai-Yi; Lei, Yeong-Jyi; Lu, Rong-Shyang; Majumder, Devdatta; Petrakou, Eleni; Shi, Xin; Shiu, Jing-Ge; Tzeng, Yeng-Ming; Wang, Minzu; Asavapibhop, Burin; Suwonjandee, Narumon; Adiguzel, Aytul; Bakirci, Mustafa Numan; Cerci, Salim; Dozen, Candan; Dumanoglu, Isa; Eskut, Eda; Girgis, Semiray; Gokbulut, Gul; Gurpinar, Emine; Hos, Ilknur; Kangal, Evrim Ersin; Kayis Topaksu, Aysel; Onengut, Gulsen; Ozdemir, Kadri; Ozturk, Sertac; Polatoz, Ayse; Sogut, Kenan; Sunar Cerci, Deniz; Tali, Bayram; Topakli, Huseyin; Vergili, Mehmet; Akin, Ilina Vasileva; Aliev, Takhmasib; Bilin, Bugra; Bilmis, Selcuk; Deniz, Muhammed; Gamsizkan, Halil; Guler, Ali Murat; Karapinar, Guler; Ocalan, Kadir; Ozpineci, Altug; Serin, Meltem; Sever, Ramazan; Surat, Ugur Emrah; Yalvac, Metin; Zeyrek, Mehmet; Gülmez, Erhan; Isildak, Bora; Kaya, Mithat; Kaya, Ozlem; Ozkorucuklu, Suat; Sonmez, Nasuf; Bahtiyar, Hüseyin; Barlas, Esra; Cankocak, Kerem; Günaydin, Yusuf Oguzhan; Vardarli, Fuat Ilkehan; Yücel, Mete; Levchuk, Leonid; Sorokin, Pavel; Brooke, James John; Clement, Emyr; Cussans, David; Flacher, Henning; Frazier, Robert; Goldstein, Joel; Grimes, Mark; Heath, Greg P; Heath, Helen F; Kreczko, Lukasz; Metson, Simon; Newbold, Dave M; Nirunpong, Kachanon; Poll, Anthony; Senkin, Sergey; Smith, Vincent J; Williams, Thomas; Basso, Lorenzo; Bell, Ken W; Belyaev, Alexander; Brew, Christopher; Brown, Robert M; Cockerill, David JA; Coughlan, John A; Harder, Kristian; Harper, Sam; Jackson, James; Olaiya, Emmanuel; Petyt, David; Radburn-Smith, Benjamin Charles; Shepherd-Themistocleous, Claire; Tomalin, Ian R; Womersley, William John; Bainbridge, Robert; Buchmuller, Oliver; Burton, Darren; Colling, David; Cripps, Nicholas; Cutajar, Michael; Dauncey, Paul; Davies, Gavin; Della Negra, Michel; Ferguson, William; Fulcher, Jonathan; Futyan, David; Gilbert, Andrew; Guneratne Bryer, Arlo; Hall, Geoffrey; Hatherell, Zoe; Hays, Jonathan; Iles, Gregory; Jarvis, Martyn; Karapostoli, Georgia; Kenzie, Matthew; Lane, Rebecca; Lucas, Robyn; Lyons, Louis; Magnan, Anne-Marie; Marrouche, Jad; Mathias, Bryn; Nandi, Robin; Nash, Jordan; Nikitenko, Alexander; Pela, Joao; Pesaresi, Mark; Petridis, Konstantinos; Pioppi, Michele; Raymond, David Mark; Rogerson, Samuel; Rose, Andrew; Seez, Christopher; Sharp, Peter; Sparrow, Alex; Tapper, Alexander; Vazquez Acosta, Monica; Virdee, Tejinder; Wakefield, Stuart; Wardle, Nicholas; Whyntie, Tom; Chadwick, Matthew; Cole, Joanne; Hobson, Peter R; Khan, Akram; Kyberd, Paul; Leggat, Duncan; Leslie, Dawn; Martin, William; Reid, Ivan; Symonds, Philip; Teodorescu, Liliana; Turner, Mark; Dittmann, Jay; Hatakeyama, Kenichi; Kasmi, Azeddine; Liu, Hongxuan; Scarborough, Tara; Charaf, Otman; Cooper, Seth; Henderson, Conor; Rumerio, Paolo; Avetisyan, Aram; Bose, Tulika; Fantasia, Cory; Heister, Arno; Lawson, Philip; Lazic, Dragoslav; Rohlf, James; Sperka, David; St John, Jason; Sulak, Lawrence; Alimena, Juliette; Bhattacharya, Saptaparna; Christopher, Grant; Cutts, David; Demiragli, Zeynep; Ferapontov, Alexey; Garabedian, Alex; Heintz, Ulrich; Jabeen, Shabnam; Kukartsev, Gennadiy; Laird, Edward; Landsberg, Greg; Luk, Michael; Narain, Meenakshi; Segala, Michael; Sinthuprasith, Tutanon; Speer, Thomas; Breedon, Richard; Breto, Guillermo; Calderon De La Barca Sanchez, Manuel; Chauhan, Sushil; Chertok, Maxwell; Conway, John; Conway, Rylan; Cox, Peter Timothy; Erbacher, Robin; Gardner, Michael; Houtz, Rachel; Ko, Winston; Kopecky, Alexandra; Lander, Richard; Mall, Orpheus; Miceli, Tia; Nelson, Randy; Pellett, Dave; Ricci-Tam, Francesca; Rutherford, Britney; Searle, Matthew; Smith, John; Squires, Michael; Tripathi, Mani; Wilbur, Scott; Yohay, Rachel; Andreev, Valeri; Cline, David; Cousins, Robert; Erhan, Samim; Everaerts, Pieter; Farrell, Chris; Felcini, Marta; Hauser, Jay; Ignatenko, Mikhail; Jarvis, Chad; Rakness, Gregory; Schlein, Peter; Takasugi, Eric; Traczyk, Piotr; Valuev, Vyacheslav; Weber, Matthias; Babb, John; Clare, Robert; Dinardo, Mauro Emanuele; Ellison, John Anthony; Gary, J William; Hanson, Gail; Liu, Hongliang; Long, Owen Rosser; Luthra, Arun; Nguyen, Harold; Paramesvaran, Sudarshan; Sturdy, Jared; Sumowidagdo, Suharyo; Wilken, Rachel; Wimpenny, Stephen; Andrews, Warren; Branson, James G; Cerati, Giuseppe Benedetto; Cittolin, Sergio; Evans, David; Holzner, André; Kelley, Ryan; Lebourgeois, Matthew; Letts, James; Macneill, Ian; Mangano, Boris; Padhi, Sanjay; Palmer, Christopher; Petrucciani, Giovanni; Pieri, Marco; Sani, Matteo; Sharma, Vivek; Simon, Sean; Sudano, Elizabeth; Tadel, Matevz; Tu, Yanjun; Vartak, Adish; Wasserbaech, Steven; Würthwein, Frank; Yagil, Avraham; Yoo, Jaehyeok; Barge, Derek; Bellan, Riccardo; Campagnari, Claudio; D'Alfonso, Mariarosaria; Danielson, Thomas; Flowers, Kristen; Geffert, Paul; George, Christopher; Golf, Frank; Incandela, Joe; Justus, Christopher; Kalavase, Puneeth; Kovalskyi, Dmytro; Krutelyov, Vyacheslav; Lowette, Steven; Magaña Villalba, Ricardo; Mccoll, Nickolas; Pavlunin, Viktor; Ribnik, Jacob; Richman, Jeffrey; Rossin, Roberto; Stuart, David; To, Wing; West, Christopher; Apresyan, Artur; Bornheim, Adolf; Bunn, Julian; Chen, Yi; Di Marco, Emanuele; Duarte, Javier; Kcira, Dorian; Ma, Yousi; Mott, Alexander; Newman, Harvey B; Rogan, Christopher; Spiropulu, Maria; Timciuc, Vladlen; Veverka, Jan; Wilkinson, Richard; Xie, Si; Yang, Yong; Zhu, Ren-Yuan; Azzolini, Virginia; Calamba, Aristotle; Carroll, Ryan; Ferguson, Thomas; Iiyama, Yutaro; Jang, Dong Wook; Liu, Yueh-Feng; Paulini, Manfred; Russ, James; Vogel, Helmut; Vorobiev, Igor; Cumalat, John Perry; Drell, Brian Robert; Ford, William T; Gaz, Alessandro; Luiggi Lopez, Eduardo; Nauenberg, Uriel; Smith, James; Stenson, Kevin; Ulmer, Keith; Wagner, Stephen Robert; Alexander, James; Chatterjee, Avishek; Eggert, Nicholas; Gibbons, Lawrence Kent; Hopkins, Walter; Khukhunaishvili, Aleko; Kreis, Benjamin; Mirman, Nathan; Nicolas Kaufman, Gala; Patterson, Juliet Ritchie; Ryd, Anders; Salvati, Emmanuele; Sun, Werner; Teo, Wee Don; Thom, Julia; Thompson, Joshua; Tucker, Jordan; Weng, Yao; Winstrom, Lucas; Wittich, Peter; Winn, Dave; Abdullin, Salavat; Albrow, Michael; Anderson, Jacob; Apollinari, Giorgio; Bauerdick, Lothar AT; Beretvas, Andrew; Berryhill, Jeffrey; Bhat, Pushpalatha C; Burkett, Kevin; Butler, Joel Nathan; Chetluru, Vasundhara; Cheung, Harry; Chlebana, Frank; Cihangir, Selcuk; Elvira, Victor Daniel; Fisk, Ian; Freeman, Jim; Gao, Yanyan; Gottschalk, Erik; Gray, Lindsey; Green, Dan; Gutsche, Oliver; Hare, Daryl; Harris, Robert M; Hirschauer, James; Hooberman, Benjamin; Jindariani, Sergo; Johnson, Marvin; Joshi, Umesh; Klima, Boaz; Kunori, Shuichi; Kwan, Simon; Linacre, Jacob; Lincoln, Don; Lipton, Ron; Lykken, Joseph; Maeshima, Kaori; Marraffino, John Michael; Martinez Outschoorn, Verena Ingrid; Maruyama, Sho; Mason, David; McBride, Patricia; Mishra, Kalanand; Mrenna, Stephen; Musienko, Yuri; Newman-Holmes, Catherine; O'Dell, Vivian; Prokofyev, Oleg; Ratnikova, Natalia; Sexton-Kennedy, Elizabeth; Sharma, Seema; Spalding, William J; Spiegel, Leonard; Taylor, Lucas; Tkaczyk, Slawek; Tran, Nhan Viet; Uplegger, Lorenzo; Vaandering, Eric Wayne; Vidal, Richard; Whitmore, Juliana; Wu, Weimin; Yang, Fan; Yun, Jae Chul; Acosta, Darin; Avery, Paul; Bourilkov, Dimitri; Chen, Mingshui; Cheng, Tongguang; Das, Souvik; De Gruttola, Michele; Di Giovanni, Gian Piero; Dobur, Didar; Drozdetskiy, Alexey; Field, Richard D; Fisher, Matthew; Fu, Yu; Furic, Ivan-Kresimir; Hugon, Justin; Kim, Bockjoo; Konigsberg, Jacobo; Korytov, Andrey; Kropivnitskaya, Anna; Kypreos, Theodore; Low, Jia Fu; Matchev, Konstantin; Milenovic, Predrag; Mitselmakher, Guenakh; Muniz, Lana; Remington, Ronald; Rinkevicius, Aurelijus; Skhirtladze, Nikoloz; Snowball, Matthew; Yelton, John; Zakaria, Mohammed; Gaultney, Vanessa; Hewamanage, Samantha; Lebolo, Luis Miguel; Linn, Stephan; Markowitz, Pete; Martinez, German; Rodriguez, Jorge Luis; Adams, Todd; Askew, Andrew; Bochenek, Joseph; Chen, Jie; Diamond, Brendan; Gleyzer, Sergei V; Haas, Jeff; Hagopian, Sharon; Hagopian, Vasken; Johnson, Kurtis F; Prosper, Harrison; Veeraraghavan, Venkatesh; Weinberg, Marc; Baarmand, Marc M; Dorney, Brian; Hohlmann, Marcus; Kalakhety, Himali; Yumiceva, Francisco; Adams, Mark Raymond; Apanasevich, Leonard; Bazterra, Victor Eduardo; Betts, Russell Richard; Bucinskaite, Inga; Callner, Jeremy; Cavanaugh, Richard; Evdokimov, Olga; Gauthier, Lucie; Gerber, Cecilia Elena; Hofman, David Jonathan; Khalatyan, Samvel; Kurt, Pelin; Lacroix, Florent; Moon, Dong Ho; O'Brien, Christine; Silkworth, Christopher; Strom, Derek; Turner, Paul; Varelas, Nikos; Akgun, Ugur; Albayrak, Elif Asli; Bilki, Burak; Clarida, Warren; Dilsiz, Kamuran; Duru, Firdevs; Griffiths, Scott; Merlo, Jean-Pierre; Mermerkaya, Hamit; Mestvirishvili, Alexi; Moeller, Anthony; Nachtman, Jane; Newsom, Charles Ray; Ogul, Hasan; Onel, Yasar; Ozok, Ferhat; Sen, Sercan; Tan, Ping; Tiras, Emrah; Wetzel, James; Yetkin, Taylan; Yi, Kai; Barnett, Bruce Arnold; Blumenfeld, Barry; Bolognesi, Sara; Fehling, David; Giurgiu, Gavril; Gritsan, Andrei; Hu, Guofan; Maksimovic, Petar; Swartz, Morris; Whitbeck, Andrew; Baringer, Philip; Bean, Alice; Benelli, Gabriele; Kenny III, Raymond Patrick; Murray, Michael; Noonan, Daniel; Sanders, Stephen; Stringer, Robert; Wood, Jeffrey Scott; Barfuss, Anne-Fleur; Chakaberia, Irakli; Ivanov, Andrew; Khalil, Sadia; Makouski, Mikhail; Maravin, Yurii; Shrestha, Shruti; Svintradze, Irakli; Gronberg, Jeffrey; Lange, David; Rebassoo, Finn; Wright, Douglas; Baden, Drew; Calvert, Brian; Eno, Sarah Catherine; Gomez, Jaime; Hadley, Nicholas John; Kellogg, Richard G; Kolberg, Ted; Lu, Ying; Marionneau, Matthieu; Mignerey, Alice; Pedro, Kevin; Peterman, Alison; Skuja, Andris; Temple, Jeffrey; Tonjes, Marguerite; Tonwar, Suresh C; Apyan, Aram; Bauer, Gerry; Busza, Wit; Cali, Ivan Amos; Chan, Matthew; Dutta, Valentina; Gomez Ceballos, Guillelmo; Goncharov, Maxim; Kim, Yongsun; Klute, Markus; Lai, Yue Shi; Levin, Andrew; Luckey, Paul David; Ma, Teng; Nahn, Steve; Paus, Christoph; Ralph, Duncan; Roland, Christof; Roland, Gunther; Stephans, George; Stöckli, Fabian; Sumorok, Konstanty; Sung, Kevin; Velicanu, Dragos; Wolf, Roger; Wyslouch, Bolek; Yang, Mingming; Yilmaz, Yetkin; Yoon, Sungho; Zanetti, Marco; Zhukova, Victoria; Dahmes, Bryan; De Benedetti, Abraham; Franzoni, Giovanni; Gude, Alexander; Haupt, Jason; Kao, Shih-Chuan; Klapoetke, Kevin; Kubota, Yuichi; Mans, Jeremy; Pastika, Nathaniel; Rusack, Roger; Sasseville, Michael; Singovsky, Alexander; Tambe, Norbert; Turkewitz, Jared; Cremaldi, Lucien Marcus; Kroeger, Rob; Perera, Lalith; Rahmat, Rahmat; Sanders, David A; Summers, Don; Avdeeva, Ekaterina; Bloom, Kenneth; Bose, Suvadeep; Claes, Daniel R; Dominguez, Aaron; Eads, Michael; Gonzalez Suarez, Rebeca; Keller, Jason; Kravchenko, Ilya; Lazo-Flores, Jose; Malik, Sudhir; Meier, Frank; Snow, Gregory R; Dolen, James; Godshalk, Andrew; Iashvili, Ia; Jain, Supriya; Kharchilava, Avto; Kumar, Ashish; Rappoccio, Salvatore; Wan, Zongru; Alverson, George; Barberis, Emanuela; Baumgartel, Darin; Chasco, Matthew; Haley, Joseph; Massironi, Andrea; Nash, David; Orimoto, Toyoko; Trocino, Daniele; Wood, Darien; Zhang, Jinzhong; Anastassov, Anton; Hahn, Kristan Allan; Kubik, Andrew; Lusito, Letizia; Mucia, Nicholas; Odell, Nathaniel; Pollack, Brian; Pozdnyakov, Andrey; Schmitt, Michael; Stoynev, Stoyan; Velasco, Mayda; Won, Steven; Berry, Douglas; Brinkerhoff, Andrew; Chan, Kwok Ming; Hildreth, Michael; Jessop, Colin; Karmgard, Daniel John; Kolb, Jeff; Lannon, Kevin; Luo, Wuming; Lynch, Sean; Marinelli, Nancy; Morse, David Michael; Pearson, Tessa; Planer, Michael; Ruchti, Randy; Slaunwhite, Jason; Valls, Nil; Wayne, Mitchell; Wolf, Matthias; Antonelli, Louis; Bylsma, Ben; Durkin, Lloyd Stanley; Hill, Christopher; Hughes, Richard; Kotov, Khristian; Ling, Ta-Yung; Puigh, Darren; Rodenburg, Marissa; Smith, Geoffrey; Vuosalo, Carl; Williams, Grayson; Winer, Brian L; Wolfe, Homer; Berry, Edmund; Elmer, Peter; Halyo, Valerie; Hebda, Philip; Hegeman, Jeroen; Hunt, Adam; Jindal, Pratima; Koay, Sue Ann; Lopes Pegna, David; Lujan, Paul; Marlow, Daniel; Medvedeva, Tatiana; Mooney, Michael; Olsen, James; Piroué, Pierre; Quan, Xiaohang; Raval, Amita; Saka, Halil; Stickland, David; Tully, Christopher; Werner, Jeremy Scott; Zenz, Seth Conrad; Zuranski, Andrzej; Brownson, Eric; Lopez, Angel; Mendez, Hector; Ramirez Vargas, Juan Eduardo; Alagoz, Enver; Benedetti, Daniele; Bolla, Gino; Bortoletto, Daniela; De Mattia, Marco; Everett, Adam; Hu, Zhen; Jones, Matthew; Jung, Kurt; Koybasi, Ozhan; Kress, Matthew; Leonardo, Nuno; Maroussov, Vassili; Merkel, Petra; Miller, David Harry; Neumeister, Norbert; Shipsey, Ian; Silvers, David; Svyatkovskiy, Alexey; Vidal Marono, Miguel; Wang, Fuqiang; Xu, Lingshan; Yoo, Hwi Dong; Zablocki, Jakub; Zheng, Yu; Guragain, Samir; Parashar, Neeti; Adair, Antony; Akgun, Bora; Ecklund, Karl Matthew; Geurts, Frank JM; Li, Wei; Padley, Brian Paul; Redjimi, Radia; Roberts, Jay; Zabel, James; Betchart, Burton; Bodek, Arie; Covarelli, Roberto; de Barbaro, Pawel; Demina, Regina; Eshaq, Yossof; Ferbel, Thomas; Garcia-Bellido, Aran; Goldenzweig, Pablo; Han, Jiyeon; Harel, Amnon; Miner, Daniel Carl; Petrillo, Gianluca; Vishnevskiy, Dmitry; Zielinski, Marek; Bhatti, Anwar; Ciesielski, Robert; Demortier, Luc; Goulianos, Konstantin; Lungu, Gheorghe; Malik, Sarah; Mesropian, Christina; Arora, Sanjay; Barker, Anthony; Chou, John Paul; Contreras-Campana, Christian; Contreras-Campana, Emmanuel; Duggan, Daniel; Ferencek, Dinko; Gershtein, Yuri; Gray, Richard; Halkiadakis, Eva; Hidas, Dean; Lath, Amitabh; Panwalkar, Shruti; Park, Michael; Patel, Rishi; Rekovic, Vladimir; Robles, Jorge; Salur, Sevil; Schnetzer, Steve; Seitz, Claudia; Somalwar, Sunil; Stone, Robert; Thomas, Scott; Walker, Matthew; Cerizza, Giordano; Hollingsworth, Matthew; Rose, Keith; Spanier, Stefan; Yang, Zong-Chang; York, Andrew; Bouhali, Othmane; Eusebi, Ricardo; Flanagan, Will; Gilmore, Jason; Kamon, Teruki; Khotilovich, Vadim; Montalvo, Roy; Osipenkov, Ilya; Pakhotin, Yuriy; Perloff, Alexx; Roe, Jeffrey; Safonov, Alexei; Sakuma, Tai; Suarez, Indara; Tatarinov, Aysen; Toback, David; Akchurin, Nural; Damgov, Jordan; Dragoiu, Cosmin; Dudero, Phillip Russell; Jeong, Chiyoung; Kovitanggoon, Kittikul; Lee, Sung Won; Libeiro, Terence; Volobouev, Igor; Appelt, Eric; Delannoy, Andrés G; Greene, Senta; Gurrola, Alfredo; Johns, Willard; Maguire, Charles; Mao, Yaxian; Melo, Andrew; Sharma, Monika; Sheldon, Paul; Snook, Benjamin; Tuo, Shengquan; Velkovska, Julia; Arenton, Michael Wayne; Boutle, Sarah; Cox, Bradley; Francis, Brian; Goodell, Joseph; Hirosky, Robert; Ledovskoy, Alexander; Lin, Chuanzhe; Neu, Christopher; Wood, John; Gollapinni, Sowjanya; Harr, Robert; Karchin, Paul Edmund; Kottachchi Kankanamge Don, Chamath; Lamichhane, Pramod; Sakharov, Alexandre; Belknap, Donald; Borrello, Laura; Carlsmith, Duncan; Cepeda, Maria; Dasu, Sridhara; Friis, Evan; Grothe, Monika; Hall-Wilton, Richard; Herndon, Matthew; Hervé, Alain; Kaadze, Ketino; Klabbers, Pamela; Klukas, Jeffrey; Lanaro, Armando; Loveless, Richard; Mohapatra, Ajit; Mozer, Matthias Ulrich; Ojalvo, Isabel; Pierro, Giuseppe Antonio; Polese, Giovanni; Ross, Ian; Savin, Alexander; Smith, Wesley H; Swanson, Joshua 2013-01-01 A study of proton-proton collisions in which two b hadrons are produced in association with a Z boson is reported. The collisions were recorded at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC, for an integrated luminosity of 5.2 inverse femtobarns. The b hadrons are identified by means of displaced secondary vertices, without the use of reconstructed jets, permitting the study of b-hadron pair production at small angular separation. Differential cross sections are presented as a function of the angular separation of the b hadrons and the Z boson. In addition, inclusive measurements are presented. For both the inclusive and differential studies, different ranges of Z boson momentum are considered, and each measurement is compared to the predictions from different event generators at leading-order and next-to-leading-order accuracy. 13. MEASUREMENT OF ANGULAR VIBRATION AMPLITUDE BY ACTIVELY BLURRED IMAGES Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English) GUAN Baiqing; WANG Shigang; LIU Chong; LI Qian 2007-01-01 A novel motion-blur-based method for measuring the angular amplitude of a high-frequency rotational vibration is schemed. The proposed approach combines the active vision concept and the mechanism of motion-from-blur, generates motion blur on the image plane actively by extending exposure time, and utilizes the motion blur information in polar images to estimate the angular amplitude of a high-frequency rotational vibration. This method obtains the analytical results of the angular vibration amplitude from the geometric moments of a motion blurred polar image and an unblurred image for reference. Experimental results are provided to validate the presented scheme. 14. Perturbed angular correlations for Gd in gadolinium: in-beam comparisons of relative magnetizations CERN Document Server Stuchbery, A E; Davidson, P M; Wilson, A N 2006-01-01 Perturbed angular correlations were measured for Gd ions implanted into gadolinium foils following Coulomb excitation with 40 MeV O-16 beams. A technique for measuring the relative magnetizations of ferromagnetic gadolinium hosts under in-beam conditions is described and discussed. The combined electric-quadrupole and magnetic-dipole interaction is evaluated. The effect of nuclei implanted onto damaged or non-substitutional sites is assessed, as is the effect of misalignment between the internal hyperfine field and the external polarizing field. Thermal effects due to beam heating are discussed. 15. Angular correlations between charged particles from proton-proton collisions at sqrt{s} = 900 GeV and sqrt{s} = 7 TeV measured with ATLAS detector CERN Document Server The ATLAS collaboration 2010-01-01 This note describes a study of angular correlations between charged particles steaming from proton-proton collisions. An observable delta phi is defined as the angle in the transverse plane between the particle with the highest transverse momentum and any other particle in the collision. The shape of the distribution of this variable has a very small systematic uncertainty and is different for sqrt{s} = 900 GeV and 7 TeV. It is compared between data and different MC generators/tunes. 16. Study on angular measurements accuracy during NPP building International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A study was made on the accuracy of angular geodetic measurings on short lines during the period of permanent construction and erection works of NPP. Angular measurings were performed by two 2T2 theodolites on the specially chosen test ground. Angles were measured according to circular procedures (12 procedures at each station). Observations were conducted using stationary visor targets of needle type, 1 mm in diameter. The centering of instrument was accomplished by optic plumbs. The measurements were performed in day time under different weather conditions. Results of conducted investigations enable to draw the following conclusions: 1) under conditions of the reactor section construction the accuracy of angular measurements decreases and the error may reach 20'' and more; 2)the main effect on the accuracy of angular measurements is produced by errors: the error of centering caused by the influence of external conditions and the residual instrumental error, which constitute 30, 50-60 and 15% of the total root-mean-square error respectively; 3)during angular measurements it is necessary to take account of parameters of geodetic formations and the effect of external conditions on the accuracy of these measurements 17. Fundamental methods to measure the orbital angular momentum of light OpenAIRE Berkhout, Gregorius Cornelis Gerardus (Joris) 2011-01-01 Light is a ubiquitous carrier of information. This information can be encoded in the intensity, direction, frequency and polarisation of the light and, which was described more recently, in its orbital angular momentum. Although creating light beams with orbital angular momentum is relatively easy, measuring this property has proven to be difficult. In this thesis we present two fundamental methods to solve this problem. First, we show that by analysing the interference pattern behind a multi... 18. Measurement of the {beta}-{nu} angular correlation parameter in the decay of {sup 6}He using a Paul trap; Mesure du coefficient de correlation angulaire {beta}-{nu} dans la decroissance de {sup 6}He a l'aide d'un piege de Paul Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mery, A 2007-07-15 The central topic of this work is the study of the properties and the implementation of a Paul trap used for the measurement of the beta-neutrino angular correlation parameter in the decay of {sup 6}He. This coefficient provides a signature of the nature of the interactions involved in the weak interaction. The value of this coefficient can be deduced from the kinematical distribution of the decay events. An electromagnetic trap is used for the trapping of {sup 6}He{sup +} ions in a small volume. This trap has an open geometry that enables the detection in coincidence of the electron and the recoil ion emitted in the beta decay. A dedicated detection set up is used for the measurement of the electron energy, the ion time of flight and the position of the two particles for each event. A general description of the LPCTrap facility and of its performances is presented and shows that this set up is able to fulfill the proposed measurement. Especially, a comparison is made between the characteristics of the ion cloud obtained from Monte Carlo simulations and the experimental measurements with a good agreement. More than 100 000 coincident events have been recorded during the first experiment. A preliminary analysis of these results is shown. It includes a description of the different observables as well as a comparison between the experimental time of flight spectrum and the simulated spectrum. These data will allow a measurement of the angular correlation parameter with a statistical error smaller than 2 %. (author) 19. Long-time tails in angular momentum correlations NARCIS (Netherlands) Lowe, C.P.; Frenkel, D.; Masters, A.J. 1995-01-01 We compare computer simulation results for the angular velocity autocorrelation function (AVACF) of a colloidal particle with theoretical predictions. We consider both spherical and nonspherical particles in two and three dimensions. The theoretical prediction for the long-time decay of the AVACF in 20. Photonic polarization gears for ultra-sensitive angular measurements CERN Document Server D'Ambrosio, V; Del Re, L; Slussarenko, S; Li, Y; Kwek, L C; Marrucci, L; Walborn, S P; Aolita, L; Sciarrino, F 2013-01-01 A key aim in metrology is to find new physical methods for enhancing measurement precision. In this respect, quantum metrology bears great promise, but is unlikely to become practical in the near future. Its ideas can nevertheless provide inspiration for classical methods of immediate value. Here, we demonstrate the generation of NOON-like photonic states of m quanta of angular momentum, with m as high as 100, in a setup that acts as a photonic gear, converting a mechanical rotation of angle {\\theta} into an amplified rotation of the optical polarization by the angle m{\\theta}. Exploiting this effect, we demonstrate angular measurements with a precision comparable to that of the optimal quantum strategy with m photons, but robust to photon losses. The high gear ratio m translates into a similar sensitivity enhancement of optical non-contact angular measurements, boosting the current state-of-the-art by almost two orders of magnitude. 1. On the theories of angular distribution and correlation of beta and gamma radiation NARCIS (Netherlands) Groot, S.R. de 1952-01-01 In both phenomena of angular distribution and angular correlation, one has nuclear radiation from ensembles of nuclei with an unequal population of the magnetic sub-levels. This population is described by appropriate “orientation parameters”. On this basis the theories of the directional as well as 2. CFHTLenS and RCSLenS: Testing Photometric Redshift Distributions Using Angular Cross-Correlations with Spectroscopic Galaxy Surveys CERN Document Server Choi, Ami; Blake, Chris; Hildebrandt, Hendrik; Duncan, Christopher A J; Erben, Thomas; Nakajima, Reiko; Van Waerbeke, Ludovic; Viola, Massimo 2015-01-01 We determine the accuracy of galaxy redshift distributions as estimated from photometric redshift probability distributionsp(z)$. Our method utilises measurements of the angular cross-correlation between photometric galaxies and an overlapping sample of galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts. We describe the redshift leakage from a galaxy photometric redshift bin$j$into a spectroscopic redshift bin$i$using the sum of the$p(z)$for the galaxies residing in bin$j$. We can then predict the angular cross-correlation between photometric and spectroscopic galaxies due to intrinsic galaxy clustering when$i \
3. Measurement of angular velocity in the perception of rotation.
Science.gov (United States)
Barraza, José F; Grzywacz, Norberto M
2002-09-01
Humans are sensitive to the parameters of translational motion, namely, direction and speed. At the same time, people have special mechanisms to deal with more complex motions, such as rotations and expansions. One wonders whether people may also be sensitive to the parameters of these complex motions. Here, we report on a series of experiments that explore whether human subjects can use angular velocity to evaluate how fast a rotational motion is. In four experiments, subjects were required to perform a task of speed-of-rotation discrimination by comparing two annuli of different radii in a temporal 2AFC paradigm. Results showed that humans could rely on a sensitive measurement of angular velocity to perform this discrimination task. This was especially true when the quality of the rotational signal was high (given by the number of dots composing the annulus). When the signal quality decreased, a bias towards linear velocity of 5-80% appeared, suggesting the existence of separate mechanisms for angular and linear velocity. This bias was independent from the reference radius. Finally, we asked whether the measurement of angular velocity required a rigid rotation, that is, whether the visual system makes only one global estimate of angular velocity. For this purpose, a random-dot disk was built such that all the dots were rotating with the same tangential speed, irrespectively of radius. Results showed that subjects do not estimate a unique global angular velocity, but that they perceive a non-rigid disk, with angular velocity falling inversely proportionally with radius. PMID:12367744
4. Quantum correlations and measurements
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
It is demonstrated that the collapse of the wavefunction in the quantum measurement process is reflected in the two-particle correlation function for the electron spin, which can in principle be studied by a triple Stern-Gerlach experiment. The change in momentum of a Stern-Gerlach magnet is itself sufficient to allow the determination of the electron spin, subject to the uncertainty principle, if the coherence of the two components of the spin is destroyed by the magnetic field. Similar considerations apply to the two-particle correlation function for the photon polarisation, and two-photon atomic cascades can be used in practice to investigate the measurement process and determine the extension of a photon wavepacket. The irreversibility of quantum mechanical measurements and its relation to the uncertainty principle is briefly considered. (author)
5. Unbalanced Homodyne Correlation Measurements
Science.gov (United States)
Kühn, B.; Vogel, W.
2016-04-01
A method is introduced that allows one to measure normal-ordered moments of the displaced photon-number operator up to higher orders, without the need of photon-number resolving detectors. It is based on unbalanced homodyne correlation measurements, with the local oscillator being replaced by a displaced dephased laser. The measured moments yield a simple approximation of quasiprobabilities, representing the full quantum state. Quantum properties of light are efficiently certified through normal-ordered observables directly accessible by our method, which is illustrated for a weakly squeezed vacuum and a single-photon-added thermal state.
6. Measurements of angular distributions of degraded protons in thick absorbers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This chapter examines the behavior of a proton beam with a kinetic energy corresponding to the lower energy limit of the Low-Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR), which is degraded by thick absorbers suffering an energy loss comparable to its initial energy. Angular distributions of protons are measured with an initial energy around 3.5 MeV, degraded by thick aluminium, polyethylene, and lead absorbers. Using the Erlangen Tandem accelerator, the measurements indicate that in all cases the variation of the width of the straggling distribution (fwhm) and of their mean energy as a function of the scattering angle was found to be small in the angular region between 00 and 150. It is concluded that degraders with low proton number are superior to those with high proton number, due to their narrower angular distributions
7. Influence of the angular correlation of fission neutrons on noise signatures
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Noise signatures, the measurement of the correlation between the fluctuating parts of the signals coming from neutron detectors, are commonly used to measure nuclear parameters (reactivities, mean lives) and to monitor nuclear systems. Several techniques are used, such as the correlation of analog signals in time or frequency domains or the statistical analysis of detection events. Independently of the experimental method, the useful component of the stochastic descriptors is related to the detection of neutrons that have ancestors born in the same fission event. Despite an early work, opened to the inclusion of the n-n angular correlations of neutrons coming from the same fission, practically all the theoretical applications ignore this additional complication by making the implicit or explicit hypothesis that fission neutrons are born uncorrelated. However, there are direct measurements that show angular and energy correlation for the two-fission-neutron distribution. The first attempt to include this experimental evidence into the theory of neutron noise was the calculation of the ratio of spectral densities related to the 252Cf method of measuring reactivities under the simplest condition: two neutron detectors monitoring a 252Cf plated fission chamber. The objective of this communication is to show how noise signatures of more complex systems are sensitive to the joint distribution of two neutrons coming from the same fission with velocities rvec v and rvec v'. To avoid mathematical complications, we are going to assume (1) that the system is monitored by two different detectors, Labels 2 and 3, distributed according to the fundamental kinetic mode, and (2) that the subcritical system contains only one fissile specie. The driver of the neutron flux is a 252Cf fission source. 5 refs
8. Large Quantum imaging of nonlocal spatial correlations induced by orbital angular momentum
CERN Document Server
Altman, A; Corndorf, E; Kumar, P; Barbosa, G A; Altman, Adam R.; K\\"{o}pr\\"{u}l\\"{u}, Kahraman G.; Corndorf, Eric; Kumar, Prem; Barbosa, Geraldo A.
2004-01-01
Through scanned coincidence counting, we probe the quantum image produced by parametric down conversion with a pump beam carrying orbital angular momentum. Nonlocal spatial correlations are manifested through splitting of the coincidence spot into two.
9. Quantum correlations and measurements
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sperling, Jan
2015-07-16
The present thesis is a state of the art report on the characterization techniques and measurement strategies to verify quantum correlations. I mainly focus on research which has been performed in the theoretical quantum optics group at the University of Rostock during the last few years. The results include theoretical findings and analysis of experimental studies of radiation fields. We investigate the verification of quantum properties, the quantification of these quantum effects, and the characterization of quantum optical detector systems.
10. Measuring two-photon orbital angular momentum entanglement
OpenAIRE
Fernández Calvo, Gabriel; Picón Álvarez, Antonio; Bramon, Albert
2007-01-01
We put forward an approach to estimate the amount of bipartite spatial entanglement of down-converted photon states correlated in orbital angular momentum and the magnitude of the transverse (radial) wave vectors. Both degrees of freedom are properly considered in our framework, which only requires azimuthal local linear optical transformations and mode selection analysis with two fiber detectors. The coincidence distributions predicted by our approach give an excellent fit to the distributio...
11. Recovering 3D clustering information with angular correlations
CERN Document Server
Asorey, Jacobo; Gaztanaga, Enrique; Lewis, Antony
2012-01-01
We study how to recover the full 3D clustering information of P(\\vec{k},z), including redshift space distortions (RSD), from 2D tomography using the angular auto and cross spectra of different redshift bins C_\\ell(z,z'). We focus on quasilinear scales where the minimum scale \\lambda_{min} or corresponding maximum wavenumber k_{max}= 2\\pi/\\lambda_{min} is targeted to be between k_{max}={0.05-0.2} h/Mpc. For spectroscopic surveys, we find that we can recover the full 3D clustering information when the redshift bin width \\Delta z used in the 2D tomography is similar to the targeted minimum scale, i.e. \\Delta z ~ {0.6-0.8} \\lambda_{min} H(z)/c which corresponds to \\Delta z ~ 0.01-0.05 for z\\Delta z and most radial information is intrinsically lost. The remaining information can be recovered from the 2D tomography if we use \\Delta z ~ 2\\sigma_z. While 3D and 2D analysis are shown here to be equivalent, the advantage of using angular positions and redshifts is that we do not need a fiducial cosmology to convert to ...
12. Astrophysical interpretation of small-scale neutrino angular correlation searches with IceCube
CERN Document Server
Leuermann, Martin; Wiebusch, Christopher
2016-01-01
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has discovered a diffuse all-flavor flux of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. However, the corresponding astrophysical sources have not yet been identified. Neither significant point sources nor significant angular correlations of event directions have been observed by IceCube or other instruments to date. We present a new method to interpret the non-observation of angular correlations in terms of exclusions on the strength and number of point-like sources in generic astrophysical scenarios. Additionally, we constrain the presence of these sources taking into account the measurement of the diffuse high-energy neutrino flux by IceCube. We apply the method to two types of astrophysically motivated source count distributions: The first type is obtained by considering the cosmological evolution of the co-moving density of active galaxies, while the second type is directly derived from the gamma ray source count distribution observed by Fermi-LAT. As a result, we constrain the p...
13. Electron-photon angular correlations in electron-helium collisions for 31P excitations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Electron-photon angular correlations have been measured by detecting, in delayed coincidence, electrons inelastically scattered from helium and photons emitted in decays from the 31P level. The measurements have been carried out using both the 31P-11S (53.7nm) line and the 31P-21S (501.6nm) line. Analysis of the data yields the ratio of differential cross sections for exciting 31P magnetic sublevels and the absolute value of the relative phase between the corresponding excitation amplitudes for electron scattering angles between 100 and 300 at incident electron energies in the range 50 eV to 150 eV. Data of the atomic orientation is also presented. The results are compared with the predictions of the first Born approximation and a recent multichannel eikonal calculation. (author)
14. Angular-Rate Estimation Using Delayed Quaternion Measurements
Science.gov (United States)
Azor, R.; Bar-Itzhack, I. Y.; Harman, R. R.
1999-01-01
This paper presents algorithms for estimating the angular-rate vector of satellites using quaternion measurements. Two approaches are compared one that uses differentiated quaternion measurements to yield coarse rate measurements, which are then fed into two different estimators. In the other approach the raw quaternion measurements themselves are fed directly into the two estimators. The two estimators rely on the ability to decompose the non-linear part of the rotas rotational dynamics equation of a body into a product of an angular-rate dependent matrix and the angular-rate vector itself. This non unique decomposition, enables the treatment of the nonlinear spacecraft (SC) dynamics model as a linear one and, thus, the application of a PseudoLinear Kalman Filter (PSELIKA). It also enables the application of a special Kalman filter which is based on the use of the solution of the State Dependent Algebraic Riccati Equation (SDARE) in order to compute the gain matrix and thus eliminates the need to compute recursively the filter covariance matrix. The replacement of the rotational dynamics by a simple Markov model is also examined. In this paper special consideration is given to the problem of delayed quaternion measurements. Two solutions to this problem are suggested and tested. Real Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) data is used to test these algorithms, and results are presented.
15. Angular-Rate Estimation using Star Tracker Measurements
Science.gov (United States)
Azor, R.; Bar-Itzhack, Itzhack Y.; Deutschmann, Julie K.; Harman, Richard R.
1999-01-01
This paper presents algorithms for estimating the angular-rate vector of satellites using quaternion measurements. Two approaches are compared, one that uses differentiated quaternion measurements to yield coarse rate measurements which are then fed into two different estimators. In the other approach the raw quaternion measurements themselves are fed directly into the two estimators. The two estimators rely on the ability to decompose the non-linear rate dependent part of the rotational dynamics equation of a rigid body into a product of an angular-rate dependent matrix and the angular-rate vector itself. This decomposition, which is not unique, enables the treatment of the nonlinear spacecraft dynamics model as a linear one and, consequently, the application of a Pseudo-Linear Kalman Filter (PSELIKA). It also enables the application of a special Kalman filter which is based on the use of the solution of the State Dependent Algebraic Riccati Equation (SDARE) in order to compute the Kalman gain matrix and thus eliminates the need to propagate and update the filter covariance matrix. The replacement of the elaborate rotational dynamics by a simple first order Markov model is also examined. In this paper a special consideration is given to the problem of delayed quaternion measurements. Two solutions to this problem are suggested and tested. Real Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) data is used to test these algorithms, and results of these tests are presented.
16. Implementation of $ab$ $initio$ perturbed angular correlation observables for analysis of fluctuating quadrupole interactions
CERN Document Server
Barbosa, Marcelo
A review about the nuclear properties, namely the nuclear moments (magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupole moment) and their interaction with electromagnetic fields external to the nucleus (hyperfine interactions), as well as the angular distribution of radiation produced by $\\gamma$-decay, is presented. A detailed description about the theory of Perturbed Angular Correlations was done, including the comparison between $\\gamma-\\gamma$- correlations and $e^{-}- \\gamma$ correlations. For dynamic nuclear interactions, an introduction to the theory of stochastic states in PAC was performed. We focused on ab-initio implementation of observables for analyzing fluctuating quadrupole hyperfine interactions on time dependent perturbed angular correlations experiments. The development of computacional codes solving the full problem, adapted to fit data obtained on single crystals or polycrystals for two-state transient fields with any axial symmetry and orientation was the main purpose of this work. The final pa...
17. Angular velocity estimation from measurement vectors of star tracker.
Science.gov (United States)
Liu, Hai-bo; Yang, Jun-cai; Yi, Wen-jun; Wang, Jiong-qi; Yang, Jian-kun; Li, Xiu-jian; Tan, Ji-chun
2012-06-01
In most spacecraft, there is a need to know the craft's angular rate. Approaches with least squares and an adaptive Kalman filter are proposed for estimating the angular rate directly from the star tracker measurements. In these approaches, only knowledge of the vector measurements and sampling interval is required. The designed adaptive Kalman filter can filter out noise without information of the dynamic model and inertia dyadic. To verify the proposed estimation approaches, simulations based on the orbit data of the challenging minisatellite payload (CHAMP) satellite and experimental tests with night-sky observation are performed. Both the simulations and experimental testing results have demonstrated that the proposed approach performs well in terms of accuracy, robustness, and performance. PMID:22695598
18. Measuring the orbital angular momentum of electron beams
OpenAIRE
Giulio Guzzinati; Laura Clark; Armand B\\xe9ch\\xe9; Jo Verbeeck
2014-01-01
Abstract: The recent demonstration of electron vortex beams has opened up the new possibility of studying orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the interaction between electron beams and matter. To this aim, methods to analyze the OAM of an electron beam are fundamentally important and a necessary next step. We demonstrate the measurement of electron beam OAM through a variety of techniques. The use of forked holographic masks, diffraction from geometric apertures, and diffraction from a knife ed...
19. Dynamic interferometry measurement of orbital angular momentum of light
OpenAIRE
Jianji, Dong; Hailong, Zhou; Xinliang, Zhang
2014-01-01
We present a dynamic interferometry to measure the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of beams. An opaque screen with two air slits is employed, which can be regarded as the Youngs double-pinhole interference. When the OAM beams with an annular intensity distribution vertically incident, the far-field interference patterns depend on the phase difference of the light in the two pinholes. We scan the angle between the two slits, the output intensity at center changes alternatively between darkness ...
20. β-γ angular correlations in 20Na and 20F beta decay
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The β-γ angular correlations for the decay of 20Na and 20F to the 1.633 MeV state of 20Ne have been measured using a twenty-detector system of cylindrical symmetry. 20Na was produced by the 20Ne(p,n)20Na reaction using a 19 MeV proton beam, and 20F was produced by the reaction 19F(d,p)20F using SF6 gas and 4 MeV deuterons. The activated gasses were continuously transferred, through a thin capillary, from the target cell into the source cell in the center of the correlation apparatus. Two γ detectors and 16 β detector telescopes allowed for the simultaneous measurements of β-γ coincidences at 00, 250, 450, 650, 900, 1150, 1350, 1550, and 1800, and at their symmetric counterparts with respect to the 00--1800 direction. The β-γ correlation was also measured for the first-forbidden β- decay of 124Sb, in order to confirm the computed attenuation in measured anisotropy caused by the finite geometry of the detectors and the source cell. The correlation function is denoted by W/sub +- /(θ/sub β/√/sub γ/) = 1+α/sub +- /(E)(pE)2cos2θ/sub β/√/sub γ/. The 0 subscripts refer to electron or positron decay, p is the beta momentum, and E is the beta total energy in MeV. The present result for 20Na(β-γ) correlation is α√(E) = (-4.45 +- 0.31) x 10-3E+(1.87 +- 0.42) x 10-4E2
1. Evidence for the Missing Baryons in the Angular Correlation of the Diffuse X-ray Background
CERN Document Server
Galeazzi, M; Ursino, E
2008-01-01
The amount of detected baryons in the local Universe is at least a factor of two smaller than measured at high redshift. It is believed that a significant fraction of the baryons in the current Universe is "hiding" in a hot filamentary structure filling the intergalactic space, the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium ($WHIM$). We found evidence of the missing baryons in the $WHIM$ by detecting their signature on the angular correlation of diffuse X-ray emission with the XMM-Newton satellite. Our result indicates that $(12\\pm 5)$% of the total diffuse X-ray emission in the energy range 0.4-0.6 keV is due to intergalactic filaments. The statistical significance of our detection is several sigmas ($\\chi ^2>136$ N=19). The error bar in the X-ray flux is dominated, instead, by cosmic variation and model uncertainties.
2. Lattice location and perturbed angular correlation studies of implanted Ag in SrTiO3
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lattice site location and local environment characterization of implanted 111Ag in SrTiO3 by means of the emission channeling (EC) and γ-γ perturbed angular correlation (PAC) techniques are reported. The angular distribution of β- particles emitted from the 111Ag decay was monitored with a position-sensitive detector as a function of annealing temperature up to 900 deg. C. In the as-implanted state Ag occupies several lattice sites in SrTiO3. Upon annealing, near-Sr and near-Ti occupancies increased to 64% and 18%, while an octahedral interstitial fraction vanished. Ag atoms on near-Sr and near-Ti sites are still displaced by ∼0.2 A from ideal cubic positions. Subsequent PAC measurements confirmed that ∼20% of 111Ag atoms are in specific sites of non-cubic environment, characterized by a unique electrical-field-gradient (EFG), while ∼80% were subject to a wide EFG distribution
3. Herschel ATLAS: The angular correlation function of submillimetre galaxies at high and low redshift
CERN Document Server
Maddox, S J; Rigby, E; Eales, S; Cooray, A; Scott, D; Peacock, J A; Negrello, M; Smith, D J B; Benford, D; Amblard, A; Auld, R; Baes, M; Bonfield, D; Burgarella, D; Buttiglione, S; Cava, A; Clements, D; Dariush, A; de Zotti, G; Dye, S; Frayer, D; Fritz, J; Gonzalez-Nuevo, J; Herranz, D; Ibar, E; Ivison, R; Jarvis, M J; Lagache, G; Leeuw, L; Lopez-Caniego, M; Pascale, E; Pohlen, M; Rodighiero, G; Samui, S; Serjeant, S; Temi, P; Thompson, M; Verma, A
2010-01-01
We present measurements of the angular correlation function of galaxies selected from the first field of the H-ATLAS survey. Careful removal of the background from galactic cirrus is essential, and currently dominates the uncertainty in our measurements. For our 250 micron-selected sample we detect no significant clustering, consistent with the expectation that the 250 micron-selected sources are mostly normal galaxies at z<~ 1. For our 350 micron and 500 micron-selected samples we detect relatively strong clustering with correlation amplitudes A of 0.2 and 1.2 at 1', but with relatively large uncertainties. For samples which preferentially select high redshift galaxies at z~2-3 we detect significant strong clustering, leading to an estimate of r_0 ~ 7-11 h^{-1} Mpc. The slope of our clustering measurements is very steep, delta~2. The measurements are consistent with the idea that sub-mm sources consist of a low redshift population of normal galaxies and a high redshift population of highly clustered star-...
4. Modes of correlated angular motion in live cells across three distinct time scales
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Particle tracking experiments with high speed digital microscopy yield the positions and trajectories of lipid droplets inside living cells. Angular correlation analysis shows that the lipid droplets have uncorrelated motion at short time scales (τ 10 ms, becomes persistent, indicating directed movement. The motion at all time scales is associated with the lipid droplets being tethered to and driven along the microtubule network. The point at which the angular correlation changes from anti-persistent to persistent motion corresponds to the cross over between sub-diffusive and super diffusive motion, as observed by mean square displacement analysis. Correct analysis of the angular correlations of the detector noise is found to be crucial in modelling the observed phenomena. (paper)
5. Azimuthal angular correlations between heavy-flavour decay particles and charged hadrons in pp collisions in ALICE
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Heavy quarks produced in pp and heavy ion collisions are studied using heavy-flavour decay electrons and heavy-flavour mesons. Detailed understanding of the production processes and fragmentation of heavy quarks can be obtained by studying the azimuthal angular correlation of heavy-flavour hadrons. The azimuthal angular correlations of heavy-flavour mesons and charged hadrons can be used to disentangle charm and beauty-hadrons in pp collisions. In this contribution the fraction of electrons from beauty-hadron decays in the heavy-flavour decay electron yield is shown as well as the beauty production cross section in pp collisions at √S = 2.76 TeV. The measurements are compared to the predictions from next-to leading order perturbative QCD calculations. We also show the results from correlation analysis of charged D* mesons and hadrons performed using pp collision data at √S = 7 TeV
6. Angular correlations in beauty production at the Tevatron at √(s) = 1.96 TeV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Measurements of the b quark production cross section at the Tevatron and at Hera in the final decades of the 20th century have consistently yielded higher values than predicted by Next-to-Leading Order (NLO) QCD. This discrepancy has led to a large efforts by theorists to improve theoretical calculations of the cross sections and simulations of b quark production. As a result, the difference between theory and experiment has been much reduced. New measurements are needed to test the developments in the calculations and in event simulation. In this thesis, a measurement of angular correlations between b jets produced in the same event is presented. The angular separation between two b jets is directly sensitive to higher order contributions. In addition, the measurement does not depend strongly on fragmentation models or on the experimental luminosity and efficiency, which lead to a large uncertainty in measurements of the inclusive cross section
7. Angular correlations in top quark pair production and decay at hadron colliders
CERN Document Server
Mahlon, G; Mahlon, Gregory; Parke, Stephen
1996-01-01
We show how to observe sizable angular correlations between the decay products of the top quark and those of the anti-top quark in top quark pair production and decay at hadron colliders. These correlations result from the large asymmetry in the rate for producing like-spin versus unlike-spin top quark pairs provided the appropriate spin axes are used. The effects of new physics at production or decay on these correlations are briefly discussed.
8. Spin and orbital angular momentum correlations in parametric downconversion of Bessel beams
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We present a full vectorial analysis of the parametric downconversion process using a pump Bessel beam and a photon description based on Bessel wavefunctions. We find that, under the considered geometry, optical angular momentum is conserved but the crystal induces a coupling between the optical spin angular momentum (SAM) and the optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) ruled by the nonlinear properties of the crystal via the second order susceptibility tensor χijk(2). This leads to nontrivial correlations between the expected values of the SAM and OAM of the resulting two-photon states. Distributions of orbital angular momentum of the downconverted photons are evaluated in detail for a specific set-up
9. Measurements of the angular distribution of diffuse irradiance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, Elsa; Nielsen, Kristian Pagh; Dragsted, Janne; Furbo, Simon
2015-01-01
Advanced solar resource assessment and forecasting is necessary for optimal solar energy utilization. In order to investigate the short-term resource variability, for instance caused by clouds it is necessary to investigate how clouds affect the solar irradiance, including the angular distributio...... the solar irradiance from 8 different parts of the sky as well as horizontal measurements of the total beam and total diffuse irradiance....... of the solar irradiance. The investigation is part of the Danish contribution to the taskforce 46 within the International Energy Agency and financed by the Danish Energy Agency. The investigation focuses on the distribution of the diffuse solar irradiance and is based on horizontal measurements of...
10. Nuclear spectroscopy study of the 117 Sn by the angular correlation technique
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The directional correlation of gamma cascade (553-159) keV populated in 117 Sn through the β- decay of 117In has been measured. An automatic gamma spectrometer utilizing Ge(Li) and NaI (Tl) detectors was used to measure the angular correlation. The results are analysed in terms of the multipole mixing ratio for the 159 keV transition in 117Sn. The results are: A22 = -0 064±0.005, A44 = 0.005±0.007 with δ(E2/M1)159keV = 0.036+0.021. The life time of the 159 keV state has also been determined by using the plastic scintillator detectors, and utilizing the delayed gamma-gamma coincidence method the resulting value of the life time is T1/2 = 275±15 psec. Further measurements have been carried out to determine the nuclear g-factor of the 159 keV state utilizing the NaI(Tl) detectors and an external magnetic field of 25.5 k Gauss. The method of 'integral rotation with reverse field and constant angle' was utilized for the determination of the g-factor with the resulting value of g(159 keV) = +0.47±0.10. The experimental results are discussed in terms of single particle model and the pairing plus quadrupole model of Kisslinger and Sorensen. (author)
11. Combining spectroscopic and photometric surveys using angular cross-correlations II: Parameter constraints from different physical effects
OpenAIRE
Eriksen, Martin; Gaztanaga, Enrique
2015-01-01
Future spectroscopic and photometric surveys will measure accurate positions and shapes of an increasing number of galaxies. In the previous paper of this series we studied the effects of Redshift Space Distortions (RSD), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and Weak gravitational Lensing (WL) using angular cross-correlation. Here, we provide a new forecast that explores the contribution of including different observables, physical effects (galaxy bias, WL, RSD, BAO) and approximations (non-lin...
12. Fission-Fragment Angular, Energy, and Mass Division Correlations for the U234 (d, Pf) Reaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The fission of the compound nucleus U235 in the neighbourhood of its fission threshold has been studied by means of the U234 (d.pf) reaction. A three-parameter analyser was used to record simultaneously the two fission-fragment kinetic energies and the proton energy for each coincident event. The excitation energy at which fission occurs is defined by the kinetic energy of the stripped.proton. The variation of angular anisotropy with excitation energy shows considerably more structure than that obtained by Lamphere for the same nucleus resulting from fast-neutron bombardment of U234. At least eight fission channels at the saddle point have been observed for the energy region between threshold and 2 MeV above threshold. Nilsson-type calculations of single particle energies for deformed nuclei have been made for the larger deformations more nearly describing the saddle-point configuration. The single particle states identified by Lamphere are consistent with those calculated to be close to the Fermi surface for reasonable saddle-point deformations. The primary motivation for this experiment was to search for a possible correlation between mass asymmetry and angular anisotropy. Mass yields obtained from the correlated fragment energies show no variation of the anisotropy with mass ratio, in contrast with experiments where the excitation energy at which fission is occurring is not fixed and where a dependence of anisotropy on mass ratio has been observed. There is therefore no evidence from anisotropy measurements that the properties of the saddle point influence the final mass division. The average total kinetic energy release in fission varies by less than 0.5% for the different saddle-point channels observed. The variation of total kinetic energy with mass ratio has also been investigated. (author)
13. Bell's measure and implementing quantum Fourier transform with orbital angular momentum of classical light
CERN Document Server
Song, Xinbing; Qin, Hongwei; Li, Pengyun; Zhang, Xiangdong
2015-01-01
We perform Bell's measurement and perform quantum Fourier transform with the classical vortex beam. The violation of Bell's inequality for such a non-separable classical correlation has been demonstrated experimentally. Based on the classical vortex beam and nonquantum entanglement between the polarization and orbital angular momentum, the Hadamard gates and conditional phase gates have been designed. Furthermore, a quantum Fourier transform has been implemented experimentally, which is the crucial final step in Shor's algorithm
14. A dual-heterodyne laser interferometer for simultaneous measurement of linear and angular displacements
Science.gov (United States)
Yan, Hao; Duan, Hui-Zong; Li, Lin-Tao; Liang, Yu-Rong; Luo, Jun; Yeh, Hsien-Chi
2015-12-01
Picometer laser interferometry is an essential tool for ultra-precision measurements in frontier scientific research and advanced manufacturing. In this paper, we present a dual-heterodyne laser interferometer for simultaneously measuring linear and angular displacements with resolutions of picometer and nanoradian, respectively. The phase measurement method is based on cross-correlation analysis and realized by a PXI-bus data acquisition system. By implementing a dual-heterodyne interferometer with a highly symmetric optical configuration, low frequency noises caused by the environmental fluctuations can be suppressed to very low levels via common-mode noise rejection. Experimental results for the dual-heterodyne interferometer configuration presented demonstrate that the noise levels of the linear and angular displacement measurements are approximately 1 pm/Hz1/2 and 0.5 nrad/Hz1/2 at 1 Hz.
15. Precisely measuring the orbital angular momentum of beams via weak measurement
Science.gov (United States)
Qiu, Jiangdong; Ren, Changliang; Zhang, Zhiyou
2016-06-01
We proposed and analyzed a scheme of precisely measuring orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the vortex beams with the help of weak measurement process. The orbital angular momentum information l of the unknown OAM state can be obtained by its spatial displacements. The valid condition of precisely measuring orbital angular momentum was completely discussed. Interestingly, it is shown that the measurement by using the two-dimensional spatial displacements jointly is very useful for precisely measuring the OAM state with a large orbital angular momentum l . The signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement can be enhanced by increasing the weak-coupling γ linearly as the valid condition is still satisfied. For fixed γ , the maximal signal-to-noise ratio for each weak value increases with the decrease of the weak value.
16. Measuring the Orbital Angular Momentum of Electron Beams
CERN Document Server
Guzzinati, Giulio; Béché, Armand; Verbeeck, Jo
2014-01-01
The recent demonstration of electron vortex beams has opened up the new possibility of studying orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the interaction between electron beams and matter. To this aim, methods to analyze the OAM of an electron beam are fundamentally important and a necessary next step. We demonstrate the measurement of electron beam OAM through a variety of techniques. The use of forked holographic masks, diffraction from geometric apertures, diffraction from a knife-edge and the application of an astigmatic lens are all experimentally demonstrated. The viability and limitations of each are discussed with supporting numerical simulations.
17. Measurements of electron density profiles using an angular filter refractometer
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Haberberger, D., E-mail: [email protected]; Ivancic, S.; Hu, S. X.; Boni, R.; Barczys, M.; Craxton, R. S.; Froula, D. H. [Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14636 (United States)
2014-05-15
A novel diagnostic technique, angular filter refractometry (AFR), has been developed to characterize high-density, long-scale-length plasmas relevant to high-energy-density physics experiments. AFR measures plasma densities up to 10{sup 21} cm{sup −3} with a 263-nm probe laser and is used to study the plasma expansion from CH foil and spherical targets that are irradiated with ∼9 kJ of ultraviolet (351-nm) laser energy in a 2-ns pulse. The data elucidate the temporal evolution of the plasma profile for the CH planar targets and the dependence of the plasma profile on target radius for CH spheres.
18. Fisher matrix forecast on cosmological parameters from the dark energy survey 2-point angular correlation function
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Full text: We study the cosmological constraints expected for the upcoming project Dark Energy Survey (DES) with the full functional form of the 2-point angular correlation function. The angular correlation function model applied in this work includes the effects of linear redshift-space distortion, photometric redshift errors (assumed to be Gaussian) and non-linearities prevenient from gravitational infall. The Fisher information matrix is constructed with the full covariance matrix, which takes the correlation between nearby redshift shells in a proper manner. The survey was sliced into 20 redshift shells in the range 0:4 ≤ z ≤ 1:40 with a variable angular scale in order to search only the scale around the signal from the baryon acoustic oscillation, therefore well within the validity of the non-linear model employed. We found that under those assumptions and with a flat ΛCDM WMAP7 fiducial model, the DES will be able to constrain the dark energy equation of state parameter w with a precision of ∼ 20% and the cold dark matter with ∼ 11% when marginalizing over the other 25 parameters (bias is treated as a free parameter for each shell). When applying WMAP7 priors on Ωbaryon, Ω cdm, ns, and HST priors on the Hubble parameter, w is constrained with ∼ 9% precision. This shows that the full shape of the angular correlation function with DES data will be a powerful probe to constrain cosmological parameters. (author)
19. Fisher matrix forecast on cosmological parameters from the dark energy survey 2-point angular correlation function
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sobreira, F.; Rosenfeld, R. [Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho (IFT/UNESP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil). Inst. Fisica Teorica; Simoni, F. de; Costa, L.A.N. da; Gaia, M.A.G.; Ramos, B.; Ogando, R.; Makler, M. [Laboratorio Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia (LIneA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)
2011-07-01
Full text: We study the cosmological constraints expected for the upcoming project Dark Energy Survey (DES) with the full functional form of the 2-point angular correlation function. The angular correlation function model applied in this work includes the effects of linear redshift-space distortion, photometric redshift errors (assumed to be Gaussian) and non-linearities prevenient from gravitational infall. The Fisher information matrix is constructed with the full covariance matrix, which takes the correlation between nearby redshift shells in a proper manner. The survey was sliced into 20 redshift shells in the range 0:4 {<=} z {<=} 1:40 with a variable angular scale in order to search only the scale around the signal from the baryon acoustic oscillation, therefore well within the validity of the non-linear model employed. We found that under those assumptions and with a flat {Lambda}CDM WMAP7 fiducial model, the DES will be able to constrain the dark energy equation of state parameter w with a precision of {approx} 20% and the cold dark matter with {approx} 11% when marginalizing over the other 25 parameters (bias is treated as a free parameter for each shell). When applying WMAP7 priors on {Omega}{sub baryon}, {Omega} c{sub dm}, n{sub s}, and HST priors on the Hubble parameter, w is constrained with {approx} 9% precision. This shows that the full shape of the angular correlation function with DES data will be a powerful probe to constrain cosmological parameters. (author)
20. Angular correlation study of hyperfine interactions in YBa2Cu3O
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Angular Correlation experiments were performed on Y-Ba-Cu-O structures, oxygenated and argonized phases, in the temperature range 77K-600K. The displayed nuclear quadrupole interactions (NQI) lead to: (i) different lattice sites; (ii) remarkable difference between oxigenated and argonized phases. (author)
1. Nuclear spin-orbit interaction and T-odd angular correlations in ternary fission
CERN Document Server
Barabanov, A L
2014-01-01
T-odd angular correlations in ternary fission of 233-U and 235-U nuclei by slow polarized neutrons are not related to TRI (time reversal invariance) violation, but are caused by an effective spin-orbit interaction in the final state.
2. Experimental test of Bell's inequalities using angular correlation of compton-scattered annihilation photons
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The Bell's inequality has been experimentally tested using angular correlation of Compton-scattered photons from annihilation of positrons emitted from 22Na source. The result shows a better agreement with the quantum mechanics predictions rather than with the Bell's inequality
3. Measuring angular diameter distances of strong gravitational lenses
CERN Document Server
Jee, Inh; Suyu, Sherry H
2014-01-01
The distance-redshift relation plays a fundamental role in constraining cosmological models. In this paper, we show that measurements of positions and time delays of strongly lensed images of a background galaxy, as well as those of the velocity dispersion and mass profile of a lens galaxy, can be combined to extract the angular diameter distance of the lens galaxy. Physically, as the velocity dispersion and the time delay give a gravitational potential ($GM/r$) and a mass ($GM$) of the lens, respectively, dividing them gives a physical size ($r$) of the lens. Comparing the physical size with the image positions of a lensed galaxy gives the angular diameter distance to the lens. A mismatch between the exact locations at which these measurements are made can be corrected by measuring a local slope of the mass profile. We expand on the original idea put forward by Paraficz and Hjorth, who analyzed singular isothermal lenses, by allowing for an arbitrary slope of a power-law spherical mass density profile, an ex...
4. Combining spectroscopic and photometric surveys using angular cross-correlations I: Algorithm and modelling
CERN Document Server
Eriksen, Martin
2014-01-01
Weak lensing (WL) clustering is studied using 2D (angular) coordinates, while redshift space distortions (RSD) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) use 3D coordinates, which requires a model dependent conversion of angles and redshifts into comoving distances. This is the first paper of a series, which explore modelling multi-tracer galaxy clustering (of WL, BAO and RSD), using only angular (2D) cross-correlations in thin redshift bins. This involves evaluating many thousands cross-correlations, each a multidimensional integral, which is computationally demanding. We present a new algorithm that performs these calculations as matrix operations. Nearby narrow redshift bins are intrinsically correlated, which can be used to recover the full (radial) 3D information. We show that the Limber approximation does not work well for this task. In the exact calculation, both the clustering amplitude and the RSD effect increase when decreasing the redshift bin width. For narrow bins, the cross-correlations has a larger...
5. Fast two-position initial alignment for SINS using velocity plus angular rate measurements
Science.gov (United States)
Chang, Guobin
2015-10-01
An improved two-position initial alignment model for strapdown inertial navigation system is proposed. In addition to the velocity, angular rates are incorporated as measurements. The measurement equations in full three channels are derived in both navigation and body frames and the latter of which is found to be preferred. The cross-correlation between the process and the measurement noises is analyzed and addressed in the Kalman filter. The incorporation of the angular rates, without introducing additional device or external signal, speeds up the convergence of estimating the attitudes, especially the heading. In the simulation study, different algorithms are tested with different initial errors, and the advantages of the proposed method compared to the conventional one are validated by the simulation results.
6. Dynamic interferometry measurement of orbital angular momentum of light
CERN Document Server
Jianji, Dong; Xinliang, Zhang
2014-01-01
We present a dynamic interferometry to measure the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of beams. An opaque screen with two air slits is employed, which can be regarded as the Youngs double-pinhole interference. When the OAM beams with an annular intensity distribution vertically incident, the far-field interference patterns depend on the phase difference of the light in the two pinholes. We scan the angle between the two slits, the output intensity at center changes alternatively between darkness and brightness. Utilizing this characteristic, we can measure the OAM of light. This scheme is very simple and low-cost. In addition, it can measure very large topological charge of OAM beams due to the continuously scanning.
7. Dynamic interferometry measurement of orbital angular momentum of light.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhou, Hailong; Shi, Lei; Zhang, Xinliang; Dong, Jianji
2014-10-15
We present a dynamic interferometry to measure the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of beams. An opaque screen with two nonparallel air slits is employed that can be regarded as the Young's double-pinhole interference. When the OAM beams with an annular intensity distribution vertically incident, the far-field interference patterns depend on the phase difference of the light in the two pinholes. We scan the angle between the two slits, and the output intensity at center changes alternatively between darkness and brightness. Utilizing this characteristic, we can measure the OAM of light. This scheme is very simple and low-cost. In addition, it can measure very large topological charge of OAM beams due to continuous scanning. PMID:25361155
8. On the Extraction of Angular Velocity from Attitude Measurements
Science.gov (United States)
Bar-Itzhack, I. Y.; Harman, Richard R.; Thienel, Julie K.
2006-01-01
In this paper we research the extraction of the angular rate vector from attitude information without differentiation, in particular from quaternion measurements. We show that instead of using a Kalman filter of some kind, it is possible to obtain good rate estimates, suitable for spacecraft attitude control loop damping, using simple feedback loops, thereby eliminating the need for recurrent covariance computation performed when a Kalman filter is used. This considerably simplifies the computations required for rate estimation in gyro-less spacecraft. Some interesting qualities of the Kalman filter gain are explored, proven and utilized. We examine two kinds of feedback loops, one with varying gain that is proportional to the well known Q matrix, which is computed using the measured quaternion, and the other type of feedback loop is one with constant coefficients. The latter type includes two kinds; namely, a proportional feedback loop, and a proportional-integral feedback loop. The various schemes are examined through simulations and their performance is compared. It is shown that all schemes are adequate for extracting the angular velocity at an accuracy suitable for control loop damping.
9. Angular spreading measurements using MeV ion microscopes
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Whitlow, Harry J., E-mail: [email protected] [Institut des Microtechnologies Appliquées, Haute Ecole Arc Ingénierie, Eplatures-Gris 17, CH-2300 La Chaux-de-Fonds (Switzerland); Department of Physics, P.O. Box 35 (YFL), FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä (Finland); Ren, Minqin; Chen, Xiao; Osipowicz, Thomas; Kan, Jeroen A. van; Watt, Frank [Centre for Ion Beam Applications, National University of Singapore (Singapore)
2013-07-01
The sharpness of MeV ion microscope images is governed by small-angle scattering and associated lateral spreading of the ion beam in the sample. We have investigated measurement of the half-angle of the angular spreading distribution by characterising the image blurring in direct-Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (direct-STIM). In these tests Mylar™ foils of 0.5–6 μm were used to induce angular spreading. Images were taken of an electron microscope grid using 2 MeV protons with, and without, the foils in the beam path. The blurring was measured by fitting the width of a circular Gaussian point spread function to the images with and without the foil in position. The results show the half-angle width of the spreading has a square root dependence on foil thickness that lies intermediate between SRIM predictions and the theoretical estimates (Bird and Williams fits to the Sigmund and Winterbon data and Amsel et al.)
10. Investigation of hyperfine interactions in DNA nitrogenous bases using perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Perturbed γγ angular correlations (PAC) spectroscopy has been used to study the DNA nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine), using 111In→111Cd and 111mCd→111Cd probe nuclei. One of the advantages of applying PAC technique to biological molecules is that the experiments can be carried out on molecules in aqueous solution [1], approaching the function of molecules under conditions that are close to in vivo conditions. The measurements were carried out for DNA nitrogenous bases molecules at 295 K and 77 K in order to investigate dynamic and static hyperfine interactions, respectively. The interpretation of the results was based on the measurements of dynamic interaction characterized by the decay constant from which valuable information on the macroscopic behavior of the molecules was obtained [2; 3]. On the other hand, PAC measurements at low temperature showed interaction frequency (νQ), asymmetry parameter (η) and the distribution of the quadrupole frequency (δ). These parameters provide a local microscopic description of the chemical environment in the neighborhood of the probe nuclei. Results showed differences in the hyperfine interactions of probe nuclei bound to the studied biomolecules. Such differences were observed by variations in the hyperfine parameters, which depended on the type of biomolecule and the results also showed that the probe nuclei bounded at the molecules in some cases and at others did not. (author)
11. Investigation of hyperfine interactions in DNA nitrogenous bases using perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Silva, Andreia dos Santos; Carbonari, Artur Wilson; Lapolli, Andre Luis; Saxena, Rajendra Narain [Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil); Saitovitch, Henrique, E-mail: [email protected] [Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)
2013-07-01
Perturbed γγ angular correlations (PAC) spectroscopy has been used to study the DNA nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine), using {sup 111}In→{sup 111}Cd and {sup 111m}Cd→{sup 111}Cd probe nuclei. One of the advantages of applying PAC technique to biological molecules is that the experiments can be carried out on molecules in aqueous solution [1], approaching the function of molecules under conditions that are close to in vivo conditions. The measurements were carried out for DNA nitrogenous bases molecules at 295 K and 77 K in order to investigate dynamic and static hyperfine interactions, respectively. The interpretation of the results was based on the measurements of dynamic interaction characterized by the decay constant from which valuable information on the macroscopic behavior of the molecules was obtained [2; 3]. On the other hand, PAC measurements at low temperature showed interaction frequency (ν{sub Q}), asymmetry parameter (η) and the distribution of the quadrupole frequency (δ). These parameters provide a local microscopic description of the chemical environment in the neighborhood of the probe nuclei. Results showed differences in the hyperfine interactions of probe nuclei bound to the studied biomolecules. Such differences were observed by variations in the hyperfine parameters, which depended on the type of biomolecule and the results also showed that the probe nuclei bounded at the molecules in some cases and at others did not. (author)
12. A new unity for angular measurements in strabismus
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Harley E. A. Bicas
2014-10-01
Full Text Available The practical advantages of quantifying an angle by a ratio of linear lengths instead of arcs of circles has led to the definition of the prism-diopter, a conventional unity for numbering prisms and measuring strabismic deviations. However, a major inconvenience of using prism-diopter unities to express angular measurements is the non-linearity of the scale, which reaches an infinite value for the angle of 90º, then becomes negative, with decreasing magnitudes for increasing angles between 90º and 180º. As a consequence, arithmetical operations and comparisons of angles measured by such unities present errors of very great magnitudes. In order to retain the advantages of defining an angle by straight line dimensions but to diminish the severe inconveniences of this method, a new definition of the prism-diopter is proposed. Here, instead of defining the prism-diopter by the asymmetrical condition, the conception of this new unity is based on a geometrically symmetrical condition; that of the relationship of an isosceles triangle (where the leg is perpendicular to the bisector of the angle and the bisector itself . The condition of symmetry for the definition of the new unity represents a conceptual advance because it reproduces the already well accepted, conventional criteria for quantifying the value of a prism, that of its minimum deviation. Furthermore, it corresponds to the most commonly observed clinical conditions of binocular balance. The absolute differences between the unitary values of the prism-diopter and that of the new unity are negligible (0.0025%, but the scale of values expressed by the new unity is closer to the ideal scale of angular measurements. (With the new unity, the infinite value is only reached for an angle of 180º and the errors due to arithmetical operations are much smaller. Numerical examples showing the advantages of using the new unity of angular measurements instead of the prism-diopter are presented. A
13. HerMES: Halo Occupation Number and Bias Properties of Dusty Galaxies from Angular Clustering Measurements
CERN Document Server
Cooray, Asantha; Wang, L; Altieri, B; Arumugam, V; Auld, R; Aussel, H; Babbedge, T; Blain, A; Bock, J; Boselli, A; Buat, V; Burgarella, D; Castro-Rodriguez, N; Cava, A; Chanial, P; Clements, D L; Conley, A; Conversi, L; Dowell, C D; Dwek, E; Eales, S; Elbaz, D; Farrah, D; Fox, M; Franceschini, A; Gear, W; Glenn, J; Griffin, M; Halpern, M; Hatziminaoglou, E; Ibar, E; Isaak, K; Ivison, R J; Khostovan, A A; Lagache, G; Levenson, L; Lu, N; Madden, S; Maffei, B; Mainetti, G; Marchetti, L; Marsden, G; Mitchell-Wynne, K; Mortier, A M J; Nguyen, H T; O'Halloran, B; Oliver, S J; Omont, A; Page, M J; Panuzzo, P; Papageorgiou, A; Pearson, C P; ?rez-Fournon, I Pe; Pohlen, M; Rawlings, J I; Raymond, G; Rigopoulou, D; Rizzo, D; Roseboom, I G; Rowan-Robinson, M; Portal, M Sanchez; Schulz, B; Scott, Douglas; Serra, P; Seymour, N; Shupe, D L; Smith, A J; Stevens, J A; Symeonidis, M; Trichas, M; Tugwell, K E; Vaccari, M; Valtchanov, I; Vieira, J D; Vigroux, L; Ward, R; Wright, G; Xu, C K; Zemcov, M
2010-01-01
We measure the angular correlation function, w(theta), from 0.5 to 30 arcminutes of detected sources in two wide fields of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES). Our measurements are consistent with the expected clustering shape from a population of sources that trace the dark matter density field, including non-linear clustering at arcminute angular scales arising from multiple sources that occupy the same dark matter halos. By making use of the halo model to connect the spatial clustering of sources to the dark matter halo distribution, we estimate source bias and halo occupation number for dusty sub-mm galaxies at z ~ 2. We find that sub-mm galaxies with 250 micron flux densities above 30 mJy reside in dark matter halos with mass above (5\\pm4) x 10^12 M_sun, while (14\\pm8)% of such sources appear as satellites in more massive halos.
14. Applications of time-differential perturbed angular correlations to the study of solids
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Time-differential perturbed angular correlation techniques were applied to a systematic study of insulating antiferromagnets and rare-earth intermetallic alloys doped with either /sup 111m/Cd or 111In. The internal magnetic fields and electric field gradients at the radioactive nucleus are deduced from the experimentally measured perturbation factors. The analysis of fluoride, chloride, oxide, and sulfide data shows the systematic variation of the observed supertransferred hyperfine fields with the intervening anion covalency and allows extraction of covalency parameters after the adoption of a simple model. A comparison of the transferred hyperfine field data between fluoride perovskites and the corresponding quadratic layer compounds produces a value for the zero-point spin deviation in magnetically two-dimensional antiferromagnets which is in qualitative agreement with existing theoretical estimates. Paramagnetic shifts due to transferred hyperfine field and field-induced spin-flopping have also been observed. By careful temperature regulation the temperature dependence of the sublattice magnetization can be plotted next to a diamagnetic impurity in RbMnF3 and MnF2. A shift in the transferred hyperfine field at Cd doped into MnS has been measured under the application of moderate pressures up to 22 kbar. Analysis of the electric field gradients at the In and Sn sites in the rare-earth series RIn3 and RSn3 as functions of temperature and pressure is the basis of a check for valence fluctuations in certain of these alloys
15. PAC - Perturbed Angular Correlation spectrometer with six BaF2 detectors
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) spectrometer with six conical BaF2 detectors was built. The increased number of detectors in relation with the current configuration of the spectrometer (with four detectors), extends the number of delayed γ- γ coincidence spectra from 12 to 30 obtained simultaneously, reducing the time of PAC measurements. The standard multichannel analyzer (MCA) commonly used in these types of spectrometers was replaced with an ultra fast analog to digital converter (8715 ADC - CANBERRAR) and a high speed digital input-output (I/O) board (6534 Acquisition system - NATIONAL INSTRUMENTSR). The experimental data consisting of relevant information about the delayed γ-γ coincidence events generated from different combinations of detectors (for example: the timing information, start and stop detector identification, coincidence validation etc.) are stored in a file-mode in the hard disk of a computer. This information can be processed at a later stage by background data processing to generate and periodically refresh individual PAC spectra without interruption of the data collection process. The coincidence spectra are generated in real time by using LabVIEW software. The increased number of simultaneous spectra generated in this spectrometer improves the hyperfine parameters deduced from the TDPAC measurements. More important, the new spectrometer would be used for application of some interesting radioactive nuclei that can be used as probes in several hyperfine interaction studies. (author)
16. Correlation properties of quantum measurements
OpenAIRE
Busch, Paul; Lahti, Pekka
1996-01-01
The kind of information provided by a measurement is determined in terms of the correlation established between observables of the apparatus and the measured system. Using the framework of quantum measurement theory, necessary and sufficient conditions for a measurement interaction to produce strong correlations are given and are found to be related to properties of the final object and apparatus states. These general results are illustrated with reference to the standard model of the quantum...
17. Clustering tomography: measuring cosmological distances through angular clustering in thin redshift shells
CERN Document Server
2014-01-01
We test the cosmological implications of studying galaxy clustering using a tomographic approach, by computing the galaxy two-point angular correlation function $\\omega(\\theta)$ in thin redshift shells using a spectroscopic-redshift galaxy survey. The advantages of this procedure are that it is not necessary to assume a fiducial cosmology in order to convert measured angular positions and redshifts into distances, and that it gives several (less accurate) measurements of the angular diameter distance $D_\\rm{A}(z)$ instead of only one (more precise) measurement of the effective average distance $D_\\rm{V}(z)$, which results in better constraints on the expansion history of the Universe. We test our model for $\\omega(\\theta)$ and its covariance matrix against a set of mock galaxy catalogues and show that this technique is able to extract unbiased cosmological constraints. Also, assuming the best-fit $\\Lambda$CDM cosmology from the cosmic microwave background measurements from the Planck satellite, we forecast th...
18. Electron-gamma perturbed angular correlation studies on high-TC superconductors
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Recent results on the study of high-TC superconductors using the e--γperturbed angular correlation technique are presented. The basic features of the experimental equipment and its installation at the ISOLDE facility are briefly described. Results obtained from 197mHg implanted into high quality Y1Ba2Cu3O6+δ epitaxy thin films are presented and discussed
19. Site preference of Hf dopant in Ni3Al alloys: A perturbed angular correlation study
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Highlights: • PAC revealed that Hf atoms substitute on the Al sites in the Ni3Al alloy. • Hf dopants in Ni3Al induced two tetragonal distortions inside the L12 structure. • DFT calculations using the VASP, confirmed the site preference of Hf on the Al sites. - Abstract: Perturbed angular correlation measurements of the hyperfine interactions of the 181Ta probe in the polycrystalline intermetallic Ni3Al doped with 0.5 and 5 at.% Hf were performed in the temperature range 78-1230 K. The observed local hyperfine fields at the 181Hf/181Ta probe showed that Hf atoms are substituting on Al sites in the L12 structure of Ni3Al. The two minor electric quadrupole interactions that were found for each Ni3Al alloy are discussed taking into account the L12 cubic structure and its two tetragonal distortions: D022 and L60. The presence of two tetragonal transformations of the parent cubic L12 lattice in 0.5 at.% Hf and 5 at.% Hf doped Ni3Al was revealed by X-ray diffraction. The ab initio calculations, performed with the projector augmented wave method correctly reproduce the experimental results and enable discussion on the structural and electronic properties of the polycrystalline alloys. The experimental and theoretical investigations showed that hafnium additions prefer aluminum sites in Ni3Al
20. Study of hyperfine interactions in V2O3 by angular correlation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The hyperfine interaction in v2O3 in function of temperature by measurements of time differential perturbed angular correlation is studied. The samples presented quadrupole interaction in the probe center, Cd111 immediatelly after sintering, when reduced in H2 flux at 8000C. A pure electric quadrupole interaction at the metallic phase and a combined interaction of magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole at the insulating antiferromagnetic phase, were observed. The electric field gradient undergoes abrupt variation at the metal-insulating transition at T=1600K from 8.2x1017v/cm2 at the insulating phase to 6.3x1017v/cm2 in the metallic phase, however varies smoothly with the temperature at T=4500K when variations in resistivity also occur. At metallic phase the electric field increases with the temperature enhacement. The hyperfine magnetic field of Cd111 at antiferromagnetic phase of V2O3 has a saturation value of 15(1) KOe and performes an angle of β=68(2)0 with the main component direction of electric field gradient. (M.C.K.)
1. Nanostructures and thin films of transparent conductive oxides studied by perturbed angular correlations
CERN Document Server
Barbosa, M B; Redondo-Cubero, A; Miranda, S M C; Simon, R; Kessler, P; Brandt, M; Henneberger, F; Nogales, E; Méndez, B; Johnston, K; Alves, E; Vianden, R; Araújo, J P; Lorenz, K; Correia, J G
2013-01-01
The versatility of perturbed angular correlations (PAC) in the study of nanostructures and thin films is demonstrated, namely for the specific cases of ZnO/Cd$_x$Zn$_{1-x}$O thin films and Ga$_2$O$_3$ powder pellets and nanowires, examples of transparent conductive oxides. PAC measurements as a function of annealing temperature were performed after implantation of $^{111m}$Cd$/^{111}$Cd (T$_{1/2}$=48$\\,$min.) and later compared to density functional theory simulations. For ZnO, the substitution of Cd probes at Zn sites was observed, as well as the formation of a probe-defect complex. The ternary Cd$_x$Zn$_{1-x}$O (x=0.16) showed good macroscopic crystal quality but revealed some clustering of local defects around the probe Cd atoms, which could not be annealed. In the Ga$_2$O$_3$ samples, the substitution of the Cd probes in the octahedral Ga-site was observed, demonstrating the potential of ion-implantation for the doping of nanowires.
2. A Stern-Gerlach-like approach to electron orbital angular momentum measurement
CERN Document Server
Harvey, Tyler R
2016-01-01
Many methods now exist to prepare free electrons into orbital angular momentum states, and the predicted applications of these electron states as probes of materials and scattering processes are numerous. The development of electron orbital angular momentum measurement techniques has lagged behind. We show that coupling between electron orbital angular momentum and a spatially varying magnetic field produces an angular momentum-dependent focusing effect. We propose a design for an orbital angular momentum measurement device built on this principle. As the method of measurement is non-interferometric, the device works equally well for mixed, superposed and pure final orbital angular momentum states. The energy and orbital angular momentum distributions of inelastically scattered electrons may be simultaneously measurable with this technique.
3. CFHTLenS and RCSLenS: Testing Photometric Redshift Distributions Using Angular Cross-Correlations with Spectroscopic Galaxy Surveys
Science.gov (United States)
Choi, A.; Heymans, C.; Blake, C.; Hildebrandt, H.; Duncan, C. A. J.; Erben, T.; Nakajima, R.; Van Waerbeke, L.; Viola, M.
2016-09-01
We determine the accuracy of galaxy redshift distributions as estimated from photometric redshift probability distributions p(z). Our method utilises measurements of the angular cross-correlation between photometric galaxies and an overlapping sample of galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts. We describe the redshift leakage from a galaxy photometric redshift bin j into a spectroscopic redshift bin i using the sum of the p(z) for the galaxies residing in bin j. We can then predict the angular cross-correlation between photometric and spectroscopic galaxies due to intrinsic galaxy clustering when i ≠ j as a function of the measured angular cross-correlation when i = j. We also account for enhanced clustering arising from lensing magnification using a halo model. The comparison of this prediction with the measured signal provides a consistency check on the validity of using the summed p(z) to determine galaxy redshift distributions in cosmological analyses, as advocated by the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey (CFHTLenS). We present an analysis of the photometric redshifts measured by CFHTLenS, which overlaps the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). We also analyse the Red-sequence Cluster Lensing Survey (RCSLenS), which overlaps both BOSS and the WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey. We find that the summed p(z) from both surveys are generally biased with respect to the true underlying distributions. If unaccounted for, this bias would lead to errors in cosmological parameter estimation from CFHTLenS by less than ˜4%. For photometric redshift bins which spatially overlap in 3-D with our spectroscopic sample, we determine redshift bias corrections which can be used in future cosmological analyses that rely on accurate galaxy redshift distributions.
4. Correlation measurement of squeezed light
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Krivitsky, Leonid; Andersen, Ulrik Lund; Dong, R.; Huck, Alexander; Wittmann, C.; Leuchs, G.
2009-01-01
We study the implementation of a correlation measurement technique for the characterization of squeezed light which is nearly free of electronic noise. With two different sources of squeezed light, we show that the sign of the covariance coefficient, revealed from the time-resolved correlation data......, is witnessing the presence of squeezing in the system. Furthermore, we estimate the degree of squeezing using the correlation method and compare it to the standard homodyne measurement scheme. We show that the role of electronic detector noise is minimized using the correlation approach as opposed to...
5. Perturbed angular correlation investigation of the electric field gradient at 181Ta probe in the Hf2Ni7 compound
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Cekić Božidar Đ.
2012-01-01
Full Text Available The perturbed angular correlation method was employed to study the temperature dependence of electric field gradients at the 181Ta probe in the polycrystalline Hf2Ni7 compound. The temperature evolution of the sample content was measured using high-temperature X-ray diffraction. To check the magnetic order of the sample, magnetization measurements and additional perturbed angular correlation measurements with externally applied magnetic field were performed. All obtained spectra showed no evidence of magnetic order of the Hf2Ni7 phase. Within the experimental resolution of the apparatus, the measured electric field gradients at 181Ta probe for the two inequivalent 181Hf/181Ta sites in the Hf2Ni7 compound appeared as one in the range of 78-944 K. A single quadrupole interaction implies that the electric field gradients at the two Hf sites must be quite similar. At 293 K, the measured quadrupole interaction parameters are νQ = 433(1 MHz and η = 0.300(4. An increase of the quadrupole frequency and a gradual rising of the asymmetry parameter were observed with increasing temperature. The high-temperature X-ray diffraction indicated a build up of HfO2 above 693 K.
6. Systematics in Metallicity Gradient Measurements I : Angular Resolution, Signal-to-Noise and Annuli Binning
CERN Document Server
Yuan, T -T; Rich, J
2013-01-01
With the rapid progress in metallicity gradient studies at high-redshift, it is imperative that we thoroughly understand the systematics in these measurements. This work investigates how the [NII]/Halpha ratio based metallicity gradients change with angular resolution, signal-to-noise (S/N), and annular binning parameters. Two approaches are used: 1. We downgrade the high angular resolution integral-field data of a gravitationally lensed galaxy and re-derive the metallicity gradients at different angular resolution; 2. We simulate high-redshift integral field spectroscopy (IFS) observations under different angular resolution and S/N conditions using a local galaxy with a known gradient. We find that the measured metallicity gradient changes systematically with angular resolution and annular binning. Seeing-limited observations produce significantly flatter gradients than higher angular resolution observations. There is a critical angular resolution limit beyond which the measured metallicity gradient is subst...
7. Two-Photon Spiral Imaging with Correlated Orbital Angular Momentum States
OpenAIRE
Simon, David S.; Sergienko, Alexander V.
2012-01-01
The concept of correlated two-photon spiral imaging is introduced. We begin by analyzing the joint orbital angular momentum (OAM) spectrum of correlated photon pairs. The mutual information carried by the photon pairs is evaluated, and it is shown that when an object is placed in one of the beam paths the value of the mutual information is strongly dependent on object shape and is closely related to the degree of rotational symmetry present. After analyzing the effect of the object on the OAM...
8. Search for small-scale angular correlations of neutrino arrival directions in IceCube
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Recently, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory discovered a diffuse flux of extra-terrestrial high-energy neutrinos. The identification of their astrophysical sources is one of the goals of current investigations. This analysis is based on the expansion of muon neutrino arrival directions in spherical harmonics, which is sensitive to angular correlations. A large number of point sources distributed over the sky would leave an imprint on the spectrum of observed expansion coefficients, even if the sources are too weak to be detected individually. We present the analysis method and discuss possible astrophysical interpretations for the observation or non-observation of such a correlation.
9. Efficient Identification of Objects Carrying Elements of High-Order Symmetry By Using Correlated Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM States
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sergienko Alexander V.
2014-01-01
The potential for efficient identification of objects carrying elements of high-order symmetry using correlated orbital angular momentum (OAM states is demonstrated. The enhanced information capacity of this approach allows the recognition of specific spatial symmetry signatures present in objects with the use of fewer resources than in a conventional pixel-by-pixel imaging, representing the first demonstration of compressive sensing using OAM states. This approach demonstrates the capability to quickly evaluate multiple Fourier coefficients directly linked with the symmetry features of the object. The results suggest further application in small-scale biological contexts where symmetry and small numbers of noninvasive measurements are important.
10. Angular correlations in the two-photon decay of hydrogenlike ions: Relativistic Green's-function approach
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The angular correlations in the two-photon decay of hydrogenlike ions are studied within the framework of second-order perturbation theory, based on Dirac's equation. Particular attention has been paid to the effects which arise from the higher (nondipole) terms in the expansion of the electron-photon interaction. It is shown that the photon-photon angular correlation function, which is found symmetric with respect to the angle θ=90 deg. in the electric dipole approximation, becomes asymmetric because of the nondipole contributions, and that this effect is enhanced as the nuclear charge Z increases. Detailed computations on the photon-photon angular distribution have been carried out for the 2s1/2→1s1/2 and 3d5/2→1s1/2 transitions in neutral hydrogen (H) as well as for hydrogenlike xenon (Xe53+) and uranium (U91+) ions, and are compared with previous nonrelativistic results by Au [Phys. Rev. A 14, 531 (1976)])
11. Hyperspherical explicitly correlated Gaussian approach for four-body systems with finite angular momentum
Science.gov (United States)
Rakshit, D.; Blume, D.
2012-06-01
It has been predicted that four-body systems with angular momentum L=1 and parity π=+1 exhibit four-body resonances [1,2] and Efimov physics [3]. To treat these phenomena in the hyperspherical framework, we extend the work of von Stecher and Greene [4] to finite angular momenta. In particular, we employ explicitly correlated Gaussian basis functions with global vectors to solve the hyperangular Schr"odinger equation for four-body systems with L^π=1^+ and 1^- symmetry. We apply the approach to four-fermion systems with unequal masses.[4pt] [1] K. M. Daily and D. Blume, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 170403 (2010).[0pt] [2] S. Gandolfi and J. Carlson, arXiv: 1006.5186v1.[0pt] [3] Y. Castin, C. Mora and L. Pricoupenko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 223201 (2010).[0pt] [4] J. von Stecher and C. H. Greene, Phys. Rev. A. 80, 022504 (2009).
12. Study of positronium in low-k dielectric films by means of 2D-angular correlation experiments at a high-intensity slow-positron beam
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Depth-resolved measurements of two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (2D-ACAR) were performed at the intense slow-positron beam at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The formation of positronium was studied in thin films of methylsilsesquioxane (MSSQ) spin-on glass containing large open-volume defects (voids). Two samples with different average void sizes were investigated and positronium formation could be found in both cases. The width of the angular correlation related to annihilation of para-positronium (p-Ps) increased with the void size consistent with the annihilation of nonthermalized p-Ps. (orig.)
13. Angular correlation of cosmic neutrinos with ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and implications for their sources
CERN Document Server
Moharana, Reetanjali
2015-01-01
Cosmic neutrino events detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory with energy $\\gtrsim 30$ TeV have poor angular resolutions to reveal their origin. Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), with better angular resolutions at $>60$ EeV energies, can be used to check if the same astrophysical sources are responsible for producing both neutrinos and UHECRs. We test this hypothesis, with statistical methods which emphasize invariant quantities, by using data from the Pierre Auger Observatory, Telescope Array and past cosmic-ray experiments. We find that the arrival directions of the cosmic neutrinos are correlated with $\\ge 100$ EeV UHECR arrival directions at confidence level $\\approx 93\\%$. The strength of the correlation decreases with decreasing UHECR energy and no correlation exists at energy $\\sim 60$ EeV. A search in astrophysical databases within $3^\\circ$ of the arrival directions of UHECRs with energy $\\ge 100$ EeV, that are correlated with the IceCube cosmic neutrinos, resulted in 18 sources from the S...
14. Comparison of Anger camera and BGO mosaic position-sensitive detectors for 'Super ACAR'. Precision electron momentum densities via angular correlation of annihilation radiation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We discuss the relative merits of Anger cameras and Bismuth Germanate mosaic counters for measuring the angular correlation of positron annihilation radiation at a facility such as the proposed Positron Factory at Takasaki. The two possibilities appear equally cost effective at this time. (author)
15. Comparison of Anger camera and BGO mosaic position-sensitive detectors for Super ACAR. Precision electron momentum densities via angular correlation of annihilation radiation
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mills, A.P. Jr. [Bell Labs. Murray Hill, NJ (United States); West, R.N.; Hyodo, Toshio
1997-03-01
We discuss the relative merits of Anger cameras and Bismuth Germanate mosaic counters for measuring the angular correlation of positron annihilation radiation at a facility such as the proposed Positron Factory at Takasaki. The two possibilities appear equally cost effective at this time. (author)
16. Time correlators from deferred measurements
Science.gov (United States)
Oehri, D.; Lebedev, A. V.; Lesovik, G. B.; Blatter, G.
2016-01-01
Repeated measurements that typically occur in two-time or multitime correlators rely on von Neumann's projection postulate, telling how to restart the system after an intermediate measurement. We invoke the principle of deferred measurement to describe an alternative procedure in which coevolving quantum memories extract system information through entanglement, combined with a final readout of the memories described by Born's rule. Our approach to repeated quantum measurements respects the unitary evolution of quantum mechanics during intermediate times, unifies the treatment of strong and weak measurements, and reproduces the projected and (anti)symmetrized correlators in the two limits. As an illustration, we apply our formalism to the calculation of the electron charge correlator in a mesoscopic physics setting, where single electron pulses assume the role of flying memory qubits. We propose an experimental setup that reduces the measurement of the time correlator to the measurement of currents and noise, exploiting the (pulsed) injection of electrons to cope with the challenge of performing short-time measurements.
17. Perturbed γ-γ angular correlations: A spectroscopy for point defects in metals and alloys
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Atomic defects which migrate and trap at impurity probe atoms can be labelled by the changes they induce in the hyperfine interactions of the probe nuclei. Many studies have been made using perturbed γ-γ angular correlations (PAC) and the 111In probe because of the excellent resolution of different sites. Identification of the bound states is the key problem in applying hyperfine interactions methods to point defects studies. In this study three structure-sensitive methods are applied to help identify the atomic structures of various multivacancy complexes in Pt and Au: (1) Quadrupole interaction parameters are compared with results of point-charge calculations of electric-field gradients for 20 structures containing 1-4 vacancies in the fcc lattice. (2) Hyperfine interactions induced by decorating vacancy complexes with hydrogen atoms are measured and interpreted with the assistance of point-charge calculations. (3) Transformations between complexes observed by annihilation of vacancies by mobile self-interstitials are used to test the consistency of the identifications. Using these methods in conjunction with analysis of the trapping behavior which occurs during annealing of damaged samples, structural models are presented for divacancy (2V), 3V and 4V complexes in Pt, and 3V and 4V complexes in Au. The activation temperatures of the 3V defect in Au and Pt are determined to be 162 K and 390 K, respectively, and activation temperatures of defects in Ni, Cu, Pt and Au are compared. For Pt, trapping of H at 1V and 2V complexes is observed to lead to small changes in the quadrupole interactions, consistent with well shielded protonic charges. However, trapping at 3V and 4V complexes leads to very large changes which we attribute to atomic restructuring to the defect complexes. Finally, the application of the same methodology to interpret recent experiments on NiAl, an ordered alloy, is described. (orig.)
18. Probing new physics in the neutrinoless double beta decay using electron angular correlation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The angular correlation of the electrons emitted in the neutrinoless double beta decay (0ν2β) is presented using a general Lorentz invariant effective Lagrangian for the leptonic and hadronic charged weak currents. We show that the coefficient K in the angular correlation dΓ/dcosθ∝(1-Kcosθ) is essentially independent of the nuclear matrix element models and present its numerical values for the five nuclei of interest (76Ge, 82Se, 100Mo, 130Te, and 136Xe), assuming that the 0ν2β decays in these nuclei are induced solely by a light Majorana neutrino, νM. This coefficient varies between K=0.81 (for the 76Ge nucleus) and K=0.88 (for the 82Se and 100Mo nuclei), calculated taking into account the effects from the nucleon recoil, the S and P waves for the outgoing electrons and the electron mass. Deviation of K from its values derived here would indicate the presence of new physics (NP) in addition to a light Majorana neutrino, and we work out the angular coefficients in several νM+NP scenarios for the 76Ge nucleus. As an illustration of the correlations among the 0ν2β observables (half-life T1/2, the coefficient K, and the effective Majorana neutrino mass ||) and the parameters of the underlying NP model, we analyze the left-right symmetric models, taking into account current phenomenological bounds on the right-handed WR-boson mass and the left-right mixing parameter ζ
19. Probing new physics in the neutrinoless double beta decay using electron angular correlation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The angular correlation of the electrons emitted in the neutrinoless double beta decay (0ν2β) is presented using a general Lorentz invariant effective Lagrangian for the leptonic and hadronic charged weak currents. We show that the coefficient K in the angular correlation dΓ/dcos θ ∝(1-K cos θ) is essentially independent of the nuclear matrix element models and present its numerical values for the five nuclei of interest (76Ge, 82Se, 100Mo, 130Te, and 136Xe), assuming that the 0ν2β-decays in these nuclei are induced solely by a light Majorana neutrino, νM. This coefficient varies between K=0.82 (for the 76Ge nucleus) and K=0.88 (for the 82Se and 100Mo nuclei), calculated taking into account the effects from the nucleon recoil, the S and P-waves for the outgoing electrons and the electron mass. Deviation of K from its values derived here would indicate the presence of New Physics (NP) in addition to a light Majorana neutrino, and we work out the angular coefficients in several νM+NP scenarios for the 76Ge nucleus. As an illustration of the correlations among the 0ν2β observables (half-life T1/2, the coefficient K, and the effective Majorana neutrino mass vertical stroke left angle m right angle vertical stroke) and the parameters of the underlying NP model, we analyze the left-right symmetric models, taking into account current phenomenological bounds on the right-handed WR-boson mass and the left-right mixing parameter ζ. (orig.)
20. Concentration and angular velocity measurement in a cyclone separator dipleg using electrical capacitance tomography
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
SUN Meng; LIU Shi; LEI Jing; LI ZhiHong
2008-01-01
Cyclone separator is one of the main parts of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. The separation efficiency of the cyclone separator is very important to the whole boiler. Electrical capacitance tomo-graphy (ECT) is a unique measuring technique with great potential in multiphase flow measurement. Experimental studies are carried out on the measurement of volumetric concentration and angular ve-locity using ECT. The former is determined through image reconstruction method, and the latter is measured by cross-correlating the capacitance fluctuations caused by the conveyed solids. The dis-tribution of void fraction in radial direction, the fluctuating characteristics, probability density function and the spectrum characteristics are analyzed. The feasibility and reliability of the method are verified by experimental results.
1. Astrophysical interpretation of small-scale neutrino angular correlation searches with IceCube
CERN Document Server
Schimp, Michael; Wiebusch, Christopher
2015-01-01
IceCube, a cubic-kilometer sized neutrino detector at the Geographic South Pole, has recently discovered a diffuse all-flavor flux of astrophysical neutrinos. However, the corresponding astrophysical sources have not yet been identified in current IceCube analyses. We present a method to interpret the results of a recently published angular correlation analysis in IceCube searching for spatial clustering of muon neutrino events in terms of astrophysical models (given by an arbitrary source count distribution). We exemplarily show the resulting limits on the parameters of a class of source count distributions motivated by Fermi-LAT observations of resolved blazars.
2. Study of hydrogen diffusion in Zr-Ni alloys by 181Ta perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The diffusion of hydrogen in the crystallized hydride Zr2NiH3.8 has been studied by perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy using 181Ta as a probe in substitution for zirconium. The temperature dependence of the quadrupole relaxation of the 181Ta spins between 200 K and 470 K could be properly described by assuming the jump probability of hydrogen atoms to result from the coexistence of two thermally activated processes. The values obtained for the activation energies and pre-exponential frequency factors of both processes suggest that diffusion is dominated by a tunnelling mechanism for T370 K. (orig.)
3. Clustering tomography: measuring cosmological distances through angular clustering in thin redshift shells
Science.gov (United States)
2014-10-01
We test the cosmological implications of studying galaxy clustering using a tomographic approach, by computing the galaxy two-point angular correlation function ω(θ) in thin redshift shells using a spectroscopic redshift galaxy survey. The advantages of this procedure are that it is not necessary to assume a fiducial cosmology in order to convert measured angular positions and redshifts into distances, and that it gives several (less accurate) measurements of the angular diameter distance DA(z) instead of only one (more precise) measurement of the effective average distance DV(z), which results in better constraints on the expansion history of the Universe. We test our model for ω(θ) and its covariance matrix against a set of mock galaxy catalogues and show that this technique is able to extract unbiased cosmological constraints. Also, assuming the best-fitting Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmology from the cosmic microwave background measurements from the Planck satellite, we forecast the result of applying this tomographic approach to the final Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey catalogue in combination with Planck for three flat cosmological models, and compare them with the expected results of the isotropic baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements post-reconstruction on the same galaxy catalogue combined with Planck. While BAOs are more accurate for constraining cosmological parameters for the standard ΛCDM model, the tomographic technique gives better results when we allow the dark energy equation of state wDE to deviate from -1, resulting in a performance similar to BAOs in the case of a constant value of wDE, and a moderate improvement in the case of a time-dependent value of wDE, increasing the value of the figure of merit in the w0-wa plane up to 15 per cent.
4. Detection of superposition in the orbital angular momentum of photons without excess components and its application in the verification of non-classical correlation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Orbital angular momentum states (Laguerre–Gaussian modes) of photons are attracting attention for realizing a high-dimensional quantum space, and several experimental verifications of entanglement have been reported. Some of these experiments measure photons in the superposition of different azimuthal modes by shifting the hologram dislocation. But this method has the problem that various unneeded azimuthal modes mix in the measurement basis. In order to solve this problem, we propose a new method using a hologram and a path interferometer. We also report an experimental observation of non-classical correlation in the orbital angular momentum of photons by use of the proposed method
5. The energy dependence of $p_t$ angular correlations inferred from mean-$p_{t}$ fluctuation scale dependence in heavy ion collisions at the SPS and RHIC
CERN Document Server
Adams, J; Ahammed, Z; Amonett, J; Anderson, B D; Anderson, M; Arkhipkin, D; Averichev, G S; Bai, Y; Balewski, J; Barannikova, O; Barnby, L S; Baudot, J; Bekele, S; Belaga, V V; Bellingeri-Laurikainen, A; Bellwied, R; Bezverkhny, B I; Bhardwaj, S; Bhasin, A; Bhati, A K; Bichsel, H; Bielcik, J; Bielcikova, J; Bland, L C; Blyth, C O; Blyth, S L; Bonner, B E; Botje, M; Bouchet, J; Brandin, A V; Bravar, A; Bystersky, M; Cadman, R V; Cai, X Z; Caines, H; Calderón de la Barca-Sanchez, M; Castillo, J; Catu, O; Cebra, D; Chajecki, Z; Chaloupka, P; Chattopadhyay, S; Chen, H F; Chen, J H; Chen, Y; Cheng, J; Cherney, M; Chikanian, A; Choi, H A; Christie, W; Coffin, J P; Cormier, T M; Cosentino, M R; Cramer, J G; Crawford, H J; Das, D; Das, S; Daugherity, M; De Moura, M M; Dedovich, T G; De Phillips, M; Derevshchikov, A A; Didenko, L; Dietel, T; Djawotho, P; Dogra, S M; Dong, W J; Dong, X; Draper, J E; Du, F; Dunin, V B; Dunlop, J C; Dutta-Majumdar, M R; Eckardt, V; Edwards, W R; Efimov, L G; Emelianov, V; Engelage, J; Eppley, G; Erazmus, B; Estienne, M; Fachini, P; Fatemi, R; Fedorisin, J; Filimonov, K; Filip, P; Finch, E; Fine, V; Fisyak, Yu; Fu, J; Gagliardi, C A; Gaillard, L; Gans, J; Ganti, M S; Ghazikhanian, V; Ghosh, P; González, J E; Gorbunov, Y G; Gos, H; Grebenyuk, O; Grosnick, D P; Guertin, S M; Guimaraes, K S F F; Guo, Y; Gupta, N; Gutíerrez, T D; Haag, B; Hallman, T J; Hamed, A; Harris, J W; He, W; Heinz, M; Henry, T W; Hepplemann, S; Hippolyte, B; Hirsch, A; Hjort, E; Hoffmann, G W; Horner, M J; Huang, H Z; Huang, S L; Hughes, E W; Humanic, T J; Igo, G; Jacobs, P; Jacobs, W W; Jakl, P; Jia, F; Jiang, H; Jones, P G; Judd, E G; Kabana, S; Kang, K; Kapitan, J; Kaplan, M; Keane, D; Kechechyan, A; Khodyrev, V Yu; Kim, B C; Kiryluk, J; Kisiel, A; Kislov, E M; Koetke, D D; Kollegger, T; Kopytine, M; Kotchenda, L; Kouchpil, V; Kowalik, K L; Krämer, M; Kravtsov, P; Kravtsov, V I; Krüger, K; Kuhn, C; Kulikov, A I; Kumar, A; Kuznetsov, A A; Lamont, M A C; Landgraf, J M; Lange, S; La Pointe, S; Laue, F; Lauret, J; Lebedev, A; Lednicky, R; Lee, C H; Lehocka, S; Le Vine, M J; Li, C; Li, Q; Li, Y; Lin, G; Lindenbaum, S J; Lisa, M A; Liu, F; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Ljubicic, T; Llope, W J; Long, H; Longacre, R S; López-Noriega, M; Love, W A; Lu, Y; Ludlam, T; Lynn, D; Ma, G L; Ma, J G; Ma, Y G; Magestro, D; Mahapatra, D P; Majka, R; Mangotra, L K; Manweiler, R; Margetis, S; Markert, C; Martin, L; Matis, H S; Matulenko, Yu A; McClain, C J; McShane, T S; Melnik, Yu M; Meschanin, A; Miller, M L; Minaev, N G; Mioduszewski, S; Mironov, C; Mischke, A; Mishra, D K; Mitchell, J; Mohanty, B; Molnár, L; Moore, C F; Morozov, D A; Munhoz, M G; Nandi, B K; Nattrass, C; Nayak, T K; Nelson, J M; Netrakanti, P K; Nikitin, V A; Nogach, L V; Nurushev, S B; Odyniec, Grazyna Janina; Ogawa, A; Okorokov, V; Oldenburg, M; Olson, D; Pachr, M; Pal, S K; Panebratsev, Yu A; Panitkin, S Y; Pavlinov, A I; Pawlak, T; Peitzmann, T; Perevozchikov, V; Perkins, C; Peryt, W; Petrov, V A; Phatak, S C; Picha, R; Planinic, M; Pluta, J; Poljak, N; Porile, N; Porter, J; Poskanzer, A M; Potekhin, M V; Potrebenikova, E V; Potukuchi, B V K S; Prindle, D; Pruneau, C; Putschke, J; Rakness, G; Raniwala, R; Raniwala, S; Ray, R L; Razin, S V; Reinnarth, J; Relyea, D; Retière, F; Ridiger, A; Ritter, H G; Roberts, J B; Rogachevski, O V; Romero, J L; Rose, A; Roy, C; Ruan, L; Russcher, M J; Sahoo, R; Sakrejda, I; Salur, S; Sandweiss, J; Sarsour, M; Sazhin, P S; Schambach, J; Scharenberg, R P; Schmitz, N; Schweda, K; Seger, J; Selyuzhenkov, I; Seyboth, P; Shabetai, A; Shahaliev, E; Shao, M; Sharma, M; Shen, W Q; Shimansky, S S; ESichtermann; Simon, F; Singaraju, R N; Smirnov, N; Snellings, R; Sood, G; Sørensen, P; Sowinski, J; Speltz, J; Spinka, H M; Srivastava, B; Stadnik, A; Stanislaus, T D S; Stock, R; Stolpovsky, A; Strikhanov, M N; Stringfellow, B C; Suaide, A A P; Sugarbaker, E R; Sumbera, M; Sun, Z; Surrow, B; Swanger, M; Symons, T J M; Szanto, A; de Toledo; Tai, A; Takahashi, J; Tang, A H; Tarnowsky, T J; Thein, D; Thomas, J H; Timmins, A R; Timoshenko, S; Tokarev, M; Trainor, T A; Trentalange, S; Tribble, R E; Tsai, O D; Ulery, J; Ullrich, T; Underwood, D G; Van Buren, G; Van der Kolk, N; Van Leeuwen, M; Van der Molen, A M; Varma, R; Vasilevski, I M; Vasilev, A N; Vernet, R; Vigdor, S E; Viyogi, Y P; Vokal, S; Waggoner, W T; Wang, F; Wang, G; Wang, J S; Wang, X L; Wang, Y; Watson, J W; Webb, J C; Westfall, G D; Wetzler, A; Whitten, C; Wieman, H; Wissink, S W; Witt, R; Wood, J; Wu, J; Xu, N; Xu, Q H; Xu, Z; Yepes, P; Yoo, I K; Yurevich, V I; Zhan, W; Zhang, H; Zhang, W M; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z P; Zhao, Y; Zhong, C; Zoulkarneev, R; Zoulkarneeva, Y; Zubarev, A N; Zuo, J X
2006-01-01
We present the first study of the energy dependence of $p_t$ angular correlations inferred from event-wise mean transverse momentum $$fluctuations in heavy ion collisions. We compare our large-acceptance measurements at CM energies \\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 19.6, 62.4, 130 and 200 GeV to SPS measurements at 12.3 and 17.3 GeV. p_t angular correlation structure suggests that the principal source of p_t correlations and fluctuations is minijets (minimum-bias parton fragments). We observe a dramatic increase in correlations and fluctuations from SPS to RHIC energies, increasing linearly with \\ln \\sqrt{s_{NN}} from the onset of observable jet-related$$ fluctuations near 10 GeV.
6. Fission fragment angular distribution measurements in 18O+194Pt reaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fission fragment angular distributions were measured for 18O + 194Pt in energy range 78.2 - 87.3 MeV. The normal nature of angular anisotropy suggests that the reaction proceeded through true CN formation. The present results are consistent with result obtained from fission fragment mass distribution measurements carried out for reaction using other isotopes of platinum
7. Perturbed Angular Correlation of the stretched cascade in the decay of 180mHf using a digital spectrometer
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We report on the measurement of the nuclear quadrupole interaction (NQI) at Hf sites using the nuclear probe 180mHf in HfF4·HF·2H2O at 300 K by exploiting all possible start quanta in the stretched cascade with a digital Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation (TDPAC) spectrometer. With conventional spectrometers, multiple prompt start signals would paralyze the router. The gain in coincidence rate is about a factor of 5 compared to a conventional spectrometer using a single start only. With multiple starts 180mHf is a promising new isomeric nuclear probe in TDPAC experiments. As an additional feature we implemented the possibility to measure up to four cascades simultaneously in order to save data collection time or to measure isobaric contaminations like 111mCd and 111In.
8. On using angular cross-correlations to determine source redshift distributions
CERN Document Server
McQuinn, Matthew
2013-01-01
We investigate how well the redshift distribution of a population of extragalactic objects can be reconstructed using angular cross-correlations with a sample whose redshifts are known. We derive the minimum variance quadratic estimator, which has simple analytic representations in very applicable limits and is significantly more sensitive than earlier proposed estimation procedures. This estimator is straightforward to apply to observations, it robustly finds the likelihood maximum, and it conveniently selects angular scales at which fluctuations are well approximated as independent between redshift bins and at which linear theory applies. We find that the linear bias times number of objects in a redshift bin generally can be constrained with cross-correlations to fractional error (10^2 n/N)^1/2, where N is the total number of spectra per dz and n is the number of redshift bins spanned by the bulk of the unknown population. The error is often independent of the sky area and sampling fraction. Furthermore, we...
9. Improved Spin Basis for Angular Correlation Studies in Single Top Quark Production at the Tevatron
CERN Document Server
Mahlon, G; Mahlon, Gregory; Parke, Stephen
1997-01-01
We show in single top quark production that the spin of the top quark is correlated with the direction of the d-type quark in the event. For single top production in the W* channel, the d-type quark comes dominantly from the antiproton at the Tevatron, whereas for the W-gluon fusion channel the spectator jet is the d-type quark the majority of the time at this machine. Our results are that 98% of the top quarks from the W* process have their spins in the antiproton direction, and 95% of the top quarks in the W-gluon fusion process have their spins in the spectator jet direction. We also compare with the more traditional, but less effective, helicity basis. The direction of the top quark spin is reflected in angular correlations in its decay products.
10. Measurement of the orbital angular momentum density of Bessel beams by projection into a Laguerre-Gaussian basis.
Science.gov (United States)
Schulze, Christian; Dudley, Angela; Brüning, Robert; Duparré, Michael; Forbes, Andrew
2014-09-10
We present the measurement of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) density of Bessel beams and superpositions thereof by projection into a Laguerre-Gaussian basis. This projection is performed by an all-optical inner product measurement performed by correlation filters, from which the optical field can be retrieved in amplitude and phase. The derived OAM densities are compared to those obtained from previously stated azimuthal decomposition yielding consistent results. PMID:25321673
11. Study of the angular correlations of light charged particles for the reaction 35CI (260 MeV) + 24Mg
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This work is focussed on the investigation of deformed nuclei. The asymmetric fusion-fission of light heavy-ions (A ≤60) with a high excitation energy (T ∼ 4 MeV) had lead to a large deformation of the compound nucleus at the scission point. The angular correlations between light particles (LP) and their emitting fragments has been used to probe the deformation of nucleus. Exclusive measurements were performed for the 35Cl (260 MeV) + 24Mg system leading to the 59Cu compound nucleus (CN). The comparison between the energy spectra of LP's and a statistical calculation carried out by a Monte-Carlo code CASCADE has suggested a deformation of 1.3 (for an oblate shape) of the CN within the frame work of fusion-evaporation process. The source velocity spectrum of α particles and angular correlations of LP's have showed that pre-scission and pre-equilibrium emissions are negligible in the present reaction. Finally the confrontation of the data with the statistical code GEMINI has pointed out the sequential emission character of the LP's from the fission fragments. (author)
12. A high precision instrument to measure angular and binocular deviation introduced by aircraft windscreens by using a shadow casting technique
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Objects viewed through transparent sheets with residual non-parallelism and irregularity appear shifted and distorted. This distortion is measured in terms of angular and binocular deviation of an object viewed through the transparent sheet. The angular and binocular deviations introduced are particularly important in the context of aircraft windscreens and canopies as they can interfere with decision making of pilots especially while landing, leading to accidents. In this work, we have developed an instrument to measure both the angular and binocular deviations introduced by transparent sheets. This instrument is especially useful in the qualification of aircraft windscreens and canopies. It measures the deviation in the geometrical shadow cast by a periodic dot pattern trans-illuminated by the distorted light beam from the transparent test specimen compared to the reference pattern. Accurate quantification of the shift in the pattern is obtained by cross-correlating the reference shadow pattern with the specimen shadow pattern and measuring the location of the correlation peak. The developed instrument is handy to use and computes both angular and binocular deviation with an accuracy of less than ±0.1 mrad (≈0.036 mrad) and has an excellent repeatability with an error of less than 2%.
13. Angular correlation for gamma-gamma transitions in 81Br and 83Br nuclei
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The directional angular correlation of coincident gamma transitions in 81Br and 83Br have been measured following the β- decay of 81Se(T sub(1/2) = 18.6 min) and 83Se(T sub(1/2) = 22.6 min) respectively, using Ge(Li) - high purity Ge and Ge(Li)-NaI(Tl) spectrometers. The radioactive sources were prepared by irradiating with neutrons in the IEA-R1 reactor, metallic selenium (natural) to produce 81Se and samples of metallic selenium enriched (to approx. 90% in 82Se) to produce 83Se. Measurements have been carried out for the gamma cascades 260-276 KeV, 290-276 KeV and 552-276 KeV in 81Br and the gamma cascades 225(510)-356 KeV, 510-356 KeV, 572-(510)-356 KeV, 718-(225)-(510)-356 KeV, 1064-356 KeV, 718-225 KeV, 718-(225)-510 KeV, 836-718 KeV, 718-(225)-866 KeV, 883-718 KeV and 1895-799 KeV in 83Br. The multipole mixing ratios, σ(E2/M1), were determined for 3 gamma transitions in 81Br and 11 gamma transitions in 83Br. In the case of 81Br present results confirmed some of the earlier results. The spin and parity assignment were made to the majority of levels in 81Br and 83Br involved in the present study, some of them confirming the earlier results. A comparison of some of the nuclear properties of the 79Br, 81Br and 83Br is made based on the available experimental data. The experimental results are also discussed qualitatively in terms of some nuclear models applicable for the description of the properties of odd-A bromine isotopes. (Author)
14. Characteristics of angular cross correlations studied by light scattering from two-dimensional microsphere films
Science.gov (United States)
Schroer, M. A.; Gutt, C.; Grübel, G.
2014-07-01
Recently the analysis of scattering patterns by angular cross-correlation analysis (CCA) was introduced to reveal the orientational order in disordered samples with special focus to future applications on x-ray free-electron laser facilities. We apply this CCA approach to ultra-small-angle light-scattering data obtained from two-dimensional monolayers of microspheres. The films were studied in addition by optical microscopy. This combined approach allows to calculate the cross-correlations of the scattering patterns, characterized by the orientational correlation function Ψl(q), as well as to obtain the real-space structure of the monolayers. We show that CCA is sensitive to the orientational order of monolayers formed by the microspheres which are not directly visible from the scattering patterns. By mixing microspheres of different radii the sizes of ordered monolayer domains is reduced. For these samples it is shown that Ψl(q) quantitatively describes the degree of hexagonal order of the two-dimensional films. The experimental CCA results are compared with calculations based on the microscopy images. Both techniques show qualitatively similar features. Differences can be attributed to the wave-front distortion of the laser beam in the experiment. This effect is discussed by investigating the effect of different wave fronts on the cross-correlation analysis results. The so-determined characteristics of the cross-correlation analysis will be also relevant for future x-ray-based studies.
15. Angular correlation between IceCube high-energy starting events and starburst sources
CERN Document Server
Moharana, Reetanjali
2016-01-01
Starburst galaxies and star-forming regions in the Milkyway, with high rate of supernova activities, are candidate sources of high-energy neutrinos. Using a gamma-ray selected sample of these sources we perform statistical analysis of their angular correlation with the four-year sample of high-energy starting events (HESE), detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. We find that the two samples (starburst galaxies and local star-forming regions) are correlated with cosmic neutrinos at $\\sim (2-3)\\sigma$ (pre-trial) significance level, when the full HESE sample with deposited energy $\\gtrsim 20$~TeV is considered. However when we consider the HESE sample with deposited energy $\\gtrsim 60$~TeV, which is almost free of atmospheric neutrino and muon backgrounds, the significance of correlation decreased drastically. We perform a similar study for Galactic sources in the 2FHL catalog as well, obtaining $\\sim (2-3)\\sigma$ (pre-trial) correlation, however the significance of correlation increases with higher cuto...
16. A Simple Method to Measure the Angular Speed of a Spinning Object
Science.gov (United States)
Misra, Raj M.
2008-01-01
The angular speed of a spinning object is commonly measured using a stroboscope or a mechanically or optically coupled tachometer. We present here an alternate, simple, and instructive method to measure it using a microphone and a computer.
17. Long-Range Near-Side Angular Correlations in Proton-Proton Interactions in CMS.
CERN Document Server
CERN. Geneva; Roland, Gunther
2010-01-01
The CMS Collaboration Results on two-particle angular correlations for charged particles emitted in proton-proton collisions at center of mass energies of 0.9, 2.36 and 7TeV over a broad range of pseudorapidity (η) and azimuthal angle (φ) are presented using data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. Short-range correlations in ∆η, which are studied in minimum bias events, are characterized using a simple independent cluster parameterization in order to quantify their strength (cluster size) and their extent in η (cluster decay width). Long-range azimuthal correlations are studied more differentially as a function of charged particle multiplicity and particle transverse momentum using a 980nb−1 data set at 7TeV. In high multiplicity events, a pronounced structure emerges in the two-dimensional correlation function for particles in intermediate pT’s of 1-3GeV/c, 2.0 EVO Universe, password "seminar"; Phone Bridge ID: 2330444 Password: 5142
18. Concurrent validation of Xsens MVN measurement of lower limb joint angular kinematics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This study aims to validate a commercially available inertial sensor based motion capture system, Xsens MVN BIOMECH using its native protocols, against a camera-based motion capture system for the measurement of joint angular kinematics. Performance was evaluated by comparing waveform similarity using range of motion, mean error and a new formulation of the coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC). Three dimensional joint angles of the lower limbs were determined for ten healthy subjects while they performed three daily activities: level walking, stair ascent, and stair descent. Under all three walking conditions, the Xsens system most accurately determined the flexion/extension joint angle (CMC > 0.96) for all joints. The joint angle measurements associated with the other two joint axes had lower correlation including complex CMC values. The poor correlation in the other two joint axes is most likely due to differences in the anatomical frame definition of limb segments used by the Xsens and Optotrak systems. Implementation of a protocol to align these two systems is necessary when comparing joint angle waveforms measured by the Xsens and other motion capture systems. (note)
19. On-line Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation With Light Probe Nucleus 19F
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
T.Minamisono; K.Matsuta; M.Fukuda; M.Mihara; WANGZhi-qiang; K.Sato; H.Akai
2001-01-01
1 IntroductionThe time differential perturbed angular correlation(TDPAC) has been known for about 50 years. So far, no on-line TDPAC(TDPACOL) has been performed because of mother nuclei all having a rather long lifetime. In addition, almost all TDPAC experiments have been conducted using probe nuclei with a mass heavier than 40.The present work is motivated to develop a TDPACOL technique with light probe nuclei. The key point for it is to have short-lived mother nuclei with a lifetime of, say, several ten seconds. We have found a suitable mother nucleus 19O having a half-life of 26.9 s and decaying to the daughter nucleus
20. Impurity behaviors in carbon allotropes observed by the time-differential perturbed angular correlation method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The time-differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) method is a nuclear spectroscopy that can provide information on the electromagnetic moments of probe nuclei and/or local fields in matter through hyperfine interactions between the probe and extranuclear fields. In this report are presented TDPAC studies on the dynamic behaviors and electronic states of the 140Ce probe introduced in carbon allotropes-fullerenes, graphite, and diamond. Apart from these works, we have developed a new probe 19F making use of a short-lived secondary beam of 19O for a wider application of this spectroscopy to materials science. The new online TDPAC method with the 19F (←19O) probe is also presented here. (author)
1. Irradiation-induced defect configurations in Ge substrates characterised with perturbed angular correlation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Perturbed angular correlation (PAC) studies with radioactive 111In probes in crystalline Ge substrates have previously established the presence of two distinct defective configurations following either electron or ion irradiation. Though such defects have been tentatively identified as In-vacancy (In-V) and In-interstitial (In-I) configurations, an unambiguous assignment is still lacking and conflicting interpretations are apparent. For the present report, a series of experiments have been performed as functions of ion dose, background dopant and dopant concentration to examine both the validity of previous suppositions and produce supplementary evidence to aid in determining the microscopic nature of the two defective configurations. The relative fractions of the defective configurations were generally insensitive to dopant concentration and thus did not exhibit a significant Fermi level dependence. The present results suggest that the formation of an In-V complex is not the result of elastic interaction between an In-acceptor and neutral vacancy. Alternative interpretations are discussed
2. Modelling the CMB angular correlation function in the framework of NCG
CERN Document Server
Kaviani, Kamran
2016-01-01
Following many theories which predict existence of the multiverse and by the conjecture that our space-time may have a generalized geometrical structure at the fundamental level, we are interested in non-commutative geometry (NCG) formalism to study a suggested two layer space contains our 4D universe and re-derive photon propagator. It can be shown that the photon propagator and CMB angular correlation function are comparable and if there be such a multiverse system, distance of two layers can be estimated to be in the order of the observable universe radius. Furthermore it will be shown that this result does not limited to CMB but to all kind of radiations such as X-ray as well.
3. Study of nanoconfigurations in Zircon-Mullite composites using perturbed angular correlations
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Chain, Cecilia Y., E-mail: [email protected]; Pasquevich, Alberto F. [Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Departamento de Fisica, IFLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Argentina); Rivas, Patricia C. [CONICET (Argentina); Martinez, Jorge A.; Caracoche, Maria C. [Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Departamento de Fisica, IFLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Argentina); Rendtorff, Nicolas M. [CONICET (Argentina); Conconi, Maria S. [Centro de Tecnologia de Recursos Minerales y Ceramica (CETMIC: CONICET-CIC) (Argentina); Aglietti, Esteban F. [CONICET (Argentina)
2010-06-15
It has been already published that, at nanoscopic level, zircon exhibits wide regions of aperiodic material not detected by the ordinary techniques used to analyse the obtained product in the production of ceramic materials. In this paper it is reported how the Perturbed Angular Correlations (PAC) technique has assisted the interpretation of a mismatch between experiment and theoretical estimation of a mechanical property in some zircon-mullite composites. In fact, it has been proved that the difference observed between the calculated and the experimental value of the elastic modulus in composites of the form (1-x) ZrSiO{sub 4} - x 3Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}.2SiO{sub 2} (with x = 15, 25, 35 and 45 wt.%) behaves very similarly as the relative amount of aperiodic zircon determined by PAC. This result allows to re-interpret the mullite role during the materials preparation.
4. Inertial Vector Based Attitude Stabilization of Rigid Body Without Angular Velocity Measurements
OpenAIRE
Benziane, L.; Benallegue, A.; Chitour, Y.; Tayebi, A.
2015-01-01
We address the problem of attitude stabilization of a rigid body, in which neither the angular velocity nor the instantaneous measurements of the attitude are used in the feedback, only body vector measurements are needed. The design of the controller is based on an angular velocity observer-like system, where a first order linear auxiliary system based directly on vector measurements is introduced. The introduction of gain matrices provides more tuning flexibility and better results compared...
5. Intrinsic Correlation of Galaxy Shapes Implications for Weak Lensing Measurements
CERN Document Server
Heavens, A F; Heymans, C; Heavens, Alan; Refregier, Alexandre; Heymans, Catherine
2000-01-01
Weak gravitational lensing is now established as a powerful method to measure mass fluctuations in the universe. It relies on the measurement of small coherent distortions of the images of background galaxies. Even low-level correlations in the intrinsic shapes of galaxies could however produce a significant spurious lensing signal. These correlations are also interesting in their own right, since their detection would constrain models of galaxy formation. Using about $10^5$ haloes found in N-body simulations, we compute the correlation functions of the intrinsic ellipticity of spiral galaxies assuming that the disk is perpendicular to the angular momentum of the dark matter halo. Although the results are not consistent with zero correlation of ellipticities, the correlation in 3D is generally weak, and we conservatively interpret our results as upper limits on the intrinsic correlation expected in projected catalogues. For deep lensing surveys with median redshifts $\\sim 1$, we find that intrinsic correlatio...
6. Spin and temperature dependence of nuclear deformation using alpha-gamma angular correlations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Alpha-particle angular distributions with respect to the spin direction of residual nuclei have been measured in heavy-ion fusion reactions. The spin direction was determined by measuring the γ-ray angular distributions, for each event, using the spin spectrometer. α-particle anisotropies have been extracted for the compound nuclear systems: 110Sn*(94 MeV), 114Sn*(80 MeV), 138Nd*(82 MeV), 164Yb*(67 MeV) and 170Yb*(135 MeV) as a function of the α-particle energy and γ-ray multiplicity. The results are compared with statistical model calculations using transmission coefficients from a spherically symmetric optical model potential. The trend of the anisotropy coefficients below the evaporation Coulomb barrier is consistent with spherical emitting shapes in the case of the Sn* isotopes. Small deformation effects are suggested by the 138Nd* and 164Yb* data. The 170Yb* data indicate a large deformation which increases considerably with increasing spin. These results are in agreement with findings for similar systems in which the decay of the giant resonances built on excited states have been studied. 16 refs., 5 figs
7. Discrete time interval measurement system: fundamentals, resolution and errors in the measurement of angular vibrations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The traditional method for measuring the velocity and the angular vibration in the shaft of rotating machines using incremental encoders is based on counting the pulses at given time intervals. This method is generically called the time interval measurement system (TIMS). A variant of this method that we have developed in this work consists of measuring the corresponding time of each pulse from the encoder and sampling the signal by means of an A/D converter as if it were an analog signal, that is to say, in discrete time. For this reason, we have denominated this method as the discrete time interval measurement system (DTIMS). This measurement system provides a substantial improvement in the precision and frequency resolution compared with the traditional method of counting pulses. In addition, this method permits modification of the width of some pulses in order to obtain a mark-phase on every lap. This paper explains the theoretical fundamentals of the DTIMS and its application for measuring the angular vibrations of rotating machines. It also displays the required relationship between the sampling rate of the signal, the number of pulses of the encoder and the rotating velocity in order to obtain the required resolution and to delimit the methodological errors in the measurement
8. How does angular resolution affect diffusion imaging measures?
Science.gov (United States)
Zhan, Liang; Leow, Alex D; Jahanshad, Neda; Chiang, Ming-Chang; Barysheva, Marina; Lee, Agatha D; Toga, Arthur W; McMahon, Katie L; de Zubicaray, Greig I; Wright, Margaret J; Thompson, Paul M
2010-01-15
9. Induced weak currents and β/sup plus-or-minus/-α angular correlations in A=8
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
β-α angular correlations of the form ω (theta/sub beta//sub alpha/) =1+ a costheta/sub beta//sub alpha/+p cos2theta/sub beta//sub alpha/ have been measured as a function of β energy for the two decays 8Li→8Be→2α and 8B→8Be→2α. The results of the angular correlations are considered in a model independent analysis, along with a comparison to model dependent wave function calculations. The a coefficient is a kinematic term that depends on , where v* is the center of mass velocity of the α particle. A detailed comparison between the experimental results and the theoretical prediction for a shows that the measured kinematic term is 10--15% smaller than the prediction. The p coefficients arise from induced weak currents. Utilizing the G-parity properties of these currents, we discuss the results corresponding to delta/sub plus-or-minus/=p8)plus-or-minusp8). The second order β energy dependence in delta/sub -/ is found to be negligible. Assuming no second order energy dependence, the experimental result is (delta/sub -/) m/subn//E/sub beta/=7.0plus-or-minus0.5= (b/Ac)-(d)/Ac), where b and d) are the weak magnetism and second class currents, and c is the Gamow-Teller current. The experimental result for (delta/sub +/) m/subn//E/sub beta/ determines the first class induced tensor current d), and the second forbidden axial currents j2 and j3. The interpretation of (delta/sub +/) m/subn//E/sub beta/ is complicated since wave function predictions indicate that all three currents should contribute significantly to delta/sub +/
10. Accommodation measurement according to angular resolution density in three-dimensional display
Science.gov (United States)
Kim, Youngmin; Hong, Keehoon; Kim, Jongshin; Yang, Hee Kyung; Hwang, Jeong-Min; Lee, Byoungho
2011-03-01
Accommodative response measurement according to angular resolution in autostereoscopic display based on lenticular lens and lens array method is presented. Conflict between accommodation and convergence is one of the most dominant factors leading to visual fatigue in viewing three-dimensional display. The conflict originates from directional rays that do not have enough angular resolution density. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to verify the relationship between angular resolution density of elemental images and accommodation-convergence conflict. For measurement of accommodation response of a single eye, we used lens arrays and elemental images with different resolution densities.
11. Angular Motion Estimation Using Dynamic Models in a Gyro-Free Inertial Measurement Unit
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Otmar Loffeld
2012-04-01
Full Text Available In this paper, we summarize the results of using dynamic models borrowed from tracking theory in describing the time evolution of the state vector to have an estimate of the angular motion in a gyro-free inertial measurement unit (GF-IMU. The GF-IMU is a special type inertial measurement unit (IMU that uses only a set of accelerometers in inferring the angular motion. Using distributed accelerometers, we get an angular information vector (AIV composed of angular acceleration and quadratic angular velocity terms. We use a Kalman filter approach to estimate the angular velocity vector since it is not expressed explicitly within the AIV. The bias parameters inherent in the accelerometers measurements’ produce a biased AIV and hence the AIV bias parameters are estimated within an augmented state vector. Using dynamic models, the appended bias parameters of the AIV become observable and hence we can have unbiased angular motion estimate. Moreover, a good model is required to extract the maximum amount of information from the observation. Observability analysis is done to determine the conditions for having an observable state space model. For higher grades of accelerometers and under relatively higher sampling frequency, the error of accelerometer measurements is dominated by the noise error. Consequently, simulations are conducted on two models, one has bias parameters appended in the state space model and the other is a reduced model without bias parameters.
12. Eigenvalue correlations and the distribution of ground state angular momenta for random many-body quantum systems
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The observed preponderance of ground states with angular momentum L=0 in many-body quantum systems with random two-body interactions is analyzed in terms of correlation coefficients (covariances) among different eigenstates. It is shown that the geometric analysis of Chau et al. can be interpreted in terms of correlations (covariances) between energy eigenvalues, thus providing an entirely statistical explanation of the distribution of ground state angular momenta of randomly interacting quantum systems that, in principle, is valid for both fermionic and bosonic systems. The method is illustrated for the interacting boson model.
13. The Role of Angular Momentum Transport in Establishing the Accretion Rate--Protostellar Mass Correlation
CERN Document Server
DeSouza, Alexander L
2016-01-01
We model the mass accretion rate $\\dot{M}$ to stellar mass $M_*$ correlation that has been inferred from observations of intermediate to upper mass T Tauri stars---that is $\\dot{M} \\propto M_*^{1.3 \\pm 0.3}$. We explain this correlation within the framework of quiescent disk evolution, in which accretion is driven largely by gravitational torques acting in the bulk of the mass and volume of the disk. Stresses within the disk arise from the action of gravitationally driven torques parameterized in our 1D model in terms of Toomre's $Q$ criterion. We do not model the hot inner sub-AU scale region of the disk that is likely stable according to this criterion, and appeal to other mechanisms to remove or redistribute angular momentum and allow accretion onto the star. Our model has the advantage of agreeing with large-scale angle-averaged values from more complex nonaxisymmetric calculations. The model disk transitions from an early phase (dominated by initial conditions inherited from the burst mode of accretion) ...
14. Local structure reconstruction in hydrogenated amorphous silicon from angular correlation and synchrotron diffraction studies
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) is a widely used thin film semiconductor material which is still incompletely understood. It is generally assumed to form a continuous random network, with a high concentration of coordination defects (dangling bonds), which are hydrogen terminated. Neither the exact nature of these sites nor the degree of medium range order has been fully determined. In this paper, we present the first results for the local structure, from a combined study using angular correlation of positron annihilation radiation (ACAR) and synchrotron radiation diffraction. Reciprocal space information is obtained directly, for the mesoscale structure and the local defect structure, from the orientation dependent diffraction and 2D-ACAR patterns, respectively. Furthermore, inversion of both patterns yields a comparison of real space information through maps of the silicon-silicon pair correlation function and the electron-positron autocorrelation function B 2γ(r). From this information, it is possible to identify the dominant structural defect as a vacancy-size dangling bond cluster, around which the network strain is fully relaxed
15. Correlation of magnetic moments and angular momenta for stars and planets
CERN Document Server
Dolginov, A
2016-01-01
The observed correlation of the angular momenta $L^{ik}$ and magnetic moments $\\mu_{lm}$ of celestial bodies (the Sun, planets and stars) was discussed by many authors but without any explanation. In this paper a possible explanation of this phenomenon is suggested. It is shown that the function $\\Phi_{lm} =(\\eta/r_g)L^{ik}R_{iklm}$ satisfy Maxwell equations and can be considered as a function which determine the electro-magnetic properties of rotating heavy bodies. The $R_{iklm}$ is the Riemann tensor, which determines the gravitational field of the body, $r_g$ is the gravitational radius of the body, and $\\eta$ is the constant which has to be determined by observations. The field $\\Phi_{lm}$ describe the observed $\\mu \\leftrightarrow L$ correlation. In particular the function $\\Phi_{l0}$ describe the electric field created by rotating heavy bodies. It is possible that the observed electric field of the Earth is created by the Earth rotation
16. Development of the Gamma-Gamma Perturbed Angular Correlation One-Detector Method for the Studies of the Physicochemical Properties of Matter
CERN Document Server
Filossofov, D V; Korolev, N A; Egorov, V G; Lebedev, N A; Akselrod, Z Z; Brockmann, J; Rösch, F
2001-01-01
A new method of the perturbed angular \\gamma\\gamma-correlation (PAC) measurements was developed using one detector only. For the perturbation factor quantification the relation of the summing peak composed of two cascade \\gamma-rays of study (the perturbation-affected parameter) to the summing peak composed of one \\gamma-ray and X-ray (the perturbation non-affected parameter) was used. This method was demonstrated for the ^{111}In and ^{111m}Cd radionuclides.
17. Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p-Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 5.02 TeV
OpenAIRE
2016-01-01
Angular correlations between charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV for transverse momentum ranges within 0.5 < pT,assoc < pT,trig < 4 GeV/c. The correlations are measured over two units of pseudorapidity and full azimuthal angle in different intervals of event multiplicity, and expressed as associated yield per trigger particle. Two long-range ridge-like structures, one on the near ...
CERN Document Server
Chen, Lin; Wei, Shu-Yi; Xiao, Bo-Wen; Zhang, Han-Zhong
2016-01-01
Dijet, dihadron, hadron-jet angular correlations have been reckoned as important probes of the transverse momentum broadening effects in relativistic nuclear collisions. When a pair of high-energy jets created in hard collisions traverse the quark-gluon plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions, they become de-correlated due to the vacuum soft gluon radiation associated with the Sudakov logarithms and the medium-induced transverse momentum broadening. For the first time, we employ the systematical resummation formalism and establish a baseline calculation to describe the dihadron and hadron-jet angular correlation data in $pp$ and peripheral $AA$ collisions where the medium effect is negligible. We demonstrate that the medium effects, especially the so-called jet quenching parameter $\\hat q$, can be extracted from the angular de-correlations observed in $AA$ collisions. A global $\\chi^2$ analysis of dihadron and hadron-jet angular correlation data renders the best fit $\\langle \\hat q L\\rangle_{\\textrm{tot}} \\si... 19. Measurement of the angular distribution of neutron-proton scattering at 10 MeV International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The relative angular distribution of neutrons scattered from protons was measured at an incident neutron energy of 10 MeV at the Ohio University Accelerator Laboratory. An array of 11 detector telescopes at laboratory angles of 0 to 60 degrees was used to detect recoil protons from neutron interactions with a CH2 (polypropylene) target. Data for 7 of these telescopes were obtained with one set of electronics and are presented here. These data, from 108 to 180 degrees for the center-of-mass scattering angles, have a small slope which agrees better with angular distributions predicted by the Arndt phase shifts than with the ENDF/B-VI angular distribution 20. D0 results on three-jet production, multijet cross-section ratios, and minimum bias angular correlations Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sawyer, Lee; /Louisiana Tech. U. 2010-01-01 We report the measurement of the cross-section for three-jet production and the ratio of inclusive three-jet to two-jet cross-sections, as well as a study of angular correlations in minimum bias events, based on data taken with the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron proton-antiproton collider. The differential inclusive three-jet cross section as a function of the invariant three-jetmass (M{sub 3jet}) is measured in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.96 TeV using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.7 fb{sup -1}. The measurement is performed in three rapidity regions (|y| < 0.8, |y| < 1.6 and |y| < 2.4) and in three regions of the third (ordered in p{sub T}) jet transverse momenta (p{sub T3} > 40 GeV, p{sub T3} > 70 GeV, p{sub T3} > 100 GeV) for events with leading jet transverse momentum larger than 150 GeV and well separated jets. NLO QCD calculations are found to be in a reasonable agreement with the measured cross sections. Based on the same data set, we present the first measurement of ratios of multi-jet cross sections in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.96 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. The ratio of inclusive trijet and dijet cross sections, R{sub 3/2}, has been measured as a function of the transverse jet momenta. The data are compared to QCD model predictions in different approximations. Finally, we present a new way to describe minimum bias events based on angular distributions in {approx}5 million minimum bias p{bar p} collisions collected between April 2002 and February 2006 with the D0 detector. We demonstrate that the distribution of {Delta}{phi} in the detector transverse plane between the leading track and all other tracks is a robust observable that can be used for tuning of multiple color interaction models. Pseudorapidity correlations of the {Delta}{phi} distributions are also studied. 1. Refractive elements for the measurement of the orbital angular momentum of a single photon. OpenAIRE Lavery M.P.J.; Robertson D.J.; Berkhout G.C.G.; Love G.D.; Padgett M.J.; Courtial J. 2012-01-01 We have developed a mode transformer comprising two custom refractive optical elements which convert orbital angular momentum states into transverse momentum states. This transformation allows for an efficient measurement of the orbital angular momentum content of an input light beam. We characterise the channel capacity of the system for 50 input modes, giving a maximum value of 3.46 bits per photon. Using an electron multiplying CCD (EMCCD) camera with a laser source attenuated such that on... 2. 3He(e,d)e'p isochromats and angular distribution measurements International Nuclear Information System (INIS) An angular distribution and isochromats for the reaction 3He(e,d)e'p were measured to determine the importance of E2 strength near the peak of the 3He(#betta#,d)p cross section. The angular distribution was analyzed using both a complete and approximate virtual photon spectrum. The isochromats were compared to a plane wave model prediction and least squares fitted to determine the relative amounts of E1 and E2 strength 3. Investigation of hyperfine interactions in pure silicon and NTD silicon by means of perturbed angular γ-γ correlation spectroscopy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) III the present work, a microscopic investigation of hyperfine interactions in single crystal silicon samples was carried out by means of Perturbed Angular γ -γ correlation technique (PAC), which is based in hyperfine interactions. In order to achieve these measurements, it was used 111 In → 111Cd radioactive probe nuclei, which decay through the well known γ cascade 171-245 keV with an intermediate level of 245 keV ( I 5+/2, Q = 0.83b, T1/2 = 84.5 ns). The samples were prepared using different probe nuclei insertion methods, making possible to increase our understanding on the impact generated by each of these techniques in PAC measurements. Ion implantation, diffusion and evaporation were carefully investigated giving emphasis on its characteristics and particularities. Then, it was made a study about the concentration of intrinsic defects as function of severe annealing processes. Finally, a comparative analysis was made for all these probe nuclei insertion methods. This work also accomplished PAC measurements in single crystal silicon doped with phosphorus by means of Neutron Transmutation Doping (NTD) method, carried out in a research nuclear reactor. The extremely high doping uniformity allied to the nonexistence of previous measurements in these materials emphasize the importance of the results obtained. These results are then compared with literature results for samples doped by conventional methods presenting the respective conclusions. (author) 4. Tunable angular-dependent magnetoresistance correlations in magnetic films and their implications for spin Hall magnetoresistance analysis Science.gov (United States) Zou, L. K.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, L.; Cai, J. W.; Sun, L. 2016-02-01 Angular-dependent magnetoresistance (MR) is considered to be intrinsic to spintronic materials, represented by the classical anisotropic MR (AMR) phenomenon and the recently emerged spin Hall MR (SMR). So far, isotropic AMR, AMR with geometric size effect and interfacial effect, and SMR have been treated separately to explain distinct MR correlations observed in various systems. Current study shows all four types of MR correlations can be reproduced in Fe thin films depending on the film thickness, texture, interface, and morphology. Results suggest previous explanations of the thin-film MR correlations are incomplete and it is inappropriate to use a specific MR angular-dependent correlation as the sole criterion in determining the origin of AMR or ascertaining the exclusive existence of SMR. 5. Perturbed angular correlation studies of Hf binding to cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gamma ray perturbed angular correlation (PAC) experiments have been carried out with 181Hf labeled cyanocobalamin. Evidence is presented which strongly indicates that Hf binds to vitamin B12 at the phosphate group linking the sugar residue to a side chain of the corrin ring system. Analysis of the time-differential PAC spectra for the crystalline Hf--B12 complex indicates a static electric quadrupole interaction at the Hf nucleus, corresponding to the electric field gradient generated by the chemical bonding. The magnitudes of the derived interaction parameters are similar to those found in Hf phosphate compounds. In aqueous solution, the Hf--B12 complex exhibits PAC spectra which appear to originate from two sources. Approximately 3/4 of the Hf nuclei experience a static electric quadrupole interaction with the same characteristic interaction frequency as in the solid, but with an increased asymmetry parameter. Approximately 1/4 of the Hf signal strength is attributable to a time-dependent quadrupole interaction with a relaxation constant indicative of an effective molecular entity comparable in size to the B12 molecule. This effect may be related to molecular motion in the solution. These results demonstrate the utility of the PAC experimental method for the study of macromolecular species in both the solid and solution forms, and opens possibilities for obtaining new information concerning the structure, orientation, and behavior of macromolecules 6. Thermal behaviour of hafnium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate studied using the perturbed angular correlation technique International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Polyaminecarboxilic ligands like diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid form stable complexes with many heavy metal ions, excelling as cation chelants especially in the field of radiopharmacy. The aim of this work is to characterize, by using the Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlations (TDPAC) technique, the hyperfine interactions at hafnium sites in hafnium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate and to investigate their evolution as temperature increases. TDPAC results for KHfDTPA.3H2O obtained by chemical synthesis yield a well defined and highly asymmetric interaction of quadrupole frequency ωQ = 141 Mrad/s, which is consistent with the existence of a unique site for the metal in the crystal lattice. The thermal behaviour of the chelate is investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetrical analyses revealing that an endothermic dehydration of KHfDTPA.3H2O takes place in one step between 80 C and 180 C. The anhydrous KHfDTPA thus arising is characterized by a fully asymmetric and well defined interaction of quadrupole frequency ωQ = 168 Mrad/s. (orig.) 7. Application of the perturbed angular correlation technique to the study of quadrupole coupling in solids International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The potentialities of the differential perturbed angular correlation (D. P. A. C.) technique for the study of solid state phenomena have been examined experimentally. Metallic and insulator samples of hafnium were studied, using the 181Ta 133-482 keV γ-γ cascade as a probe. The electrical field gradient coupling parameters were found to be strongly influenced by the lattice defects. In the case of hafnium metal, dislocations and impurities, mainly zirconium, increased the asymmetry parameter in the h. c. p. matrix. The static and dynamic quadrupole coupling supplied data on the structure and on the relaxation of octo-coordinated hafnium neutral complexes with tropolone, N-benzoyl-phenyl-hydroxylamine, cupferon and of the tetrapotassium tetra-kisoxalatohafniate (K4Hf(C2O4)4). The introduction of the probe 181Hf by thermal neutron capture in the two first solid compounds at low temperature (77 deg. K) has supplied new information on the site symmetries and nature of the recoil atoms. The D. P. A. C. results are compared with the parallel purely radiochemical hot atom observations in the same systems. (author) 8. Study of molybdenum oxide by means of Perturbed Angular Correlations and Mossbauer spectroscopy CERN Multimedia Among transition-metal oxides, the Molybdenum oxide compounds are particularly attractive due to the structural (2D) anisotropy and to the ability of the molybdenum ion to change its oxidation state, being such properties well adequate for applications on, e.g., chemical sensors, solar cells, catalytic and optoelectronic devices. At ISOLDE we aim studying the incorporation of selected dopants by ion implantation, using the nuclear techniques of Perturbed Angular Correlations (PAC) and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS). Both techniques make use of highly diluted radioactive probe nuclei, which interact – as atomic sized tips – with the host atoms and defects. The objectives of this project are to study at the atomic scale the probe’s local environment, its electronic configuration and polarization, the probe’s lattice sites, point defects and its recombination dynamics and, in the case of e-gamma PAC, the electron mobility on the host can be further studied, e.g., as a function of temperature. 9. Thermal behaviour of hafnium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate studied using the perturbed angular correlation technique Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Chain, Cecilia Y. [Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina). Dept. de Fisica; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), La Plata (Argentina). IFLP-CCT; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires (Argentina); Rivas, Patricia [Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), La Plata (Argentina). IFLP-CCT; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires (Argentina); Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina). Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Pasquevich, Alberto F. [Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina). Dept. de Fisica; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), La Plata (Argentina). IFLP-CCT; Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) (Argentina) 2014-07-01 Polyaminecarboxilic ligands like diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid form stable complexes with many heavy metal ions, excelling as cation chelants especially in the field of radiopharmacy. The aim of this work is to characterize, by using the Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlations (TDPAC) technique, the hyperfine interactions at hafnium sites in hafnium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate and to investigate their evolution as temperature increases. TDPAC results for KHfDTPA.3H{sub 2}O obtained by chemical synthesis yield a well defined and highly asymmetric interaction of quadrupole frequency ω{sub Q} = 141 Mrad/s, which is consistent with the existence of a unique site for the metal in the crystal lattice. The thermal behaviour of the chelate is investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetrical analyses revealing that an endothermic dehydration of KHfDTPA.3H{sub 2}O takes place in one step between 80 C and 180 C. The anhydrous KHfDTPA thus arising is characterized by a fully asymmetric and well defined interaction of quadrupole frequency ω{sub Q} = 168 Mrad/s. (orig.) 10. Angular correlations in γγ → p0p0 near threshold International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We present an analysis of rho0rho0 production by two photons in the rho0rho0 invariant mass range from 1.2 to 2.0 GeV. From a study of the angular correlations in the process γγ → rho0rho0 → π+π-π+π- we exclude a dominant contribution from Jsup(P) = 0- or 2- states. The data indicate sizeable contributions from Jsup(P) = 0+ for four pion masses Msub(4π) + for Msub(4π) > 1.7 GeV. The data are also well described by a model with isotropic production and uncorrelated isotropic decay of the rho0's. The cross section stays high below the nominal rho0rho0 threshold, i.e. Msub(4π) 0rho0 production is found to decrease steeply with increasing Msub(4π). Upper limits for the couplings of the iota(1440) and the THETA(1640) to γγ and rho0rho0 are given: GAMMA(iota → γγ) x B(iota → rho0rho0) 0rho0) < 1.2 keV (95% C.L.). (orig.) 11. ESTIMATION OF ACCURACY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF SPATIAL ANGULAR DEVIATIONS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) G. A. Zvetkov 2015-03-01 Full Text Available The principles and methods of computer-aided measuring system using instruments of inertial navigation are presented. This allows more accurate measurement of angular deviation of installation sites for scientific equipment taking into account dynamics deviation of angle error. Enhanced functionality is achieved by additional measurement of azimuthal angle error. 12. ESTIMATION OF ACCURACY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF SPATIAL ANGULAR DEVIATIONS OpenAIRE G. A. Zvetkov; M. A. Egorov 2015-01-01 The principles and methods of computer-aided measuring system using instruments of inertial navigation are presented. This allows more accurate measurement of angular deviation of installation sites for scientific equipment taking into account dynamics deviation of angle error. Enhanced functionality is achieved by additional measurement of azimuthal angle error. 13. Optomechanical measurement of photon spin angular momentum and optical torque in integrated photonic devices CERN Document Server He, Li; Li, Mo 2016-01-01 Photons carry linear momentum, and spin angular momentum when circularly or elliptically polarized. During light-matter interaction, transfer of linear momentum leads to optical forces, while angular momentum transfer induces optical torque. Optical forces including radiation pressure and gradient forces have long been utilized in optical tweezers and laser cooling. In nanophotonic devices optical forces can be significantly enhanced, leading to unprecedented optomechanical effects in both classical and quantum regimes. In contrast, to date, the angular momentum of light and the optical torque effect remain unexplored in integrated photonics. Here, we demonstrate the measurement of the spin angular momentum of photons propagating in a birefringent waveguide and the use of optical torque to actuate rotational motion of an optomechanical device. We show that the sign and magnitude of the optical torque are determined by the photon polarization states that are synthesized on the chip. Our study reveals the mecha... 14. Low temperature structural modification in Rb2ZrF6: Investigations by perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy Science.gov (United States) Dey, S. K.; Dey, C. C.; Saha, S. 2016-06-01 Temperature dependent perturbed angular correlation (PAC) measurements in crystalline compounds Rb2ZrF6 and Cs2HfF6 have been performed in the temperature range 298-753 K. In Rb2ZrF6, four discrete quadrupole interaction frequencies have been observed at room temperature which correspond to four minor structural modifications. From previous measurements, on the other hand, two structural modifications of this compound were known. A displacive phase transition, probably, occurs at low temperature due to rotation of the ZrF62- octahedron and produces different structural modifications. From present measurements in Rb2ZrF6, two quadrupole interaction frequencies [ωQ=26.1(3) Mrad/s, η=0.55(2), δ=5(1)% and ωQ=148.7(3) Mrad/s, η=0.538(5), δ=1.2%] have been found at room temperature which were not found from previous studies. In Cs2HfF6, these new structural modifications have not been observed. 15. High Accuracy Speed-fed Grating Angular Acceleration Measurement System Based on FPGA Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hao Zhao 2012-09-01 Full Text Available Shaft angular acceleration is one of the most important parameter of rotary machines, the error of angular acceleration increased when the shaft speed up. For this problem, a new high accuracy angular acceleration measurement system is presented, the principle of measurement is self-regulating the period of speed sampling signal according to the proportion of the shaft speed up. This measurement system combined FPGA and SCM, the speed of shaft is received by the timer of SCM responding the interrupts of FPGA, and then set the parameter of frequency divider in FPGA, so as to make the period of speed sampling consistent with the proportion of the speed up. This measurement system could overcome the error when system speed up according to the experiment. 16. Uncertainty of angular displacement measurement with a MEMS gyroscope integrated in a smartphone Science.gov (United States) de Campos Porath, Maurício; Dolci, Ricardo 2015-10-01 Low-cost inertial sensors have recently gained popularity and are now widely used in electronic devices such as smartphones and tablets. In this paper we present the results of a set of experiments aiming to assess the angular displacement measurement errors of a gyroscope integrated in a smartphone of a recent model. The goal is to verify whether these sensors could substitute dedicated electronic inclinometers for the measurement of angular displacement. We estimated a maximum error of 0.3° (sum of expanded uncertainty and maximum absolute bias) for the roll and pitch axes, for a measurement time without referencing up to 1 h. 17. Surrogate Reaction Measurement of Angular Dependent 239Pu (n , f) Probabilities Science.gov (United States) Koglin, Johnathon; Burke, Jason; Casperson, Robert; Jovanovic, Igor 2015-10-01 The surrogate method has previously been used to measure (n , f) cross sections of difficult to produce actinide isotopes. These measurements have inaccuracies at excitation energies below 1.5 MeV where the distribution of angular momentum states populated in the compound nucleus created by neutron absorption significantly differs from that arising from direct reactions. A method to measure the fission probability of individual angular momentum states arising from 239Pu (d , pf) and 239Pu (α ,α' f) reactions has been developed. This experimental apparatus consists of charged particle detectors with 40 keV FWHM resolution at 13 angles up and downstream of the particle beam. A segmented array of photovoltaic (solar) cells is used to measure the angular distribution of fission fragments. This distribution uniquely identifies the populated angular momentum states. These are fit to expected distributions to determine the contribution of each state. The charged particle and fission rates matrix obtained from this analysis determines fission probabilities of specific angular momentum states in the transition nucleus. Development of this scheme and first results will be discussed. 18. Angular momentum in subbarrier fusion International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We have measured the ratio of the isomer to ground-state yields of 137Ce produced in the fusion reactions 128Te(12C,3n), 133Cs(7Li,3n), 136Ba(3He,2n), 136Ba(4He,3n), and 137Ba(3He,3n), from energies above the Coulomb barrier to energies typically 20--30% below the barrier by observing the delayed x- and γ-ray emission. We deduce the average angular momentum, , from the measured isomer ratios with a statistical model. In the first three reactions we observe that the values of exhibit the behavior predicted for low energies and the expected variation with the reduced mass of the entrance channel. We analyze these data and the associated cross sections with a barrier penetration model that includes the coupling of inelastic channels. Measurements of average angular momenta and cross sections made on other systems using the γ-multiplicity and fission-fragment angular correlation techniques are then analyzed in a similar way with this model. The discrepancies with theory for the γ-multiplicity data show correlations in cross section and angular momentum that suggest a valid model can be found. The measurements of angular momentum using the fission fragment angular correlation technique, however, do not appear reconcilable with the energy dependence of the cross sections. This systematic overview suggests, in particular, that our current understanding of the relationship of angular momentum and anisotropy in fission fragment angular correlations is incomplete. 26 refs 19. Perturbed angular correlation associated with optical absorption for the study of high dose In implanted LiF International Nuclear Information System (INIS) LiF crystals implanted at room temperature with 2.1016 stable indium ions/cm2 and subsequently in the same conditions with 7.1010 radioactive 111In ions/cm2 have been used to study the metallic aggregate formation. After implantation and after thermal treatments up to 6500C, the optical absorption measurements combined with time differential perturbed angular correlation measurements have been performed. The metallic aggregates formation takes place between room temperature and 3500C. Above 3500C their dissolution in the matrix is observed. The maximum fraction of implanted ions aggregated in metallic clusters reachs 37% at 3500C. The other fraction of implanted indium is distributed into four parts exposed to different interactions and showing different evolutions during the annealing procedure. The first part is composed with ions in sites perturbed by defects at long distances. The three other sites experiences well defined interactions with quadrupole frequencies at about 90, 150 and 200 M Hsub(z). Indium in unperturbed cubic sites at any step of the thermal treatment is not observed 20. Application of the perturbed angular correlation to the study of CdTiO3 perovskite impurified with Hf International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The static electric quadrupole interaction of Ta181 in polycrystalline cadmium titanate at the titanium site has been measured using the time differential perturbed angular correlation technique. The room temperature TDPAC data have been analysed in terms of quadrupole frequencies corresponding to two distinct sites for the Ta181 nuclei. The respective electric field gradientes (EFG) and its assymetry parameters are /V sub(zz)/ sub(A) =4,98 x 1017V/cm2, eta sub(A) =0,85 and /V sub(zz)/ sub(A)=3,69 x 1017V/cm2, eta sub(B) =0,58. The measurements carried out at -1960C show similar results indicating no phase transition which is followed by a large change in the crystal geometry in this temperature interval. The room temperature results are compared with the EFG's calculated from a point charge model for the two already known space groups Pc21n and Pcmn(2) for the CdTiO3 crystal. The marked sensitivity of the probe nucleus at the Ti site for the charge distribution as compared to the Cd site has been noted. (Author) 1. Disturbance of the gamma angular distribution by correlated radiation damage after nuclear reactions in lead and silver International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The effect of electric field gradients on the disturbed γ angular distribution after nuclear reactions was investigated using a time differential method in an external magnetic field. Isomeric states of the nuclei 210Po, 109Cd and 113Sn have been used as probes. Measurements in the temperature range from 100 K to close under the melting point of the respective metal have been performed. A temperature-dependent damping of the modulation amplitude prior to the beginning of the observation time was found in all three probes. This damping increases at decreasing temperature and has the following values at 100 K : lead 50%; silver, 70% and 60% respectively. In the systems 210PoPb and 109CdAg, there is during the observation time also a slow damping of the modulation amplitude, which also increases at decreasing temperature. Both effects are discussed with respect to radiation damage in metal correlated to the probe. For that purpose, the dynamic and the static perturbation interaction are compared. It is shown that the static model alone yields a consistent description of the results of the measurement. (orig.) 2. Proton and O sup(2-) ion diffusion studied by γ-γ angular correlation and by impedance spectroscopy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The interaction of sup(181) Ta quadrupole momentum with electric field gradient was measured by perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy in polycrystalline samples of hafnium hydride and hafnium oxide. The measurements were done as function of the temperature, in cubic and tetragonal phases of hafnium hydride. In the cubic phase, spin relaxation effects related to proton diffusion with activation energy of 0.43 ± 0.05eV were observed, and in the tetragonal phase, the interaction was purely static. The hafnium oxide was studied in cubic phase stabilized by addition of calcium oxide or magnesium oxide. Relaxation effects probably due to O sup(2-) ion diffusion were verified. The protonic conduction in K H sub(2) PO sub(4) was studied by impedance spectroscopy, in pellets prepared by melting or powder compression using silver and platinum electrodes. In the case of silver electrodes, in the low frequency region, the impedance spectrum tends to a 45 sup(0) typical line of the diffusion process. It was attributed to hydrogen injection in the electrode. Heating k H sub(2) PO sub(4) at about 230 sup(0)C modifies significantly the electric properties. Two relaxation annealing reduced conductivities to constant values independently of preparation method. (author) 3. Speciation of aquatic Hg2+ in humic substances by time differential perturbed angular correlation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Humic substances are ubiquitous in waters and soils and act as complexing agents for different heavy metals, e.g. Cd, Hg. Toxicity, reactivity, fixation, and migration are therefore strongly influenced by the interactions between heavy metals and humic substances. Humic substances derive from postmortal materials such as rotten plants, have dark colours and usually a molecular weight between 500 and 10.000 Dalton. Complex formation studies with different heavy metal ions indicate at least two different kinds of metal sites. Usually, these studies are restricted to heavy metal concentrations 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher that the natural heavy metal abundance (i.e. 10-10 molar). This serious limitation can be overcome by the use of suitable radioisotope techniques capable of metal speciation at extreme sensitivity levels such as TDPAC (Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation of γ-Rays). Thus, we studied the interaction of heavy metals with humic substances by monitoring the nuclear quadrupole interaction (NQI)of the short-lived radioisotopes 111mCd (τl/2 = 49 min) and 199mHg (τ1/2 = 43 min) supplied by ISOLDE via γ-γ -TDPAC and compared the 111mCd/199mHg-NQIs in humic substances with the known NQI of model compounds (i.e. metal proteins, organometallic compounds). At lowest Hg(II) concentrations (10-10 molar) only linear Hg(ll) coordinations with nitrogen and/or sulfur were observed, with increasing Hg(II) concentration additional distorted trigonal (at 2.5.10-10 molar) and tetrahedral coordinations (at 2.5.10-8 molar) with various ligands show up and start to become dominant at Hg(II) concentrations of 10-7 molar and higher. Contrary to Hg(II), we observed unspecific binding for Cd(lI) in the 111mCd-TDPAC experiments only, even in the 10-10 molar concentration range 4. Investigation of electric quadrupole interaction in TiO2 by means of perturbed gamma-gamma angular correlation spectroscopy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) TiO2 has called attention in both basic research and technological applications as an energy converter in solar cells, photo catalyst for water purification, sunscreen material, drug detection, and other applications. In addition TiO2 is a candidate for use in medical devices, food preparation surfaces, air conditioning filters and sanitary ware surfaces.TiO2 has two crystalline phases: anatase and rutile. The structural properties and hyperfine interactions in TiO2 were investigated by perturbed gamma-gamma angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy using 111 In and 181 Hf as probe nuclei. The PAC spectroscopy provides information on crystalline and electronic structure at an atomic scale. In the present work, PAC measurements on TiO2 were focused on the development of a methodology to prepare bulk samples, which have been characterized by conventional techniques such as x-ray diffraction, (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The samples were prepared by the sol gel Pechini method. The resulting powders were annealed at different temperatures in a tubular furnace under nitrogen atmosphere. The PAC measurements were carried out at room temperature in air. The occupation fraction of the probe nuclei reached 50% when the sample was annealed at 1373K and after measured at room temperature.In this case the frequency measured in site 1 is in agreement with that found in literature for substitutional titanium site in rutile structure when 111In were used as probe nuclei. It was measured a frequency more closely to that was found in literature[7] for the case in which 181Hf were used as probe nuclei when the sample annealed at 1373 K and measured at 973 K. (author) 5. Measures of Linear Correlation for Multiple Variables OpenAIRE Wang, Jianji; Zheng, Nanning 2014-01-01 Multivariate linear correlation analysis plays an important role in various fields such as statistics, economics, and big data analytics. However, there was no compact formulation to define and measure multivariate linear correlation. In this paper, we propose a pair of coupling coefficients, the multivariate linear correlation coefficient (LCC) and linear incorrelation coefficient (LIC), to measure the strength of multivariate linear correlation and linear irrelevance. Pearson's correlation ... 6. Fission Fragment Angular Distributions measured with a Time Projection Chamber Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kleinrath, Verena [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) 2015-04-28 The subject is presented in a series of slides with the following organization: Introduction (What is anisotropy? Relevance (Theory and ratio cross section), Previous measurements); Experiment (Particle tracking in the fissionTPC, Neutron time of flight, Data analysis & uncertainty calculation, Preliminary result for 235U); and Future Work (Refine 235U result, Process 239Pu data). 7. Professional tennis players' serve: correlation between segmental angular momentums and ball velocity. Science.gov (United States) Martin, Caroline; Kulpa, Richard; Delamarche, Paul; Bideau, Benoit 2013-03-01 The purpose of the study was to identify the relationships between segmental angular momentum and ball velocity between the following events: ball toss, maximal elbow flexion (MEF), racket lowest point (RLP), maximal shoulder external rotation (MER), and ball impact (BI). Ten tennis players performed serves recorded with a real-time motion capture. Mean angular momentums of the trunk, upper arm, forearm, and the hand-racket were calculated. The anteroposterior axis angular momentum of the trunk was significantly related with ball velocity during the MEF-RLP, RLP-MER, and MER-BI phases. The strongest relationships between the transverse-axis angular momentums and ball velocity followed a proximal-to-distal timing sequence that allows the transfer of angular momentum from the trunk (MEF-RLP and RLP-MER phases) to the upper arm (RLP-MER phase), forearm (RLP-MER and MER-BI phases), and the hand-racket (MER-BI phase). Since sequence is crucial for ball velocity, players should increase angular momentums of the trunk during MEF-MER, upper arm during RLP-MER, forearm during RLP-BI, and the hand-racket during MER-BI. PMID:23724603 8. Time-differential perturbed angular correlation study of the electric field gradient in Ti2Rh MoSi2-type compound International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The electric field gradient (EFG) at the 181Hf→181Ta site in Ti2Rh C11b-type compound was measured as a function of temperature using time-differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) technique. The room temperature results show one EFG with the parameters of: νQ = 336(1) MHz→Vzz=5.9 x 1017 V cm-2, η = 0.1. Very week linear temperature dependence of this EFG was measured with the slope of 3.6 (2) x 10-5 K-1. The results are compared with those for other isostructural compounds. 9. Correlation Measurements on Small Mobile Devices DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Yanakiev, Boyan Radkov; Nielsen, Jesper Ødum; Christensen, Morten; 2012-01-01 Here, analysis of the antenna correlation at the design stage is done, with focus on measurement techniques. Various theoretical definitions of correlations are used with the corresponding measured data required. The problems related to the coaxial measurement cables, when calculating correlation...... through the radiation patterns, are analyzed and an optical solution proposed. It is shown that using optical cable replacement, repeatable and accurate measurements of the envelope correlation coefficient can be made.......Here, analysis of the antenna correlation at the design stage is done, with focus on measurement techniques. Various theoretical definitions of correlations are used with the corresponding measured data required. The problems related to the coaxial measurement cables, when calculating correlation... 10. Measurement of fission cross sections and fragment angular distributions using solid state track detectors International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fission cross sections and angular distributions of fission fragments from fissions induced by 14.1 and 15.8 MeV neutrons, respectively, in 232Th, 231Pa, 233U, 235U, 238U, 237Np, 239Pu and 241Am have been studied using Lexan plastic track detectors. A novel experimental set-up evolved from considerations of neutron economy allows simultaneous measurement of angular distribution of fission fragments from five independently fissioning nuclides at a time. The data on angular anistropy were analysed in the perspective of different chances of fissions taking place simultaneously in this energy region. Third-chance fission thresholds for 231Pa and 241Am were estimated from the measured anisotropy values to be 13.2 and 11.1 MeV, respectively. (author) 11. Measurement of anisotropic angular distributions of photon energy spectra for I-125 brachytherapy sources International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The angular distribution of photon energy spectra emitted from an I-125 brachytherapy source was measured using a specially designed jig in the range of ±70° in the plane of the long axis of the source. It is important to investigate the angular dependence of photon emissions from these sources for the calibration of the air kerma rate. The results show that the influence of the distributions between 0° and ±8° is small enough to allow a calibration using current primary instruments which have a large entrance window. - Highlights: ► Angular energy distribution for an I-125 brachytherapy source was measured. ► Variation of the distribution is sufficiently small. ► It is acceptable for primary calibration of the source strength. ► Distributions should be taken into consideration in some instruments. 12. Prescriptions for measuring and transporting local angular momenta in general relativity CERN Document Server Flanagan, Éanna É; Stein, Leo C; Vines, Justin 2016-01-01 For observers in curved spacetimes, elements of the dual space of the set of linearized Poincar\\'e transformations from an observer's tangent space to itself can be naturally interpreted as local linear and angular momenta. We present an operational procedure by which observers can measure such quantities using only information about the spacetime curvature at their location. When applied by observers near spacelike or null infinity in stationary, vacuum, asymptotically flat spacetimes, there is a sense in which the procedure yields the well-defined linear and angular momenta of the spacetime. We also describe a general method by which observers can transport local linear and angular momenta from one point to another, which improves previous prescriptions. This transport is not path independent in general, but becomes path independent for the measured momenta in the same limiting regime. The transport prescription is defined in terms of differential equations, but it can also be interpreted as parallel transp... 13. Development of a High Accuracy Angular Measurement System for Langley Research Center Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Facilities Science.gov (United States) Newman, Brett; Yu, Si-bok; Rhew, Ray D. (Technical Monitor) 2003-01-01 Modern experimental and test activities demand innovative and adaptable procedures to maximize data content and quality while working within severely constrained budgetary and facility resource environments. This report describes development of a high accuracy angular measurement capability for NASA Langley Research Center hypersonic wind tunnel facilities to overcome these deficiencies. Specifically, utilization of micro-electro-mechanical sensors including accelerometers and gyros, coupled with software driven data acquisition hardware, integrated within a prototype measurement system, is considered. Development methodology addresses basic design requirements formulated from wind tunnel facility constraints and current operating procedures, as well as engineering and scientific test objectives. Description of the analytical framework governing relationships between time dependent multi-axis acceleration and angular rate sensor data and the desired three dimensional Eulerian angular state of the test model is given. Calibration procedures for identifying and estimating critical parameters in the sensor hardware is also addressed. 14. Measured multipole moments of continuum electron transfer angular distributions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The velocity space distribution of electrons emitted near the forward direction from collisions involving fast, highly stripped oxygen ions with gaseous and solid targets is presented and described in terms of multipole moments of the ejected charge distribution, which permits direct comparison with recent theory. The measurements are produced by employing position-sensitive electron detection to combine emission angle definition with conventional electrostatic spectrometry. Agreement obtained between theory and distributions observed for binary continuum electron loss processes coupled with a similar multipole content observed with solid targets suggests a model of convoy electron production dominated by electron loss from the projectile within the bulk of the target. Further, the connection between multipoles of the projectile electron emission distribution in single collisions and the state of excitation of that projectile excited states may provide the basis for a probe of the state of ions traversing bulk solid matter. 14 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab 15. Angular Dependency of Hyperspectral Measurements over Wheat Characterized by a Novel UAV Based Goniometer Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Andreas Burkart 2015-01-01 Full Text Available In this study we present a hyperspectral flying goniometer system, based on a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV equipped with a spectrometer mounted on an active gimbal. We show that this approach may be used to collect multiangular hyperspectral data over vegetated environments. The pointing and positioning accuracy are assessed using structure from motion and vary from σ = 1° to 8° in pointing and σ = 0.7 to 0.8 m in positioning. We use a wheat dataset to investigate the influence of angular effects on the NDVI, TCARI and REIP vegetation indices. Angular effects caused significant variations on the indices: NDVI = 0.83–0.95; TCARI = 0.04–0.116; REIP = 729–735 nm. Our analysis highlights the necessity to consider angular effects in optical sensors when observing vegetation. We compare the measurements of the UAV goniometer to the angular modules of the SCOPE radiative transfer model. Model and measurements are in high accordance (r2 = 0.88 in the infrared region at angles close to nadir; in contrast the comparison show discrepancies at low tilt angles (r2 = 0.25. This study demonstrates that the UAV goniometer is a promising approach for the fast and flexible assessment of angular effects. 16. Angular momentum and energy spread measurements by backscattering technique CERN Document Server Belyaev, Grigory A main interest in the design of a high-intensity particle beam accelerator as the EURISOL driver is the control of the particle losses in the vacuum chamber. These losses, even concerning an extremely low fraction of the beam (10-4-10-7), can be sufficient to considerably complicate the maintenance of such an accelerator. Within this framework and in order to contribute to accelerator projects dedicated to rare isotope physics, the CEA is undertaking a research program on the theoretical and experimental study of the physical processes involved in halo formation around a high intensity beam in a particle accelerator. This research program is performed in collaboration with several French and international laboratories.This note details the principle and the design of an innovative emittance measurement unit which aims to be “weakly” interceptive. “Weakly” means that the beam can continue to propagate in the pipe with similar properties compared to the case when the diagnostic is not inserted. It is p... 17. Contribution to the study of the action of electromagnetic fields on the angular correlations of nuclear radiation (1960); Contribution a l'etude de l'action des champs electromagnetiques sur les correlations angulaires des rayonnements nucleaires (1960) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lehmann, P. [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Saclay (France). Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires 1959-01-15 This work deals with the study of interaction of E.M. fields with nuclear moments of nuclei emitting gamma rays. We describe first experiments on delayed angular correlation showing the role played by statistic quadrupole interaction. We have measured the magnetic moment of the second excited state of {sup 19}F using an external magnetic field. In the case of {sup 19}O, experiments of angular distributions and angular correlations of gamma -rays taking into account the possibility of perturbations, allow us to determine the spin and parities of the three first levels. (author) [French] Le present travail concerne l'etude de l'interaction des champs electromagnetiques et des moments nucleaires de noyaux emettant des rayonnements gamma. Nous decrivons des experiences de correlation angulaire differee dont l'interpretation met en coincidence le role joue par les interactions quadrupolaires statiques. Nous avons mesure le moment magnetique de {sup 19}F dans un etat excite en utilisant un champ magnetique exterieur a la source radioactive. Enfin, dans le cas de {sup 19}O, nous montrons l'utilite d'un examen des possibilites de perturbations dans l'interpretation des resultats fournis par des correlations ou des distributions angulaires. (auteur) 18. Towards a Direct Measurement of the Quark Orbital Angular Momentum Distribution CERN Document Server Liuti, Simonetta; Engelhardt, Michael; Rajan, Abha 2015-01-01 We discuss two different definitions of partonic orbital angular momentum given in the literature in terms of the Fourier transform of a Wigner distribution,$F_{14}$, and a twist three generalized parton distribution,$\\tilde{E}_{2T}$, respectively. We derive a relation between the two definitions which reflects their specific spin and intrinsic transverse momentum/transverse space correlations as well as their gauge link structure. 19. Criteria for measures of quantum correlations CERN Document Server Brodutch, Aharon 2011-01-01 Entanglement does not describe all quantum correlations and several authors have shown the need to go beyond entanglement when dealing with mixed states. Several different measures have sprung up in the literature, for a variety of reasons, To describe quantum correlations; some are known under the collective name quantum discord. Yet, in the same sprit as the criteria for entanglement measures, there is no general mechanism that determines whether a measure of quantum and classical correlations is a proper measure of correlations. This is partially due to the fact that the answer is a bit muddy. In this article we attempt tackle this muddy topic by writing down several criteria for a "good" measure of correlations. We breakup our list into necessary, reasonable, and debatable conditions. We then proceed to prove several of these conditions for generalized measures of quantum correlations. However, not all conditions are met by all measures; we show this via several examples. The reasonable conditions are rel... 20. Measurement of orbital angular momentum with an off-axis superposition of vector modes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) We propose an off-axis superposition of vector modes with orthogonal polarizations, constructed from a general scalar helical vortex mode with unknown topological charge m, as a method to measure its orbital angular momentum. We derived analytic expressions for sets of solutions to find lines of linear polarization (L lines) within the composite polarization field. We found that the solutions corresponding to the angular component of the composite field depend only on the displacement of the beams and the topological charge m, and they are invariant under propagation and changes in the relative amplitude and phase between the beams. (paper) 1. Measurement of Berry Phase Associated with Higher Dimensional Orbital Angular Momentum of Light by Interference Method International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Berry phase of higher-dimensional orbital angular momentum of light is studied. When an Nth order orbital state, described by a vector in (N + 1)-dimensional space, evolves through a closed path in space of orbital states, there will exist a higher order orbital Berry phase. We calculate this phase by using the matrix transformation theory. A direct measurement of the higher-order orbital Berry phase is also carried out by the interference method. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical description, which shows that the Berry phase is proportional to the orbital angular momentum of light 2. Non-contact laser speckle sensor for measuring one- and two-dimensional angular displacement DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rose, Bjarke; Imam, H.; Hanson, Steen Grüner 1998-01-01 target is linearly mapped onto an array image sensor placed in the Fourier plane. Measuring this displacement facilitates the determination of the angular displacement. It is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that the angular displacement sensor is insensitive to object shape, target...... distance and any longitudinal or transverse movement of the target, if the image sensor is placed in the Fourier plane. A straightforward procedure to place the image sensor in the Fourier plane is presented here. Theoretically and experimentally, it is shown that the method has a resolution of 0.3 mdeg... 3. Pitch-angular anisotropy of solar protons according to measurements in the stratosphere International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A pitch-angular distribution of solar protons with 100-300 MeV energy is studied on the base of the measurements of spectra of these particles with balloons in Apatites. The proton energy spectra are determined using the high-level absorption curve of excess radiation (above the galactic cosmic ray phone) during the radiosonde ascention into the stratosphere. The pitch-angular anisotropy of solar protons is registered. It is shown that an appearance of anisotropy with the maximum at high pitch angles corresponds to the closed Earth magnetosphere 4. The measurable distinction between the spin and orbital angular momenta of electromagnetic radiation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) James H. Crichton 2000-07-01 Full Text Available We show how the angular momentum of electromagnetic radiation may be decomposed into spin and orbital parts, of which the spin part is measurable in terms of Stokes parameters, thereby providing an unambiguous, gauge-invariant, distinction between the two parts. 5. A New Automatic System for Angular Measurement and Calibration in Radiometric Instruments Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jose Manuel Andujar Marquez 2010-04-01 Full Text Available This paper puts forward the design, construction and testing of a new automatic system for angular-response measurement and calibration in radiometric instruments. Its main characteristics include precision, speed, resolution, noise immunity, easy programming and operation. The developed system calculates the cosine error of the radiometer under test by means of a virtual instrument, from the measures it takes and through a mathematical procedure, thus allowing correcting the radiometer with the aim of preventing cosine error in its measurements. 6. Fission barrier determinations and fragment angular correlations for the 244Pu, 242Pu, 240U, 238U, 234Th, and 232Th compound nuclei from (t, pf) reactions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fission probabilities and the angular distribution of the fission fragments have been measured for six even-even compound nuclear systems using the (t, pf) reaction. Angular correlations of fission fragments obtained in these experiments provide information about the low-lying collective excitations or transition states at the fission barrier. The (t, p) reaction in particular leads to neutron-rich residual nuclei unobtainable by other methods. The absence of spin coupling for (t, p) reactions on even-even targets provides angular distributions with well defined structure in the region of the fission barrier. The experimental data were obtained using an 18-MeV triton beam on targets of 242Pu, 240Pu, 238U, 236U, 232Th and 230Th at Los Alamos Van-de-Graaff accelerator facility. Outgoing protons were detected at 140 deg relative to the incident triton beam. Excitation energies ranging from 3.0 to 9.0 MeV were obtained in these experiments. Fission fragment angular distributions were measured at 24 angles from 0 deg to 140 deg relative to the kinematic recoil angle. The data were fitted to a series of even Legendre polynomials W(θ) = A0 [1 + ΣL gL PL (cos θ)] and the coefficients g2 through g12 and A0 were determined as a function of excitation energy. The fission probability Pf was obtained from the ratio of A0 to the (t, p) cross-section for the target nucleus. The results exhibit well defined structure in the angular coefficients which correlates with structure in the fission probability for most of the nuclei studied. In an attempt to interpret this observed structure the experimentally determined fitting parameters Pf and g are compared with calculated results of a microscopic model. This model takes into consideration the penetrability and angular dependence of fission through each member of the various transition bands at the saddle point and appropriately sums the results for comparison with the data. The effects of barrier penetration through a two 7. Angular correlations in double ionization of Helium by high-energy Compton scattering Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kaliman, Z. [Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Omladinska 14, Rijeka (Croatia)], E-mail: [email protected]; Pisk, K.; Suric, T. [Rudjer Boskovic Institute, P.O. Box 180, Zagreb (Croatia) 2007-09-21 We present theoretical results for double differential cross section d{sup 2}{sigma}/d{omega}{sub 1}d{omega}{sub 2} in the process of double ionization of Helium by high-energy Compton scattering. We discuss the energy and angular dependence of the cross section, as well as the relative importance of shake and final state interaction mechanisms. 8. Correlations beyond the mean field in Magnesium isotopes Angular momentum projection and configuration mixing CERN Document Server Rodríguez-Guzman, R R; Robledo, L M 2002-01-01 The quadrupole deformation properties of the ground and low-lying excited states of the even-even Magnesium isotopes with N ranging from 8 to 28 have been studied in the framework of the angular momentum projected generator coordinate method with the Gogny force. It is shown that the N=8 neutron magic number is preserved (in a dynamical sense) in \ 9. Precise Measurements of DVCS at JLab and Quark Orbital Angular Momentum Science.gov (United States) Pisano, Silvia 2016-08-01 Deeply-virtual Compton scattering provides the cleanest access to the 3D imaging of the nucleon structure encoded in the generalized parton distributions, that correlate the fraction of the total nucleon momentum carried by a constituent to its position in the transverse plane. Besides the information on the spatial imaging of the nucleon, GPDs provide an access, through the Ji relation, to the contribution of the angular momentum of quarks to proton spin. An accurate estimate of such a contribution will lead to a better understanding of the origin of the proton spin. Jefferson Lab has been an ideal environment for the study of exclusive processes, thanks to the combination of the high-intensity and high-polarization electron beam provided by the CEBAF, with the complementary equipments of the three experimental halls. This has allowed high-precision measurements of the DVCS observables in a wide kinematic region, with focus on those observable s that provide access to the GPDs entering the Ji relation. These studies will be further widened by the projected data from the 12-GeV era, which will improve the existing measurements both in terms of precision and phase-space coverage. The important results on the proton DVCS obtained during the 6-GeV era will be discussed, together with the upcoming experiments approved for the 12-GeV upgrade, that foresees measurements with both proton and quasi-free neutron targets and that, when combined, will lead to the extraction of the Compton Form Factors for separate quark flavors. 10. Precise Measurements of DVCS at JLab and Quark Orbital Angular Momentum Science.gov (United States) Pisano, Silvia 2016-06-01 Deeply-virtual Compton scattering provides the cleanest access to the 3D imaging of the nucleon structure encoded in the generalized parton distributions, that correlate the fraction of the total nucleon momentum carried by a constituent to its position in the transverse plane. Besides the information on the spatial imaging of the nucleon, GPDs provide an access, through the Ji relation, to the contribution of the angular momentum of quarks to proton spin. An accurate estimate of such a contribution will lead to a better understanding of the origin of the proton spin. Jefferson Lab has been an ideal environment for the study of exclusive processes, thanks to the combination of the high-intensity and high-polarization electron beam provided by the CEBAF, with the complementary equipments of the three experimental halls. This has allowed high-precision measurements of the DVCS observables in a wide kinematic region, with focus on those observable s that provide access to the GPDs entering the Ji relation. These studies will be further widened by the projected data from the 12-GeV era, which will improve the existing measurements both in terms of precision and phase-space coverage. The important results on the proton DVCS obtained during the 6-GeV era will be discussed, together with the upcoming experiments approved for the 12-GeV upgrade, that foresees measurements with both proton and quasi-free neutron targets and that, when combined, will lead to the extraction of the Compton Form Factors for separate quark flavors. 11. Measurement of the dijet angular distributions and search for quark compositeness with the CMS experiment International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) allows to study the interactions of quarks and gluons in a yet unexplored energy regime. In 2010, the LHC delivered an integrated luminosity of more than 36 pb-1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of √(s)=7 TeV. In these proton-proton collisions, the interactions of the constituent quarks and gluons produced a considerable amount of jets of particles with transverse momenta above 1 TeV. Well suited for the study of these jet processes is the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment situated at the LHC point 5 as it can measure jets with the necessary energy and angular resolutions over a large range of transverse momentum (∝30 GeVTdijet = e verticalstrokey1-y2verticalstroke, where y1 and y2 are the rapidities of the two jets, y ≡ (1)/(2)ln [(E+pz)/(E-pz)], and pz is the projection of the jet momentum along the beam axis. The choice of the variable χdijet is motivated by the fact that the normalized differential cross section (1)/(σ) (dσ)/(dχdijet) (the dijet angular distribution) is flat in this variable for Rutherford scattering, characteristic for spin-1 particle exchange. In contrast to QCD which predicts a dijet angular distribution similar to Rutherford scattering, new physics, such as quark compositeness, that might have a more isotropic dijet angular distribution would produce an excess at low values of χdijet. Since the shapes of the dijet angular distributions for the qg →qg, qq' →qq' and gg →gg scattering processes are similar, the QCD prediction does not strongly depend on the parton distribution functions (PDFs) which describe the momentum distribution of the partons inside the protons. Due to the normalization, the dijet angular distribution has a reduced sensitivity to several predominant experimental uncertainties (e.g. the jet energy scale and luminosity uncertainties). The dijet angular distribution is therefore well suited 12. Use of perturbed angular correlation technique for studies of equilibrium systems: Cd-ions in water-pools of reversed micelles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Possibilities and limitations of the perturbed angular correlation technique were investigated in a study of water-pools of reversed micelles of sodium-diethylhexylsulphosuccinate in iso-octane. Probe nuclide for the measurements was reactor produced 111mCd in the form of Cd2+-ions. The results indicate that Cd2+-ions are present inside the water-pool and predominantly experience the movements of the surrounding H2O molecules. An increase in the average number of Cd2+-ions per micelle seemed to have consequences for the size of the pools and, consequently, of the reversed micelles. (author) 13. Measurement of the Angular Distribution of Electrons from$W\\to e\
CERN Document Server
Abbott, B
2001-01-01
We present a preliminary measurement of the electron angular distribution parameter alpha2 in W to e nu events using data collected by the D0 detector during the 1994--1995 Tevatron run. We compare our results with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD, which predicts an angular distribution of 1 +/- alpha1 cos theta* +alpha_2 cos^2 theta*, where theta* is the angle between the charged lepton and the antiproton in the Collins-Soper frame. In the presence of QCD corrections, the parameters alpha1 and alpha2 become functions of pT(W), the W boson transverse momentum. We present the first measurement of alpha_2 as a function of pT(W). This measurement is of importance, because it provides a test of next-to-leading order QCD corrections which are a non-negligible contribution to the W mass measurement.
14. Testing transport theories with correlation measurements
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Two-particle correlations offer the best chance to view the space-time evolution of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. After reviewing motivations for measuring two-particle correlation functions, predictions of two-particle correlations using full-event simulations are compared to experimental results. Several conclusions regarding space-time evolution of a reaction are reached. (orig.)
15. Longitudinal correlation properties of an optical field with broad angular and frequency spectra and their manifestation in interference microscopy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the longitudinal correlation properties of an optical field with broad angular and frequency spectra and manifestations of these properties in interference microscopy are presented. The joint and competitive influence of the angular and frequency spectra of the object-probing field on the longitudinal resolution and on the amplitude of the interference microscope signals from the interfaces between the media inside a multilayer object is demonstrated. The method of compensating the so-called defocusing effect that arises in the interference microscopy using objectives with a large numerical aperture is experimentally demonstrated, which consists in using as a light source in the interference microscope an illuminating interferometer with a frequency-broadband light source. This method of compensation may be used as the basis of simultaneous determination of geometric thickness and refractive index of media forming a multilayer object. (optical fields)
16. Verification of the method of average angular response for dose measurement on different detectors
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
At present most radiation dose meters have serious problems on aspects of energy response and angular response. In order to improve the accuracy of dose measurements, a method of average angular response has been proposed. The method can not only correct the energy response, but also the angular response. This method has been verified on NaI(Tl)(50 mm× 50 mm) scintillation detectors, but has not been proved on other types and sizes of detectors, In this paper the method is also verified for LaBr3(Ce) scintillation detectors and HPGe detector To apply the method, first of all, five detectors are simulated by Geant4 and average angular response values are calculated. Then experiments are performed to get the count rates of full energy peak by standard point source of 137Cs, 60Co and 152Eu. After that the dose values of five detectors are calculated with the method of average angular response. Finally experimental results are got. These results are divided into two groups to analyze the impact of detectors of various types and sizes. The result of the first group shows that the method is appropriate for different types of detector to measure dose, with deviations of less than 5% compared with theoretical values. Moreover, when the detector's energy resolution is better and the count rate of the full energy peak is calculated more precisely, the measured dose can be obtained more precisely. At the same time, the result of the second group illustrates that the method is also suited for different sizes of detectors, with deviations of less than 8% compared with theoretical values
17. COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF HEAD ANGULAR MOVEMENTS USING A CAMERA SYSTEM AND A GYROSCOPE SYSTEM
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2014-08-01
Full Text Available Assessments of body-segment angular movements are very important in the rehabilitation process. Head angular movements are measured and analyzed for use in studies of stability and posture. However, there is no methodology for assessing angular movements of the head, and it has not been verified whether data measured by fundamentally different MoCap systems will lead to the same results. In this study, we used a camera system and a 3DOF orientation tracker placed on the subject’s head, and measured inclination (roll and flexion (pitch during quiet stance. The total length and the mean velocity of the traces of the pitch versus roll plots were used to measure and analyze head orientation. Using these methods, we are able to model the distribution of the measured 2D data, and to evaluate stability and posture. The results show that the total lengths and the mean velocities related to the 3DOF orientation tracker do not differ significantly from the total lengths and the mean velocities of traces related to the IR medical camera. We also found that the systems are not interchangeable, and that the same type of system must be used each time. The designed methods can be used for studies not only of head movements but also of movements of other segments of the human body, and can be used to compare other types of MoCap systems, depending on the requirements for a specific rehabilitation examination.
18. Weak Measurements Destroy Too Much Quantum Correlation
Science.gov (United States)
Wu, Shao-xiong; Zhang, Jun; Yu, Chang-shui; Song, He-shan
2016-01-01
The quantum correlation under weak measurements is studied via skew information. For 2 × d-dimensional states, it can be given by a closed form which linearly depends on the quantum correlation [EPL. 107 (2014) 10007] determined by the strength of the weak measurement. It is found that the quantum correlation under weak measurements only captures partial quantumness of the state. In particular, the extraction of the residual quantumness by the latter measurements will inevitably destroy too much quantumness. To demonstration, the Werner state is given as an example.
19. Measuring the angular dependence of betatron x-ray spectra in a laser-wakefield accelerator
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Albert, F. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Pollock, B. B. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Shaw, J. L. [Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States); Marsh, K. A. [Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States); Ralph, J. E. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Chen, Y. -H. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Alessi, D. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Pak, A. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Clayton, C. E. [Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States); Glenzer, S. H. [SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Joshi, C. [Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
2014-07-22
This paper presents a new technique to measure the angular dependence of betatron x-ray spectra in a laser-wakefield accelerator. Measurements are performed with a stacked image plates spectrometer, capable of detecting broadband x-ray radiation up to 1 MeV. It can provide measurements of the betatron x-ray spectrum at any angle of observation (within a 40 mrad cone) and of the beam profile. A detailed description of our data analysis is given, along with comparison for several shots. As a result, these measurements provide useful information on the dynamics of the electrons are they are accelerated and wiggled by the wakefield.
20. An Enhanced Measurement Of The Angular Response Of Photomultiplier Tubes At The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
CERN Document Server
Simard, O
2005-01-01
The angular response of the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) is measured for an extended detector volume. Analytic and Monte Carlo studies of the reflections on the acrylic vessel made possible a full analysis of the optical data taken in a fiducial volume of 550 cm in radius, a 25% increase compared to previous analysis methods. The heavy and light water total extinctions found in that extended volume are consistent with previous measurements. The PMT angular response is also consistent, but extends in the range of incident angle [40°, 45°]. An approximation of the error due to this new optics on the energy scale uncertainty leads to a reduction of 1.25% on that uncertainty.
1. Measurement and analysis of angular neutron spectra in a manganese pile
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The energy and angular distribution of neutrons in a Mn pile were measured by the linac time-of-flight method. A cylindrical Pb target for the production of photoneutrons was placed at the center of the pile. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical calculations using the group constants from the nuclear data files, JENDL-2 and ENDF/B-IV. Good agreement can be seen in the general shapes between calculated and measured angular spectra in three decades of energy range form a few keV to a few MeV. As far as can be concluded from the intercomparison, the neutron cross section data for Mn in ENDF/B-IV may be applicable to reactor design: however, several improvements for its resonance parameters can be recommended. A little more improvements are recommended for that in JENDL-2 from this intercomparison. (orig.)
2. Influence of the Earth's Rotation on Measurement of Newton's Constant by using the Angular Acceleration Method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Using the relativistic Lagrangian expression, we develop a method to derive the equation of motion of the torsion balance in a non-inertial reference frame, which is used to analyze the gravitational experiment in measuring Newton's constant G with the angular acceleration method. Our calculation shows that the Earth's rotation couples with the vibration, which should be considered in the high-accuracy experiments of determining the gravitational constant G. (general)
3. Angular Distribution of Protons Measured by the Energetic Particle Telescope on PROBA-V
OpenAIRE
Borisov, Stanislav; Benck, Sylvie; Cyamukungu, Mathias
2014-01-01
Angular distribution and contamination of proton spectra measured at LEO are considered as possible sources of discrepancies between fluxes obtained by different instruments. In particular, not accounted for pitch angle distribution and East/West asymmetry of energetic proton fluxes have been suspected of leading to the reported underestimates of these fluxes by the NASA Model AP8. The Energetic Particle Telescope (EPT) was designed as a science-class instrument aimed at providing uncontamina...
4. Orbital Angular Momentum: How to Define it and How to Measure it
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2015-01-01
Full Text Available In the context of the controversy concerning the ambiguities in the definition of quark and gluon angular momentum we explain pedagogically the origin of these ambiguities and stress that there are fundamentally only three physically relevant variants. We give precise expressions for the sum rules involving them. We consider their measurement, both experimentally and on the lattice, and discuss some attempts to calculate them in models.
5. Perturbed angular correlation investigation of the electric field gradient at 181Ta probe in the Hf 2Ni 7 compound
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Cekić, B.; Umićević, A.; Ivanovski, V.; Hu, R.; Petrovic, C.; David, Bohumil; Barudžija, T.
2012-01-01
Roč. 27, č. 2 (2012), s. 95-102. ISSN 1451-3994 Grant ostatní: The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia(RS) 171001; U.S. Department of Energy(US) DE-Ac02-98CH10886 Source of funding: V - iné verejné zdroje Keywords : intermetallics * hyperfine interactions * perturbed angular correlation * magnetization * X-ray diffraction Subject RIV: BM - Solid Matter Physics ; Magnetism Impact factor: 1.000, year: 2012 http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/1451-3994/2012/1451-39941202095C.pdf
6. Correlation and Sequential Filtering with Doppler Measurements
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
WANGJianguo; HEPeikun; HANYueqiu; WUSiliang
2004-01-01
Two sequential filters are developed for Doppler radar measurements in the presence of correlation between range and range rate measurement errors. Two ideal linear measurement equations with the pseudo measurements are constructed via block-partitioned Cholesky factorization and the practical measurement equationswith the pseudo measurements are obtained through the direction cosine estimation and error compensation. The resulting sequential filters make the position measurement be possibly processed before the pseudo measurement and hence the more accurate direction cosine estimate can be obtained from the filtered position estimate rather than the predicted state estimate. The numerical simulations with different rangerange rate correlation coefficients show thatthe proposed two sequential filters are almost equivalent in performance but both superior to the conventional extended Kalman filter for different correlation coefficients.
7. A versatile variable field module for field and angular dependent scanning probe microscopy measurements
CERN Document Server
Liu, Hongxue; Lu, Jiwei; Wolf, Stuart; Hodgson, Jim; Rutgers, Maarten
2013-01-01
We demonstrate a versatile variable field module (VFM) with capability of both field and angular dependent measurements up to 1800 Oe for scanning probe system. The magnetic field strength is changed by adjusting the distance between a rare earth magnet and the probe tip and is monitored in-situ by a built-in Hall sensor. Rotating the magnet allows the field vector to change from the horizontal to vertical direction and makes it possible to do angular dependent measurements. The capability of the VFM system is demonstrated by degaussing a floppy disk media with increasing magnetic field. Angular dependent measurements clearly show the evolution of magnetic domain structures, with a completely reversible magnetic force microscopy phase contrast observed when the magnetic field is rotated by 180{\\deg}. A further demonstration of out-of-plane and in-plane magnetic switching of CoFe2O4 pillars in CoFe2O4-BiFeO3 nanocomposites was presented and discussed.
8. Prescriptions for measuring and transporting local angular momenta in general relativity
Science.gov (United States)
Flanagan, Éanna É.; Nichols, David A.; Stein, Leo C.; Vines, Justin
2016-05-01
For observers in curved spacetimes, elements of the dual space of the set of linearized Poincaré transformations from an observer's tangent space to itself can be naturally interpreted as local linear and angular momenta. We present an operational procedure by which observers can measure such quantities using only information about the spacetime curvature at their location. When applied by observers near spacelike or null infinity in stationary, vacuum, asymptotically flat spacetimes, there is a sense in which the procedure yields the well-defined linear and angular momenta of the spacetime. We also describe a general method by which observers can transport local linear and angular momenta from one point to another, which improves previous prescriptions. This transport is not path independent in general, but becomes path independent for the measured momenta in the same limiting regime. The transport prescription is defined in terms of differential equations, but it can also be interpreted as parallel transport in a particular direct-sum vector bundle. Using the curvature of the connection on this bundle, we compute and discuss the holonomy of the transport law. We anticipate that these measurement and transport definitions may ultimately prove useful for clarifying the physical interpretation of the Bondi-Metzner-Sachs charges of asymptotically flat spacetimes.
9. LHCb: Lifetime measurements and angular analysis of $B_s \\to J/\\Psi\\Phi$
CERN Multimedia
Sparkes, A
2011-01-01
Extracting the CP violating phase $\\Phi_s$ from the channel $B_s \\to J/\\Psi\\Phi$ is an important measurement for LHCb. This decay is a pseudoscalar to vector-vector transition and has three decay amplitudes which can be extracted by an angular analysis. Studies of untagged $B_s \\to J/\\Psi\\Phi$ decays using LHCb data recorded in 2010 allows us to measure the lifetime difference in $B_s$ mesons and verifies the method for extracting the weak CP violating phase $\\Phi_s$. Lifetime measurements for $B^+, B_d, B_s$ and $\\Lambda_b$ will also be presented.
10. Measurement of the orbital angular momentum density of light by modal decomposition
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We demonstrate a versatile method for the measurement of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) density of an optical field. By performing a modal decomposition with digital holograms, we reconstruct the full optical field from a small set of single-point intensity measurements, from which optical vortices, global OAM and OAM density can be derived. We validate the method on defined OAM-carrying beams yielding fidelities in the OAM density measurement of up to 99%, and subsequently apply the technique to unknown fields from optical fibers. (paper)
11. Complexity measures, emergence, and multiparticle correlations
CERN Document Server
Galla, Tobias
2011-01-01
We study correlation measures for complex systems. First, we investigate some recently proposed measures based on information geometry. We show that these measures can increase under local transformations as well as under discarding particles, thereby questioning their interpretation as a quantifier for complexity or correlations. We then propose a refined definition of these measures, investigate its properties and discuss its numerical evaluation. As an example, we study coupled logistic maps and study the behavior of the different measures for that case. Finally, we investigate other local effects during the coarse graining of the complex system.
12. Complexity measures, emergence, and multiparticle correlations
Science.gov (United States)
Galla, Tobias; Gühne, Otfried
2012-04-01
We study correlation measures for complex systems. First, we investigate some recently proposed measures based on information geometry. We show that these measures can increase under local transformations as well as under discarding particles, thereby questioning their interpretation as a quantifier for complexity or correlations. We then propose a refined definition of these measures, investigate its properties, and discuss its numerical evaluation. As an example, we study coupled logistic maps and study the behavior of the different measures for that case. Finally, we investigate other local effects during the coarse graining of the complex system.
13. Perturbed angular correlations studies in the HgBa$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{6+\\delta}$ high-T$_c$ superconductor
CERN Document Server
Mendonca, Tania Melo; Haas, Heinz; Odier, Philippe; Tavares, Pedro; SIlva, Manuel Ribeiro; Lopes, Armandina; Darie, Celine; Araujo, Joao Pedro
2011-01-01
The electric field gradients at $^{199m}$Hg nuclei have been measured via the perturbed angular correlation (PAC) technique, allowing a full characterization of the Hg neighborhood charge distribution at high oxygen doping on the Hg planes. The PAC technique has been applied to investigate the effect of high oxygen pressure during the measurement. Polycrystalline HgBa$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{6+\\delta}$ (Hg-1212) samples have been annealed at 152 bar pressurized oxygen. The influence of oxygen pressure during the experiment was then investigated by measuring the samples at atmospheric pressure and under 152 bar oxygen pressure. The present set of PAC experiments shows that at high oxygen concentrations there is a non-uniform oxygen distribution. Moreover, the Hg environment is not free from oxygen and the results hint to a new type of ordering.
14. A spinning mirror for fast angular scans of EBW emission for magnetic pitch profile measurements
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A tilted spinning mirror rapidly steers the line of sight of the electron Bernstein wave (EBW) emission radiometer at the Mega-Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST). In order to resist high mechanical stresses at rotation speeds of up to 12 000 rpm and to avoid eddy current induced magnetic braking, the mirror consists of a glass-reinforced nylon substrate of a special self-balanced design, coated with a reflecting layer. By completing an angular scan every 2.5-10 ms, it allows one to characterize with good time resolution the Bernstein-extraordinary-ordinary mode-conversion efficiency as a function of the view angles. Angular maps of conversion efficiency are directly related to the magnetic pitch angle at the cutoff layer for the ordinary mode. Hence, measurements at various frequencies provide the safety factor profile at the plasma edge. Initial measurements and indications of the feasibility of the diagnostic are presented. Moreover, angular scans indicate the best launch conditions for EBW heating.
15. A Method for Measurement of Absolute Angular Position and Application in a Novel Electromagnetic Encoder System
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zijian Zhang
2015-01-01
Full Text Available For the encoders, especially the sine-cosine magnetic ones, a new method to measure absolute angular position is proposed in the paper. In the method, the code disc of the encoder has only two circle tracks and each one was divided into N and (N-1 equal code cells. The cell angles, changing from 0° to 360° between any two neighboring code cells, are defined to represent any position on the code disc. The position value of the same point can be represented by different cell angle values of different tracks and the absolute angular position of the point can be obtained by the difference value between the cell angle value of the outer track and the inner one. To validate the correctness of the method theoretically, the derivation process of the method was provided. An electromagnetic encoder system was designed and the experimental platform was established to test the method. The experimental results indicate that the electromagnetic encoder can measure the absolute angular position. Besides, it shows that the method is easy to be realized in algorithm and can reduce computational complexity and decrease dimension of the encoder.
16. The angular distribution of sputtered particles measured by RBS analysis of the collected patticles
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The angular distributions of sputtered polycrystalline Ag and W have been measured. The ion beams were He+ or Ar+ in the energy range 15-80 keV. The sputtered particles were collected on a band in the form of a half-circle, in order to avoid projection distortions. The collector was made of high purity Al and was analysed by backscattering technique. The sensitivity of this method makes it possible to determine less than one monolayer, and one can therefore assume that the sticking probability does not change during a run. The results show that the angular distribution varies from a cos2theta to a costheta function for different targets. For the interpretation of the results, it is important to discuss the influence of the work function and the beam energy. (Auth.)
17. Measuring the Direction and Angular Velocity of a Black Hole Accretion Disk via Lagged Interferometric Covariance
CERN Document Server
Johnson, Michael D; Shiokawa, Hotaka; Chael, Andrew A; Doeleman, Sheperd S
2015-01-01
We show that interferometry can be applied to study irregular, rapidly rotating structures, as are expected in the turbulent accretion flow near a black hole. Specifically, we analyze the lagged covariance between interferometric baselines of similar lengths but slightly different orientations. We demonstrate that the peak in the lagged covariance indicates the direction and angular velocity of the flow. Importantly, measuring the direction of the flow as clockwise or counterclockwise on the sky breaks a degeneracy in accretion disk inclinations when analyzing time-averaged images alone. We explore the potential efficacy using three-dimensional, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations, and we highlight several baseline pairs for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) that are well-suited to this application. These results indicate that the EHT is capable of determining the direction and angular velocity of the emitting material near Sgr A*, even for highly-inclined flows, and they suggest that...
18. Direct measurement of the orbital angular momentum mean and variance in an arbitrary paraxial optical field
CERN Document Server
Piccirillo, Bruno; Marrucci, Lorenzo; Santamato, Enrico
2013-01-01
We introduce and experimentally demonstrate a method for measuring at the same time the mean and the variance of the photonic orbital angular momentum (OAM) distribution in any paraxial optical field, without passing through the acquisition of its entire angular momentum spectrum. This method hence enables one to reduce the infinitely many output ports required in principle to perform a full OAM spectrum analysis to just two. The mean OAM, in turn, provides direct access to the average mechanical torque that the optical field in any light beam is expected to exert on matter, for example in the case of absorption. Our scheme could also be exploited to weaken the strict alignment requirements usually imposed for OAM-based free-space communication.
19. Observation of long-range, near-side angular correlations in pPb collisions at the LHC
CERN Document Server
2013-01-01
Results on two-particle angular correlations for charged particles emitted in pPb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV are presented. The analysis uses two million collisions collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. The correlations are studied over a broad range of pseudorapidity, eta, and full azimuth, phi, as a function of charged particle multiplicity and particle transverse momentum, pt. In high-multiplicity events, a long-range (2correlation functions. This is the first observation of such correlations in proton-nucleus collisions, resembling the ridge-like correlations seen in high-multiplicity pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV and in A on A collisions over a broad range of center-of-mass energies. The correlation strength exhibits a pronounced maximum in the range of pt = 1-1.5 GeV and an approximately linear increase with charged particle...
20. Measurement of the dijet angular distributions and search for quark compositeness with the CMS experiment
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hinzmann, Andreas Dominik
2011-10-07
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) allows to study the interactions of quarks and gluons in a yet unexplored energy regime. In 2010, the LHC delivered an integrated luminosity of more than 36 pb{sup -1} of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of {radical}(s)=7 TeV. In these proton-proton collisions, the interactions of the constituent quarks and gluons produced a considerable amount of jets of particles with transverse momenta above 1 TeV. Well suited for the study of these jet processes is the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment situated at the LHC point 5 as it can measure jets with the necessary energy and angular resolutions over a large range of transverse momentum ({proportional_to}30 GeVmeasured to study the point-like quark and gluon scattering processes predicted by QCD. The dijet scattering angle is expressed in terms of {chi}{sub dijet} = e {sup vertical} {sup stroke} {sup y{sub 1}-y
1. Evaluation of the accuracy of linear and angular measurements on panoramic radiographs taken at different positions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This study assessed the accuracy of linear and angular measurements on panoramic radiographs taken at different positions in vitro. Two acrylic models were fabricated from a cast with normal occlusion. Straight and 75 degree mesially and lingually angulated pins were placed, and standardized panoramic radiographs were taken at standard position, at an 8 degree downward tilt of the occlusal plane compared to the standard position, at an 8 degree upward tilt of the anterior occlusal plane, and at a 10 degree downward tilt of the right and left sides of the model. On the radiographs, the length of the pins above (crown) and below (root) the occlusal plane, total pin length, crown-to-root ratio, and angulation of pins relative to the occlusal plane were calculated. The data were subjected to repeated measures ANOVA and LSD multiple comparisons tests. Significant differences were noted between the radiographic measurements and true values in different positions on both models with linear (P<0.001) and those with angulated pins (P<0.005). No statistically significant differences were observed between the angular measurements and baselines of the natural head posture at different positions for the linear and angulated pins. Angular measurements on panoramic radiographs were sufficiently accurate and changes in the position of the occlusal plane equal to or less than 10 degree had no significant effect on them. Some variations could exist in the pin positioning (head positioning), and they were tolerable while taking panoramic radiographs. Linear measurements showed the least errors in the standard position and 8 degree upward tilt of the anterior part of the occlusal plane compared to other positions.
2. Evaluation of the accuracy of linear and angular measurements on panoramic radiographs taken at different positions
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Nikneshan, Sima; Emadi, Naghmeh [Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Sharafi, Mohamad [Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
2013-09-15
This study assessed the accuracy of linear and angular measurements on panoramic radiographs taken at different positions in vitro. Two acrylic models were fabricated from a cast with normal occlusion. Straight and 75 degree mesially and lingually angulated pins were placed, and standardized panoramic radiographs were taken at standard position, at an 8 degree downward tilt of the occlusal plane compared to the standard position, at an 8 degree upward tilt of the anterior occlusal plane, and at a 10 degree downward tilt of the right and left sides of the model. On the radiographs, the length of the pins above (crown) and below (root) the occlusal plane, total pin length, crown-to-root ratio, and angulation of pins relative to the occlusal plane were calculated. The data were subjected to repeated measures ANOVA and LSD multiple comparisons tests. Significant differences were noted between the radiographic measurements and true values in different positions on both models with linear (P<0.001) and those with angulated pins (P<0.005). No statistically significant differences were observed between the angular measurements and baselines of the natural head posture at different positions for the linear and angulated pins. Angular measurements on panoramic radiographs were sufficiently accurate and changes in the position of the occlusal plane equal to or less than 10 degree had no significant effect on them. Some variations could exist in the pin positioning (head positioning), and they were tolerable while taking panoramic radiographs. Linear measurements showed the least errors in the standard position and 8 degree upward tilt of the anterior part of the occlusal plane compared to other positions.
3. Measurement of angular distribution of neutrons emitted from plasma focus using NTD
CERN Document Server
Antanasijevic, R; Banjanac, R; Dragic, A; Stanojevic, J; Dordevic, D; Joksimovic, D; Udovicic, V; Vukovic, J
1999-01-01
Mica detectors together with thick uranium foils were used for detection and angular distribution measurement of the neutrons emitted from the d-plasma focus (DPF). The distance between detectors and plasma pinch was 4 cm. For reason of detector protection from the thermal shock, they were covered with the mica layer of 1 mm thickness. Annealing of the detectors were measured after the irradiation with neutrons from an Am-Be source and treated with thermal shock H-plasma focus (HPF). Geometry of detectors in both experiments was the same.
4. Measurement of the light orbital angular momentum spectrum using an optical geometric transformation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
We recently demonstrated a new method to efficiently analyse the orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of light by application of an optical geometric transformation (Berkhout et al 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 153601). Here we study the performance of such a system to measure the change in the observed OAM spectrum, as the input beam is misaligned with respect to the analyser. We present modelled and experimental results which show that our reformatting approach does correctly measure the OAM spectrum for lateral and tilt misalignment of the input beam
5. Ultrasonic oil-film thickness measurement: An angular spectrum approach to assess performance limits
OpenAIRE
Zhang, J.; Drinkwater, B. W.; Dwyer-Joyce, R.S.
2007-01-01
The performance of ultrasonic oil-film thickness measurement in a ball bearing is quantified. A range of different viscosity oils (Shell T68, VG15, and VG5) are used to explore the lowest reflection coefficient and hence the thinnest oil-film thickness that the system can measure. The results show a minimum reflection coefficient of 0.07 for both oil VG15 and VG5 and 0.09 for oil T68 at 50 MHz. This corresponds to an oil-film thickness of 0.4 μm for T68 oil. An angular spectrum (or Fourier d...
6. Measurement of neutron yield and angular distribution for thick natLi(p,n+x) reaction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The low energy accelerators have been used to produce intense neutron flux for various applications employing lower threshold reactions involving light targets. Among those p+7Li, 9Be, 13C, D+D,T are the popular ones. In the present work the total neutron yield has been measured for thick Lithium target up to 5.5 proton energy using BF3 counter. Angular distribution of the neutrons at 4.5 and 5.5 MeV also measured to investigate the feasibility of a neutron time of flight facility at FOTIA
7. Correlation Measure Equivalence in Dynamic Causal Structures
CERN Document Server
Gyongyosi, Laszlo
2016-01-01
We prove an equivalence transformation between the correlation measure functions of the causally-unbiased quantum gravity space and the causally-biased standard space. The theory of quantum gravity fuses the dynamic (nonfixed) causal structure of general relativity and the quantum uncertainty of quantum mechanics. In a quantum gravity space, the events are causally nonseparable and all time bias vanishes, which makes it no possible to use the standard causally-biased entropy and the correlation measure functions. Since a corrected causally-unbiased entropy function leads to an undefined, obscure mathematical structure, in our approach the correction is made in the data representation of the causally-unbiased space. We prove that the standard causally-biased entropy function with a data correction can be used to identify correlations in dynamic causal structures. As a corollary, all mathematical properties of the causally-biased correlation measure functions are preserved in the causally-unbiased space. The eq...
8. Measuring the Direction and Angular Velocity of a Black Hole Accretion Disk via Lagged Interferometric Covariance
Science.gov (United States)
Johnson, Michael D.; Loeb, Abraham; Shiokawa, Hotaka; Chael, Andrew A.; Doeleman, Sheperd S.
2015-11-01
We show that interferometry can be applied to study irregular, rapidly rotating structures, as are expected in the turbulent accretion flow near a black hole. Specifically, we analyze the lagged covariance between interferometric baselines of similar lengths but slightly different orientations. For a flow viewed close to face-on, we demonstrate that the peak in the lagged covariance indicates the direction and angular velocity of the emission pattern from the flow. Even for moderately inclined flows, the covariance robustly estimates the flow direction, although the estimated angular velocity can be significantly biased. Importantly, measuring the direction of the flow as clockwise or counterclockwise on the sky breaks a degeneracy in accretion disk inclinations when analyzing time-averaged images alone. We explore the potential efficacy of our technique using three-dimensional, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations, and we highlight several baseline pairs for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) that are well-suited to this application. These results indicate that the EHT may be capable of estimating the direction and angular velocity of the emitting material near Sgr A*, and they suggest that a rotating flow may even be utilized to improve imaging capabilities.
9. Fiber optic sensor for angular position measurement: application for an electrical power-assisted steering system
Science.gov (United States)
Javahiraly, Nicolas; Chakari, Ayoub
2013-05-01
To achieve a very effective automotive power steering system, we need two important data, the angular position of the wheel and the torque applied on the shaft by the driver of the car. We present a new accurate optical fiber angular position sensor connected to an automotive power steering column. In this new design, the sensor allows the measurement of the angular position of a car steering wheel over a large and adjustable range (± several turns of the wheel). The wheel rotation induces micro-bending in the transducer part of the optical fiber sensing system. This system operates as an amplitude modulation sensor based on mode coupling in the transducing fiber in the case when all the modes are equally excited. We study the sensor response both theoretically and experimentally with a multimode step index optical fiber [rf (fiber radius) = 300 μm rc (core radius) = 50 μm nc (core index) = 1,457; N.A. = 0, 22 and the wavelength is 632,8 nm at the ambient Temperature (20°C)]. We show that the sensitivity can be controlled as a function of the sensor's length. We compare modeling and experimental validation and we conclude with a perspective on what could soon be an industrial sensor.
10. Angular correlations in beauty production at the Tevatron at sqrt(s) = 1.96 TeV
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wijngaarden, Daniel A
2005-06-01
Measurements of the b quark production cross section at the Tevatron and at Hera in the final decades of the 20th century have consistently yielded higher values than predicted by Next-to-Leading Order (NLO) QCD. This discrepancy has led to a large efforts by theorists to improve theoretical calculations of the cross sections and simulations of b quark production. As a result, the difference between theory and experiment has been much reduced. New measurements are needed to test the developments in the calculations and in event simulation. In this thesis, a measurement of angular correlations between b jets produced in the same event is presented. The angular separation between two b jets is directly sensitive to higher order contributions. In addition, the measurement does not depend strongly on fragmentation models or on the experimental luminosity and efficiency, which lead to a large uncertainty in measurements of the inclusive cross section. At the Tevatron, b{bar b} quark pairs are predominantly produced through the strong interaction. In leading order QCD, the b quarks are produced back to back in phase space. Next-to-leading order contributions involving a third particle in the final state allow production of b pairs that are very close together in phase space. The Leading Order and NLO contributions can be separated into three different processes: flavour creation, gluon splitting and flavour excitation. While the separation based on Feynman diagrams is ambiguous and the three processes are not each separately gauge invariant in NLO QCD, the distinction can be made explicitly in terms of event generators using LO matrix elements. Direct production of a b{bar b} quark pair in the hard scatter interaction is known as flavour creation. The quarks emerge nearly back to back in azimuth. In gluon splitting processes, a gluon is produced in the hard scatter interaction. The gluon subsequently splits into a b{bar b} quark pair. The quarks are very close in phase
11. Precision correlation measurements in nuclear β decay
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Precision measurements in nuclear β decay provide a sensitive means of searching for new physics beyond the standard electroweak model. This paper reviews the status of selected precision measurements of correlation observables in nuclear and neutron β decay and discusses the prospects and future plans.
12. Correlations beyond the mean field in magnesium isotopes: angular momentum projection and configuration mixing
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
The quadrupole deformation properties of the ground and low-lying excited states of the even-even magnesium isotopes with N ranging from 8 to 28 have been studied in the framework of the angular momentum projected generator coordinate method with the Gogny force. It is shown that the N=8 neutron magic number is preserved (in a dynamical sense) in 20Mg leading to a spherical ground state. For the magic numbers N=20 and N=28 this is not the case and prolate deformed ground states are obtained. The method yields values of the two neutron separation energies which are in much better agreement with experiment than those obtained at the mean field level. It is also obtained that 40Mg is at the neutron dripline. Concerning the results for the excitation energies of the 2+ excited states and their transition probabilities to the ground state we observe a good agreement with the available experimental data. On the theoretical side, we also present a detailed justification of the prescription used for the density dependent part of the interaction in our beyond-mean-field calculations
13. Investigation of hyperfine interactions in pure silicon and NTD silicon by means of perturbed angular {gamma}-{gamma} correlation spectroscopy; Investigacao de interacoes hiperfinas em silicio puro e silicio NTD pela tecnica de correlacao angular {gamma}-{gamma} perturbada
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Cordeiro, Moacir Ribeiro
2007-07-01
III the present work, a microscopic investigation of hyperfine interactions in single crystal silicon samples was carried out by means of Perturbed Angular {gamma} -{gamma} correlation technique (PAC), which is based in hyperfine interactions. In order to achieve these measurements, it was used {sup 111} In {yields} {sup 111}Cd radioactive probe nuclei, which decay through the well known {gamma} cascade 171-245 keV with an intermediate level of 245 keV ( I 5{sup +}/2, Q = 0.83b, T{sub 1/2} = 84.5 ns). The samples were prepared using different probe nuclei insertion methods, making possible to increase our understanding on the impact generated by each of these techniques in PAC measurements. Ion implantation, diffusion and evaporation were carefully investigated giving emphasis on its characteristics and particularities. Then, it was made a study about the concentration of intrinsic defects as function of severe annealing processes. Finally, a comparative analysis was made for all these probe nuclei insertion methods. This work also accomplished PAC measurements in single crystal silicon doped with phosphorus by means of Neutron Transmutation Doping (NTD) method, carried out in a research nuclear reactor. The extremely high doping uniformity allied to the nonexistence of previous measurements in these materials emphasize the importance of the results obtained. These results are then compared with literature results for samples doped by conventional methods presenting the respective conclusions. (author)
14. Harmonic decomposition of two-particle angular correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at $\\mathbf{\\sqrt{s_{\\rm NN}} = 2.76}$ TeV
CERN Document Server
2012-01-01
Angular correlations between unidentified charged trigger ($t$) and associated ($a$) particles are measured by the ALICE experiment in \\PbPb\\ collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{nn}}$=2.76 TeV for transverse momenta $0.25 p_{T}^a$. The shapes of the pair correlation distributions are studied in a variety of collision centrality classes between 0 and 50% of the total hadronic cross section for particles in the pseudorapidity interval $|\\eta| 0.8$, and are referred to as "long-range correlations". Fourier components $V_{n\\Delta} \\equiv$ are extracted from the long-range azimuthal correlation functions. If the particle pair correlation arises dominantly from production mechanisms that distribute according to a common plane of symmetry, then the pair $V_{n\\Delta}$ coefficients are expected to factorize as the product of single-particle anisotropies $v_n(p_T)$, i.e. $V_{n\\Delta}(p_{T}^t, p_{T}^a) = v_n(p_{T}^t) \\, v_n(p_{T}^a)$. This expectation is tested for $1 \\leq n \\leq 5$ by applying a global fit of all $v_{n\\Delta} (... 15. CALIPSO correlative measurements at Napoli EARLINET station Science.gov (United States) Wang, Xuan; Armenante, Mario; Frontoso, Grazia; Pisani, Gianluca; Spinelli, N. 2007-10-01 The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite had been launched in April 2006. Its main goal is to probe the vertical structure and to measure the properties of thin clouds and aerosols plume of the Earth's atmosphere. In order to validate the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) products, correlative measurements between CALIPSO and EARLINET stations have been planned in the framework of the validation campaign. At Napoli EARLINET station correlative measurement have been performed starting from the beginning of June 2006. Results obtained both during daytime with elastic lidar and nighttime with Raman lidar operating at two wavelengths (355nm and 532nm) are shown. The results of the application of a new algorithm to retrieve aerosol basckscattering and extinction coefficient backscattering from space and ground based elastic lidar signals are presented. Case study of Saharan dust outbreaks and cirrus clouds captured during correlative measurement runs are discussed. 16. Long-range angular correlations of π, K and p in p–Pb collisions at$\\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 5.02 TeV CERN Document Server Abelev, Betty Bezverkhny; Adamova, Dagmar; Adare, Andrew Marshall; Aggarwal, Madan Mohan; Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca; Agnello, Michelangelo; Agocs, Andras Gabor; Agostinelli, Andrea; Ahammed, Zubayer; Ahmad, Nazeer; Ahmad, Arshad; Ahmed, Ijaz; Ahn, Sul-Ah; Ahn, Sang Un; Aimo, Ilaria; Aiola, Salvatore; Ajaz, Muhammad; Akindinov, Alexander; Aleksandrov, Dmitry; Alessandro, Bruno; Alexandre, Didier; Alici, Andrea; Alkin, Anton; Alme, Johan; Alt, Torsten; Altini, Valerio; Altinpinar, Sedat; Altsybeev, Igor; Alves Garcia Prado, Caio; Andrei, Cristian; Andronic, Anton; Anguelov, Venelin; Anielski, Jonas; Anticic, Tome; Antinori, Federico; Antonioli, Pietro; Aphecetche, Laurent Bernard; Appelshaeuser, Harald; Arbor, Nicolas; Arcelli, Silvia; Armesto Perez, Nestor; Arnaldi, Roberta; Aronsson, Tomas; Arsene, Ionut Cristian; Arslandok, Mesut; Augustinus, Andre; Averbeck, Ralf Peter; Awes, Terry; Aysto, Juha Heikki Eskeli; Azmi, Mohd Danish; Bach, Matthias Jakob; Badala, Angela; Baek, Yong Wook; Bailhache, Raphaelle Marie; Bala, Renu; Baldisseri, Alberto; Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa, Fernando; Ban, Jaroslav; Baral, Rama Chandra; Barbera, Roberto; Barile, Francesco; Barnafoldi, Gergely Gabor; Barnby, Lee Stuart; Ramillien Barret, Valerie; Bartke, Jerzy Gustaw; Basile, Maurizio; Bastid, Nicole; Basu, Sumit; Bathen, Bastian; Batigne, Guillaume; Batyunya, Boris; Batzing, Paul Christoph; Baumann, Christoph Heinrich; Bearden, Ian Gardner; Beck, Hans; Bedda, Cristina; Behera, Nirbhay Kumar; Belikov, Iouri; Bellini, Francesca; Bellwied, Rene; Belmont Moreno, Ernesto; Bencedi, Gyula; Beole, Stefania; Berceanu, Ionela; Bercuci, Alexandru; Berdnikov, Yaroslav; Berenyi, Daniel; Bergognon, Anais Annick Erica; Bertens, Redmer Alexander; Berzano, Dario; Betev, Latchezar; Bhasin, Anju; Bhati, Ashok Kumar; Bhom, Jihyun; Bianchi, Livio; Bianchi, Nicola; Bielcik, Jaroslav; Bielcikova, Jana; Bilandzic, Ante; Bjelogrlic, Sandro; Blanco, Fernando; Blanco, Francesco; Blau, Dmitry; Blume, Christoph; Bock, Friederike; Bogdanov, Alexey; Boggild, Hans; Bogolyubskiy, Mikhail; Boldizsar, Laszlo; Bombara, Marek; Book, Julian Heinz; Borel, Herve; Borissov, Alexander; Bornschein, Joerg; Botje, Michiel; Botta, Elena; Boettger, Stefan; Braidot, Ermes; Braun-Munzinger, Peter; Bregant, Marco; Breitner, Timo Gunther; Broker, Theo Alexander; Browning, Tyler Allen; Broz, Michal; Brun, Rene; Bruna, Elena; Bruno, Giuseppe Eugenio; Budnikov, Dmitry; Buesching, Henner; Bufalino, Stefania; Buncic, Predrag; Busch, Oliver; Buthelezi, Edith Zinhle; Caffarri, Davide; Cai, Xu; Caines, Helen Louise; Caliva, Alberto; Calvo Villar, Ernesto; Camerini, Paolo; Canoa Roman, Veronica; Cara Romeo, Giovanni; Carena, Francesco; Carena, Wisla; Carminati, Federico; Casanova Diaz, Amaya Ofelia; Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto; Casula, Ester Anna Rita; Catanescu, Vasile Ioan; Cavicchioli, Costanza; Ceballos Sanchez, Cesar; Cepila, Jan; Cerello, Piergiorgio; Chang, Beomsu; Chapeland, Sylvain; Charvet, Jean-Luc Fernand; Chattopadhyay, Subhasis; Chattopadhyay, Sukalyan; Cherney, Michael Gerard; Cheshkov, Cvetan Valeriev; Cheynis, Brigitte; Chibante Barroso, Vasco Miguel; Dobrigkeit Chinellato, David; Chochula, Peter; Chojnacki, Marek; Choudhury, Subikash; Christakoglou, Panagiotis; Christensen, Christian Holm; Christiansen, Peter; Chujo, Tatsuya; Chung, Suh-Urk; Cicalo, Corrado; Cifarelli, Luisa; Cindolo, Federico; Cleymans, Jean Willy Andre; Colamaria, Fabio Filippo; Colella, Domenico; Collu, Alberto; Colocci, Manuel; Conesa Balbastre, Gustavo; Conesa Del Valle, Zaida; Connors, Megan Elizabeth; Contin, Giacomo; Contreras Nuno, Jesus Guillermo; Cormier, Thomas Michael; Corrales Morales, Yasser; Cortese, Pietro; Cortes Maldonado, Ismael; Cosentino, Mauro Rogerio; Costa, Filippo; Crochet, Philippe; Cruz Albino, Rigoberto; Cuautle Flores, Eleazar; Cunqueiro Mendez, Leticia; Dainese, Andrea; Dang, Ruina; Danu, Andrea; Das, Kushal; Das, Debasish; Das, Indranil; Dash, Ajay Kumar; Dash, Sadhana; De, Sudipan; Delagrange, Hugues; Deloff, Andrzej; Denes, Ervin Sandor; Deppman, Airton; Oliveira Valeriano De Barros, Gabriel; De Caro, Annalisa; De Cataldo, Giacinto; De Cuveland, Jan; De Falco, Alessandro; De Gruttola, Daniele; De Marco, Nora; De Pasquale, Salvatore; De Rooij, Raoul Stefan; Diaz Corchero, Miguel Angel; Dietel, Thomas; Divia, Roberto; Di Bari, Domenico; Di Giglio, Carmelo; Di Liberto, Sergio; Di Mauro, Antonio; Di Nezza, Pasquale; Djuvsland, Oeystein; Dobrin, Alexandru Florin; Dobrowolski, Tadeusz Antoni; Doenigus, Benjamin 2013-01-01 Angular correlations between unidentified charged trigger particles and various species of charged associated particles (unidentified particles, pions, kaons, protons and antiprotons) are measured by the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon--nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV in the transverse-momentum range 0.3 <$p_T$< 4 GeV/c. The correlations expressed as associated yield per trigger particle are obtained in the pseudorapidity range |$\\eta_{lab}$| < 0.8. Fourier coefficients are extracted from the long-range correlations projected onto the azimuthal angle difference and studied as a function of$p_T$and in intervals of event multiplicity. In high-multiplicity events, the second-order coefficient for protons,$v_2^p$, is observed to be smaller than that for pions,$v_2^\\pi$, up to about$p_T$= 2 GeV/c. To reduce correlations due to jets, the per-trigger yield measured in low-multiplicity events is subtracted from that in high-multiplicity events. A two-ridge structure is obtain... 17. Study of the behaviour of the Δ(3,3) resonance in nuclear matter by (π,π'γ) angular correlations on 12C(2+) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The detailed study of the pion-nucleus scattering in the range of the Δ(3.3) resonance permits statements on the behaviour of a strong resonance in the surrounding nuclear medium and raises by this the question for the importance of subnuclear degrees of freedom in the nucleus. In the present thesis the pion-nucleus reaction mechanism was studied by means of pion-γ-angular correlation measurements on the 12C(2+, 4.4 MeV) state. The experiments were performed at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research. The scattered pions were detected by the SUSI spectrometer to which in coincidence six NaI detectors for the detection of the emitted γ-quanta were operated. For the momentum transfer q = 0.47 fm-1 and pion incident energies of 116, 140, 162, 180, and 226 MeV respectively for the momentum transfer q = 0.85 fm-1 and incident energies of 116, 162, and 226 MeV values of the angular correlation function for in the mean each 16 γ emission angles within and beyond the reaction plane were determined. The measurement results are compared with DWIA calculations in the static limit and in the Δ-hole model. In the static limit the transition is described starting from the free pion-nucleon process whereby the dynamics of the intermediate Δ-resonance are suppressed. The Δ-hole model yields an additional microscopical description for the propagation of the Δ-resonance. The static model cannot reproduce the energy slope of the correlation function for q = 0.47 fm-1 while the Δ-hole model achieves a very good agreement. The experiment shows by this that the description of the pion-nucleus scattering in the resonance range requires the regard of medium effects especially from the Δ propagation. (orig.) 18. Measurement of angular distributions of intensity of gamma radiation in the zones of works on 'Shelter' stabilization CERN Document Server Aleshin, A M; Egorov, V V; Zakrevskij, Y A 2002-01-01 The procedures, designed for measuring angular distributions a gamma radiation from aggregations of radioactive materials located in object 'Shelter' are described. The first procedure is based on application of the original multidetector device DB1, permitting to get the data on an angular distribution in a complete solid angle (4 pi). The second procedure is based on application of the modernized dosimeter DKS-04 with the collimated detector. The main observed data on the angular distributions of intensity of gamma radiation in the zones of the works on 'Shelter' stabilization (the measurements have been carried out in frameworks of the exploratory design) are presented. 9 refs., 49 figs. 19. Time resolved energy measurement of the Tesla test facility beam through the analysis of optical transition radiation angular distribution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This study of the energy stability along the macropulse of the Tesla test facility Linac (TTFL) (1) was obtained by the measurement of the angular distribution of the optical transition radiation (OTR). This technique does not require a dispersive section and can be performed at any point of the beam line. Measurements have been performed with different settings of the RF low level control and at different values of the beam current. An energy variation along the macropulse was spread of the whole macrobunch. The analysis of the OTR angular distribution pattern allows also, to some extent, to evaluate the beam angular spread 20. Measurement of anisotropy in the cosmic background radiation on a large angular scale at 33 GHz International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Results of a measurement of anisotropy in the 3 0K cosmic background radiation on a large-angular-scale are presented. Observations were carried out with a dual-antenna microwave radiometer operating at 33 GHz (0.89 cm wavelength) flown on board a U-2 aircraft to 20-km altitude. In eleven flights, between December 1976 and May 1978, the radiometer measured differential intensity between pairs of directions distributed over most of the northern celestial hemisphere with an rms sensitivity of +- 46m0K/√Hz. The measurements show clear evidence of anisotropy that is readily interpreted as due to the motion of the earth relative to the sources of the radiation; the anisotropy is well fit by a cosine distribution of amplitude 3.61 +- 0.54 millireverse arrowreverse arrow-degrees Kelvin (m0K), one part in 800 of 30K, implying a velocity of 361 +- 54 km/sec toward the direction 11.23 +- 0.46 hours right ascension, and 19.0 +- 7.50 declination. A simultaneous fit to a combined hypothesis of dipole (cos theta) and quadrupole (cos2 theta) angular distributions places a 1 m0K limit on the amplitude of most components of quadruple anisotropy with 90% confidence. Additional analysis places a 0.5 m 0K limit on uncorrelated fluctuations (sky-roughness) in the 30K background on an angular scale of the antenna beam width, about 70. This thesis describes the equipment development through three engineering flights and the data acquisition in eleven additional flights. The astrophysical results are then presented from the statistical analysis of the reduced data 1. Observation of Long-Range, Near-Side Angular Correlations in Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC CERN Document Server Khachatryan, Vardan; Tumasyan, Armen; Adam, Wolfgang; Bergauer, Thomas; Dragicevic, Marko; Erö, Janos; Fabjan, Christian; Friedl, Markus; Fruehwirth, Rudolf; Ghete, Vasile Mihai; Hammer, Josef; Haensel, Stephan; Hartl, Christian; Hoch, Michael; Hörmann, Natascha; Hrubec, Josef; Jeitler, Manfred; Kasieczka, Gregor; Kiesenhofer, Wolfgang; Krammer, Manfred; Liko, Dietrich; Mikulec, Ivan; Pernicka, Manfred; Rohringer, Herbert; Schöfbeck, Robert; Strauss, Josef; Taurok, Anton; Teischinger, Florian; Waltenberger, Wolfgang; Walzel, Gerhard; Widl, Edmund; Wulz, Claudia-Elisabeth; Mossolov, Vladimir; Shumeiko, Nikolai; Suarez Gonzalez, Juan; Benucci, Leonardo; Ceard, Ludivine; De Wolf, Eddi A.; Janssen, Xavier; Maes, Thomas; Mucibello, Luca; Ochesanu, Silvia; Roland, Benoit; Rougny, Romain; Selvaggi, Michele; Van Haevermaet, Hans; Van Mechelen, Pierre; Van Remortel, Nick; Adler, Volker; Beauceron, Stephanie; Blyweert, Stijn; D'Hondt, Jorgen; Devroede, Olivier; Kalogeropoulos, Alexis; Maes, Joris; Maes, Michael; Tavernier, Stefaan; Van Doninck, Walter; Van Mulders, Petra; Villella, Ilaria; Chabert, Eric Christian; Charaf, Otman; Clerbaux, Barbara; De Lentdecker, Gilles; Dero, Vincent; Gay, Arnaud; Hammad, Gregory Habib; Hreus, Tomas; Marage, Pierre Edouard; Vander Velde, Catherine; Vanlaer, Pascal; Wickens, John; Costantini, Silvia; Grunewald, Martin; Klein, Benjamin; Marinov, Andrey; Ryckbosch, Dirk; Thyssen, Filip; Tytgat, Michael; Vanelderen, Lukas; Verwilligen, Piet; Walsh, Sinead; Zaganidis, Nicolas; Basegmez, Suzan; Bruno, Giacomo; Caudron, Julien; De Favereau De Jeneret, Jerome; Delaere, Christophe; Demin, Pavel; Favart, Denis; Giammanco, Andrea; Grégoire, Ghislain; Hollar, Jonathan; Lemaitre, Vincent; Militaru, Otilia; Ovyn, Severine; Pagano, Davide; Pin, Arnaud; Piotrzkowski, Krzysztof; Quertenmont, Loic; Schul, Nicolas; Beliy, Nikita; Caebergs, Thierry; Daubie, Evelyne; Alves, Gilvan; De Jesus Damiao, Dilson; Pol, Maria Elena; Henrique Gomes E Souza, Moacyr; Carvalho, Wagner; Da Costa, Eliza Melo; De Oliveira Martins, Carley; Fonseca De Souza, Sandro; Mundim, Luiz; Nogima, Helio; Oguri, Vitor; Otalora Goicochea, Juan Martin; Prado Da Silva, Wanda Lucia; Santoro, Alberto; Silva Do Amaral, Sheila Mara; Sznajder, Andre; Torres Da Silva De Araujo, Felipe; De Almeida Dias, Flavia; Ferreira Dias, Marco Andre; Tomei, Thiago; De Moraes Gregores, Eduardo; Da Cunha Marinho, Franciole; Novaes, Sergio F.; Padula, Sandra; Darmenov, Nikolay; Dimitrov, Lubomir; Genchev, Vladimir; Iaydjiev, Plamen; Piperov, Stefan; Rodozov, Mircho; Stoykova, Stefka; Sultanov, Georgi; Tcholakov, Vanio; Trayanov, Rumen; Vankov, Ivan; Dyulendarova, Milena; Hadjiiska, Roumyana; Kozhuharov, Venelin; Litov, Leander; Marinova, Evelina; Mateev, Matey; Pavlov, Borislav; Petkov, Peicho; Bian, Jian-Guo; Chen, Guo-Ming; Chen, He-Sheng; Jiang, Chun-Hua; Liang, Dong; Liang, Song; Wang, Jian; Wang, Jian; Wang, Xianyou; Wang, Zheng; Yang, Min; Zang, Jingjing; Zhang, Zhen; Ban, Yong; Guo, Shuang; Hu, Zhen; Li, Wenbo; Mao, Yajun; Qian, Si-Jin; Teng, Haiyun; Zhu, Bo; Cabrera, Andrés; Gomez Moreno, Bernardo; Ocampo Rios, Alberto Andres; Osorio Oliveros, Andres Felipe; Sanabria, Juan Carlos; Godinovic, Nikola; Lelas, Damir; Lelas, Karlo; Plestina, Roko; Polic, Dunja; Puljak, Ivica; Antunovic, Zeljko; Dzelalija, Mile; Brigljevic, Vuko; Duric, Senka; Kadija, Kreso; Morovic, Srecko; Attikis, Alexandros; Fereos, Reginos; Galanti, Mario; Mousa, Jehad; Nicolaou, Charalambos; Ptochos, Fotios; Razis, Panos A.; Rykaczewski, Hans; Assran, Yasser; Mahmoud, Mohammed; Hektor, Andi; Kadastik, Mario; Kannike, Kristjan; Müntel, Mait; Raidal, Martti; Rebane, Liis; Azzolini, Virginia; Eerola, Paula; Czellar, Sandor; Härkönen, Jaakko; Heikkinen, Mika Aatos; Karimäki, Veikko; Kinnunen, Ritva; Klem, Jukka; Kortelainen, Matti J.; Lampén, Tapio; Lassila-Perini, Kati; Lehti, Sami; Lindén, Tomas; Luukka, Panja-Riina; Mäenpää, Teppo; Tuominen, Eija; Tuominiemi, Jorma; Tuovinen, Esa; Ungaro, Donatella; Wendland, Lauri; Banzuzi, Kukka; Korpela, Arja; Tuuva, Tuure; Sillou, Daniel; Besancon, Marc; Dejardin, Marc; Denegri, Daniel; Descamps, Julien; Fabbro, Bernard; Faure, Jean-Louis; Ferri, Federico; Ganjour, Serguei; Gentit, François-Xavier; Givernaud, Alain; Gras, Philippe; Hamel de Monchenault, Gautier; Jarry, Patrick; Locci, Elizabeth; Malcles, Julie; Marionneau, Matthieu; Millischer, Laurent; Rander, John; Rosowsky, André; Rousseau, Delphine; Titov, Maksym; Verrecchia, Patrice; Baffioni, Stephanie; Bianchini, Lorenzo; Bluj, Michal; Broutin, Clementine; Busson, Philippe; Charlot, Claude; Dobrzynski, Ludwik; Granier de Cassagnac, Raphael; Haguenauer, Maurice; Miné, Philippe; Mironov, Camelia; Ochando, Christophe; Paganini, Pascal; Sabes, David; Salerno, Roberto; Sirois, Yves; Thiebaux, Christophe; Zabi, Alexandre; Agram, Jean-Laurent; Besson, Auguste; Bloch, Daniel; Bodin, David; Brom, Jean-Marie; Cardaci, Marco; Conte, Eric; Drouhin, Frédéric; Ferro, Cristina; Fontaine, Jean-Charles; Gelé, Denis; Goerlach, Ulrich; Greder, Sebastien; Juillot, Pierre; Karim, Mehdi; Le Bihan, Anne-Catherine; Mikami, Yoshinari; Van Hove, Pierre; Fassi, Farida; Mercier, Damien; Baty, Clement; Beaupere, Nicolas; Bedjidian, Marc; Bondu, Olivier; Boudoul, Gaelle; Boumediene, Djamel; Brun, Hugues; Chanon, Nicolas; Chierici, Roberto; Contardo, Didier; Depasse, Pierre; El Mamouni, Houmani; Falkiewicz, Anna; Fay, Jean; Gascon, Susan; Ille, Bernard; Kurca, Tibor; Le Grand, Thomas; Lethuillier, Morgan; Mirabito, Laurent; Perries, Stephane; Sordini, Viola; Tosi, Silvano; Tschudi, Yohann; Verdier, Patrice; Xiao, Hong; Roinishvili, Vladimir; Anagnostou, Georgios; Edelhoff, Matthias; Feld, Lutz; Heracleous, Natalie; Hindrichs, Otto; Jussen, Ruediger; Klein, Katja; Merz, Jennifer; Mohr, Niklas; Ostapchuk, Andrey; Perieanu, Adrian; Raupach, Frank; Sammet, Jan; Schael, Stefan; Sprenger, Daniel; Weber, Hendrik; Weber, Martin; Wittmer, Bruno; Ata, Metin; Bender, Walter; Erdmann, Martin; Frangenheim, Jens; Hebbeker, Thomas; Hinzmann, Andreas; Hoepfner, Kerstin; Hof, Carsten; Klimkovich, Tatsiana; Klingebiel, Dennis; Kreuzer, Peter; Lanske, Dankfried; Magass, Carsten; Masetti, Gianni; Merschmeyer, Markus; Meyer, Arnd; Papacz, Paul; Pieta, Holger; Reithler, Hans; Schmitz, Stefan Antonius; Sonnenschein, Lars; Steggemann, Jan; Teyssier, Daniel; Bontenackels, Michael; Davids, Martina; Duda, Markus; Flügge, Günter; Geenen, Heiko; Giffels, Manuel; Haj Ahmad, Wael; Heydhausen, Dirk; Kress, Thomas; Kuessel, Yvonne; Linn, Alexander; Nowack, Andreas; Perchalla, Lars; Pooth, Oliver; Rennefeld, Jörg; Sauerland, Philip; Stahl, Achim; Thomas, Maarten; Tornier, Daiske; Zoeller, Marc Henning; Aldaya Martin, Maria; Behrenhoff, Wolf; Behrens, Ulf; Bergholz, Matthias; Borras, Kerstin; Campbell, Alan; Castro, Elena; Dammann, Dirk; Eckerlin, Guenter; Flossdorf, Alexander; Flucke, Gero; Geiser, Achim; Glushkov, Ivan; Hauk, Johannes; Jung, Hannes; Kasemann, Matthias; Katkov, Igor; Katsas, Panagiotis; Kleinwort, Claus; Kluge, Hannelies; Knutsson, Albert; Krücker, Dirk; Kuznetsova, Ekaterina; Lange, Wolfgang; Lohmann, Wolfgang; Mankel, Rainer; Marienfeld, Markus; Melzer-Pellmann, Isabell-Alissandra; Meyer, Andreas Bernhard; Mnich, Joachim; Mussgiller, Andreas; Olzem, Jan; Parenti, Andrea; Raspereza, Alexei; Raval, Amita; Schmidt, Ringo; Schoerner-Sadenius, Thomas; Sen, Niladri; Stein, Matthias; Tomaszewska, Justyna; Volyanskyy, Dmytro; Walsh, Roberval; Wissing, Christoph; Autermann, Christian; Bobrovskyi, Sergei; Draeger, Jula; Eckstein, Doris; Enderle, Holger; Gebbert, Ulla; Kaschube, Kolja; Kaussen, Gordon; Klanner, Robert; Mura, Benedikt; Naumann-Emme, Sebastian; Nowak, Friederike; Pietsch, Niklas; Sander, Christian; Schettler, Hannes; Schleper, Peter; Schröder, Matthias; Schum, Torben; Schwandt, Joern; Srivastava, Ajay Kumar; Stadie, Hartmut; Steinbrück, Georg; Thomsen, Jan; Wolf, Roger; Bauer, Julia; Buege, Volker; Cakir, Altan; Chwalek, Thorsten; Daeuwel, Daniel; De Boer, Wim; Dierlamm, Alexander; Dirkes, Guido; Feindt, Michael; Gruschke, Jasmin; Hackstein, Christoph; Hartmann, Frank; Heinrich, Michael; Held, Hauke; Hoffmann, Karl-Heinz; Honc, Simon; Kuhr, Thomas; Martschei, Daniel; Mueller, Steffen; Müller, Thomas; Neuland, Maike Brigitte; Niegel, Martin; Oberst, Oliver; Oehler, Andreas; Ott, Jochen; Peiffer, Thomas; Piparo, Danilo; Quast, Gunter; Rabbertz, Klaus; Ratnikov, Fedor; Renz, Manuel; Sabellek, Andreas; Saout, Christophe; Scheurer, Armin; Schieferdecker, Philipp; Schilling, Frank-Peter; Schott, Gregory; Simonis, Hans-Jürgen; Stober, Fred-Markus Helmut; Troendle, Daniel; Wagner-Kuhr, Jeannine; Zeise, Manuel; Zhukov, Valery; Ziebarth, Eva Barbara; Daskalakis, Georgios; Geralis, Theodoros; Kesisoglou, Stilianos; Kyriakis, Aristotelis; Loukas, Demetrios; Manolakos, Ioannis; Markou, Athanasios; Markou, Christos; Mavrommatis, Charalampos; Petrakou, Eleni; Gouskos, Loukas; Mertzimekis, Theodoros; Panagiotou, Apostolos; Evangelou, Ioannis; Kokkas, Panagiotis; Manthos, Nikolaos; Papadopoulos, Ioannis; Patras, Vaios; Triantis, Frixos A.; Aranyi, Attila; Bencze, Gyorgy; Boldizsar, Laszlo; Debreczeni, Gergely; Hajdu, Csaba; Horvath, Dezso; Kapusi, Anita; Krajczar, Krisztian; Laszlo, Andras; Sikler, Ferenc; Vesztergombi, Gyorgy; Beni, Noemi; Molnar, Jozsef; Palinkas, Jozsef; Szillasi, Zoltan; Veszpremi, Viktor; Raics, Peter; Trocsanyi, Zoltan Laszlo; Ujvari, Balazs; Bansal, Sunil; Beri, Suman Bala; Bhatnagar, Vipin; Jindal, Monika; Kaur, Manjit; Kohli, Jatinder Mohan; Mehta, Manuk Zubin; Nishu, Nishu; Saini, Lovedeep Kaur; Sharma, Archana; Sharma, Richa; Singh, Anil; Singh, Jas Bir; Singh, Supreet Pal; Ahuja, Sudha; Bhattacharya, Satyaki; Chauhan, Sushil; Choudhary, Brajesh C.; Gupta, Pooja; Jain, Sandhya; Jain, Shilpi; Kumar, Ashok; Shivpuri, Ram Krishen; Choudhury, Rajani Kant; Dutta, Dipanwita; Kailas, Swaminathan; Kataria, Sushil Kumar; Mohanty, Ajit Kumar; Pant, Lalit Mohan; Shukla, Prashant; Suggisetti, Praveenkumar; Aziz, Tariq; Guchait, Monoranjan; Gurtu, Atul; Maity, Manas; Majumder, Devdatta; Majumder, Gobinda; Mazumdar, Kajari; Mohanty, Gagan Bihari; Saha, Anirban; Sudhakar, Katta; Wickramage, Nadeesha; Banerjee, Sudeshna; Dugad, Shashikant; Mondal, Naba Kumar; Arfaei, Hessamaddin; Bakhshiansohi, Hamed; Etesami, Seyed Mohsen; Fahim, Ali; Hashemi, Majid; Jafari, Abideh; Khakzad, Mohsen; Mohammadi, Abdollah; Mohammadi Najafabadi, Mojtaba; Paktinat Mehdiabadi, Saeid; Safarzadeh, Batool; Zeinali, Maryam; Abbrescia, Marcello; Barbone, Lucia; Calabria, Cesare; Colaleo, Anna; Creanza, Donato; De Filippis, Nicola; De Palma, Mauro; Dimitrov, Anton; Fedele, Francesca; Fiore, Luigi; Iaselli, Giuseppe; Lusito, Letizia; Maggi, Giorgio; Maggi, Marcello; Manna, Norman; Marangelli, Bartolomeo; My, Salvatore; Nuzzo, Salvatore; Pierro, Giuseppe Antonio; Pompili, Alexis; Pugliese, Gabriella; Romano, Francesco; Roselli, Giuseppe; Selvaggi, Giovanna; Silvestris, Lucia; Trentadue, Raffaello; Tupputi, Salvatore; Zito, Giuseppe; Abbiendi, Giovanni; Benvenuti, Alberto; Bonacorsi, Daniele; Braibant-Giacomelli, Sylvie; Capiluppi, Paolo; Castro, Andrea; Cavallo, Francesca Romana; Cuffiani, Marco; Dallavalle, Gaetano-Marco; Fabbri, Fabrizio; Fanfani, Alessandra; Fasanella, Daniele; Giacomelli, Paolo; Giunta, Marina; Grandi, Claudio; Marcellini, Stefano; Meneghelli, Marco; Montanari, Alessandro; Navarria, Francesco; Odorici, Fabrizio; Perrotta, Andrea; Rossi, Antonio; Rovelli, Tiziano; Siroli, Gianni; Travaglini, Riccardo; Albergo, Sebastiano; Cappello, Gigi; Chiorboli, Massimiliano; Costa, Salvatore; Tricomi, Alessia; Tuve, Cristina; Barbagli, Giuseppe; Broccolo, Giuseppe; Ciulli, Vitaliano; Civinini, Carlo; D'Alessandro, Raffaello; Focardi, Ettore; Frosali, Simone; Gallo, Elisabetta; Lenzi, Piergiulio; Meschini, Marco; Paoletti, Simone; Sguazzoni, Giacomo; Tropiano, Antonio; Benussi, Luigi; Bianco, Stefano; Colafranceschi, Stefano; Fabbri, Franco; Piccolo, Davide; Fabbricatore, Pasquale; Musenich, Riccardo; Benaglia, Andrea; Cerati, Giuseppe Benedetto; De Guio, Federico; Di Matteo, Leonardo; Ghezzi, Alessio; Govoni, Pietro; Malberti, Martina; Malvezzi, Sandra; Martelli, Arabella; Massironi, Andrea; Menasce, Dario; Miccio, Vincenzo; Moroni, Luigi; Paganoni, Marco; Pedrini, Daniele; Ragazzi, Stefano; Redaelli, Nicola; Sala, Silvano; Tabarelli de Fatis, Tommaso; Tancini, Valentina; Buontempo, Salvatore; Carrillo Montoya, Camilo Andres; Cimmino, Anna; De Cosa, Annapaola; De Gruttola, Michele; Fabozzi, Francesco; Iorio, Alberto Orso Maria; Lista, Luca; Noli, Pasquale; Paolucci, Pierluigi; Azzi, Patrizia; Bacchetta, Nicola; Bellan, Paolo; Bisello, Dario; Branca, Antonio; Carlin, Roberto; Checchia, Paolo; Conti, Enrico; De Mattia, Marco; Dorigo, Tommaso; Dosselli, Umberto; Fanzago, Federica; Gasparini, Fabrizio; Gasparini, Ugo; Giubilato, Piero; Gresele, Ambra; Lacaprara, Stefano; Lazzizzera, Ignazio; Margoni, Martino; Mazzucato, Mirco; Meneguzzo, Anna Teresa; Perrozzi, Luca; Pozzobon, Nicola; Ronchese, Paolo; Simonetto, Franco; Torassa, Ezio; Tosi, Mia; Vanini, Sara; Zotto, Pierluigi; Zumerle, Gianni; Baesso, Paolo; Berzano, Umberto; Riccardi, Cristina; Torre, Paola; Vitulo, Paolo; Viviani, Claudio; Biasini, Maurizio; Bilei, Gian Mario; Caponeri, Benedetta; Fanò, Livio; Lariccia, Paolo; Lucaroni, Andrea; Mantovani, Giancarlo; Menichelli, Mauro; Nappi, Aniello; Santocchia, Attilio; Servoli, Leonello; Taroni, Silvia; Valdata, Marisa; Volpe, Roberta; Azzurri, Paolo; Bagliesi, Giuseppe; Bernardini, Jacopo; Boccali, Tommaso; Castaldi, Rino; D'Agnolo, Raffaele Tito; Dell'Orso, Roberto; Fiori, Francesco; Foà, Lorenzo; Giassi, Alessandro; Kraan, Aafke; Ligabue, Franco; Lomtadze, Teimuraz; Martini, Luca; Messineo, Alberto; Palla, Fabrizio; Palmonari, Francesco; Sarkar, Subir; Segneri, Gabriele; Serban, Alin Titus; Spagnolo, Paolo; Tenchini, Roberto; Tonelli, Guido; Venturi, Andrea; Verdini, Piero Giorgio; Barone, Luciano; Cavallari, Francesca; Del Re, Daniele; Di Marco, Emanuele; Diemoz, Marcella; Franci, Daniele; Grassi, Marco; Longo, Egidio; Organtini, Giovanni; Palma, Alessandro; Pandolfi, Francesco; Paramatti, Riccardo; Rahatlou, Shahram; Amapane, Nicola; Arcidiacono, Roberta; Argiro, Stefano; Arneodo, Michele; Biino, Cristina; Botta, Cristina; Cartiglia, Nicolo; Castello, Roberto; Costa, Marco; Demaria, Natale; Graziano, Alberto; Mariotti, Chiara; Marone, Matteo; Maselli, Silvia; Migliore, Ernesto; Mila, Giorgia; Monaco, Vincenzo; Musich, Marco; Obertino, Maria Margherita; Pastrone, Nadia; Pelliccioni, Mario; Romero, Alessandra; Ruspa, Marta; Sacchi, Roberto; Sola, Valentina; Solano, Ada; Staiano, Amedeo; Trocino, Daniele; Vilela Pereira, Antonio; Ambroglini, Filippo; Belforte, Stefano; Cossutti, Fabio; Della Ricca, Giuseppe; Gobbo, Benigno; Montanino, Damiana; Penzo, Aldo; Heo, Seong Gu; Chang, Sunghyun; Chung, Jin Hyuk; Kim, Dong Hee; Kim, Gui Nyun; Kim, Ji Eun; Kong, Dae Jung; Park, Hyangkyu; Son, Dohhee; Son, Dong-Chul; Kim, Jaeho; Kim, Jae Yool; Song, Sanghyeon; Choi, Suyong; Hong, Byung-Sik; Jo, Mihee; Kim, Hyunchul; Kim, Ji Hyun; Kim, Tae Jeong; Lee, Kyong Sei; Moon, Dong Ho; Park, Sung Keun; Rhee, Han-Bum; Seo, Eunsung; Shin, Seungsu; Sim, Kwang Souk; Choi, Minkyoo; Kang, Seokon; Kim, Hyunyong; Park, Chawon; Park, Inkyu; Park, Sangnam; Ryu, Geonmo; Choi, Young-Il; Choi, Young Kyu; Goh, Junghwan; Lee, Jongseok; Lee, Sungeun; Seo, Hyunkwan; Yu, Intae; Bilinskas, Mykolas Jurgis; Grigelionis, Ignas; Janulis, Mindaugas; Martisiute, Dalia; Petrov, Pavel; Sabonis, Tomas; Castilla Valdez, Heriberto; De La Cruz Burelo, Eduard; Lopez-Fernandez, Ricardo; Sánchez Hernández, Alberto; Villasenor-Cendejas, Luis Manuel; Carrillo Moreno, Salvador; Vazquez Valencia, Fabiola; Salazar Ibarguen, Humberto Antonio; Casimiro Linares, Edgar; Morelos Pineda, Antonio; Reyes-Santos, Marco A.; Allfrey, Philip; Krofcheck, David; Tam, Jason; Butler, Philip H.; Doesburg, Robert; Silverwood, Hamish; Ahmad, Muhammad; Ahmed, Ijaz; Asghar, Muhammad Irfan; Hoorani, Hafeez R.; Khan, Wajid Ali; Khurshid, Taimoor; Qazi, Shamona; Cwiok, Mikolaj; Dominik, Wojciech; Doroba, Krzysztof; Kalinowski, Artur; Konecki, Marcin; Krolikowski, Jan; Frueboes, Tomasz; Gokieli, Ryszard; Górski, Maciej; Kazana, Malgorzata; Nawrocki, Krzysztof; Szleper, Michal; Wrochna, Grzegorz; Zalewski, Piotr; Almeida, Nuno; David Tinoco Mendes, Andre; Faccioli, Pietro; Ferreira Parracho, Pedro Guilherme; Gallinaro, Michele; Sá Martins, Pedro; Mini, Giuliano; Musella, Pasquale; Nayak, Aruna; Raposo, Luis; Ribeiro, Pedro Quinaz; Seixas, Joao; Silva, Pedro; Soares, David; Varela, Joao; Wöhri, Hermine Katharina; Belotelov, Ivan; Bunin, Pavel; Finger, Miroslav; Finger Jr., Michael; Golutvin, Igor; Kamenev, Alexey; Karjavin, Vladimir; Kozlov, Guennady; Lanev, Alexander; Moisenz, Petr; Palichik, Vladimir; Perelygin, Victor; Shmatov, Sergey; Smirnov, Vitaly; Volodko, Anton; Zarubin, Anatoli; Bondar, Nikolai; Golovtsov, Victor; Ivanov, Yury; Kim, Victor; Levchenko, Petr; Murzin, Victor; Oreshkin, Vadim; Smirnov, Igor; Sulimov, Valentin; Uvarov, Lev; Vavilov, Sergey; Vorobyev, Alexey; Andreev, Yuri; Gninenko, Sergei; Golubev, Nikolai; Kirsanov, Mikhail; Krasnikov, Nikolai; Matveev, Viktor; Pashenkov, Anatoli; Toropin, Alexander; Troitsky, Sergey; Epshteyn, Vladimir; Gavrilov, Vladimir; Kaftanov, Vitali; Kossov, Mikhail; Krokhotin, Andrey; Kuleshov, Sergey; Lychkovskaya, Natalia; Oulianov, Alexei; Safronov, Grigory; Semenov, Sergey; Shreyber, Irina; Stolin, Viatcheslav; Vlasov, Evgueni; Zhokin, Alexander; Boos, Edouard; Dubinin, Mikhail; Dudko, Lev; Ershov, Alexander; Gribushin, Andrey; Kodolova, Olga; Lokhtin, Igor; Obraztsov, Stepan; Petrushanko, Sergey; Sarycheva, Ludmila; Savrin, Viktor; Snigirev, Alexander; Andreev, Vladimir; Azarkin, Maksim; Dremin, Igor; Kirakosyan, Martin; Rusakov, Sergey V.; Vinogradov, Alexey; Azhgirey, Igor; Bitioukov, Sergei; Grishin, Viatcheslav; Kachanov, Vassili; Konstantinov, Dmitri; Krychkine, Victor; Petrov, Vladimir; Ryutin, Roman; Slabospitsky, Sergey; Sobol, Andrei; Tourtchanovitch, Leonid; Troshin, Sergey; Tyurin, Nikolay; Uzunian, Andrey; Volkov, Alexey; Adzic, Petar; Djordjevic, Milos; Krpic, Dragomir; Maletic, Dimitrije; Milosevic, Jovan; Puzovic, Jovan; Aguilar-Benitez, Manuel; Alcaraz Maestre, Juan; Arce, Pedro; Battilana, Carlo; Calvo, Enrique; Cepeda, Maria; Cerrada, Marcos; Colino, Nicanor; De La Cruz, Begona; Diez Pardos, Carmen; Fernandez Bedoya, Cristina; Fernández Ramos, Juan Pablo; Ferrando, Antonio; Flix, Jose; Fouz, Maria Cruz; Garcia-Abia, Pablo; Gonzalez Lopez, Oscar; Goy Lopez, Silvia; Hernandez, Jose M.; Josa, Maria Isabel; Merino, Gonzalo; Puerta Pelayo, Jesus; Redondo, Ignacio; Romero, Luciano; Santaolalla, Javier; Willmott, Carlos; Albajar, Carmen; Codispoti, Giuseppe; de Trocóniz, Jorge F; Cuevas, Javier; Fernandez Menendez, Javier; Folgueras, Santiago; Gonzalez Caballero, Isidro; Lloret Iglesias, Lara; Vizan Garcia, Jesus Manuel; Cabrillo, Iban Jose; Calderon, Alicia; Chamizo Llatas, Maria; Chuang, Shan-Huei; Diaz Merino, Irma; Diez Gonzalez, Carlos; Duarte Campderros, Jordi; Felcini, Marta; Fernandez, Marcos; Gomez, Gervasio; Gonzalez Sanchez, Javier; Gonzalez Suarez, Rebeca; Jorda, Clara; Lobelle Pardo, Patricia; Lopez Virto, Amparo; Marco, Jesus; Marco, Rafael; Martinez Rivero, Celso; Matorras, Francisco; Piedra Gomez, Jonatan; Rodrigo, Teresa; Ruiz Jimeno, Alberto; Scodellaro, Luca; Sobron Sanudo, Mar; Vila, Ivan; Vilar Cortabitarte, Rocio; Abbaneo, Duccio; Auffray, Etiennette; Baillon, Paul; Ball, Austin; Barney, David; Beaudette, Florian; Bell, Alan James; Benedetti, Daniele; Bernet, Colin; Bhattacharyya, Anirban Krishna; Bialas, Wojciech; Bloch, Philippe; Bocci, Andrea; Bolognesi, Sara; Breuker, Horst; Brona, Grzegorz; Bunkowski, Karol; Camporesi, Tiziano; Cano, Eric; Cattai, Ariella; Cerminara, Gianluca; Christiansen, Tim; Coarasa Perez, Jose Antonio; Covarelli, Roberto; Curé, Benoît; D'Enterria, David; Dahms, Torsten; De Roeck, Albert; Elliott-Peisert, Anna; Funk, Wolfgang; Gaddi, Andrea; Gennai, Simone; Georgiou, Georgios; Gerwig, Hubert; Gigi, Dominique; Gill, Karl; Giordano, Domenico; Glege, Frank; Gomez-Reino Garrido, Robert; Gouzevitch, Maxime; Gowdy, Stephen; Guiducci, Luigi; Hansen, Magnus; Harvey, John; Hegeman, Jeroen; Hegner, Benedikt; Henderson, Conor; Hoffmann, Hans Falk; Honma, Alan; Innocente, Vincenzo; Janot, Patrick; Karavakis, Edward; Lecoq, Paul; Leonidopoulos, Christos; Lourenco, Carlos; Macpherson, Alick; Maki, Tuula; Malgeri, Luca; Mannelli, Marcello; Masetti, Lorenzo; Meijers, Frans; Mersi, Stefano; Meschi, Emilio; Moser, Roland; Mozer, Matthias Ulrich; Mulders, Martijn; Nesvold, Erik; Orsini, Luciano; Perez, Emmanuelle; Petrilli, Achille; Pfeiffer, Andreas; Pierini, Maurizio; Pimiä, Martti; Polese, Giovanni; Racz, Attila; Rolandi, Gigi; Rovelli, Chiara; Rovere, Marco; Sakulin, Hannes; Schäfer, Christoph; Schwick, Christoph; Segoni, Ilaria; Sharma, Archana; Siegrist, Patrice; Simon, Michal; Sphicas, Paraskevas; Spiga, Daniele; Spiropulu, Maria; Stöckli, Fabian; Stoye, Markus; Tropea, Paola; Tsirou, Andromachi; Veres, Gabor Istvan; Vichoudis, Paschalis; Voutilainen, Mikko; Zeuner, Wolfram Dietrich; Bertl, Willi; Deiters, Konrad; Erdmann, Wolfram; Gabathuler, Kurt; Horisberger, Roland; Ingram, Quentin; Kaestli, Hans-Christian; König, Stefan; Kotlinski, Danek; Langenegger, Urs; Meier, Frank; Renker, Dieter; Rohe, Tilman; Sibille, Jennifer; Starodumov, Andrei; Caminada, Lea; Chen, Zhiling; Cittolin, Sergio; Dissertori, Günther; Dittmar, Michael; Eugster, Jürg; Freudenreich, Klaus; Grab, Christoph; Hervé, Alain; Hintz, Wieland; Lecomte, Pierre; Lustermann, Werner; Marchica, Carmelo; Martinez Ruiz del Arbol, Pablo; Meridiani, Paolo; Milenovic, Predrag; Moortgat, Filip; Nardulli, Alessandro; Nef, Pascal; Nessi-Tedaldi, Francesca; Pape, Luc; Pauss, Felicitas; Punz, Thomas; Rizzi, Andrea; Ronga, Frederic Jean; Sala, Leonardo; Sanchez, Ann - Karin; Sawley, Marie-Christine; Stieger, Benjamin; Tauscher, Ludwig; Thea, Alessandro; Theofilatos, Konstantinos; Treille, Daniel; Urscheler, Christina; Wallny, Rainer; Weber, Matthias; Wehrli, Lukas; Weng, Joanna; Aguiló, Ernest; Amsler, Claude; Chiochia, Vincenzo; De Visscher, Simon; Favaro, Carlotta; Ivova Rikova, Mirena; Jaeger, Andreas; Millan Mejias, Barbara; Regenfus, Christian; Robmann, Peter; Rommerskirchen, Tanja; Schmidt, Alexander; Snoek, Hella; Wilke, Lotte; Chang, Yuan-Hann; Chen, Kuan-Hsin; Chen, Wan-Ting; Dutta, Suchandra; Go, Apollo; Kuo, Chia-Ming; Li, Syue-Wei; Lin, Willis; Liu, Ming-Hsiung; Liu, Zong-kai; Lu, Yun-Ju; Wu, Jing-Han; Yu, Shin-Shan; Bartalini, Paolo; Chang, Paoti; Chang, You-Hao; Chang, Yu-Wei; Chao, Yuan; Chen, Kai-Feng; Hou, George Wei-Shu; Hsiung, Yee; Kao, Kai-Yi; Lei, Yeong-Jyi; Lu, Rong-Shyang; Shiu, Jing-Ge; Tzeng, Yeng-Ming; Wang, Minzu; Wei, Jui-Te; Adiguzel, Aytul; Bakirci, Mustafa Numan; Cerci, Salim; Demir, Zahide; Dozen, Candan; Dumanoglu, Isa; Eskut, Eda; Girgis, Semiray; Gökbulut, Gül; Güler, Yalcin; Gurpinar, Emine; Hos, Ilknur; Kangal, Evrim Ersin; Karaman, Turker; Kayis Topaksu, Aysel; Nart, Alisah; Önengüt, Gülsen; Ozdemir, Kadri; Ozturk, Sertac; Polatöz, Ayse; Sogut, Kenan; Tali, Bayram; Topakli, Huseyin; Uzun, Dilber; Vergili, Latife Nukhet; Vergili, Mehmet; Zorbilmez, Caglar; Akin, Ilina Vasileva; Aliev, Takhmasib; Bilmis, Selcuk; Deniz, Muhammed; Gamsizkan, Halil; Guler, Ali Murat; Ocalan, Kadir; Ozpineci, Altug; Serin, Meltem; Sever, Ramazan; Surat, Ugur Emrah; Yildirim, Eda; Zeyrek, Mehmet; Deliomeroglu, Mehmet; Demir, Durmus; Gülmez, Erhan; Halu, Arda; Isildak, Bora; Kaya, Mithat; Kaya, Ozlem; Özbek, Melih; Ozkorucuklu, Suat; Sonmez, Nasuf; Levchuk, Leonid; Bell, Peter; Bostock, Francis; Brooke, James John; Cheng, Teh Lee; Cussans, David; Frazier, Robert; Goldstein, Joel; Grimes, Mark; Hansen, Maria; Heath, Greg P.; Heath, Helen F.; Hill, Christopher; Huckvale, Benedickt; Jackson, James; Kreczko, Lukasz; Metson, Simon; Newbold, Dave M.; Nirunpong, Kachanon; Poll, Anthony; Smith, Vincent J.; Ward, Simon; Basso, Lorenzo; Bell, Ken W.; Belyaev, Alexander; Brew, Christopher; Brown, Robert M.; Camanzi, Barbara; Cockerill, David J.A.; Coughlan, John A.; Harder, Kristian; Harper, Sam; Kennedy, Bruce W.; Olaiya, Emmanuel; Petyt, David; Radburn-Smith, Benjamin Charles; Shepherd-Themistocleous, Claire; Tomalin, Ian R.; Womersley, William John; Worm, Steven; Bainbridge, Robert; Ball, Gordon; Ballin, Jamie; Beuselinck, Raymond; Buchmuller, Oliver; Colling, David; Cripps, Nicholas; Cutajar, Michael; Davies, Gavin; Della Negra, Michel; Foudas, Costas; Fulcher, Jonathan; Futyan, David; Guneratne Bryer, Arlo; Hall, Geoffrey; Hatherell, Zoe; Hays, Jonathan; Iles, Gregory; Karapostoli, Georgia; Lyons, Louis; Magnan, Anne-Marie; Marrouche, Jad; Nandi, Robin; Nash, Jordan; Nikitenko, Alexander; Papageorgiou, Anastasios; Pesaresi, Mark; Petridis, Konstantinos; Pioppi, Michele; Raymond, David Mark; Rompotis, Nikolaos; Rose, Andrew; Ryan, Matthew John; Seez, Christopher; Sharp, Peter; Sparrow, Alex; Tapper, Alexander; Tourneur, Stephane; Vazquez Acosta, Monica; Virdee, Tejinder; Wakefield, Stuart; Wardrope, David; Whyntie, Tom; Barrett, Matthew; Chadwick, Matthew; Cole, Joanne; Hobson, Peter R.; Khan, Akram; Kyberd, Paul; Leslie, Dawn; Martin, William; Reid, Ivan; Teodorescu, Liliana; Hatakeyama, Kenichi; Bose, Tulika; Carrera Jarrin, Edgar; Clough, Andrew; Fantasia, Cory; Heister, Arno; St. John, Jason; Lawson, Philip; Lazic, Dragoslav; Rohlf, James; Sulak, Lawrence; Andrea, Jeremy; Avetisyan, Aram; Bhattacharya, Saptaparna; Chou, John Paul; Cutts, David; Esen, Selda; Ferapontov, Alexey; Heintz, Ulrich; Jabeen, Shabnam; Kukartsev, Gennadiy; Landsberg, Greg; Narain, Meenakshi; Nguyen, Duong; Segala, Michael; Speer, Thomas; Tsang, Ka Vang; Borgia, Maria Assunta; Breedon, Richard; Calderon De La Barca Sanchez, Manuel; Cebra, Daniel; Chertok, Maxwell; Conway, John; Cox, Peter Timothy; Dolen, James; Erbacher, Robin; Friis, Evan; Ko, Winston; Kopecky, Alexandra; Lander, Richard; Liu, Haidong; Maruyama, Sho; Miceli, Tia; Nikolic, Milan; Pellett, Dave; Robles, Jorge; Schwarz, Thomas; Searle, Matthew; Smith, John; Squires, Michael; Tripathi, Mani; Vasquez Sierra, Ricardo; Veelken, Christian; Andreev, Valeri; Arisaka, Katsushi; Cline, David; Cousins, Robert; Deisher, Amanda; Duris, Joseph; Erhan, Samim; Farrell, Chris; Hauser, Jay; Ignatenko, Mikhail; Jarvis, Chad; Plager, Charles; Rakness, Gregory; Schlein, Peter; Tucker, Jordan; Valuev, Vyacheslav; Babb, John; Clare, Robert; Ellison, John Anthony; Gary, J William; Giordano, Ferdinando; Hanson, Gail; Jeng, Geng-Yuan; Kao, Shih-Chuan; Liu, Feng; Liu, Hongliang; Luthra, Arun; Nguyen, Harold; Pasztor, Gabriella; Satpathy, Asish; Shen, Benjamin C.; Stringer, Robert; Sturdy, Jared; Sumowidagdo, Suharyo; Wilken, Rachel; Wimpenny, Stephen; Andrews, Warren; Branson, James G.; Dusinberre, Elizabeth; Evans, David; Golf, Frank; Holzner, André; Kelley, Ryan; Lebourgeois, Matthew; Letts, James; Mangano, Boris; Muelmenstaedt, Johannes; Padhi, Sanjay; Palmer, Christopher; Petrucciani, Giovanni; Pi, Haifeng; Pieri, Marco; Ranieri, Riccardo; Sani, Matteo; Sharma, Vivek; Simon, Sean; Tu, Yanjun; Vartak, Adish; Würthwein, Frank; Yagil, Avraham; Barge, Derek; Bellan, Riccardo; Campagnari, Claudio; D'Alfonso, Mariarosaria; Danielson, Thomas; Geffert, Paul; Incandela, Joe; Justus, Christopher; Kalavase, Puneeth; Koay, Sue Ann; Kovalskyi, Dmytro; Krutelyov, Vyacheslav; Lowette, Steven; Mccoll, Nickolas; Pavlunin, Viktor; Rebassoo, Finn; Ribnik, Jacob; Richman, Jeffrey; Rossin, Roberto; Stuart, David; To, Wing; Vlimant, Jean-Roch; Witherell, Michael; Bornheim, Adolf; Bunn, Julian; Chen, Yi; Gataullin, Marat; Kcira, Dorian; Litvine, Vladimir; Ma, Yousi; Mott, Alexander; Newman, Harvey B.; Rogan, Christopher; Shin, Kyoungha; Timciuc, Vladlen; Traczyk, Piotr; Veverka, Jan; Wilkinson, Richard; Yang, Yong; Zhu, Ren-Yuan; Akgun, Bora; Calamba, Aristotle; Carroll, Ryan; Ferguson, Thomas; Iiyama, Yutaro; Jang, Dong Wook; Jun, Soon Yung; Liu, Yueh-Feng; Paulini, Manfred; Russ, James; Terentyev, Nikolay; Vogel, Helmut; Vorobiev, Igor; Cumalat, John Perry; Dinardo, Mauro Emanuele; Drell, Brian Robert; Edelmaier, Christopher; Ford, William T.; Heyburn, Bernadette; Luiggi Lopez, Eduardo; Nauenberg, Uriel; Smith, James; Stenson, Kevin; Ulmer, Keith; Wagner, Stephen Robert; Zang, Shi-Lei; Agostino, Lorenzo; Alexander, James; Blekman, Freya; Chatterjee, Avishek; Das, Souvik; Eggert, Nicholas; Fields, Laura Johanna; Gibbons, Lawrence Kent; Heltsley, Brian; Henriksson, Kristofer; Hopkins, Walter; Khukhunaishvili, Aleko; Kreis, Benjamin; Kuznetsov, Valentin; Liu, Yao; Nicolas Kaufman, Gala; Patterson, Juliet Ritchie; Puigh, Darren; Riley, Daniel; Ryd, Anders; Saelim, Michael; Shi, Xin; Sun, Werner; Teo, Wee Don; Thom, Julia; Thompson, Joshua; Vaughan, Jennifer; Weng, Yao; Wittich, Peter; Biselli, Angela; Cirino, Guy; Winn, Dave; Abdullin, Salavat; Albrow, Michael; Anderson, Jacob; Apollinari, Giorgio; Atac, Muzaffer; Bakken, Jon Alan; Banerjee, Sunanda; Bauerdick, Lothar A.T.; Beretvas, Andrew; Berryhill, Jeffrey; Bhat, Pushpalatha C.; Bloch, Ingo; Borcherding, Frederick; Burkett, Kevin; Butler, Joel Nathan; Chetluru, Vasundhara; Cheung, Harry; Chlebana, Frank; Cihangir, Selcuk; Demarteau, Marcel; Eartly, David P.; Elvira, Victor Daniel; Fisk, Ian; Freeman, Jim; Gao, Yanyan; Gottschalk, Erik; Green, Dan; Gunthoti, Kranti; Gutsche, Oliver; Hahn, Alan; Hanlon, Jim; Harris, Robert M.; Hirschauer, James; James, Eric; Jensen, Hans; Johnson, Marvin; Joshi, Umesh; Khatiwada, Rakshya; Kilminster, Benjamin; Klima, Boaz; Kousouris, Konstantinos; Kunori, Shuichi; Kwan, Simon; Limon, Peter; Lipton, Ron; Lykken, Joseph; Maeshima, Kaori; Marraffino, John Michael; Mason, David; McBride, Patricia; McCauley, Thomas; Miao, Ting; Mishra, Kalanand; Mrenna, Stephen; Musienko, Yuri; Newman-Holmes, Catherine; O'Dell, Vivian; Popescu, Sorina; Pordes, Ruth; Prokofyev, Oleg; Saoulidou, Niki; Sexton-Kennedy, Elizabeth; Sharma, Seema; Soha, Aron; Spalding, William J.; Spiegel, Leonard; Tan, Ping; Taylor, Lucas; Tkaczyk, Slawek; Uplegger, Lorenzo; Vaandering, Eric Wayne; Vidal, Richard; Whitmore, Juliana; Wu, Weimin; Yang, Fan; Yumiceva, Francisco; Yun, Jae Chul; Acosta, Darin; Avery, Paul; Bourilkov, Dimitri; Chen, Mingshui; Di Giovanni, Gian Piero; Dobur, Didar; Drozdetskiy, Alexey; Field, Richard D.; Fisher, Matthew; Fu, Yu; Furic, Ivan-Kresimir; Gartner, Joseph; Goldberg, Sean; Kim, Bockjoo; Klimenko, Sergey; Konigsberg, Jacobo; Korytov, Andrey; Kotov, Khristian; Kropivnitskaya, Anna; Kypreos, Theodore; Matchev, Konstantin; Mitselmakher, Guenakh; Muniz, Lana; Pakhotin, Yuriy; Petterson, Maureen; Prescott, Craig; Remington, Ronald; Schmitt, Michael; Scurlock, Bobby; Sellers, Paul; Snowball, Matthew; Wang, Dayong; Yelton, John; Zakaria, Mohammed; Ceron, Cristobal; Gaultney, Vanessa; Kramer, Laird; Lebolo, Luis Miguel; Linn, Stephan; Markowitz, Pete; Martinez, German; Mesa, Dalgis; Rodriguez, Jorge Luis; Adams, Todd; Askew, Andrew; Bochenek, Joseph; Chen, Jie; Diamond, Brendan; Gleyzer, Sergei V; Haas, Jeff; Hagopian, Sharon; Hagopian, Vasken; Jenkins, Merrill; Johnson, Kurtis F.; Prosper, Harrison; Sekmen, Sezen; Veeraraghavan, Venkatesh; Baarmand, Marc M.; Dorney, Brian; Guragain, Samir; Hohlmann, Marcus; Kalakhety, Himali; Ralich, Robert; Vodopiyanov, Igor; Adams, Mark Raymond; Anghel, Ioana Maria; Apanasevich, Leonard; Bai, Yuting; Bazterra, Victor Eduardo; Betts, Russell Richard; Callner, Jeremy; Cavanaugh, Richard; Dragoiu, Cosmin; Garcia-Solis, Edmundo Javier; Gerber, Cecilia Elena; Hofman, David Jonathan; Khalatyan, Samvel; Lacroix, Florent; O'Brien, Christine; Shabalina, Elizaveta; Silvestre, Catherine; Smoron, Agata; Strom, Derek; Varelas, Nikos; Akgun, Ugur; Albayrak, Elif Asli; Bilki, Burak; Cankocak, Kerem; Clarida, Warren; Duru, Firdevs; Lae, Chung Khim; McCliment, Edward; Merlo, Jean-Pierre; Mermerkaya, Hamit; Mestvirishvili, Alexi; Moeller, Anthony; Nachtman, Jane; Newsom, Charles Ray; Norbeck, Edwin; Olson, Jonathan; Onel, Yasar; Ozok, Ferhat; Sen, Sercan; Wetzel, James; Yetkin, Taylan; Yi, Kai; Barnett, Bruce Arnold; Blumenfeld, Barry; Bonato, Alessio; Eskew, Christopher; Fehling, David; Giurgiu, Gavril; Gritsan, Andrei; Guo, Zijin; Hu, Guofan; Maksimovic, Petar; Rappoccio, Salvatore; Swartz, Morris; Tran, Nhan Viet; Whitbeck, Andrew; Baringer, Philip; Bean, Alice; Benelli, Gabriele; Grachov, Oleg; Murray, Michael; Noonan, Daniel; Radicci, Valeria; Sanders, Stephen; Wood, Jeffrey Scott; Zhukova, Victoria; Bandurin, Dmitry; Bolton, Tim; Chakaberia, Irakli; Ivanov, Andrew; Makouski, Mikhail; Maravin, Yurii; Shrestha, Shruti; Svintradze, Irakli; Wan, Zongru; Gronberg, Jeffrey; Lange, David; Wright, Douglas; Baden, Drew; Boutemeur, Madjid; Eno, Sarah Catherine; Ferencek, Dinko; Gomez, Jaime; Hadley, Nicholas John; Kellogg, Richard G.; Kirn, Malina; Lu, Ying; Mignerey, Alice; Rossato, Kenneth; Rumerio, Paolo; Santanastasio, Francesco; Skuja, Andris; Temple, Jeffrey; Tonjes, Marguerite; Tonwar, Suresh C.; Twedt, Elizabeth; Alver, Burak; Bauer, Gerry; Bendavid, Joshua; Busza, Wit; Butz, Erik; Cali, Ivan Amos; Chan, Matthew; Dutta, Valentina; Everaerts, Pieter; Gomez Ceballos, Guillelmo; Goncharov, Maxim; Hahn, Kristan Allan; Harris, Philip; Kim, Yongsun; Klute, Markus; Lee, Yen-Jie; Li, Wei; Loizides, Constantinos; Luckey, Paul David; Ma, Teng; Nahn, Steve; Paus, Christoph; Roland, Christof; Roland, Gunther; Rudolph, Matthew; Stephans, George; Sumorok, Konstanty; Sung, Kevin; Wenger, Edward Allen; Wyslouch, Bolek; Xie, Si; Yang, Mingming; Yilmaz, Yetkin; Yoon, Sungho; Zanetti, Marco; Cole, Perrie; Cooper, Seth; Cushman, Priscilla; Dahmes, Bryan; De Benedetti, Abraham; Dudero, Phillip Russell; Franzoni, Giovanni; Haupt, Jason; Klapoetke, Kevin; Kubota, Yuichi; Mans, Jeremy; Rekovic, Vladimir; Rusack, Roger; Sasseville, Michael; Singovsky, Alexander; Cremaldi, Lucien Marcus; Godang, Romulus; Kroeger, Rob; Perera, Lalith; Rahmat, Rahmat; Sanders, David A; Summers, Don; Bloom, Kenneth; Bose, Suvadeep; Butt, Jamila; Claes, Daniel R.; Dominguez, Aaron; Eads, Michael; Keller, Jason; Kelly, Tony; Kravchenko, Ilya; Lazo-Flores, Jose; Lundstedt, Carl; Malbouisson, Helena; Malik, Sudhir; Snow, Gregory R.; Baur, Ulrich; Godshalk, Andrew; Iashvili, Ia; Kharchilava, Avto; Kumar, Ashish; Smith, Kenneth; Zennamo, Joseph; Alverson, George; Barberis, Emanuela; Baumgartel, Darin; Boeriu, Oana; Chasco, Matthew; Kaadze, Ketino; Reucroft, Steve; Swain, John; Wood, Darien; Zhang, Jinzhong; Anastassov, Anton; Kubik, Andrew; Odell, Nathaniel; Ofierzynski, Radoslaw Adrian; Pollack, Brian; Pozdnyakov, Andrey; Schmitt, Michael; Stoynev, Stoyan; Velasco, Mayda; Won, Steven; Antonelli, Louis; Berry, Douglas; Hildreth, Michael; Jessop, Colin; Karmgard, Daniel John; Kolb, Jeff; Kolberg, Ted; Lannon, Kevin; Luo, Wuming; Lynch, Sean; Marinelli, Nancy; Morse, David Michael; Pearson, Tessa; Ruchti, Randy; Slaunwhite, Jason; Valls, Nil; Warchol, Jadwiga; Wayne, Mitchell; Ziegler, Jill; Bylsma, Ben; Durkin, Lloyd Stanley; Gu, Jianhui; Killewald, Phillip; Ling, Ta-Yung; Rodenburg, Marissa; Williams, Grayson; Adam, Nadia; Berry, Edmund; Elmer, Peter; Gerbaudo, Davide; Halyo, Valerie; Hebda, Philip; Hunt, Adam; Jones, John; Laird, Edward; Lopes Pegna, David; Marlow, Daniel; Medvedeva, Tatiana; Mooney, Michael; Olsen, James; Piroué, Pierre; Saka, Halil; Stickland, David; Tully, Christopher; Werner, Jeremy Scott; Zuranski, Andrzej; Acosta, Jhon Gabriel; Huang, Xing Tao; Lopez, Angel; Mendez, Hector; Oliveros, Sandra; Ramirez Vargas, Juan Eduardo; Zatserklyaniy, Andriy; Alagoz, Enver; Barnes, Virgil E.; Bolla, Gino; Borrello, Laura; Bortoletto, Daniela; Everett, Adam; Garfinkel, Arthur F.; Gecse, Zoltan; Gutay, Laszlo; Jones, Matthew; Koybasi, Ozhan; Laasanen, Alvin T.; Leonardo, Nuno; Liu, Chang; Maroussov, Vassili; Meier, Michael; Merkel, Petra; Miller, David Harry; Neumeister, Norbert; Potamianos, Karolos; Shipsey, Ian; Silvers, David; Svyatkovskiy, Alexey; Yoo, Hwi Dong; Zablocki, Jakub; Zheng, Yu; Jindal, Pratima; Parashar, Neeti; Boulahouache, Chaouki; Cuplov, Vesna; Ecklund, Karl Matthew; Geurts, Frank J.M.; Liu, Jinghua H.; Morales, Jafet; Padley, Brian Paul; Redjimi, Radia; Roberts, Jay; Zabel, James; Betchart, Burton; Bodek, Arie; Chung, Yeon Sei; de Barbaro, Pawel; Demina, Regina; Eshaq, Yossof; Flacher, Henning; Garcia-Bellido, Aran; Goldenzweig, Pablo; Gotra, Yury; Han, Jiyeon; Harel, Amnon; Miner, Daniel Carl; Orbaker, Douglas; Petrillo, Gianluca; Vishnevskiy, Dmitry; Zielinski, Marek; Bhatti, Anwar; Demortier, Luc; Goulianos, Konstantin; Lungu, Gheorghe; Mesropian, Christina; Yan, Ming; Atramentov, Oleksiy; Barker, Anthony; Duggan, Daniel; Gershtein, Yuri; Gray, Richard; Halkiadakis, Eva; Hidas, Dean; Hits, Dmitry; Lath, Amitabh; Panwalkar, Shruti; Patel, Rishi; Richards, Alan; Rose, Keith; Schnetzer, Steve; Somalwar, Sunil; Stone, Robert; Thomas, Scott; Cerizza, Giordano; Hollingsworth, Matthew; Spanier, Stefan; Yang, Zong-Chang; York, Andrew; Asaadi, Jonathan; Eusebi, Ricardo; Gilmore, Jason; Gurrola, Alfredo; Kamon, Teruki; Khotilovich, Vadim; Montalvo, Roy; Nguyen, Chi Nhan; Pivarski, James; Safonov, Alexei; Sengupta, Sinjini; Tatarinov, Aysen; Toback, David; Weinberger, Michael; Akchurin, Nural; Bardak, Cemile; Damgov, Jordan; Jeong, Chiyoung; Kovitanggoon, Kittikul; Lee, Sung Won; Mane, Poonam; Roh, Youn; Sill, Alan; Volobouev, Igor; Wigmans, Richard; Yazgan, Efe; Appelt, Eric; Brownson, Eric; Engh, Daniel; Florez, Carlos; Gabella, William; Johns, Willard; Kurt, Pelin; Maguire, Charles; Melo, Andrew; Sheldon, Paul; Velkovska, Julia; Arenton, Michael Wayne; Balazs, Michael; Boutle, Sarah; Buehler, Marc; Conetti, Sergio; Cox, Bradley; Francis, Brian; Hirosky, Robert; Ledovskoy, Alexander; Lin, Chuanzhe; Neu, Christopher; Patel, Tushita; Yohay, Rachel; Gollapinni, Sowjanya; Harr, Robert; Karchin, Paul Edmund; Loggins, Vera; Mattson, Mark; Milstène, Caroline; Sakharov, Alexandre; Anderson, Michael; Bachtis, Michail; Bellinger, James Nugent; Carlsmith, Duncan; Dasu, Sridhara; Efron, Jonathan; Gray, Lindsey; Grogg, Kira Suzanne; Grothe, Monika; Hall-Wilton, Richard; Herndon, Matthew; Klabbers, Pamela; Klukas, Jeffrey; Lanaro, Armando; Lazaridis, Christos; Leonard, Jessica; Liu, Jie; Lomidze, David; Loveless, Richard; Mohapatra, Ajit; Parker, William; Reeder, Don; Ross, Ian; Savin, Alexander; Smith, Wesley H.; Swanson, Joshua; Weinberg, Marc 2010-01-01 Results on two-particle angular correlations for charged particles emitted in proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies of 0.9, 2.36, and 7 TeV are presented, using data collected with the CMS detector over a broad range of pseudorapidity (eta) and azimuthal angle ($\\phi$). Short-range correlations in$\\Delta\\eta$, which are studied in minimum bias events, are characterized using a simple "independent cluster" parametrization in order to quantify their strength (cluster size) and their extent in$\\eta$(cluster decay width). Long-range azimuthal correlations are studied differentially as a function of charged particle multiplicity and particle transverse momentum using a 980 inverse nb data set at 7 TeV. In high multiplicity events, a pronounced structure emerges in the two-dimensional correlation function for particle pairs with intermediate transverse momentum of 1-3 GeV/c, 2.0 < |$\\Delta\\eta$| < 4.8 and$\\Delta\\phi \\approx 0$. This is the first observation of such a long-range, near-side fe... 2. Momentum and Angular Correlations Study in$\\pi^{-}Nuclei Jets at High Energies using Emulsion Telescopes Technique with Magnetic Field CERN Multimedia 2002-01-01 This experiment aims at studying angular and momentum correlations between particles in high energy hadron jets, using emulsion telescopes. A new high performance telescope technique using nuclear emulsions under magnetic field has been developed. Fig. 1 shows the detector device made of 16~elementary detectors mounted around a target module in a telescope arrangement and exposed perpendicular to the beam. The elementary detectors are made of 200~@mm plastic sheets coated on both sides with 50~@mm G5 emulsion layers. The target module is made of one Pb and three Al sheets 100~@mm thick separated by elementary detectors for scanning purpose. A 1.87 telsa magnetic field is applied and fiducial rays are marked on the emulsion during the irradiation. Grain counting can be achieved in G2 and/or 4~x~gel G5 emulsion. The characteristics of the experimental set-up are the following: .in 3 - 4 @p sterad acceptance \\\\ \\\\ - 1\\% momentum resolution between 1 and 300 GeV \\\\ \\\\ - 2 mrad mean angular resolution for transver... 3. Experiences in ultrasonic correlation flow measuring technique International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A non-contact coolant flow measurement technique based on measurement of the transit time of the flowing liquid between two stations has been developed. The random modulations in the acoustic properties of the flowing liquid using ultrasonic carrier are sensed and cross correlation technique is used to measure the transit time. The results of experiments carried out using the above approach are described. (M.G.B.) 4. Measuring magnetic correlations in nanoparticle assemblies DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Beleggia, Marco; Frandsen, Cathrine 2014-01-01 We illustrate how to extract correlations between magnetic moments in assemblies of nanoparticles from, e.g., electron holography data providing the combined knowledge of particle size distribution, inter-particle distances, and magnitude and orientation of each magnetic moment within a nanoparti......We illustrate how to extract correlations between magnetic moments in assemblies of nanoparticles from, e.g., electron holography data providing the combined knowledge of particle size distribution, inter-particle distances, and magnitude and orientation of each magnetic moment within...... provides a measure of the strength and range of magnetic correlations.... 5. Design of a molecular beam surface scattering apparatus for velocity and angular distribution measurements Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ceyer, S.T.; Siekhaus, W.J.; Somorjai, G.A. 1981-09-01 A molecular beam surface scattering apparatus designed for the study of corrosion and catalytic surface reactions is described. The apparatus incorporates two molecular or atomic beams aimed at a surface characterized by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), a rotatable, differentially pumped quadrupole mass spectrometer, and a versatile manipulator. Angular distributions and energy distributions as a function of angle and independent of the surface residence time can be measured. Typical data for the oxidation of deuterium to D/sub 2/O on a Pt(111) crystal surface are presented. 6. DESIGN OF A MOLECULAR BEAM SURFACE SCATTERING APPARATUS FOR VELOCITY AND ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ceyer, S. T.; Siekhaus, W. J.; Somorjai, G. A. 1980-11-01 A molecular beam surface scattering apparatus designed for the study of corrosion and catalyticsurfacereactions is described. The apparatus incorporates two molecular or atomic beams aimed at a surface characterized by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), a rotatable, differentially pumped quadrupole mass spectrometer, and a versatile manipulator. Angular distributions and energy distributions as a funcion of angle and independent of the surface residence time can be measured. Typical data for the oxidation of deuterium to D{sub 2}O on a Pt(lll) crystal surface are presented. 7. Two-dimensional single-shot measurement of angular dispersion for compressor alignment. Science.gov (United States) Börzsönyi, A; Mangin-Thro, L; Cheriaux, G; Osvay, K 2013-02-15 Misalignment of the stretcher-compressor stages of chirped pulse amplification (CPA) lasers can aggravate the spatiotemporal shape of ultrashort pulses. We demonstrate a simple technique for angular dispersion measurement, which offers real-time single-shot two-dimensional characterization across the entire beam profile. The accuracy of our pilot experiment approaches its current theoretical limit of 0.1 μrad/nm. Unlike the current one-dimensional techniques working in the near field, the method works in the far field; hence, it is especially appropriate for assisting the most accurate alignment of a CPA laser compressor ensuring the maximum intensity on the target. PMID:23455085 8. The measurement of linear and angular displacements in prototype aircraft - Instrumentation, calibration and operational accuracy Science.gov (United States) Storm van Leeuwen, Sam The design and development of angular displacement transducers for flight test instrumentation systems are considered. Calibration tools, developed to meet the accuracy requirements, allowed in situ calibration with short turn around times. The design of the control surface deflection measurement channels for the Fokker 100 prototype aircraft is discussed in detail. It is demonstrated that a bellows coupling provides accurate results, and that the levers and push-pull rod drive mechanisms perform well. The results suggest that a complex mechanical drive mechanism reduces the system accuracy. 9. A Method for Measurement of Absolute Angular Position and Application in a Novel Electromagnetic Encoder System OpenAIRE Zijian Zhang; Yangyang Dong; Fenglei Ni; Minghe Jin; Hong Liu 2015-01-01 For the encoders, especially the sine-cosine magnetic ones, a new method to measure absolute angular position is proposed in the paper. In the method, the code disc of the encoder has only two circle tracks and each one was divided into N and (N-1) equal code cells. The cell angles, changing from 0° to 360° between any two neighboring code cells, are defined to represent any position on the code disc. The position value of the same point can be represented by different cell angle values of di... 10. Disentangling correlated scatter in cluster mass measurements CERN Document Server Noh, Yookyung 2012-01-01 The challenge of obtaining galaxy cluster masses is increasingly being addressed by multiwavelength measurements. As scatters in measured cluster masses are often sourced by properties of or around the clusters themselves, correlations between mass scatters are frequent and can be significant, with consequences for errors on mass estimates both directly and those obtained via stacking. Using a high resolution 250 Mpc/h side N-body simulation, combined with proxies for observational cluster mass measurements, we obtain mass scatter correlations and covariances for 243 individual clusters along ~96 lines of sight each, both separately and together. We use principal component analysis (PCA) to characterize scatter trends and variations between clusters. The dominant mass scatter combination identified by PCA is common to many clusters, and tends to dominate the mass scatters when viewing the cluster along its long axis. We also correlate cluster mass scatter, environmental and intrinsic properties, and use PCA t... 11. Measurements and correlations between several atmospheric parameters Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kolarž Predrag 2008-01-01 Full Text Available Diurnal atmospheric air-ion concentrations have been investigated at a site where synchronous aerosol, ozone, temperature and relative humidity measurements were also made. Air-ions, temperature and relative humidity were measured with Gerdien type Cylindrical Detector of Air-Ions (CDI-06 made in the Institute of Physics, Belgrade. Ozone and aerosols were measured with commercial instruments owned by the Institute of Public Health, Belgrade. Typical daily variations of the measured parameters were analyzed and showed that air-ions of both signs and ozone are positively correlated, while aerosols show strong inverse correlation with air-ions. Also, concentrations of air-ions and ozone are decreasing with temperature while aerosol concentration and humidity are increasing. These processes could be explained concerning properties of the specified parameters, measuring place properties and weather conditions. 12. An all-digital time differential γ-γ angular correlation spectrometer for the study of defects in semiconductors International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The time differential perturbed angular correlation (PAC) technique permits the analysis of electric field gradients and magnetic fields at sites of radioactive probe atoms inserted into samples by means of implantation or diffusion. In this work a new all-digital PAC spectrometer is presented which overcomes some ot the limitations of earlier digital and analog setups and features improved time and energy resolutions. The application of the new spectrometer for the characterization of defects in semiconductors using isotopes that could not be efficiently used as probes before is discussed. Other possible applications of the methods developed for the spectrometer include positron annihilation, PET and time of flight studies as well as Lidar and Radar. 13. Dynamical evolution, hadronization and angular de-correlation of heavy flavor in a hot and dense QCD medium Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cao, Shanshan [Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 (United States); Qin, Guang-You [Institute of Particle Physics and Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE), Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079 (China); Bass, Steffen A. [Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 (United States) 2014-12-15 We study heavy flavor evolution and hadronization in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The in-medium evolution of heavy quarks is described using our modified Langevin framework that incorporates both collisional and radiative energy loss mechanisms. The subsequent hadronization process for heavy quarks is calculated with a fragmentation plus recombination model. We find significant contribution from gluon radiation to heavy quark energy loss at high p{sub T}; the recombination mechanism can greatly enhance the D meson production at medium p{sub T}. Our calculation provides a good description of the D meson nuclear modification at the LHC. In addition, we explore the angular correlation functions of heavy flavor pairs which may provide us a potential candidate for distinguishing different energy loss mechanisms of heavy quarks inside the QGP. 14. Angular correlations in the cosmic gamma-ray background from dark matter annihilation around intermediate-mass black holes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dark matter (DM) annihilation could in principle contribute to the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background. While with standard assumptions for cosmological and particle physics parameters this contribution is expected to be rather small, a number of processes could boost it, including a larger-than-expected DM annihilation cross section, or the occurrence of DM substructures such as DM minispikes around intermediate-mass black holes. We show that angular correlations of the cosmic gamma-ray background provide a tool to disentangle the signal induced by DM annihilation in minispikes from a conventional astrophysical component. Treating blazars as a known background, we study the prospects for detecting DM annihilations with the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope for different choices of DM mass and annihilation channels. 15. Correlation Force Spectroscopy for Single Molecule Measurements OpenAIRE Radiom, Milad 2014-01-01 This thesis addresses development of a new force spectroscopy tool, correlation force spectroscopy (CFS), for the measurement of the mechanical properties of very small volumes of material (molecular to �[BULLET]m3) at kHz-MHz time-scales. CFS is based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the principles of CFS resemble those of dual-trap optical tweezers. CFS consists of two closely-spaced micro-cantilevers that undergo thermal fluctuations. Measurement of the correlation in thermal fluctu... 16. Classes of admissible exchange-correlation density functionals for pure spin and angular momentum states CERN Document Server Tchougréeff, A L 2009-01-01 We analyze the various approaches to construct exchange-correlation functionals which are able to describe states of definite spin multiplicity in the DFT realm and outline the characteristics of possible functionals consistent with the Kohn-Sham theory. To achieve this goal the unitary group technique is applied to label many-electron states of definite total spin and to calculate the corresponding analogs of the Roothaan coupling coefficients. The possibility of using range separated Coulomb potential of electron-electron interaction for constructing functionals discriminating multiplet states in the d-shells is explored and a tentative system of state-specific functionals, covering nontrivial correlations in d-shells of transition metal ions, is proposed for the Fe^{2+} ions. 17. Generalized extended Navier-Stokes theory : Correlations in molecular fluids with intrinsic angular momentum OpenAIRE Hansen, J. S.; Daivis, Peter J.; Dyre, Jeppe C.; Todd, B. D.; Bruus, Henrik 2013-01-01 The extended Navier-Stokes theory accounts for the coupling between the translational and rotational molecular degrees of freedom. In this paper, we generalize this theory to non-zero frequencies and wavevectors, which enables a new study of spatio-temporal correlation phenomena present in molecular fluids. To discuss these phenomena in detail, molecular dynamics simulations of molecular chlorine are performed for three different state points. In general, the theory captures the behavior for ... 18. Simplified neutron detector for angular distribution measurement of p-Li neutron source International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is one of the most promising cancer therapies using 10B(n, α)7Li nuclear reaction. Because nuclear reactor is currently used for BNCT, the therapy is much restricted. Many kinds of accelerator based neutron sources for BNCT are being investigated worldwide and p-Li reaction is one of the most promising candidates because the emitted neutron energy is comparatively low and no gamma-ray is produced. To use p-Li neutron source for BNCT, measurement of the angular distribution is important. However, the energy of neutrons changes depending on the angle with respect to the proton beam, e.g., the energy of forward emitted neutrons are about 700 keV and it is 100 keV for backward direction. So a neutron detector, the efficiency of which is not dependent on energy, is needed. Though so-called “Long Counter” is known to be available, its structure is complicated and moreover it is expensive. Thus we have designed and developed a simplified neutron detector using Monte Carlo simulation. We verified the developed detector experimentally and measured the angular distribution in detail for p-Li reaction by using it. The obtained results were compared with analytical calculations. (author) 19. Development of a Measuring System Based on LabVIEW for Angular Stiffness of Integrative Flexible Joint International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In order to meet the need of development of integrative flexible joint, this paper presents a higher precision measuring system for angular stiffness test of integrative flexible joint. The main parts of the system include PC, precision motorized goniometric stage, precision motorized rotary stage and high accuracy torque sensor. The measuring and control program is developed on the platform of LabVIEW. The measuring system developed has angular resolution at 0.00032 deg. (about 1'') theoretically in determining the angular displacement of the joint round its equatorial axis and torque accuracy at 0.005 mN · m. The developed program, which presents a friendly GUI, can implement the data acquisition and processing, measuring procedure automatically. In comparison with other measuring devices with similar purposes, the measuring device can improve the measuring efficiency and accuracy distinctly while has advantages of simple configuration, low cost and high stability 20. Concurrent measurement method of spindle radial, axial and angular motions using concentric circle grating and phase modulation interferometers International Nuclear Information System (INIS) This paper describes a concurrent measurement of spindle radial, axial and angular motions using concentric circle grating and phase modulation interferometers. In the measurement, a concentric circle grating with fine pitch is the reference artifact. A frequency modulated laser diode is used for the light source of the phase modulation interferometers. The phase modulation interferometers, which consist of three Michelson and three grating interferometers, measure three radial and three axial displacements of the grating. From these six measured displacements, radial, axial and angular motions of a spindle can be determined concurrently. In the paper, a measurement principle, a measurement instrument and experimental results are discussed. Concurrent measurements of spindle radial, axial and angular motions were successfully attained. (paper) 1. PHENIX Measurements of Correlations at RHIC Science.gov (United States) Taranenko, Arkadiy 2016-01-01 Relativistic heavy-ion collisions provide a unique opportunity to study the expansion dynamics and the transport properties of the produced strongly interacting quark gluon plasma (QGP). This article reviews the recent soft physics results obtained via correlation measurements from the PHENIX experiment at RHIC: space-time extent of the pion emission source and azimuthal anisotropy of the particle production. 2. Wavefront propagation in turbulence: an unified approach to the derivation of angular correlation functions. Science.gov (United States) Molodij, Guillaume 2011-08-01 A general expression of the spatial correlation functions of quantities related to the phase fluctuations of a wave that have propagated through the atmospheric turbulence are derived. A generalization of the method to integrand containing the product of an arbitrary number of hypergeometric functions is presented. The formalism is able to give the coefficients of phase-expansion functions orthogonal over an arbitrary circularly symmetric weighting function for an isotropic turbulence spectrum, as well as to describe the effect of the finite outer and inner scales of the turbulence and to describe the spherical propagation or to derive the effects of the analytical operators acting on the phase such as the derivatives of any order. The derivation of the generalized integrals with multiparameters is based on the Mellin transforms integration method. PMID:21811336 3. Angular and mass resolved energy distribution measurements with a gallium liquid metal ion source International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ionisation and energy broadening mechanisms relevant to liquid metal ion sources are discussed. A review of experimental results giving a picture of source operation and a discussion of the emission mechanisms thought to occur for the ionic species and droplets emitted is presented. Further work is suggested by this review and an analysis system for angular and mass resolved energy distribution measurements of liquid metal ion source beams has been constructed. The energy analyser has been calibrated and a series of measurements, both on and off the beam axis, of 69Ga+, Ga++ and Ga2+ ions emitted at various currents from a gallium source has been performed. A comparison is made between these results and published work where possible, and the results are discussed with the aim of determining the emission and energy spread mechanisms operating in the gallium liquid metal ion source. (author) 4. A Comparison of Kretschmann-Raether Angular Regimes for Measuring Changes in Bulk Refractive Index Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) KASUNIC, K.J. 1999-09-16 We compare 2 angular regimes for the measurement of changes in the real refractive index of bulk fluid analytes. The measurements are based on the use of the Kretschmann-Raether configuration to sense a change in reflectivity with index. Specifically, we numerically simulate the relative sensitivities of the total internal reflection (TIR) and surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) regimes. For a fixed-angle apparatus, the method which gives the greatest change in reflectivity varies with metal film thickness. For films thicker than the skin depth, the SPR regime is the most sensitive to index changes. For thinner films, however, the TIR angle is then dominant, with increases in sensitivity on the order of 75% for 10 nm gold or silver media. 5. Angular width of a narrow beam for X-ray linear attenuation coefficient measurements International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The detection of scattered radiation can be a major source of systematic errors when measuring the X-ray linear attenuation coefficient, μ. Angular distributions of scattered photons are studied for Z=1 to 20 at energies 6keV to 100MeV, using tabulated atomic form factors and incoherent scattering functions. A circularly symmetric pencil beam irradiation geometry is considered, and scatter acceptance angles, equal to the sum of the incident and exit beam divergence, are evaluated for systematic errors of 0.5-1.0% in measuring μ. The analysis is extended to water, comparing predictions based upon the independent atomic model to values obtained from tabulated molecular form factors 6. Toward Multi-Differential Cross Sections: Measuring Two Angularities on a Single Jet CERN Document Server Larkoski, Andrew J; Neill, Duff 2014-01-01 The analytic study of differential cross sections in QCD has typically focused on individual observables, such as mass or thrust, to great success. Here, we present a first study of double differential jet cross sections considering two recoil-free angularities measured on a single jet. By analyzing the phase space defined by the two angularities and using methods from soft-collinear effective theory, we prove that the double differential cross section factorizes at the boundaries of the phase space. We also show that the cross section in the bulk of the phase space cannot be factorized using only soft and collinear modes, excluding the possibility of a global factorization theorem in soft-collinear effective theory. Nevertheless, we are able to define a simple interpolation procedure that smoothly connects the factorization theorem at one boundary to the other. We present an explicit example of this at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy and show that the interpolation is unique up to\\alpha_s^4$order in ... 7. The electron antineutrino angular correlation coefficient a in free neutron decay. Testing the standard model with the aSPECT-spectrometer International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The β-decay of free neutrons is a strongly over-determined process in the Standard Model (SM) of Particle Physics and is described by a multitude of observables. Some of those observables are sensitive to physics beyond the SM. For example, the correlation coefficients of the involved particles belong to them. The spectrometer aSPECT was designed to measure precisely the shape of the proton energy spectrum and to extract from it the electron anti-neutrino angular correlation coefficient a. A first test period (2005/2006) showed the ''proof-of-principles''. The limiting influence of uncontrollable background conditions in the spectrometer made it impossible to extract a reliable value for the coefficient a (published in 2008). A second measurement cycle (2007/2008) aimed to under-run the relative accuracy of previous experiments (δa)/(a)=5%. I performed the analysis of the data taken there which is the emphasis of this doctoral thesis. A central point are background studies. The systematic impact of background on a was reduced to (δa(syst.))/(a)=0.61 %. The statistical accuracy of the analyzed measurements is (δa(stat.))/(a)∼1.4 %. Besides, saturation effects of the detector electronics were investigated which were initially observed. These turned out not to be correctable on a sufficient level. An applicable idea how to avoid the saturation effects is discussed in the last chapter. (orig.) 8. Harmonic decomposition of two particle angular correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at √(sNN)=2.76 TeV International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Angular correlations between unidentified charged trigger (t) and associated (a) particles are measured by the ALICE experiment in Pb-Pb collisions at √(sNN)=2.76 TeV for transverse momenta 0.25Tt,aTt>pTa. The shapes of the pair correlation distributions are studied in a variety of collision centrality classes between 0 and 50% of the total hadronic cross section for particles in the pseudorapidity interval |η|t-φa are analyzed for |Δη|≡|ηt-ηa|>0.8, and are referred to as “long-range correlations”. Fourier components VnΔ≡〈cos(nΔφ)〉 are extracted from the long-range azimuthal correlation functions. If particle pairs are correlated to one another through their individual correlation to a common symmetry plane, then the pair anisotropy VnΔ(pTt,pTa) is fully described in terms of single-particle anisotropies vn(pT) as VnΔ(pTt,pTa)=vn(pTt)vn(pTa). This expectation is tested for 1⩽n⩽5 by applying a global fit of all VnΔ(pTt,pTa) to obtain the best values vn{GF}(pT). It is found that for 2⩽n⩽5, the fit agrees well with data up to pTa∼3-4 GeV/c, with a trend of increasing deviation as pTt and pTa are increased or as collisions become more peripheral. This suggests that no pair correlation harmonic can be described over the full 0.25Tn(pT) curve; such a description is however approximately possible for 2⩽n⩽5 when pTa1(pT) curve is not obtained even within the reduced range pTa<4 GeV/c. 9. A study of angular correlations in 4-jet final states of hadronic Z sup 0 decays Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Akrawy, M.Z.; Alexander, G.; Allison, J.; Allport, P.P.; Anderson, K.J.; Armitage, J.C.; Arnison, G.T.J.; Ashton, P.; Azuelos, G.; Baines, J.T.; Ball, A.H.; Banks, J.; Barker, G.J.; Barlow, R.J.; Batley, J.R.; Becker, J.; Behnke, T.; Bell, K.W.; Bella, G.; Bethke, S.; Biebel, O.; Binder, U.; Bloodworth, I.J.; Bock, P.; Breuker, H.; Brown, R.M.; Brun, R.; Buijs, A.; Burckhart, H.J.; Capiluppi, P.; Carnegie, R.K.; Carter, A.A.; Carter, J.R.; Chang, C.Y.; Charlton, D.G.; Chrin, J.T.; Clarke, P.E.; Cohen, I.; Collins, W.J.; Conboy, J.E.; Couch, M.; Coupland, M.; Cuffiani, M.; Dado, S.; Dallavalle, G.M.; Debu, P.; Deninno, M.M.; Dieckmann, A.; Dittmar, M.; Dixit, M.S.; Duchovni, E.; Duerdoth, I.P.; Dumas, D.J.; El Mamouni, H.; Elcombe, P.A.; Estabrooks, P.G.; Etzion, E.; Fabbri, F.; Farthouat, P.; Fischer, H.M.; Fong, D.G.; French, M.T.; Fukunaga, C.; Gaidot, A.; Ganel, O.; Gary, J.W.; Gascon, J.; Geddes, N.I.; Gee, C.N.; Geich-Gimbel, C.; Gensler, S.W.; Gentit, F.X.; Giacomelli, G.; Gibson; OPAL Collaboration 1991-01-01 Four-jet final states of hadronic Z{sup 0} decays, observed in e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation around 91 GeV centre of mass energy, are analysed in terms of observables that are sensitive to the non-abelian gauge structure of QCD. After correction for detector resolution and fragmentation effects, the data are compared to QCD and also to predictions of the Abelian vector gluon gauge theory. The theoretical expectations are calculated in both second order and leading logarithmic approximation of perturbation theory. The data are compatible with QCD but cannot be described by the predictions of the Abelian vector gluon models. From the measured topological distributions, upper limits for the relative production rates of qanti qqanti q final states are derived. (orig.). 10. Measurements of ion angular velocity of Field Reversed Configuration with suppressed rotational instability Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ito, Yoshifumi; Arai, Noriyuki; Ueda, Yoshio; Sugimoto, Satoshi; Okada, Shigefumi; Goto, Seiichi; Ishimura, Tsutomu (Osaka Univ., Suita (Japan). Faculty of Engineering) 1991-07-01 The angular velocity {Omega}{sub c} of the impurity ions (CV) is measured spectroscopically for the FRC (Field-Reversed-Configuration) plasmas confined in the {theta}-pinch region and translated into the confinement region with magnetic mirror field. The FRC plasma confined in the {theta}-pinch region becomes unstable due to the n=2 rotational instability which can be suppressed by the multipole magnetic field. The ion rotation in the stabilized plasma is almost equal to the velocity in the unstabilized case, suggesting that the multipole field acts on the plasma surface due to the skin effect and suppresses the instability without changing the field configuration within the separatrix radius. The FRC plasma translated in the confinement region is stable without destructive instability. The ion rotation in such a plasma indicates that a suppression mechanism of the n=2 instability exists, which is excited by the rotation in the confinement region. (author). 11. The odontoid process invagination in normal subjects, Chiari malformation and Basilar invagination patients: Pathophysiologic correlations with angular craniometry Science.gov (United States) Ferreira, Jânio A.; Botelho, Ricardo V. 2015-01-01 Background: Craniometric studies have shown that both Chiari malformation (CM) and basilar invagination (BI) belong to a spectrum of malformations. A more precise method to differentiate between these types of CVJM is desirable. The Chamberlain's line violation (CLV) is the most common method to identify BI. The authors sought to clarify the real importance of CLV in the spectrum of craniovertebral junction malformations (CVJM) and to identify possible pathophysiological relationships. Methods: We evaluated the CLV in a sample of CVJM, BI, CM patients and a control group of normal subjects and correlated their data with craniocervical angular craniometry. Results: A total of 97 subjects were studied: 32 normal subjects, 41 CM patients, 9 basilar invagination type 1 (BI1) patients, and 15 basilar invagination type 2 (BI2) patients. The mean CLV violation in the groups were: The control group, 0.16 ± 0.45 cm; the CM group, 0.32 ± 0.48 cm; the BI1 group, 1.35 ± 0.5 cm; and the BI2 group, 1.98 ± 0.18 cm. There was strong correlation between CLV and Boogard's angle (R = 0.82, P = 0.000) and the clivus canal angle (R = 0.7, P = 0.000). Conclusions: CM's CLV is discrete and similar to the normal subjects. BI1 and BI2 presented with at least of 0.95 cm CLV and these violations were strongly correlated with a primary cranial angulation (clivus horizontalization) and an acute clivus canal angle (a secondary craniocervical angle). PMID:26229733 12. Measurement method for roll angular displacement with a high resolution by using diffraction gratings and a heterodyne interferometer International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The roll angle measurement is difficult to be achieved directly using a typical commercial interferometer due to its low sensitivity in axial direction, where the axial direction is orthogonal to the plane of the roll angular displacement. A roll angle measurement method combined diffraction gratings with a laser heterodyne interferometer is discussed in this paper. The diffraction grating placed in the plane of a roll angular displacement and the interferometer arranged in the plane's orthogonal direction, constitute the measurement pattern for the roll angle with high resolution. The roll angular displacement, considered as the linear, can be tested precisely when the corresponding angle is very small. Using the proposed method, the angle roll measurement obtains the high resolution of 0.002″. Experiment has proved its feasibility and practicability 13. Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p-Pb collisions at$\\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 5.02 TeV CERN Document Server Abelev, Betty; Adamova, Dagmar; Adare, Andrew Marshall; Aggarwal, Madan; Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca; Agnello, Michelangelo; Agocs, Andras Gabor; Agostinelli, Andrea; Ahammed, Zubayer; Ahmad, Nazeer; Ahmad, Arshad; Ahn, Sul-Ah; Ahn, Sang Un; Ajaz, Muhammad; Akindinov, Alexander; Aleksandrov, Dmitry; Alessandro, Bruno; Alici, Andrea; Alkin, Anton; Almaraz Avina, Erick Jonathan; Alme, Johan; Alt, Torsten; Altini, Valerio; Altinpinar, Sedat; Altsybeev, Igor; Andrei, Cristian; Andronic, Anton; Anguelov, Venelin; Anielski, Jonas; Anson, Christopher Daniel; Anticic, Tome; Antinori, Federico; Antonioli, Pietro; Aphecetche, Laurent Bernard; Appelshauser, Harald; Arbor, Nicolas; Arcelli, Silvia; Arend, Andreas; Armesto, Nestor; Arnaldi, Roberta; Aronsson, Tomas Robert; Arsene, Ionut Cristian; Arslandok, Mesut; Asryan, Andzhey; Augustinus, Andre; Averbeck, Ralf Peter; Awes, Terry; Aysto, Juha Heikki; Azmi, Mohd Danish; Bach, Matthias Jakob; Badala, Angela; Baek, Yong Wook; Bailhache, Raphaelle Marie; Bala, Renu; Baldini Ferroli, Rinaldo; Baldisseri, Alberto; Baltasar Dos Santos Pedrosa, Fernando; Ban, Jaroslav; Baral, Rama Chandra; Barbera, Roberto; Barile, Francesco; Barnafoldi, Gergely Gabor; Barnby, Lee Stuart; Barret, Valerie; Bartke, Jerzy Gustaw; Basile, Maurizio; Bastid, Nicole; Basu, Sumit; Bathen, Bastian; Batigne, Guillaume; Batyunya, Boris; Baumann, Christoph Heinrich; Bearden, Ian Gardner; Beck, Hans; Behera, Nirbhay Kumar; Belikov, Iouri; Bellini, Francesca; Bellwied, Rene; Belmont-Moreno, Ernesto; Bencedi, Gyula; Beole, Stefania; Berceanu, Ionela; Bercuci, Alexandru; Berdnikov, Yaroslav; Berenyi, Daniel; Bergognon, Anais Annick Erica; Berzano, Dario; Betev, Latchezar; Bhasin, Anju; Bhati, Ashok Kumar; Bhom, Jihyun; Bianchi, Livio; Bianchi, Nicola; Bielcik, Jaroslav; Bielcikova, Jana; Bilandzic, Ante; Bjelogrlic, Sandro; Blanco, Francesco; Blanco, F; Blau, Dmitry; Blume, Christoph; Boccioli, Marco; Boettger, Stefan; Bogdanov, Alexey; Boggild, Hans; Bogolyubsky, Mikhail; Boldizsar, Laszlo; Bombara, Marek; Book, Julian; Borel, Herve; Borissov, Alexander; Bossu, Francesco; Botje, Michiel; Botta, Elena; Braidot, Ermes; Braun-Munzinger, Peter; Bregant, Marco; Breitner, Timo Gunther; Broker, Theo Alexander; Browning, Tyler Allen; Broz, Michal; Brun, Rene; Bruna, Elena; Bruno, Giuseppe Eugenio; Budnikov, Dmitry; Buesching, Henner; Bufalino, Stefania; Buncic, Predrag; Busch, Oliver; Buthelezi, Edith Zinhle; Caballero Orduna, Diego; Caffarri, Davide; Cai, Xu; Caines, Helen Louise; Calvo Villar, Ernesto; Camerini, Paolo; Canoa Roman, Veronica; Cara Romeo, Giovanni; Carena, Wisla; Carena, Francesco; Carlin Filho, Nelson; Carminati, Federico; Casanova Diaz, Amaya Ofelia; Castillo Castellanos, Javier Ernesto; Castillo Hernandez, Juan Francisco; Casula, Ester Anna Rita; Catanescu, Vasile; Cavicchioli, Costanza; Ceballos Sanchez, Cesar; Cepila, Jan; Cerello, Piergiorgio; Chang, Beomsu; Chapeland, Sylvain; Charvet, Jean-Luc Fernand; Chattopadhyay, Sukalyan; Chattopadhyay, Subhasis; Chawla, Isha; Cherney, Michael Gerard; Cheshkov, Cvetan; Cheynis, Brigitte; Chibante Barroso, Vasco Miguel; Chinellato, David; Chochula, Peter; Chojnacki, Marek; Choudhury, Subikash; Christakoglou, Panagiotis; Christensen, Christian Holm; Christiansen, Peter; Chujo, Tatsuya; Chung, Suh-Urk; Cicalo, Corrado; Cifarelli, Luisa; Cindolo, Federico; Cleymans, Jean Willy Andre; Coccetti, Fabrizio; Colamaria, Fabio; Colella, Domenico; Collu, Alberto; Conesa Balbastre, Gustavo; Conesa del Valle, Zaida; Connors, Megan Elizabeth; Contin, Giacomo; Contreras, Jesus Guillermo; Cormier, Thomas Michael; Corrales Morales, Yasser; Cortese, Pietro; Cortes Maldonado, Ismael; Cosentino, Mauro Rogerio; Costa, Filippo; Cotallo, Manuel Enrique; Crescio, Elisabetta; Crochet, Philippe; Cruz Alaniz, Emilia; Cruz Albino, Rigoberto; Cuautle, Eleazar; Cunqueiro, Leticia; Dainese, Andrea; Dalsgaard, Hans Hjersing; Danu, Andrea; Das, Indranil; Das, Debasish; Das, Supriya; Das, Kushal; Dash, Ajay Kumar; Dash, Sadhana; De, Sudipan; de Barros, Gabriel; De Caro, Annalisa; de Cataldo, Giacinto; de Cuveland, Jan; De Falco, Alessandro; De Gruttola, Daniele; Delagrange, Hugues; Deloff, Andrzej; De Marco, Nora; Denes, Ervin; De Pasquale, Salvatore; Deppman, Airton; D'Erasmo, Ginevra; de Rooij, Raoul Stefan; Diaz Corchero, Miguel Angel; Di Bari, Domenico; Dietel, Thomas; Di Giglio, Carmelo; Di Liberto, Sergio; Di Mauro, Antonio; Di Nezza, Pasquale; Divia, Roberto; Djuvsland, Oeystein; Dobrin, Alexandru Florin; Dobrowolski, Tadeusz Antoni; Donigus, Benjamin; Dordic, Olja; Driga, Olga; Dubey, Anand Kumar; Dubla, Andrea; Ducroux, Laurent; Dupieux, Pascal; Dutta Majumdar, AK; Elia, Domenico; Emschermann, David Philip; Engel, Heiko; Erazmus, Barbara; Erdal, Hege Austrheim; Espagnon, Bruno; Estienne, Magali Danielle; Esumi, Shinichi; Evans, David; Eyyubova, Gyulnara; Fabris, Daniela; Faivre, Julien; Falchieri, Davide; Fantoni, Alessandra; Fasel, Markus; Fearick, Roger Worsley; Fehlker, Dominik; Feldkamp, Linus; Felea, Daniel; Feliciello, Alessandro; Fenton-Olsen, Bo; Feofilov, Grigory; Fernandez Tellez, Arturo; Ferretti, Alessandro; Festanti, Andrea; Figiel, Jan; Figueredo, Marcel; Filchagin, Sergey; Finogeev, Dmitry; Fionda, Fiorella; Fiore, Enrichetta Maria; Floratos, Emmanuel; Floris, Michele; Foertsch, Siegfried Valentin; Foka, Panagiota; Fokin, Sergey; Fragiacomo, Enrico; Francescon, Andrea; Frankenfeld, Ulrich Michael; Fuchs, Ulrich; Furget, Christophe; Fusco Girard, Mario; Gaardhoje, Jens Joergen; Gagliardi, Martino; Gago, Alberto; Gallio, Mauro; Gangadharan, Dhevan Raja; Ganoti, Paraskevi; Garabatos, Jose; Garcia-Solis, Edmundo; Garishvili, Irakli; Gerhard, Jochen; Germain, Marie; Geuna, Claudio; Gheata, Mihaela; Gheata, Andrei George; Ghidini, Bruno; Ghosh, Premomoy; Gianotti, Paola; Girard, Martin Robert; Giubellino, Paolo; Gladysz-Dziadus, Ewa; Glassel, Peter; Gomez, Ramon; Gonzalez Ferreiro, Elena; Gonzalez-Trueba, Laura Helena; Gonzalez-Zamora, Pedro; Gorbunov, Sergey; Goswami, Ankita; Gotovac, Sven; Graczykowski, Lukasz Kamil; Grajcarek, Robert; Grelli, Alessandro; Grigoras, Costin; Grigoras, Alina Gabriela; Grigoriev, Vladislav; Grigoryan, Ara; Grigoryan, Smbat; Grinyov, Boris; Grion, Nevio; Gros, Philippe; Grosse-Oetringhaus, Jan Fiete; Grossiord, Jean-Yves; Grosso, Raffaele; Guber, Fedor; Guernane, Rachid; Guerzoni, Barbara; Guilbaud, Maxime Rene Joseph; Gulbrandsen, Kristjan Herlache; Gulkanyan, Hrant; Gunji, Taku; Gupta, Anik; Gupta, Ramni; Haake, Rudiger; Haaland, Oystein Senneset; Hadjidakis, Cynthia Marie; Haiduc, Maria; Hamagaki, Hideki; Hamar, Gergoe; Han, Byounghee; Hanratty, Luke David; Hansen, Alexander; Harmanova, Zuzana; Harris, John William; Hartig, Matthias; Harton, Austin; Hatzifotiadou, Despoina; Hayashi, Shinichi; Hayrapetyan, Arsen; Heckel, Stefan Thomas; Heide, Markus Ansgar; Helstrup, Haavard; Herghelegiu, Andrei Ionut; Herrera Corral, Gerardo Antonio; Herrmann, Norbert; Hess, Benjamin Andreas; Hetland, Kristin Fanebust; Hicks, Bernard; Hippolyte, Boris; Hori, Yasuto; Hristov, Peter Zahariev; Hrivnacova, Ivana; Huang, Meidana; Humanic, Thomas; Hwang, Dae Sung; Ichou, Raphaelle; Ilkaev, Radiy; Ilkiv, Iryna; Inaba, Motoi; Incani, Elisa; Innocenti, Pier Giorgio; Innocenti, Gian Michele; Ippolitov, Mikhail; Irfan, Muhammad; Ivan, Cristian George; Ivanov, Vladimir; Ivanov, Andrey; Ivanov, Marian; Ivanytskyi, Oleksii; Jacholkowski, Adam Wlodzimierz; Jacobs, Peter; Jang, Haeng Jin; Janik, Malgorzata Anna; Janik, Rudolf; Jayarathna, Sandun; Jena, Satyajit; Jha, Deeptanshu Manu; Jimenez Bustamante, Raul Tonatiuh; Jones, Peter Graham; Jung, Hyung Taik; Jusko, Anton; Kaidalov, Alexei; Kalcher, Sebastian; Kalinak, Peter; Kalliokoski, Tuomo Esa Aukusti; Kalweit, Alexander Philipp; Kang, Ju Hwan; Kaplin, Vladimir; Karasu Uysal, Ayben; Karavichev, Oleg; Karavicheva, Tatiana; Karpechev, Evgeny; Kazantsev, Andrey; Kebschull, Udo Wolfgang; Keidel, Ralf; Khan, Palash; Khan, Shuaib Ahmad; Khan, Mohisin Mohammed; Khan, Kamal Hussain; Khanzadeev, Alexei; Kharlov, Yury; Kileng, Bjarte; Kim, Beomkyu; Kim, Jin Sook; Kim, Jonghyun; Kim, Dong Jo; Kim, Do Won; Kim, Taesoo; Kim, Se Yong; Kim, Mimae; Kim, Minwoo; Kirsch, Stefan; Kisel, Ivan; Kiselev, Sergey; Kisiel, Adam Ryszard; Klay, Jennifer Lynn; Klein, Jochen; Klein-Bosing, Christian; Kliemant, Michael; Kluge, Alexander; Knichel, Michael Linus; Knospe, Anders Garritt; Kohler, Markus; Kollegger, Thorsten; Kolojvari, Anatoly; Kompaniets, Mikhail; Kondratiev, Valery; Kondratyeva, Natalia; Konevskih, Artem; Kovalenko, Vladimir; Kowalski, Marek; Kox, Serge; Koyithatta Meethaleveedu, Greeshma; Kral, Jiri; Kralik, Ivan; Kramer, Frederick; Kravcakova, Adela; Krawutschke, Tobias; Krelina, Michal; Kretz, Matthias; Krivda, Marian; Krizek, Filip; Krus, Miroslav; Kryshen, Evgeny; Krzewicki, Mikolaj; Kucheriaev, Yury; Kugathasan, Thanushan; Kuhn, Christian Claude; Kuijer, Paul; Kulakov, Igor; Kumar, Jitendra; Kurashvili, Podist; Kurepin, A; Kurepin, AB; Kuryakin, Alexey; Kushpil, Svetlana; Kushpil, Vasily; Kvaerno, Henning; Kweon, Min Jung; Kwon, Youngil; Ladron de Guevara, Pedro; Lakomov, Igor; Langoy, Rune; La Pointe, Sarah Louise; Lara, Camilo Ernesto; Lardeux, Antoine Xavier; La Rocca, Paola; Lea, Ramona; Lechman, Mateusz; Lee, Ki Sang; Lee, Sung Chul; Lee, Graham Richard; Legrand, Iosif; Lehnert, Joerg Walter; Lenhardt, Matthieu Laurent; Lenti, Vito; Leon, Hermes; Leon Monzon, Ildefonso; Leon Vargas, Hermes; Levai, Peter; Li, Shuang; Lien, Jorgen; Lietava, Roman; Lindal, Svein; Lindenstruth, Volker; Lippmann, Christian; Lisa, Michael Annan; Ljunggren, Hans Martin; Loenne, Per-Ivar; Loggins, Vera; Loginov, Vitaly; Lohner, Daniel; Loizides, Constantinos; Loo, Kai Krister; Lopez, Xavier Bernard; Lopez Torres, Ernesto; Lovhoiden, Gunnar; Lu, Xianguo; Luettig, Philipp; Lunardon, Marcello; Luo, Jiebin; Luparello, Grazia; Luzzi, Cinzia; Ma, Rongrong; Ma, Ke; Madagodahettige-Don, Dilan Minthaka; Maevskaya, Alla; Mager, Magnus; Mahapatra, Durga Prasad; Maire, Antonin; Malaev, Mikhail; Maldonado Cervantes, Ivonne Alicia; Malinina, Ludmila; Mal'Kevich, Dmitry; Malzacher, Peter; Mamonov, Alexander; Manceau, Loic Henri Antoine; Mangotra, Lalit Kumar; Manko, Vladislav; Manso, Franck; Manzari, Vito; Mao, Yaxian; Marchisone, Massimiliano; Mares, Jiri; Margagliotti, Giacomo Vito; Margotti, Anselmo; Marin, Ana Maria; Markert, Christina; Marquard, Marco; Martashvili, Irakli; Martin, Nicole Alice; Martinengo, Paolo; Martinez, Mario Ivan; Martinez Davalos, Arnulfo; Martinez Garcia, Gines; Martynov, Yevgen; Mas, Alexis Jean-Michel; Masciocchi, Silvia; Masera, Massimo; Masoni, Alberto; Massacrier, Laure Marie; Mastroserio, Annalisa; Matyja, Adam Tomasz; Mayer, Christoph; Mazer, Joel; Mazzoni, Alessandra Maria; Meddi, Franco; Menchaca-Rocha, Arturo Alejandro; Mercado Perez, Jorge; Meres, Michal; Miake, Yasuo; Milano, Leonardo; Milosevic, Jovan; Mischke, Andre; Mishra, Aditya Nath; Miskowiec, Dariusz; Mitu, Ciprian Mihai; Mizuno, Sanshiro; Mlynarz, Jocelyn; Mohanty, Bedangadas; Molnar, Levente; Montano Zetina, Luis Manuel; Monteno, Marco; Montes, Esther; Moon, Taebong; Morando, Maurizio; Moreira De Godoy, Denise Aparecida; Moretto, Sandra; Morreale, Astrid; Morsch, Andreas; Muccifora, Valeria; Mudnic, Eugen; Muhuri, Sanjib; Mukherjee, Maitreyee; Muller, Hans; Munhoz, Marcelo; Murray, Sean; Musa, Luciano; Musinsky, Jan; Musso, Alfredo; Nandi, Basanta Kumar; Nania, Rosario; Nappi, Eugenio; Nattrass, Christine; Nayak, Tapan Kumar; Nazarenko, Sergey; Nedosekin, Alexander; Nicassio, Maria; Niculescu, Mihai; Nielsen, Borge Svane; Niida, Takafumi; Nikolaev, Sergey; Nikolic, Vedran; Nikulin, Sergey; Nikulin, Vladimir; Nilsen, Bjorn Steven; Nilsson, Mads Stormo; Noferini, Francesco; Nomokonov, Petr; Nooren, Gerardus; Novitzky, Norbert; Nyanin, Alexandre; Nyatha, Anitha; Nygaard, Casper; Nystrand, Joakim Ingemar; Ochirov, Alexander; Oeschler, Helmut Oskar; Oh, Saehanseul; Oh, Sun Kun; Oleniacz, Janusz; Oliveira Da Silva, Antonio Carlos; Oppedisano, Chiara; Ortiz Velasquez, Antonio; Oskarsson, Anders Nils Erik; Ostrowski, Piotr Krystian; Otwinowski, Jacek Tomasz; Oyama, Ken; Ozawa, Kyoichiro; Pachmayer, Yvonne Chiara; Pachr, Milos; Padilla, Fatima; Pagano, Paola; Paic, Guy; Painke, Florian; Pajares, Carlos; Pal, Susanta Kumar; Palaha, Arvinder Singh; Palmeri, Armando; Papikyan, Vardanush; Pappalardo, Giuseppe; Park, Woo Jin; Passfeld, Annika; Pastircak, Blahoslav; Patalakha, Dmitri Ivanovich; Paticchio, Vincenzo; Paul, Biswarup; Pavlinov, Alexei; Pawlak, Tomasz Jan; Peitzmann, Thomas; Pereira Da Costa, Hugo Denis Antonio; Pereira De Oliveira Filho, Elienos; Peresunko, Dmitri; Perez Lara, Carlos Eugenio; Perini, Diego; Perrino, Davide; Peryt, Wiktor Stanislaw; Pesci, Alessandro; Peskov, Vladimir; Pestov, Yury; Petracek, Vojtech; Petran, Michal; Petris, Mariana; Petrov, Plamen Rumenov; Petrovici, Mihai; Petta, Catia; Piano, Stefano; Pikna, Miroslav; Pillot, Philippe; Pinazza, Ombretta; Pinsky, Lawrence; Pitz, Nora; Piyarathna, Danthasinghe; Planinic, Mirko; Ploskon, Mateusz Andrzej; Pluta, Jan Marian; Pocheptsov, Timur; Pochybova, Sona; Podesta Lerma, Pedro Luis Manuel; Poghosyan, Martin; Polak, Karel; Polichtchouk, Boris; Pop, Amalia; Porteboeuf-Houssais, Sarah; Pospisil, Vladimir; Potukuchi, Baba; Prasad, Sidharth Kumar; Preghenella, Roberto; Prino, Francesco; Pruneau, Claude Andre; Pshenichnov, Igor; Puddu, Giovanna; Punin, Valery; Putis, Marian; Putschke, Jorn Henning; Quercigh, Emanuele; Qvigstad, Henrik; Rachevski, Alexandre; Rademakers, Alphonse; Raiha, Tomi Samuli; Rak, Jan; Rakotozafindrabe, Andry Malala; Ramello, Luciano; Ramirez Reyes, Abdiel; Raniwala, Rashmi; Raniwala, Sudhir; Rasanen, Sami Sakari; Rascanu, Bogdan Theodor; Rathee, Deepika; Read, Kenneth Francis; Real, Jean-Sebastien; Redlich, Krzysztof; Reed, Rosi Jan; Rehman, Attiq Ur; Reichelt, Patrick; Reicher, Martijn; Renfordt, Rainer Arno Ernst; Reolon, Anna Rita; Reshetin, Andrey; Rettig, Felix Vincenz; Revol, Jean-Pierre; Reygers, Klaus Johannes; Riccati, Lodovico; Ricci, Renato Angelo; Richert, Tuva; Richter, Matthias Rudolph; Riedler, Petra; Riegler, Werner; Riggi, Francesco; Rodriguez Cahuantzi, Mario; Rodriguez Manso, Alis; Roed, Ketil; Rohr, David; Rohrich, Dieter; Romita, Rosa; Ronchetti, Federico; Rosnet, Philippe; Rossegger, Stefan; Rossi, Andrea; Roy, Christelle Sophie; Roy, Pradip Kumar; Rubio Montero, Antonio Juan; Rui, Rinaldo; Russo, Riccardo; Ryabinkin, Evgeny; Rybicki, Andrzej; Sadovsky, Sergey; Safarik, Karel; Sahoo, Raghunath; Sahu, Pradip Kumar; Saini, Jogender; Sakaguchi, Hiroaki; Sakai, Shingo; Sakata, Dosatsu; Salgado, Carlos Albert; Salzwedel, Jai; Sambyal, Sanjeev Singh; Samsonov, Vladimir; Sanchez Castro, Xitzel; Sandor, Ladislav; Sandoval, Andres; Sano, Masato; Santagati, Gianluca; Santoro, Romualdo; Sarkamo, Juho Jaako; Scapparone, Eugenio; Scarlassara, Fernando; Scharenberg, Rolf Paul; Schiaua, Claudiu Cornel; Schicker, Rainer Martin; Schmidt, Christian Joachim; Schmidt, Hans Rudolf; Schuchmann, Simone; Schukraft, Jurgen; Schuster, Tim; Schutz, Yves Roland; Schwarz, Kilian Eberhard; Schweda, Kai Oliver; Scioli, Gilda; Scomparin, Enrico; Scott, Patrick Aaron; Scott, Rebecca; Segato, Gianfranco; Selyuzhenkov, Ilya; Senyukov, Serhiy; Seo, Jeewon; Serci, Sergio; Serradilla, Eulogio; Sevcenco, Adrian; Shabetai, Alexandre; Shabratova, Galina; Shahoyan, Ruben; Sharma, Natasha; Sharma, Satish; Sharma, Rohini; Shigaki, Kenta; Shtejer, Katherin; Sibiriak, Yury; Sicking, Eva; Siddhanta, Sabyasachi; Siemiarczuk, Teodor; Silvermyr, David Olle Rickard; Silvestre, Catherine; Simatovic, Goran; Simonetti, Giuseppe; Singaraju, Rama Narayana; Singh, Ranbir; Singha, Subhash; Singhal, Vikas; Sinha, Bikash; Sinha, Tinku; Sitar, Branislav; Sitta, Mario; Skaali, Bernhard; Skjerdal, Kyrre; Smakal, Radek; Smirnov, Nikolai; Snellings, Raimond; Sogaard, Carsten; Soltz, Ron Ariel; Son, Hyungsuk; Song, Jihye; Song, Myunggeun; Soos, Csaba; Soramel, Francesca; Sputowska, Iwona; Spyropoulou-Stassinaki, Martha; Srivastava, Brijesh Kumar; Stachel, Johanna; Stan, Ionel; Stan, Ionel; Stefanek, Grzegorz; Steinpreis, Matthew; Stenlund, Evert Anders; Steyn, Gideon Francois; Stiller, Johannes Hendrik; Stocco, Diego; Stolpovskiy, Mikhail; Strmen, Peter; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon do Passo; Subieta Vasquez, Martin Alfonso; Sugitate, Toru; Suire, Christophe Pierre; Sultanov, Rishat; Sumbera, Michal; Susa, Tatjana; Symons, Timothy; Szanto de Toledo, Alejandro; Szarka, Imrich; Szczepankiewicz, Adam; Szostak, Artur Krzysztof; Szymanski, Maciej; Takahashi, Jun; Tapia Takaki, Daniel Jesus; Tarantola Peloni, Attilio; Tarazona Martinez, Alfonso; Tauro, Arturo; Tejeda Munoz, Guillermo; Telesca, Adriana; Terrevoli, Cristina; Thader, Jochen Mathias; Thomas, Deepa; Tieulent, Raphael Noel; Timmins, Anthony; Tlusty, David; Toia, Alberica; Torii, Hisayuki; Toscano, Luca; Trubnikov, Victor; Truesdale, David Christopher; Trzaska, Wladyslaw Henryk; Tsuji, Tomoya; Tumkin, Alexandr; Turrisi, Rosario; Tveter, Trine Spedstad; Ulery, Jason Glyndwr; Ullaland, Kjetil; Ulrich, Jochen; Uras, Antonio; Urban, Jozef; Urciuoli, Guido Marie; Usai, Gianluca; Vajzer, Michal; Vala, Martin; Valencia Palomo, Lizardo; Vallero, Sara; Vande Vyvre, Pierre; van Leeuwen, Marco; Vannucci, Luigi; Vargas, Aurora Diozcora; Varma, Raghava; Vasileiou, Maria; Vasiliev, Andrey; Vechernin, Vladimir; Veldhoen, Misha; Venaruzzo, Massimo; Vercellin, Ermanno; Vergara, Sergio; Vernet, Renaud; Verweij, Marta; Vickovic, Linda; Viesti, Giuseppe; Viinikainen, Jussi; Vilakazi, Zabulon; Villalobos Baillie, Orlando; Vinogradov, Yury; Vinogradov, Alexander; Vinogradov, Leonid; Virgili, Tiziano; Viyogi, Yogendra; Vodopianov, Alexander; Voloshin, Sergey; Voloshin, Kirill; Volpe, Giacomo; von Haller, Barthelemy; Vorobyev, Ivan; Vranic, Danilo; Vrlakova, Janka; Vulpescu, Bogdan; Vyushin, Alexey; Wagner, Boris; Wagner, Vladimir; Wan, Renzhuo; Wang, Yaping; Wang, Yifei; Wang, Mengliang; Wang, Dong; Watanabe, Kengo; Weber, Michael; Wessels, Johannes; Westerhoff, Uwe; Wiechula, Jens; Wikne, Jon; Wilde, Martin Rudolf; Wilk, Grzegorz Andrzej; Wilk, Alexander; Williams, Crispin; Windelband, Bernd Stefan; Xaplanteris Karampatsos, Leonidas; Yaldo, Chris G; Yamaguchi, Yorito; Yang, Hongyan; Yang, Shiming; Yasnopolsky, Stanislav; Yi, JunGyu; Yin, Zhongbao; Yoo, In-Kwon; Yoon, Jongik; Yu, Weilin; Yuan, Xianbao; Yushmanov, Igor; Zaccolo, Valentina; Zach, Cenek; Zampolli, Chiara; Zaporozhets, Sergey; Zarochentsev, Andrey; Zavada, Petr; Zaviyalov, Nikolai; Zbroszczyk, Hanna Paulina; Zelnicek, Pierre; Zgura, Sorin Ion; Zhalov, Mikhail; Zhang, Haitao; Zhang, Xiaoming; Zhou, Fengchu; Zhou, You; Zhou, Daicui; Zhu, Hongsheng; Zhu, Jianhui; Zhu, Jianlin; Zhu, Xiangrong; Zichichi, Antonino; Zimmermann, Alice; Zinovjev, Gennady; Zoccarato, Yannick Denis; Zynovyev, Mykhaylo; Zyzak, Maksym 2013-01-01 Angular correlations between charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV for transverse momentum ranges within 0.5 < pT,assoc < pT,trig < 4 GeV/c. The correlations are measured over two units of pseudorapidity and full azimuthal angle in different intervals of event multiplicity, and expressed as associated yield per trigger particle. Two long-range ridge-like structures, one on the near side and one on the away side, are observed when the per-trigger yield obtained in low-multiplicity events is subtracted from the one in high-multiplicity events. The excess on the near-side is qualitatively similar to the one recently reported by the CMS collaboration, while the excess on the away-side is observed for the first time. The two-ridge structure projected onto azimuthal angle is quantified with the second and third Fourier coefficients as well as by near-side and away-side yields and widths. The yiel... 14. Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p–Pb collisions at √(s{sub NN})=5.02 TeV Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Abelev, Betty [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA (United States); Adam, Jaroslav [Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague (Czech Republic); Adamova, Dagmar [Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež u Prahy (Czech Republic); Adare, Andrew Marshall [Yale University, New Haven, CT (United States); Aggarwal, Madan [Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh (India); Aglieri Rinella, Gianluca [European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva (Switzerland); Agnello, Michelangelo [Sezione INFN, Turin (Italy); Politecnico di Torino, Turin (Italy); Agocs, Andras Gabor [Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest (Hungary); Agostinelli, Andrea [Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell' Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna (Italy); Ahammed, Zubayer [Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata (India); Ahmad, Nazeer; Ahmad, Arshad [Department of Physics Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (India); Ahn, Sul-Ah [Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Ahn, Sang Un [Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung (Korea, Republic of); Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of); Ajaz, Muhammad [COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad (Pakistan); Akindinov, Alexander [Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow (Russian Federation); Aleksandrov, Dmitry [Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow (Russian Federation); Alessandro, Bruno [Sezione INFN, Turin (Italy); Alici, Andrea [Sezione INFN, Bologna (Italy); Centro Fermi – Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome (Italy); and others 2013-02-12 Angular correlations between charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p–Pb collisions at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV for transverse momentum ranges within 0.5correlations are measured over two units of pseudorapidity and full azimuthal angle in different intervals of event multiplicity, and expressed as associated yield per trigger particle. Two long-range ridge-like structures, one on the near side and one on the away side, are observed when the per-trigger yield obtained in low-multiplicity events is subtracted from the one in high-multiplicity events. The excess on the near-side is qualitatively similar to that recently reported by the CMS Collaboration, while the excess on the away-side is reported for the first time. The two-ridge structure projected onto azimuthal angle is quantified with the second and third Fourier coefficients as well as by near-side and away-side yields and widths. The yields on the near side and on the away side are equal within the uncertainties for all studied event multiplicity and p{sub T} bins, and the widths show no significant evolution with event multiplicity or p{sub T}. These findings suggest that the near-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially identical away-side ridge. 15. A measurement of the polarization-temperature angular cross power spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background from the 2003 flight of BOOMERANG CERN Document Server Piacentini, F; Bock, J; Bond, J; Borrill, J; Boscaleri, A; Cabella, P; Contaldi, C; Crill, B; De Bernardis, P; De Gasperis, G; De Oliveira-Costa, A; De Troia, G; Stefano, G D; Hivon, E; Jaffe, A; Kisner, T; Jones, W; Lange, A; Masi, S; Mauskopf, P; MacTavish, C; Melchiorri, A; Montroy, T; Natoli, P; Netterfield, C B; Pascale, E; Pogosyan, D; Polenta, G; Prunet, S; Ricciardi, S; Romeo, G; Ruhl, J; Santini, P; Tegmark, M; Veneziani, M; Vittorio, N 2005-01-01 We present a measurement of the temperature-polarization angular cross power spectrum, , of the Cosmic Microwave Background. The result is based on$\\sim 200$hours of data from 8 polarization sensitive bolometers operating at 145 GHz during the 2003 flight of BOOMERANG. We detect a significant correlation in the$\\ell$-range between 50 and 950 with a statistical significance > 3.5 sigma. Contamination by polarized foreground emission and systematic effects are negligible in comparison with statistical uncertainty. The spectrum is consistent with previous detections and with the "concordance model" that assumes adiabatic initial conditions. This is the first measurement of using bolometric detectors. 16. Measurement and analysis of instantaneous torque and angular velocity variations of a low speed two stroke diesel engine Science.gov (United States) Jiménez Espadafor, Francisco J.; A. Becerra Villanueva, José; Palomo Guerrero, Daniel; Torres García, Miguel; Carvajal Trujillo, Elisa; Fernández Vacas, Francisco 2014-12-01 This paper presents an investigation into the potential of using direct measurement of engine torque for diagnostic purposes in large engines - in this case applied to power generation. The procedures for measuring and analyzing the instantaneous torque, the angular displacement on the generator output end and the angular displacement on its free end for a ten-cylinder, low speed two stroke diesel engine are presented. Angular speed oscillations are frequently used for combustion engine diagnostics although they cannot be used to measure engine power directly. In addition, and for engines with huge inertia generators such as those used in power plants, speed oscillations are very low and this reduces the signal to noise ratio and makes the evaluation of the instantaneous angular speed very noisy. In the work described here, torque and angular displacement measurements carried out at the same point and with the same engine conditions are compared and the superior performance of torque is demonstrated. Harmonic analysis of instantaneous torque allowed the identification of the dynamic characteristics of the power train of the diesel group and clearly suggests that this signal can be used as a diagnostic tool for excitation, combustion malfunctions, or for the mechanical characteristics of the system and crankshaft stiffness. The torque distortion introduced by the generator due to the discontinuity imposed by the pole pairs is also observed in the torque signal, suggesting that the torque signal can be used to identify generator malfunction. 17. Application of the perturbed angular correlation in the investigation of hyperfine interactions in compounds of hafnium, indium and cadmium with F1-, OH1- and EDTA ligands International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In this study the hyperfine parameters, including the dynamical nature, Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure the hyperfine parameters in molecules of ligand compounds in solutions. The measurements were carried out at 295 K and 77 K using 111In → 111Cd, 181Hf → 181Ta and 111mCd →111Cd, as probe nuclei. Samples were prepared by adding a small volume of radioactive solution containing the probe nuclei in aqueous solution, buffer solution and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) used as a ligand with pH 4.3 which correspond to the pH of the saturated EDTA solution and in buffer solution with pH between 9 and 10. The results made possible to understand the impact of each method for PAC measurements. Finally a comparative analysis for the several methods of inserting of the probe nuclei in the sample was made, considering chemical and nuclear aspects. The lack of measurements in this kind of samples justifies the importance of the obtained results. (author) 18. Angular distribution of cosmological parameters: measurement of inhomogeneities from type Ia supernovae CERN Document Server Carvalho, C Sofia 2015-01-01 We measure the inhomogeneity of the large-scale structure and cosmic acceleration by measuring for the first time the angular distribution on the sky of the cosmological parameters that affect the luminosity distance, estimated from supernova data. We used the combination of SDSS-II and SNLS type Ia supernova samples. We divide the supernovae into equal-surface area pixels and estimate the cosmological parameters that minimize the chi-squared of the fit to the distance modulus in each pixel, hence producing maps of the cosmological parameters {Omega_{M}, Omega_{Lambda}, H_{0}}. We measure fluctuations about the average values of order 5-95% for the matter energy density Omega_{M}, of order 1-25% for the dark energy density Omega_{Lambda} and of order up to 5% for the Hubble parameter H_{0}. In poorly sampled pixels, these fluctuations are mostly due to an inhomogeneous coverage of the sky by the SN surveys; in contrast, in well sampled pixels, the measurements are robust enough to suggest a real fluctuation. ... 19. Fourier projection method for measuring the two-point correlation of Laguerre–Gaussian modes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The spatial distribution and signature of vorticity of Laguerre–Gaussian modes is analysed by measuring the two-point spatial correlation function of the one-dimensional projection of the vortex field. We describe an interferometric approach, based on a Fourier projection algorithm, for the experimental determination of the two-point correlation function of the full complex vortex field at the cross-section plane of the recorded interference pattern. The two-point correlation at any transverse plane along the beam axis is retrieved by the angular spectrum of plane waves technique, allowing us to characterize the vortex structure and spatial coherence along the direction of propagation 20. Large-scale analysis of the SDSS-III DR8 photometric luminous galaxies angular correlation function CERN Document Server de Simoni, Fernando; Carnero, Aurelio; Ross, Ashley J; Camacho, Hugo O; Rosenfeld, Rogerio; Lima, Marcos; da Costa, Luiz A N; Maia, Marcio A G 2013-01-01 We analyze the large-scale angular correlation function (ACF) of the CMASS Luminous Galaxies (LGs), a photometric-redshift catalog based on the 8th data release (DR8) of the SDSS-III. This catalog contains over 600,000 LGs in the range$0.45 \\leq z \\leq 0.65$, which was split into four redshift shells of constant width. First, we estimate the constraints on the redshift space distortion (RSD) parameters$b\\sigma_8$and$f\\sigma_8$, where$b$is the galaxy bias,$f$the growth rate and$\\sigma_8$is the normalization of the perturbations, finding that they vary appreciably among different redshift shells, in agreement with previous results using DR7 data. When assuming constant RSD parameters over the survey redshift range, we obtain$f\\sigma_8 = 0.69 \\pm 0.21$, which agrees at the$1.5\\sigmalevel with BOSS DR9 spectroscopic results. Next, we performed two cosmological analyses, where relevant parameters not fitted were kept fixed at their fiducial values. In the first analysis, we extracted the BAO peak pos... 1. Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System Handbook Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cook, D. R. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States) 2016-01-01 The eddy correlation (ECOR) flux measurement system provides in situ, half-hour measurements of the surface turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, latent heat, and carbon dioxide (CO2) (and methane at one Southern Great Plains extended facility (SGP EF) and the North Slope of Alaska Central Facility (NSA CF). The fluxes are obtained with the eddy covariance technique, which involves correlation of the vertical wind component with the horizontal wind component, the air temperature, the water vapor density, and the CO2 concentration. The instruments used are: • a fast-response, three-dimensional (3D) wind sensor (sonic anemometer) to obtain the orthogonal wind components and the speed of sound (SOS) (used to derive the air temperature) • an open-path infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) to obtain the water vapor density and the CO2 concentration, and • an open-path infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) to obtain methane density and methane flux at one SGP EF and at the NSA CF. The ECOR systems are deployed at the locations where other methods for surface flux measurements (e.g., energy balance Bowen ratio [EBBR] systems) are difficult to employ, primarily at the north edge of a field of crops. A Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) has been installed collocated with each deployed ECOR system in SGP, NSA, Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), ARM Mobile Facility 1 (AMF1), and ARM Mobile Facility 2 (AMF2). The surface energy balance system consists of upwelling and downwelling solar and infrared radiometers within one net radiometer, a wetness sensor, and soil measurements. The SEBS measurements allow the comparison of ECOR sensible and latent heat fluxes with the energy balance determined from the SEBS and provide information on wetting of the sensors for data quality purposes. The SEBS at one SGP and one NSA site also support upwelling and downwelling PAR measurements to qualify those two locations as Ameriflux sites. 2. Atomic screening effects on electron-neutrino angular correlation and β-decay asymmetry in allowed transitions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Atomic screening effects on the electron-neutrino angular correlation coefficient a0 and the β asymmetry coefficient A0, in allowed transitions, are studied. It has long been known that the dominant screening effect on the spectrum is the replacement, in the factor which represents the phase space of the β particle, of W, the energy with which the β particle emerges, by W-V0, the energy with which it is born; V0 is the energy of interaction of the β particle at the origin with the potential generated there by the atomic electrons. [One also replaces the momentum p=p(W) by p'=p(W-V0).] One might well expect a similar result for screening effects on a0 and A0, which include the influence of the nuclear Coulomb potential---and this intuitive expectation is shown to be the case. One need merely replace the velocity of emergence v=v(W) in the correlation functions by the velocity at birth, v'=v(W-V0). As for the case of the spectrum, the effect can be obtained by using a static approximation, with the atomic electrons unaffected by the β particle, and with the screening potential treated to second order; the effect of virtual or real excitation of the atomic electrons is negligible. The screening effect is of order 10-4 for most superallowed and mirror image transitions (presently, both theory and experiment for superallowed transitions---with implications for electro-weak theory and the standard model---give ft values accurate to about one part in 103); it can be as large as 20% for some pure Gamow-Teller transitions, for which the nuclear matrix element does not enter into the analysis of a0 and A0 3. Cosmological measurements with general relativistic galaxy correlations Science.gov (United States) Raccanelli, Alvise; Montanari, Francesco; Bertacca, Daniele; Doré, Olivier; Durrer, Ruth 2016-05-01 We investigate the cosmological dependence and the constraining power of large-scale galaxy correlations, including all redshift-distortions, wide-angle, lensing and gravitational potential effects on linear scales. We analyze the cosmological information present in the lensing convergence and in the gravitational potential terms describing the so-called relativistic effects'', and we find that, while smaller than the information contained in intrinsic galaxy clustering, it is not negligible. We investigate how neglecting them does bias cosmological measurements performed by future spectroscopic and photometric large-scale surveys such as SKA and Euclid. We perform a Fisher analysis using the CLASS code, modified to include scale-dependent galaxy bias and redshift-dependent magnification and evolution bias. Our results show that neglecting relativistic terms, especially lensing convergence, introduces an error in the forecasted precision in measuring cosmological parameters of the order of a few tens of percent, in particular when measuring the matter content of the Universe and primordial non-Gaussianity parameters. The analysis suggests a possible substantial systematic error in cosmological parameter constraints. Therefore, we argue that radial correlations and integrated relativistic terms need to be taken into account when forecasting the constraining power of future large-scale number counts of galaxy surveys. 4. Challenging measurement of the {sup 16}O+{sup 27}Al elastic and inelastic angular distributions up to large angles Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cavallaro, M., E-mail: [email protected] [INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, I-95125 Catania (Italy); Cappuzzello, F.; Carbone, D.; Cunsolo, A. [INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, I-95125 Catania (Italy); Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, I-95125 Catania (Italy); Foti, A. [Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, I-95125 Catania (Italy); INFN, Sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, I-95125 Catania (Italy); Linares, R. [Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Litoranea s/n, Gragoata, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro 24210-340 (Brazil); Pereira, D.; Oliveira, J.R.B.; Gomes, P.R.S.; Lubian, J. [Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Fisica Nuclear, Instituto de Fisica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 66318, 05315-970 Sao Paulo, SP (Brazil); Chen, R. [Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, Lanzhou (China) 2011-08-21 The {sup 16}O+{sup 27}Al elastic and inelastic angular distributions have been measured in a broad angular range (13{sup o}<{theta}{sub lab}<52{sup o}) at about 100 MeV incident energy. The use of the MAGNEX large acceptance magnetic spectrometer and of the ray-reconstruction analysis technique has been crucial in order to provide, in the same experiment, high-resolution energy spectra and cross-section measurements distributed over more than seven orders of magnitude down to hundreds of nb/sr. 5. Investigation of incomplete fusion dynamics from the measurement of angular distributions at E ≈ 88 MeV International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The present work has been carried out to provide some definite conclusions regarding ICF reaction dynamics below 10 MeV/nucleon energies. We have measured the angular distributions of evaporated residues produced in 12C + 175Lu system at ≈ 88 MeV energy. Moreover, this work is aimed to provide the new experimental data on angular distributions, which is not available in the literature to the best of our knowledge. This is a complementary experiment to support and strengthen the findings of Excitation Functions and Recoil Range Distribution measurements 6. Investigation of hyperfine interactions in ZnO and Zn(1-X)Co(X)O by means of perturbed angular γ - γ Correlation technique International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The aim of this work was the development of high-purity ZnO and Zn(1-X)Co(X)O sample preparation methodology based on sol-gel chemical process, as well as the analysis of these samples by means of Perturbed Angular γ - γ Correlation technique (PAC). Also, X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to characterize the samples produced. In addition, Zn(1-X)Co(X)O samples were produced in an attempt to observe ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature, through the variation of Co concentration, with different atmospheres and annealing temperatures. The PAC measurements were performed in a BaF2 four-detector γ spectrometer, which allows simultaneous acquisition of 12 γ - γ delayed coincidence spectra. 111In →111Cd nuclear probe was used for these measurements, which has γ cascade of 172 - 245 keV populated in the decay of 111In by electron capture. The hyperfine fields were measured from the intermediate energy level of 245 keV in 111Cd with spin I = 5/2 and T1/2 = 85 ns. The results show that the developed methodology is suitable for the production of these samples, which is evidenced by the agreement with values reported on literature. (author) 7. Correlation measurements for fusion plasma diagnostics International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A list of a few methods for plasma diagnostics via fluctuations (noise) analysis of random (both temporally and spatially) system parameters is reviewed. Analogy is drawn with certain noise analysis methods, used in the diagnostics of fission reactors. These methods have been applied also to fusion measurements to some extent. However, the treatment of fusion plasma fluctuations is dominated by an approach that allows for temporal randomness, but assumes periodicity in space. This approach suits well a large class of phenomena such as magnetic fluctuations (MHD effects), but is much less suited to treat localised effects such as turbulence and density fluctuations. This paper discusses the potentials of the former approach, i.e. ordinary noise analysis methods of non-periodic variables in fusion plasma diagnostics. A new recommendation is to use the crossed beam correlation analysis of soft X-ray signals for determining the local short-range correlations in the plasma and to perform a systematic exploration of the plasma spatial correlation structure with that and other methods. 16 refs, 7 figs 8. Investigations of an integrated angular velocity measurement and attitude control system for spacecraft using magnetically suspended double-gimbal CMGs Science.gov (United States) Zheng, Shiqiang; Han, Bangcheng 2013-06-01 This paper presents an integrated angular velocity measurement and attitude control system of spacecraft using magnetically suspended double-gimbal control moment gyros (MSDGCMGs). The high speed rotor of MSDGCMG is alleviated by a five-degree-of-freedom permanent magnet biased AMB control system. With this special rotor supported manner, the MSDGCMG has the function of attitude rate sensing as well as attitude control. This characteristic provides a new approach to a compact light-weight spacecraft design, which can combine these two functions into a single device. This paper discusses the principles and implementations of AMB-based angular velocity measurement. Spacecraft dynamics with DGMSCMG actuators, including the dynamics of magnetically suspended high-speed rotor, the dynamics of inner gimbal and outer gimbal, as well as the determination method of spacecraft angular velocity are modeled, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed integrated system is also validated numerically and experimentally. 9. Fundamental parameters of 16 late-type stars derived from their angular diameter measured with VLTI/AMBER CERN Document Server Cruzalèbes, P; Rabbia, Y; Sacuto, S; Chiavassa, A; Pasquato, E; Plez, B; Eriksson, K; Spang, A; Chesneau, O 2013-01-01 Thanks to their large angular dimension and brightness, red giants and supergiants are privileged targets for optical long-baseline interferometers. Sixteen red giants and supergiants have been observed with the VLTI/AMBER facility over a two-years period, at medium spectral resolution (R=1500) in the K band. The limb-darkened angular diameters are derived from fits of stellar atmospheric models on the visibility and the triple product data. The angular diameters do not show any significant temporal variation, except for one target: TX Psc, which shows a variation of 4% using visibility data. For the eight targets previously measured by Long-Baseline Interferometry (LBI) in the same spectral range, the difference between our diameters and the literature values is less than 5%, except for TX Psc, which shows a difference of 11%. For the 8 other targets, the present angular diameters are the first measured from LBI. Angular diameters are then used to determine several fundamental stellar parameters, and to loca... 10. Estimating the angular velocity of a rigid body moving in the plane from tangential and centripetal acceleration measurements Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cardou, Philippe, E-mail: [email protected]; Angeles, Jorge [McGill University, Macdonald Engineering Building, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Machines (Canada) 2008-05-15 Two methods are available for the estimation of the angular velocity of a rigid body from point-acceleration measurements: (i) the time-integration of the angular acceleration and (ii) the square-rooting of the centripetal acceleration. The inaccuracy of the first method is due mainly to the accumulation of the error on the angular acceleration throughout the time-integration process, which does not prevent that it be used successfully in crash tests with dummies, since these experiments never last more than one second. On the other hand, the error resulting from the second method is stable through time, but becomes inaccurate whenever the rigid body angular velocity approaches zero, which occurs in many applications. In order to take advantage of the complementarity of these two methods, a fusion of their estimates is proposed. To this end, the accelerometer measurements are modeled as exact signals contaminated with bias errors and Gaussian white noise. The relations between the variables at stake are written in the form of a nonlinear state-space system in which the angular velocity and the angular acceleration are state variables. Consequently, a minimum-variance-error estimate of the state vector is obtained by means of extended Kalman filtering. The performance of the proposed estimation method is assessed by means of simulation. Apparently, the resulting estimation method is more robust than the existing accelerometer-only methods and competitive with gyroscope measurements. Moreover, it allows the identification and the compensation of any bias error in the accelerometer measurements, which is a significant advantage over gyroscopes. 11. Estimating the angular velocity of a rigid body moving in the plane from tangential and centripetal acceleration measurements International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Two methods are available for the estimation of the angular velocity of a rigid body from point-acceleration measurements: (i) the time-integration of the angular acceleration and (ii) the square-rooting of the centripetal acceleration. The inaccuracy of the first method is due mainly to the accumulation of the error on the angular acceleration throughout the time-integration process, which does not prevent that it be used successfully in crash tests with dummies, since these experiments never last more than one second. On the other hand, the error resulting from the second method is stable through time, but becomes inaccurate whenever the rigid body angular velocity approaches zero, which occurs in many applications. In order to take advantage of the complementarity of these two methods, a fusion of their estimates is proposed. To this end, the accelerometer measurements are modeled as exact signals contaminated with bias errors and Gaussian white noise. The relations between the variables at stake are written in the form of a nonlinear state-space system in which the angular velocity and the angular acceleration are state variables. Consequently, a minimum-variance-error estimate of the state vector is obtained by means of extended Kalman filtering. The performance of the proposed estimation method is assessed by means of simulation. Apparently, the resulting estimation method is more robust than the existing accelerometer-only methods and competitive with gyroscope measurements. Moreover, it allows the identification and the compensation of any bias error in the accelerometer measurements, which is a significant advantage over gyroscopes 12. Angular dependence of the MOSFET dosimeter and its impact on in vivo surface dose measurement in breast cancer treatment. Science.gov (United States) Qin, S; Chen, T; Wang, L; Tu, Y; Yue, N; Zhou, J 2014-08-01 The focus of this study is the angular dependence of two types of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) dosimeters (MOSFET20 and OneDose/OneDosePlus) when used for surface dose measurements. External beam radiationat different gantry angles were delivered to a cubic solid water phantom with a MOSFET placed on the top surface at CAX. The long axis of the MOSFET was oriented along the gantry axis of rotation, with the dosimeter (bubble side) facing the radiation source. MOSFET-measured surface doses were compared against calibrated radiochromic film readings. It was found that both types of MOSFET dosimeters exhibited larger than previously reported angular dependence when measuring surface dose in beams at large oblique angles. For the MOSFET20 dosimeter the measured surface dose deviation against film readings was as high as 17% when the incident angle was 72 degrees to the norm of the phantom surface. It is concluded that some MOSFET dosimeters may have a strong angular dependence when placed on the surface of water-equivalent material, even though they may have an isotropic angular response when surrounded by uniform medium. Extra on-surface calibration maybe necessary before using MOSFET dosimeters for skin dose measurement in tangential fields. PMID:24206205 13. The angular power spectrum of the diffuse gamma-ray emission as measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope and constraints on its Dark Matter interpretation CERN Document Server Fornasa, Mattia; Zavala, Jesus; Gaskins, Jennifer M; Sanchez-Conde, Miguel A; Gomez-Vargas, German; Komatsu, Eiichiro; Linden, Tim; Prada, Francisco; Zandanel, Fabio; Morselli, Aldo 2016-01-01 The isotropic gamma-ray background arises from the contribution of unresolved sources, including members of confirmed source classes and proposed gamma-ray emitters such as the radiation induced by dark matter annihilation and decay. Clues about the properties of the contributing sources are imprinted in the anisotropy characteristics of the gamma-ray background. We use 81 months of Pass 7 Reprocessed data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope to perform a measurement of the anisotropy angular power spectrum of the gamma-ray background. We analyze energies between 0.5 and 500 GeV, extending the range considered in the previous measurement based on 22 months of data. We also compute, for the first time, the cross-correlation angular power spectrum between different energy bins. We find that the derived angular spectra are compatible with being Poissonian, i.e. constant in multipole. Moreover, the energy dependence of the anisotropy suggests that the signal is due to two populations of sources, contributing, resp... 14. Probing the anisotropic behaviors of black phosphorus by transmission electron microscopy, angular-dependent Raman spectra, and electronic transport measurements Science.gov (United States) Lu, Wanglin; Ma, Xiaomeng; Fei, Zhen; Zhou, Jianguang; Zhang, Zhiyong; Jin, Chuanhong; Zhang, Ze 2015-07-01 In this study, we correlated the angular dependence of the Raman response of black phosphorus to its crystallographic orientation by using transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the intensity of the Ag 2 mode reached a maximum when the polarization direction of the incident light was parallel to the zigzag crystallographic orientation. Notably, it was further confirmed that the zigzag crystallographic direction exhibited superior conductance and carrier mobility. Because of the lattice extension along the armchair direction, an intensification of the anisotropic Raman response was observed. This work provides direct evidence of the correlation between anisotropic properties and crystallographic direction and represents a turning point in the discussion of the angular-dependent electronic properties of black phosphorus. 15. Cross correlation for debris flow velocity measurement Science.gov (United States) Arattano, M. 2003-04-01 The velocity of debris-flows cannot be easily measured through the classic techniques employed in hydraulics. In hydraulics velocity measurements are made through the use of current meters, through methods that appeal to the principle of critical flow (weirs, Venturi flumes, Parshall flumes etc.) or that make use of chemical tracers. Debris-flow fronts contain large boulders and their tails, which are certainly more fluid, remain charged with pebble-sized fragments. This impedes the use of current meters, weirs and flumes that would be damaged or destroyed by the passage of the flow. Thus debris flow velocity measurements require the use of remote sensors. A pair of ultrasonic sensors placed at a known distance from each other along the torrent have been used as a method to obtain mean front velocity of debris-flows. Also seismic and acoustic sensors have been employed to measure debris-flow front velocity and discharge in the same manner. However these methods require the presence of a well identifiable and defined main front in the debris flow wave. In fact the time lag between the recordings of the front of the wave at two consecutive stations allows an estimation of its mean velocity. When the front is not present cross correlation may help in identifying the mean velocity of the flow. This has been proved using the field data recorded through seismic and ultrasonic sensors in a small instrumented catchment on the Italian Alps. 16. Pair-correlated product speed and angular distributions for the OH+CH4/CD4 reactions: Further remarks on their classical trajectory calculations in a quantum spirit CERN Document Server Bonnet, L; Corchado, J 2015-01-01 Ten years ago, Liu and co-workers measured pair-correlated product speed and angular distributions for the OH+CH4/CD4 reactions at the collision energy of ~ 10 kcal/mol [B. Zhang, W. Shiu, J. J. Lin and K. Liu, J. Chem. Phys 122, 131102 (2005); B. Zhang, W. Shiu and K. Liu, J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 8989]. Recently, two of us could semi-quantitatively reproduce these measurements by performing full-dimensional classical trajectory calculations in a quantum spirit on an ab-initio potential energy surface of their own [J. Espinosa-Garcia and J. C. Corchado, Theor Chem Acc, 2015, 134, 6 ; J. Phys. Chem. B, Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04290]. The goal of the present work is to show that these calculations can be significantly improved by adding a few more constraints to better comply with the experimental conditions. Overall, the level of agreement between theory and experiment is remarkable considering the large dimensionality of the processes under scrutiny. 17. Measurement of energy dependence of fission fragment angular anisotropy for resonance neutron induced fission of 235U aligned target International Nuclear Information System (INIS) The results of the experiment on measuring the energy dependence of fission fragment angular anisotropy in resonance neutron induced fission of 235U aligned target in energy region up to 42 eV are presented. The agreement with the data of Pattenden and Postma in resonances is good enough, while the theoretical curve, calculated using the R-matrix multilevel two fission channel approach, does not seem to describe the energy dependence of fission fragment angular anisotropy property. The necessity of taking into account the interference between levels with different spins is discussed. 11 refs., 2 figs 18. Angular distribution and cross section measurements for the reaction 40Ca(n,α)37Ar using gridded ionization chamber International Nuclear Information System (INIS) A new-type double gridded ionization chamber (GIC) with a multi-parameters data acquisition and processing system has been established for the study of fast-neutron-induced (n,p) and (n,α) reactions. The system has been applied to measurements of angular distribution, energy spectra and differential cross section of the 40Ca(n,α)37Ar reaction 19. Measurement of angular distributions for residues produced in 16O+169Tm system at energy ≅ 81 MeV International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Study of heavy ion (HI) reactions are of current interest. At energies just above the Coulomb barrier, both the complete fusion (CF) and the incomplete fusion (ICF) are found to be the dominant processes. With a view to study relative contribution of CF and ICF in 16O+169Tm system, angular distribution of several residues have been measured in the present work 20. Calculation and statistic test of partial correlation of general correlation measures OpenAIRE WenJun Zhang 2015-01-01 It is well known that Pearson linear correlations between more than two attributes (nodes, taxa, variables, etc) can be adjusted to partial linear correlations for eliminating indirect between-attribute interactions of other attributes not being tested. In present study I first proposed three correlation measures, revised Dice coefficient, overlap coefficient, and proportion correlation. In addition, I proposed partial correlation measures for some correlation measures, of which Jaccard corre... 1. Measurement of the angular distribution of dielectronic recombination into highly charged krypton ions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Angular distribution of x-rays emitted in the process of Dielectronic Recombination (DR) was studied at the Electron Beam Ion Trap. For this the photon emission spectra were observed along and perpendicular the electron beam propagation direction. X-ray line intensities differ drastically between the two acquired spectra. This indicates a strong alignment of the total angular momentum vector of the excited states populated by DR with respect to the electron beam propagation direction. 2. Polarization Imaging over Sea Surface - A Method for Measurements of Stokes Components Angular Distribution Science.gov (United States) Freda, W.; Piskozub, J.; Toczek, H. 2015-12-01 This article describes a method for determining the angular distribution of light polarization over a roughened surface of the sea. Our method relies on measurements of the Stokes vector elements using a polarization imaging camera that operates using the Division of Focal Plane (DoFP) method. It uses special monochrome CCD array in which the neighbouring cells, instead of recording different colours (red green and blue), are equipped with micropolarizers of four directions (0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees). We combined the camera with a fish-eye lens of Field of View (FoV) > 180 deg. Such a large FoV allowed us to crop out the fragment of the frame along the circular horizon, showing a view covering all directions of the hemisphere. Because of complicated optical design of the fish-eye lens (light refraction on surfaces of parts of the lens) connected to the sensor we checked the accuracy of the measurement system. A method to determine the accuracy of measured polarization is based on comparison of the experimentally obtained rotation matrix with its theoretical form. Such a comparison showed that the maximum error of Stokes vector elements depended on zenith angle and reached as much as 24% for light coming from just above the horizon, but decreased rapidly with decreasing zenith angle to the value of 12% for the angles 10° off the edge of FoV. Moreover we present the preliminary results prepared over rough sea surface. These results include total intensity of light, Degree of Linear Polarization (DoLP) and their standard deviations. The results have been averaged over one thousand frames of a movie. These results indicate that the maximum polarization is observed near the reflection of the sun, and the signal coming from below the surface may be observed at zenith angles far from the vertical direction. 3. Correlation measurements of fission-fragment properties Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Oberstedt A. 2010-10-01 Full Text Available For the development of future nuclear fission applications and for a responsible handling of nuclear waste the a-priori assessment of the fission-fragments’ heat production and toxicity is a fundamental necessity. The success of an indispensable modelling of the fission process strongly depends on a good understanding of the particular mechanism of scission, the mass fragmentation and partition of excitation energy. Experimental observables are fission-fragment properties like mass- and energy-distributions, and the prompt neutron as well as γ-ray multiplicities and emission spectra. The latter quantities should preferably be known as a function of fragment mass and excitation energy. Those data are highly demanded as published by the OECD-NEA in its high priority data request list. With the construction of the double (v, E spectrometer VERDI we aim at measuring pre- and post-neutron masses directly and simultaneously to avoid prompt neutron corrections. From the simultaneous measurement of pre- and post-neutron fission-fragment data the prompt neutron multiplicity may then be inferred fully correlated with fragment mass yield and total kinetic energy. Using an ultra-fast fission event trigger spectral prompt fission γ-ray measurements may be performed. For that purpose recently developed lanthanum-halide detectors, with excellent timing characteristics, were coupled to the VERDI spectrometer allowing for a very good discrimination of fission γ-rays and prompt neutrons due to their different time-of-flight. 4. Measures and applications of quantum correlations CERN Document Server Adesso, Gerardo; Cianciaruso, Marco 2016-01-01 Quantum information theory is built upon the realisation that quantum resources like coherence and entanglement can be exploited for novel or enhanced ways of transmitting and manipulating information, such as quantum cryptography, teleportation, and quantum computing. We now know that there is potentially much more than entanglement behind the power of quantum information processing. There exist more general forms of non-classical correlations, stemming from fundamental principles such as the necessary disturbance induced by a local measurement, or the persistence of quantum coherence in all possible local bases. These signatures can be identified and are resilient in almost all quantum states, and have been linked to the enhanced performance of certain quantum protocols over classical ones in noisy conditions. Their presence represents, among other things, one of the most essential manifestations of quantumness in cooperative systems, from the subatomic to the macroscopic domain. In this work we give an ove... 5. Optic-electronic systems for measurement the three-dimension angular deformation of axles at the millimeter wave range radiotelescope Science.gov (United States) Konyakhin, Igor A.; Kopylova, Tatyana V.; Konyakhin, Alexsey I.; Smekhov, Andrey A. 2013-01-01 Researches in the millimetre wave range require the high accuracy for position of the mirror components of the radiotelescope. A mirror weight is the cause of the three-dimension angular deformation of the elevation axle and azimuth axle relatively bearings. At result the elevation angle and azimuth angle of a parabolic mirror axis orientation is not equal to the set values. For the measuring roll, pitch and yaw angular deformations the autocollimation system with new type of the reflector are used. Reflector for autocollimation measurements as compositions of the anamorphic prism and special tetrahedral reflector is described. New methods for roll, pitch, yaw angles measuring are discussed. Optical scheme for the measurement system, structure the anamorphic prism and tetrahedral reflector are proposed. Equations for the static characteristic of the measuring system are shown. 6. Investigation of hyperfine interactions in DNA and antibody of different lineages of mice infected by T. cruzi by perturbed gamma-gamma angular correlation spectroscopy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) In the present work perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measured electric quadrupole interactions in DNA biomolecules of different mice lineages (A/J, C57BL/6, B6AF1, BXA1 e BXA2), samples of different isotypes of immunoglobulin G (IgG1, IgG2a e IgG2b) and active portions of complete and fragmented immunoglobulin responsible by the immune response. Electric quadrupole interactions were also measured in DNA nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine). PAC measurements were performed using 111In → 111Cd; 111mCd → 111Cd; 111Ag → 111Cd; e 181Hf → 181Ta as probe nuclei, and carried out at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature, in order to investigate dynamic and static hyperfine interactions, respectively. The biomolecule samples were directly marked with the radioactive parent nuclei, whose atom link to a certain site in the biomolecules. The biological materials as well as the probe nuclei were chosen to investigate the possibility to use PAC spectroscopy to measure hyperfine parameters at nuclei from metallic elements bound to biomolecules (including the use of different probe nuclei produced in the decay of parent nuclei of four different metals) and also to study the behavior of different biomolecules by means of the measured hyperfine parameters. Results show differences in the hyperfine interactions of probe nuclei bound to the studied biomolecules. Such differences were observed by variations in the hyperfine parameters, which depend on the type of biomolecule and the results also show that the probe nuclei atom bound to the molecule in some cases and in others do not. (author) 7. Innovative Correlation Coefficient Measurement with Fuzzy Data OpenAIRE Berlin Wu; Chin Feng Hung 2016-01-01 Correlation coefficients are commonly found with crisp data. In this paper, we use Pearson’s correlation coefficient and propose a method for evaluating correlation coefficients for fuzzy interval data. Our empirical studies involve the relationship between mathematics achievement and other projects. 8. Electric-quadrupole interaction at 181Hf/181Ta in Hf doped MgB2 and HfB2: a perturbed angular correlation study International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hyperfine interaction of the 181Hf/181Ta is studied in HfB2 and Hf doped MgB2 by perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy. Nuclear quadrupole constants and attenuation factors were extracted from the data. Quadrupole coupling constant shows that Hf goes to three inequivalent sites in MgB2. There is sign of HfB2 formation at high temperature. (author) 9. Perturbed Angular Correlation Study of the Static and Dynamic Aspects of Cadmium and Mercury Atoms Inside and Attached to a C60 Fullerene Cage CERN Document Server Das, Satyendra K; Banerjee, Debasish; Johnston, Karl; Das, Parnika; Butz, Tilman; Amaral, Vitor S; Correia, Joao G; Barbosa, Marcelo B 2014-01-01 30 keV Cd-111m and 50 keV Hg-199m beams from ISOLDE were used to implant on preformed targets of C-60 with a thickness of 1 mg cm(-2). Endofullerene compounds, viz. Cd-111m@C-60 and Hg-199m@C-60 formed during implantation were separated by filtration through micropore filter paper followed by solvent extraction. Dried samples of the endofullerene compounds were counted for the time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) measurement using the coincidence of the 151-245 keV cascade of Cd-111m and the 374 158 keV cascade of Hg-199m on a six LaBr3(Ce) detector system coupled with digital electronics. The results for 111mCd@C60 indicate a single static component (27\\%) and a fast relaxing component (73\\%), the latter implying that the cadmium atom moves rapidly inside the cage at room temperature. The quadrupole interaction frequency and asymmetry parameter of the cadmium atom occupying the static site in C60 are omega(Q) = 8.21(36) Mrad s(-1) and eta = 0.41(9), respectively. The fast relaxation con... 10. The source-sample stage of the new two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation spectrometer at Technische Universität München Science.gov (United States) Ceeh, Hubert; Weber, Josef Andreas; Leitner, Michael; Böni, Peter; Hugenschmidt, Christoph 2013-04-01 Angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) is a well established technique for the investigation of the electronic structure. A major limitation of ACAR studies is the available positron flux at a small spot on the sample. For this reason, the focus of this work is put on the discussion of a newly developed source-sample stage of the new 2D-ACAR spectrometer at Technische Universität München which uses an optimized static magnetic field configuration to guide the positrons onto the sample. The achieved spot diameter is dFWHM = 5.4 mm, with a high efficiency over the whole energy spectrum of the 22Na positron source. The implications of the performance of the source-sample stage are discussed with regard to 2D-ACAR measurements of single crystalline α-quartz, which serves as a model system for the determination of the total resolution. A value of (1.53 × 1.64) mrad2 FWHM was achieved at room temperature. 11. The source-sample stage of the new two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation spectrometer at Technische Universitaet Muenchen Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ceeh, Hubert; Weber, Josef Andreas; Boeni, Peter [Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Lehrstuhl E21, James-Franck Strasse, 85747 Garching (Germany); Leitner, Michael [FRM II, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching (Germany); Hugenschmidt, Christoph [Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Lehrstuhl E21, James-Franck Strasse, 85747 Garching (Germany); FRM II, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching (Germany) 2013-04-15 Angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) is a well established technique for the investigation of the electronic structure. A major limitation of ACAR studies is the available positron flux at a small spot on the sample. For this reason, the focus of this work is put on the discussion of a newly developed source-sample stage of the new 2D-ACAR spectrometer at Technische Universitaet Muenchen which uses an optimized static magnetic field configuration to guide the positrons onto the sample. The achieved spot diameter is d{sub FWHM}= 5.4 mm, with a high efficiency over the whole energy spectrum of the {sup 22}Na positron source. The implications of the performance of the source-sample stage are discussed with regard to 2D-ACAR measurements of single crystalline {alpha}-quartz, which serves as a model system for the determination of the total resolution. A value of (1.53 Multiplication-Sign 1.64) mrad{sup 2} FWHM was achieved at room temperature. 12. Magnetic behavior of La-doped Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} studied by perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy with {sup 111}Cd and {sup 140}Ce Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Matos, I. T., E-mail: [email protected]; Bosch-Santos, B.; Cabrera-Pasca, G. A.; Carbonari, A. W. [Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo (Brazil) 2015-05-07 In this paper, the local magnetic properties of La-doped Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} (5% and 10%) bulk and Nanoparticles (NPs) samples were studied by measuring hyperfine interactions in a wide range of temperature from 10 to 900 K with perturbed γ-γ angular correlation spectroscopy using {sup 111}In({sup 111}Cd) and {sup 140}La({sup 140}Ce) as probe nuclei. Results for the temperature dependence of the magnetic hyperfine field (B{sub hf}) for bulk and NP samples, pure and doped with La show that its behavior follows a second order Brillouin-like transition from which the Curie temperature (T{sub C}) was determined (T{sub C} ∼ 855 K). Results also show two different regions in NP samples: the core where a minor fraction of probe nuclei with well defined magnetic dipole frequency was observed and the shell where a major fraction with broad distributed electric quadrupolar frequency (surface effect in NP) was observed. The Verwey transition T{sub V} ∼ 120 K, due the order disorder phase, was also observed in all samples. The results are discussed in terms of the magnetic exchange interaction between Fe{sup 2+} and Fe{sup 3+} ions in the two regions of NP. 13. Oxygen ordering in the high-T_c$superconductor HgBa$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{6+\\delta}$as revealed by perturbed angular correlation CERN Document Server Mendonca, Tania Melo; Haas, Heinz; Odier, Philippe; Tavares, Pedro; Silva, Manuel Ribeiro; Lopes, Armandina; Pereira, Andre; Goncalves, Joao Nuno; Amaral, Joao; Darie, Celine; Araujo, Joao Pedro 2011-01-01 Lattice sites and collective ordering of oxygen atoms in HgBa$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{6+\\delta}$were studied using the perturbed angular correlation (PAC) technique at ISOLDE/CERN. The electric field gradients (EFG) at$^{199m}$Hg nuclei have been measured as functions of oxygen doping on the Hg planes, above and below T$_c$. In comparison with the results obtained for oxygen and fluorine doping in Hg-1201, the analysis shows a different oxygen ordering exhibited by Hg-1212. Moreover, for all studied cases, the experimental results show that at a local scale there is non-uniform oxygen distribution. A series of ab initio EFG calculations allowed to infer that at low concentrations, regions without oxygen coexist with regions where O$_{2\\delta}$dumbbell molecules are located at the center of the Hg mesh. On the other side, at high concentrations, O$_{2\\delta}$dumbbell molecules coexist with single O$_\\delta\$ atoms occupying the center of the Hg mesh. The present results suggest that oxygen sits on the Hg planes in t...
14. The source-sample stage of the new two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation spectrometer at Technische Universität München
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) is a well established technique for the investigation of the electronic structure. A major limitation of ACAR studies is the available positron flux at a small spot on the sample. For this reason, the focus of this work is put on the discussion of a newly developed source-sample stage of the new 2D-ACAR spectrometer at Technische Universität München which uses an optimized static magnetic field configuration to guide the positrons onto the sample. The achieved spot diameter is dFWHM= 5.4 mm, with a high efficiency over the whole energy spectrum of the 22Na positron source. The implications of the performance of the source-sample stage are discussed with regard to 2D-ACAR measurements of single crystalline α-quartz, which serves as a model system for the determination of the total resolution. A value of (1.53 × 1.64) mrad2 FWHM was achieved at room temperature.
15. Investigation of local magnetism in RZn (R = Ce, Gd, Tb, Dy) and GdCu intermetallic compounds using perturbed angular correlation gamma-gamma spectroscopy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
This work presents, from a microscopic point of view, a systematic study of the local magnetism in RZn (R = Ce, Gd, Tb, Dy) and GdCu intermetallic compounds through measurements of hyperfine interactions using the Perturbed Angular Correlation Gamma- Gamma Spectroscopy technique with 111In → 111Cd and 140La → 140Ce as probe nuclei. As the magnetism in these compounds originates from the 4f electrons of the rare-earth elements it is interesting to observe in a systematic study of RZn compounds the behavior of the magnetic hyperfine field with the variation of the number of 4f electrons in the R element. The use of probe nuclei 140La → 140Ce is interesting because Ce+3 ion posses one 4f electron which may contribute to the total hyperfine field, and the results showed anomalous behavior. The results for 111Cd probe showed that the temperature dependence of the magnetic hyperfine field follows the Brillouin function, and the magnetic hyperfine field decreases linearly with increase of the atomic number of rare earth when plotted as a function of the rare-earth J spin projection, showing that the main contribution to the magnetic hyperfine field in RZn compounds comes from the polarization of the conduction electrons. The results for the electric field gradient measured with 111Cd for all compounds showed a strong decrease with the atomic number of the rare-earth element. We have therefore assumed that the major contribution to the electric field gradient originates from the 4f electrons of the rare-earths. The measurements of the electric field gradient for GdCu with 111Cd, after temperature decreases and increases again showed that two different structures, CsCl-type cubic and FeB-type orthorhombic structures co-exist. Finally, it is the first time that measurements of hyperfine parameters have been carried out with theses two probe nuclei in the studied RZn. (author)
16. Correlation techniques for the improvement of signal-to-noise ratio in measurements with stochastic processes
CERN Document Server
Reddy, V R; Reddy, T G; Reddy, P Y; Reddy, K R
2003-01-01
An AC modulation technique is described to convert stochastic signal variations into an amplitude variation and its retrieval through Fourier analysis. It is shown that this AC detection of signals of stochastic processes when processed through auto- and cross-correlation techniques improve the signal-to-noise ratio; the correlation techniques serve a similar purpose of frequency and phase filtering as that of phase-sensitive detection. A few model calculations applied to nuclear spectroscopy measurements such as Angular Correlations, Mossbauer spectroscopy and Pulse Height Analysis reveal considerable improvement in the sensitivity of signal detection. Experimental implementation of the technique is presented in terms of amplitude variations of harmonics representing the derivatives of normal spectra. Improved detection sensitivity to spectral variations is shown to be significant. These correlation techniques are general and can be made applicable to all the fields of particle counting where measurements ar...
17. Determination of Sea Ice Thickness from Angular and Frequency Correlation Functions and by Genetic Algorithm: A Theoretical Study of New Instrument Technology
Science.gov (United States)
Hussein, Z. A.; Kuga, Y.; Ishimaru, A.; Jaruwatanadilok, S.; McDonald, K. C.; Holt, B.; Pak, K.; Jordan, R.; Perovich, D.; Sturm, M.
2004-12-01
Thickness and extent of Arctic sea ice play a critical role in Earth's climate and ocean circulation. An accurate measurement of these parameters on synoptic scales at regular intervals would enable characterization of this important component for the understanding of ocean circulation and global heat balance. Currently, IceSAT (laser altimeter) and EnviSAT (radar altimeter) and the upcoming CryoSAT (radar altimeter) measurement systems provide estimates of the sea ice freeboard, i.e. that portion of the ice that is above the sea level. The sea ice thickness and changes in thickness are inferred from these measurements. In this paper, we develop the theoretical basis for application of radar interferometry in the VHF band to the direct estimation of sea ice thickness. We employ angular and frequency correlation functions (ACF/FCF) of the electromagnetic wave scattered from sea-ice, using small perturbation and Kirchhoff rough surface scattering and Rayleigh volume scattering models. The medium is modeled as multi-layered stratification consisting of snow, sea ice (including spherical particles of air bubbles and brine inclusions), and sea water. Each surface interface is modeled as a rough surface with a Gaussian roughness spectrum. To characterize the ACF/FCF, the correlation between two waves with different frequencies, incidence and observation angles, is employed, forming a combined spatial- and frequency-domain interferometer. This technique exploits the difference in the correlation properties (phase matching conditions) of surface and volume scattering. The surface correlation function exhibits a strong correlation along a "memory line." The volume scattering shows a strong correlation at specific points - "memory dots." The effect of volume scattering can be suppressed by choosing appropriate combinations of frequencies and angles. The phase of the surface correlation function depends on the scattering geometry (location of the antennas), and provides
18. Angular configuration of the knee. Comparison of conventional measurements and the QUESTOR precision radiography system
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the QUESTOR Precision Radiography system (QPR) and to compare it with the routine hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle measurements. The main was also to evaluate the robustness of the QPR system against the osseous changes of arthrotic disease. Material and Methods: Twenty-four patients, operated on with a high tibial osteotomy for medial gonarthrosis, were examined. The alignment of the leg was measured by the conventional technique and by the QPR method. Results and Conclusion: The 2 methods correlated well. The intraobserver variation in the QPR measurements was, with the exception of the capito-midcondylar-femoral shaft angle and the tibial plateau width, not affected by the osseous changes inflicted by the arthrotic process. The patients tolerated both systems well while the staff preferred the QPR system. (orig.)
19. Angular correlations of fission fragments from the reactions 232Th(p,p'f) and 236U(p,p'f) at a projectile energy of 26.5 MeV
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Angular correlations of fission fragments from the reactions 232Th(p,p'f) and 236U(p,p'f) have been measured at a projectile energy of Ep=26.5 MeV and excitation energies up to the second chance fission. The scattered protons have been detected by a semiconductor telescope positioned at two different angles (vTel=90 and vTel=60 ). The fission fragments have been measured by a parallel plate avalanche detector, which was position sensitive in two dimensions. The data continuously cover the angular ranges of about -15 up to +95 for vTel=90 and about -5 up to +50 for vTel=60 with respect to the kinematical recoil axis. It succeeded to describe the changes of the angular distribution with increasing excitation energy in terms of the Transition State Model by a uniform increase of the contributions with K≠0 for both compound systems and both excitation reactions. (orig./DG)
20. Measurement of the rotational Doppler frequency shift of a spinning object using a radio frequency orbital angular momentum beam.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhao, Mingyang; Gao, Xinlu; Xie, Mutong; Zhai, Wensheng; Xu, Wenjing; Huang, Shanguo; Gu, Wanyi
2016-06-01
An indirect approach based on phase measurement is proposed to measure the rotational Doppler frequency shift, which takes full advantage of the phase structure of orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams in radio domain, using a vector network analyzer (VNA) as a phase discriminator. A proof-of-concept experiment is established by an optical-controlled system with the OAM state of 1. By analyzing the experiment's results, the rotational Doppler frequency shift is measured as 24.83 Hz (max error rate 0.67%) at 50π rad/s rotational velocity, deducing the rotational velocity as 50.18π (average error rate 0.36%). PMID:27244411
1. Measuring the Direction and Angular Velocity of a Black Hole Accretion Disk via Lagged Interferometric Covariance
OpenAIRE
Johnson, Michael D.; Loeb, Abraham; Shiokawa, Hotaka; Chael, Andrew A.; Doeleman, Sheperd S.
2015-01-01
We show that interferometry can be applied to study irregular, rapidly rotating structures, as are expected in the turbulent accretion flow near a black hole. Specifically, we analyze the lagged covariance between interferometric baselines of similar lengths but slightly different orientations. For a flow viewed close to face-on, we demonstrate that the peak in the lagged covariance indicates the direction and angular velocity of the emission pattern from the flow. Even for moderately incline...
2. Comment on "Weak Measurements with Orbital-Angular-Momentum Pointer states"
OpenAIRE
Pan, A. K.; Panigrahi, P. K.
2013-01-01
In a recent Letter (Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 040401 (2012)), G. Puentes, N. Hermosa and J. P. Torres report a scheme for extracting higher-order weak values by using orbital-angular momentum states as pointer states. They claim that such weak values are inaccessible with a Gaussian pointer state only. In this Comment, we show that the Gaussian pointer state by itself can provide access to the higher-order weak value, if suitable pointer displacement is observed.
3. Meta-Analysis of Correlations Among Usability Measures
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hornbæk, Kasper Anders Søren; Effie Lai Chong, Law
2007-01-01
Understanding the relation between usability measures seems crucial to deepen our conception of usability and to select the right measures for usability studies. We present a meta-analysis of correlations among usability measures calculated from the raw data of 73 studies. Correlations...... are generally low: effectiveness measures (e.g., errors) and efficiency measures (e.g., time) has a correlation of .247 ± .059 (Pearson's product-moment correlation with 95% confidence interval), efficiency and satisfaction (e.g., preference) one of .196 ± .064, and effectiveness and satisfaction one of .164...... ± .062. Changes in task complexity do not influence these correlations, but use of more complex measures attenuates them. Standard questionnaires for measuring satisfaction appear more reliable than homegrown ones. Measures of users' perceptions of phenomena are generally not correlated with objective...
4. Measurement of the angular distribution of fission fragments using a PPAC assembly at CERN nTOF
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A fission reaction chamber based on Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPACs) was built for measuring angular distributions of fragments emitted in neutron-induced fission of actinides at the neutron beam available at the Neutron Time-Of-Flight (nTOF) facility at CERN. The detectors and the samples were tilted 45° with respect to the neutron beam direction to cover all the possible values of the emission angle of the fission fragments. The main features of this setup are discussed and results on the fission fragment angular distribution are provided for the 232Th(n,f) reaction around the fission threshold. The results are compared with the available data in the literature, demonstrating the good capabilities of this setup
5. Measurement of the angular distribution of fission fragments using a PPAC assembly at CERN n_TOF
CERN Document Server
Tarrío, D; Audouin, L; Duran, I; Paradela, C; Tassan-Got, L; Le Naour, C; Bacri, C O; Petitbon, V; Mottier, J; Caamano, M; Altstadt, S; Andrzejewski, J; Barbagallo, M; Bécares, V; Bečvář, F; Belloni, F; Berthoumieux, E; Billowes, J; Boccone, V; Bosnar, D; Brugger, M; Calviani, M; Calviño, F; Cano-Ott, D; Carrapiço, C; Cerutti, F; Chiaveri, E; Chin, M; Colonna, N; Cortés, G; Cértes-Giraldo, M A; Diakaki, M; Domingo-Pardo, C; Dzysiuk, N; Eleftheriadis, C; Ferrari, A; Fraval, K; Ganesan, S; García, A R; Giubrone, G; Gómez-Hornillos, M B; Gonçalves, I F; González-Romero, E; Griesmayer, E; Guerrero, C; Gunsing, F; Gurusamy, P; Jenkins, D G; Jericha, E; Kadi, Y; Käppeler, F; Karadimos, D; Koehler, P; Kokkoris, M; Krtička, M; Kroll, J; Langer, C; Lederer, C; Leeb, H; Losito, R; Manousos, A; Marganiec, J; Martínez, T; Massimi, C; Mastinu, P F; Mastromarco, M; Meaze, M; Mendoza, E; Mengoni, A; Milazzo, P M; Mingrone, F; Mirea, M; Mondalaers, W; Pavlik, A; Perkowski, J; Plompen, A; Praena, J; Quesada, J M; Rauscher, T; Reifarth, R; Riego, A; Roman, F; Rubbia, C; Sarmento, R; Schillebeeckx, P; Schmidt, S; Tagliente, G; Tain, J L; Tsinganis, A; Valenta, S; Vannini, G; Variale, V; Vaz, P; Ventura, A; Versaci, R; Vermeulen, M J; Vlachoudis, V; Vlastou, R; Wallner, A; Ware, T; Weigand, M; Weiß, C; Wright, T J; Žugec, P
2014-01-01
A fission reaction chamber based on Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPACs) was built for measuring angular distributions of fragments emitted in neutron-induced fission of actinides at the neutron beam available at the Neutron Time-Of-Flight (n_TOF) facility at CERN. The detectors and the samples were tilted 45 1 with respect to the neutron beam direction to cover all the possible values of the emission angle of the fission fragments. The main features of this setup are discussed and results on the fission fragment angular distribution are provided for the 232 Th(n,f) reaction around the fission threshold. The results are compared with the available data in the literature, demonstrating the good capabilities of this setup
6. Thermal noise limit in measuring the gravitational constant G using the angular acceleration method and the dynamic deflection method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
A general comparison is made between two methods of measuring the gravitational constant G. The angular acceleration method can avoid the anelasticity effect since the torsion fiber is not twisted. The dynamic deflection method is similar in principle but it does not use feedback, therefore a major noise introduced by the feedback control system in the angular acceleration method can be avoided. Both methods have their advantages and can be performed with the same device. Based on different expressions of G, we have expressed the signal-to-noise ratio and calculated the thermal noise limit for both methods. In order to get a lower thermal noise limit, the dynamic deflection method should avoid resonance.
7. Fourier relationship between angular position and optical orbital angular momentum
OpenAIRE
Yao, E.; Franke-Arnold, S.; Courtial, J.; Barnett, S.; Padgett, M. J.
2006-01-01
We demonstrate the Fourier relationship between angular position and angular momentum for a light mode. In particular we measure the distribution of orbital angular momentum states of light that has passed through an aperture and verify that the orbital angular momentum distribution is given by the complex Fourier-transform of the aperture function. We use spatial light modulators, configured as diffractive optical components, to define the initial orbital angular momentum state of the beam, ...
8. Simple Estimation of Hidden Correlation in Repeated Measures
OpenAIRE
Nguyen, Thuan; Jiang, Jiming
2011-01-01
In medical and social studies, it is often desirable to assess the correlation between characteristics of interest that are not directly observable. In such cases, repeated measures are often available, but the correlation between the repeated measures is not the same as that between the true characteristics that are confounded with the measurement errors. The latter is called the hidden correlation. Previously, the problem has been treated by assuming prior knowledge about the measurement er...
9. Perturbed angular correlation study of the static and dynamic aspects of cadmium and mercury atoms inside and attached to a C{sub 60} fullerene cage
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Das, Satyendra K.; Guin, Rashmohan; Banerjee, Debasish [Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata (India). Accelerator Chemistry Section (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre); Johnston, Karl [CERN, Geneva (Switzerland); Das, Parnika [Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata (India); Butz, Tilman [Leipzig Univ. (Germany). Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences; Amaral, Vitor S. [Aveiro Univ. (Portugal). Physics Dept.; Aveiro Univ. (Portugal). CICECO; Correia, Joao G.; Barbosa, Marcelo B. [Instituto Tecnologico e Nuclear (ITN), Sacavem (Portugal); CERN, Geneva (Switzerland). ISOLDE
2014-10-15
30 keV {sup 111m}Cd and 50 keV {sup 199m}Hg beams from ISOLDE were used to implant on preformed targets of C{sub 60} with a thickness of 1 mg cm{sup -2}. Endofullerene compounds, viz. {sup 111m}Cd rate at C{sub 60} and {sup 199m}Hg rate at C{sub 60} formed during implantation were separated by filtration through micropore filter paper followed by solvent extraction. Dried samples of the endofullerene compounds were counted for the time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) measurement using the coincidence of the 151-245keV cascade of {sup 111m}Cd and the 374-158 keV cascade of {sup 199m}Hg on a six LaBr{sub 3}(Ce) detector system coupled with digital electronics. The results for {sup 111m}Cd rate at C{sub 60} indicate a single static component (27 %) and a fast relaxing component (73 %), the latter implying that the cadmium atom moves rapidly inside the cage at room temperature. The quadrupole interaction frequency and asymmetry parameter of the cadmium atom occupying the static site in C{sub 60} are ω{sub Q} = 8.21(36) Mrad s{sup -1} and η = 0.41(9), respectively. The fast relaxation constant is 0.0031(4) ns{sup -1}. Similarly, mercury atoms also exhibit a single static and a fast component. The static site has a quadrupole frequency ω{sub Q} = 283.0(12.4) Mrad s{sup -1} and η = 0 with a fraction of 30 %. The fast relaxation constant is 0.045(8) ns{sup -1} with a fraction of 70 %, very similar to that of cadmium.
10. Polarization Correlation Measurements of Electron Impact Excitation of Hs2pd at 54.4 eV
OpenAIRE
O'Neill, R.W.; van der Burgt, P.J.M.; Dziczek, D.; Bowe, P.; Chwirot, S.; Slevin, J.A.
1998-01-01
First direct measurements are reported of the linear reduced Stokes parameters P1,P2 for H(2p) excited by electron impact at the benchmark energy of 54.4 eV. The results differ significantly from previous values deduced from angular correlation measurements which are in serious conflict with all sophisticated theoretical approaches. Our results support the trend of theoretical predictions for P2 and confirm that its value is negative at electron scattering angles above 100±, as pr...
11. aCORN: A Measurement of the Beta-Antineutrino Correlation in Neutron Decay
Science.gov (United States)
Jones, Gordon
2015-10-01
The aCORN experiment has measured the electron-antineutrino angular correlation coefficient (the a'' coefficient) in free neutron decay. aCORN uses the dependence of the recoil proton momentum on the opening angle between the electron and the neutrino to form an asymmetry. The apparatus accepts decays where the antineutrino is restricted to two momentum groups having equal solid angle. In this geometry, proton time of flight distinguishes between decays with a large or small opening angle between the electron and the antineutrino. The correlation coefficient is determined from the asymmetry between two branches of the time of flight spectrum. The asymmetry was measured on the NG-6 neutron beam at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), and a subsequent measurement has been started on the higher flux NG-C beam. An overview of the method and systematic effects will be presented, including results from the NG-6 dataset. National Science Foundation.
12. Measurement of acceleration and orbital angular momentum of Airy beam and Airy-vortex beam by astigmatic transformation.
Science.gov (United States)
Singh, Brijesh Kumar; Remez, Roei; Tsur, Yuval; Arie, Ady
2015-11-15
Special beams, including the Airy beam and the vortex-embedded Airy beam, draw much attention due to their unique features and promising applications. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a straightforward method for measuring these peculiar features of the beams with ease. Hence we present the astigmatic transformation of Airy and Airy-vortex beam. The "acceleration" coefficient of the Airy beam is directly determined from a single image by fitting the astigmatically transformed beam to an analytic expression. In addition, the orbital angular momentum of optical vortex in Airy-vortex beam is measured directly using a single image. PMID:26565887
13. Measurement of the fission fragment angular distribution for 232Th(n,f) at the CERN n-TOF facility
CERN Document Server
Tarrío, D; Audouin, L; Duran, I; Leong, L S; Paradela, C; Altstadt, S; Andrzejewski, J; Barbagallo, M; Bécares, V; Bečvář, F; Belloni, F; Berthoumieux, E; Billowes, J; Boccone, V; Bosnar, D; Brugger, M; Calviani, M; Calviño, F; Cano-Ott, D; Carrapiço, C; Cerutti, F; Chiaveri, E; Chin, M; Colonna, N; Cortés, G; Cortés-Giraldo, M A; Diakaki, M; Domingo-Pardo, C; Dzysiuk, N; Eleftheriadis, C; Ferrari, A; Fraval, K; Ganesan, S; Garcìa, A R; Giubrone, G; Gómez-Hornillos, M B; Gonçalves, I F; González-Romero, E; Griesmayer, E; Guerrero, C; Gunsing, F; Gurusamy, P; Jenkins, D G; Jericha, E; Kadi, Y; Käppeler, F; Karadimos, D; Koehler, P; Kokkoris, M; Krtička, M; Kroll, J; Langer, C; Lederer, C; Leeb, H; Losito, R; Manousos, A; Marganiec, J; Martìnez, T; Massimi, C; Mastinu, P F; Mastromarco, M; Meaze, M; Mendoza, E; Mengoni, A; Milazzo, P M; Mingrone, F; Mirea, M; Mondalaers, W; Pavlik, A; Perkowski, J; Plompen, A; Praena, J; Quesada, J M; Rauscher, T; Reifarth, R; Riego, A; Roman, F; Rubbia, C; Sarmento, R; Schillebeeckx, P; Schmidt, S; Tagliente, G; Tain, J L; Tsinganis, A; Valenta, S; Vannini, G; Variale, V; Vaz, P; Ventura, A; Versaci, R; Vermeulen, M J; Vlachoudis, V; Vlastou, R; Wallner, A; Ware, T; Weigand, M; Weiß, C; Wright, T J; Žugec, P
2012-01-01
A fission reaction chamber was designed to measure the angular distribution of the fragments emitted in neutron-induced fission reactions at n_TOF. Up to ten Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters can be included and kept at controlled low-pressure gas. Counters are tilted 45º with respect to the neutron beam direction and up to nine targets can be interleaved in between. A first measurement of the 232Th(n,f) was recently done and preliminary experimental results demonstrating the suitability of the setup are presented here.
14. On the calculation of transition probabilities with correlated angular-momentum-projected wave functions and realistic forces
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
In this paper we propose the use of angular-momentum-projected generator coordinator method (GCM) wave functions for the evaluation of transition probabilities in heavy nuclei. We derive the relevant equations and discuss ways to cope with the technical difficulties which appear in the application of the theory. We show the feasibility of the method by applying it to the calculation of B(E3) transition probabilities in light nuclei within the GCM, in the gaussian overlap approximation (GOA). In the calculations we use the density-dependent Gogny force. The theoretical projected results are in much better agreement with experiment than the unprojected ones. (orig.)
15. Measures and applications of quantum correlations
OpenAIRE
Adesso, Gerardo; Bromley, Thomas R.; Cianciaruso, Marco
2016-01-01
Quantum information theory is built upon the realisation that quantum resources like coherence and entanglement can be exploited for novel or enhanced ways of transmitting and manipulating information, such as quantum cryptography, teleportation, and quantum computing. We now know that there is potentially much more than entanglement behind the power of quantum information processing. There exist more general forms of non-classical correlations, stemming from fundamental principles such as th...
16. Measures of correlation and computer algebra
OpenAIRE
Halkos, George; Tsilika, Kyriaki
2016-01-01
Our contribution in this work is to set the directions for specialized econometric computations in a free computer algebra system, Xcas. We focus on the programming of a routine dedicated to correlation criteria for multiple regression models. We program several operations for detecting and evaluating collinearity by applying the diagnostic techniques of linear regression analysis. Xcas could constitute a supplemental tool in a collinear data study. Its use is proposed complementary to establ...
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https://julia.quantecon.org/tools_and_techniques/finite_markov.html | • Lectures
• Code
• Notebooks
• Community
# Finite Markov Chains¶
## Overview¶
Markov chains are one of the most useful classes of stochastic processes, being
• simple, flexible and supported by many elegant theoretical results
• valuable for building intuition about random dynamic models
• central to quantitative modeling in their own right
You will find them in many of the workhorse models of economics and finance.
In this lecture we review some of the theory of Markov chains.
We will also introduce some of the high quality routines for working with Markov chains available in QuantEcon.jl.
Prerequisite knowledge is basic probability and linear algebra.
### Setup¶
In [1]:
using InstantiateFromURL
# optionally add arguments to force installation: instantiate = true, precompile = true
github_project("QuantEcon/quantecon-notebooks-julia", version = "0.8.0")
In [2]:
using LinearAlgebra, Statistics
using Distributions, Plots, Printf, QuantEcon, Random
gr(fmt = :png);
## Definitions¶
The following concepts are fundamental.
### Stochastic Matrices¶
A stochastic matrix (or Markov matrix) is an $n \times n$ square matrix $P$ such that
1. each element of $P$ is nonnegative, and
2. each row of $P$ sums to one
Each row of $P$ can be regarded as a probability mass function over $n$ possible outcomes.
It is too not difficult to check [1] that if $P$ is a stochastic matrix, then so is the $k$-th power $P^k$ for all $k \in \mathbb N$.
### Markov Chains¶
There is a close connection between stochastic matrices and Markov chains.
To begin, let $S$ be a finite set with $n$ elements $\{x_1, \ldots, x_n\}$.
The set $S$ is called the state space and $x_1, \ldots, x_n$ are the state values.
A Markov chain $\{X_t\}$ on $S$ is a sequence of random variables on $S$ that have the Markov property.
This means that, for any date $t$ and any state $y \in S$,
$$\mathbb P \{ X_{t+1} = y \,|\, X_t \} = \mathbb P \{ X_{t+1} = y \,|\, X_t, X_{t-1}, \ldots \} \tag{1}$$
In other words, knowing the current state is enough to know probabilities for future states.
In particular, the dynamics of a Markov chain are fully determined by the set of values
$$P(x, y) := \mathbb P \{ X_{t+1} = y \,|\, X_t = x \} \qquad (x, y \in S) \tag{2}$$
By construction,
• $P(x, y)$ is the probability of going from $x$ to $y$ in one unit of time (one step)
• $P(x, \cdot)$ is the conditional distribution of $X_{t+1}$ given $X_t = x$
We can view $P$ as a stochastic matrix where
$$P_{ij} = P(x_i, x_j) \qquad 1 \leq i, j \leq n$$
Going the other way, if we take a stochastic matrix $P$, we can generate a Markov chain $\{X_t\}$ as follows:
• draw $X_0$ from some specified distribution
• for each $t = 0, 1, \ldots$, draw $X_{t+1}$ from $P(X_t,\cdot)$
By construction, the resulting process satisfies (2).
### Example 1¶
Consider a worker who, at any given time $t$, is either unemployed (state 1) or employed (state 2).
Suppose that, over a one month period,
1. An unemployed worker finds a job with probability $\alpha \in (0, 1)$.
2. An employed worker loses her job and becomes unemployed with probability $\beta \in (0, 1)$.
In terms of a Markov model, we have
• $S = \{ 1, 2\}$
• $P(1, 2) = \alpha$ and $P(2, 1) = \beta$
We can write out the transition probabilities in matrix form as
$$P = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 - \alpha & \alpha \\ \beta & 1 - \beta \end{array} \right)$$
Once we have the values $\alpha$ and $\beta$, we can address a range of questions, such as
• What is the average duration of unemployment?
• Over the long-run, what fraction of time does a worker find herself unemployed?
• Conditional on employment, what is the probability of becoming unemployed at least once over the next 12 months?
We’ll cover such applications below.
### Example 2¶
Using US unemployment data, Hamilton [Ham05] estimated the stochastic matrix
$$P = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0.971 & 0.029 & 0 \\ 0.145 & 0.778 & 0.077 \\ 0 & 0.508 & 0.492 \end{array} \right)$$
where
• the frequency is monthly
• the first state represents “normal growth”
• the second state represents “mild recession”
• the third state represents “severe recession”
For example, the matrix tells us that when the state is normal growth, the state will again be normal growth next month with probability 0.97.
In general, large values on the main diagonal indicate persistence in the process $\{ X_t \}$.
This Markov process can also be represented as a directed graph, with edges labeled by transition probabilities
Here “ng” is normal growth, “mr” is mild recession, etc.
## Simulation¶
One natural way to answer questions about Markov chains is to simulate them.
(To approximate the probability of event $E$, we can simulate many times and count the fraction of times that $E$ occurs)
Nice functionality for simulating Markov chains exists in QuantEcon.jl.
• Efficient, bundled with lots of other useful routines for handling Markov chains.
However, it’s also a good exercise to roll our own routines — let’s do that first and then come back to the methods in QuantEcon.jl.
In these exercises we’ll take the state space to be $S = 1,\ldots, n$.
### Rolling our own¶
To simulate a Markov chain, we need its stochastic matrix $P$ and either an initial state or a probability distribution $\psi$ for initial state to be drawn from.
The Markov chain is then constructed as discussed above. To repeat:
1. At time $t=0$, the $X_0$ is set to some fixed state or chosen from $\psi$.
2. At each subsequent time $t$, the new state $X_{t+1}$ is drawn from $P(X_t, \cdot)$.
In order to implement this simulation procedure, we need a method for generating draws from a discrete distributions.
For this task we’ll use a Categorical random variable (i.e. a discrete random variable with assigned probabilities)
In [3]:
d = Categorical([0.5, 0.3, 0.2]) # 3 discrete states
@show rand(d, 5)
@show supertype(typeof(d))
@show pdf(d, 1) # the probability to be in state 1
@show support(d)
@show pdf.(d, support(d)); # broadcast the pdf over the whole support
rand(d, 5) = [3, 2, 2, 2, 1]
supertype(typeof(d)) = Distribution{Univariate,Discrete}
pdf(d, 1) = 0.5
support(d) = Base.OneTo(3)
pdf.(d, support(d)) = [0.5, 0.3, 0.2]
We’ll write our code as a function that takes the following three arguments
• A stochastic matrix P
• An initial state init
• A positive integer sample_size representing the length of the time series the function should return
In [4]:
function mc_sample_path(P; init = 1, sample_size = 1000)
@assert size(P)[1] == size(P)[2] # square required
N = size(P)[1] # should be square
# create vector of discrete RVs for each row
dists = [Categorical(P[i, :]) for i in 1:N]
# setup the simulation
X = fill(0, sample_size) # allocate memory, or zeros(Int64, sample_size)
X[1] = init # set the initial state
for t in 2:sample_size
dist = dists[X[t-1]] # get discrete RV from last state's transition distribution
X[t] = rand(dist) # draw new value
end
return X
end
Out[4]:
mc_sample_path (generic function with 1 method)
Let’s see how it works using the small matrix
$$P := \left( \begin{array}{cc} 0.4 & 0.6 \\ 0.2 & 0.8 \end{array} \right) \tag{3}$$
As we’ll see later, for a long series drawn from P, the fraction of the sample that takes value 1 will be about 0.25.
If you run the following code you should get roughly that answer
In [5]:
P = [0.4 0.6; 0.2 0.8]
X = mc_sample_path(P, sample_size = 100_000); # note 100_000 = 100000
μ_1 = count(X .== 1)/length(X) # .== broadcasts test for equality. Could use mean(X .== 1)
Out[5]:
0.24773
### Using QuantEcon’s Routines¶
As discussed above, QuantEcon.jl has routines for handling Markov chains, including simulation.
Here’s an illustration using the same P as the preceding example
In [6]:
P = [0.4 0.6; 0.2 0.8];
mc = MarkovChain(P)
X = simulate(mc, 100_000);
μ_2 = count(X .== 1)/length(X) # or mean(x -> x == 1, X)
Out[6]:
0.25181
#### Adding state values and initial conditions¶
If we wish to, we can provide a specification of state values to MarkovChain.
These state values can be integers, floats, or even strings.
The following code illustrates
In [7]:
mc = MarkovChain(P, ["unemployed", "employed"])
simulate(mc, 4, init = 1) # start at state 1
Out[7]:
4-element Array{String,1}:
"unemployed"
"employed"
"employed"
"employed"
In [8]:
simulate(mc, 4, init = 2) # start at state 2
Out[8]:
4-element Array{String,1}:
"employed"
"employed"
"unemployed"
"employed"
In [9]:
simulate(mc, 4) # start with randomly chosen initial condition
Out[9]:
4-element Array{String,1}:
"employed"
"employed"
"employed"
"employed"
In [10]:
simulate_indices(mc, 4)
Out[10]:
4-element Array{Int64,1}:
2
2
2
2
## Marginal Distributions¶
Suppose that
1. $\{X_t\}$ is a Markov chain with stochastic matrix $P$
2. the distribution of $X_t$ is known to be $\psi_t$
What then is the distribution of $X_{t+1}$, or, more generally, of $X_{t+m}$?
### Solution¶
Let $\psi_t$ be the distribution of $X_t$ for $t = 0, 1, 2, \ldots$.
Our first aim is to find $\psi_{t + 1}$ given $\psi_t$ and $P$.
To begin, pick any $y \in S$.
Using the law of total probability, we can decompose the probability that $X_{t+1} = y$ as follows:
$$\mathbb P \{X_{t+1} = y \} = \sum_{x \in S} \mathbb P \{ X_{t+1} = y \, | \, X_t = x \} \cdot \mathbb P \{ X_t = x \}$$
In words, to get the probability of being at $y$ tomorrow, we account for all ways this can happen and sum their probabilities.
Rewriting this statement in terms of marginal and conditional probabilities gives.
$$\psi_{t+1}(y) = \sum_{x \in S} P(x,y) \psi_t(x)$$
There are $n$ such equations, one for each $y \in S$.
If we think of $\psi_{t+1}$ and $\psi_t$ as row vectors (as is traditional in this literature), these $n$ equations are summarized by the matrix expression.
$$\psi_{t+1} = \psi_t P \tag{4}$$
In other words, to move the distribution forward one unit of time, we postmultiply by $P$.
By repeating this $m$ times we move forward $m$ steps into the future.
Hence, iterating on (4), the expression $\psi_{t+m} = \psi_t P^m$ is also valid — here $P^m$ is the $m$-th power of $P$.
As a special case, we see that if $\psi_0$ is the initial distribution from which $X_0$ is drawn, then $\psi_0 P^m$ is the distribution of $X_m$.
This is very important, so let’s repeat it
$$X_0 \sim \psi_0 \quad \implies \quad X_m \sim \psi_0 P^m \tag{5}$$
and, more generally,
$$X_t \sim \psi_t \quad \implies \quad X_{t+m} \sim \psi_t P^m \tag{6}$$
### Multiple Step Transition Probabilities¶
We know that the probability of transitioning from $x$ to $y$ in one step is $P(x,y)$.
It turns out that the probability of transitioning from $x$ to $y$ in $m$ steps is $P^m(x,y)$, the $(x,y)$-th element of the $m$-th power of $P$.
To see why, consider again (6), but now with $\psi_t$ putting all probability on state $x$.
• 1 in the $x$-th position and zero elsewhere.
Inserting this into (6), we see that, conditional on $X_t = x$, the distribution of $X_{t+m}$ is the $x$-th row of $P^m$.
In particular
$$\mathbb P \{X_{t+m} = y \} = P^m(x, y) = (x, y) \text{-th element of } P^m$$
### Example: Probability of Recession¶
Recall the stochastic matrix $P$ for recession and growth considered above.
Suppose that the current state is unknown — perhaps statistics are available only at the end of the current month.
We estimate the probability that the economy is in state $x$ to be $\psi(x)$.
The probability of being in recession (either mild or severe) in 6 months time is given by the inner product
$$\psi P^6 \cdot \left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{array} \right)$$
### Example 2: Cross-Sectional Distributions¶
The marginal distributions we have been studying can be viewed either as probabilities or as cross-sectional frequencies in large samples.
To illustrate, recall our model of employment / unemployment dynamics for a given worker discussed above.
Consider a large (i.e., tending to infinite) population of workers, each of whose lifetime experiences are described by the specified dynamics, independently of one another.
Let $\psi$ be the current cross-sectional distribution over $\{ 1, 2 \}$.
• For example, $\psi(1)$ is the unemployment rate.
The cross-sectional distribution records the fractions of workers employed and unemployed at a given moment.
The same distribution also describes the fractions of a particular worker’s career spent being employed and unemployed, respectively.
## Irreducibility and Aperiodicity¶
Irreducibility and aperiodicity are central concepts of modern Markov chain theory.
### Irreducibility¶
Let $P$ be a fixed stochastic matrix.
Two states $x$ and $y$ are said to communicate with each other if there exist positive integers $j$ and $k$ such that
$$P^j(x, y) > 0 \quad \text{and} \quad P^k(y, x) > 0$$
In view of our discussion above, this means precisely that
• state $x$ can be reached eventually from state $y$, and
• state $y$ can be reached eventually from state $x$
The stochastic matrix $P$ is called irreducible if all states communicate; that is, if $x$ and $y$ communicate for all $(x, y)$ in $S \times S$.
For example, consider the following transition probabilities for wealth of a fictitious set of households
We can translate this into a stochastic matrix, putting zeros where there’s no edge between nodes
$$P := \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0.9 & 0.1 & 0 \\ 0.4 & 0.4 & 0.2 \\ 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.8 \end{array} \right)$$
It’s clear from the graph that this stochastic matrix is irreducible: we can reach any state from any other state eventually.
We can also test this using QuantEcon.jl’s MarkovChain class
In [11]:
P = [0.9 0.1 0.0; 0.4 0.4 0.2; 0.1 0.1 0.8];
mc = MarkovChain(P)
is_irreducible(mc)
Out[11]:
true
Here’s a more pessimistic scenario, where the poor are poor forever
This stochastic matrix is not irreducible, since, for example, rich is not accessible from poor.
Let’s confirm this
In [12]:
P = [1.0 0.0 0.0; 0.1 0.8 0.1; 0.0 0.2 0.8];
mc = MarkovChain(P);
is_irreducible(mc)
Out[12]:
false
We can also determine the “communication classes,” or the sets of communicating states (where communication refers to a nonzero probability of moving in each direction).
In [13]:
communication_classes(mc)
Out[13]:
2-element Array{Array{Int64,1},1}:
[1]
[2, 3]
It might be clear to you already that irreducibility is going to be important in terms of long run outcomes.
For example, poverty is a life sentence in the second graph but not the first.
We’ll come back to this a bit later.
### Aperiodicity¶
Loosely speaking, a Markov chain is called periodic if it cycles in a predictible way, and aperiodic otherwise.
Here’s a trivial example with three states
The chain cycles with period 3:
In [14]:
P = [0 1 0; 0 0 1; 1 0 0];
mc = MarkovChain(P);
period(mc)
Out[14]:
3
More formally, the period of a state $x$ is the greatest common divisor of the set of integers
$$D(x) := \{j \geq 1 : P^j(x, x) > 0\}$$
In the last example, $D(x) = \{3, 6, 9, \ldots\}$ for every state $x$, so the period is 3.
A stochastic matrix is called aperiodic if the period of every state is 1, and periodic otherwise.
For example, the stochastic matrix associated with the transition probabilities below is periodic because, for example, state $a$ has period 2
We can confirm that the stochastic matrix is periodic as follows
In [15]:
P = zeros(4, 4);
P[1, 2] = 1;
P[2, 1] = P[2, 3] = 0.5;
P[3, 2] = P[3, 4] = 0.5;
P[4, 3] = 1;
mc = MarkovChain(P);
period(mc)
Out[15]:
2
In [16]:
is_aperiodic(mc)
Out[16]:
false
## Stationary Distributions¶
As seen in (4), we can shift probabilities forward one unit of time via postmultiplication by $P$.
Some distributions are invariant under this updating process — for example,
In [17]:
P = [.4 .6; .2 .8];
ψ = [0.25, 0.75];
ψ' * P
Out[17]:
1×2 Adjoint{Float64,Array{Float64,1}}:
0.25 0.75
Such distributions are called stationary, or invariant.
Formally, a distribution $\psi^*$ on $S$ is called stationary for $P$ if $\psi^* = \psi^* P$.
From this equality we immediately get $\psi^* = \psi^* P^t$ for all $t$.
This tells us an important fact: If the distribution of $X_0$ is a stationary distribution, then $X_t$ will have this same distribution for all $t$.
Hence stationary distributions have a natural interpretation as stochastic steady states — we’ll discuss this more in just a moment.
Mathematically, a stationary distribution is a fixed point of $P$ when $P$ is thought of as the map $\psi \mapsto \psi P$ from (row) vectors to (row) vectors.
Theorem. Every stochastic matrix $P$ has at least one stationary distribution.
(We are assuming here that the state space $S$ is finite; if not more assumptions are required)
For a proof of this result you can apply Brouwer’s fixed point theorem, or see EDTC, theorem 4.3.5.
There may in fact be many stationary distributions corresponding to a given stochastic matrix $P$.
• For example, if $P$ is the identity matrix, then all distributions are stationary.
Since stationary distributions are long run equilibria, to get uniqueness we require that initial conditions are not infinitely persistent.
Infinite persistence of initial conditions occurs if certain regions of the state space cannot be accessed from other regions, which is the opposite of irreducibility.
This gives some intuition for the following fundamental theorem.
Theorem. If $P$ is both aperiodic and irreducible, then
1. $P$ has exactly one stationary distribution $\psi^*$.
2. For any initial distribution $\psi_0$, we have $\| \psi_0 P^t - \psi^* \| \to 0$ as $t \to \infty$.
For a proof, see, for example, theorem 5.2 of [Haggstrom02].
(Note that part 1 of the theorem requires only irreducibility, whereas part 2 requires both irreducibility and aperiodicity)
A stochastic matrix satisfying the conditions of the theorem is sometimes called uniformly ergodic.
One easy sufficient condition for aperiodicity and irreducibility is that every element of $P$ is strictly positive
• Try to convince yourself of this
### Example¶
Recall our model of employment / unemployment dynamics for a given worker discussed above.
Assuming $\alpha \in (0,1)$ and $\beta \in (0,1)$, the uniform ergodicity condition is satisfied.
Let $\psi^* = (p, 1-p)$ be the stationary distribution, so that $p$ corresponds to unemployment (state 1).
Using $\psi^* = \psi^* P$ and a bit of algebra yields
$$p = \frac{\beta}{\alpha + \beta}$$
This is, in some sense, a steady state probability of unemployment — more on interpretation below.
Not surprisingly it tends to zero as $\beta \to 0$, and to one as $\alpha \to 0$.
### Calculating Stationary Distributions¶
As discussed above, a given Markov matrix $P$ can have many stationary distributions.
That is, there can be many row vectors $\psi$ such that $\psi = \psi P$.
In fact if $P$ has two distinct stationary distributions $\psi_1, \psi_2$ then it has infinitely many, since in this case, as you can verify,
$$\psi_3 := \lambda \psi_1 + (1 - \lambda) \psi_2$$
is a stationary distribution for $P$ for any $\lambda \in [0, 1]$.
If we restrict attention to the case where only one stationary distribution exists, one option for finding it is to try to solve the linear system $\psi (I_n - P) = 0$ for $\psi$, where $I_n$ is the $n \times n$ identity.
But the zero vector solves this equation.
Hence we need to impose the restriction that the solution must be a probability distribution.
A suitable algorithm is implemented in QuantEcon.jl — the next code block illustrates
In [18]:
P = [.4 .6; .2 .8];
mc = MarkovChain(P);
stationary_distributions(mc)
Out[18]:
1-element Array{Array{Float64,1},1}:
[0.25, 0.7499999999999999]
The stationary distribution is unique.
### Convergence to Stationarity¶
Part 2 of the Markov chain convergence theorem stated above tells us that the distribution of $X_t$ converges to the stationary distribution regardless of where we start off.
This adds considerable weight to our interpretation of $\psi^*$ as a stochastic steady state.
The convergence in the theorem is illustrated in the next figure
In [19]:
P = [0.971 0.029 0.000
0.145 0.778 0.077
0.000 0.508 0.492] # stochastic matrix
ψ = [0.0 0.2 0.8] # initial distribution
t = 20 # path length
x_vals = zeros(t)
y_vals = similar(x_vals)
z_vals = similar(x_vals)
colors = [repeat([:red], 20); :black] # for plotting
for i in 1:t
x_vals[i] = ψ[1]
y_vals[i] = ψ[2]
z_vals[i] = ψ[3]
ψ = ψ * P # update distribution
end
mc = MarkovChain(P)
ψ_star = stationary_distributions(mc)[1]
x_star, y_star, z_star = ψ_star # unpack the stationary dist
plt = scatter([x_vals; x_star], [y_vals; y_star], [z_vals; z_star], color = colors,
gridalpha = 0.5, legend = :none)
plot!(plt, camera = (45,45))
Out[19]:
Here
• $P$ is the stochastic matrix for recession and growth considered above
• The highest red dot is an arbitrarily chosen initial probability distribution $\psi$, represented as a vector in $\mathbb R^3$
• The other red dots are the distributions $\psi P^t$ for $t = 1, 2, \ldots$
• The black dot is $\psi^*$
The code for the figure can be found here — you might like to try experimenting with different initial conditions.
## Ergodicity¶
Under irreducibility, yet another important result obtains: For all $x \in S$,
$$\frac{1}{m} \sum_{t = 1}^m \mathbf{1}\{X_t = x\} \to \psi^*(x) \quad \text{as } m \to \infty \tag{7}$$
Here
• $\mathbf{1}\{X_t = x\} = 1$ if $X_t = x$ and zero otherwise
• convergence is with probability one
• the result does not depend on the distribution (or value) of $X_0$
The result tells us that the fraction of time the chain spends at state $x$ converges to $\psi^*(x)$ as time goes to infinity.
This gives us another way to interpret the stationary distribution — provided that the convergence result in (7) is valid.
The convergence in (7) is a special case of a law of large numbers result for Markov chains — see EDTC, section 4.3.4 for some additional information.
### Example¶
Recall our cross-sectional interpretation of the employment / unemployment model discussed above.
Assume that $\alpha \in (0,1)$ and $\beta \in (0,1)$, so that irreducibility and aperiodicity both hold.
We saw that the stationary distribution is $(p, 1-p)$, where
$$p = \frac{\beta}{\alpha + \beta}$$
In the cross-sectional interpretation, this is the fraction of people unemployed.
In view of our latest (ergodicity) result, it is also the fraction of time that a worker can expect to spend unemployed.
Thus, in the long-run, cross-sectional averages for a population and time-series averages for a given person coincide.
This is one interpretation of the notion of ergodicity.
## Computing Expectations¶
We are interested in computing expectations of the form
$$\mathbb E [ h(X_t) ] \tag{8}$$
and conditional expectations such as
$$\mathbb E [ h(X_{t + k}) \mid X_t = x] \tag{9}$$
where
• $\{X_t\}$ is a Markov chain generated by $n \times n$ stochastic matrix $P$
• $h$ is a given function, which, in expressions involving matrix algebra, we’ll think of as the column vector
$$h = \left( \begin{array}{c} h(x_1) \\ \vdots \\ h(x_n) \\ \end{array} \right)$$
The unconditional expectation (8) is easy: We just sum over the distribution of $X_t$ to get
$$\mathbb E [ h(X_t) ] = \sum_{x \in S} (\psi P^t)(x) h(x)$$
Here $\psi$ is the distribution of $X_0$.
Since $\psi$ and hence $\psi P^t$ are row vectors, we can also write this as
$$\mathbb E [ h(X_t) ] = \psi P^t h$$
For the conditional expectation (9), we need to sum over the conditional distribution of $X_{t + k}$ given $X_t = x$.
We already know that this is $P^k(x, \cdot)$, so
$$\mathbb E [ h(X_{t + k}) \mid X_t = x] = (P^k h)(x) \tag{10}$$
The vector $P^k h$ stores the conditional expectation $\mathbb E [ h(X_{t + k}) \mid X_t = x]$ over all $x$.
### Expectations of Geometric Sums¶
Sometimes we also want to compute expectations of a geometric sum, such as $\sum_t \beta^t h(X_t)$.
In view of the preceding discussion, this is
$$\mathbb{E} \left[ \sum_{j=0}^\infty \beta^j h(X_{t+j}) \mid X_t = x \right] = [(I - \beta P)^{-1} h](x)$$
where
$$(I - \beta P)^{-1} = I + \beta P + \beta^2 P^2 + \cdots$$
Premultiplication by $(I - \beta P)^{-1}$ amounts to “applying the resolvent operator”.
## Exercises¶
### Exercise 1¶
According to the discussion above, if a worker’s employment dynamics obey the stochastic matrix
$$P = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 - \alpha & \alpha \\ \beta & 1 - \beta \end{array} \right)$$
with $\alpha \in (0,1)$ and $\beta \in (0,1)$, then, in the long-run, the fraction of time spent unemployed will be
$$p := \frac{\beta}{\alpha + \beta}$$
In other words, if $\{X_t\}$ represents the Markov chain for employment, then $\bar X_m \to p$ as $m \to \infty$, where
$$\bar X_m := \frac{1}{m} \sum_{t = 1}^m \mathbf{1}\{X_t = 1\}$$
Your exercise is to illustrate this convergence.
First,
• generate one simulated time series $\{X_t\}$ of length 10,000, starting at $X_0 = 1$
• plot $\bar X_m - p$ against $m$, where $p$ is as defined above
Second, repeat the first step, but this time taking $X_0 = 2$.
In both cases, set $\alpha = \beta = 0.1$.
The result should look something like the following — modulo randomness, of course
(You don’t need to add the fancy touches to the graph — see the solution if you’re interested)
### Exercise 2¶
A topic of interest for economics and many other disciplines is ranking.
Let’s now consider one of the most practical and important ranking problems — the rank assigned to web pages by search engines.
(Although the problem is motivated from outside of economics, there is in fact a deep connection between search ranking systems and prices in certain competitive equilibria — see [DLP13])
To understand the issue, consider the set of results returned by a query to a web search engine.
For the user, it is desirable to
1. receive a large set of accurate matches
2. have the matches returned in order, where the order corresponds to some measure of “importance”
Ranking according to a measure of importance is the problem we now consider.
The methodology developed to solve this problem by Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin is known as PageRank.
To illustrate the idea, consider the following diagram
Imagine that this is a miniature version of the WWW, with
• each node representing a web page
• each arrow representing the existence of a link from one page to another
Now let’s think about which pages are likely to be important, in the sense of being valuable to a search engine user.
One possible criterion for importance of a page is the number of inbound links — an indication of popularity.
By this measure, m and j are the most important pages, with 5 inbound links each.
However, what if the pages linking to m, say, are not themselves important?
Thinking this way, it seems appropriate to weight the inbound nodes by relative importance.
The PageRank algorithm does precisely this.
A slightly simplified presentation that captures the basic idea is as follows.
Letting $j$ be (the integer index of) a typical page and $r_j$ be its ranking, we set
$$r_j = \sum_{i \in L_j} \frac{r_i}{\ell_i}$$
where
• $\ell_i$ is the total number of outbound links from $i$
• $L_j$ is the set of all pages $i$ such that $i$ has a link to $j$
This is a measure of the number of inbound links, weighted by their own ranking (and normalized by $1 / \ell_i$).
There is, however, another interpretation, and it brings us back to Markov chains.
Let $P$ be the matrix given by $P(i, j) = \mathbf 1\{i \to j\} / \ell_i$ where $\mathbf 1\{i \to j\} = 1$ if $i$ has a link to $j$ and zero otherwise.
The matrix $P$ is a stochastic matrix provided that each page has at least one link.
With this definition of $P$ we have
$$r_j = \sum_{i \in L_j} \frac{r_i}{\ell_i} = \sum_{\text{all } i} \mathbf 1\{i \to j\} \frac{r_i}{\ell_i} = \sum_{\text{all } i} P(i, j) r_i$$
Writing $r$ for the row vector of rankings, this becomes $r = r P$.
Hence $r$ is the stationary distribution of the stochastic matrix $P$.
Let’s think of $P(i, j)$ as the probability of “moving” from page $i$ to page $j$.
The value $P(i, j)$ has the interpretation
• $P(i, j) = 1/k$ if $i$ has $k$ outbound links, and $j$ is one of them
• $P(i, j) = 0$ if $i$ has no direct link to $j$
Thus, motion from page to page is that of a web surfer who moves from one page to another by randomly clicking on one of the links on that page.
Here “random” means that each link is selected with equal probability.
Since $r$ is the stationary distribution of $P$, assuming that the uniform ergodicity condition is valid, we can interpret $r_j$ as the fraction of time that a (very persistent) random surfer spends at page $j$.
Your exercise is to apply this ranking algorithm to the graph pictured above, and return the list of pages ordered by rank.
When you solve for the ranking, you will find that the highest ranked node is in fact g, while the lowest is a.
### Exercise 3¶
In numerical work it is sometimes convenient to replace a continuous model with a discrete one.
In particular, Markov chains are routinely generated as discrete approximations to AR(1) processes of the form
$$y_{t+1} = \rho y_t + u_{t+1}$$
Here ${u_t}$ is assumed to be i.i.d. and $N(0, \sigma_u^2)$.
The variance of the stationary probability distribution of $\{ y_t \}$ is
$$\sigma_y^2 := \frac{\sigma_u^2}{1-\rho^2}$$
Tauchen’s method [Tau86] is the most common method for approximating this continuous state process with a finite state Markov chain.
A routine for this already exists in QuantEcon.jl but let’s write our own version as an exercise.
As a first step we choose
• $n$, the number of states for the discrete approximation
• $m$, an integer that parameterizes the width of the state space
Next we create a state space $\{x_0, \ldots, x_{n-1}\} \subset \mathbb R$ and a stochastic $n \times n$ matrix $P$ such that
• $x_0 = - m \, \sigma_y$
• $x_{n-1} = m \, \sigma_y$
• $x_{i+1} = x_i + s$ where $s = (x_{n-1} - x_0) / (n - 1)$
Let $F$ be the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution $N(0, \sigma_u^2)$.
The values $P(x_i, x_j)$ are computed to approximate the AR(1) process — omitting the derivation, the rules are as follows:
1. If $j = 0$, then set
$$P(x_i, x_j) = P(x_i, x_0) = F(x_0-\rho x_i + s/2)$$
1. If $j = n-1$, then set
$$P(x_i, x_j) = P(x_i, x_{n-1}) = 1 - F(x_{n-1} - \rho x_i - s/2)$$
1. Otherwise, set
$$P(x_i, x_j) = F(x_j - \rho x_i + s/2) - F(x_j - \rho x_i - s/2)$$
The exercise is to write a function approx_markov(rho, sigma_u, m = 3, n = 7) that returns $\{x_0, \ldots, x_{n-1}\} \subset \mathbb R$ and $n \times n$ matrix $P$ as described above.
• Even better, write a function that returns an instance of QuantEcon.jl’s MarkovChain type.
## Solutions¶
### Exercise 1¶
Compute the fraction of time that the worker spends unemployed, and compare it to the stationary probability.
In [20]:
α = 0.1 # probability of getting hired
β = 0.1 # probability of getting fired
N = 10_000
p̄ = β / (α + β) # steady-state probabilities
P = [1 - α α
β 1 - β] # stochastic matrix
mc = MarkovChain(P)
labels = ["start unemployed", "start employed"]
y_vals = Array{Vector}(undef, 2) # sample paths holder
for x0 in 1:2
X = simulate_indices(mc, N; init = x0) # generate the sample path
X̄ = cumsum(X .== 1) ./ (1:N) # compute state fraction. ./ required for precedence
y_vals[x0] = X̄ .- p̄ # plot divergence from steady state
end
plot(y_vals, color = [:blue :green], fillrange = 0, fillalpha = 0.1,
ylims = (-0.25, 0.25), label = reshape(labels, 1, length(labels)))
Out[20]:
### Exercise 2¶
In [21]:
web_graph_data = sort(Dict('a' => ['d', 'f'],
'b' => ['j', 'k', 'm'],
'c' => ['c', 'g', 'j', 'm'],
'd' => ['f', 'h', 'k'],
'e' => ['d', 'h', 'l'],
'f' => ['a', 'b', 'j', 'l'],
'g' => ['b', 'j'],
'h' => ['d', 'g', 'l', 'm'],
'i' => ['g', 'h', 'n'],
'j' => ['e', 'i', 'k'],
'k' => ['n'],
'l' => ['m'],
'm' => ['g'],
'n' => ['c', 'j', 'm']))
┌ Warning: sort(d::Dict; args...) is deprecated, use sort!(OrderedDict(d); args...) instead.
│ caller = top-level scope at In[21]:1
└ @ Core In[21]:1
Out[21]:
OrderedCollections.OrderedDict{Char,Array{Char,1}} with 14 entries:
'a' => ['d', 'f']
'b' => ['j', 'k', 'm']
'c' => ['c', 'g', 'j', 'm']
'd' => ['f', 'h', 'k']
'e' => ['d', 'h', 'l']
'f' => ['a', 'b', 'j', 'l']
'g' => ['b', 'j']
'h' => ['d', 'g', 'l', 'm']
'i' => ['g', 'h', 'n']
'j' => ['e', 'i', 'k']
'k' => ['n']
'l' => ['m']
'm' => ['g']
'n' => ['c', 'j', 'm']
In [22]:
nodes = keys(web_graph_data)
n = length(nodes)
Q = fill(false, n, n)
for (node, edges) in enumerate(values(web_graph_data))
Q[node, nodes .∈ Ref(edges)] .= true
end
# create the corresponding stochastic matrix
P = Q ./ sum(Q, dims = 2)
mc = MarkovChain(P)
r = stationary_distributions(mc)[1] # stationary distribution
ranked_pages = Dict(zip(keys(web_graph_data), r)) # results holder
# print solution
println("Rankings\n ***")
sort(collect(ranked_pages), by = x -> x[2], rev = true) # print sorted
Rankings
***
Out[22]:
14-element Array{Pair{Char,Float64},1}:
'g' => 0.16070778858515053
'j' => 0.15936158342833578
'm' => 0.119515123584059
'n' => 0.10876973827831275
'k' => 0.0910628956751643
'b' => 0.0832646081451476
'e' => 0.05312052780944526
'i' => 0.05312052780944526
'c' => 0.04834210590147233
'h' => 0.04560118369030004
'l' => 0.032017852378295776
'd' => 0.030562495452009602
'f' => 0.011642855410289372
'a' => 0.002910713852572343
### Exercise 3¶
A solution from QuantEcon.jl can be found here.
Footnotes
[1] Hint: First show that if $P$ and $Q$ are stochastic matrices then so is their product — to check the row sums, try postmultiplying by a column vector of ones. Finally, argue that $P^n$ is a stochastic matrix using induction.
• Share page | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9186151027679443, "perplexity": 1113.33083290041}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704824728.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127121330-20210127151330-00119.warc.gz"} |
https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.05364 | astro-ph.EP
(what is this?)
# Title: Particle Trapping and Streaming Instability in Vortices
Abstract: We analyse the concentration of solid particles in vortices created and sustained by radial buoyancy in protoplanetary disks, i.e. baroclinic vortex growth. Besides the gas drag acting on particles we also allow for back-reaction from dust onto the gas. This becomes important when the local dust-to-gas ratio approaches unity. In our 2D, local, shearing sheet simulations we see high concentrations of grains inside the vortices for a broad range of Stokes numbers, ${\rm St}$. An initial dust-to-gas ratio of 1:100 can easily be reversed to 100:1 for ${\rm St}=1$. The increased dust-to-gas ratio triggers the streaming instability, thus counter-intuitively limiting the maximal achievable overdensities. We find that particle trapping inside vortices opens the possibility for gravity-assisted planetesimal formation even for small particles ($\rm{St}=0.01$) and low initial dust-to-gas ratios (1:$10^4$)
Comments: 16 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/35 Cite as: arXiv:1501.05364 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:1501.05364v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.898936927318573, "perplexity": 8014.252302209288}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607648.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523163634-20170523183634-00397.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/11713/slice-ribbon-for-links-surely-its-wrong/12325 | slice-ribbon for links (surely it's wrong)
The slice-ribbon conjecture asserts that all slice knots are ribbon.
This assumes the context:
1) A `knot' is a smooth embedding $S^1 \to S^3$. We're thinking of the 3-sphere as the boundary of the 4-ball $S^3 = \partial D^4$.
2) A knot being slice means that it's the boundary of a 2-disc smoothly embedded in $D^4$.
3) A slice disc being ribbon is a more fussy definition -- a slice disc is in ribbon position if the distance function $d(p) = |p|^2$ is Morse on the slice disc and having no local maxima. A slice knot is a ribbon knot if one of its slice discs has a ribbon position.
My question is this. All the above definitions have natural generalizations to links in $S^3$. You can talk about a link being slice if it's the boundary of disjointly embedded discs in $D^4$. Similarly, the above ribbon definition makes sense for slice links. Are there simple examples of $n$-component links with $n \geq 2$ that are slice but not ribbon? Presumably this question has been investigated in the literature, but I haven't come across it. Standard references like Kawauchi don't mention this problem (as far as I can tell).
-
Can't d(saddle) > d(min) be attained trivially by extending fingers of the disk toward the center of the ball? If so, then the essence of ribbonness of a slice knot is just eliminating the local maxima on the disk. – Greg Kuperberg Jan 14 '10 at 1:31
Ah, right. I'll clean up that statement. – Ryan Budney Jan 14 '10 at 1:37
Ryan, I think this is an open problem. The best related result I know is a theorem of Casson and Gordon [A loop theorem for duality spaces and fibred ribbon knots. Invent. Math. 74 (1983)] saying that for a fibred knot that bounds a homotopically ribbon disk in the 4-ball, the slice complement is also fibred.
More precisely, they are assuming that the knot K bounds a disk R in the 4-ball such that the inclusion
$S^3 \smallsetminus K \hookrightarrow D^4 \smallsetminus R$
induces an epimorphism on fundamental groups. If one glues R to a fibre of the fibration $S^3 \smallsetminus K \to S^1$ to obtain a closed surface F, then the statement is that the monodromy extends from F to a solid handlebody which is a fibre of a fibration $D^4 \smallsetminus R \to S^1$ extending the given one on the boundary.
-
Thanks Peter. This is surprising to me. – Ryan Budney Mar 22 '10 at 9:16
As far as I know, extension of slice and ribbon to links is not unique. There are "strong slice", "weak slice", "strong ribbon" and "weak ribbon" for links.
"CHARACTERIZATION OF SLICES AND RIBBONS" (by H.FOX) mentioned these concepts.
-
I'm referring to the specific generalization above, but any results positive or negative on any generalization would be nice, I suppose. It doesn't appear that he has a result of this form though. – Ryan Budney Jan 19 '10 at 21:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7463769912719727, "perplexity": 401.7099143407916}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137145.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00050-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://clay6.com/qa/27524/refractive-index-of-glass-with-respect-to-water-is-1-125-if-the-absolute-re | Browse Questions
# Refractive index of glass with respect to water is $1.125$ . If the absolute refractive index of glass is $1.5$ find the absolute refractive index of water.
$(a)\;1.23 \\ (b)\;1.5 \\ (c)\;1.33 \\ (d)\;1.77$
Here refractive index of glass with respect to water
$\qquad= 1.125$ and absolute refractive index of glass $\mu_g=1.5$
We know that $a \mu_w=\large\frac{a \mu _g}{w _\mu g}=\frac {1.5}{1.125}$
$\qquad=1.33$
Hence c is the correct answer. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9760460257530212, "perplexity": 290.6679177021857}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171171.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00243-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://pureportal.spbu.ru/ru/publications/embedded-spaces-of-hermite-splines | # Embedded spaces of hermite splines
Результат исследований: Научные публикации в периодических изданияхстатья
## Аннотация
This paper is devoted to the processing of large numerical signals which arise in different technical problems (for example, in positioning systems, satellite maneuvers, in the prediction a lot of phenomenon, and so on). The main tool of the processing is polynomial and nonpolynomial splines of the Hermite type, which are obtained by the approximation relations. These relations allow us to construct splines with approximate properties, which are asymptotically optimal as to N-width of the standard compact sets. The interpolation properties of the mentioned splines are investigated. Such properties give opportunity to obtain the solution of the interpolation Hermite problems without solution of equation systems. The calibration relations on embedded grids are established in the case of deleting the grid knots and in the case of the addition of the last one. A consequence of the obtained results is the embedding of the Hermite spline spaces on the embedded grids. The mentioned embedding allows us to obtain wavelet decomposition of the Hermite spline spaces.
Язык оригинала английский 222-234 13 WSEAS Transactions on Applied and Theoretical Mechanics 14 Опубликовано - 1 янв 2019
## Предметные области Scopus
• Вычислительная механика
• Городское и структурное проектирование
• Сопротивление материалов
• Общее машиностроение
• Гидродинамика и трансферные процессы | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.889480710029602, "perplexity": 2411.106478507554}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911792.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030212708-20201031002708-00322.warc.gz"} |
http://www.transtutors.com/questions/economics-202783.htm | # economics
In 2006, Willem de Kooning’s abstract painting Woman III sold for $137.5 million. Portray this sale in a demand and supply diagram and comment on the elasticity of supply. Comedian George Carlin once mused, “If a painting can be forged well enough to fool some experts, why is the original so valuable?” Provide an answer. ## 1 Approved Answer Answer : As the supply of original painting is 1 unit , Hence , thesupply is perfectly inelasticat a quantity of 1 unit. Therefore , we will have vertical supply curve at 1 unit . Demand curve will as usual downward sloping as shown: The supply curve is S and initial demand curve is D1 . Q = 1 unit and P1 =$137.5 million The equilibrium is attained when Demand = supply. Hence equilibrium Quantity is 1 unit and Price is$137.5 million. If a painting can be forged well enough to fool some... Related Questions in Price Elasticity • In 2006, Willem De Kooning's abstract painting... (Solved) September 16, 2014 In 2006 , Willem De Kooning's abstract painting Woman III sold for$ 137.5 million . Portray this sale ...
Solution Preview :
Solution: The relevant diagram has been shown below: The supply is perfectly inelastic—vertical—at a quantity of 1 unit.The $137 • price elasticity demand and supply elasticy demande (Solved) January 15, 2013 how price elasticity demand and supply elasticity demand can help in economic problem Solution Preview : How price elasticity demand and supply elasticity demand can help in economic problem. Answer: Price elasticity of demand measures the degree of responsiveness in quantity demanded of a... • elastticity (Solved) October 11, 2013 Researchers have estimated the long run demand elasticity for almonds is -0.47, and the long run supply elasticity is 12.0. The short run demand elasticity for almonds is... Solution Preview : 2. TRUE FALSE OR UNCERTAIN (explain your answers): a. Booth has decided to raise money for upkeep of the Harper center through taxes on coffee in the cafeteria. The tax is$0.50 per cup of...
• Suppose, while rummaging through your uncle"s closet,you found the... (Solved) August 29, 2014
Suppose, while rummaging through your uncle’s closet,you found the original painting of Dogs Playing Poker, avaluable piece of art. You decide to set up a display inyour uncle’s garage....
Solution Preview :
Answer : To maximize revenue , price should be charge which corersponds to unitary price elastcity od demand . Because, If we charge a price which corresponds to elastic region , then if we...
• The due date is 6th Jun, i need in text references with it. (Solved) May 31, 2014
The due date is 6th Jun, i need in text references with it.
Solution Preview :
Dear Student, I have submitted the required solution for the assignment. I have mentioned in-text citation and references for the same. If you need any clarification regarding any question... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7158086895942688, "perplexity": 6546.762880279489}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542588.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00481-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://ijgt.ui.ac.ir/article_23524.html | # The character table of a sharply 5-transitive subgroup of the alternating group of degree 12
Document Type: Research Paper
Authors
1 University of South Wales
2 University of Southampton
Abstract
In this paper we calculate the character table of a sharply $5$-transitive subgroup of ${rm Alt}(12)$, and of a sharply $4$-transitive subgroup of ${rm Alt}(11)$. Our presentation of these calculations is new because we make no reference to the sporadic simple Mathieu groups, and instead deduce the desired character tables using only the existence of the stated multiply transitive permutation representations.
Keywords
Main Subjects | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8680877685546875, "perplexity": 420.3158105448096}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540517557.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209041847-20191209065847-00385.warc.gz"} |
http://tronprog.blogspot.com/2007/08/eclipse-fonts-in-linux.html?showComment=1227090120000 | ## Saturday, August 25, 2007
### Eclipse Fonts in Linux
As you might have guessed I'm using Linux most of the times (Windows only seldom), but I noticed that the Eclipse font layout looked better in Windows: actually, the Eclipse font size in Windows permits fitting much more information in a view. This is even more crucial when I'm using my laptop with a resolution of 1280x800.
Of course, I had tried to adjust the font size using the Eclipse Preferences, and actually managed to reduce the size of the editors and view titles (also for dialogs), but not other fonts, such as menu fonts, and, more importantly, the size of tables and trees (e.g., the Java Package Explorer). That's actually due to the fact that under Linux Eclipse relies on Gtk, and thus inherits the preferences of the Gnome Desktop but I'm using KDE :-)
Fortunately, it's quite easy to adjust Gnome font settings even from KDE, by running gnome-control-center from the command line and then set the font size from there. Now, my eclipse shows much more information due to the reduced font size.
And by the way, this reduced the fonts also for other Gtk based applications I'm using, e.g., Thunderbird and Firefox!
Anonymous said...
Very nice betto ! You're the first one, who gave me a solution for that problem and the reason, that i can now use eclipse under Linux ! Greetings from (a Croat in) Germany.
betto said...
Hi there! Glad you liked the solution :-)
However, this seems to be a temporary one, since each time you restart KDE you should also call the GNOME configurator :-(
This other solution seems better: http://tronprog.blogspot.com/2007/08/eclipse-fonts-in-linux-part-2.html
Anonymous said...
In Ubuntu you can use the System menu / Preferences / Appearance / Fonts tab to set application and window title fonts size.
I have been looking to solve this Eclipse package explorer issue for a long time. Very much appreciated. Thanks
Anonymous said...
thanks a lot I was being driven crazy on this...
Anonymous said...
thank you very much!
Anonymous said...
Another solution:
http://techtavern.wordpress.com/2008/09/24/smaller-font-sizes-for-eclipse-on-linux/ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8341561555862427, "perplexity": 3272.3236911466383}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698090094/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095450-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.localsolver.com/docs/last/lspreference/programmingstyle.html | Programming style¶
In addition to mathematical operators, LocalSolver’s modeler provides some elements of an imperative programming language for building easily and quickly your models. This language, called LSP, has all characteristics of a scripting language but is dedicated to problem modeling and solving. Note that the LSP language is case-sensitive. This modeling language has its own manual available at LocalSolver’s Modeler (LSP). Only the main features are presented here.
Primitives types and assignments¶
The declaration of variables is done on the fly. Thus, the statement x = v assigns the value v to the variable x. The language is dynamically typed. Thus, the type is hold by the value, not the variable. Values can be written as the combination of the two literal types: integers (x = 12) and strings (x = "foo"). The boolean type is implicitly defined through integers 0 and 1 coding for false and true respectively. If the value v corresponds to a modeling expression, then the leftward arrow <- must be used instead of =.
In this way, the following statements are valid:
a = true; // a = 1
b = 9; // b = 9
c = a + b; // c = 10
c = a * b; // c = 9
c = a == b; // c = 0
c = a < b; // c = 1
Maps¶
Maps are generic containers that can be used as arrays or dictionnaries. More precisely, a map is a data structure matching some values to some keys. Keys and values can be of any type except nil that has a special meaning. The value associated to a key is set or retrieved by using the “bracket” notation: a[9] = "abc", a["abc"] = 9. A map is implicitly declared when inserting its first element. Alternatively, an empty map can be defined using map() function or the braces {}, as follows:
a = map("z", 9); // a[0] = "z", a[1] = 9
a = {"z", 9}; // a[0] = "z", a[1] = 9
a["a"] = "abc"; // a[0] = "z", a[1] = 9, a["a"] = abc
a[-3] = "xyz"; // a[0] = "z", a[1] = 9, a["a"] = abc, a[-3] = "xyz"
a[0] = -2; // a[0] = -2, a[1] = 9, a["a"] = abc, a[-3] = "xyz"
a[-3][1] = 0; // a[0] = -2, a[1] = 9, a["a"] = abc, a[-3] = {1: 0}
print(a[42]); // display nil
Note that a[k] returns nil if no value is assigned to key k in map a. Setting the value of an existing key (with the = operator) will overwrite the previous value associated to this one. It is possible to assign another map as a value of a key to create nested maps.
Conditions¶
if (C) S_true; else S_false; is a conditional statement: the statement S_true is executed if the condition C is true (that is, if C is equal to 1) while statement S_false is executed if C is false (that is, if C is equal to 0). Note that the else branch is optional. A block of statements can be declared instead of a sole statement by using the braces {}. The conditional ternary operator ? : can also be used as shortcut:
if (1 < 2) c = 3; else c = 4;
c = 1 < 2 ? 3 : 4;
if (0) c = "ok";
if (true) c = "ok";
if (2) c = "error"; // ERROR: invalid condition
c = 0 * 9; // c = 0
if (c) {
a = "L";
b = 0;
} else { // executed block
a = "S";
b = 1;
}
Loops¶
while (C) S; iteratively executes the statement S while the condition C is true (that is, is equal to 1). The syntax do S; while (C); first executes the statement S once regardless of the condition C and then repeatedly executes S while the condition is true.
for [v in V] S; is an iteration loop where the statement S is iteratively executed with v taking all values in V, where V can be a range, a map or any iterable type. A range is declared with the from..to syntax where both from and to are included. When a map is given, the iteration is performed on the values of the map following the increasing order of the keys. The pairs (key, value) of the map can also be iterated by using the syntax for [k,v in M]:
for [i in 0..2] a[i] = i + 1; // a[0] = 1, a[1] = 2, a[2] = 3
s = 0; for [v in a] s = s + v; // s = 6
s = 0; for [k,v in a] s = s + k + v; // s = 9
for [v in V : C] is a filtered iteration loop: v takes only the values in V satisfying the condition C:
for[i in 1..200 :i % 21 == 0 {
println(i + " is a multiple of 21");
}
The nested loops can be written in a compact way, as follows:
for[i in 0..9]
for [j in i+1..9]
for [k in j+2..9]
a[i][j][k] = i + j + k;
for[i in 0..9][j in i+1..9][k in j+2..9] // compact
a[i][j][k] = i + j + k;
For all kinds of loops, a block of statements can be declared instead of a sole statement by using the braces {}:
for[i in 0..9][j in i+1..9][k in j+2..9] {
a[i][j][k] = i + j + k;
b[i][j][k] = i * j * k;
}
Iterated assignment¶
A novelty provided by the LSP language is the “iterated assignment”, which will help you to make your models shorter and clearer. Indeed, the code for [v in V] a[v] = f(v); can be written in a very compact way: a[v in V] = f(v);. Similarly to the for statement, iterations can be nested and filtered:
for[i in 0..9][j in i+1..9][k in j+2..9]
a[i][j][k] = i + j + k;
a[i in 0..9][j in i+1..9][k in j+2..9] = i + j + k; // compact alternative
The iterated assignment is also allowed for declaring modeling expressions: x[1..N][1..M] <- bool();.
Functions¶
Functions can be declared outside other functions using the function keyword. The parameters are given in parenthesis, and its code is encapsulated between braces:
function isEven(v) {
if (v % 2 == 0) return true;
else return false;
}
A value can be returned from any point in the function using the return statement. By default, all variables have a global scope and can be accessed from anywhere in the program, to the notable exception of parameters of functions and iteration variables (introduced in for statements) which are local to their block. The local keyword can be used to make a variable local to its block:
function computeSumOfEvenNumbers(a,b) {
local total = 0;
for [v in a..b : isEven(v)]
total = total + v; | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38413864374160767, "perplexity": 1838.6517437548557}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00718.warc.gz"} |
http://docmadhattan.fieldofscience.com/2015/06/the-chirality-at-beginning-of-universe.html | The chirality at the beginning of the universe
A new clue about the #quarkgluonplasma from @RHIC_STAR at @BrookhavenLab
Within the particles that constitute atomic nuclei, protons and neutrons, there are the quarks, the elementary particles with fractional charges, linked to each other thanks to the gluons, bosons that carry the nuclear interaction. Thanks to the gluons it is impossible to observe, at present, free quarks, but it is expected that in the very first stage of the universe, matter was in a state called quark-gluon plasma. Thanks to the observation of so-called quark jets we know, indirectly, that the interior of the accelerators RHIC and LHC, in particular in heavy ion collisions, this kind of plasmas were created and, according to the theory, in the presence of axial anomalies, dued by the presence of strong electromagnetic fields, we can create two special effects: the Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME) and the Chiral Separation Effect (CSE).
The CME is the phenomenon of electric charge separation along the axis of the applied magnetic field in the presence of fluctuating topological charge.
The Chiral Separation Effect (CSE) refers to the separation of chiral charge along the axis of external magnetic field at finite density of vector charge (e.g. at finite baryon number density)(5)
These two effects are generated by the topology of the system: indeed, within the theory(1, 2, 3) is contemplated the existence of some numbers (called topological invariants, or winding number(4)) that, while not associated with an observable, still generate effects physically relevant because of their link with the fundamental symmetries of the system.
In particular the two excitations CME and CSE are generated, and when they happen at the same time, they interact generating a new excited state inside the quark-gluon plasma. This new state of matter is called Chiral Magnetic Wave (CMW).
This excitation stems from the coupling between the density waves of electric and chiral charge. Let us illustrate this statement by a qualitative argument (...): consider a local fluctuation of electric charge density; (...) it will induce a local fluctuation of axial current. This fluctuation of axial current would in turn induce a local fluctuation of the axial chemical potential, and thus (...) a fluctuation of electric current. The resulting fluctuation of electric charge density completes the cycle leading to the excitation that combines the density waves of electric and chiral charges(5)
It is clear, therefore, that the CMW, although in an indirect manner, is linked to the quark-gluon plasma. The exciting news is that this particular excitement was observed within the RHIC(6) in the collision of gold ions, a step that brings us very closer to the big bang.
(1) Belavina A.A., Polyakova A.M., Schwartza A.S. & Tyupkina Y.S. (1975). Pseudoparticle solutions of the Yang-Mills equations, Physics Letters B, 59 (1) 85-87. DOI:
(2) Hooft G.'t. (1976). Symmetry Breaking through Bell-Jackiw Anomalies, Physical Review Letters, 37 (8) DOI:
(3) Hooft G.'t. (1976). Computation of the quantum effects due to a four-dimensional pseudoparticle, Physical Review D, 14 DOI:
(4) Fukushima K., Kharzeev D.E. & Warringa H.J. (2008). The Chiral Magnetic Effect, Physics Review D, 78 (7) DOI: (arXiv)
(5) Kharzeev D.E. & Yee H.U. (2011). Chiral Magnetic Wave, Physical Review D, 83 DOI: (arXiv)
(6) STAR Collaboration (2015). Observation of charge asymmetry dependence of pion elliptic flow and the possible chiral magnetic wave in heavy-ion collisions, arXiv: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.940592348575592, "perplexity": 1510.7745725284349}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697760.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019191828-20191019215328-00190.warc.gz"} |
http://horus.roe.ac.uk/vsa/www/gloss_y.html | Home | Overview | Browser | Access | Login | Cookbook
### Glossary of VSA attributes
##### This Glossary alphabetically lists all attributes used in the VSAv20190524 database(s) held in the VSA. If you would like to have more information about the schema tables please use the VSAv20190524Schema Browser (other Browser versions).
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
### Y
NameSchema TableDatabaseDescriptionTypeLengthUnitDefault ValueUnified Content Descriptor
y allwise_sc2 WISE Unit sphere position y value float 8
y combo17CDFSSource COMBO17 y-coordinate on image cdfs_r.fit real 4 pix
y ultravistaDetection, ultravistaMapRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Y coordinate of detection (SE: Y_IMAGE) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSDR2 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSDR3 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSDR4 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSDR5 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSDR6 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSv20120926 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSv20130417 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSv20140409 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSv20150108 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSv20160114 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSv20160507 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSv20170630 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection VHSv20180419 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vhsDetection, vhsListRemeasurement VHSDR1 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y videoDetection VIDEODR2 Y coordinate of detection (SE: Y_IMAGE) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y videoDetection VIDEODR3 Y coordinate of detection (SE: Y_IMAGE) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y videoDetection VIDEODR4 Y coordinate of detection (SE: Y_IMAGE) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y videoDetection VIDEODR5 Y coordinate of detection (SE: Y_IMAGE) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y videoDetection VIDEOv20100513 Y coordinate of detection (SE: Y_IMAGE) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y videoDetection VIDEOv20111208 Y coordinate of detection (SE: Y_IMAGE) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y videoListRemeasurement VIDEOv20100513 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGDR2 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGDR3 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGDR4 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGDR5 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGv20111019 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGv20130417 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGv20140402 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGv20150421 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGv20151230 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGv20160406 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGv20161202 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection VIKINGv20170715 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingDetection, vikingListRemeasurement VIKINGv20110714 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingMapRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Y coordinate of detection (SE: Y_IMAGE) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vikingMapRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Y coordinate of detection (SE: Y_IMAGE) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCDR1 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCDR2 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCDR3 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCDR4 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20110909 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20120126 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20121128 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20130304 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20130805 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20140428 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20140903 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20150309 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20151218 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20160311 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20160822 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20170109 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20170411 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20171101 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20180702 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection VMCv20181120 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vmcDetection, vmcListRemeasurement VMCv20110816 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vvvDetection VVVDR1 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vvvDetection VVVDR2 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vvvDetection VVVDR4 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vvvDetection VVVDR5 Y coordinate of detection real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vvvDetection, vvvListRemeasurement VVVv20100531 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y vvvDetectionPawPrints, vvvDetectionTiles VVVDR5 Y coordinate of detection {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate}
Intensity-weighted isophotal centre-of-gravity in Y.
real 4 pixels pos.cartesian.y;instr.plate
y_1AperMag1 vvvSource VVVDR5 Point source Y_1 aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_1AperMag1Err vvvSource VVVDR5 Error in point source Y_1 mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_1AperMag3 vvvSource VVVDR5 Default point source Y_1 aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_1AperMag3Err vvvSource VVVDR5 Error in default point source Y_1 mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_1AperMag4 vvvSource VVVDR5 Point source Y_1 aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_1AperMag4Err vvvSource VVVDR5 Error in point source Y_1 mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_1AverageConf vvvSource VVVDR5 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y_1 real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
y_1Class vvvSource VVVDR5 discrete image classification flag in Y_1 smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
y_1ClassStat vvvSource VVVDR5 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y_1 real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
y_1Ell vvvSource VVVDR5 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y_1 real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
y_1eNum vvvMergeLog VVVDR5 the extension number of this Y_1 frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
y_1eNum vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR4 the extension number of this 1st epoch Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
y_1eNum vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR5 the extension number of this 1st epoch Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
y_1ErrBits vvvSource VVVDR5 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y_1 int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
y_1Eta vvvSource VVVDR5 Offset of Y_1 detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
y_1Gausig vvvSource VVVDR5 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y_1 real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
y_1mfID vvvMergeLog VVVDR5 the UID of the relevant Y_1 multiframe bigint 8 meta.id;obs.field;em.IR.NIR
y_1mfID vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR4 the UID of the relevant 1st epoch Y tile multiframe bigint 8 meta.id;obs.field;em.IR.NIR
y_1mfID vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR5 the UID of the relevant 1st epoch Y tile multiframe bigint 8 meta.id;obs.field;em.IR.NIR
y_1Mjd vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR4 the MJD of the 1st epoch Y tile multiframe float 8 time;em.IR.NIR
y_1Mjd vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR5 the MJD of the 1st epoch Y tile multiframe float 8 time;em.IR.NIR
y_1Mjd vvvSource VVVDR5 Modified Julian Day in Y_1 band float 8 days -0.9999995e9 time.epoch;em.IR.NIR
y_1PA vvvSource VVVDR5 ellipse fit celestial orientation in Y_1 real 4 Degrees -0.9999995e9 pos.posAng;em.IR.NIR
y_1ppErrBits vvvSource VVVDR5 additional WFAU post-processing error bits in Y_1 int 4 0 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
y_1SeqNum vvvSource VVVDR5 the running number of the Y_1 detection int 4 -99999999 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
y_1Xi vvvSource VVVDR5 Offset of Y_1 detection from master position (+east/-west) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.ra;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
y_2AperMag1 vvvSource VVVDR5 Point source Y_2 aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_2AperMag1Err vvvSource VVVDR5 Error in point source Y_2 mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_2AperMag3 vvvSource VVVDR5 Default point source Y_2 aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_2AperMag3Err vvvSource VVVDR5 Error in default point source Y_2 mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_2AperMag4 vvvSource VVVDR5 Point source Y_2 aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_2AperMag4Err vvvSource VVVDR5 Error in point source Y_2 mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
y_2AverageConf vvvSource VVVDR5 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y_2 real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
y_2Class vvvSource VVVDR5 discrete image classification flag in Y_2 smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
y_2ClassStat vvvSource VVVDR5 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y_2 real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
y_2Ell vvvSource VVVDR5 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y_2 real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
y_2eNum vvvMergeLog VVVDR5 the extension number of this Y_2 frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
y_2eNum vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR4 the extension number of this 2nd epoch Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
y_2eNum vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR5 the extension number of this 2nd epoch Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
y_2ErrBits vvvSource VVVDR5 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y_2 int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
y_2Eta vvvSource VVVDR5 Offset of Y_2 detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
y_2Gausig vvvSource VVVDR5 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y_2 real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
y_2mfID vvvMergeLog VVVDR5 the UID of the relevant Y_2 multiframe bigint 8 meta.id;obs.field;em.IR.NIR
y_2mfID vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR4 the UID of the relevant 2nd epoch Y tile multiframe bigint 8 meta.id;obs.field;em.IR.NIR
y_2mfID vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR5 the UID of the relevant 2nd epoch Y tile multiframe bigint 8 meta.id;obs.field;em.IR.NIR
y_2Mjd vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR4 the MJD of the 2nd epoch Y tile multiframe float 8 time;em.IR.NIR
y_2Mjd vvvPsfDophotZYJHKsMergeLog VVVDR5 the MJD of the 2nd epoch Y tile multiframe float 8 time;em.IR.NIR
y_2Mjd vvvSource VVVDR5 Modified Julian Day in Y_2 band float 8 days -0.9999995e9 time.epoch;em.IR.NIR
y_2PA vvvSource VVVDR5 ellipse fit celestial orientation in Y_2 real 4 Degrees -0.9999995e9 pos.posAng;em.IR.NIR
y_2ppErrBits vvvSource VVVDR5 additional WFAU post-processing error bits in Y_2 int 4 0 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
y_2SeqNum vvvSource VVVDR5 the running number of the Y_2 detection int 4 -99999999 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
y_2Xi vvvSource VVVDR5 Offset of Y_2 detection from master position (+east/-west) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.ra;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
Y_BJ grs_ngpSource, grs_ranSource, grs_sgpSource TWODFGRS Plate y_bj in 8 micron pixels real 4
y_coadd twomass_xsc TWOMASS y (in-scan) position (coadd coord.). real 4 arcsec pos.cartesian;instr.det
Y_IMAGE mgcDetection MGC Object y position real 4 pixel
Y_OFF mgcGalaxyStruct MGC Y offset of Galaxy Centre real 4 99.99
Y_OFFm mgcGalaxyStruct MGC Y offset error (-) real 4 99.99
Y_OFFp mgcGalaxyStruct MGC Y offset error (+) real 4 99.99
Y_R spectra SIXDF y position of object from R frame int 4
Y_V spectra SIXDF y position of object from V frame int 4
yAmpl vmcCepheidVariables VMCDR4 Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmpl vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20160311 Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmpl vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20160822 Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmpl vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20170109 Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmpl vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20170411 Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmpl vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20171101 Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmpl vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20180702 Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmpl vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20181120 Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmplErr vmcCepheidVariables VMCDR4 Error in Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: e_A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmplErr vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20160311 Error in Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: e_A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmplErr vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20160822 Error in Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: e_A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmplErr vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20170109 Error in Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: e_A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmplErr vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20170411 Error in Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: e_A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmplErr vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20171101 Error in Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: e_A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmplErr vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20180702 Error in Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: e_A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAmplErr vmcCepheidVariables VMCv20181120 Error in Peak-to-Peak amplitude in Y band {catalogue TType keyword: e_A(Y)} real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;src.var.amplitude;em.IR.NIR
yAperJky3 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Default point source Y aperture corrected (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJky3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Default point source Y aperture corrected (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJky3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Default point source Y aperture corrected (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJky3Err ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in default point/extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperJky3Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in default point/extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperJky3Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in default point/extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperJky4 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Point source Y aperture corrected (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJky4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Point source Y aperture corrected (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJky4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Point source Y aperture corrected (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJky4Err ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in point/extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperJky4Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in point/extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperJky4Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in point/extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperJky6 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Point source Y aperture corrected (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJky6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Point source Y aperture corrected (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJky6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Point source Y aperture corrected (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJky6Err ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in point/extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperJky6Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in point/extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperJky6Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in point/extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperJkyNoAperCorr3 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Default extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture calibrated flux
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJkyNoAperCorr3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Default extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture calibrated flux
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJkyNoAperCorr3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Default extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture calibrated flux
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJkyNoAperCorr4 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJkyNoAperCorr4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJkyNoAperCorr4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJkyNoAperCorr6 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJkyNoAperCorr6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperJkyNoAperCorr6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture calibrated flux real 4 jansky -0.9999995e9 phot.flux
yAperLup3 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Default point source Y aperture corrected (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLup3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Default point source Y aperture corrected (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLup3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Default point source Y aperture corrected (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLup3Err ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in default point/extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperLup3Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in default point/extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperLup3Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in default point/extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperLup4 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Point source Y aperture corrected (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLup4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Point source Y aperture corrected (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLup4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Point source Y aperture corrected (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLup4Err ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in point/extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperLup4Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in point/extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperLup4Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in point/extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperLup6 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Point source Y aperture corrected (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLup6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Point source Y aperture corrected (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLup6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Point source Y aperture corrected (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLup6Err ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in point/extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperLup6Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in point/extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperLup6Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in point/extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperLupNoAperCorr3 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Default extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture luptitude
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLupNoAperCorr3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Default extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture luptitude
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLupNoAperCorr3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Default extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture luptitude
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLupNoAperCorr4 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLupNoAperCorr4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLupNoAperCorr4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLupNoAperCorr6 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLupNoAperCorr6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperLupNoAperCorr6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture luptitude real 4 lup -0.9999995e9 phot.lup
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR2 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR3 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR4 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110816 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110909 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20120126 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20121128 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130304 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130805 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140428 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140903 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20150309 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20151218 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160311 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160822 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170109 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170411 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20171101 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20180702 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20181120 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vvvSource VVVDR1 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag1 vvvSource VVVDR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vvvSource VVVDR5 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1 vvvSource VVVv20100531 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag1 vvvSource VVVv20110718 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag1 vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR2 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Error in extended source Y mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR2 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR3 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR4 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110816 Error in extended source Y mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110909 Error in extended source Y mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20120126 Error in extended source Y mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20121128 Error in extended source Y mag (0.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130304 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130805 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140428 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140903 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20150309 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20151218 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160311 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160822 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170109 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170411 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20171101 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20180702 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20181120 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vvvSource VVVDR1 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vvvSource VVVDR4 Error in point source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vvvSource VVVDR5 Error in point source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag1Err vvvSource VVVv20100531 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vvvSource VVVv20110718 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag1Err vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR2 Error in extended source Y mag (1.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR2 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR3 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR4 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110816 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110909 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20120126 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20121128 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130304 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130805 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140428 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140903 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20150309 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20151218 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160311 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160822 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170109 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170411 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20171101 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20180702 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20181120 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag2 vvvSynopticSource VVVDR2 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2 vvvSynopticSource VVVDR4 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR2 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR3 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR4 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110816 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110909 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20120126 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20121128 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130304 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130805 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140428 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140903 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20150309 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20151218 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160311 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160822 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170109 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170411 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20171101 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20180702 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20181120 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag2Err vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vvvSynopticSource VVVDR2 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag2Err vvvSynopticSource VVVDR4 Error in extended source Y mag (1.4 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Default point source Y aperture corrected (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSDR1 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSDR2 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSDR3 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSDR4 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSDR5 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSDR6 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSv20120926 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSv20130417 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSv20140409 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSv20150108 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSv20160114 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSv20160507 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSv20170630 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vhsSource VHSv20180419 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 videoSource VIDEODR2 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 videoSource VIDEODR3 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 videoSource VIDEODR4 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 videoSource VIDEODR5 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 videoSource VIDEOv20100513 Default point/extended source Y mag, no aperture correction applied
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Default point source Y aperture corrected (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Default point source Y aperture corrected (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCDR1 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCDR2 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCDR3 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCDR4 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20110816 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20110909 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20120126 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20121128 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20130304 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20130805 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20140428 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20140903 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20150309 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20151218 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20160311 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20160822 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20170109 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20170411 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20171101 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20180702 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSource VMCv20181120 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR2 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR3 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR4 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110816 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110909 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20120126 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20121128 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130304 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130805 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140428 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140903 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20150309 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20151218 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160311 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160822 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170109 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170411 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20171101 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20180702 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20181120 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vvvSource VVVDR1 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vvvSource VVVDR2 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vvvSource VVVDR4 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vvvSource VVVDR5 Default point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vvvSource VVVv20100531 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vvvSource VVVv20110718 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag3 vvvSynopticSource VVVDR2 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3 vvvSynopticSource VVVDR4 Default point/extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in default point/extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSDR1 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSDR2 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSDR3 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSDR4 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSDR5 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSDR6 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSv20120926 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSv20130417 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSv20140409 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSv20150108 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSv20160114 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSv20160507 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSv20170630 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vhsSource VHSv20180419 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err videoSource VIDEODR2 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err videoSource VIDEODR3 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err videoSource VIDEODR4 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag3Err videoSource VIDEODR5 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag3Err videoSource VIDEOv20100513 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in default point/extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in default point/extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCDR2 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCDR3 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCDR4 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20110816 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20110909 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20120126 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20121128 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20130304 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20130805 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20140428 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20140903 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20150309 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20151218 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20160311 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20160822 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20170109 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20170411 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20171101 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20180702 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource VMCv20181120 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vmcSource, vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vvvSource VVVDR2 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vvvSource VVVDR4 Error in default point source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vvvSource VVVDR5 Error in default point source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag3Err vvvSource VVVv20100531 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vvvSource VVVv20110718 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag3Err vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 Error in default point/extended source Y mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4 ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Point source Y aperture corrected (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSDR1 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSDR2 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSDR3 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSDR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSDR5 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSDR6 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSv20120926 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSv20130417 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSv20140409 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSv20150108 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSv20160114 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSv20160507 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSv20170630 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vhsSource VHSv20180419 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 videoSource VIDEODR2 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 videoSource VIDEODR3 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 videoSource VIDEODR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 videoSource VIDEODR5 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 videoSource VIDEOv20100513 Extended source Y mag, no aperture correction applied real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Point source Y aperture corrected (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Point source Y aperture corrected (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCDR1 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCDR2 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCDR3 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCDR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20110816 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20110909 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20120126 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20121128 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20130304 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20130805 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20140428 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20140903 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20150309 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20151218 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20160311 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20160822 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20170109 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20170411 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20171101 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20180702 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSource VMCv20181120 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR2 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR3 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR4 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110816 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110909 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20120126 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20121128 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130304 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130805 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140428 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140903 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20150309 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20151218 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160311 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160822 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170109 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170411 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20171101 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20180702 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20181120 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vvvSource VVVDR2 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vvvSource VVVDR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vvvSource VVVDR5 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4 vvvSource VVVv20100531 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vvvSource VVVv20110718 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4 vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag4Err ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in point/extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSDR1 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSDR2 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSDR3 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSDR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSDR5 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSDR6 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSv20120926 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSv20130417 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSv20140409 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSv20150108 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSv20160114 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSv20160507 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSv20170630 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vhsSource VHSv20180419 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err videoSource VIDEODR2 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err videoSource VIDEODR3 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err videoSource VIDEODR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err videoSource VIDEODR5 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err videoSource VIDEOv20100513 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in point/extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in point/extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCDR1 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCDR2 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCDR3 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCDR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20110816 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20110909 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20120126 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20121128 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20130304 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20130805 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20140428 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20140903 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20150309 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20151218 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20160311 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20160822 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20170109 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20170411 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20171101 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20180702 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSource VMCv20181120 Error in point/extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR2 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR3 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR4 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110816 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110909 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20120126 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20121128 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130304 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130805 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140428 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140903 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20150309 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20151218 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160311 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160822 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170109 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170411 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20171101 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20180702 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20181120 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vvvSource VVVDR2 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vvvSource VVVDR4 Error in point source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vvvSource VVVDR5 Error in point source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag4Err vvvSource VVVv20100531 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vvvSource VVVv20110718 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag4Err vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 Error in extended source Y mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR2 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR3 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCDR4 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110816 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110909 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20120126 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20121128 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130304 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130805 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140428 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140903 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20150309 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20151218 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160311 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160822 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170109 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170411 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20171101 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20180702 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vmcSynopticSource VMCv20181120 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag5 vvvSynopticSource VVVDR2 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5 vvvSynopticSource VVVDR4 Extended source Y aperture corrected mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR2 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR3 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCDR4 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110816 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20110909 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20120126 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20121128 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130304 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20130805 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140428 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20140903 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20150309 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20151218 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160311 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20160822 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170109 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20170411 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20171101 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20180702 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vmcSynopticSource VMCv20181120 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag5Err vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vvvSynopticSource VVVDR2 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag5Err vvvSynopticSource VVVDR4 Error in extended source Y mag (4.0 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Point source Y aperture corrected (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSDR1 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSDR2 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSDR3 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSDR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSDR5 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSDR6 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSv20120926 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSv20130417 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSv20140409 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSv20150108 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSv20160114 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSv20160507 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSv20170630 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vhsSource VHSv20180419 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 videoSource VIDEODR2 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 videoSource VIDEODR3 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 videoSource VIDEODR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 videoSource VIDEODR5 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 videoSource VIDEOv20100513 Extended source Y mag, no aperture correction applied real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Point source Y aperture corrected (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Point source Y aperture corrected (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCDR1 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCDR2 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCDR3 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCDR4 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20110816 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20110909 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20120126 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20121128 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20130304 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20130805 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20140428 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20140903 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20150309 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20151218 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20160311 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20160822 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20170109 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20170411 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20171101 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20180702 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6 vmcSource VMCv20181120 Point source Y aperture corrected mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in point/extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSDR1 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSDR2 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSDR3 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSDR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSDR5 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSDR6 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSv20120926 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSv20130417 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSv20140409 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSv20150108 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSv20160114 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSv20160507 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSv20170630 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vhsSource VHSv20180419 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err videoSource VIDEODR2 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err videoSource VIDEODR3 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err videoSource VIDEODR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag6Err videoSource VIDEODR5 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag6Err videoSource VIDEOv20100513 Error in extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in point/extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in point/extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCDR1 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCDR2 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCDR3 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCDR4 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20110816 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20110909 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20120126 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20121128 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20130304 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20130805 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20140428 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20140903 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20150309 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR;phot.mag
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20151218 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20160311 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20160822 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20170109 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20170411 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20171101 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20180702 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMag6Err vmcSource VMCv20181120 Error in point/extended source Y mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Default extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture magnitude
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSDR1 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSDR2 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSDR3 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSDR4 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSDR5 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSDR6 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSv20120926 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSv20130417 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSv20140409 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSv20150108 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSv20160114 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSv20160507 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSv20170630 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vhsSource VHSv20180419 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 videoSource VIDEODR2 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 videoSource VIDEODR3 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 videoSource VIDEODR4 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 videoSource VIDEODR5 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Default extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture magnitude
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Default extended source Y (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture magnitude
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCDR1 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCDR2 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCDR3 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCDR4 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20110816 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20110909 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20120126 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20121128 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20130304 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20130805 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20140428 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20140903 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20150309 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20151218 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20160311 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20160822 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20170109 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20170411 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20171101 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20180702 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr3 vmcSource VMCv20181120 Default extended source Y aperture mag (2.0 arcsec aperture diameter)
If in doubt use this flux estimator
real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSDR1 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSDR2 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSDR3 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSDR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSDR5 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSDR6 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSv20120926 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSv20130417 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSv20140409 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSv20150108 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSv20160114 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSv20160507 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSv20170630 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vhsSource VHSv20180419 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 videoSource VIDEODR2 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 videoSource VIDEODR3 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 videoSource VIDEODR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 videoSource VIDEODR5 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Extended source Y (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCDR1 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCDR2 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCDR3 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCDR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20110816 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20110909 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20120126 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20121128 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20130304 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20130805 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20140428 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20140903 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20150309 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20151218 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20160311 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20160822 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20170109 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20170411 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20171101 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20180702 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr4 vmcSource VMCv20181120 Extended source Y aperture mag (2.8 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSDR1 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSDR2 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSDR3 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSDR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSDR5 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSDR6 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSv20120926 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSv20130417 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSv20140409 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSv20150108 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSv20160114 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSv20160507 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSv20170630 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vhsSource VHSv20180419 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 videoSource VIDEODR2 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 videoSource VIDEODR3 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 videoSource VIDEODR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 videoSource VIDEODR5 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Extended source Y (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter, but no aperture correction applied) aperture magnitude real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCDR1 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCDR2 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCDR3 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCDR4 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20110816 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20110909 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20120126 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20121128 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20130304 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20130805 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20140428 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20140903 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20150309 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20151218 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20160311 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20160822 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20170109 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20170411 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20171101 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20180702 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yAperMagNoAperCorr6 vmcSource VMCv20181120 Extended source Y aperture mag (5.7 arcsec aperture diameter) real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR
yaStratAst ultravistaVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Parameter, c0 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR2 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR3 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR4 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR5 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20100513 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20111208 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vikingVarFrameSetInfo VIKINGv20110714 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR1 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR2 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR3 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR4 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110816 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110909 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20120126 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20121128 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130304 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130805 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140428 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140903 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20150309 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20151218 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160311 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160822 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170109 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170411 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20171101 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20180702 Parameter, c0 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20181120 Parameter, c0 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratAst vvvVarFrameSetInfo VVVDR5 Parameter, c0 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
yaStratPht ultravistaMapLcVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht ultravistaVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Parameter, c0 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR2 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR3 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR4 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR5 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20100513 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20111208 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vikingVarFrameSetInfo VIKINGv20110714 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR1 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR2 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR3 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR4 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110816 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110909 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20120126 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20121128 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130304 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130805 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140428 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140903 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20150309 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20151218 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160311 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160822 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170109 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170411 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20171101 Strateva parameter, a, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20180702 Parameter, c0 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20181120 Parameter, c0 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yaStratPht vvvVarFrameSetInfo VVVDR5 Parameter, c0 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yAverageConf ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSDR1 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 meta.code
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSDR2 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 meta.code
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSDR3 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSDR4 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSDR5 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSDR6 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSv20120926 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSv20130417 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSv20140409 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSv20150108 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSv20160114 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSv20160507 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSv20170630 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vhsSource VHSv20180419 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGDR2 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 meta.code
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGDR3 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGDR4 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGDR5 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 meta.code
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 meta.code
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCDR2 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCDR3 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCDR4 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20110816 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 meta.code
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20110909 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 meta.code
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20120126 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 meta.code
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20121128 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20130304 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20130805 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20140428 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20140903 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20150309 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20151218 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20160311 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20160822 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20170109 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20170411 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20171101 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20180702 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource VMCv20181120 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vmcSource, vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 meta.code
yAverageConf vvvSource VVVDR2 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vvvSource VVVDR4 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vvvSource VVVDR5 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
yAverageConf vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 average confidence in 2 arcsec diameter default aperture (aper3) Y real 4 -99999999 stat.likelihood;em.IR.NIR
YB eros2LMCSource, eros2SMCSource, erosLMCSource, erosSMCSource EROS Y pixel coordinate on blue reference images relative to rebined reference images in [klmn] frame real 4
ybestAper ultravistaMapLcVariability ULTRAVISTADR4 Best aperture (1-3) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper ultravistaVariability ULTRAVISTADR4 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper videoVariability VIDEODR2 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper videoVariability VIDEODR3 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper videoVariability VIDEODR4 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper videoVariability VIDEODR5 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper videoVariability VIDEOv20100513 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper videoVariability VIDEOv20111208 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vikingVariability VIKINGv20110714 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCDR1 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCDR2 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCDR3 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCDR4 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20110816 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20110909 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20120126 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20121128 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20130304 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20130805 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20140428 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20140903 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20150309 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20151218 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20160311 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20160822 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20170109 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20170411 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20171101 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20180702 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vmcVariability VMCv20181120 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybestAper vvvVariability VVVDR5 Best aperture (1-6) for photometric statistics in the Y band int 4 -9999 meta.code.class;em.IR.NIR
Aperture magnitude (1-6) which gives the lowest RMS for the object. All apertures have the appropriate aperture correction. This can give better values in crowded regions than aperMag3 (see Irwin et al. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 1449)
ybStratAst ultravistaVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Parameter, c1 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR2 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR3 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR4 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR5 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20100513 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20111208 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vikingVarFrameSetInfo VIKINGv20110714 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR1 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR2 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR3 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR4 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110816 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110909 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20120126 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20121128 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130304 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130805 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140428 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140903 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20150309 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20151218 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160311 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160822 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170109 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170411 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20171101 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20180702 Parameter, c1 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20181120 Parameter, c1 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratAst vvvVarFrameSetInfo VVVDR5 Parameter, c1 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ybStratPht ultravistaMapLcVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht ultravistaVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Parameter, c1 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR2 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR3 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR4 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR5 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20100513 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20111208 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vikingVarFrameSetInfo VIKINGv20110714 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR1 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR2 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR3 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR4 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110816 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110909 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20120126 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20121128 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130304 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130805 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140428 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140903 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20150309 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20151218 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160311 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160822 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170109 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170411 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20171101 Strateva parameter, b, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20180702 Parameter, c1 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20181120 Parameter, c1 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ybStratPht vvvVarFrameSetInfo VVVDR5 Parameter, c1 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqAst ultravistaVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR2 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR3 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR4 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR5 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20100513 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20111208 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vikingVarFrameSetInfo VIKINGv20110714 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR1 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR2 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR3 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR4 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110816 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110909 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20120126 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20121128 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130304 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130805 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140428 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140903 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20150309 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20151218 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160311 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160822 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170109 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170411 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20171101 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20180702 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20181120 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqAst vvvVarFrameSetInfo VVVDR5 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to astrometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ychiSqpd ultravistaMapLcVariability ULTRAVISTADR4 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd ultravistaVariability ULTRAVISTADR4 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd videoVariability VIDEODR2 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd videoVariability VIDEODR3 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd videoVariability VIDEODR4 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd videoVariability VIDEODR5 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd videoVariability VIDEOv20100513 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd videoVariability VIDEOv20111208 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vikingVariability VIKINGv20110714 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCDR1 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCDR2 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCDR3 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCDR4 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20110816 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20110909 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20120126 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20121128 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20130304 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20130805 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20140428 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20140903 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20150309 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20151218 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20160311 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20160822 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20170109 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20170411 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20171101 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20180702 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vmcVariability VMCv20181120 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqpd vvvVariability VVVDR5 Chi square (per degree of freedom) fit to data (mean and expected rms) real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.chi2;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
ychiSqPht ultravistaMapLcVarFrameSetInfo, ultravistaVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR2 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR3 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR4 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR5 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20100513 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20111208 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vikingVarFrameSetInfo VIKINGv20110714 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR1 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR2 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR3 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR4 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110816 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110909 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20120126 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20121128 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130304 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130805 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140428 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140903 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20150309 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20151218 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160311 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160822 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170109 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170411 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20171101 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20180702 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20181120 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ychiSqPht vvvVarFrameSetInfo VVVDR5 Goodness of fit of Strateva function to photometric data in Y band real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.goodness;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
Yclass vvvParallaxCatalogue VVVDR5 VVV DR4 Y morphological classification. 1 = galaxy,0 = noise,-1 = stellar,-2 = probably stellar,-3 = probable galaxy,-7 = bad pixel within 2" aperture,-9 = saturated {catalogue TType keyword: Yclass} int 4 -99999999
Yclass vvvParallaxCatalogue, vvvProperMotionCatalogue VVVDR4 VVV DR4 Y morphological classification. 1 = galaxy,0 = noise,-1 = stellar,-2 = probably stellar,-3 = probable galaxy,-7 = bad pixel within 2" aperture,-9 = saturated {catalogue TType keyword: Yclass} int 4 -99999999
yClass ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vhsSource VHSDR2 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vhsSource VHSDR3 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource VHSDR4 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource VHSDR5 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource VHSDR6 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource VHSv20120926 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vhsSource VHSv20130417 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vhsSource VHSv20140409 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource VHSv20150108 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource VHSv20160114 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource VHSv20160507 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource VHSv20170630 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource VHSv20180419 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vhsSource, vhsSourceRemeasurement VHSDR1 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass videoSource VIDEODR2 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass videoSource VIDEODR3 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass videoSource VIDEODR4 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass videoSource VIDEODR5 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass videoSource VIDEOv20111208 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass videoSource, videoSourceRemeasurement VIDEOv20100513 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vikingSource VIKINGDR2 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vikingSource VIKINGDR3 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vikingSource VIKINGDR4 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vikingSource VIKINGDR5 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vikingSource, vikingSourceRemeasurement VIKINGv20110714 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vmcSource VMCDR2 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vmcSource VMCDR3 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCDR4 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20110909 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vmcSource VMCv20120126 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vmcSource VMCv20121128 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vmcSource VMCv20130304 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vmcSource VMCv20130805 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vmcSource VMCv20140428 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20140903 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20150309 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20151218 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20160311 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20160822 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20170109 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20170411 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20171101 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20180702 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource VMCv20181120 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vmcSource, vmcSourceRemeasurement VMCv20110816 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vmcSource, vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vvvSource VVVDR2 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vvvSource VVVDR4 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vvvSource VVVDR5 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class;em.IR.NIR
yClass vvvSource VVVv20110718 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vvvSource, vvvSourceRemeasurement VVVv20100531 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClass vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 discrete image classification flag in Y smallint 2 -9999 src.class
yClassStat ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vhsSource VHSDR2 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vhsSource VHSDR3 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource VHSDR4 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource VHSDR5 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource VHSDR6 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource VHSv20120926 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vhsSource VHSv20130417 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vhsSource VHSv20140409 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource VHSv20150108 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource VHSv20160114 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource VHSv20160507 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource VHSv20170630 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource VHSv20180419 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vhsSource, vhsSourceRemeasurement VHSDR1 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat videoSource VIDEODR2 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat videoSource VIDEODR3 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat videoSource VIDEODR4 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat videoSource VIDEODR5 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat videoSource VIDEOv20100513 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat videoSource VIDEOv20111208 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat videoSourceRemeasurement VIDEOv20100513 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGDR2 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGDR3 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGDR4 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGDR5 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vikingSource, vikingSourceRemeasurement VIKINGv20110714 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vmcSource VMCDR2 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vmcSource VMCDR3 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCDR4 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20110909 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20120126 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20121128 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20130304 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20130805 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20140428 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20140903 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20150309 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20151218 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20160311 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20160822 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20170109 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20170411 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20171101 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20180702 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource VMCv20181120 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vmcSource, vmcSourceRemeasurement VMCv20110816 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vmcSource, vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vvvSource VVVDR1 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vvvSource VVVDR2 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vvvSource VVVDR4 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vvvSource VVVDR5 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
yClassStat vvvSource VVVv20100531 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vvvSource VVVv20110718 S-Extractor classification statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vvvSourceRemeasurement VVVv20100531 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vvvSourceRemeasurement VVVv20110718 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vvvSynopticSource VVVDR2 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat
yClassStat vvvSynopticSource VVVDR4 N(0,1) stellarness-of-profile statistic in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat;em.IR.NIR
ycStratAst ultravistaVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Parameter, c2 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR2 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR3 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR4 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR5 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20100513 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20111208 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vikingVarFrameSetInfo VIKINGv20110714 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR1 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR2 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR3 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR4 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110816 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110909 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20120126 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20121128 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130304 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130805 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140428 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140903 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20150309 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20151218 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160311 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160822 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170109 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170411 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20171101 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20180702 Parameter, c2 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20181120 Parameter, c2 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratAst vvvVarFrameSetInfo VVVDR5 Parameter, c2 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to astrometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS position around the mean for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated.
ycStratPht ultravistaMapLcVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht ultravistaVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Parameter, c2 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR2 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR3 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR4 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR5 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20100513 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20111208 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vikingVarFrameSetInfo VIKINGv20110714 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR1 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR2 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR3 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR4 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110816 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110909 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20120126 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20121128 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130304 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130805 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140428 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140903 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20150309 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20151218 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160311 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160822 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170109 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170411 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20171101 Strateva parameter, c, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band, see Sesar et al. 2007. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20180702 Parameter, c2 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20181120 Parameter, c2 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
ycStratPht vvvVarFrameSetInfo VVVDR5 Parameter, c2 from Ferreira-Lopes & Cross 2017, Eq. 18, in fit to photometric rms vs magnitude in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 stat.fit.param;em.IR.NIR
The best fit solution to the expected RMS brightness (in magnitudes) for all objects in the frameset. Objects were binned in ranges of magnitude and the median RMS (after clipping out variable objects using the median-absolute deviation) was calculated. The Strateva function $\zeta(m)>=a+b\,10^{0.4m}+c\,10^{0.8m}$ was fit, where $\zeta(m)$ is the expected RMS as a function of magnitude. The chi-squared and number of degrees of freedom are also calculated. This technique was used in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236.
yDeblend vhsSourceRemeasurement VHSDR1 placeholder flag indicating parent/child relation in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yDeblend videoSource, videoSourceRemeasurement VIDEOv20100513 placeholder flag indicating parent/child relation in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yDeblend vikingSourceRemeasurement VIKINGv20110714 placeholder flag indicating parent/child relation in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yDeblend vikingSourceRemeasurement VIKINGv20111019 placeholder flag indicating parent/child relation in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yDeblend vmcSourceRemeasurement VMCv20110816 placeholder flag indicating parent/child relation in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yDeblend vmcSourceRemeasurement VMCv20110909 placeholder flag indicating parent/child relation in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yDeblend vvvSource VVVv20110718 placeholder flag indicating parent/child relation in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yDeblend vvvSource, vvvSourceRemeasurement VVVv20100531 placeholder flag indicating parent/child relation in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Yell vvvParallaxCatalogue VVVDR5 Ellipticity of the DR4 Y detection. {catalogue TType keyword: Yell} real 4 -999999500.0
Yell vvvParallaxCatalogue, vvvProperMotionCatalogue VVVDR4 Ellipticity of the DR4 Y detection. {catalogue TType keyword: Yell} real 4 -999999500.0
yEll ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticty
yEll vhsSource VHSDR2 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vhsSource VHSDR3 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource VHSDR4 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource VHSDR5 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource VHSDR6 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource VHSv20120926 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vhsSource VHSv20130417 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vhsSource VHSv20140409 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource VHSv20150108 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource VHSv20160114 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource VHSv20160507 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource VHSv20170630 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource VHSv20180419 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vhsSource, vhsSourceRemeasurement VHSDR1 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll videoSource VIDEODR2 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll videoSource VIDEODR3 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll videoSource VIDEODR4 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll videoSource VIDEODR5 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll videoSource VIDEOv20111208 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll videoSource, videoSourceRemeasurement VIDEOv20100513 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vikingSource VIKINGDR2 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vikingSource VIKINGDR3 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vikingSource VIKINGDR4 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vikingSource VIKINGDR5 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vikingSource, vikingSourceRemeasurement VIKINGv20110714 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vmcSource VMCDR2 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vmcSource VMCDR3 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCDR4 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20110909 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vmcSource VMCv20120126 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vmcSource VMCv20121128 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vmcSource VMCv20130304 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vmcSource VMCv20130805 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vmcSource VMCv20140428 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20140903 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20150309 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20151218 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20160311 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20160822 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20170109 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20170411 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20171101 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20180702 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource VMCv20181120 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vmcSource, vmcSourceRemeasurement VMCv20110816 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vmcSource, vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vvvSource VVVDR2 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vvvSource VVVDR4 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vvvSource VVVDR5 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity;em.IR.NIR
yEll vvvSource VVVv20110718 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vvvSource, vvvSourceRemeasurement VVVv20100531 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yEll vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 1-b/a, where a/b=semi-major/minor axes in Y real 4 -0.9999995e9 src.ellipticity
yeNum ultravistaMergeLog, ultravistaRemeasMergeLog ULTRAVISTADR4 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSDR1 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSDR2 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSDR3 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSDR4 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSDR5 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSDR6 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSv20120926 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSv20130417 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSv20140409 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSv20150108 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSv20160114 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSv20160507 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSv20170630 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vhsMergeLog VHSv20180419 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum videoMergeLog VIDEODR2 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum videoMergeLog VIDEODR3 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum videoMergeLog VIDEODR4 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum videoMergeLog VIDEODR5 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum videoMergeLog VIDEOv20100513 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum videoMergeLog VIDEOv20111208 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGDR2 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGDR3 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGDR4 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGDR5 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGv20110714 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGv20111019 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGv20130417 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGv20140402 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGv20150421 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGv20151230 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGv20160406 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGv20161202 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vikingMergeLog VIKINGv20170715 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vikingZY_selJ_RemeasMergeLog VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vikingZY_selJ_RemeasMergeLog VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCDR2 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCDR3 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCDR4 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20110816 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20110909 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20120126 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20121128 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20130304 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20130805 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20140428 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20140903 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20150309 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20151218 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20160311 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20160822 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20170109 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20170411 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20171101 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20180702 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog VMCv20181120 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vmcMergeLog, vmcSynopticMergeLog VMCDR1 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vvvMergeLog VVVDR2 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vvvMergeLog VVVDR4 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vvvMergeLog VVVDR5 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number;em.IR.NIR
yeNum vvvMergeLog VVVv20100531 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vvvMergeLog VVVv20110718 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
yeNum vvvMergeLog, vvvSynopticMergeLog VVVDR1 the extension number of this Y frame tinyint 1 meta.number
Yerr decapsSource DECAPS Uncertainty in mean Y-band flux (statistical only) {catalogue TType keyword: err[5]} real 4 3631Jy -9.999995e8 stat.error;phot.flux;em.IR.J
yErr ultravistaDetection, ultravistaMapRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 Error in Y coordinate (SE: ERRY2_IMAGE½) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSDR2 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSDR3 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSDR4 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSDR5 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSDR6 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSv20120926 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSv20130417 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSv20140409 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSv20150108 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSv20160114 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSv20160507 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSv20170630 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection VHSv20180419 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vhsDetection, vhsListRemeasurement VHSDR1 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr videoDetection VIDEODR2 Error in Y coordinate (SE: ERRY2_IMAGE½) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr videoDetection VIDEODR3 Error in Y coordinate (SE: ERRY2_IMAGE½) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr videoDetection VIDEODR4 Error in Y coordinate (SE: ERRY2_IMAGE½) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr videoDetection VIDEODR5 Error in Y coordinate (SE: ERRY2_IMAGE½) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr videoDetection VIDEOv20100513 Error in Y coordinate (SE: ERRY2_IMAGE½) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr videoDetection VIDEOv20111208 Error in Y coordinate (SE: ERRY2_IMAGE½) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr videoListRemeasurement VIDEOv20100513 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGDR2 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGDR3 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGDR4 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGDR5 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGv20111019 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGv20130417 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGv20140402 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGv20150421 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGv20151230 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGv20160406 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGv20161202 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection VIKINGv20170715 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingDetection, vikingListRemeasurement VIKINGv20110714 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingMapRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 Error in Y coordinate (SE: ERRY2_IMAGE½) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vikingMapRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 Error in Y coordinate (SE: ERRY2_IMAGE½) {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCDR1 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCDR2 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCDR3 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCDR4 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20110909 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20120126 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20121128 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20130304 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20130805 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20140428 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20140903 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20150309 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20151218 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20160311 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20160822 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20170109 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20170411 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20171101 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20180702 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection VMCv20181120 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vmcDetection, vmcListRemeasurement VMCv20110816 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vvvDetection VVVDR1 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vvvDetection VVVDR2 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vvvDetection VVVDR4 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vvvDetection VVVDR5 Error in Y coordinate real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vvvDetection, vvvListRemeasurement VVVv20100531 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
yErr vvvDetectionPawPrints, vvvDetectionTiles VVVDR5 Error in Y coordinate {catalogue TType keyword: Y_coordinate_err}
Estimate of centroid error.
real 4 pixels stat.error
Yerr_lbs decapsSource DECAPS Uncertainty in mean local background subtracted Y-band flux (statistical only) {catalogue TType keyword: err_lbs[5]} real 4 3631Jy -9.999995e8 stat.error;phot.flux;em.IR.J
YERR_R spectra SIXDF error on Y_R position int 4
YERR_V spectra SIXDF error on Y_V position int 4
yErrBits ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
This uses the FLAGS attribute in SE. The individual bit flags that this can be decomposed into are as follows:
Bit Flag Meaning 1 The object has neighbours, bright enough and close enough to significantly bias the MAG_AUTO photometry or bad pixels (more than 10% of photometry affected). 2 The object was originally blended with another 4 At least one pixel is saturated (or very close to) 8 The object is truncated (too close to an image boundary) 16 Object's aperture data are incomplete or corrupted 32 Object's isophotal data are imcomplete or corrupted. This is an old flag inherited from SE v1.0, and is kept for compatability reasons. It doesn't have any consequence for the extracted parameters. 64 Memory overflow occurred during deblending 128 Memory overflow occurred during extraction
yErrBits ultravistaSourceRemeasurement ULTRAVISTADR4 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSDR1 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSDR2 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSDR3 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSDR4 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSDR5 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSDR6 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSv20120926 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSv20130417 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSv20140409 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSv20150108 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSv20160114 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSv20160507 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSv20170630 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSource VHSv20180419 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vhsSourceRemeasurement VHSDR1 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yErrBits videoSource VIDEODR2 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
This uses the FLAGS attribute in SE. The individual bit flags that this can be decomposed into are as follows:
Bit Flag Meaning 1 The object has neighbours, bright enough and close enough to significantly bias the MAG_AUTO photometry or bad pixels (more than 10% of photometry affected). 2 The object was originally blended with another 4 At least one pixel is saturated (or very close to) 8 The object is truncated (too close to an image boundary) 16 Object's aperture data are incomplete or corrupted 32 Object's isophotal data are imcomplete or corrupted. This is an old flag inherited from SE v1.0, and is kept for compatability reasons. It doesn't have any consequence for the extracted parameters. 64 Memory overflow occurred during deblending 128 Memory overflow occurred during extraction
yErrBits videoSource VIDEODR3 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
This uses the FLAGS attribute in SE. The individual bit flags that this can be decomposed into are as follows:
Bit Flag Meaning 1 The object has neighbours, bright enough and close enough to significantly bias the MAG_AUTO photometry or bad pixels (more than 10% of photometry affected). 2 The object was originally blended with another 4 At least one pixel is saturated (or very close to) 8 The object is truncated (too close to an image boundary) 16 Object's aperture data are incomplete or corrupted 32 Object's isophotal data are imcomplete or corrupted. This is an old flag inherited from SE v1.0, and is kept for compatability reasons. It doesn't have any consequence for the extracted parameters. 64 Memory overflow occurred during deblending 128 Memory overflow occurred during extraction
yErrBits videoSource VIDEODR4 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
This uses the FLAGS attribute in SE. The individual bit flags that this can be decomposed into are as follows:
Bit Flag Meaning 1 The object has neighbours, bright enough and close enough to significantly bias the MAG_AUTO photometry or bad pixels (more than 10% of photometry affected). 2 The object was originally blended with another 4 At least one pixel is saturated (or very close to) 8 The object is truncated (too close to an image boundary) 16 Object's aperture data are incomplete or corrupted 32 Object's isophotal data are imcomplete or corrupted. This is an old flag inherited from SE v1.0, and is kept for compatability reasons. It doesn't have any consequence for the extracted parameters. 64 Memory overflow occurred during deblending 128 Memory overflow occurred during extraction
yErrBits videoSource VIDEODR5 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
This uses the FLAGS attribute in SE. The individual bit flags that this can be decomposed into are as follows:
Bit Flag Meaning 1 The object has neighbours, bright enough and close enough to significantly bias the MAG_AUTO photometry or bad pixels (more than 10% of photometry affected). 2 The object was originally blended with another 4 At least one pixel is saturated (or very close to) 8 The object is truncated (too close to an image boundary) 16 Object's aperture data are incomplete or corrupted 32 Object's isophotal data are imcomplete or corrupted. This is an old flag inherited from SE v1.0, and is kept for compatability reasons. It doesn't have any consequence for the extracted parameters. 64 Memory overflow occurred during deblending 128 Memory overflow occurred during extraction
yErrBits videoSource VIDEOv20100513 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
This uses the FLAGS attribute in SE. The individual bit flags that this can be decomposed into are as follows:
Bit Flag Meaning 1 The object has neighbours, bright enough and close enough to significantly bias the MAG_AUTO photometry or bad pixels (more than 10% of photometry affected). 2 The object was originally blended with another 4 At least one pixel is saturated (or very close to) 8 The object is truncated (too close to an image boundary) 16 Object's aperture data are incomplete or corrupted 32 Object's isophotal data are imcomplete or corrupted. This is an old flag inherited from SE v1.0, and is kept for compatability reasons. It doesn't have any consequence for the extracted parameters. 64 Memory overflow occurred during deblending 128 Memory overflow occurred during extraction
yErrBits videoSource VIDEOv20111208 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
This uses the FLAGS attribute in SE. The individual bit flags that this can be decomposed into are as follows:
Bit Flag Meaning 1 The object has neighbours, bright enough and close enough to significantly bias the MAG_AUTO photometry or bad pixels (more than 10% of photometry affected). 2 The object was originally blended with another 4 At least one pixel is saturated (or very close to) 8 The object is truncated (too close to an image boundary) 16 Object's aperture data are incomplete or corrupted 32 Object's isophotal data are imcomplete or corrupted. This is an old flag inherited from SE v1.0, and is kept for compatability reasons. It doesn't have any consequence for the extracted parameters. 64 Memory overflow occurred during deblending 128 Memory overflow occurred during extraction
yErrBits videoSourceRemeasurement VIDEOv20100513 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGDR2 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGDR3 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGDR4 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGDR5 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingSourceRemeasurement VIKINGv20110714 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yErrBits vikingSourceRemeasurement VIKINGv20111019 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yErrBits vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCDR2 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCDR3 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCDR4 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20110816 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20110909 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20120126 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20121128 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20130304 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20130805 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20140428 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20140903 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20150309 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20151218 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20160311 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20160822 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20170109 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20170411 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20171101 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20180702 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource VMCv20181120 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSource, vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vmcSourceRemeasurement VMCv20110816 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yErrBits vmcSourceRemeasurement VMCv20110909 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yErrBits vvvSource VVVDR2 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vvvSource VVVDR4 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vvvSource VVVDR5 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code;em.IR.NIR
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vvvSource VVVv20100531 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vvvSource VVVv20110718 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
Apparently not actually an error bit flag, but a count of the number of zero confidence pixels in the default (2 arcsec diameter) aperture.
yErrBits vvvSourceRemeasurement VVVv20100531 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yErrBits vvvSourceRemeasurement VVVv20110718 processing warning/error bitwise flags in Y int 4 -99999999 meta.code
yEta ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSDR1 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSDR2 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSDR3 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSDR4 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSDR5 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSDR6 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSv20120926 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSv20130417 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSv20140409 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSv20150108 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSv20160114 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSv20160507 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSv20170630 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vhsSource VHSv20180419 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta videoSource VIDEODR2 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta videoSource VIDEODR3 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta videoSource VIDEODR4 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta videoSource VIDEODR5 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta videoSource VIDEOv20100513 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta videoSource VIDEOv20111208 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGDR2 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGDR3 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGDR4 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGDR5 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGv20110714 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCDR2 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCDR3 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCDR4 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20110816 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20110909 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20120126 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20121128 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20130304 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20130805 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20140428 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20140903 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20150309 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20151218 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20160311 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20160822 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20170109 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20170411 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20171101 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20180702 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource VMCv20181120 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vmcSource, vmcSynopticSource VMCDR1 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vvvSource VVVDR2 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vvvSource VVVDR4 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vvvSource VVVDR5 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff;em.IR.NIR
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vvvSource VVVv20100531 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vvvSource VVVv20110718 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yEta vvvSource, vvvSynopticSource VVVDR1 Offset of Y detection from master position (+north/-south) real 4 arcsec -0.9999995e9 pos.eq.dec;arith.diff
When associating individual passband detections into merged sources, a generous (in terms of the positional uncertainties) pairing radius of 1.0 arcseconds is used. Such a large association criterion can of course lead to spurious pairings in the merged sources lists (although note that between passband pairs, handshake pairing is done: both passbands must agree that the candidate pair is their nearest neighbour for the pair to propagate through into the merged source table). In order to help filter spurious pairings out, and assuming that large positional offsets between the different passband detections are not expected (e.g. because of source motion, or larger than usual positional uncertainties) then the attributes Xi and Eta can be used to filter any pairings with suspiciously large offsets in one or more bands. For example, for a clean sample of QSOs from the VHS, you might wish to insist that the offsets in the selected sample are all below 0.5 arcsecond: simply add WHERE clauses into the SQL sample selection script to exclude all Xi and Eta values larger than the threshold you want. NB: the master position is the position of the detection in the shortest passband in the set, rather than the ra/dec of the source as stored in source attributes of the same name. The former is used in the pairing process, while the latter is generally the optimally weighted mean position from an astrometric solution or other combinatorial process of all individual detection positions across the available passbands.
yexpML ultravistaMapLcVarFrameSetInfo, ultravistaVarFrameSetInfo ULTRAVISTADR4 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR2 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9
yexpML videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR3 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;stat.max;em.IR.NIR
yexpML videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR4 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEODR5 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20100513 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9
yexpML videoVarFrameSetInfo VIDEOv20111208 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9
yexpML vikingVarFrameSetInfo VIKINGv20110714 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR1 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR2 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max;em.IR.NIR
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR3 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCDR4 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110816 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20110909 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20120126 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 -0.9999995e9
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20121128 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;stat.max;em.IR.NIR
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130304 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;stat.max;em.IR.NIR
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20130805 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max;em.IR.NIR
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140428 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20140903 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20150309 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20151218 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160311 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20160822 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170109 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20170411 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20171101 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20180702 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vmcVarFrameSetInfo VMCv20181120 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yexpML vvvVarFrameSetInfo VVVDR5 Expected magnitude limit of frameSet in this in Y band. real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 phot.mag;em.IR.NIR;stat.max
yExpRms ultravistaMapLcVariability ULTRAVISTADR4 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms ultravistaVariability ULTRAVISTADR4 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms videoVariability VIDEODR2 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms videoVariability VIDEODR3 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms videoVariability VIDEODR4 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms videoVariability VIDEODR5 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms videoVariability VIDEOv20100513 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms videoVariability VIDEOv20111208 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vikingVariability VIKINGv20110714 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCDR1 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCDR2 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCDR3 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCDR4 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20110816 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20110909 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20120126 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20121128 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20130304 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20130805 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20140428 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20140903 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20150309 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20151218 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20160311 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20160822 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20170109 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20170411 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20171101 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20180702 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vmcVariability VMCv20181120 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExpRms vvvVariability VVVDR5 Rms calculated from polynomial fit to modal RMS as a function of magnitude in Y band real 4 mag -0.9999995e9 stat.error;em.IR.NIR
The photometry is calculated for good observations in the best aperture. The mean, rms, median, median absolute deviation, minMag and maxMag are quite standard. The skewness is calculated as in Sesar et al. 2007, AJ, 134, 2236. The number of good detections that are more than 3 standard deviations can indicate a distribution with many outliers. In each frameset, the mean and rms are used to derive a fit to the expected rms as a function of magnitude. The parameters for the fit are stored in VarFrameSetInfo and the value for the source is in expRms. This is subtracted from the rms in quadrature to get the intrinsic rms: the variability of the object beyond the noise in the system. The chi-squared is calculated, assuming a non-variable object which has the noise from the expected-rms and mean calculated as above. The probVar statistic assumes a chi-squared distribution with the correct number of degrees of freedom. The varClass statistic is 1, if the probVar>0.9 and intrinsicRMS/expectedRMS>3.
yExtent RequiredMosaicTopLevel ULTRAVISTADR4 The angular extent of the mosaic image in the y-direction real 4 degrees ??
yExtent RequiredMosaicTopLevel VVVDR5 The angular extent of the mosaic image in the y-direction real 4 degrees ??
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yGausig ultravistaSource ULTRAVISTADR4 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
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yGausig vhsSource VHSDR4 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vhsSource VHSDR5 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vhsSource VHSDR6 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vhsSource VHSv20120926 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
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yGausig vhsSource VHSv20140409 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vhsSource VHSv20150108 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vhsSource VHSv20160114 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vhsSource VHSv20160507 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vhsSource VHSv20170630 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vhsSource VHSv20180419 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vhsSource, vhsSourceRemeasurement VHSDR1 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig videoSource VIDEODR2 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig videoSource VIDEODR3 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig videoSource VIDEODR4 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig videoSource VIDEODR5 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig videoSource VIDEOv20111208 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig videoSource, videoSourceRemeasurement VIDEOv20100513 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGDR2 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGDR3 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGDR4 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGDR5 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGv20111019 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGv20130417 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGv20140402 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGv20150421 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGv20151230 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGv20160406 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGv20161202 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vikingSource VIKINGv20170715 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vikingSource, vikingSourceRemeasurement VIKINGv20110714 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20160909 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vikingZY_selJ_SourceRemeasurement VIKINGZYSELJv20170124 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vmcSource VMCDR2 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vmcSource VMCDR3 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vmcSource VMCDR4 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vmcSource VMCv20110909 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vmcSource VMCv20120126 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vmcSource VMCv20121128 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vmcSource VMCv20130304 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vmcSource VMCv20130805 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param
yGausig vmcSource VMCv20140428 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vmcSource VMCv20140903 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 pixels -0.9999995e9 src.morph.param;em.IR.NIR
yGausig vmcSource VMCv20150309 RMS of axes of ellipse fit in Y real 4 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6779538989067078, "perplexity": 10249.335048593553}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998250.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616142725-20190616164725-00113.warc.gz"} |
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?f=42&t=23670&p=70381 | ## Hybridization in General
$sp, sp^{2}, sp^{3}, dsp^{3}, d^{2}sp^{3}$
William Lan 2l
Posts: 73
Joined: Fri Sep 29, 2017 7:07 am
### Hybridization in General
Can someone explain to me the general concept of Hybridization? I'm still not fully understanding the concept and how to apply it to different orbitals.
Emilie Hoffman 1E
Posts: 55
Joined: Fri Sep 29, 2017 7:04 am
### Re: Hybridization in General
Hybridization is the idea that when an atom is exposed to an amount of energy, the energy levels surrounding it get jumbled enough to migrate from one orbital to another. I think Lavelle said in class that we cannot externally determine the hybridization state of an atom without knowing what it's bonded to so you shouldn't have to derive the hybridization state out of thin air.
juchung7
Posts: 44
Joined: Fri Sep 29, 2017 7:05 am
### Re: Hybridization in General
Hybridization is basically when atomic orbitals combine to be more suitable for chemical bonds. For example, Carbon has a ground state configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p2, indicating it has two lone electrons. This would mean Carbon is inclined to only bond two electrons, however we know that is not the case. Taking methane, CH4, we know that Carbon bonds with 4 Hydrogen atoms because an electron from the carbon's 2s orbital can be excited into a 2p orbital, allowing there to be 4 unpaired electrons (in the 2s and 3p orbitals) and resulting sp3 hybridized orbitals.
Alex Nechaev 1I
Posts: 50
Joined: Fri Sep 29, 2017 7:04 am
### Re: Hybridization in General
The way that we determine hybridization is generally by drawing the Lewis Structure of the given compound and counting the number of regions of electron density that the compound has. If we have COF2, which has three regions of electron density, the number of orbitals filled when they merge together (or hybridize) is three, so your exponents in your hybridization have to add up to three. COF2 would have an sp^2 hybridization for this reason. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4573177099227905, "perplexity": 1566.4730759877436}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198887.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921014923-20200921044923-00557.warc.gz"} |
http://www.nag.com/numeric/cl/nagdoc_cl23/html/M01/m01dsc.html | nag_rank_sort (m01dsc) (PDF version)
m01 Chapter Contents
m01 Chapter Introduction
NAG C Library Manual
# NAG Library Function Documentnag_rank_sort (m01dsc)
## 1 Purpose
nag_rank_sort (m01dsc) ranks a vector of arbitrary data type objects in ascending or descending order.
## 2 Specification
#include #include
void nag_rank_sort (const Pointer vec, size_t n, ptrdiff_t stride,
Integer (*compare)(const Nag_Pointer a, const Nag_Pointer b),
Nag_SortOrder order, size_t ranks[], NagError *fail)
## 3 Description
nag_rank_sort (m01dsc) ranks a set of $n$ data objects of arbitrary type, which are stored in the elements of an array at intervals of length stride. The ranks are in the range 0 to $n-1$.
Either ascending or descending ranking order may be specified.
nag_rank_sort (m01dsc) uses a variant of list merging as described by Knuth (1973).
## 4 References
Knuth D E (1973) The Art of Computer Programming (Volume 3) (2nd Edition) Addison–Wesley
## 5 Arguments
1: vec[${\mathbf{n}}$]const Pointer Input
On entry: the array of objects to be ranked.
2: nsize_tInput
On entry: the number $n$ of objects.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
3: strideptrdiff_tInput
On entry: the increment between data items in vec to be ranked.
Note: if stride is positive, vec should point at the first data object; otherwise vec should point at the last data object. It should be noted that $\left|{\mathbf{stride}}\right|$ must be greater than or equal to size_of (data objects), for correct ranks to be produced. However, the code performs no check for violation of this constraint.
Constraint: $\left|{\mathbf{stride}}\right|>0$.
4: comparefunction, supplied by the userExternal Function
nag_rank_sort (m01dsc) compares two data objects. If its arguments are pointers to a structure, this function must allow for the offset of the data field in the structure (if it is not the first).
The function must return:
$-1$ if the first data field is less than the second, $\phantom{-}0$ if the first data field is equal to the second, $\phantom{-}1$ if the first data field is greater than the second.
The specification of compare is:
Integer compare (const Nag_Pointer a, const Nag_Pointer b)
1: aconst Nag_Pointer Input
On entry: the first data field.
2: bconst Nag_Pointer Input
On entry: the second data field.
5: orderNag_SortOrderInput
On entry: specifies whether the array is to be ranked into ascending or descending order.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_Ascending}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_Descending}$.
6: ranks[n]size_tOutput
On exit: the ranks of the corresponding data elements in vec.
7: failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).
## 6 Error Indicators and Warnings
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument order had an illegal value.
NE_INT_ARG_EQ
On entry, ${\mathbf{stride}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{stride}}=0$.
NE_INT_ARG_GT
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\le 〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{stride}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: $\left|{\mathbf{stride}}\right|\le 〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
These arguments are limited to an implementation-dependent size which is printed in the error message.
NE_INT_ARG_LT
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
Not applicable.
## 8 Further Comments
The time taken by nag_rank_sort (m01dsc) is approximately proportional to $n\mathrm{log}n$.
## 9 Example
The example program reads a list of real numbers and ranks them into ascending order.
### 9.1 Program Text
Program Text (m01dsce.c)
### 9.2 Program Data
Program Data (m01dsce.d)
### 9.3 Program Results
Program Results (m01dsce.r)
nag_rank_sort (m01dsc) (PDF version)
m01 Chapter Contents
m01 Chapter Introduction
NAG C Library Manual | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 21, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9563339948654175, "perplexity": 4030.7974086410395}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829320.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00044-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://figshare.com/articles/Supplementary_Material_for_A_Mechanistic_Study_of_the_Effect_of_Doxorubicin_Adriamycin_on_the_Estrogen_Response_in_a_Breast_Cancer_Model/4751116/1 | ## Supplementary Material for: A Mechanistic Study of the Effect of Doxorubicin/Adriamycin on the Estrogen Response in a Breast Cancer Model
2017-03-14T14:05:45Z (GMT) by
<strong><em>Objective:</em></strong> Estrogen treatment limits the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cell lines, suggesting that estrogen pathway signaling may confer chemotherapeutic resistance. This study investigates the molecular responses of ER+ breast cancer cell lines to the chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin, in the presence or absence of estrogen. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> ER+ MCF-7 and T47-D cells were cultured in hormone-starved or estrogen-containing media with or without doxorubicin at concentrations mimicking the low concentrations seen in plasma and tumor microenvironments in humans following typical bolus administration. Protein levels, phosphorylations, and interactions of estrogen-signaling molecules were assessed following these treatments, as well the effects of ER signaling inhibitors on cell proliferation. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Surprisingly, estrogen and doxorubicin co-treatment markedly induced pro-growth alterations compared to doxorubicin alone and modestly enhanced estrogen alone-induced changes. Several inhibitors suppressed cell proliferation in the presence of doxorubicin and estrogen. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> These findings demonstrate that molecular changes caused by doxorubicin in ER+ breast cancer cells can be reversed by estrogen, providing molecular evidence for the poorer responses of ER+ tumors to doxorubicin in the presence of physiologic estrogen levels. Our results also suggest that the addition of drugs targeting the ER, EGFR, the SFKs, MEK, PI3K, and/or the MMP proteins to a conventional chemotherapy regimen may improve chemosensitivity. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8292639255523682, "perplexity": 19876.182421113135}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659944.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118070121-20190118092121-00155.warc.gz"} |
http://randdautomation.com/peeling/formation/vwzcd/6/Sleeveless_Long_Chiffon_Neck_Line_Dresses_A_Party_Yellow_Wedding_Bridesmaid_Womens_Lace_V_TRAqIA8n/ | Currently available in English only
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• The most important, please choose the size from our own size chart,refer to the measurements details before placing order.
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Horcrux Protocol
# decentralized-identity/horcrux
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# The Horcrux Protocol: A Method for Decentralized Biometric-based Self-sovereign Identity
Most user authentication methods and identity proving systems rely on a centralized database. Such information storage presents a single point of compromise from a security perspective. If this system is compromised it poses a direct threat to users' digital identities. This paper proposes a decentralized authentication method, called the Horcrux1 protocol, in which there is no such single point of compromise. The protocol relies on decentralized identifiers (DIDs) under development by the W3C Verifiable Claims Community Group and the concept of self-sovereign identity. To accomplish this, we propose specification and implementation of a decentralized biometric credential storage option via blockchains using DIDs and DID documents within the IEEE 2410-2017 Biometric Open Protocol Standard (BOPS).
Authors: Asem Othman and John Callahan, Veridium IP Ltd
Keywords: Blockchain, IEEE BOPS, self-sovereign identity, authentication factors, digital identity, distributed authentication architecture
# Introduction
Digital transformation, mobility and the proliferation of applications and networks have made traditional forms of information protection increasingly difficult to manage and enforce. Information is everywhere, access is widely distributed, but most security programs are still largely based on archaic, static models that just don't work anymore and it is getting worse.
The latest evidence of this is recent breach disclosed by Equifax [@hume2004identity] that has exposed identity information for over 140 million individuals. Enterprises continue to take on enormous risk by aggregating unnecessary personal data while customers can't manage the massive number of IDs, passwords and data required to interact with every on-line connection.
We believe that the common denominator across most aspects of information protection is identity. An identity is inextricably linked to a person, device, application, system or network and it is the most dependable 'perimeter' we can rely upon to determine how to make information available properly and securely. Identity management will soon have to make the leap from our age-old approaches of multiple user IDs and passwords to a new, secure, privacy-centric means of identity authentication.
An identity ecosystem leverages personas that can both protect privacy (and reduced liability for the enterprise), provide distributed access to authorized services and provide the user a full-control over their identity accessing. User authentication presents one of the basic security requirements in this identity ecosystem. Generally speaking, authentication can be described as a process in which a user offers some form of proof that he is the same user who registered the account. A proof of identity can be any piece of information that an authentication server accepts: something users have in their possession, something they know or something they are (e.g., a biometric).
Biometric-based authentication systems [@jain2004introductiontobiometrics] operate in two main stages: enrollment and recognition. The enrollment stage generates a digital representation of an individual's biometric trait and then stores this representation called biometric template in a centralized system database. During the recognition stage, which can be operate in two modes: verification and identification, the system require that the acquired probe biometric template to be matched against a single template (in the verification mode) or all template (in the identification mode) stored in the centralized database.
This makes such systems the single point of compromise for securing digital identities. In other words, in case an attacker gains access to the web application or the biometric centralized database, he can extract enough information to compromise the user's digital identity [@jain2008biometric]. Moreover, since many users tend to use the same password or biometric trait in different applications, revealing their identity on one compromised database can lead to unlawful access into other accounts and services.
In some current implementations, the authentication server can be completely separated from the server running web applications or biometric authentication database . For example, single sign-on (SSO) schemes [@radha2012survey] are based on this concept. SSO schemes rely on a third-party identity provider (IdP) to broker authentication using protocols such as SAML [@hughes2005security] and OpenID Connect [@sakimura2011openid]. Since their introduction in 2002 and 2010 respectively, only 5% of sites use any of over 50 disparate IdP [@vapen2016look] SSO services (e.g., "login with Facebook", "login with Google", etc.). Loopholes in these centralized IdP-based SSO systems are the main reasons for the many hacks of personal information [@hume2004identity] and even loss of biometric data [@zetter2015opm]. Surveys of users show an overwhelming dissatisfaction with single-sign-on (SSO), a feeling of "lack of control" over their data [@innovalor2016; @mertens2015digital; @rose2012value; @satchell2011identity] and a desire to control it themselves. Upcoming legislation, such as the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) [@koops2014privacy] and Payment Services Directive II (PSD2) [@cortet2016psd2], are pressuring institutions, both private and public, to place citizen or customer data into the end user's control.
Current identity proving methods (see Figure [fig:OldEcoSystem]{reference-type="ref" reference="fig:OldEcoSystem"}) rely on specific parties: an issuer, end-user, verifier, and inspector.
Issuers such as governments associate identity credentials to end-users. Then, the issuer shares personal information and credentials of the end-user with a verifier. If the end-user applies for a bank account, credit card, or car loan, the inspector contacts a verifier to prove the claimed identity by the end-user. Therefore, especially if this process is online, the inspector presents a multiple-choice quiz about past addresses or who financed the user's last car. That's an identity verification service that verifier provides to lenders and others, i.e., inspectors. Based on the answers or prove of holding the credentials, the inspector will verify the claimed identity by the end-user and grantee the required service. This ecosystem has the same security flaw as the traditional authentication systems, end-user personal data (e.g., SSN, addresses, birthdate, etc.) are stored in a centralized database of the verifier.
## Our Contribution
The aforementioned security flaws encapsulate perfectly why a new identity ecosystem is so important: identity is the new attack surface [@los2016]. In traditional authentication and identity models, users are forced to relinquish personal information such as credit histories, credentials such as birth certificate, or biometric data such fingerprint template to a third party, with a centralized database.
Self-sovereign identity is a new decentralized ecosystem for private and secure identity management that is being implemented by several projects [@reed2017beyond; @ali2016blockstack; @lundkvist2016uport] as the replacement of the traditional identity proving systems. Self-sovereign identity puts end-users --- not the organizations that traditionally centralize identity --- in charge of decisions about their own privacy and disclosure of their personal information and credentials. Self-sovereign identity utilizes distributed ledgers, i.e., blockchain technology, to establish a web-of-trust [@wot]. These blockchains are a form of databases that is provided cooperatively by a set of organizations, instead of by a central database with a central organization. A single blockchain is copied redundantly in many places, and it accrues transactions orchestrated by many machines. In other words, the new identity model is a reliable, public identity proving system under no single entity's control, robust to system failure and hacking.
In this paper, we discuss the specification and implementation of our Horcrux protocol that combines the decentralized self-sovereign identity ecosystem with 2410-2017 IEEE Biometric Open Protocol Standard (BOPS)[@BOPS-2017]. The BOPS protocol is extensible to a combination of on-device (FIDO UAF [@FIDO-UAF-2014] compatible), server-side or a multi-distribution model that utilizes a secret scheme. Indeed, the standard allows for off-device biometric credentials under user control. The device's local TPM is only one option (though dominant at the moment) for persisting biometric credentials and associated key(s).
The Horcrux protocol allows the end-users of self-sovereign identity to have the control of accessing their identities by giving the consent to this verification process via a biometric authentication process. Moreover, We propose the use of the existing BOPS due to its multi-distribution scheme of storing biometric data. BOPS utilizes a secret scheme to divide the templates into $n \leq 2$ shares as specified in IEEE 2410-2017. Therefore, biometric data used for authentication will be distributed by BOPS and securely stored in decentralized storages and securely referenced to them by blockchains technology. The multiple shares (and potentially redundant shares) could be spread across alternate off-chain storage (like IPFS, Dropbox, Google drive, etc.) as designed in the self-sovereign ecosystem.
This marriage of these two identity models (DIDs and BOPS) is the Horcrux protocol which guarantees the following principles:
• Existence: users must have an independent existence that can not only exist wholly in the digital form, and by using biometric-based protocol for enrolling and authentication, this guarantees that the digital identity has been created and will always be verified by an existence end-user.
• Control: users must control the storage and access to their identities. Under the Self-sovereign identity ecosystem, users always able to refer to, update, or even hide their personal information and credentials. Our Horcrux protocol will assure that the access is always secure by their biometric which also is securely stored via the decentralized ecosystem, along with their personal information.
• Portability and interoperability: BOPS and self-sovereign identity have been designed around these principle.
• Protection: the security of Horcrux protocol is trusted because it is based on strong cryptography and governed by self-sovereign identity via a blockchain technology and BOPS.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Sections 2{reference-type="ref" reference="sec:BOPS"} and 3{reference-type="ref" reference="sec:sovereign"} present IEEE Biometric Open Protocol Standard (BOPS) and Self-sovereign identity ecosystem, respectively. Section 4{reference-type="ref" reference="sec:horcrux"} discuss our Horcrux protocol and its implementation. Finally, Section 5{reference-type="ref" reference="sec:con"} summarizes the paper.
# BOPS {#sec:BOPS}
Biometric authentication demands high assurance levels such as those required by national and international standards [@nist800633]. The IEEE 2410-2017 Biometrics Open Protocol Standard (BOPS) [@BOPS-2017] defines the following elements to achieve required levels of assurance:
• Collection: BOPS defines application programming interfaces (API) such that biometric templates (fingerprints, facial, voice, etc.) are collected via a hardware security module (HSM), trusted execution environment (TEE) or trusted platform module (TPM) when possible. Such facilities ensure non-accessible and/or encrypted memory to prevent exfiltration of biometric data.
• Storage: BOPS defines secure formats and envelopes such that biometric data persisted via encryption using a hardware security module (HSM), trusted execution environment (TEE) or trusted platform module (TPM) when possible. Such facilities ensure non-accessible and/or encrypted memory to prevent exfiltration of biometric data. BOPS also accommodates methods for cryptographic sharding [@ross2011visual] such that a share is kept locally on the device and a second share can be kept locally or sent to the remote platform. Loss of either share does not compromise the complement share nor the biometric template.
• Transmission: BOPS defines a Representational state transfer (REST) interface protocol such that no biometric is transmitted unless it is encrypted in within an envelope using the server's public key (per enrollment) over a two-way TLS channel.
• Processing: BOPS requires matching of biometric templates in volatile memory or using the local HSM, but never persisted to any form of non-transient storage such as files, databases, or other long-term storage media.
BOPS defines two phases of operation: enrollment and authentication. During enrollment, the remote server generates a public-private key pair (RKP) in which the public key is sent to the mobile device. Then, a biometric template (called the initial biometric vector or "IBV") is collected and paired with a device-generated public-private key pair (LKP) using the local HSM when available. The LKP private key is reserved locally and the LKP public key along with the biometric share(s) are encrypted with the RKP public key for transmission to the server over a two-way TLS connection. The client certificate for the TLS connection is installed a priori via application installation on the mobile device.
Biometric authentication requires collection of a candidate biometric vector (CBV) for comparison to the IBV. BOPS defines three configuration modes for authentication:
• Local: The collected CBV is compared on the device to the reconstructed IBV shares. The match result can be a threshold value or a boolean that is encrypted in an envelope using the RKP public key and transmitted to the server. This mode is FIDO UAF [@FIDO-UAF-2014] compliant when used with a certified local FIDO UAF authenticator.
• Remote: The collected CBV is encrypted in an envelope with the RKP public key and transmitted to the server for comparison on the remote server.
• Local Match: The server is requested to encrypt (using its RKP private key) any IBV shares it holds and return them to the local device. The CBV is collected, IBV share(s) from local and remote combined and matched on the local device. The CBV and combined IBV are subsequently wiped from volatile memory.
• Remote Match: The collected CBV and any local IBV share(s) are encrypted in an envelope with the RKP public key and transmitted to the server. On the server, the incoming IBV share(s) from the local device are combined with server-based share(s) and compared to the incoming CBV.
The BOPS protocol also uses one-time password and server-based challenges in envelopes to prevent man-in-the-middle (MITM) and replay attacks that might threaten the security of biometric data and other credentials in transit. A recent comparison [@oxfordmc2017] shows that FIDO UAF and BOPS offer rough comparable protection against such threat vectors. In Local configuration mode, BOPS and FIDO UAF are comparable, but BOPS offers additional modes for remote (and sharded) storage and matching. Remote storage and match of biometric data may not be appropriate in some jurisdictions and regulatory regimes, but it depends on each institution's policies, cyber security standards, risk compliance levels and assurance needs.
# Self-sovereign identity ecosystem {#sec:sovereign}
Self-sovereign identity is a new identity ecosystem where individuals (or even organization) to whom the identity pertains, control and manage their identities. In this sense the individual is their own identity provider---no external party can claim to "provide" the identity for them because it is intrinsically theirs. In other words, self-sovereign identity is as a digital record or container of identity transactions that end-users control. The end-user can add more data to it, or ask others to do so, reveal some the data or all of it some of the time or all the time.
Moreover, end-users can record their consent to share data with others, and easily facilitate that sharing. It is persistent and not reliant on any single third party. Claims made about an end-user in identity transactions can be self-asserted or asserted by a 3rd party whose authenticity can be independently verified by a relying party. The infrastructure of self-sovereign identity has to reside in an environment of diffuse trust which is not controlled by any single organization or even a small group of organizations. The cryptographically secure blockchain is the breakthrough technology that makes this possible. It enables multiple entities such as organizations and governments to cooperate mutually via distributed consensus to form decentralized blockchains, where data is replicated in multiple locations to be resistant to faults and tampering. While distributed ledger technology has been around for some time, new blockchain applications, such as Bitcoin, have resulted in realizations of its potential, particularly with respect to decentralization and security.
Figure [fig:newEcoSystem]{reference-type="ref" reference="fig:newEcoSystem"} provides an overview of the self-sovereign identity architecture. The followings are the brief descriptions of the architecture entities. Note that in this architecture, the information is no longer centralized and connections are individually permissioned.
• DID: Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) are a new type of identifier intended for a self-sovereign identity system, i.e., entirely under the control of an entity and not dependent on a centralized registry or certificate authority. DIDs are opaque, unique sequences of bits, that get generated when a user accepts a claim from an issuer along with a corresponding DID Document. DIDs have a foundation in (Universal Resource Identifiers) URIs[@mealling2002report; @didspec1]; therefore, they achieve global uniqueness without the need for a central registration authority.
• DID document: A DID resolves to an corresponding DID Document --- a simple document that contain all the metadata needed to interact with the DID. Specifically, a DID Document typically contains at least three things along with personal information or credentials. The first is a set of mechanisms that may be used to authenticate as a particular DID (e.g., public keys, biometric templates, or even encrypted share of biometric data). The second is a set of authorization information that outlines which entities may modify the DID Document. The third is a set of service endpoints, which may be used to initiate trusted interactions with an entity[@didspec1].
• Blockchains: In this architectural construct, the blockchain acts as an index of identifiers and audit trail of permissioned exchanges between the issuer of claims, the holder of claims, and the inspector of claims.
• Identity hubs and repositories: These hubs are secure personal data repositories that curate and coordinate the storage of signed/encrypted DID documents, and relay messages to identity-linked devices. Examples of identity hubs include Dropbox, Google drive, and Storj.
• Issuer: An entity that creates DID and DID documents, associates it with a particular subject and transmits it to a holder. Examples of issuers include corporations, governments, and individuals.
• Inspector/Verifier: Inspectors request claims in the form of DIDs from subjects and organizations in order to give them access to protected resources. The inspector verifies that the credentials provided via DID and in the DID document are fit-for-purpose, also checks the validity of the DID in the blockchain. Examples of inspectors include employers, security personnel, and websites.
• Holder: Holders receive DIDs from issuers, store DID Documents via identity hubs, and provide DID Documents to inspectors. The entity which controls a particular DID can be the subject of the DID document, but not necessarily. An inspector can also resolve DIDs into their corresponding DID documents and discovery DIDs across a decentralized system. Examples of holders are users --- students, employees, and customers. Other examples of holders that have the permissions to handle subject's claims include web services or mobile apps installed on the subject's personal devices.
# The Horcrux Protocol
The IEEE 2410-2017 standard allows for interoperablility at several layers including the persistence cluster ([@BOPS-2017] section 7.3.3) provided it satisfies security requirements for storage of encrypted biometric shares. We propose any BOPS server can act as a holder of biometric shares via blockchain using methods outlined in the W3C Decentralized Identity (DID) specification[@didspec1]. A BOPS server can enroll a user by storing biometric share(s) as DID Documents using off-chain storage providers owned by the user. The corresponding DID acts as the identity assertion associated with the enrolled biometric. Figure [fig:enrollhorcrux]{reference-type="ref" reference="fig:enrollhorcrux"} depicts a standard BOPS enrollment flow (adapted from [@BOPS-2017] section 7.2). The user (via a browser user-agent) is prompted to enroll their biometrics with a service provider acting as an issuer. The initial biometric vector (IBV) is encrypted (via visual cryptopraphy) into two shares. One share is reserved on the local mobile device while the second is transmitted to the BOPS server. Instead of an RDBMS or persistence cluster (e.g., SOLR) backend, the BOPS server relies on a blockchain store in this case using a decentralized identitifer (DID)[@didspec1] for persistence. DIDs provide a blockchain-agnostic method for resolving DID Documents much like URIs [@mealling2002report] uniquely characterize web resources via URNs and URLs, but for disparate blockchain ecosystems. The W3C Verifiable Claims Community Working Group has defined DID method specifications [@didspec1] for implementors of CRUD operations specific to a particular blockchain. The BOPS server acts as a resolver given a DID to fetch the corresponding DID Document if possible. The DID and corresponding DID Document are cryptographically associated with each other via blockchain transactons such that any tampering with the DID Document for a given DID would be evident. After persisting the DID document and registering the associated DID on a blockchain, the user is notified of success (or failure) of their enrollment. It should be noted that no biometric shares are stored on any blockchains, only in DID Documents that are persisted "off-chain" via identity hubs or personal storage providers.
The encrypted biometric share is still within an encrypted envelope as per [@BOPS-2017] but the share is persisted on a corresponding blockchain with an associated DID. The DID can be used as a claim with another BOPS server acting as a verifier. Again, this is possible because any tampering with the DID Document associated with a given DID will be detectable due to their relationship via a recorded blockchain transaction[@didspec1]. Figure [fig:authhorcrux]{reference-type="ref" reference="fig:authhorcrux"} shows an example of a different BOPS server being used by a verifier. In this example, the user tries to access a resource on a web site (e.g., the service provider) using a mobile client application (MCA) with a DID created by an issuer ([fig:enrollhorcrux]{reference-type="ref" reference="fig:enrollhorcrux"}) and a public key created at enrollment. The service provider relies on a BOPS server to resolve the DID and fetch the corresponding DID Document via a blockchain from the storage provider. If the DID document is a valid claim, the BOPS server checks if the issuer of the claim is known (via its public key in the DID document) and that the enrollment public key matches for this user as well. If valid, the user (via their MCA) is requested for their candidate biometric vector (CBV) and complement share of the IBV as per [@BOPS-2017]. Upon receiving the complementary share and CBV from the client (as described in 2{reference-type="ref" reference="sec:BOPS"} - Remote configuration mode), the enrollment public key is used to decrypt the client's share, combine the IBV shares and match them to the CBV. If successful, the user is authenticated.
In the case of remote authentication, the service provider, acting as a verifier, uses a different BOPS server instance to authenticate the user even though this user has never registered at this service provider. Furthermore, the user and service provider are the only parties needed at authentication time unlike SAML or OAuth that rely on 3rd party identity providers (IdPs) to broker identity claims in traditional single-sign-on (SSO) systems. The Horcrux protocol supports self-sovereign identity [@baars2016towards] by using blockchain technology to secure credentials issued by valid authorities (i.e., issuers) for later use directly by the user who owns the credentials. The user may store such credentials via several personal cloud storage providers such as Dropbox, Google drive, Amazon S3, etc. but delegate management (via OAuth tokens) to a holder such as the BOPS server. The holder can access issued claims like the ecnryoted biometric shares on behalf of the user during authentication, but require biometric authentication as specified in the authenticationCredentials section of the claim [@didspec1].
The local configuration mode of BOPS is also available such that a combination of biometric shares occurs on the mobile device. Figure [fig:localhorcrux]{reference-type="ref" reference="fig:localhorcrux"} shows this variation in which the second biometric share is retreived via DID referencing from the corresponding DID document but transmitted to the client by a service provider and its BOPS server. The biometric share is opaque to the service provider and BOPS server in this case, but the server knows that the corresponding share on the mobile device is used for matching due to the HMAC of the encrypted second share. The enrolled share is never sent to the device, but both shares are kept locally as per BOPS local configuration mode. The mobile device must hold the private key associated with the enrolled share for the DID because it computes an HMAC using the share and sends it to the server. The server can compare the HMAC key with the opaque encrypted share from the DID document. It is possible, however, that the user could resolved a given DID, retrieve the corresponding DID document, extract the opaque encrypted share and construct the HMAC thus spoofing possession of that share and falsifying the biometric match. We are in the process of investigating methods for securing DIDs on a mobile device and/or using server-based key mechanism to prevent this attack vector.
The IEEE 2410-2017 standard allows for more than two encrypted shares. Algorithms such as visual cryptography [@ross2011visual] and Shamir secret sharing [@naor1994visual] allow for larger number of shares that. Using DIDs and associated DID documents for more biometric shares across different blockchains and replicating copies of shares could further protect users from compromise and increase availability.
# Summary
The self-sovereign identity model provides authority-based issuance of claims and eliminates the need for 3rd-party identity providers during authentication using blockchain technologies to assure exchange of verifiable credentials. The Horcrux protocol is a method for secure exchange of biometric credentials within an existing standard (IEEE 2410-2017 BOPS [@BOPS-2017]) implemented across next-generation blockchain-based self-sovereign identity platforms based on open standards like DIDs and DID Documents [@didspec1]. By using blockchain and off-chain storage as an alternative to the persistent layer in BOPS, we use new blockchain-agnostic standards to enroll via an issuer and authenticate on a verifier that are not part of an real-time trust network. Instead, they rely on user-controlled biometric credentials that are cryptographically encrypted into multiple shares across the user's device and blockchain-linked personal storage providers. The protocol is generalized for two or more biometric shares that can be stored across mobile devices and personal storage providers with redundancy for availability and safety. Future plans include a reference implementation and detailed analysis of the protocol for performance and correctness using TLA+ in a manner similar to the protocol analysis of WPA found in [@narayana2006automatic].
## Footnotes
1. The term "horcrux" comes from the Harry Potter book series in which the antagonist (Lord Voldemort) places copies of his soul into physical objects. Each object is scattered and/or hidden to disparate places around the world. He cannot be killed until all horcruxes are found and destroyed.
Horcrux Protocol
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https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/21964/oversampling-and-aliasing | # Oversampling and Aliasing
I am really confused about oversampling and upsampling. I know that upsampling means stretching our signal in time domain by a factor of K, then interpolating some values or using just zeros. As I found out stretching in time domain is shrinking in frequency domain by the same rate. For example, stretch by factor of 2 in time domain mean shrinking by factor of 2 in frequency domain.
Let talk about oversampling, we just increase the sampling frequency more than Nyquist rate. Then we have too much information. Is there any chance to have aliasing? I mean in time domain, lets say I am sampling my signal (frequency is 70 Hz) by sampling frequency equals to 280 Hz (Nyquist*2) so, is there aliasing in frequency domain? Sorry if my explanation is not clear. It is because I am bewildered with these concepts; oversampling, upsampling, downsampling, undersampling, critical sampling and aliasing.
theoretically, I know them but when it comes to practical view, I have serious problem.
When upsampling, you don't really stretch the signal in time. You insert new samples between the existing ones, without modifying the times at which those samples were taken. One property of upsampling is that the waveform remains exactly the same before and after the process; you just increase the number of samples. Note that the main difference between oversampling and upsampling is that the former occurs at the time of sampling, and the latter occurs after sampling has already been done. If there is no aliasing, in theory both produce the same result.
Aliasing is only present when there is a signal at the input of your sampler whose frequency is higher than the Nyquist frequency. In your example, if you sample a 70 Hz signal at 280 samples per second, you will not have aliasing. However, in practice you will not always have precise knowledge or control over the signal you're sampling. For example, you may want to sample a signal coming from an antenna. You don't know in advance what signals are going to be picked up by the antenna. In a case like this, one approach is to low-pass filter the signal before sampling, to ensure no aliasing will happen.
• But what about down sampling and under sampling. According to your description, they act the same way. Down sampling after sampling occurred and under sampling when the signal is going to be sampled. Right? Mar 11 '15 at 0:24
• On the other hand, you say that we have aliasing just when we have under sampling? Mar 11 '15 at 0:25
• @David, you're right, downsampling happens after sampling. Say you sample a narrowband, high frequency signal, and then you shift it (in DSP) to low frequency. After shifting, you can safely reduce your sampling rate and decrease the running time of your code. On the other hand, undersampling is almost always undesirable -- it means you didn't sample at the rate you needed to satisfy Nyquist. Both can introduce aliasing. However, most DSP programs low-pass filter the signal before actually downsampling it, avoiding any aliasing.
– MBaz
Mar 11 '15 at 1:13
• "When upsampling, you don't really stretch the signal in time. You insert new samples between the existing ones, without modifying the times at which those samples were taken." well, M, you can play the new buffer (with inserted samples) back at the same sample rate and a slower tempo (and lower in pitch). also, upsampling need not be just inserting samples between existing samples (which would be equivalent to Lagrange or a windowed sinc() function). it could be some optimal interpolation kernel that is different from a windowed sinc(). Mar 11 '15 at 3:56
• @robertbristow-johnson: of course; the main point is that upsampling doesn't stretch or compress the signal in time, which is what the OP was confused about.
– MBaz
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https://xianblog.wordpress.com/tag/hamiltonian-monte-carlo/ | accelerating HMC by learning the leapfrog scale
Posted in Books, Statistics with tags , , , , , , , , on October 12, 2018 by xi'an
In this new arXiv submission that was part of Changye Wu’s thesis [defended last week], we try to reduce the high sensitivity of the HMC algorithm to its hand-tuned parameters, namely the step size ε of the discretisation scheme, the number of steps L of the integrator, and the covariance matrix of the auxiliary variables. By calibrating the number of steps of the Leapfrog integrator towards avoiding both slow mixing chains and wasteful computation costs. We do so by learning from the No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS) of Hoffman and Gelman (2014) which already automatically tunes both the step size and the number of leapfrogs.
The core idea behind NUTS is to pick the step size via primal-dual averaging in a burn-in (warmup, Andrew would say) phase and to build at each iteration a proposal based on following a locally longest path on a level set of the Hamiltonian. This is achieved by a recursive algorithm that, at each call to the leapfrog integrator, requires to evaluate both the gradient of the target distribution and the Hamiltonianitself. Roughly speaking an iteration of NUTS costs twice as much as regular HMC with the same number of calls to the integrator. Our approach is to learn from NUTS the scale of the leapfrog length and use the resulting empirical distribution of the longest leapfrog path to randomly pick the value of L at each iteration of an HMC scheme. This obviously preserves the validity of the HMC algorithm.
While a theoretical comparison of the convergence performances of NUTS and this eHMC proposal seem beyond our reach, we ran a series of experiments to evaluate these performances, using as a criterion an ESS value that is calibrated by the evaluation cost of the logarithm of target density function and of its gradient, as this is usually the most costly part of the algorithms. As well as a similarly calibrated expected square jumping distance. Above is one such illustration for a stochastic volatility model, the first axis representing the targeted acceptance probability in the Metropolis step. Some of the gains in either ESS or ESJD are by a factor of ten, which relates to our argument that NUTS somewhat wastes computation effort using a uniformly distributed proposal over the candidate set, instead of being close to its end-points, which automatically reduces the distance between the current position and the proposal.
Hamiltonian tails
Posted in Books, Kids, R, Statistics, University life with tags , , , , , , on July 17, 2018 by xi'an
“We demonstrate HMC’s sensitivity to these parameters by sampling from a bivariate Gaussian with correlation coefficient 0.99. We consider three settings (ε,L) = {(0.16; 40); (0.16; 50); (0.15; 50)}” Ziyu Wang, Shakir Mohamed, and Nando De Freitas. 2013
In an experiment with my PhD student Changye Wu (who wrote all R codes used below), we looked back at a strange feature in an 2013 ICML paper by Wang, Mohamed, and De Freitas. Namely, a rather poor performance of an Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (leapfrog) algorithm on a two-dimensional strongly correlated Gaussian target, for very specific values of the parameters (ε,L) of the algorithm.
The Gaussian target associated with this sample stands right in the middle of the two clouds, as identified by Wang et al. And the leapfrog integration path for (ε,L)=(0.15,50)
keeps jumping between the two ridges (or tails) , with no stop in the middle. Changing ever so slightly (ε,L) to (ε,L)=(0.16,40) does not modify the path very much
but the HMC output is quite different since the cloud then sits right on top of the target
with no clear explanation except for a sort of periodicity in the leapfrog sequence associated with the velocity generated at the start of the code. Looking at the Hamiltonian values for (ε,L)=(0.15,50)
and for (ε,L)=(0.16,40)
does not help, except to point at a sequence located far in the tails of this Hamiltonian, surprisingly varying when supposed to be constant. At first, we thought the large value of ε was to blame but much smaller values still return poor convergence performances. As below for (ε,L)=(0.01,450)
generalizing Hamiltonian Monte Carlo with neural networks
Posted in Statistics with tags , , , on April 25, 2018 by xi'an
Daniel Levy, Matthew Hoffman, and Jascha Sohl-Dickstein pointed out to me a recent paper of theirs submitted to and accepted by ICLR 2018, with the above title. This allowed me to discover the open source handling of paper reviews at ICLR, which I find quite convincing, except for not using MathJax or another medium for LaTeX formulas. And which provides a collection of comments besides mine’s. (Disclaimer: I was not involved in the processing of this paper for ICLR!)
“Ultimately our goal (and that of HMC) is to produce a proposal that mixes efficiently, not to simulate Hamiltonian dynamics accurately.”
The starting concept is the same as GANs (generative adversarial networks) discussed here a few weeks ago. Complemented by a new HMC that also uses deep neural networks to represent the HMC trajectory. (Also seen in earlier papers by e.g. Strathman.) The novelty in the HMC seems to be a binary direction indicator on top of the velocity. The leapfrog integrator is also modified, with a location scale generalisation for the velocity and a half-half location scale move for the original target x. The functions appearing in the location scale aspects are learned by neural nets. Towards minimising lag-one auto-correlation. Plus an extra penalty for not moving enough. Reflecting on the recent MCMC literature and in particular on the presentations at BayesComp last month, judging from comments of participants, this inclusion of neural tools in the tuning of MCMC algorithms sounds like a steady trend in the community. I am slightly at a loss about the adaptive aspects of the trend with regards to the Markovianity of the outcome.
“To compute the Metropolis-Hastings acceptance probability for a deterministic transition, the operator
must be invertible and have a tractable Jacobian.”
A remark (above) that seems to date back at least to Peter Green’s reversible jump. Duly mentioned in the paper. When reading about the performances of this new learning HMC, I could not see where the learning steps for the parameters of the leapfrog operators were accounted for, although the authors mention an identical number of gradient computations (which I take to mean the same thing). One evaluation of this method against earlier ones (Fig.2) checks successive values of the likelihood, which may be intuitive enough but does not necessarily qualify convergence to the right region since the posterior may concentrate away from the maximal likelihood.
unbiased HMC
Posted in Books, pictures, Statistics with tags , , , , , , , on September 25, 2017 by xi'an
Jeremy Heng and Pierre Jacob arXived last week a paper on unbiased Hamiltonian Monte Carlo by coupling, following the earlier paper of Pierre and co-authors on debiasing by coupling a few weeks ago. The coupling within the HMC amounts to running two HMC chains with common random numbers, plus subtleties!
“As with any other MCMC method, HMC estimators are justified in the limit of the number of iterations. Algorithms which rely on such asymptotics face the risk of becoming obsolete if computational power keeps increasing through the number of available processors and not through clock speed.”
The main difficulty here is to have both chains meet (exactly) with large probability, since coupled HMC can only bring these chain close to one another. The trick stands in using both coupled HMC and coupled Hastings-Metropolis kernels, since the coupled MH kernel allows for exact meetings when the chains are already close, after which they remain happily and forever together! The algorithm is implemented by choosing between the kernels at random at each iteration. (Unbiasedness follows by the Glynn-Rhee trick, which is eminently well-suited for coupling!) As pointed out from the start of the paper, the appeal of this unbiased version is that the algorithm can be (embarrassingly) parallelised since all processors in use return estimators that are iid copies of one another, hence easily merged into a better estimator.
a conceptual introduction to HMC [reply from the author]
Posted in Statistics with tags , , , , , , , , on September 8, 2017 by xi'an
[Here is the reply on my post from Michael Bétancourt, detailed enough to be promoted from comment to post!]
As Dan notes this is meant as an introduction for those without a strong mathematical background, hence the focus on concepts rather than theorems! There’s plenty of maths deeper in the references. ;-)
I am not sure I get this sentence. Either it means that an expectation remains invariant under reparameterisation. Or something else and more profound that eludes me. In particular because Michael repeats later (p.25) that the canonical density does not depend on the parameterisation.
What I was trying to get at is that expectations and really all of measure theory are reparameteriztion invariant, but implementations of statistical algorithms that depend on parameterization-dependent representations, namely densities, are not. If your algorithm is sensitive to these parameterization dependencies then you end up with a tuning problem — which parameterization is best? — which makes it harder to utilize the algorithm in practice.
Exact implementations of HMC (i.e. without an integrator) are fully geometric and do not depend on any chosen parameterization, hence the canonical density and more importantly the Hamiltonian being an invariant objects. That said, there are some choices to be made in that construction, and those choices often look like parameter dependencies. See below!
“Every choice of kinetic energy and integration time yields a new Hamiltonian transition that will interact differently with a given target distribution (…) when poorly-chosen, however, the performance can suffer dramatically.”
This is exactly where it’s easy to get confused with what’s invariant and what’s not!
The target density gives rise to a potential energy, and the chosen density over momenta gives rise to a kinetic energy. The two energies transform in opposite ways under a reparameterization so their sum, the Hamiltonian, is invariant.
Really there’s a fully invariant, measure-theoretic construction where you use the target measure directly and add a “cotangent disintegration”.
In practice, however, we often choose a default kinetic energy, i.e. a log density, based on the parameterization of the target parameter space, for example an “identify mass matrix” kinetic energy. In other words, the algorithm itself is invariant but by selecting the algorithmic degrees of freedom based on the parameterization of the target parameter space we induce an implicit parameter dependence.
This all gets more complicated when we introducing the adaptation we use in Stan, which sets the elements of the mass matrix to marginal variances which means that the adapted algorithm is invariant to marginal transformations but not joint ones…
The explanation of the HMC move as a combination of uniform moves along isoclines of fixed energy level and of jumps between energy levels does not seem to translate into practical implementations, at least not as explained in the paper. Simulating directly the energy distribution for a complex target distribution does not seem more feasible than moving up likelihood levels in nested sampling.
Indeed, being able to simulate exactly from the energy distribution, which is equivalent to being able to quantify the density of states in statistical mechanics, is intractable for the same reason that marginal likelihoods are intractable. Which is a shame, because conditioned on those samples HMC could be made embarrassingly parallel!
Instead we draw correlated samples using momenta resamplings between each trajectory. As Dan noted this provides some intuition about Stan (it reduced random walk behavior to one dimension) but also motivates some powerful energy-based diagnostics that immediately indicate when the momentum resampling is limiting performance and we need to improve it by, say, changing the kinetic energy. Or per my previous comment, by keeping the kinetic energy the same but changing the parameterization of the target parameter space. :-)
In the end I cannot but agree with the concluding statement that the geometry of the target distribution holds the key to devising more efficient Monte Carlo methods.
Yes! That’s all I really want statisticians to take away from the paper. :-)
a conceptual introduction to HMC
Posted in Books, Statistics with tags , , , , , , , on September 5, 2017 by xi'an
“…it has proven a empirical success on an incredibly diverse set of target distributions encountered in applied problems.”
In January this year (!), Michael Betancourt posted on arXiv a detailed introduction to Hamiltonian Monte Carlo that recouped some talks of his I attended. Like the one in Boston two years ago. I have (re)read through this introduction to include an HMC section in my accelerating MCMC review for WIREs (which writing does not accelerate very much…)
“…this formal construction is often out of reach of theoretical and applied statisticians alike.”
With the relevant provision of Michael being a friend and former colleague at Warwick, I appreciate the paper at least as much as I appreciated the highly intuitive approach to HMC in his talks. It is not very mathematical and does not provide theoretical arguments for the defence of one solution versus another, but it (still) provides engaging reasons for using HMC.
“One way to ensure computational inefficiency is to waste computational resources evaluating the target density and relevant functions in regions of parameter space that have negligible contribution to the desired expectation.”
The paper starts by insisting on the probabilistic importance of the typical set, which amounts to a ring for Gaussian-like distributions. Meaning that in high dimensions the mode of the target is not a point that is particularly frequently visited. I find this notion quite compelling and am at the same time [almost] flabbergasted that I have never heard of it before.
“we will consider only a single parameterization for computing expectations, but we must be careful to ensure that any such computation does not depend on the irrelevant details of that parameterization, such as the particular shape of the probability density function.”
I am not sure I get this sentence. Either it means that an expectation remains invariant under reparameterisation. Or something else and more profound that eludes me. In particular because Michael repeats later (p.25) that the canonical density does not depend on the parameterisation.
“Every choice of kinetic energy and integration time yields a new Hamiltonian transition that will interact differently with a given target distribution (…) when poorly-chosen, however, the performance can suffer dramatically.”
When discussing HMC, Michael tends to get a wee bit overboard with superlatives!, although he eventually points out the need for calibration as in the above quote. The explanation of the HMC move as a combination of uniform moves along isoclines of fixed energy level and of jumps between energy levels does not seem to translate into practical implementations, at least not as explained in the paper. Simulating directly the energy distribution for a complex target distribution does not seem more feasible than moving up likelihood levels in nested sampling. (Unless I have forgotten something essential about HMC!) Similarly, when discussing symplectic integrators, the paper intuitively conveys the reason these integrators avoid Euler’s difficulties, even though one has to seek elsewhere for rigorous explanations. In the end I cannot but agree with the concluding statement that the geometry of the target distribution holds the key to devising more efficient Monte Carlo methods.
Bouncing bouncy particle papers
Posted in Books, pictures, Statistics, University life with tags , , , , on July 27, 2017 by xi'an
Yesterday, two papers on bouncy particle samplers simultaneously appeared on arXiv, arxiv:1707.05200 by Chris Sherlock and Alex Thiery, and arxiv:1707.05296 by Paul Vanetti, Alexandre Bouchard-Côté, George Deligiannidis, and Arnaud Doucet. As a coordinated move by both groups of authors who had met the weeks before at the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge.
The paper by Sherlock and Thiery, entitled a discrete bouncy particle sampler, considers a delayed rejection approach that only requires point-wise evaluations of the target density. The delay being into making a speed flip move after a proposal involving a flip in the speed and a drift in the variable of interest is rejected. To achieve guaranteed ergodicity, they add a random perturbation as in our recent paper, plus another perturbation based on a Brownian argument. Given that this is a discretised version of the continuous-time bouncy particle sampler, the discretisation step δ need be calibrated. The authors follow a rather circumvoluted argument to argue in favour of seeking a maximum number of reflections (for which I have obviously no intuition). Overall, I find it hard to assess how much of an advance this is, even when simulations support the notion of a geometric convergence.
“Our results provide a cautionary example that in certain high-dimensional scenarios, it is still preferable to perform refreshment even when randomized bounces are used.” Vanetti et al.
The paper by Paul Vanetti and co-authors has a much more ambitious scale in that it unifies most of the work done so far in this area and relates piecewise deterministic processes, Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, and discrete versions, containing on top fine convergence results. The main idea is to improve upon the existing deterministic methods by taking (more) into account the target density. Hence the use of a bouncy particle sampler associated with the Hamiltonian (as in HMC). This borrows from an earlier slice sampler idea of Iain Murray, Ryan Adams, and David McKay (AISTATS 2010), exploiting an exact Hamiltonian dynamics for an approximation to the true target to explore its support. Except that bouncing somewhat avoids the slice step. The [eight] discrete bouncy particle particle samplers derived from this framework are both correct against the targeted distribution and do not require the simulation of event times. The paper distinguishes between global and local versions, the later exploiting conditional independence properties in the (augmented) target. Which sounds like a version of multiple slice sampling. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8266028761863708, "perplexity": 938.7415735395477}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743011.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116111645-20181116133645-00337.warc.gz"} |
http://www.science.gov/topicpages/t/time-resolved+fluorescence+spectroscopy.html | #### Sample records for time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
1. Emerging biomedical applications of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lakowicz, Joseph R.; Szmacinski, Henryk; Koen, Peter A.
1994-07-01
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is presently regarded as a research tool in biochemistry, biophysics, and chemical physics. Advances in laser technology, the development of long-wavelength probes, and the use of lifetime-based methods are resulting in the rapid migration of time-resolved fluorescence to the clinical chemistry lab, to the patient's bedside, to flow cytometers, to the doctor's office, and even to home health care. Additionally, time-resolved imaging is now a reality in fluorescence microscopy, and will provide chemical imaging of a variety of intracellular analytes and/or cellular phenomena. In this overview paper we attempt to describe some of the opportunities available using chemical sensing based on fluorescence lifetimes, and to predict those applications of lifetime-based sensing which are most likely in the near future.
2. Time-resolved Hyperspectral Fluorescence Spectroscopy using Frequency Modulated Excitation
SciTech Connect
,; Neill, M
2012-07-01
An intensity-modulated excitation light source is used together with a micro channel plate intensified CCD (ICCD) detector gated at a slightly different frequency to generate a beat frequency from a fluorescent sample. The addition of a spectrograph produces a hyperspectral time-resolved data product where the resulting beat frequency is detected with a low frame rate camera. Measuring the beat frequency of the spectrum as a function of time allows separation of the excited fluorescence from ambient constant light sources. The excitation and detector repetition rates are varied over a range of discrete frequencies, and the phase shift of the beat wave maps out the emission decay rate(s).
3. Excitation emission and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of selected varnishes used in historical musical instruments
Microsoft Academic Search
Austin Nevin; Jean-Philippe Echard; Mathieu Thoury; Daniela Comelli; Gianluca Valentini; Rinaldo Cubeddu
2009-01-01
The analysis of various varnishes from different origins, which are commonly found on historical musical instruments was carried out for the first time with both fluorescence excitation emission spectroscopy and laser-induced time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Samples studied include varnishes prepared using shellac, and selected diterpenoid and triterpenoid resins from plants, and mixtures of these materials. Fluorescence excitation emission spectra have been
4. Automation of the Laguerre Expansion Technique for Analysis of Time-resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy Data
E-print Network
Dabir, Aditi Sandeep
2010-07-14
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) is a powerful analytical tool for quantifying the biochemical composition of organic and inorganic materials. The potentials of TRFS as nondestructive clinical tool for tissue diagnosis have been...
5. Development of a Time Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy System for Near Real-Time Clinical Diagnostic Applications
E-print Network
Trivedi, Chintan A.
2010-07-14
The design and development of a versatile time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) system capable of near real time data acquisition and processing for potential clinical diagnostic applications is reported. The TRFS apparatus is portable...
6. Excitation emission and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of selected varnishes used in historical musical instruments.
PubMed
Nevin, Austin; Echard, Jean-Philippe; Thoury, Mathieu; Comelli, Daniela; Valentini, Gianluca; Cubeddu, Rinaldo
2009-11-15
The analysis of various varnishes from different origins, which are commonly found on historical musical instruments was carried out for the first time with both fluorescence excitation emission spectroscopy and laser-induced time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Samples studied include varnishes prepared using shellac, and selected diterpenoid and triterpenoid resins from plants, and mixtures of these materials. Fluorescence excitation emission spectra have been collected from films of naturally aged varnishes. In parallel, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of varnishes provides means for discriminating between short- (less than 2.0 ns) and long-lived (greater than 7.5 ns) fluorescence emissions in each of these complex materials. Results suggest that complementary use of the two non destructive techniques allows a better understanding of the main fluorophores responsible for the emission in shellac, and further provides means for distinguishing the main classes of other varnishes based on differences in fluorescence lifetime behaviour. Spectrofluorimetric data and time resolved spectra presented here may form the basis for the interpretation of results from future in situ fluorescence examination and time resolved fluorescence imaging of varnished musical instruments. PMID:19782228
7. Time-resolved two-photon excited fluorescence spectroscopy based on a streak camera
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Lixin; Qu, Junle; Chen, Danni; Lin, Ziyang; Xu, Gaixia; Guo, Baoping; Niu, Hanben
2006-09-01
Combination of fluorescence spectral and temporal resolutions can improve the sensitivity and specificity of biomedical diagnostics. In this paper, we present the development of a time resolved two-photon excited fluorescence spectroscopy system that consists of a Ti: Sapphire femtosecond laser, a fluorescence microscope objective, a prism spectrophotometer and a high repetition rate picosecond streak camera. The streak camera and the time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy system. have been calibrated with an F-P etalon and a spectral line lamp respectively. Validation experiment of the system is also performed on two standard fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine 6G and Coumarin 314), and the results agree well with those reported in the literatures. Preliminary experimental results on autofluorescence spectra and lifetimes of freshly picked leaves and in vivo human skin are also presented, which demonstrates the potential applications of this system in tissue discrimination and clinical diagnostics.
8. Classification of aortic atherosclerotic lesions with time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Maarek, Jean-Michel I.; Marcu, Laura; Grundfest, Warren S.; Fishbein, Michael C.
1999-07-01
In this study, we examine the possibility of differentiating between classes of atherosclerotic lesions based on time- resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and we compare the performance of classification schemes that use either the time-resolved spectra or only the intensity spectra. Transient fluorescence emissions induced by pulsed nitrogen laser excitation was measured on 87 excised samples of human aorta. The samples were classified histologically using the AHA classification Predictor variables derived from the time-resolved spectra included the spectral intensities at 360-510 nm and parameters of a biexponential fit of the fluorescence impulse response function. Stepwise discriminant analysis using these predict variables showed that a few predictor variables sufficed to correctly classify 89 percent of the samples. Excluding the time- dependent decay and using only the spectral intensities, the percentage of correctly classified cases was significantly lower: 51 percent. These results establish that time- resolved fluorescence spectroscopy markedly improved on the performance of steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy for fine classification of atherosclerotic lesions.
9. Multispectral scanning time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) technique for intravascular diagnosis
PubMed Central
Xie, Hongtao; Bec, Julien; Liu, Jing; Sun, Yang; Lam, Matthew; Yankelevich, Diego R.; Marcu, Laura
2012-01-01
This study describes a scanning time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) system designed to continuously acquire fluorescence emission and to reconstruct fluorescence lifetime images (FLIM) from a luminal surface by using a catheter-based optical probe with rotary joint and pull-back device. The ability of the system to temporally and spectrally resolve the fluorescence emission from tissue was validated using standard dyes and tissue phantoms (e.g., ex vivo pig aorta phantom). Current results demonstrate that this system is capable to reliably resolve the fluorescence emission of multiple fluorophores located in the lumen; and suggest its potential for intravascular detection of distinct biochemical features of atherosclerotic plaques. PMID:22808425
10. Validation of a time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy apparatus in a rabbit atherosclerosis model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fang, Qiyin; Jo, Javier A.; Papaioannou, Thanassis; Dorafshar, Amir; Reil, Todd; Qiao, Jian-Hua; Fishbein, Michael C.; Freischlag, Julie A.; Marcu, Laura
2004-07-01
Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (tr-LIFS) has been studied as a potential tool for in vivo diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions. This study is to evaluate the potential of a compact fiber-optics based tr-LIFS instrument developed in our laboratory for in vivo analysis of atherosclerotic plaque composition. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy studies were performed in vivo on fifteen New Zealand White rabbits (atherosclerotic: N=8, control: N=7). Time-resolved fluorescence spectra were acquired (range: 360-600 nm, increment: 5 nm, total acquisition time: 65 s) from normal aorta wall and lesions in the abdominal aorta. Data were analyzed in terms of fluorescence emission spectra and wavelength specific lifetimes. Following trichrome staining, tissue specimens were analyzed histopathologically in terms of intima/media thickness and biochemical composition (collagen, elastin, foam cells, and etc). Based on intimal thickness, the lesions were divided into thin and thick lesions. Each group was further separated into two categories: collagen rich lesions and foam cell rich lesions based on their biochemical composition. The obtained spectral and time domain fluorescence signatures were subsequently correlated to the histopathological findings. The results have shown that time-domain fluorescence spectral features can be used in vivo to separate atherosclerotic lesions from normal aorta wall as well discrimination within certain types of lesions.
11. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for application to PAH contaminated areas and hydrogeological research
SciTech Connect
Kotzick, R.; Haaszio, S.; Niessner, R. [Technical Univ. of Munich (Germany). Institute for Hydrochemistry
1995-12-31
A mobile fiber-optical sensor system for the on-line and in situ detection of aquatic fluorophores has been developed. By the use of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy the determination of contaminants i.e. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or fluorescence tracers in various environments is possible. In both cases attempts to detect these substances in water by means of fluorescence spectroscopy are complicated by the low concentrations and the overlapping and featureless fluorescence spectroscopy are complicated by the low concentrations and the overlapping and featureless fluorescence spectra in combination with background fluorescence caused by further compounds e.g. humic material. By collecting the fluorescence decay time as an additional independent dimension, the analytical information is significantly increased, and to certain extent the determination of the desired analyte in complex natural matrices is possible. At a first application, the detection of pyrene (PYR) in real samples from a contaminated former coking plant site has been realized. The system is also best suitable for hydrogeological research. Here applications spread from the investigation of the fluorescence tracer migration in an artificial aquifer system to the determination of hydrogeological parameters at a domestic waste disposal.
12. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Diagnostic Technique of Oral Carcinoma
PubMed Central
Farwell, D. Gregory; Meier, Jeremy D.; Park, Jesung; Sun, Yang; Coffman, Heather; Poirier, Brian; Phipps, Jennifer; Tinling, Steve; Enepekides, Danny J.; Marcu, Laura
2014-01-01
Objective To investigate the benefit of using time-resolved, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy for diagnosing malignant and premalignant lesions of the oral cavity. Design The carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was applied to 1 cheek pouch of 19 hamsters. The contralateral pouch and the cheek pouches of 3 hamsters without DMBA exposure served as controls. Setting University of California, Davis. Participants Twenty-two golden/Syrian hamsters. Intervention A nitrogen pulse laser was used to induce tissue autofluorescence between the wavelengths of 360 and 650 nm. Main Outcome Measures Spectral intensities and time-domain measurements were obtained and compared with the histopathologic findings at each corresponding site. Results Spectral intensities and lifetime values at 3 spectral bands (SBs; SB1=380±10 nm; SB2=460±10 nm, and SB3 = 635 ± 10 nm) allowed for discrimination among healthy epithelium, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma. The lifetime values at SB2 were the most important when distinguishing the lesions using only time-resolved parameters. An algorithm combining spectral fluorescence parameters derived from both spectral and time-domain parameters (peak intensities, average fluorescence lifetimes, and the Laguerre coefficient [zero-order]) for healthy epithelium, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma provided the best diagnostic discrimination, with 100%, 100%, 69.2%, and 76.5% sensitivity and 100%, 92.2%, 97.1%, and 96.2% specificity, respectively. Conclusions The addition of time-resolved fluorescence-derived parameters significantly improves the capability of fluorescence spectroscopy–based diagnostics in the hamster buccal pouch. This technique provides a potential non-invasive diagnostic instrument for head and neck cancer. PMID:20157056
13. Design and evaluation of a device for fast multispectral time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging
SciTech Connect
Yankelevich, Diego R. [Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 3101 Kemper Hall, Davis, California 95616 (United States) [Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 3101 Kemper Hall, Davis, California 95616 (United States); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616 (United States); Ma, Dinglong; Liu, Jing; Sun, Yang; Sun, Yinghua; Bec, Julien; Marcu, Laura, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616 (United States)] [Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616 (United States); Elson, Daniel S. [Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ (United Kingdom)] [Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ (United Kingdom)
2014-03-15
The application of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) to in vivo tissue diagnosis requires a method for fast acquisition of fluorescence decay profiles in multiple spectral bands. This study focusses on development of a clinically compatible fiber-optic based multispectral TRFS (ms-TRFS) system together with validation of its accuracy and precision for fluorescence lifetime measurements. It also presents the expansion of this technique into an imaging spectroscopy method. A tandem array of dichroic beamsplitters and filters was used to record TRFS decay profiles at four distinct spectral bands where biological tissue typically presents fluorescence emission maxima, namely, 390, 452, 542, and 629 nm. Each emission channel was temporally separated by using transmission delays through 200 ?m diameter multimode optical fibers of 1, 10, 19, and 28 m lengths. A Laguerre-expansion deconvolution algorithm was used to compensate for modal dispersion inherent to large diameter optical fibers and the finite bandwidth of detectors and digitizers. The system was found to be highly efficient and fast requiring a few nano-Joule of laser pulse energy and <1 ms per point measurement, respectively, for the detection of tissue autofluorescent components. Organic and biological chromophores with lifetimes that spanned a 0.8–7 ns range were used for system validation, and the measured lifetimes from the organic fluorophores deviated by less than 10% from values reported in the literature. Multi-spectral lifetime images of organic dye solutions contained in glass capillary tubes were recorded by raster scanning the single fiber probe in a 2D plane to validate the system as an imaging tool. The lifetime measurement variability was measured indicating that the system provides reproducible results with a standard deviation smaller than 50 ps. The ms-TRFS is a compact apparatus that makes possible the fast, accurate, and precise multispectral time-resolved fluorescence lifetime measurements of low quantum efficiency sub-nanosecond fluorophores.
14. Design and evaluation of a device for fast multispectral time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging.
PubMed
Yankelevich, Diego R; Ma, Dinglong; Liu, Jing; Sun, Yang; Sun, Yinghua; Bec, Julien; Elson, Daniel S; Marcu, Laura
2014-03-01
The application of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) to in vivo tissue diagnosis requires a method for fast acquisition of fluorescence decay profiles in multiple spectral bands. This study focusses on development of a clinically compatible fiber-optic based multispectral TRFS (ms-TRFS) system together with validation of its accuracy and precision for fluorescence lifetime measurements. It also presents the expansion of this technique into an imaging spectroscopy method. A tandem array of dichroic beamsplitters and filters was used to record TRFS decay profiles at four distinct spectral bands where biological tissue typically presents fluorescence emission maxima, namely, 390, 452, 542, and 629 nm. Each emission channel was temporally separated by using transmission delays through 200 ?m diameter multimode optical fibers of 1, 10, 19, and 28 m lengths. A Laguerre-expansion deconvolution algorithm was used to compensate for modal dispersion inherent to large diameter optical fibers and the finite bandwidth of detectors and digitizers. The system was found to be highly efficient and fast requiring a few nano-Joule of laser pulse energy and <1 ms per point measurement, respectively, for the detection of tissue autofluorescent components. Organic and biological chromophores with lifetimes that spanned a 0.8-7 ns range were used for system validation, and the measured lifetimes from the organic fluorophores deviated by less than 10% from values reported in the literature. Multi-spectral lifetime images of organic dye solutions contained in glass capillary tubes were recorded by raster scanning the single fiber probe in a 2D plane to validate the system as an imaging tool. The lifetime measurement variability was measured indicating that the system provides reproducible results with a standard deviation smaller than 50 ps. The ms-TRFS is a compact apparatus that makes possible the fast, accurate, and precise multispectral time-resolved fluorescence lifetime measurements of low quantum efficiency sub-nanosecond fluorophores. PMID:24689603
15. Development of a Time Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy System for Near Real-Time Clinical Diagnostic Applications
E-print Network
Trivedi, Chintan A.
2010-07-14
sensitive to the biological micro- environment, thus providing more information about the tissue as compared to steady state fluorescence. Several groups have demonstrated the application of TRFS as a clinical diagnostic tool using different approaches.13... of fluorescence due to the presence of molecular quenchers such as oxygen32 in the tissue micro environment are difficult to interpret using steady state fluorescence.33 Time resolved measurements measure the lifetimes of the fluorophores. Time resolved...
16. Use of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to evaluate diagnostic value of collagen degradation products.
PubMed
Sikora, Joanna; Cyrankiewicz, Micha?; Wybranowski, Tomasz; Ziomkowska, Blanka; O?mia?owski, Borys; Obo?ska, Ewa; Augusty?ska, Beata; Kruszewski, Stefan; Kubica, Jacek
2015-05-01
The concentration of collagen degradation products (CDPs) may reflect the process of left ventricular remodeling (LVR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential diagnostic usefulness of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) in assessment of CDPs. The preliminary experiment was designed to establish if CDPs’ characteristics might be visible by mean fluorescence lifetime (FLT) in determined conditions. The in vitro model of CDPs was prepared by conducting the hydrolysis of type III collagen. The FLT of samples was measured by the time-resolved spectrometer Life Spec II with the subnanosecond pulsed 360-nm EPLED diode. The FLTs were obtained by deconvolution analysis of the data using a multiexponential model of fluorescence decay. In order to determine the limit of traceability of CDPs, a comparison of different collagen/plasma ratio in samples was performed. The results of our study showed that the increase of added plasma to hydrolyzed collagen extended the mean FLT. Thus, the diagnosis of LVR based on measurements using TRFS is possible. However, it is important to point out the experiment was preliminary and further investigation in this field of research is crucial. PMID:25764396
17. Structure and dynamics of a DNA: polymerase complex by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Millar, David P.; Benkovic, Stephen J.
1990-05-01
The interaction of a fluorescent DNA primer:template with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I has been studied in solution using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The excited-state decay behavior and internal reorientation dynamics of a dansyl sulfonamide probe connected by a propyl chain to a modified uridine base in the primer strand were very sensitive to the local probe environment and exhibited characteristic changes upon binding of Kienow fragment to the DNA and elongation of the primer strand. Between 5 and 7 bases of duplex DNA upstream of the 3' primer terminus were protected from the solvent by the Kienow fragment and the strength of DNA:protein contacts varied within this region, being strongest at the 3' primer terminus. About 5% of the substrates were bound in a second spatially distinct site on the enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis of the Kienow fragment was consistent with this being the active site for 3'->5' exonuclease activity.
18. Time-resolved spectroscopy of the probe fluorescence in the study of human blood protein dynamic structure on SR beam
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dobretsov, G. E.; Kurek, N. K.; Syrejshchikova, T. I.; Yakimenko, M. N.; Clarke, D. T.; Jones, G. R.; Munro, I. H.
2000-06-01
Time-resolved spectroscopy on the SRS of the Daresbury Laboratory was used for the study of the human serum lipoproteins and human blood albumins with fluorescent probes K-37 and K-35, developed in Russia. The probe K-37 was found sensitive to the difference in dynamic properties of the lipid objects. Two sets of the parameters were used for the description of lipid dynamic structure: (1) time-resolved fluorescence spectra and (2) time-resolved fluorescence depolarization as a function of rotational mobility of lipid molecules. Each measured dynamic parameter reflected the monotonous changes of dynamic properties in the range: lipid spheres-very low density lipoproteins-low density lipoproteins-high density lipoproteins-phospholipid liposomes. The range is characterized by the increase of the ratio polar/ nonpolar lipids. Thus, time-resolved fluorescence could be used to detect some structural modifications in lipoproteins related to atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular diseases development.
19. Uranyl sorption onto gibbsite studied by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS).
PubMed
Baumann, Nils; Brendler, Vinzenz; Arnold, Thuro; Geipel, Gerhard; Bernhard, Gert
2005-10-15
Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) was combined with batch experiments to study the sorption of uranium(VI) onto gibbsite (gamma-Al(OH)3). The experiments were performed under ambient conditions in 0.1 M NaClO4 solution in the pH range from 5.0 to 8.5 using a total uranium concentration of 1x10(-5) M, and a solid concentration of 0.5 g/40 ml. Two uranyl surface species with fluorescence lifetimes of 330+/-115 and 5600+/-1640 ns, respectively, were identified. The first species was dominating the more acid pH region whereas the second one became gradually more prominent towards higher pH values. The fluorescence spectra of both adsorbed uranyl(VI) surface species were described with six characteristic fluorescence emission bands situated at 479.5+/-1.1, 497.4+/-0.8, 518.7+/-1.0, 541.6+/-0.7, 563.9+/-1.2, and 585.8+/-2.1 nm. The surface species with the short-lived fluorescence lifetime of 330 ns is attributed to a bidentate mononuclear inner-sphere surface complex in which the uranyl(VI) is bound to two reactive OH- groups at the broken edge linked to one Al. The second surface species with the significant longer fluorescence lifetime of 5600 ns was attributed to small sorbed clusters of polynuclear uranyl(VI) surface species. The longer fluorescence lifetime of the long-lived uranyl surface species at pH 8.5 is explained with the growing average size of the adsorbed polynuclear uranyl surface species. PMID:16129445
20. Light adaptation of the unicellular red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, probed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.
PubMed
Ueno, Yoshifumi; Aikawa, Shimpei; Kondo, Akihiko; Akimoto, Seiji
2015-08-01
Photosynthetic organisms change the quantity and/or quality of their pigment-protein complexes and the interactions among these complexes in response to light conditions. In the present study, we analyzed light adaptation of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, whose pigment composition is similar to that of cyanobacteria because its phycobilisomes (PBS) lack phycoerythrin. C. merolae were grown under different light qualities, and their responses were measured by steady-state absorption, steady-state fluorescence, and picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies. Cells were cultivated under four monochromatic light-emitting diodes (blue, green, yellow, and red), and changes in pigment composition and energy transfer were observed. Cells grown under blue and green light increased their relative phycocyanin levels compared with cells cultured under white light. Energy-transfer processes to photosystem I (PSI) were sensitive to yellow and red light. The contribution of direct energy transfer from PBS to PSI increased only under yellow light, while red light induced a reduction in energy transfer from photosystem II to PSI and an increase in energy transfer from light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex I to PSI. Differences in pigment composition, growth, and energy transfer under different light qualities are discussed. PMID:25577254
1. Adsorption of uranyl on gibbsite: A time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy study.
PubMed
Chang, Hyun-Shik; Korshin, Gregory V; Wang, Zheming; Zachara, John M
2006-02-15
Uranyl adsorbed on gibbsite at pH 4.0-8.0 and ionic strengths (ISs) 0.001-0.4 M (NaClO4) in the absence of carbonate was studied using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLIFS) under cryogenic conditions. TRLIFS data showed the presence of several distinct emission components. Their contributions were determined using the evolving factor analysis approach. Four components denoted as species A, B, C, and D were discerned. Each of them was characterized by a characteristic response to pH and IS changes and also by a unique combination of the values of the fundamental transition energy E0,0, vibronic spacing deltaE, and half-width of the vibronic lines deltaW. Species A and B were major contributors to the overall emission. They were mainly affected by the pH and predominated below and above pH 5.0, respectively. In contrast with that, the contribution of species C was noticeable only at IS = 0.001 M, while it was suppressed or absent at high IS values. It was concluded that species A and B are likely to correspond to inner-sphere surface aluminol complexes =AlO-(UO2)+ and =AlO-(UO2)OH degrees, while species C was hypothesized to correspond to electrostatically bound uranyl complexes (predominantly [UO2(OH)3]-). PMID:16572782
2. Time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of quercetin and morin complexes with Al3+.
PubMed
Gutierrez, Amanda C; Gehlen, Marcelo H
2002-01-01
The association process of Al3+ with quercetin and morin in methanol was studied by electronic absorption and emission spectroscopies. The number of species in solution with different absorption spectra were determined by the method of Rank analysis of the absorbance matrix, and the stoichiometries of the complexes were evaluated using the Job method. The number of fluorescent species in solution were calculated from the Rank analysis method of the time resolved emission spectra (TRES), and compared with a global analysis of the decay surface using a proper multi-exponential decay model. The association of Al3+ with morin gives rise to two complexes with 1:1 and 2:1 (morin: Al3+) stoichiometries, but in both species the association of the cation involves the carbonyl and 3-hydroxyl groups of the pyrone ring. The fluorescence decay surface of this system is biexponential and the lifetimes of the 1:1 and 2:1 complexes are 4.3 and 2.0 ns, respectively. The association of Al3+ with quercetin forms preferentially two complexes with 1:1 and 1:2 (quercetin: Al3+) stoichiometries where the first cation binds to the site of the pyrone ring but the second one is bound to the cathecol group of the molecule. However, the multichelation character of the quercetin ligand allows larger aggregates to be formed, thereby the species Al2Q3 is also detected in methanol. The lifetime of the 1:1 complex is about 2.7 ns, while for 1:2 and 3:2 complexes the lifetimes measured are 3.5 and 1.8 ns, respectively. PMID:11808653
3. Far-field infrared super-resolution microscopy using picosecond time-resolved transient fluorescence detected IR spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sakai, Makoto; Kawashima, Yasutake; Takeda, Akihiro; Ohmori, Tsutomu; Fujii, Masaaki
2007-05-01
A new far-field infrared super-resolution microscopy combining laser fluorescence microscope and picosecond time-resolved transient fluorescence detected IR (TFD-IR) spectroscopy is proposed. TFD-IR spectroscopy is a kind of IR-visible/UV double resonance spectroscopy, and detects IR transitions by the transient fluorescence due to electronic transition originating from vibrationally excited level populated by IR light. IR images of rhodamine-6G solution and of fluorescent beads were clearly observed by monitoring the transient fluorescence. Super-resolution twice higher than the diffraction limit for IR light was achieved. The IR spectrum due to the transient fluorescence was also measured from spatial domains smaller than the diffraction limit.
4. Development of a dual-modal tissue diagnostic system combining time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Yang Sun; Douglas N. Stephens; Javier A. Jo; Lei Sun; Jonathan M. Cannata; Ramez M. G. Saroufeem; K. Kirk Shung; Laura Marcu
2009-01-01
We report a tissue diagnostic system which combines two complementary techniques of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy (UBM). TR-LIFS evaluates the biochemical composition of tissue, while UBM provides tissue microanatomy and enables localization of the region of diagnostic interest. The TR-LIFS component consists of an optical fiber-based time-domain apparatus including a spectrometer, gated multichannel plate photomultiplier,
5. TIME-RESOLVED VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY
SciTech Connect
Andrei Tokmakoff, MIT (Conference Chair) [Conference Chair; Paul Champion, Northeastern University; Edwin J. Heilweil, NIST; Keith A. Nelson, MIT; Larry Ziegler, Boston University
2009-05-14
This document contains the Proceedings from the 14th International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy, which was held in Meredith, NH from May 9-14, 2009. The study of molecular dynamics in chemical reaction and biological processes using time-resolved spectroscopy plays an important role in our understanding of energy conversion, storage, and utilization problems. Fundamental studies of chemical reactivity, molecular rearrangements, and charge transport are broadly supported by the DOE�s Office of Science because of their role in the development of alternative energy sources, the understanding of biological energy conversion processes, the efficient utilization of existing energy resources, and the mitigation of reactive intermediates in radiation chemistry. In addition, time-resolved spectroscopy is central to all five of DOE�s grand challenges for fundamental energy science. The Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy conference is organized biennially to bring the leaders in this field from around the globe together with young scientists to discuss the most recent scientific and technological advances. The latest technology in ultrafast infrared, Raman, and terahertz spectroscopy and the scientific advances that these methods enable were covered. Particular emphasis was placed on new experimental methods used to probe molecular dynamics in liquids, solids, interfaces, nanostructured materials, and biomolecules.
6. Energy transfer in the chlorophyll f-containing cyanobacterium, Halomicronema hongdechloris, analyzed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies.
PubMed
Akimoto, Seiji; Shinoda, Toshiyuki; Chen, Min; Allakhverdiev, Suleyman I; Tomo, Tatsuya
2015-08-01
We prepared thylakoid membranes from Halomicronema hongdechloris cells grown under white fluorescent light or light from far-red (740 nm) light-emitting diodes, and observed their energy-transfer processes shortly after light excitation. Excitation-relaxation processes were examined by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies. Two time-resolved fluorescence techniques were used: time-correlated single photon counting and fluorescence up-conversion methods. The thylakoids from the cells grown under white light contained chlorophyll (Chl) a of different energies, but were devoid of Chl f. At room temperature, the excitation energy was equilibrated among the Chl a pools with a time constant of 6.6 ps. Conversely, the thylakoids from the cells grown under far-red light possessed both Chl a and Chl f. Two energy-transfer pathways from Chl a to Chl f were identified with time constants of 1.3 and 5.0 ps, and the excitation energy was equilibrated between the Chl a and Chl f pools at room temperature. We also examined the energy-transfer pathways from phycobilisome to the two photosystems under white-light cultivation. PMID:25648637
7. Time-Resolved Emission Spectra Of Tryptophan And Proteins From Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Szmacineki, Henryk; Lakowicz, Joseph R.; Johnson, Michael L.
1988-06-01
We report measurements of time-resolved emission spectra of N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide (NATA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, residues 1-24), and of S. Nuclease. These spectra were calculated from the frequency-response of the emission, measured at several wavelengths across the emission spectra. Measurements were performed on samples not quenched and quenched by acrylamide, the latter providing additional information on the short time events. The time-resolved center-of-gravity does not decay as a single exponential. At least two spectral relaxation times are needed to account for the present data. NATA and ACTH each display relaxation times near 50 and 800 ps, which may be characteristic of exposed tryptophan residues. S. nuclease displayed slower relaxation times near 0.5 and 10 ns, which probably reflect the dynamic protein matrix which surrounds the residue.
8. Development of a dual-modal tissue diagnostic system combining time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy
PubMed Central
Sun, Yang; Park, Jesung; Stephens, Douglas N.; Jo, Javier A.; Sun, Lei; Cannata, Jonathan M.; Saroufeem, Ramez M. G.; Shung, K. Kirk; Marcu, Laura
2009-01-01
We report a tissue diagnostic system which combines two complementary techniques of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy (UBM). TR-LIFS evaluates the biochemical composition of tissue, while UBM provides tissue microanatomy and enables localization of the region of diagnostic interest. The TR-LIFS component consists of an optical fiber-based time-domain apparatus including a spectrometer, gated multichannel plate photomultiplier, and fast digitizer. It records the fluorescence with high sensitivity (nM concentration range) and time resolution as low as 300 ps. The UBM system consists of a transducer, pulser, receiving circuit, and positioning stage. The transducer used here is 45 MHz, unfocused, with axial and lateral resolutions 38 and 200 ?m. Validation of the hybrid system and ultrasonic and spectroscopic data coregistration were conducted both in vitro (tissue phantom) and ex vivo (atherosclerotic tissue specimens of human aorta). Standard histopathological analysis of tissue samples was used to validate the UBM-TRLIFS data. Current results have demonstrated that spatially correlated UBM and TR-LIFS data provide complementary characterization of both morphology (necrotic core and calcium deposits) and biochemistry (collagen, elastin, and lipid features) of the atherosclerotic plaques at the same location. Thus, a combination of fluorescence spectroscopy with ultrasound imaging would allow for better identification of features associated with tissue pathologies. Current design and performance of the hybrid system suggests potential applications in clinical diagnosis of atherosclerotic plaque. PMID:19566223
9. Development of a dual-modal tissue diagnostic system combining time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Yang; Park, Jesung; Stephens, Douglas N.; Jo, Javier A.; Sun, Lei; Cannata, Jonathan M.; Saroufeem, Ramez M. G.; Shung, K. Kirk; Marcu, Laura
2009-06-01
We report a tissue diagnostic system which combines two complementary techniques of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) and ultrasonic backscatter microscopy (UBM). TR-LIFS evaluates the biochemical composition of tissue, while UBM provides tissue microanatomy and enables localization of the region of diagnostic interest. The TR-LIFS component consists of an optical fiber-based time-domain apparatus including a spectrometer, gated multichannel plate photomultiplier, and fast digitizer. It records the fluorescence with high sensitivity (nM concentration range) and time resolution as low as 300 ps. The UBM system consists of a transducer, pulser, receiving circuit, and positioning stage. The transducer used here is 45 MHz, unfocused, with axial and lateral resolutions 38 and 200 ?m. Validation of the hybrid system and ultrasonic and spectroscopic data coregistration were conducted both in vitro (tissue phantom) and ex vivo (atherosclerotic tissue specimens of human aorta). Standard histopathological analysis of tissue samples was used to validate the UBM-TRLIFS data. Current results have demonstrated that spatially correlated UBM and TR-LIFS data provide complementary characterization of both morphology (necrotic core and calcium deposits) and biochemistry (collagen, elastin, and lipid features) of the atherosclerotic plaques at the same location. Thus, a combination of fluorescence spectroscopy with ultrasound imaging would allow for better identification of features associated with tissue pathologies. Current design and performance of the hybrid system suggests potential applications in clinical diagnosis of atherosclerotic plaque.
10. Time-resolved spectroscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer in the study of excimer laser damage of chromatin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Radu, L.; Mihailescu, I.; Radu, S.; Gazdaru, D.
2007-09-01
The analysis of chromatin damage produced by a 248 nm excimer laser radiation, for doses of 0.3-3 MJ/m 2 was carried out by time-resolved spectroscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The chromatin was extracted from a normal and a tumoral tissue of Wistar rats. The decrease with laser dose of the relative contribution of the excited state lifetimes of ethidium bromide (EtBr) bounded to chromatin constitutes an evidence of the reduction of chromatin deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double-strand structure. FRET was performed from dansyl chloride to acridine orange, both coupled to chromatin. The increase of the average distance between these ligands, under the action of laser radiation, reflects a loosening of the chromatin structure. The radiosensitivity of tumor tissue chromatin is higher than that of a normal tissue. The determination of the chromatin structure modification in an excimer laser field can be of interest in laser therapy.
11. Short-term light adaptation of a cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, probed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.
PubMed
Akimoto, Seiji; Yokono, Makio; Yokono, Erina; Aikawa, Shimpei; Kondo, Akihiko
2014-08-01
In photosynthetic organisms, the interactions among pigment-protein complexes change in response to light conditions. In the present study, we analyzed the transfer of excitation energy from the phycobilisome (PBS) and photosystem (PS) II to PSI in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. After 20 min of dark adaptation, Synechocystis cells were illuminated for 5 min with strong light with different spectral profiles, blue, green, two kinds of red, and white light. After illumination, the energy-transfer characteristics were evaluated using steady-state fluorescence and picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The fluorescence rise and decay curves were analyzed by global analysis to obtain fluorescence decay-associated spectra, followed by spectral component analysis. Under illumination with strong light, the contribution of the energy transfer from the PSII to PSI (spillover) became greater, and that of the energy transfer from the PBS to PSI decreased; the former change was larger than the latter. The energy transfer pathway to PSI was sensitive to red light. We discuss the short-term adaptation of energy-transfer processes in Synechocystis under strong-light conditions. PMID:24495908
12. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of K-590 in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.
PubMed Central
Atkinson, G H; Blanchard, D; Lemaire, H; Brack, T L; Hayashi, H
1989-01-01
The fluorescence spectrum of a distinct isometric and conformational intermediate formed on the 10(-11) s time scale during the bacteriorhodopsin (BR) photocycle is observed at room temperature using a two laser, pump-probe technique with picosecond time resolution. The BR photocycle is initiated by pulsed (8 ps) excitation at 565 nm, whereas the fluorescence is generated by 4-ps laser pulses at 590 nm. The unstructured fluorescence extends from 650 to 880 nm and appears in the same general spectral region as the fluorescence spectrum assigned to BR-570. The transient fluorescence spectrum can be distinguished from that assigned to BR-570 by a larger emission quantum yield (approximately twice that of BR-570) and by a maximum intensity near 731 nm (shifted 17 nm to higher energy from the maximum of the BR-570 fluorescence spectrum). The fluorescence spectrum of BR-570 only is measured with low energy, picosecond pulsed excitation at 590 nm and is in good agreement with recent data in the literature. The assignment of the transient fluorescence spectrum to the K-590 intermediate is based on its appearance at time delays longer than 40 ps. The K-590 fluorescence spectrum remains unchanged over the entire 40-100-ps interval. The relevance of these fluorescence data with respect to the molecular mechanism used to model the primary processes in the BR photocycle also is discussed. PMID:2713439
13. Time resolved fluorescence of CdSe nanocrystals using single molecule spectroscopy
E-print Network
Fisher, Brent R
2005-01-01
A wide variety of spectroscopic studies of CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) are presented in this thesis, all studying some aspect of the temporal evolution of NC fluorescence tinder different conditions. In particular the methods ...
14. Highly Time Resolved Measurements of OH during POPCORN Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
F. Holland; U. Aschmutat; M. Heßling; A. Hofzumahaus; D. H. Ehhalt
1998-01-01
Tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations were measured by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) during the POPCORN field campaign in August 1994 at a rural site in the North East of Germany. Ambient air spectra were recorded by tuning the laser wavelength over a spectral region covering the Q11(3), Q21(3), and P11(1) rotational transitions of the (0-0) band in the A-X system of
15. Picosecond time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy study of aggregation of porphyrin derivative Mn(3,4,5-OMeTPP)Cl
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Ju-Tao; Yu, Zhen-Xin
1990-04-01
The picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectrum I(?, t) of the porphyrin derivative Mn(3,4,5-OMeTPP)Cl is measured. Experiments show that the fluorescence relaxation of the concentrated sample solution is composed of a fast (ps), a moderately fast (100 ps) and a slow (ns) decay process. Furthermore, the fluorescence spectra for various times after excitation have different shapes. Detailed analysis shows that the fluorescence is composed of three components with different relaxation times and spectrum shapes. The three components are attributed to monomers, dimers, and aggregates respectively.
16. Detection of high-risk atherosclerotic lesions by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy based on the Laguerre deconvolution technique
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jo, J. A.; Fang, Q.; Papaioannou, T.; Qiao, J. H.; Fishbein, M. C.; Beseth, B.; Dorafshar, A. H.; Reil, T.; Baker, D.; Freischlag, J.; Marcu, L.
2006-02-01
This study introduces new methods of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) data analysis for tissue characterization. These analytical methods were applied for the detection of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques. Upon pulsed nitrogen laser (337 nm, 1 ns) excitation, TR-LIFS measurements were obtained from carotid atherosclerotic plaque specimens (57 endarteroctomy patients) at 492 distinct areas. The emission was both spectrally- (360-600 nm range at 5 nm interval) and temporally- (0.3 ns resolution) resolved using a prototype clinically compatible fiber-optic catheter TR-LIFS apparatus. The TR-LIFS measurements were subsequently analyzed using a standard multiexponential deconvolution and a recently introduced Laguerre deconvolution technique. Based on their histopathology, the lesions were classified as early (thin intima), fibrotic (collagen-rich intima), and high-risk (thin cap over necrotic core and/or inflamed intima). Stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) was applied for lesion classification. Normalized spectral intensity values and Laguerre expansion coefficients (LEC) at discrete emission wavelengths (390, 450, 500 and 550 nm) were used as features for classification. The Laguerre based SLDA classifier provided discrimination of high-risk lesions with high sensitivity (SE>81%) and specificity (SP>95%). Based on these findings, we believe that TR-LIFS information derived from the Laguerre expansion coefficients can provide a valuable additional dimension for the diagnosis of high-risk vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.
17. Effect of ouabain on metabolic oxidative state in living cardiomyocytes evaluated by time-resolved spectroscopy of endogenous NAD(P)H fluorescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chorvatova, Alzbeta; Elzwiei, Fathia; Mateasik, Anton; Chorvat, Dusan
2012-10-01
Time-resolved spectrometry of endogenous nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] fluorescence is a useful method to evaluate metabolic oxidative state in living cells. Ouabain is a well-known pharmaceutical drug used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, the effects of which on myocardial metabolism were recently demonstrated. Mechanisms implicated in these actions are still poorly understood. We investigate the effect of ouabain on the metabolic oxidative state of living cardiac cells identified by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of mitochondrial NAD(P)H. Spectral unmixing is used to resolve individual NAD(P)H fluorescence components. Ouabain decreased the integral intensity of NAD(P)H fluorescence, leading to a reduced component amplitudes ratio corresponding to a change in metabolic state. We also noted that lactate/pyruvate, affecting the cytosolic NADH gradient, increased the effect of ouabain on the component amplitudes ratio. Cell oxidation levels, evaluated as the percentage of oxidized NAD(P)H, decreased exponentially with rising concentrations of the cardiac glycoside. Ouabain also stimulated the mitochondrial NADH production. Our study sheds a new light on the role that ouabain plays in the regulation of metabolic state, and presents perspective on a noninvasive, pharmaceutical approach for testing the effect of drugs on the mitochondrial metabolism by means of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in living cells.
18. Photosystem II Does Not Possess a Simple Excitation Energy Funnel: Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy Meets Theory
PubMed Central
2013-01-01
The experimentally obtained time-resolved fluorescence spectra of photosystem II (PS II) core complexes, purified from a thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vulcanus, at 5–180 K are compared with simulations. Dynamic localization effects of excitons are treated implicitly by introducing exciton domains of strongly coupled pigments. Exciton relaxations within a domain and exciton transfers between domains are treated on the basis of Redfield theory and generalized Förster theory, respectively. The excitonic couplings between the pigments are calculated by a quantum chemical/electrostatic method (Poisson-TrEsp). Starting with previously published values, a refined set of site energies of the pigments is obtained through optimization cycles of the fits of stationary optical spectra of PS II. Satisfactorily agreement between the experimental and simulated spectra is obtained for the absorption spectrum including its temperature dependence and the linear dichroism spectrum of PS II core complexes (PS II-CC). Furthermore, the refined site energies well reproduce the temperature dependence of the time-resolved fluorescence spectrum of PS II-CC, which is characterized by the emergence of a 695 nm fluorescence peak upon cooling down to 77 K and the decrease of its relative intensity upon further cooling below 77 K. The blue shift of the fluorescence band upon cooling below 77 K is explained by the existence of two red-shifted chlorophyll pools emitting at around 685 and 695 nm. The former pool is assigned to Chl45 or Chl43 in CP43 (Chl numbering according to the nomenclature of Loll et al. Nature2005, 438, 1040) while the latter is assigned to Chl29 in CP47. The 695 nm emitting chlorophyll is suggested to attract excitations from the peripheral light-harvesting complexes and might also be involved in photoprotection. PMID:23537277
19. Renato Torre Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
E-print Network
Marrucci, Lorenzo
Renato Torre Editor Time-Resolved Spectroscopy in Complex Liquids An Experimental Perspective #12 in these materials. Moreover they prove the feasibility of a fluctuating-friction molecular motor', a concept which
20. Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements for flowing particles
DOEpatents
Deka, C.; Steinkamp, J.A.
1999-06-01
Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements are disclosed for flowing particles. An apparatus and method for the measurement and analysis of fluorescence for individual cells and particles in flow are described, wherein the rapid measurement capabilities of flow cytometry and the robust measurement and analysis procedures of time-domain fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy are combined. A pulse-modulated CW laser is employed for excitation of the particles. The characteristics and the repetition rate of the excitation pulses can be readily adjusted to accommodate for fluorescence decays having a wide range of lifetimes. 12 figs.
1. Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements for flowing particles
DOEpatents
Deka, Chiranjit (Miami, FL); Steinkamp, John A. (Los Alamos, NM)
1999-01-01
Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements for flowing particles. An apparatus and method for the measurement and analysis of fluorescence for individual cells and particles in flow are described, wherein the rapid measurement capabilities of flow cytometry and the robust measurement and analysis procedures of time-domain fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy are combined. A pulse-modulated cw laser is employed for excitation of the particles. The characteristics and the repetition rate of the excitation pulses can be readily adjusted to accommodate for fluorescence decays having a wide range of lifetimes.
2. Interaction of quinine sulfate with anionic micelles of sodium dodecylsulfate: A time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy at different pH.
PubMed
Joshi, Sunita; Pant, Debi D
2015-09-01
Photophysical behavior and rotational relaxation dynamics of quinine sulfate (QS) in anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) at different pH have been studied using steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. It has been observed that the cationic form of quinine sulfate (at pH 2) forms a fluorescent ion pair complex with the surfactant molecules at lower concentrations of surfactant. However, for higher concentrations of SDS, the probe molecules bind strongly with the micelles and reside at the water-micelle interface. At pH 7, QS is singly protonated in bulk aqueous solution. At lower concentrations of SDS aggregation between probe and surfactant molecules has been observed. However, for higher concentrations of SDS, an additional fluorescence peak corresponding to dicationic form of QS appears and this has been attributed to double protonation of the QS molecule in micellar solution. At pH 7, in the presence of SDS micelles, the photophysical properties of QS showed substantial changes compared to that in the bulk water solution. At pH 12, an increase in fluorescence intensity and lifetime has been observed and this has been attributed to the increase in radiative rate due to the incorporation of QS at the micelle-water interface. The local pH at micellar surface has been found different from the pH of bulk solution. PMID:25863459
3. Monitoring Local Unfolding of Bovine Serum Albumin During Denaturation Using Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Denisio M. Togashi; Alan G. Ryder; Domhnall O’Shaughnessy
2010-01-01
In a previous report (J. Fluoresc. 16, 153, 2006) we studied the chaotropiclly induced denaturation of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) using the fluorescence decay\\u000a kinetics at different stages in the denaturation of BSA by guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl). In this work, we gain a more\\u000a detailed insight into the BSA denaturation process by investigating the thermodynamics of the process. Structural changes
4. Time-resolved fluorescence lifetime for cutaneous melanoma detection
PubMed Central
Pires, Layla; Nogueira, Marcelo Saito; Pratavieira, Sebastião; Moriyama, Lilian Tan; Kurachi, Cristina
2014-01-01
Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer type. It is characterized by pigmented lesions with high tissue invasion and metastatic potential. The early detection of melanoma is extremely important to improve patient prognosis and survival rate, since it can progress to the deadly metastatic stage. Presently, the melanoma diagnosis is based on the clinical analysis of the macroscopic lesion characteristics such as shape, color, borders following the ABCD rules. The aim of this study is to evaluate the time-resolved fluorescence lifetime of NADH and FAD molecules to detect cutaneous melanoma in an experimental in vivo model. Forty-two lesions were analyzed and the data was classified using linear discriminant analysis, a sensitivity of 99.4%, specificity of 97.4% and accuracy of 98.4% were achieved. These results show the potential of this fluorescence spectroscopy for melanoma detection. PMID:25401022
5. Time-resolved fluorescence lifetime for cutaneous melanoma detection.
PubMed
Pires, Layla; Nogueira, Marcelo Saito; Pratavieira, Sebastião; Moriyama, Lilian Tan; Kurachi, Cristina
2014-09-01
Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer type. It is characterized by pigmented lesions with high tissue invasion and metastatic potential. The early detection of melanoma is extremely important to improve patient prognosis and survival rate, since it can progress to the deadly metastatic stage. Presently, the melanoma diagnosis is based on the clinical analysis of the macroscopic lesion characteristics such as shape, color, borders following the ABCD rules. The aim of this study is to evaluate the time-resolved fluorescence lifetime of NADH and FAD molecules to detect cutaneous melanoma in an experimental in vivo model. Forty-two lesions were analyzed and the data was classified using linear discriminant analysis, a sensitivity of 99.4%, specificity of 97.4% and accuracy of 98.4% were achieved. These results show the potential of this fluorescence spectroscopy for melanoma detection. PMID:25401022
6. Ultrafast time-resolved vibrational spectroscopies of carotenoids in photosynthesis.
PubMed
Hashimoto, Hideki; Sugisaki, Mitsuru; Yoshizawa, Masayuki
2015-01-01
This review discusses the application of time-resolved vibrational spectroscopies to the studies of carotenoids in photosynthesis. The focus is on the ultrafast time regime and the study of photophysics and photochemistry of carotenoids by femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman and four-wave mixing spectroscopies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vibrational spectroscopies and bioenergetic systems. PMID:25223589
7. Time-resolved fluorescence spectrum of Quinacrine Mustard
Microsoft Academic Search
A. Andreoni; R. Cubeddu; S. de Silvestri; P. Laporta
1980-01-01
Time-resolved fluorescence spectrum of Quinacrine Mustard in acetate buffer solution (pH 4.6) under excitation of subnanosecond laser pulses is reported. The decay curve has been found to consist of three exponential components, whose amplitudes depend on both excitation and observation wavelengths. This behaviour has been attributed to the formation of three protonated species of the molecule in the excited state.
8. The dependence of the ultrafast relaxation kinetics of the S2 and S1 states in ?-carotene homologs and lycopene on conjugation length studied by femtosecond time-resolved absorption and Kerr-gate fluorescence spectroscopies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kosumi, Daisuke; Fujiwara, Masazumi; Fujii, Ritsuko; Cogdell, Richard J.; Hashimoto, Hideki; Yoshizawa, Masayuki
2009-06-01
The ultrafast relaxation kinetics of all-trans-?-carotene homologs with varying numbers of conjugated double bonds n(n =7-15) and lycopene (n =11) has been investigated using femtosecond time-resolved absorption and Kerr-gate fluorescence spectroscopies, both carried out under identical excitation conditions. The nonradiative relaxation rates of the optically allowed S2(1Bu+1) state were precisely determined by the time-resolved fluorescence. The kinetics of the optically forbidden S1(2Ag-1) state were observed by the time-resolved absorption measurements. The dependence of the S1 relaxation rates upon the conjugation length is adequately described by application of the energy gap law. In contrast to this, the nonradiative relaxation rates of S2 have a minimum at n =9 and show a reverse energy gap law dependence for values of n above 11. This anomalous behavior of the S2 relaxation rates can be explained by the presence of an intermediate state (here called the Sx state) located between the S2 and S1 states at large values of n (such as n =11). The presence of such an intermediate state would then result in the following sequential relaxation pathway S2?Sx?S1?S0. A model based on conical intersections between the potential energy curves of these excited singlet states can readily explain the measured relationships between the decay rates and the energy gaps.
9. Time resolved imaging microscopy. Phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence imaging.
PubMed Central
Marriott, G; Clegg, R M; Arndt-Jovin, D J; Jovin, T M
1991-01-01
An optical microscope capable of measuring time resolved luminescence (phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence) images has been developed. The technique employs two phase-locked mechanical choppers and a slow-scan scientific CCD camera attached to a normal fluorescence microscope. The sample is illuminated by a periodic train of light pulses and the image is recorded within a defined time interval after the end of each excitation period. The time resolution discriminates completely against light scattering, reflection, autofluorescence, and extraneous prompt fluorescence, which ordinarily decrease contrast in normal fluorescence microscopy measurements. Time resolved image microscopy produces a high contrast image and particular structures can be emphasized by displaying a new parameter, the ratio of the phosphorescence to fluorescence. Objects differing in luminescence decay rates are easily resolved. The lifetime of the long lived luminescence can be measured at each pixel of the microscope image by analyzing a series of images that differ by a variable time delay. The distribution of luminescence decay rates is displayed directly as an image. Several examples demonstrate the utility of the instrument and the complementarity it offers to conventional fluorescence microscopy. Images FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6 PMID:1723311
10. Motor Oil Classification Based on Time-Resolved Fluorescence
PubMed Central
Mu, Taotao; Chen, Siying; Zhang, Yinchao; Guo, Pan; Chen, He; Meng, Fandong
2014-01-01
A time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) technique is presented for classifying motor oils. The system is constructed with a third harmonic Nd:YAG laser, a spectrometer, and an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) camera. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) measurements are reported for several motor oils. It is found that steady-state fluorescence is insufficient to distinguish the motor oil samples. Then contour diagrams of TRF intensities (CDTRFIs) are acquired to serve as unique fingerprints to identify motor oils by using the distinct TRF of motor oils. CDTRFIs are preferable to steady-state fluorescence spectra for classifying different motor oils, making CDTRFIs a particularly choice for the development of fluorescence-based methods for the discrimination and characterization of motor oils. The two-dimensional fluorescence contour diagrams contain more information, not only the changing shapes of the LIF spectra but also the relative intensity. The results indicate that motor oils can be differentiated based on the new proposed method, which provides reliable methods for analyzing and classifying motor oils. PMID:24988439
11. Enhancement Of Fluorescent Fingerprints By Time-Resolved Imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Menzel, E. R.; Pleil, M.; Gangopadhyay, S.; Borst, W.
1987-01-01
Laser detection of latent fingerprints tends to fail when prints are located on certain types of surface, such as brown cardboard and wood, because the generally weak fingerprint fluorescence is overwhelmed by background luminescence from these substrates. The fingerprint and background fluorescence lifetimes, which are of nanosecond order, were measured for samples of the above surface types and for fingerprints treated by the most successful current detection procedures. Our results indicate that time-resolved imaging can in these situations improve image contrast by about an order of magnitude.
12. Time-resolved fluorescence studied at dielectric interfaces
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Uhl, S.; Krabichler, G.; Rempfer, K.; Oelkrug, D.
1986-03-01
Luminescence spectra, fluorescence decay curves and time-resolved emission spectra of aromatic molecules and aromatics with proton donating or accepting groups adsorbed on low activated dielectric metal oxides have been investigated. The non-exponential decay is assigned to a superposition of monomer and aggregate fluorescence, to different orientation of the transition dipole moments relative to the dielectric surface, and to different chemical nature of the adsorbed species. According to the extremely prolongation of the decay times of aromatics with proton donating and accepting groups it is assumed that these molecules are adsorbed perpendicular to the surface while pure aromatics are flat adsorbed via their aromatic ?-system.
13. Time resolved spectroscopy using synchrotron infrared pulses
SciTech Connect
Carr, G.L. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States). National Synchrotron Light Source; Lobo, R.P.S.M. [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States). National Synchrotron Light Source]|[Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States). Physics Dept.; Hirschmugl, C.J. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., CA (United States). Advanced Light Source; LaVeigne, J.; Reitze, D.H.; Tanner, D.B. [Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States). Physics Dept.
1997-09-01
Electron synchrotron storage rings, such as the VUV ring at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), produce short pulses of infrared (IR) radiation suitable for investigating the time-dependent phenomena in a variety of interesting experimental systems. In contrast to other pulses sources of IR, the synchrotron produces a continuum spectral output over the entire IR (and beyond), though at power levels typically below those obtained from laser systems. The infrared synchrotron radiation (IRSR) source is therefore well-suited as a probe using standard FTIR spectroscopic techniques. Here the authors describe the pump-probe spectroscopy facility being established at the NSLS and demonstrate the technique by measuring the photocarrier decay in a semiconductor.
14. Time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy of black silicon
Microsoft Academic Search
H. P. Porte; D. Turchinovich; P. U. Jepsen; S. Persheyev; Y. Fan; M. J. Rose
2010-01-01
The ultrafast photoconductivity dynamics of black silicon is measured by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. Black silicon is produced by laser annealing of an a-Si:H film. We show that the decay time of the photoconductivity depends on the annealing method and fluence used in the production process.
15. Portable optical oxygen sensor based on time-resolved fluorescence.
PubMed
Chu, Cheng-Shane; Chu, Ssu-Wei
2014-11-10
A new, simple signal processing, low-cost technique for the fabrication of a portable oxygen sensor based on time-resolved fluorescence is described. The sensing film uses the oxygen sensing dye platinum meso-tetra (pentfluorophenyl) porphyrin (PtTFPP) embedded in a polymer matrix. The ratio ?0/?100 measures sensitivity of the sensing film, where ?0 and ?100 represent the detected fluorescence lifetimes from the sensing film exposed to 100% nitrogen and 100% oxygen, respectively. The experimental results reveal that the PtTFPP-doped oxygen sensor has a sensitivity of 2.2 in the 0%-100% range. A preparation procedure for coating the photodiodes with the oxygen sensor film that produces repetitive and reliable sensing devices is proposed. The developed time-resolved optical oxygen sensor is portable, low-cost, has simple signal processing, and lacks optical filter elements. It is a cost-effective alternative to traditional electrochemical-based oxygen sensors and provides a platform for other optical based sensors. PMID:25402987
16. Combined time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy study on the complexation of trivalent actinides with chloride at T = 25-200 °C.
PubMed
Skerencak-Frech, Andrej; Fröhlich, Daniel R; Rothe, Jörg; Dardenne, Kathy; Panak, Petra J
2014-01-21
The complexation of trivalent actinides (An(III)) with chloride is studied in the temperature range from 25 to 200 °C by spectroscopic methods. Time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) is applied to determine the thermodynamic data of Cm(III)-Cl(-) complexes, while extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) is used to determine the structural data of the respective Am(III) complexes. The experiments are performed in a custom-built high-temperature cell which is modified for the respective spectroscopic technique. The TRLFS results show that at 25 °C the speciation is dominated mainly by the Cm(3+) aquo ion. Only a minor fraction of the CmCl(2+) complex is present in solution. As the temperature increases, the fraction of this species decreases further. Simultaneously, the fraction of the CmCl2(+) complex increases strongly with the temperature. Also, the CmCl3 complex is formed to a minor extent at T > 160 °C. The conditional stability constant log ?'2 is determined as a function of the temperature and extrapolated to zero ionic strength with the specific ion interaction theory approach. The log ?°2(T) values increase by more than 3 orders of magnitude in the studied temperature range. The temperature dependency of log ?°2 is fitted by the extended van't Hoff equation to determine ?rH°m, ?rS°m, and ?rC°p,m. The EXAFS results support these findings. The results confirm the absence of americium(III) chloride complexes at T = 25 and 90 °C ([Am(III)] = 10(-3) m, [Cl(-)] = 3.0 m), and the spectra are described by 9-10 oxygen atoms at a distance of 2.44-2.48 Å. At T = 200 °C two chloride ligands are present in the inner coordination sphere of Am(III) at a distance of 2.78 Å. PMID:24383499
17. Soft x-ray time-resolved spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Hai Zhang; Q. L. Yang; B. P. Guo; Han-Ben Niu; Jingzhen Li; Y. C. Wang; Zhong X. Song; Z. L. Liu
1993-01-01
The soft x-ray time-resolved spectroscopy is composed of a soft x-ray spectroscopic head and a soft x-ray streak camera. Because the soft x-ray spectroscopic head possesses a spectral resolution of 0.1 angstrom, the performances of the whole system mainly depend on the characteristics of the soft x-ray streak camera. In this paper, therefore, the design features and characterization of the
18. Proceedings of BiOS, Photonics West 2001, No.4252-27, San Jose, 2001. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Dopamine
E-print Network
Okamoto, Koichi
of approximately 0.80 ns. The influence of deep-UV laser excitation on cells is also discussed for the direct camera. The fluorescence decay curve was fitted by 1-exponentional functions, with the lifetime excited by a ultraviolet (UV) laser light has been shown to be a powerful probe for single cell analysis
19. Time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy: a differential absorption approach.
PubMed
Taroni, Paola; Bassi, Andrea; Spinelli, Lorenzo; Cubeddu, Rinaldo; Pifferi, Antonio
2010-11-01
A method is presented for the estimate of spectral changes in the absorption properties of turbid media from time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy. The method relies on the hypothesis of constant scattering over the wavelength range of interest, but no limitations come from the sample size and shape as the method is derived directly from the Beer-Lambert law. The effects of a moderate spectral dependence of the scattering properties and of the non-ideal instrument response function were investigated theoretically, and the results were confirmed experimentally, showing that the method can be profitably applied in cases of practical interest. PMID:21073789
20. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence of fluorescein derivative for time-resolved and confocal fluorescence imaging.
PubMed
Xiong, Xiaoqing; Song, Fengling; Wang, Jingyun; Zhang, Yukang; Xue, Yingying; Sun, Liangliang; Jiang, Na; Gao, Pan; Tian, Lu; Peng, Xiaojun
2014-07-01
Compared with fluorescence imaging utilizing fluorophores whose lifetimes are in the order of nanoseconds, time-resolved fluorescence microscopy has more advantages in monitoring target fluorescence. In this work, compound DCF-MPYM, which is based on a fluorescein derivative, showed long-lived luminescence (22.11 ?s in deaerated ethanol) and was used in time-resolved fluorescence imaging in living cells. Both nanosecond time-resolved transient difference absorption spectra and time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) were employed to explain the long lifetime of the compound, which is rare in pure organic fluorophores without rare earth metals and heavy atoms. A mechanism of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) that considers the long wavelength fluorescence, large Stokes shift, and long-lived triplet state of DCF-MPYM was proposed. The energy gap (?EST) of DCF-MPYM between the singlet and triplet state was determined to be 28.36 meV by the decay rate of DF as a function of temperature. The ?E(ST) was small enough to allow efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse ISC, leading to efficient TADF at room temperature. The straightforward synthesis of DCF-MPYM and wide availability of its starting materials contribute to the excellent potential of the compound to replace luminescent lanthanide complexes in future time-resolved imaging technologies. PMID:24936960
1. Multidimensional Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Vibrational Coherence in Biopolyenes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Buckup, Tiago; Motzkus, Marcus
2014-04-01
Multidimensional femtosecond time-resolved vibrational coherence spectroscopy allows one to investigate the evolution of vibrational coherence in electronic excited states. Methods such as pump-degenerate four-wave mixing and pump-impulsive vibrational spectroscopy combine an initial ultrashort laser pulse with a nonlinear probing sequence to reinduce vibrational coherence exclusively in the excited states. By carefully exploiting specific electronic resonances, one can detect vibrational coherence from 0 cm-1 to over 2,000 cm-1 and map its evolution. This review focuses on the observation and mapping of high-frequency vibrational coherence for all-trans biological polyenes such as β-carotene, lycopene, retinal, and retinal Schiff base. We discuss the role of molecular symmetry in vibrational coherence activity in the S1 electronic state and the interplay of coupling between electronic states and vibrational coherence.
2. Steady state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of normal and cancerous urine
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rajasekaran, Ramu; Aruna, Prakasa Rao; Balu David, Munusamy; Koteeswaran, Dornadula; Muthuvelu, Kulandaivel; Rai, R.; Ganesan, Singaravelu
2013-03-01
Urine is one of the diagnostically important bio fluids, as it has many metabolites and some of them are native fluorophores. There may be a variation in the distribution and the physiochemical properties of the fluorophores during any metabolic change and pathologic conditions. Native fluorescence spectroscopy has been considered as a promising tool to characterize the fluorophores present in the urine. In this study, we aimed at characterizing the urine of both normal and patients with confirmed cancer using steady state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy at 280 nm and 350 nm excitation. It is observed that the metabolites indoxyl sulphate and neopterin and its derivatives are responsible for altered spectral signatures at 280 nm, and 350 nm excitation. The overall spectral data were subjected to Principal Component Analysis and the resultant components were used as input in the linear discriminant analysis. As a total, 84% and 81.8% of samples were correctly classified at 280 nm and 350 nm respectively.
3. Nanosecond-regime correlation time scales for equilibrium protein structural fluctuations of metal-free cytochrome c from picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and the dynamic Stokes shift.
PubMed
Tripathy, Jagnyaseni; Beck, Warren F
2010-12-01
We used picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the fluorescence Stokes shift (FSS) response function of metal-free (or free-base, fbCytc) cytochrome c under the solution conditions that favor the native states of ferricytochrome c (FeCytc) and Zn(II)-substituted cytochrome c (ZnCytc). The intrinsic porphyrin chromophore serves in these experiments as a fluorescent probe of the structural fluctuations of the surrounding protein and solvent. Demetalation of the porphyrin destabilizes the folded structure of cytochrome c owing to the loss of the axial metal-histidine and metal-methionine bonds. Thus, these experiments examine how the time scales detected in a dynamic solvation experiment in a chromoprotein report changes in the character of motion. The FSS response function in fbCytc in water and pH 7 is well described by a biexponential response over the 100 ps to 50 ns regime with time constants of 1.4 and 9.1 ns; under similar conditions, ZnCytc exhibits a biexponential FSS response with time constants of 250 ps and 1.5 ns [Lampa-Pastirk and Beck, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 16288]. These time constants correspond, respectively, to the correlation time scales for motions of the hydrophobic core and the solvent-contact layer of the protein. Both of the time constants observed in fbCytc are further lengthened upon addition of glycerol to the external solvent so that a significant fraction of the protein dynamics is rendered effectively static on the fluorescence time scale. The solvation reorganization energy, the time-integrated Stokes shift of the fluorescence spectrum, is reduced by about a third to 33 cm(-1) in 50% glycerol from 43 cm(-1) in water. These results are interpreted structurally using a model for Brownian diffusive motion with thermally activated barrier crossings on the protein-folding energy landscape. The results suggest that the mean-squared deviations of the structural fluctuations exhibited by fbCytc are nearly a factor of 10 larger than those of ZnCytc. This conclusion is consistent with the suggestion that fbCytc assumes a dynamic, partially unfolded structure with some of the characteristics of a molten globule. PMID:21077593
4. Time-resolved fluorescence studies of nucleotide flipping by restriction enzymes.
PubMed
Neely, Robert K; Tamulaitis, Gintautas; Chen, Kai; Kubala, Marta; Siksnys, Virginijus; Jones, Anita C
2009-11-01
Restriction enzymes Ecl18kI, PspGI and EcoRII-C, specific for interrupted 5-bp target sequences, flip the central base pair of these sequences into their protein pockets to facilitate sequence recognition and adjust the DNA cleavage pattern. We have used time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of 2-aminopurine-labelled DNA in complex with each of these enzymes in solution to explore the nucleotide flipping mechanism and to obtain a detailed picture of the molecular environment of the extrahelical bases. We also report the first study of the 7-bp cutter, PfoI, whose recognition sequence (T/CCNGGA) overlaps with that of the Ecl18kI-type enzymes, and for which the crystal structure is unknown. The time-resolved fluorescence experiments reveal that PfoI also uses base flipping as part of its DNA recognition mechanism and that the extrahelical bases are captured by PfoI in binding pockets whose structures are quite different to those of the structurally characterized enzymes Ecl18kI, PspGI and EcoRII-C. The fluorescence decay parameters of all the enzyme-DNA complexes are interpreted to provide insight into the mechanisms used by these four restriction enzymes to flip and recognize bases and the relationship between nucleotide flipping and DNA cleavage. PMID:19740769
5. Time-resolved fluorescence studies of nucleotide flipping by restriction enzymes
PubMed Central
Neely, Robert K.; Tamulaitis, Gintautas; Chen, Kai; Kubala, Marta; Siksnys, Virginijus; Jones, Anita C.
2009-01-01
Restriction enzymes Ecl18kI, PspGI and EcoRII-C, specific for interrupted 5-bp target sequences, flip the central base pair of these sequences into their protein pockets to facilitate sequence recognition and adjust the DNA cleavage pattern. We have used time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of 2-aminopurine-labelled DNA in complex with each of these enzymes in solution to explore the nucleotide flipping mechanism and to obtain a detailed picture of the molecular environment of the extrahelical bases. We also report the first study of the 7-bp cutter, PfoI, whose recognition sequence (T/CCNGGA) overlaps with that of the Ecl18kI-type enzymes, and for which the crystal structure is unknown. The time-resolved fluorescence experiments reveal that PfoI also uses base flipping as part of its DNA recognition mechanism and that the extrahelical bases are captured by PfoI in binding pockets whose structures are quite different to those of the structurally characterized enzymes Ecl18kI, PspGI and EcoRII-C. The fluorescence decay parameters of all the enzyme-DNA complexes are interpreted to provide insight into the mechanisms used by these four restriction enzymes to flip and recognize bases and the relationship between nucleotide flipping and DNA cleavage. PMID:19740769
6. Time-resolved spectroscopy of the pulsating CV GW Lib
E-print Network
van Spaandonk, L; Marsh, T R; Torres, M A P
2009-01-01
We present time-resolved optical spectroscopy of the dwarf nova GW Librae during its rare April 2007 super-outburst and compare these with quiescent epochs. The data provide the first opportunity to track the evolution of the principal spectral features. In the early stages of the outburst, the optically thick disc dominates the optical and the line components show clear orbital radial velocity excursions. In the course of several weeks, optically thin regions become more prominent as strong emission lines replace the broad disc absorption. Post-outburst spectroscopy covering the I-band illustrates the advantages of CaII relative to the commonly used Balmer lines when attempting to constrain binary parameters. Due to the lower ionisation energy combined with smaller thermal and shear broadening of these lines, a sharp emission component is seen to be moving in between the accretion disc peaks in the CaII line. No such component is visible in the Balmer lines. We interpret this as an emission component origina...
7. Quantitative Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectrum of the Cortical Sarcoma and the Adjacent Normal Tissue
Microsoft Academic Search
Yuezhi Li; Mingzhao Li; Tao Xu
2007-01-01
The difference in time-resolved fluorescence spectrum between the cortical sarcoma and the adjacent normal tissue was studied\\u000a in both experimental and theoretical ways. The Clinical data were obtained in vivo using a time-resolved fluorescence spectrometer employing a single fiber-optic probe for excitation and detection. Tissue\\u000a was modeled as s-180 sarcoma tumor surrounded with normal muscle and was mediated by the
8. A time-resolved 128128 SPAD camera for laser Raman spectroscopy
E-print Network
Rossman. George R.
A time-resolved 128×128 SPAD camera for laser Raman spectroscopy SPIE Conference, Paper 8374 of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA Abstract In continuous wave (CW) Raman spectroscopy, significant charge coupled devices (iCCDs) or streak cameras. Thus, time- resolved Raman spectroscopy has not been
9. Polar plot representation of time-resolved fluorescence.
PubMed
Eichorst, John Paul; Wen Teng, Kai; Clegg, Robert M
2014-01-01
Measuring changes in a molecule's fluorescence emission is a common technique to study complex biological systems such as cells and tissues. Although the steady-state fluorescence intensity is frequently used, measuring the average amount of time that a molecule spends in the excited state (the fluorescence lifetime) reveals more detailed information about its local environment. The lifetime is measured in the time domain by detecting directly the decay of fluorescence following excitation by short pulse of light. The lifetime can also be measured in the frequency domain by recording the phase and amplitude of oscillation in the emitted fluorescence of the sample in response to repetitively modulated excitation light. In either the time or frequency domain, the analysis of data to extract lifetimes can be computationally intensive. For example, a variety of iterative fitting algorithms already exist to determine lifetimes from samples that contain multiple fluorescing species. However, recently a method of analysis referred to as the polar plot (or phasor plot) is a graphical tool that projects the time-dependent features of the sample's fluorescence in either the time or frequency domain into the Cartesian plane to characterize the sample's lifetime. The coordinate transformations of the polar plot require only the raw data, and hence, there are no uncertainties from extensive corrections or time-consuming fitting in this analysis. In this chapter, the history and mathematical background of the polar plot will be presented along with examples that highlight how it can be used in both cuvette-based and imaging applications. PMID:24108625
10. Monitoring tissue metabolism via time-resolved laser fluorescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Maerz, Holger K.; Buchholz, Rainer; Emmrich, Frank; Fink, Frank; Geddes, Clive L.; Pfeifer, Lutz; Raabe, Ferdinand; Marx, Uwe
1999-05-01
Most assays for drug screening are monitoring the metabolism of cells by detecting the NADH content, which symbolize its metabolic activity, indirectly. Nowadays, the performance of a LASER enables us to monitor the metabolic state of mammalian cells directly and on-line by using time-resolved autofluorescence detection. Therefore, we developed in combination with tissue engineering, an assay for monitoring minor toxic effects of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are accused of inducing Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). Furthermore, we used the Laserfluoroscope (LF) for pharmacological studies on human bone marrow in vitro with special interest in chemotherapy simulation. In cancer research and therapy, the effect of chemostatica in vitro in the so-called oncobiogram is being tested; up to now without great success. However, it showed among other things that tissue structure plays a vital role. Consequently, we succeeded in simulating a chemotherapy in vitro on human bone marrow. Furthermore, after tumor ektomy we were able to distinguish between tumoric and its surrounding healthy tissue by using the LF. With its sensitive detection of metabolic changes in tissues the LF enables a wide range of applications in biotechnology, e.g. for quality control in artificial organ engineering or biocompatability testing.
11. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic study of flavin fluorescence in purified enzymes of bioluminescent bacteria
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vetrova, Elena; Kudryasheva, N.; Cheng, K.
2006-10-01
Time-resolved fluorescence intensity and anisotropy decay measurements have been used to study the environment and rotational mobility of endogenous flavin in two purified enzymes of bioluminescent bacteria, Luciferase from Photobacterium leiognathi and NAD(P)H:FMN-oxidoreductase from Vibrio fischeri. We compared the time-resolved fluorescence parameters, intensity decay lifetimes, rotational correlation times, and their fractional contribution, of the endogeneous flavin fluorescence in each of the two enzymes in the presence or absence of quinones of different structures and redox potentials. The endogeneous flavin exhibited multi-exponential decay characteristics as compared to a single decay lifetime of around 5 ns for free flavin, suggesting a complex and heterogeneous environment of flavin bound to the enzyme. In addition, a significant increase in the rotational correlation time and a certain degree of ordering of the molecule were observed for endogenous flavin when compared to a single and fast rotational correlation time of 150 ps of free flavin. Quinone significantly altered both the lifetime and rotational characteristics of endogenous flavin suggesting specific interactions of quinones to the endogeneous flavin in the bacterial enzyme.
12. Evidence of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles produced in premixed flames by time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy
SciTech Connect
Bruno, A.; de Lisio, C. [Centro di Ricerca e Sviluppo ''Coherentia,'' C.N.R.-I.N.F.M., Unita di Ricerca di Napoli, and Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Universita di Napoli ''Federico II,'' Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli (Italy); Minutolo, P. [Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80126, Napoli (Italy); D'Alessio, A. [Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Universita di Napoli ''Federico II,'' P.le Tecchio, 80, 80126, Napoli (Italy)
2007-11-15
In this work we report on the analysis of combustion-generated nano-organic carbon (NOC) particles by means of time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy (TRFPA). NOC samples were collected in water from nonsooting regions of ethylene/air laminar flames. The size of collected particles was determined with subnanometer accuracy by exploiting femtosecond laser pulses as an excitation source. Moreover, the TRFPA measurements were realized by selecting narrow-wavelength bands within the fluorescence spectrum. With this procedure, the ensemble-averaged size of particles emitting in the selected fluorescence band was determined, to provide additional information on composition and spectroscopic properties of the investigated particles. In particular, the NOC samples consisted of two groups of particles, preferentially emitting in two distinct wavelength bands: smaller particles, with diameter d=1-1.5nm, mostly fluorescing in the UV ({lambda}{proportional_to}300-470nm), and larger particles, d>2nm, fluorescing in the visible ({lambda}{proportional_to}490-580nm). The results of this work strongly support the attribution of UV/visible fluorescence generally detected in flames to nanoparticles. They also evidence that nanoparticles undergo a chemical transformation during the growth process, which produces a red shift in the fluorescence spectrum. (author)
13. Light-harvesting ability of the fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding protein associated with photosystem II from the Diatom Chaetoceros gracilis as revealed by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.
PubMed
Nagao, Ryo; Yokono, Makio; Teshigahara, Ayaka; Akimoto, Seiji; Tomo, Tatsuya
2014-05-15
The fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding protein (FCP) is a unique antenna complex possessed by diatoms. Although FCP complexes have been isolated from various diatoms, there is no direct evidence for the existence of FCP associated with photosystem II (FCPII). Here, we report the isolation and spectroscopic characterization of FCPII complex from the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis. The FCPII complex was purified using sucrose centrifugation and anion-exchange chromatography. Clear-native PAGE and SDS-PAGE analyses revealed that the FCPII complex was composed of FCP-A oligomer and FCP-B/C trimer. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra of the FCPII complex were measured at 77 K. The characteristic lifetimes and fluorescence components were determined using global fitting analysis, followed by the construction of fluorescence decay-associated spectra (FDAS). FDAS exhibited fluorescence rises and decays, reflecting excitation energy transfer, with the time constants of 150 ps, 800 ps, and 2.9 ns. The long time constants are most likely attributed to the intercomplex excitation energy transfer between FCP-A oligomer and FCP-B/C trimer in the FCPII complex. The 5.6 ns FDAS likely originates from the final energy traps. In contrast, the FDAS exhibited no quenching component with any time constant. These results indicate that the FCPII complex is efficient in light harvesting and excitation energy transfer. PMID:24773012
14. Optical biopsy of benign and malignant tissue by time resolved spectroscopy.
PubMed
Masilamani, V; Das, B B; Secor, J; AlSalhi, M; Devanesan, S; Prasad, S; Rabah, D; Alfano, R R
2013-12-01
Pathological condition of malignant tissue could be analyzed by spectral domain or time domain spectroscopy, the two being the complementary to each other in optical biopsy (OB) of cancer. This paper reports results of time resolved emission spectroscopy (TRS) of 24 excised tissue samples of breast and prostate (normal control = 12; benign = 4; malignant = 8), employing a 390 nm, 100 fs, Ti-Sapphire laser pulses.The fluorescence decay times were measured using streak camera and the resultant data were fitted for single and bi-exponential decays with reliability of 97%. Our results show the distinct difference between normal, benign and malignant tissues mostly due to the emission spectra of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH), Flavin Mononucleotide (FAD) and also due to the heterogeneity of micro environments associated with the diseased tissues. In this short report, fit is also shown that TRS of breast tissues are similar to those of prostate tissues. PMID:23745786
15. Studies of Minerals, Organic and Biogenic Materials through Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Garcia, Christopher S.; Abedin, M. Nurul; Ismail, Syed; Sharma, Shiv K.; Misra, Anupam K.; Nyugen, Trac; Elsayed-Ali, hani
2009-01-01
A compact remote Raman spectroscopy system was developed at NASA Langley Research center and was previously demonstrated for its ability to identify chemical composition of various rocks and minerals. In this study, the Raman sensor was utilized to perform time-resolved Raman studies of various samples such as minerals and rocks, Azalea leaves and a few fossil samples. The Raman sensor utilizes a pulsed 532 nm Nd:YAG laser as excitation source, a 4-inch telescope to collect the Raman-scattered signal from a sample several meters away, a spectrograph equipped with a holographic grating, and a gated intensified CCD (ICCD) camera system. Time resolved Raman measurements were carried out by varying the gate delay with fixed short gate width of the ICCD camera, allowing measurement of both Raman signals and fluorescence signals. Rocks and mineral samples were characterized including marble, which contain CaCO3. Analysis of the results reveals the short (approx.10-13 s) lifetime of the Raman process, and shows that Raman spectra of some mineral samples contain fluorescence emission due to organic impurities. Also analyzed were a green (pristine) and a yellow (decayed) sample of Gardenia leaves. It was observed that the fluorescence signals from the green and yellow leaf samples showed stronger signals compared to the Raman lines. Moreover, it was also observed that the fluorescence of the green leaf was more intense and had a shorter lifetime than that of the yellow leaf. For the fossil samples, Raman shifted lines could not be observed due the presence of very strong short-lived fluorescence.
16. Investigations of protein-protein interactions using time-resolved fluorescence and phasors.
PubMed
Jameson, David M; Vetromile, Carissa M; James, Nicholas G
2013-03-01
Protein interactions are critical for biological specificity and techniques able to characterize these interactions are of fundamental importance in biochemistry and cell biology. Fluorescence methodologies have been extremely useful for studying many biological systems including protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions. In this review we focus on the application of time-resolved fluorescence approaches to macromolecular systems. We also include a detailed discussion of a relatively new time-resolved technique, the phasor method, for studying protein interactions both in vitro and in live cells. PMID:23348372
17. Conductivity of ZnO Nanowires, Nanoparticles, and Thin Films Using Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy
E-print Network
Conductivity of ZnO Nanowires, Nanoparticles, and Thin Films Using Time-Resolved Terahertz of nanostructured ZnO have been determined using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy, a noncontact optical probe. ZnO properties were measured directly for thin films and were extracted from measurements of nanowire
18. Ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy of the light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) from the photosynthetic bacterium Thermochromatium tepidum
SciTech Connect
Niedzwiedzki, Dariusz M. [Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States); Fuciman, Marcel [Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (United States); Kobayashi, Masayuki [Ariake National College of Technology, Fukuoka (Japan); Frank, Harry A. [Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (United States); Blankenship, Robert E. [Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States)
2011-10-01
The light-harvesting complex 2 from the thermophilic purple bacterium Thermochromatium tepidum was purified and studied by steady-state absorption and fluorescence, sub-nanosecond-time-resolved fluorescence and femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. The measurements were performed at room temperature and at 10 K. The combination of both ultrafast and steady-state optical spectroscopy methods at ambient and cryogenic temperatures allowed the detailed study of carotenoid (Car)-to-bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) as well BChl-to-BChl excitation energy transfer in the complex. The studies show that the dominant Cars rhodopin (N = 11) and spirilloxanthin (N = 13) do not play a significant role as supportive energy donors for BChl a. This is related with their photophysical properties regulated by long ?-electron conjugation. On the other hand, such properties favor some of the Cars, particularly spirilloxanthin (N = 13) to play the role of the direct quencher of the excited singlet state of BChl.
19. Diffuse optical fluorescence tomography using time-resolved data acquired in transmission
E-print Network
Friedlander, Michael P.
Diffuse optical fluorescence tomography using time-resolved data acquired in transmission Frederic constraints adapted for optical problems where a physical non-negative constraint can be imposed. Finally, we the deep interior of highly scattering biological tissues. A novelty in our tomography algorithm
20. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy (TRVS XIV)
E-print Network
Tokmakoff, Andrei
2011-08-31
Abstracts of presentations made at the Fourteenth International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy (TRVS XIV) held May 9-14, 2009 in Meredith, New Hampshire. TRVS is a series of biennial conferences ...
1. Time-resolved phase-sensitive second harmonic generation spectroscopy.
PubMed
Nowakowski, Pawe? J; Woods, David A; Bain, Colin D; Verlet, Jan R R
2015-02-28
A methodology based on time-resolved, phase-sensitive second harmonic generation (SHG) for probing the excited state dynamics of species at interfaces is presented. It is based on an interference measurement between the SHG from the sample and a local oscillator generated at a reference together with a lock-in measurement to remove the large constant offset from the interference. The technique is characterized by measuring the phase and excited state dynamics of the dye malachite green at the water/air interface. The key attributes of the technique are that the observed signal is directly proportional to sample concentration, in contrast to the quadratic dependence from non-phase sensitive SHG, and that the real and imaginary parts of the 2nd order non-linear susceptibility can be determined independently. We show that the method is highly sensitive and can provide high quality excited state dynamics in short data acquisition times. PMID:25725724
2. Time-resolved phase-sensitive second harmonic generation spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nowakowski, Pawe? J.; Woods, David A.; Bain, Colin D.; Verlet, Jan R. R.
2015-02-01
A methodology based on time-resolved, phase-sensitive second harmonic generation (SHG) for probing the excited state dynamics of species at interfaces is presented. It is based on an interference measurement between the SHG from the sample and a local oscillator generated at a reference together with a lock-in measurement to remove the large constant offset from the interference. The technique is characterized by measuring the phase and excited state dynamics of the dye malachite green at the water/air interface. The key attributes of the technique are that the observed signal is directly proportional to sample concentration, in contrast to the quadratic dependence from non-phase sensitive SHG, and that the real and imaginary parts of the 2nd order non-linear susceptibility can be determined independently. We show that the method is highly sensitive and can provide high quality excited state dynamics in short data acquisition times.
3. Use of Time-Resolved Fluorescence to Monitor Bioactive Compounds in Plant Based Foodstuffs.
PubMed
Lemos, M Adília; Sárniková, Katarína; Bot, Francesca; Anese, Monica; Hungerford, Graham
2015-01-01
The study of compounds that exhibit antioxidant activity has recently received much interest in the food industry because of their potential health benefits. Most of these compounds are plant based, such as polyphenolics and carotenoids, and there is a need to monitor them from the field through processing and into the body. Ideally, a monitoring technique should be non-invasive with the potential for remote capabilities. The application of the phenomenon of fluorescence has proved to be well suited, as many plant associated compounds exhibit fluorescence. The photophysical behaviour of fluorescent molecules is also highly dependent on their microenvironment, making them suitable probes to monitor changes in pH, viscosity and polarity, for example. Time-resolved fluorescence techniques have recently come to the fore, as they offer the ability to obtain more information, coupled with the fact that the fluorescence lifetime is an absolute measure, while steady state just provides relative and average information. In this work, we will present illustrative time-resolved measurements, rather than a comprehensive review, to show the potential of time-resolved fluorescence applied to the study of bioactive substances. The aim is to help assess if any changes occur in their form, going from extraction via storage and cooking to the interaction with serum albumin, a principal blood transport protein. PMID:26132136
4. A fluorescence LIDAR sensor for hyper-spectral time-resolved remote sensing and mapping.
PubMed
Palombi, Lorenzo; Alderighi, Daniele; Cecchi, Giovanna; Raimondi, Valentina; Toci, Guido; Lognoli, David
2013-06-17
In this work we present a LIDAR sensor devised for the acquisition of time resolved laser induced fluorescence spectra. The gating time for the acquisition of the fluorescence spectra can be sequentially delayed in order to achieve fluorescence data that are resolved both in the spectral and temporal domains. The sensor can provide sub-nanometric spectral resolution and nanosecond time resolution. The sensor has also imaging capabilities by means of a computer-controlled motorized steering mirror featuring a biaxial angular scanning with 200 ?radiant angular resolution. The measurement can be repeated for each point of a geometric grid in order to collect a hyper-spectral time-resolved map of an extended target. PMID:23787661
5. Locating and classifying fluorescent tags behind turbid layers using time-resolved inversion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Satat, Guy; Heshmat, Barmak; Barsi, Christopher; Raviv, Dan; Chen, Ou; Bawendi, Moungi G.; Raskar, Ramesh
2015-04-01
The use of fluorescent probes and the recovery of their lifetimes allow for significant advances in many imaging systems, in particular, medical imaging systems. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate reconstructing the locations and lifetimes of fluorescent markers hidden behind a turbid layer. This opens the door to various applications for non-invasive diagnosis, analysis, flowmetry and inspection. The method is based on a time-resolved measurement that captures information about both fluorescence lifetime and spatial position of the probes. To reconstruct the scene, the method relies on a sparse optimization framework to invert time-resolved measurements. This wide-angle technique does not rely on coherence, and does not require the probes to be directly in line of sight of the camera, making it potentially suitable for long-range imaging.
6. Locating and classifying fluorescent tags behind turbid layers using time-resolved inversion.
PubMed
Satat, Guy; Heshmat, Barmak; Barsi, Christopher; Raviv, Dan; Chen, Ou; Bawendi, Moungi G; Raskar, Ramesh
2015-01-01
The use of fluorescent probes and the recovery of their lifetimes allow for significant advances in many imaging systems, in particular, medical imaging systems. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate reconstructing the locations and lifetimes of fluorescent markers hidden behind a turbid layer. This opens the door to various applications for non-invasive diagnosis, analysis, flowmetry and inspection. The method is based on a time-resolved measurement that captures information about both fluorescence lifetime and spatial position of the probes. To reconstruct the scene, the method relies on a sparse optimization framework to invert time-resolved measurements. This wide-angle technique does not rely on coherence, and does not require the probes to be directly in line of sight of the camera, making it potentially suitable for long-range imaging. PMID:25865155
7. CMOS time-resolved, contact, and multispectral fluorescence imaging for DNA molecular diagnostics.
PubMed
Guo, Nan; Cheung, Kawai; Wong, Hiu Tong; Ho, Derek
2014-01-01
Instrumental limitations such as bulkiness and high cost prevent the fluorescence technique from becoming ubiquitous for point-of-care deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection and other in-field molecular diagnostics applications. The complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, as benefited from process scaling, provides several advanced capabilities such as high integration density, high-resolution signal processing, and low power consumption, enabling sensitive, integrated, and low-cost fluorescence analytical platforms. In this paper, CMOS time-resolved, contact, and multispectral imaging are reviewed. Recently reported CMOS fluorescence analysis microsystem prototypes are surveyed to highlight the present state of the art. PMID:25365460
8. Frame-Transfer Gating Raman Spectroscopy for Time-Resolved Multiscalar Combustion Diagnostics
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nguyen, Quang-Viet; Fischer, David G.; Kojima, Jun
2011-01-01
Accurate experimental measurement of spatially and temporally resolved variations in chemical composition (species concentrations) and temperature in turbulent flames is vital for characterizing the complex phenomena occurring in most practical combustion systems. These diagnostic measurements are called multiscalar because they are capable of acquiring multiple scalar quantities simultaneously. Multiscalar diagnostics also play a critical role in the area of computational code validation. In order to improve the design of combustion devices, computational codes for modeling turbulent combustion are often used to speed up and optimize the development process. The experimental validation of these codes is a critical step in accepting their predictions for engine performance in the absence of cost-prohibitive testing. One of the most critical aspects of setting up a time-resolved stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) diagnostic system is the temporal optical gating scheme. A short optical gate is necessary in order for weak SRS signals to be detected with a good signal- to-noise ratio (SNR) in the presence of strong background optical emissions. This time-synchronized optical gating is a classical problem even to other spectroscopic techniques such as laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) or laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Traditionally, experimenters have had basically two options for gating: (1) an electronic means of gating using an image intensifier before the charge-coupled-device (CCD), or (2) a mechanical optical shutter (a rotary chopper/mechanical shutter combination). A new diagnostic technology has been developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center that utilizes a frame-transfer CCD sensor, in conjunction with a pulsed laser and multiplex optical fiber collection, to realize time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of turbulent flames that is free from optical background noise (interference). The technology permits not only shorter temporal optical gating (down to <1 s, in principle), but also higher optical throughput, thus resulting in a substantial increase in measurement SNR.
9. A review of the analysis of complex time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy data
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Smith, Trevor A.; Ghiggino, Kenneth P.
2015-06-01
Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements (TRAMs) are widely used to probe the dynamics of the various processes that can lead to the depolarisation of emission following photoselection by polarised excitation. The most commonly investigated of these emission depolarising phenomena is molecular rotational motion, but TRAMs are very useful for determining the kinetics of a host of other processes. In this paper we review several examples for which we have observed in our laboratories initially unexpectedly complex temporal behaviour of the time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy signal from relatively ‘simple’ chemical systems. In certain circumstances the anisotropy (i) decays on timescales when superficially it might be thought it should remain constant, (ii) shows marked ‘dip and rise’ behaviour in its intensity, or (iii) can change sign as the anisotropy evolves in time. Fundamentally simple processes, including molecular rotational motion, energy migration and excited state photophysics, can cause such behaviour.
10. Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
M. Drescher; M. Hentschel; R. Kienberger; M. Uiberacker; V. Yakovlev; A. Scrinzi; Th. Westerwalbesloh; U. Kleineberg; U. Heinzmann; F. Krausz
2002-01-01
The characteristic time constants of the relaxation dynamics of core-excited atoms have hitherto been inferred from the linewidths of electronic transitions measured by continuous-wave extreme ultraviolet or X-ray spectroscopy. Here we demonstrate that a laser-based sampling system, consisting of a few-femtosecond visible light pulse and a synchronized sub-femtosecond soft X-ray pulse, allows us to trace these dynamics directly in the
11. BHHST: An improved lanthanide chelate for time-resolved fluorescence applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Connally, Russell; Jin, Dayong; Piper, James
2005-04-01
The detection of the waterborne pathogens Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental water bodies requires concentration of large volumes of water due to the low dose required for infection. The highly concentrated (10,000-fold) water sample is often rich in strongly autofluorescent algae, organic debris and mineral particles that can obscure immunofluorescently labeled (oo)cysts during analysis. Time-resolved fluorescence techniques exploit the long fluorescence lifetimes of lanthanide chelates (ms) to differentiate target fluorescence from background autofluorescence (ns). Relatively simple instrumentation can be used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of labelled target. Time-resolved fluorescence techniques exploit the large difference in lifetime by briefly exciting fluorescence from the sample using a pulsed excitation source. Capture of the resulting fluorescence emission is delayed until the more rapidly decaying autofluorescence has faded beyond detection, whereon the much stronger and slower fading emission from labelled target is collected. BHHCT is a tetradentate beta-diketone chelate that is activated to bind with protein (antibody) as the chlorosulfonate. The high activity of this residue makes conjugations difficult to control and can lead to the formation of unstable immunoconjugates. To overcome these limitations a 5-atom hydrophylic molecular tether was attached to BHHCT via the chlorosulfonate and the BHHCT derivative was then activated to bind to proteins as the succinimide. The new compound (BHHST) could be prepared in high purity and was far more stable than the chlorosulfonate on storage. A high activity immunocojugate was prepared against Cryptosporidium that yielded an 8-fold increase in SNR using a lab-built time-resolved fluorescence microscope.
12. Combining precision spin-probe partitioning with time-resolved fluorescence quenching to study micelles
Microsoft Academic Search
Miroslav Peric; Marilene Alves; Barney L. Bales
2006-01-01
Micelles of lysomyristoylphosphatidylcholine (LMPC) and mixed micelles of LMPC with anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) have been characterized by spin-probe-partitioning electron paramagnetic resonance (SPPEPR) and time-resolved fluorescence quenching (TRFQ) experiments. SPPEPR is a novel new method to study structure and dynamics in lipid assemblies successfully applied here for the first time to micelles. Several improvements to the computer program
13. Time-resolvable fluorescent conjugates for the detection of pathogens in environmental samples containing autofluorescent material
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Connally, Russell; Veal, Duncan; Piper, James A.
2003-07-01
Water is routinely monitored for environmental pathogens such a Cryptosporidium and Giardia using immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). Autofluorescence can greatly diminish an operators capacity to resolve labeled pathogens from non-specific background. Naturally fluorescing components (autofluorophores) encountered in biological samples typically have fluorescent lifetimes (?) of less than 100 nanoseconds and their emissions may be excluded through use of time-resolved fluorescence microscopy (TRFM). TRFM relies on the large differences in ? between autofluorescent molecules and long-lived lanthanide chelates. In TRFM, targets labeled with a time-resolvable fluorescent immunoconjugate are excited by an intense (UV) light pulse. A short delay is imposed to permit the decay of autofluorescence before capture of luminescence from the excited chelate using an image intensified CCD camera. In our experience, autofluorescence can be reduced to insignificant levels with a consequent 30-fold increase in target visibility using TRFM techniques. We report conjugation of a novel europium chelate to a monoclonal antibody specific for Giardia lamblia and use of the immunoconjugate for TRFM studies. Initial attempts to conjugate the same chelate to a monoclonal antibody directed against Cryptosporidium parvum led to poorly fluorescent constructs that were prone to denature and precipitate. We successfully conjugated BHHCT to anti-mouse polyvalent immunoglobulin and used this construct to overcome the difficulties in direct labeling of the anti-Cryptosporidium antibody. Both Giardia and Cryptosporidium were labeled using the anti-mouse protocol with a subsequent 20-fold and 6.6-fold suppression of autofluorescence respectively. A rapid protocol for conjugating and purifying the immunoconjugate was found and methods of quantifying the fluorescence to protein ratio determined. Performance of our TRFM was dependent on the quality and brightness of the immunoconjugate and optimization of the conjugation process is necessary to reap the full benefit of time-resolved techniques.
14. Mechanism of response of potential-sensitive dyes studied by time-resolved fluorescence
PubMed Central
Das, Tapan K.; Periasamy, N.; Krishnamoorthy, G.
1993-01-01
The mechanism of response of two potential-sensitive dyes, diOC2(5) (3,3?-diethyloxadicarbocyanine iodide) and oxonol V (bis-[3-phenyl-5-oxoisoxazol-4-yl]pentamethine oxonol), were studied by using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. The lipid concentration dependence of the ?? (membrane potential)-induced change in total fluorescence intensity was quite different for these two dyes. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements showed that the fluorescence decay of these dyes in membranes could be resolved into at least three exponentials. ??-induced changes in the levels of these three populations were also measured under a variety of conditions. In the case of diOC2(5) an inside negative ?? increased the levels of the bound forms. This shows that diOC2(5) responds to ?? mainly by an “on-off” mechanism whereby ?? perturbs the membrane-water partition coefficient of the dye. The ??-induced changes approached zero when the dye was totally membrane bound. In contrast, the ??-induced response of oxonol V increased with increased membrane binding. An inside negative ?? decreased the level of the bound form with a longer lifetime. This shows that the mechanism of response of oxonol V is a ??-induced shift in the equilibrium between bound forms of the dye. PMID:19431883
15. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy of HIV-1 protease inhibitor complexes correlates with inhibitory activity.
PubMed
Kungl, A J; Visser, N V; van Hoek, A; Visser, A J; Billich, A; Schilk, A; Gstach, H; Auer, M
1998-03-01
The tryptophan time-resolved fluorescence intensity and anisotropy of the HIV-1 protease dimer is shown to be a quick and efficient method for the conformational characterization of protease inhibitor complexes. Four fluorescence lifetimes were needed to adequately describe the fluorescence decay of the two tryptophan residues, W6 and W42, per protease monomer. As a result of the wavelength dependence of the respective amplitudes, the 2.06 ns and the 4.46 ns decay constants were suggested to be the intrinsic fluorescence lifetimes of the more solvent-exposed W6 and the less exposed W42 residues, respectively. Analysis of the fluorescence anisotropy decay yielded a short correlation time of 250 ps corresponding to local chromophore motions, and a long correlation time of 12.96 ns resulting from overall rotation of the protease enzyme. Fluorescence lifetimes and rotational correlation times changed when inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease were added. The effects of 11 different inhibitors including statine-derived, hydroxyethylamine-derived, and 2 symmetrical inhibitors on the protease fluorescence dynamics were investigated. Inhibitor binding is shown to induce an increase of the mean fluorescence lifetime taumean, an increase of the short rotational correlation time phi1, as well as a decrease of the long rotational correlation time phi2. The mean rotational correlation time phimean was identified as the global dynamic parameter for a given molecular complex, which correlates with the inhibitor dissociation constant Ki, and therefore with the activity of the inhibitor. PMID:9485428
16. Time-resolved tryptophan fluorescence in photosynthetic reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Godik, V. I.; Blankenship, R. E.; Causgrove, T. P.; Woodbury, N.
1993-01-01
Tryptophan fluorescence of reaction centers isolated from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, both stationary and time-resolved, was studied. Fluorescence kinetics were found to fit best a sum of four discrete exponential components. Half of the initial amplitude was due to a component with a lifetime of congruent to 60 ps, belonging to Trp residues, capable of efficient transfer of excitation energy to bacteriochlorophyll molecules of the reaction center. The three other components seem to be emitted by Trp ground-state conformers, unable to participate in such a transfer. Under the influence of intense actinic light, photooxidizing the reaction centers, the yield of stationary fluorescence diminished by congruent to 1.5 times, while the number of the kinetic components and their life times remained practically unchanged. Possible implications of the observed effects for the primary photosynthesis events are considered.
17. Time-resolved wavelength modulation spectroscopy measurements of HO2 kinetics
E-print Network
and Daniel B. Oh High-frequency wavelength modulation spectroscopy WMS has been applied to the detection with a 1.5- m diode laser directly modulated at 5 MHz. The measured 2f WMS signal is calibrated by direct line at 6625.80 cm 1 . The utility of time-resolved WMS as a second-order kinetics probe
18. Time-Resolved Areal-Density Measurements with Proton Spectroscopy in Spherical Implosions
E-print Network
Time-Resolved Areal-Density Measurements with Proton Spectroscopy in Spherical Implosions V. A areal-density near peak compression of direct-drive spherical target implosions has been inferred reaching 123 16 mg=cm2 at peak compression in the implosion of a 950-m-diam, 20-m-thick plastic CH capsule
19. Time-resolved optical spectroscopy of the chest: is it possible to probe the lung?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Quarto, G.; Farina, A.; Pifferi, A.; Taroni, P.; Miniati, M.
2013-06-01
Monte Carlo simulations and preliminary time-resolved spectroscopy measurements were performed to investigate the feasibility of the in vivo optical diagnostics of lung conditions and diseases. Absorption and reduced scattering properties of the chest, arising from in vivo spectral measurements on volunteers are presented.
20. Time-resolved photoelectron nano-spectroscopy of individual silver particles
E-print Network
Aeschlimann, Martin
silver particles, which were deposited from a gas aggregation cluster source onto a silicon substrate. We of small silver nanoparticles deposited onto a surface from a gas aggregation cluster source. We showTime-resolved photoelectron nano-spectroscopy of individual silver particles: Perspectives
1. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Electrostatic Discharge and Secondary Arc Plasma on Spacecraft Solar Array
Microsoft Academic Search
Jean-Charles Mateo-Velez; Virginie Inguimbert; Kazuhiro Toyoda; Denis Payan; Nicolas Balcon
2012-01-01
Primary electrostatic discharges (ESD) and secondary arcs on spacecraft solar panels are simulated experimentally by introducing a needle trigger and investigated with a time-resolved emission spectroscopy method. The total spectral domain investigated ranges from 220 to 750 nm. An innovative active method has been developed in order to initiate ESD at a controllable time and location on triple-junction solar cells.
2. Time-resolved imaging of fluorescent inclusions in optically turbid medium — phantom study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kacprzak, M.; Liebert, A.; Sawosz, P.; ?o?ek, N.; Milej, D.; Maniewski, R.
2010-03-01
We present results of application of a time-resolved optical system for imaging of fluorescence excited in an inclusion containing indocyanine green (ICG), and located in optically turbid medium. The developed imaging system enabled simultaneous acquisition of fluorescence and diffusive reflectance. Eight independent time-resolved measurement channels based on time-correlated single photon counting technique were applied. In four of these channels, used for the fluorescence detection, sets of filters were applied in order to block the excitation light. Fast optomechanical switches allowed us to illuminate sequentially nine different spots on the surface of the studied object and finally 4×4 pixels maps at excitation and emission wavelengths were obtained. A liquid phantom used in this study consists of the fish tank filed with a solution ofmilk and water with black ink added to obtain optical properties in the range of the optical properties typical for the living tissue. A gel ball of a diameter of 5 mm with precisely controlled concentration of ICG was immersed in the liquid. The measurements were performed for inclusion located at different depths and for various ICG concentrations in the gel ball and in the surrounding liquid. The recorded distributions of times of arrival (DTA) of fluorescence photons and times of flight (DTOF) of diffusely reflected photons were analyzed by calculation of their statistical moments. We observed specific changes in moments of the measured DTAs as a function of depth of immersion of the fluorescent inclusion in the medium. We noted also that the changes of moments depend significantly on concentration of the dye in the fluorescence inclusion as well as in the surrounding liquid.
3. A Vertically Integrated CMOS Microsystem for Time-Resolved Fluorescence Analysis
Microsoft Academic Search
Bruce R. Rae; Jingbin Yang; Jonathan McKendry; Zheng Gong; David Renshaw; John M. Girkin; Erdan Gu; Martin D. Dawson; Robert K. Henderson
2010-01-01
We describe a two-chip micro-scale time-resolved fluorescence analyzer integrating excitation, detection, and filtering. A new 8×8 array of drivers realized in standard low-voltage 0.35-?m complementary metal-oxide semiconductor is bump-bonded to AlInGaN blue micro-pixellated light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs). The array is capable of producing sample excitation pulses with a width of 777 ps (FWHM), enabling short lifetime fluorophores to be investigated. The
4. Sodium dodecylsulfate-poly(ethyleneoxide) Interactions studied by time-resolved fluorescence quenching
Microsoft Academic Search
J. van Stam; M. Almgren; C. Lindblad
The interaction between sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) has been studied by time-resolved fluorescence\\u000a quenching at 20°C and 40°C in the dilute regime, i.e., 0.2% w\\/v, and in the semi-dilute regime, i.e., 2% w\\/v, with respect\\u000a to PEO. Lifetime measurements show that PEO wraps around the micelle-like cluster formed by SDS upon interaction with PEO\\u000a — the polymer shields
5. Application of Time-Resolved Fluorescence for Direct and Continuous Probing of Release from Polymeric Delivery Vehicles
PubMed Central
Viger, Mathieu L.; Sheng, Wangzhong; McFearin, Cathryn L.; Berezin, Mikhail Y.; Almutairi, Adah
2013-01-01
Though accurately evaluating the kinetics of release is critical for validating newly designed therapeutic carriers for in vivo applications, few methods yet exist for release measurement in real time and without the need for any sample preparation. Many of the current approaches (e.g. chromatographic methods, absorption spectroscopy, or NMR spectroscopy) rely on isolation of the released material from the loaded vehicles, which require additional sample purification and can lead to loss of accuracy when probing fast kinetics of release. In this study we describe the use of time-resolved fluorescence for in situ monitoring of small molecule release kinetics from biodegradable polymeric drug delivery systems. This method relies on the observation that fluorescent reporters being released from polymeric drug delivery systems possess distinct excited-state lifetime components, reflecting their different environments in the particle suspensions, i.e., confined in the polymer matrices or free in the aqueous environment. These distinct lifetimes enable real-time quantitative mapping of the relative concentrations of dye in each population to obtain precise and accurate temporal information on the release profile of particular carrier/payload combinations. We found that fluorescence lifetime better distinguishes subtle differences in release profiles, (e.g. differences associated with dye loading) than conventional steady-state fluorescence measurements, which represent the averaged dye behavior over the entire scan. Given the method's applicability to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargo, it could be employed to model the release of any drug-carrier combination. PMID:23792808
6. Trace pollutants analysis in soil by a time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique
Microsoft Academic Search
A. Ciucci; V. Palleschi; S. Rastelli; R. Barbini; F. Colao; R. Fantoni; A. Palucci; S. Ribezzo; H. J. L. van der Steen
1996-01-01
The results of a joint experiment of IFAM-Pisa and ENEA-Frascati for the detection of traces of pollutants in soil by a time-resolved laser-induced spectroscopy technique are reported. Using samples of soil with known pollutants' concentration [Geochemical Exploration Reference (GXR) silicate from US Geological Survey], we were able to estimate the sensitivity of this Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique to be
7. Detection of bacteria by time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Stéphane Morel; Nicolas Leone; Philippe Adam; Jacques Amouroux
2003-01-01
A laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique for analyzing biological matter for the detection of biological hazards is investigated. Eight species were considered in our experiment: six bacteria and two pollens in pellet form. The experimental setup is described, then a cumulative intensity ratio is proposed as a quantitative criterion because of its linearity and reproducibility. Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (TRELIBS) exhibits
8. Development of Time Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for FXR Antagonist Discovery
PubMed Central
Yu, Donna D.; Lin, Wenwei; Chen, Taosheng; Forman, Barry M.
2013-01-01
FXR (farnesoid X receptor, NRIH4), a nuclear receptor, plays a major role in the control of cholesterol metabolism. FXR ligands have been investigated in preclinical studies for targeted therapy against metabolic diseases, but have shown limitations. Therefore, there is a need for new agonist or antagonist ligands of FXR, both for potential clinical applications, as well as to further elucidate its biological functions. Here we describe the use of the X-ray crystal structure of FXR complexed with the potent small molecule agonist GW4064 to design and synthesize a novel fluorescent, high-affinity probe (DY246) for time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assays. We then used the TR-FRET assay for high throughput screening of a library of over 5,000 bioactive compounds. From this library, we identified 13 compounds that act as putative FXR transcriptional antagonists. PMID:23688559
9. Time-resolved fluorescence study of exciplex formation in diastereomeric naproxen-pyrrolidine dyads.
PubMed
Khramtsova, Ekaterina A; Plyusnin, Viktor F; Magin, Ilya M; Kruppa, Alexander I; Polyakov, Nikolay E; Leshina, Tatyana V; Nuin, Edurne; Marin, M Luisa; Miranda, Miguel A
2013-12-19
The influence of chirality on the elementary processes triggered by excitation of the (S,S)- and (R,S)- diastereoisomers of naproxen-pyrrolidine (NPX-Pyr) dyads has been studied by time-resolved fluorescence in acetonitrile-benzene mixtures. In these systems, the quenching of the (1)NPX*-Pyr singlet excited state occurs through electron transfer and exciplex formation. Fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields revealed a significant difference (around 20%) between the (S,S)- and (R,S)- diastereomers. In addition, the quantum yields of exciplexes differed by a factor of 2 regardless of solvent polarity. This allows us to suggest a similar influence of the chiral centers on the local charge transfer resulting in exciplex and full charge separation that leads to ion-biradicals. A simplified scheme is proposed to estimate a set of rate constant values (k1-k5) for the elementary stages in each solvent system. PMID:24294968
10. A Novel Europium Chelate Coated Nanosphere for Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay
PubMed Central
Shen, Yifeng; Xu, Shaohan; He, Donghua
2015-01-01
A novel europium ligand 2, 2’, 2’’, 2’’’-(4, 7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline-2, 9-diyl) bis (methylene) bis (azanetriyl) tetra acetic acid (BC-EDTA) was synthesized and characterized. It shows an emission spectrum peak at 610 nm when it is excited at 360 nm, with a large Stock shift (250 nm). It is covalently coated on the surface of a bare silica nanosphere containi free amino groups, using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-Hydroxysuccinimide. We also observed an interesting phenomenon that when BC-EDTA is labeled with a silica nanosphere, the chelate shows different excitation spectrum peaks of about 295 nm. We speculate that the carboxyl has a significant influence on its excitation spectrum. The BC-EDTA/Eu3+coated nanosphere could be used as a fluorescent probe for time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay. We labeled the antibody with the fluorescent nanosphere to develop a nanosphere based hepatitis B surface antigen as a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay reagent, which is very easy to operate and eliminates potential contamination of Eu3+ contained in the environment. The analytical and functional sensitivities are 0.0037 ?g/L and 0.08 ?g/L (S/N?2.0) respectively. The detection range is 0.08-166.67 ?g/L, which is much wider than that of ELISA (0.2-5?g/L). It is comparable to the commercial dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoro-immunoassay system (DELFIA) reagents (0.2-145?g/L). We propose that it can fulfill clinical applications. PMID:26056826
11. Time-resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy and the Photoprotective Properties of Adenine
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Evans, Nick; Potter, William; Briouillette, Amanda; Ullrich, Susanne
2008-10-01
A system for fs time-resolved photoelectron and photoion spectroscopy has recently been developed at the University of Georgia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, in order to study the photophysical properties of isolated biomolecular building blocks. Ultrafast electronic excited state deactivation processes are observed in these chromophores and contribute to their photostability under UV radiation. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) provides a unique tool to investigate these processes as the two dimensional data comprises both spectral and dynamic information. The spectral data allows identification of participating electronically excited states while the dynamic data allows the state's associated lifetimes to be extracted. Details of the experimental setup and technique will be presented in this talk as well as our initial results on the deactivation pathways in the DNA base adenine following excitation by wavelengths between 245 - 266 nm.
12. Applications of phasors to in vitro time-resolved fluorescence measurements.
PubMed
Stefl, Martin; James, Nicholas G; Ross, Justin A; Jameson, David M
2011-03-01
The phasor method of treating fluorescence lifetime data provides a facile and convenient approach to characterize lifetime heterogeneity and to detect the presence of excited state reactions such as solvent relaxation and Förster resonance energy transfer. The method uses a plot of M sin(?) versus M cos(?), where M is the modulation ratio and ? is the phase angle taken from frequency domain fluorometry. A principal advantage of the phasor method is that it provides a model-less approach to time-resolved data amenable to visual inspection. Although the phasor approach has been recently applied to fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, it has not been used extensively for cuvette studies. In the current study, we explore the applications of the method to in vitro samples. The phasors of binary and ternary mixtures of fluorescent dyes demonstrate the utility of the method for investigating complex mixtures. Data from excited state reactions, such as dipolar relaxation in membrane and protein systems and also energy transfer from the tryptophan residue to the chromophore in enhanced green fluorescent protein, are also presented. PMID:21078290
13. Energy transfer in Anabaena variabilis filaments under nitrogen depletion, studied by time-resolved fluorescence.
PubMed
Onishi, Aya; Aikawa, Shimpei; Kondo, Akihiko; Akimoto, Seiji
2015-08-01
Some filamentous cyanobacteria (including Anabaena) differentiate into heterocysts under nitrogen-depleted conditions. During differentiation, the phycobiliproteins and photosystem II in the heterocysts are gradually degraded. Nitrogen depletion induces changes in the pigment composition of both vegetative cells and heterocysts, which affect the excitation energy transfer processes. To investigate the changes in excitation energy transfer processes of Anabaena variabilis filaments grown in standard medium (BG11) and a nitrogen-free medium (BG110), we measured their steady-state absorption spectra, steady-state fluorescence spectra, and time-resolved fluorescence spectra (TRFS) at 77 K. TRFS were measured with a picosecond time-correlated single photon counting system. The pigment compositions of the filaments grown in BG110 changed throughout the growth period; the relative phycocyanin levels monotonically decreased, whereas the relative carotenoid (Car) levels decreased and then recovered to their initial value (at day 0), with formation of lower-energy Cars. Nitrogen starvation also altered the fluorescence kinetics of PSI; the fluorescence maximum of TRFS immediately after excitation occurred at 735, 740, and 730 nm after 4, 8, and 15 days growth in BG110, respectively. Based on these results, we discuss the excitation energy transfer dynamics of A. variabilis filaments under the nitrogen-depleted condition throughout the growth period. PMID:25596847
14. Dynamic Operational Stress Measurement of MEMS Using Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
James W. Pomeroy; Petros Gkotsis; Meiling Zhu; G. Leighton; Paul Kirby; Martin Kuball
2008-01-01
A dynamic-stress analysis method, based on time-resolved micro Raman spectroscopy, has been developed for reliability studies of microelectromechanical systems. This novel technique is illustrated by measuring temporally and spatially resolved stress maps of a piezoelectrically actuated silicon microcantilever when driven at its first- (6.094 kHz) and second-order (37.89 kHz) resonant frequencies. Stress amplitudes of up to 180 plusmn 10 MPa
15. Set-up for time-resolved step-scan FTIR spectroscopy of noncyclic reactions
Microsoft Academic Search
Robin Rammelsberg; Sophie Boulas; Harald Chorongiewski; Klaus Gerwert
1999-01-01
We have established a novel technique, which allows the application of time-resolved step-scan FTIR difference spectroscopy on noncyclic reactions. Cyclic reactions are ideally suited for the step-scan technique. However, it is difficult to apply the step-scan technique to noncyclic reactions, because the investigated process has to be repeated at about 1000 sampling positions of the interferogram. Consequently, to investigate noncyclic
16. Time-resolved magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy of photolyzed carbonmonoxy cytochrome c oxidase (cytochrome aa3).
PubMed Central
Goldbeck, R A; Dawes, T D; Einarsdóttir, O; Woodruff, W H; Kliger, D S
1991-01-01
Nanosecond time-resolved magnetic circular dichroism (TRMCD) and time-resolved natural circular dichroism (TRCD) measurements of photolysis products of the CO complex of eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase (CcO-CO) are presented. TRMCD spectra obtained at 100 ns and 10 microseconds after photolysis are diagnostic of pentacoordinate cytochrome a3Fe2+, as would be expected for simple photodissociation. Other time-resolved spectroscopies (UV-visible and resonance Raman), however, show evidence for unusual Fea3(2+) coordination after CO photolysis (Woodruff, W. H., O. Einarsdóttir, R. B. Dyer, K. A. Bagley, G. Palmer, S. J. Atherton, R. A. Goldbeck, T. D. Dawes, and D. S. Kliger. 1991. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:2588-2592). Furthermore, time-resolved IR experiments have shown that photodissociated CO binds to CuB+ prior to recombining with Fea3(2+) (Dyer, R. B., O. Einarsdóttir, P. M. Killough, J. J. López-Garriga, and W. H. Woodruff. 1989. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:7657-7659). A model of the CcO-CO photolysis cycle which is consistent with all of the spectroscopic results is presented. A novel feature of this model is the coordination of a ligand endogenous to the protein to the Fe axial site vacated by the photolyzed CO and the simultaneous breaking of the Fe-imidazole(histidine) bond. PMID:1653049
17. State of the art in time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence for actinides analysis: Applications and trends
Microsoft Academic Search
C. Moulin; P. Decambox; P. Mauchien
1997-01-01
Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (TRLIF) is a method of choice for actinides and lanthanides determination at low level in nuclear, biological and environmental samples. This technique is based on pulsed laser excitation followed by temporal resolution of the fluorescence signal. This technique has many advantages such as: high sensitivity, rapidity, triple selectivity and is applicable in a wide range of activity
18. Time resolved measurements of cathode fall in high frequency fluorescent lamps
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hadrath, S.; Garner, R. C.; Lieder, G. H.; Ehlbeck, J.
2007-11-01
Measurements are presented of the time resolved cathode and anode falls of high frequency fluorescent lamps for a range of discharge currents typically encountered in dimming mode. Measurements were performed with the movable anode technique. Supporting spectroscopic emission measurements were made of key transitions (argon 420.1 nm and mercury 435.8 nm), whose onset coincide with cathode fall equalling the value associated with the energy, relative to the ground state, of the upper level of the respective transition. The measurements are in general agreement with the well-known understanding of dimmed lamp operation: peak cathode fall decreases with increasing lamp current and with increasing auxiliary coil heating. However, the time dependence of the measurements offers additional insight.
19. Comparison of the rate constants for energy transfer in the light-harvesting protein, C-phycocyanin, calculated from Foersters theory and experimentally measured by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Debreczeny, M.P.
1994-05-01
We have measured and assigned rate constants for energy transfer between chromophores in the light-harvesting protein C-phycocyanin (PC), in the monomeric and trimeric aggregation states, isolated from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. In order to compare the measured rate constants with those predicted by Fdrsters theory of inductive resonance in the weak coupling limit, we have experimentally resolved several properties of the three chromophore types ({beta}{sub 155} {alpha}{sub 84}, {beta}{sub 84}) found in PC monomers, including absorption and fluorescence spectra, extinction coefficients, fluorescence quantum yields, and fluorescence lifetimes. The cpcB/C155S mutant, whose PC is missing the {beta}{sub 155} chromophore, was, useful in effecting the resolution of the chromophore properties and in assigning the experimentally observed rate constants for energy transfer to specific pathways.
20. A multi-analytical investigation of semi-conductor pigments with time-resolved spectroscopy and imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nevin, A.; Cesaratto, A.; D'Andrea, C.; Valentini, Gianluca; Comelli, D.
2013-05-01
We present the non-invasive study of historical and modern Zn- and Cd-based pigments with time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence multispectral imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). Zinc oxide and Zinc sulphide are semiconductors which have been used as white pigments in paintings, and the luminescence of these pigments from trapped states is strongly dependent on the presence of impurities and crystal defects. Cadmium sulphoselenide pigments vary in hue from yellow to deep red based on their composition, and are another class of semiconductor pigments which emit both in the visible and the near infrared. The Fluorescence lifetime of historical and modern pigments has been measured using both an Optical Multichannel Analyser (OMA) coupled with a Nd:YAG nslaser, and a streak camera coupled with a ps-laser for spectrally-resolved fluorescence lifetime measurements. For Znbased pigments we have also employed Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) for the measurement of luminescence. A case study of FLIM applied to the analysis of the painting by Vincent Van Gogh on paper - "Les Bretonnes et le pardon de Pont-Aven" (1888) is presented. Through the integration of complementary, portable and non-invasive spectroscopic techniques, new insights into the optical properties of Zn- and Cd-based pigments have been gained which will inform future analysis of late 19th] and early 20th C. paintings.
1. Non-contact characterization of bacteria by time-resolved fluorescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bouchard, Alain; Frechette, Julie; Long, William F.; Vernon, Marcia; Cormier, Jean-Francois; Vallee, Real; Mafu, Akier A.; Lemay, Marie-Josee
2004-07-01
Accurate real-time methods for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms in the agri-food industry would represent an improvement over standard methods of analysis. We are currently developing a non-contact, scanning optical system for the detection of bacteria on meat surfaces based on fluorescence lifetime and intensity measurements. The system detects autofluorescent light emitted by the naturally occurring fluorophores in bacteria. Potential expected advantages of this system include accurate and efficient 2D real-time mapping of bacterial contamination of surfaces, and elimination of sample-to-sample cross-contamination. Furthermore, as the technique only requires minimal sample preparation and handling, the chemical properties of the specimen are preserved. This article presents the preliminary results obtained from a time-resolved fluorescence imaging system for the characterization of a non-pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens. Additionally we present a particular application of the system of interest to the agri-food industry, demonstrating its potential as a real-time macroscopic imaging system for mapping bacterial contamination on meat surfaces. Initial results indicate that the combination of fluorescence lifetime and intensity measurements provides a means for characterizing biological media and for detecting microorganisms on surfaces.
2. Unfolding of acrylodan-labeled human serum albumin probed by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence methods.
PubMed Central
Flora, K; Brennan, J D; Baker, G A; Doody, M A; Bright, F V
1998-01-01
Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy was used to follow the local and global changes in structure and dynamics during chemical and thermal denaturation of unlabeled human serum albumin (HSA) and HSA with an acrylodan moiety bound to Cys34. Acrylodan fluorescence was monitored to obtain information about unfolding processes in domain I, and the emission of the Trp residue at position 214 was used to examine domain II. In addition, Trp-to-acrylodan resonance energy transfer was examined to probe interdomain spatial relationships during unfolding. Increasing the temperature to less than 50 degrees C or adding less than 1.0 M GdHCl resulted in an initial, reversible separation of domains I and II. Denaturation by heating to 70 degrees C or by adding 2.0 M GdHCl resulted in irreversible unfolding of domain II. Further denaturation of HSA by either method resulted in irreversible unfolding of domain I. These results clearly demonstrate that HSA unfolds by a pathway involving at least three distinct steps. The low detection limits and high information content of dual probe fluorescence should allow this technique to be used to study the unfolding behavior of entrapped or immobilized HSA. PMID:9675210
3. Picosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of rhodium and iridium azides.
PubMed
Portius, Peter; Meijer, Anthony J H M; Towrie, Michael; Crozier, Benjamin F; Schiager, Ingrid
2014-12-21
Picosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy was used to elucidate early photochemical processes in the diazido complexes M(Cp*)(N3)2(PPh3), M = Rh (), Ir (), using 266 nm and 400 nm excitation in THF, CH2Cl2, MeCN and toluene solutions. The time-resolved data have been interpreted with the aid of DFT calculations on vibrational spectra of the singlet ground states and triplet excited states and their rotamers. While the yields of phototransformations via N2 loss are low in both complexes, cleaves a N3 ligand under 266 nm excitation. The molecular structure of is also reported as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. PMID:25182870
4. Semiconductors investigated by time resolved Raman absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy using femtosecond and picosecond laser techniques
Microsoft Academic Search
R. R. Alfano; A. G. Doukas
1984-01-01
We report on the research performed during the period 1982-1983 under the auspices of AFOSR. The research effort follows two directions: (1) laser development: subpicosecond laser, application of anti-resonant cavity to Nd:glass, study of the emerald laser, and study of a new mode-locking dye for shorter pulses. (2) Time-resolved fluorescence and absorption studies of CdCr2Se4, GaAs and Ga(0,5)In(0.5)P with the
5. The use of time-resolved fluorescence in gel-based proteomics for improved biomarker discovery
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sandberg, AnnSofi; Buschmann, Volker; Kapusta, Peter; Erdmann, Rainer; Wheelock, Åsa M.
2010-02-01
This paper describes a new platform for quantitative intact proteomics, entitled Cumulative Time-resolved Emission 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (CuTEDGE). The CuTEDGE technology utilizes differences in fluorescent lifetimes to subtract the confounding background fluorescence during in-gel detection and quantification of proteins, resulting in a drastic improvement in both sensitivity and dynamic range compared to existing technology. The platform is primarily designed for image acquisition in 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), but is also applicable to 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DE), and proteins electroblotted to membranes. In a set of proof-of-principle measurements, we have evaluated the performance of the novel technology using the MicroTime 100 instrument (PicoQuant GmbH) in conjunction with the CyDye minimal labeling fluorochromes (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) to perform differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analyses. The results indicate that the CuTEDGE technology provides an improvement in the dynamic range and sensitivity of detection of 3 orders of magnitude as compared to current state-of-the-art image acquisition instrumentation available for 2-DE (Typhoon 9410, GE Healthcare). Given the potential dynamic range of 7-8 orders of magnitude and sensitivities in the attomol range, the described invention represents a technological leap in detection of low abundance cellular proteins, which is desperately needed in the field of biomarker discovery.
6. Photodissociation of thioglycolic acid studied by femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Attar, Andrew R.; Blumling, Daniel E.; Knappenberger, Kenneth L.
2011-01-01
Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies were employed to study the photodissociation of both the neutral (HS-CH2-COOH) and doubly deprotonated (-S-CH2-COO-) forms of thioglycolic acid (TGA), a common surface-passivating ligand used in the aqueous synthesis and organization of semiconducting nanostructures. Room temperature UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy indicated strong absorption by the S1 and S2 excited states at 250 nm and 185 nm, respectively. The spectrum also contained a weaker absorption band that extended to approximately 550 nm, which was assigned to the ? ^ * _{CO} leftarrow n_O transition. Femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy was performed on TGA using 400 nm excitation and a white-light continuum probe to provide the temporally and spectrally resolved data. Both forms of TGA underwent a photoinduced dissociation from the excited state to form an ?-thiol-substituted acyl radical (?-TAR, S-CH2-CO•). For the acidic form of TGA, radical formation occurred with an apparent time constant of 60 ± 5 fs; subsequent unimolecular decay took 400 ± 60 fs. Similar kinetics were observed for the deprotonated form of TGA (70 ± 10 fs radical formation; 420 ± 40 fs decay). The production of the ?-TAR was corroborated by the observation of its characteristic optical absorption. Time-resolved data indicated that the photoinduced dissociation of TGA via cleavage of the C-OH bond occurred rapidly (?100 fs). The prevalence of TGA in aqueous semiconducting nanoparticles makes its absorption in the visible spectral region and subsequent dissociation key to understanding the behavior of nanoscale systems.
7. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of coupled electron-nuclear motion
SciTech Connect
Falge, Mirjam; Engel, Volker [Institut fuer Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie and Roentgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg (Germany); Graefe, Stefanie [Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10, A-1040 Vienna (Austria)
2011-05-14
We investigate pump-probe electron detachment spectroscopy in a model system which is ideally suited to study coupled electronic and nuclear wave-packet dynamics. Time-resolved photoelectron spectra are calculated within the adiabatic approximation and a discretization of the detachment continuum. These spectra are compared to those which derive from a non-Born-Oppenheimer description and a numerically exact treatment of the detachment process. In this way it is possible to identify the influence of non-adiabatic effects on the spectra in a systematic way and also to test commonly applied approximations.
8. Ordering of PCDTBT Revealed by Time-Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Its Triplet Excitons.
PubMed
Biskup, Till; Sommer, Michael; Rein, Stephan; Meyer, Deborah L; Kohlstädt, Markus; Würfel, Uli; Weber, Stefan
2015-06-22
Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy is shown to be a powerful tool to characterize triplet excitons of conjugated polymers. The resulting spectra are highly sensitive to the orientation of the molecule. In thin films cast on PET film, the molecules' orientation with respect to the surface plane can be determined, providing access to sample morphology on a microscopic scale. Surprisingly, the conjugated polymer investigated here, a promising material for organic photovoltaics, exhibits ordering even in bulk samples. Orientation effects may significantly influence the efficiency of solar cells, thus rendering proper control of sample morphology highly important. PMID:25959127
9. Time resolved spectroscopy of the multiperiodic pulsating subdwarf B star PG1605+072
E-print Network
A. Tillich; U. Heber; S. J. O'Toole
2006-12-19
We present results for the 2m spectroscopic part of the MultiSite Spectroscopic Telescope campaign, which took place in May/June 2002. In order to perform an asteroseismological analysis on the multiperiodic pulsating subdwarf B star PG 1605+072 we used over 150 hours of time resolved spectroscopy in order to search for and analyse line profile variations by using phase binning. We succeeded in finding variations in effective temperature and gravity for four modes. A pilot analysis using the \\textit{BRUCE} and \\textit{KYLIE} programs and assuming strong rotation and low inclination favours models with $l=1$ or $l=2$ with $m\\leq0$.
10. Nonlinear Raman Techniques in Femtosecond Time Resolved Spectroscopy for the Analysis and Control of Molecular Dynamics
SciTech Connect
Materny, Arnulf; Konradi, Jakow; Namboodiri, Vinu; Namboodiri, Mahesh; Scaria, Abraham [Jacobs University Bremen, School of Science and Engineering Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen (Germany)
2008-11-14
The use of four-wave mixing techniques in femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy has considerable advantages. Due to the many degrees of freedom offered e.g. by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), the dynamics even of complex systems can be analyzed in detail. Using pulse shaping techniques in combination with a self-learning loop approach, molecular mode excitation can be controlled very efficiently in a multi-photon excitation process. Results obtained from the optimal control of CARS on {beta}-carotene are discussed.
11. Time resolved single molecule spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum dot/conjugated organic hybrid nanostructures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Odoi, Michael Yemoh
Single molecule studies on CdSe quantum dots functionalized with oligo-phenylene vinylene ligands (CdSe-OPV) provide evidence of strong electronic communication that facilitate charge and energy transport between the OPV ligands and the CdSe quantum dot core. This electronic interaction greatly modify, the photoluminescence properties of both bulk and single CdSe-OPV nanostructure thin film samples. Size-correlated wide-field fluorescence imaging show that blinking suppression in single CdSe-OPV is linked to the degree of OPV coverage (inferred from AFM height scans) on the quantum dot surface. The effect of the complex electronic environment presented by photoexcited OPV ligands on the excited state property of CdSe-OPV is measured with single photon counting and photon-pair correlation spectroscopy techniques. Time-tagged-time-resolved (TTTR) single photon counting measurements from individual CdSe-OPV nanostructures, show excited state lifetimes an order of magnitude shorter relative to conventional ZnS/CdSe quantum dots. Second-order intensity correlation measurements g(2)(tau) from individual CdSe-OPV nanostructures point to a weak multi-excitonic character with a strong wavelength dependent modulation depth. By tuning in and out of the absorption of the OPV ligands we observe changes in modulation depth from g(2) (0) ? 0.2 to 0.05 under 405 and 514 nm excitation respectively. Defocused images and polarization anisotropy measurements also reveal a well-defined linear dipole emission pattern in single CdSe-OPV nanostructures. These results provide new insights into to the mechanism behind the electronic interactions in composite quantum dot/conjugated organic composite systems at the single molecule level. The observed intensity flickering , blinking suppression and associated lifetime/count rate and antibunching behaviour is well explained by a Stark interaction model. Charge transfer from photo-excitation of the OPV ligands to the surface of the CdSe quantum dot core, mixes electron/holes states and lifts the degeneracy in the band edge bright exciton state, which induces a well define linear dipole behaviour in single CdSe-OPV nanostructures. The shift in the electron energies also affects Auger assisted hole trapping rates, suppress access to dark states and reduce the excited state lifetime.
12. Picosecond Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy of 9,10-Diphenylanthracene in the Excited Singlet State
E-print Network
Jas, Gouri S.; Wan, Chaozhi; Johnson, Carey K.
1995-05-01
Picosecond Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy of 9,10-Diphenylanthracene i the Excited Singlet State GOURI S. JAS, CHAOZHI WAN, and CAREY K. JOHNSON* Department ofChemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 Time...
13. Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy and imaging: new approaches to the analysis of cultural heritage and its degradation.
PubMed
Nevin, Austin; Cesaratto, Anna; Bellei, Sara; D'Andrea, Cosimo; Toniolo, Lucia; Valentini, Gianluca; Comelli, Daniela
2014-01-01
Applications of time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL) and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) to the analysis of cultural heritage are presented. Examples range from historic wall paintings and stone sculptures to 20th century iconic design objects. A detailed description of the instrumentation developed and employed for analysis in the laboratory or in situ is given. Both instruments rely on a pulsed laser source coupled to a gated detection system, but differ in the type of information they provide. Applications of FLIM to the analysis of model samples and for the in-situ monitoring of works of art range from the analysis of organic materials and pigments in wall paintings, the detection of trace organic substances on stone sculptures, to the mapping of luminescence in late 19th century paintings. TRPL and FLIM are employed as sensors for the detection of the degradation of design objects made in plastic. Applications and avenues for future research are suggested. PMID:24699285
14. Validation and evaluation of a novel time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence technique.
PubMed
Durot, C J; Gallimore, A D; Smith, T B
2014-01-01
We present a novel technique to measure time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence signals in plasma sources that have a relatively constant Fourier spectrum of oscillations in steady-state operation, but are not periodically pulsed, e.g., Hall thrusters. The technique uses laser modulation of the order of MHz and recovers signal via a combination of band-pass filtering, phase-sensitive detection, and averaging over estimated transfer functions calculated for many different cycles of the oscillation. Periodic discharge current oscillations were imposed on a hollow cathode. Measurements were validated by comparison with independent measurements from a lock-in amplifier and by comparing the results of the transfer function average to an independent analysis technique triggering averaging over many oscillation cycles in the time domain. The performance of the new technique is analyzed and compared to prior techniques, and it is shown that this new technique has a niche in measurements where the analog photomultiplier signal has a nonwhite noise spectral density and cycles of oscillation are not sufficiently repeatable to allow for reliable triggering or a meaningful average waveform in the time domain. PMID:24517766
15. Measuring human beta-secretase (BACE1) activity using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence.
PubMed
Kennedy, Matthew E; Wang, Wenyan; Song, Lixin; Lee, Julie; Zhang, Lili; Wong, Gwen; Wang, Liyang; Parker, Eric
2003-08-01
The human beta-secretase enzyme, BACE1, mediates a critical step in the production of A beta(40) and A beta(42) peptides which are responsible for the severe neuronal cell death and insoluble amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several lines of evidence suggest that potent BACE1 inhibitors represent an attractive A beta-lowering strategy for AD. We designed a simple homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay which utilizes the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair europium and allophycocyanin for measuring BACE1 enzymatic activity in a high-throughput manner. Robust FRET was observed when an 18-amino-acid APP Swedish-synthetic peptide that was N-terminally labeled with europium cryptate and C-terminally biotinylated was incubated with streptavidin-coupled cross-linked allophycocyanin (SA-XL665). Purified BACE1 enzyme caused a time- and concentration-dependent linear change in FRET at low nanomolar enzyme concentrations. This assay was used to compare the autoprocessed "mature" BACE1 enzyme (sautoBACe1) and the soluble proBACE1 for activity and inhibition by selected peptidic BACE inhibitors. sautoBACE1 displayed only a modest increase in activity compared to sproBACE1 and this activity was uninhibited by the BACE1 prodomain peptide. Interestingly, the BACE1 prodomain peptide was able to partially inhibit sproBACE1 activity. IC(50s) for a P10-P4' statine BACE1 inhibitor, OM99-2, and OM-003 determined using the HTRF assay were in good agreement with those reported in the literature. The primary advantages of the HTRF-formatted BACE1 protease assay include appropriate reflection of native BACE1 activity, high sensitivity, low variability, and intrinsic quench correction afforded by ratiometric measurements made between EuK and SA-XL665 fluorophores. PMID:12842106
16. A sensitive solid-phase time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay apparatus
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Yun-lei; Song, Ke-fei; Zhang, Wei-lai; Li, Jun-ling
2009-07-01
In the device, a He-Ne laser of flash frequency 1-20 Hz was adopted as exciting light source, and three key technical problems have been solved successfully in order to enhance the detecting sensitivity and measuring stability of the device for time-resolved fluorimmunoassays(TRFIA)[1]. The first one is to design optimum exciting optical system, so that the exciting light beam excite the sample most effectively. The second one is to have a project spectrum filter which can reduce the affection of the background light to the photomultiplier tube and also ensure influence of the stray light and mixed diffusion light to the sample fluorescence to the least, the sample fluorescence through the integrating sphere and come to the grating monochromator, The right wavelength will be chosed through changing the angle of incidence of the grating monochromator. The third one is to simulate the principle of sample averaging of BOXCAR averager. In the device, SCM was used as primary controller and CPLD was used as timing controller. Through the preparation process, signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) will be improved, also adjust delay time, ampling frequency and sampling number arbitrarily. By testing, the sensitivity is 10-12mol/L(substance marked by Eu3+), examination repeat is <=2.5%, examination linearity is from 10-8mol/L to 10-12mol/L, correlation coefficient is 99.98%(p<=0.01). The instrument is advanced for ultrasensitive detection of antigen and antibody , and solve the tumor, genetic variation, the virus protein detection.
17. Highly sensitive detection of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA using time-resolved fluorescence microscopy and long lifetime probes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Xue F.; Periasamy, Ammasi; Wodnicki, Pawel; Siadat-Pajouh, M.; Herman, Brian
1995-04-01
We have been interested in the role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer and its diagnosis; to that end we have been developing microscopic imaging and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques to genotype and quantitate the amount of HPV present at a single cell level in cervical PAP smears. However, we have found that low levels of HPV DNA are difficult to detect accurately because theoretically obtainable sensitivity is never achieved due to nonspecific autofluorescence, fixative induced fluorescence of cells and tissues, and autofluorescence of the optical components in the microscopic system. In addition, the absorption stains used for PAP smears are intensely autofluorescent. Autofluorescence is a rapidly decaying process with lifetimes in the range of 1-100 nsec, whereas phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence have lifetimes in the range of 1 microsecond(s) ec-10 msec. The ability to discriminate between specific fluorescence and autofluorescence in the time-domain has improved the sensitivity of diagnostic test such that they perform comparably to, or even more sensitive than radioisotopic assays. We have developed a novel time-resolved fluorescence microscope to improve the sensitivity of detection of specific molecules of interest in slide based specimens. This time-resolved fluorescence microscope is based on our recently developed fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FILM) in conjunction with the use of long lifetime fluorescent labels. By using fluorescence in situ hybridization and the long lifetime probe (europium), we have demonstrated the utility of this technique for detection of HPV DNA in cervicovaginal cells. Our results indicate that the use of time-resolved fluorescence microscopy and long lifetime probes increases the sensitivity of detection by removing autofluorescence and will thus lead to improved early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Since the highly sensitive detection of DNA in clinical samples using fluorescence in situ hybridization image is useful for the diagnosis of many other type of diseases, the system we have developed should find numerous applications for the diagnosis of disease states.
18. Hyperspectral time-resolved wide-field fluorescence molecular tomography based on structured light and single-pixel detection.
PubMed
Pian, Qi; Yao, Ruoyang; Zhao, Lingling; Intes, Xavier
2015-02-01
We present a time-resolved fluorescence diffuse optical tomography platform that is based on wide-field structured illumination, single-pixel detection, and hyperspectral acquisition. Two spatial light modulators (digital micro-mirror devices) are employed to generate independently wide-field illumination and detection patterns, coupled with a 16-channel spectrophotometer detection module to capture hyperspectral time-resolved tomographic data sets. The main system characteristics are reported, and we demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring dense 4D tomographic data sets (space, time, spectra) for time domain 3D quantitative multiplexed fluorophore concentration mapping in turbid media. PMID:25680065
19. Development of a broadband picosecond infrared spectrometer and its incorporation into an existing ultrafast time-resolved resonance Raman, UV/visible, and fluorescence spectroscopic apparatus.
PubMed
Towrie, Michael; Grills, David C; Dyer, Joanne; Weinstein, Julia A; Matousek, Pavel; Barton, Robin; Bailey, Philip D; Subramaniam, Naresh; Kwok, Wai M; Ma, Chensheng; Phillips, David; Parker, Anthony W; George, Michael W
2003-04-01
We have constructed a broadband ultrafast time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectrometer and incorporated it into our existing time-resolved spectroscopy apparatus, thus creating a single instrument capable of performing the complementary techniques of femto-/picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3), fluorescence, and UV/visible/infrared transient absorption spectroscopy. The TRIR spectrometer employs broadband (150 fs, approximately 150 cm(-1) FWHM) mid-infrared probe and reference pulses (generated by difference frequency mixing of near-infrared pulses in type I AgGaS2), which are dispersed over two 64-element linear infrared array detectors (HgCdTe). These are coupled via custom-built data acquisition electronics to a personal computer for data processing. This data acquisition system performs signal handling on a shot-by-shot basis at the 1 kHz repetition rate of the pulsed laser system. The combination of real-time signal processing and the ability to normalize each probe and reference pulse has enabled us to achieve a high sensitivity on the order of deltaOD approximately 10(-4) - 10(-5) with 1 min of acquisition time. We present preliminary picosecond TRIR studies using this spectrometer and also demonstrate how a combination of TRIR and TR3 spectroscopy can provide key information for the full elucidation of a photochemical process. PMID:14658632
20. Semiconductors investigated by time resolved Raman absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy using femtosecond and picosecond laser techniques
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Alfano, R. R.; Doukas, A. G.
1984-03-01
We report on the research performed during the period 1982-1983 under the auspices of AFOSR. The research effort follows two directions: (1) laser development: subpicosecond laser, application of anti-resonant cavity to Nd:glass, study of the emerald laser, and study of a new mode-locking dye for shorter pulses. (2) Time-resolved fluorescence and absorption studies of CdCr2Se4, GaAs and Ga(0,5)In(0.5)P with the goal to understand the interaction and kinetics of photogenerated carriers and basic assignments of the valence-conduction band transitions (CdCr2Se4). We have also investigated the dynamics of semi-insulating CdSe. Finally we have continued the research on radiation damage (neutrons and protons) in CdSe and GaAs.
1. Time resolved optical biopsy spectroscopy of normal, benign and malignant tissues from NADH and FAD changes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Masilamani, V.; Das, B. B.; Secor, J.; AlSalhi, M.; Amer, S. B.; Farhat, K.; Rabah, D.; Alfano, R. R.
2012-01-01
Histo pathological examination is the gold standard to discriminate between benign and malignant growth of tissue. But this is invasive and stressful. Hence many non invasive imaging techniques, such as CT, MRI, PET, etc are employed, each having certain advantages and disadvantages. In this context optical biopsy is a newly emerging technique, since it employs non-ionizing radiation like light or laser, which could be shined directly or launched through optical fiber to reach any part of the body. This paper reports results of time resolved emission spectra of 24 excised tissue sample (normal control=12; benign=4; malignant=8) of breast and prostate, employing a 390nm, 100 fs, Ti-Sapphire laser pulses. The fluorescence decay times were measured using streak camera and fitted for single and bi- exponential decays with reliability of 97%. Our results show the distinct difference between normal, benign and malignant tissues attributed changes of NADH and FAD levels.
2. Rapid homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) immunoassay for anthrax detection.
PubMed
Cohen, Noam; Mechaly, Adva; Mazor, Ohad; Fisher, Morly; Zahavy, Eran
2014-05-01
Infection with Bacillus anthracsis spores induces an acute anthrax disease that can cause casualties and death in untreated cases. Thus rapid diagnosis of anthrax at early stage of the disease is essential to allow an effective treatment. Here we present the development of rapid and sensitive homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) immunoassays based on the energy transfer process of europium cryptate (EuK) donor to AlexaFluor647 acceptor. The energy transfer process is limited to d?
3. White-light time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy for monitoring constituents concentrations in layered diffusive media
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Giusto, A.; D'Andrea, C.; Spinelli, L.; Contini, D.; Torricelli, A.; Martelli, F.; Zaccanti, G.; Cubeddu, R.
2007-07-01
We performed reflectance measurements with a time-resolved white-light spectroscopy system to monitor concentrations changes in a two-layer liquid phantom with optical properties similar to human tissues. By varying the concentrations of three inks with different spectral features, we changed the absorption coefficient of the upper and lower layer to simulate either haemodynamics changes in the muscle covered by adipose layer, or functional brain activation with systemic response in the scalp. Data were analyzed by a time-resolved spectrally constrained fitting method based on a homogeneous model of photon diffusion. Although this approach is based on a homogeneous model and employs a single 2cm source-detector distance, the technique is able to monitor changes in the lower layer, while it is scarcely affected by variation in the upper layer. Preliminary in vivo measurements have been performed on one healthy volunteer to monitor oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin changes in the muscle during arterial occlusion and in the brain during a motor task. Even if the overall sensitivity of the technique is reduced, in vivo results are in general agreement with the findings of dedicated system for tissue oximetry.
4. Microcontroller based resonance tracking unit for time resolved continuous wave cavity-ringdown spectroscopy measurements
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Votava, Ondrej; Mašát, Milan; Parker, Alexander E.; Jain, Chaithania; Fittschen, Christa
2012-04-01
We present in this work a new tracking servoloop electronics for continuous wave cavity-ringdown absorption spectroscopy (cw-CRDS) and its application to time resolved cw-CRDS measurements by coupling the system with a pulsed laser photolysis set-up. The tracking unit significantly increases the repetition rate of the CRDS events and thus improves effective time resolution (and/or the signal-to-noise ratio) in kinetics studies with cw-CRDS in given data acquisition time. The tracking servoloop uses novel strategy to track the cavity resonances that result in a fast relocking (few ms) after the loss of tracking due to an external disturbance. The microcontroller based design is highly flexible and thus advanced tracking strategies are easy to implement by the firmware modification without the need to modify the hardware. We believe that the performance of many existing cw-CRDS experiments, not only time-resolved, can be improved with such tracking unit without any additional modification to the experiment.
5. Monitoring the folding kinetics of a ?-hairpin by time-resolved IR spectroscopy in silico.
PubMed
Daidone, Isabella; Thukral, Lipi; Smith, Jeremy C; Amadei, Andrea
2015-04-01
Protein folding is one of the most fundamental problems in modern biochemistry. Time-resolved infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the amide I region is commonly used to monitor folding kinetics. However, associated atomic detail information on the folding mechanism requires simulations. In atomistic simulations structural order parameters are typically used to follow the folding process along the simulated trajectories. However, a rigorous test of the reliability of the mechanisms found in the simulations requires calculation of the time-dependent experimental observable, i.e., in the present case the IR signal in the amide I region. Here, we combine molecular dynamics simulation with a mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics theoretical methodology, the Perturbed Matrix Method, in order to characterize the folding of a ?-hairpin peptide, through modeling the time-dependence of the amide I IR signal. The kinetic and thermodynamic data (folding and unfolding rate constants, and equilibrium folded- and unfolded-state probabilities) obtained from the fit of the calculated signal are in good agreement with the available experimental data [Xu et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15388-15394]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the simulation of the time-resolved IR signal of a complex process occurring on a long (microsecond) time scale. PMID:25777154
6. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: An Exact Condition
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fuks, Johanna I.; Luo, Kai; Sandoval, Ernesto D.; Maitra, Neepa T.
2015-05-01
A fundamental property of a quantum system driven by an external field is that when the field is turned off the positions of its response frequencies are independent of the time at which the field is turned off. We show that this leads to an exact condition for the exchange-correlation potential of time-dependent density functional theory. The Kohn-Sham potential typically continues to evolve after the field is turned off, which leads to time dependence in the response frequencies of the Kohn-Sham response function. The exchange-correlation kernel must cancel out this time dependence. The condition is typically violated by approximations currently in use, as we demonstrate by several examples, which has severe consequences for their predictions of time-resolved spectroscopy.
7. Time-resolved broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for chemical kinetics.
SciTech Connect
Sheps, Leonid; Chandler, David W.
2013-04-01
Experimental measurements of elementary reaction rate coefficients and product branching ratios are essential to our understanding of many fundamentally important processes in Combustion Chemistry. However, such measurements are often impossible because of a lack of adequate detection techniques. Some of the largest gaps in our knowledge concern some of the most important radical species, because their short lifetimes and low steady-state concentrations make them particularly difficult to detect. To address this challenge, we propose a novel general detection method for gas-phase chemical kinetics: time-resolved broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (TR-BB-CEAS). This all-optical, non-intrusive, multiplexed method enables sensitive direct probing of transient reaction intermediates in a simple, inexpensive, and robust experimental package.
8. Time-resolved spectroscopy in time-dependent density functional theory: an exact condition.
PubMed
Fuks, Johanna I; Luo, Kai; Sandoval, Ernesto D; Maitra, Neepa T
2015-05-01
A fundamental property of a quantum system driven by an external field is that when the field is turned off the positions of its response frequencies are independent of the time at which the field is turned off. We show that this leads to an exact condition for the exchange-correlation potential of time-dependent density functional theory. The Kohn-Sham potential typically continues to evolve after the field is turned off, which leads to time dependence in the response frequencies of the Kohn-Sham response function. The exchange-correlation kernel must cancel out this time dependence. The condition is typically violated by approximations currently in use, as we demonstrate by several examples, which has severe consequences for their predictions of time-resolved spectroscopy. PMID:26000998
9. Bayesian Comparison of Fit Parameters: An Application to Time-Resolved X-Ray Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kashyap, V.
Analysis of X-ray data of the stars AD Leo and Wolf 630, obtained with ROSAT provide important clues to the structure of the coronae on these low-mass, main-sequence stars. In particular, time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy of these stars allow us to derive estimates for the low- and high-temperature components of the plasma emission measures. Using Bayes' theorem, we show that the high-temperature components are correlated with the X-ray light-curves of the stars, while the low-temperature components are steady. Thus we are able to model the low-temperature emission as relatively compact, quiescent, static coronal loops, and the high-temperature emission as unstable flaring components.
10. Collisional deactivation of N2O(0001) studied by time-resolved infrared fluorescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Poel, Kathleen L.; Alwahabi, Zeyad T.; King, Keith D.
1996-07-01
The time-resolved infrared fluorescence (IRF) technique has been used to study the vibrational deactivation of excited N2O by large polyatomic colliders at ambient temperature (295±2 K). N2O(0001) molecules were prepared by direct pumping with the P(18) line of a pulsed CO2 laser at 9.536 ?m. The bimolecular rate constant for self-deactivation was determined to be (0.763±0.006)×103 Torr-1 s-1, in very good agreement with previous work. The rate constants for deactivation by Ar and H2 were found to be (0.103±0.003) and (4.89±0.52)×103 Torr-1 s-1, respectively. The deactivation rate constants for the large polyatomic molecules, c-C6H10, c-C6H12, C6H6, C6D6, C7H8, C7D8, C6H5F, p-C6H4F2, C6HF5 and C6F6, were found to be (176±10), (153±22), (115±4), (201±2), (127±11), (407±52), (144±14), (173±13), (129±8), and (48±9)×103 Torr-1 s-1, respectively. Experimental deactivation probabilities and average energies removed per collision are calculated and compared. There is little difference in deactivation probabilities between the acyclic ring compounds and their aromatic analogues and the partially-fluorinated benzenes but the perfluorinated compound, C6F6 is much less efficient than the other species. The perdeuterated species, C6D6 and C7D8, especially the latter, show enhanced deactivation relative to the other species, probably as a result of near-resonant intermolecular V-V energy transfer. The results are compared with our recent work on the deactivation of CO2(0001) by the same group of large polyatomic colliders [K. L. Poel, Z. T. Alwahabi, and K. D. King, Chem. Phys. 201, 263 (1995)].
11. Lanthanide labeling of a potent protease activated receptor-2 agonist for time-resolved fluorescence analysis
PubMed Central
Hoffman, Justin; Flynn, Andrea N.; Tillu, Dipti V.; Zhang, Zhenyu; Patek, Renata; Price, Theodore J.; Vagner, Josef; Boitano, Scott
2012-01-01
Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is one of four G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be activated by exogenous or endogenous proteases, which cleave the extracellular amino-terminus to expose a tethered ligand and subsequent G-protein signaling. Alternatively, PAR2 can be activated by peptide or peptidomimetic ligands derived from the sequence of the natural tethered ligand. Screening of novel ligands that directly bind to PAR2 to agonize or antagonize the receptor has been hindered by the lack of a sensitive, high-throughput, affinity binding assay. In this report we describe the synthesis and use of a modified PAR2 peptidomimetic agonist, 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-(diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-NH2 (2-f-LIGRLO-dtpa), designed for lanthanide-based time resolved fluorescence screening. We first demonstrate that 2-f-LIGRLO-dtpa is a potent and specific PAR2 agonist across a full spectrum of in vitro assays. We then show that 2-f-LIGRLO-dtpa can be utilized in an affinity binding assay to evaluate the ligand-receptor interactions between known high potency peptidomimetic agonists (2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2, 2-f-LIGRLO; 2-aminothiazol-4-yl-LIGRL-NH2, 2-at-LIGRL and; 6-aminonicotinyl-LIGRL-NH2, 6-an-LIGRL) and PAR2. A separate N-terminal peptidomimetic modification (3-indoleacetyl-LIGRL-NH2, 3-ia-LIGRL) that does not activate PAR2 signaling was used as a negative control. All three peptidomimetic agonists demonstrated sigmoidal competitive binding curves, with the more potent agonists (2-f-LIGRLO and 2-at-LIGRL) displaying increased competition. In contrast, the control peptide (3-ia-LIGRL) displayed limited competition for PAR2 binding. In summary, we have developed a Europium-containing PAR2 agonist that can be used in a highly sensitive affinity binding assay to screen novel PAR2 ligands in a high-throughput format. This ligand can serve as a critical tool in the screening and development of PAR2 ligands. PMID:22994402
12. One- and two-photon time-resolved fluorescence of visible and near-infrared dyes in scattering media
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Esposito, R.; Altucci, C.; Velotta, R.; Gaeta, G. M.; Lepore, M.
2009-02-01
Visible and near-infrared dyes are largely used in diagnostics and sensing. For this reason, it is very important to study their time-resolved fluorescence in presence or in absence of proper scattering medium in order to simulate the optical characteristics of biological tissues. Moreover, if one- or two-photon excitation processes are available also visible dyes will be employed taking advantages from using exciting sources in the diagnostic window (red and near IR) of the electromagnetic spectrum, where the photons are rarely absorbed and more often scattered. Visible and near IR fluorescent samples (Indocyanine Green and Rhodamine 6G) in absence and in presence of scattering agents (different Intralipid concentrations) and one- and two- photon time-resolved experiments have been performed. As expected, the presence of scattering agents modified time-resolved spectra and the related lifetime components. The experimental results have been used to preliminarly test different theoretical approaches describing the propagation of fluorescence signals in scattering media.
13. Manganese-doped ZnSe quantum dots as a probe for time-resolved fluorescence detection of 5-fluorouracil.
PubMed
Zhu, Dong; Chen, Yun; Jiang, Liping; Geng, Jun; Zhang, Jianrong; Zhu, Jun-Jie
2011-12-01
Quantum dots (QDs) are generally used for the conventional fluorescence detection. However, it is difficult for the QDs to be applied in time-resolved fluorometry due to their short-lived emission. In this paper, high-quality Mn-doped ZnSe QDs with long-lived emission were prepared using a green and rapid microwave-assisted synthetic approach in aqueous solution. Fluorescence lifetime of the Mn-doped ZnSe QDs was extended as long as 400 ?s, which was 10,000 times higher than that of conventional QDs such as CdS, CdSe, and CdTe. The QDs exhibited an excellent photostability over 35 h under continuous irradiation at 260 nm. Capped with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), the Mn-doped ZnSe QDs were used for the time-resolved fluorescence detection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with the detection limit of 128 nM. The relative standard deviation for seven independent measurements of 1.5 ?M 5-FU was 3.8%, and the recovery ranged from 93% to 106%. The results revealed that the Mn-doped ZnSe QDs could be a good candidate as a luminescence probe for highly sensitive time-resolved fluorometry. PMID:22026809
14. A field programmable gate array-based time-resolved scaler for collinear laser spectroscopy with bunched radioactive potassium beams.
PubMed
Rossi, D M; Minamisono, K; Barquest, B R; Bollen, G; Cooper, K; Davis, M; Hammerton, K; Hughes, M; Mantica, P F; Morrissey, D J; Ringle, R; Rodriguez, J A; Ryder, C A; Schwarz, S; Strum, R; Sumithrarachchi, C; Tarazona, D; Zhao, S
2014-09-01
A new data acquisition system including a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based time-resolved scaler was developed for laser-induced fluorescence and beam bunch coincidence measurements. The FPGA scaler was tested in a collinear laser-spectroscopy experiment on radioactive (37)K at the BEam COoler and LAser spectroscopy (BECOLA) facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. A 1.29 ?s bunch width from the buncher and a bunch repetition rate of 2.5 Hz led to a background suppression factor of 3.1 × 10(5) in resonant photon detection measurements. The hyperfine structure of (37)K and its isotope shift relative to the stable (39)K were determined using 5 × 10(4) s(-1) (37)K ions injected into the BECOLA beam line. The obtained hyperfine coupling constants A((2)S(1/2)) = 120.3(1.4) MHz, A((2)P(1/2)) = 15.2(1.1) MHz, and A((2)P(3/2)) = 1.4(8) MHz, and the isotope shift ??(39, 37) = -264(3) MHz are consistent with the previously determined values, where available. PMID:25273722
15. Probing Kinetic Mechanisms of Protein Function and Folding with Time-Resolved Natural and Magnetic Chiroptical Spectroscopies
PubMed Central
Kliger, David S.; Chen, Eefei; Goldbeck, Robert A.
2012-01-01
Recent and ongoing developments in time-resolved spectroscopy have made it possible to monitor circular dichroism, magnetic circular dichroism, optical rotatory dispersion, and magnetic optical rotatory dispersion with nanosecond time resolution. These techniques have been applied to determine structural changes associated with the function of several proteins as well as to determine the nature of early events in protein folding. These studies have required new approaches in triggering protein reactions as well as the development of time-resolved techniques for polarization spectroscopies with sufficient time resolution and sensitivity to probe protein structural changes. PMID:22312279
16. Time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy for nondestructive assessment of fruit and vegetable quality
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Torricelli, Alessandro; Spinelli, Lorenzo; Vanoli, Maristella; Rizzolo, Anna; Eccher Zerbini, Paola
2007-09-01
In the majority of food and feed, due to the microscopic spatial changes in the refractive index, visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) light undergoes multiple scattering events and the overall light distribution is determined more by scattering rather than absorption. Conventional steady state VIS/NIR reflectance spectroscopy can provide information on light attenuation, which depends both on light absorption and light scattering, but cannot discriminate these two effects. On the contrary, time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS) provides a complete optical characterisation of diffusive media in terms of their absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient. From the assessment of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients, information can then be derived on the composition and internal structure of the medium. Main advantages of the technique are the absolute non-invasiveness, the potentiality for non-contact measurements, and the capacity to probe internal properties with no influence from the skin. In this work we review the physical and technical issues related to the use of TRS for nondestructive quality assessment of fruit and vegetable. A laboratory system for broadband TRS, based on tunable mode-locked lasers and fast microchannel plate photomultiplier, and a portable setup for TRS measurements, based on pulsed diode lasers and compact metal-channel photomultiplier, will be described. Results on broadband optical characterisation of fruits and applications of TRS to the detection of internal defects in pears and to maturity assessment in nectarines will be presented.
17. Time-Resolved FTIR and Mass Spectroscopy of Laser-Ablated Magnesium.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Miyamoto, Y.; Ikeda, N.; Tang, J.; Kawaguchi, K.; Masaki, C.
2012-06-01
Laser-ablated Magnesium (Mg) was subjected to time-resolved Fourier transform emission spectroscopy combined with quadrupole mass spectroscopy. Emission of Mg atoms was observed in 2000 ˜4000 cm-1 region with resolution of 0.03 cm-1. It was found that emission lines consist of two components with different Doppler width. One with wider linewidth appeared just after ablation, while the other appeared after about 10 ?s. Doppler width of the narrow one corresponds to estimated velocity of atoms sputtered directly from bulk Mg. Mass spectra suggested major products of the ablation under our experimental conditions are Mg^+ and Mg2+. MgO+ was also observed in the mass spectra under thin oxygen condition (˜10-4 Torr). Considering the linewidth and energy levels of these species, the wide component is attributed to Mg atoms produced by dissociative recombination of MgO+ and electrons. Information about the electronic energy level of MgO+ was also obtained, which is compared with {ab initio} calculations.
18. Time-resolved tuned diode laser absorption spectroscopy of pulsed plasma
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Adámek, P.; Do, H. T.; ?ada, M.; Hubi?ka, Z.; Hippler, R.
2014-05-01
A novel method for time-resolved tuned diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been developed. In this paper, we describe in detail developed electronic module that controls time-resolution of laser absorption spectroscopy system. The TTL signal triggering plasma pulse is used for generation of two signals: the first one triggers the fine tuning of laser wavelength and second one controls time-defined signal sampling from absorption detector. The described method and electronic system enable us to investigate temporal evolution of sputtered particles in technological low-temperature plasma systems. The pulsed DC planar magnetron sputtering system has been used to verify this method. The 2" in diameter titanium target was sputtered in pure argon atmosphere. The working pressure was held at 2 Pa. All the experiments were carried out for pulse ON time fixed at 100 (is. When changing OFF time the discharge has operated between High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering regime and pulsed DC magnetron regime. The effect of duty cycle variation results in decrease of titanium atom density during ON time while length of OFF time elongates. We believe that observed effect is connected with higher degree of ionization of sputtered particles. As previously reported by Bohlmark et al., the measured optical emission spectra in HiPIMS systems were dominated by emission from titanium ions [1].
19. Fast time-resolved Fourier-transform spectroscopy for the study of transient chemical reactions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Carere, C. A.; Neil, W. S.; Sloan, J. J.
1996-06-01
We describe the most recent implementation of the data acquisition system which we have developed for fast time-resolved (FTR) Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) and report spectra that were obtained by using this instrument. This FTRFTS data system operates in conjunction with any continuous-scan Michelson interferometer, giving it the capability to record many time-delayed spectra of a transient event, with a minimum time resolution of 1 mu s. The sensitivity and the spectral resolution of the complete system are the same as those that would be obtained if the interferometer were used in conventional steady-state spectroscopy. To illustrate the performance of the FTRFTS system, we recorded emission spectra from the products of transient chemical reactions of H atoms with CF3Cl, CF2Cl2, CFCl3 , and NO2. These are laser-initiated reactions involving atoms with energies that correspond to a temperature of approximately 27,000 K and lifetimes of a few microseconds, but the FTRFTS system records the time evolution of their products with high signal-to-noise ratio.
20. Simulation modelling for the analysis and the optimal design of SPAD detectors for time-resolved fluorescence measurements
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Repich, Marina; Stoppa, David; Pancheri, Lucio; Dalla Betta, Gian-Franco
2009-05-01
This paper describes a simulation model (implemented in MATLAB) of a typical setup used for time-resolved fluorescence measurements, including: a laser source, basic fluorescence sample, optics, single-photon avalanche diode and read-out electronics. The correctness of the model has been verified by setting up a simple time-resolved fluorescence measurement using a CMOS SPAD-based detector. The solution of fluorophore (CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in toluene) in a glass capillary was placed above the detecting surface and excited by laser pulses. We have used a time-gating technique with 10-ns observation window shifted at 60-ps time steps across the appropriate time interval. The observed curve corresponds to the convolution of the fluorescence emission and the 10-ns observation window. Simulation accuracy has been verified by comparing the experimental fluorescence decay with the simulated one using chi-square test. The proposed model allows researchers to simulate the behaviour of SPAD detectors with a good accuracy and demonstrates how imperfections in the experimental system can affect the result. The model enables the design of SPAD-based detectors with the best performance for a specific application area.
1. In vivo time-resolved spectroscopy of the human bronchial early cancer autofluorescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Uehlinger, Pascal; Gabrecht, Tanja; Glanzmann, Thomas; Ballini, Jean-Pierre; Radu, Alexandre; Andrejevic, Snezana; Monnier, Philippe; Wagnières, Georges
2009-03-01
Time-resolved measurements of tissue autofluorescence (AF) excited at 405 nm were carried out with an optical-fiber-based spectrometer in the bronchi of 11 patients. The objectives consisted of assessing the lifetime as a new tumor/normal (T/N) tissue contrast parameter and trying to explain the origin of the contrasts observed when using AF-based cancer detection imaging systems. No significant change in the AF lifetimes was found. AF bronchoscopy performed in parallel with an imaging device revealed both intensity and spectral contrasts. Our results suggest that the spectral contrast might be due to an enhanced blood concentration just below the epithelial layers of the lesion. The intensity contrast probably results from the thickening of the epithelium in the lesions. The absence of T/N lifetime contrast indicates that the quenching is not at the origin of the fluorescence intensity and spectral contrasts. These lifetimes (6.9 ns, 2.0 ns, and 0.2 ns) were consistent for all the examined sites. The fact that these lifetimes are the same for different emission domains ranging between 430 and 680 nm indicates that there is probably only one dominant fluorophore involved. The measured lifetimes suggest that this fluorophore is elastin.
2. Evaluating steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence as a tool to study the behavior of asphaltene in toluene.
PubMed
Zhang, Hui Ting; Li, Rui; Yang, Zixin; Yin, Cindy-Xing; Gray, Murray R; Bohne, Cornelia
2014-06-01
A combination of steady-state fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime measurements and the determination of time-resolved emission spectra were employed to characterize asphaltene toluene solutions. Lifetime measurements were shown to be insensitive to the source of asphaltene or the alkane solvent from which asphaltene was precipitated. This insensitivity suggests that either the composition of Athabasca and Cold Lake asphaltene is very similar or that the fluorescence behavior is dominated by the same sub-set of fluorophores for the different samples. These results highlight the limitations in using fluorescence to characterize asphaltene solutions. Different dependencies were observed for the average lifetimes with the asphaltene concentration when measured at two different emission wavelengths (420 nm and 520 nm). This result suggests that different fluorophores underwent diverse interactions with other asphaltene molecules as the asphaltene concentration was raised, suggesting that models for asphaltene aggregation need to include molecular diversity. PMID:24722727
3. Time-resolved HST and IUE UV spectroscopy of the Intermediate Polar FO Aqr
E-print Network
D. de Martino; R. Silvotti; D. A. H Buckley; B. T. Gänsicke; M. Mouchet; K. Mukai; S. R. Rosen
1999-09-03
Time resolved spectroscopy of the Intermediate Polar FO Aqr reveals the presence of multiple periodicities in the UV range. A strong orbital modulation dominates both continuum and emission line flux variabilities, while line velocity motions are only detected at the rotational frequency. A prominent orbital periodicity is also observed in coordinated optical photometry, where FO Aqr was previously found to be spin dominated. The spectral dependence of the main periodicities shows the presence of multi-temperature components in FO Aqr and for the first time a hot and a cool component in the rotational modulation. From a comparison with previous UV and optical data obtained in 1990, no spectral variations in the orbital and rotational variabilities are detected, indicating no significant changes in the effects of X-ray illumination but rather a shrinking of the accretion curtain accompained by an increase in size of the thickened part of the accretion disc. These observations, consistent with the recently discovered long term trend in the X-ray pulsation amplitudes, independently confirm a change in the accretion mode in FO Aqr, which switched from a disc-fed into a disc-overflow state, likely triggered by mass accretion variations.
4. Nanosecond Time-Resolved Polarization Spectroscopies: Tools for Probing Protein Reaction Mechanisms
PubMed Central
Chen, Eefei; Goldbeck, Robert A.; Kliger, David S.
2010-01-01
Polarization methods, introduced in the 1800’s, offered one of the earliest ways to examine protein structure. Since then, many other structure-sensitive probes have been developed, but circular dichroism (CD) remains a powerful technique because of its versatility and the specificity of protein structural information that can be explored. With improvements in time-resolution, from millisecond to picosecond CD measurements, it has proven to be an important tool for studying the mechanism of folding and function in many biomolecules. For example, nanosecond time-resolved CD (TRCD) studies of the sub-microsecond events of reduced cytochrome c folding have provided direct experimental evidence of kinetic heterogeneity, which is an inherent property of the diffusional nature of early folding dynamics on the energy landscape. In addition, TRCD has been applied to the study of many biochemical processes, such as ligand rebinding in hemoglobin and myoglobin and signaling state formation in photoactive yellow protein and prototropin 1 LOV2. The basic approach to TRCD has also been extended to include a repertoire of nanosecond polarization spectroscopies: optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), magnetic CD and ORD, and linear dichroism. This article will discuss the details of the polarization methods used in this laboratory, as well as the coupling of timeresolved ORD with the temperature-jump trigger so that protein folding can be studied in a larger number of proteins. PMID:20438842
5. Nanosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy distinguishes two K species in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.
PubMed Central
Sasaki, J; Yuzawa, T; Kandori, H; Maeda, A; Hamaguchi, H
1995-01-01
The photochemical reaction process of bacteriorhodopsin in the nanosecond time range (-120-860 ns) was measured in the 1400-900 cm-1 region with an improved time resolved dispersive-type infrared spectrometer. The system is equipped with a newly developed detection unit whose instrumental response to a 5-ns laser pulse has a full width of the half-maximum of 60 ns. It provides highly accurate data that enabled us to extract a kinetic process one order of magnitude faster than the instrumental response. The spectral changes in the 1400-900 cm-1 region were analyzed by singular value decomposition and resolved into three components. These components were separated by fitting with 10- and 1000-ns exponential functions and a step function, which were convoluted with the instrumental response function. The components with decay time constants of 10 and 1000 ns are named K and KL, respectively, on the basis of previous visible spectroscopy. The spectral shapes of K and KL are distinguishable by their hydrogen-out-of-plane (HOOP) modes, at 958 and 984 cm-1, respectively. The former corresponds to the K intermediate recorded at 77 K and the latter to a K-like photoproduct at 135 K. On the basis of published data, these bands are assigned to the 15-HOOP mode, indicating that the K and KL differ in a twist around the C14-C15 bond. PMID:7612850
6. Optical analysis of cirrhotic liver by near infrared time resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nishio, Toshihiro; Kitai, Toshiyuki; Miwa, Mitsuharu; Takahashi, Rei; Yamaoka, Yoshio
1999-10-01
The severity of liver cirrhosis was related with the optical properties of liver tissue. Various grades of liver cirrhosis were produced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA) for different periods: 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks. Optical properties of the liver, absorption, coefficient ((mu) a) and scattering coefficient (microsecond(s) '), were measured by near-infrared time- resolved spectroscopy. Histological examination confirmed cirrhotic changes in the liver, which were more severe in rats with TAA administration for longer periods. The (mu) a increased in 4- and 8-week rats, and then decreased in 12- and 16-week rats. The (mu) a of blood-free liver decreased as liver cirrhosis progressed. The hemoglobin content in the liver calculated from the (mu) a values increased in 4- and 8-week rats and decreased in 12- and 16-week rats. The microsecond(s) ' decreased in the cirrhotic liver, probably reflecting the decrease in the mitochondria content. It was shown that (mu) a and microsecond(s) ' determination is useful to assess the severity of liver cirrhosis.
7. a Study of the Hydroxycyclohexadienyl Radical Absorption Using Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
O'Donnell, Deanna M.; Tripathi, G. N. R.; Brinkmann, Nicole R.
2009-06-01
Thus far there has been little understanding of the vibrational spectra, structure and electronic absorption of hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals in water. They are primary chemical species formed on interaction of radiation with aqueous solutions containing aromatic molecules. We have applied time- resolved resonance Raman (TR-RR) spectroscopy to structurally identify isomers of cyclohexadienyl radicals formed in the pulse radiolysis, using aqueous benzoate solutions as a model system. An early ESR study ((Eiben, K; Fessenden, R.W.; J. Phys. Chem. 1971, 75, 1186-1201) has shown that a mixture of three benzoate hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical isomers: ortho-, meta- and para- are formed upon electron irradiation of N_{2}O saturated benzoate solution. Their collective transient absorption is believed to exhibit a single broad band in the near UV region (?_{max} = 330 nm, ?_{330} = 3800 M^{-1}cm^{-1}). To extract the single isomeric contribution to this collective absorption, we applied TR-RR at various wavelengths within the broad transient absorption range looking for the characteristic indication of each individual isomer. Raman signals of various para-substituted benzoates were also collected to aid in the vibrational studies of the aforementioned benzoate hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals.
8. Time-resolved wavelength modulation spectroscopy measurements of HO{sub 2} kinetics
SciTech Connect
Taatjes, Craig A. [Combustion Research Facility, Mail Stop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969 (United States)] Oh, Daniel B. [Southwest Sciences, Incorporated, 1570 Pacheco Street, Suite E-11, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (United States)
1997-08-01
High-frequency wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) has been applied to the detection of the hydroperoxyl radical (HO{sub 2}) in a laser photolysis and long-path absorption pump-probe kinetics reactor with a near-infrared distributed feedback diode laser. The HO{sub 2} is formed by the 355-nm photolysis of Cl{sub 2} in the presence of CH{sub 3}OH and O{sub 2} and monitored by a phase-sensitive detection of the second-harmonic (2f) signal in the 2{nu}{sub 1} band with a 1.5-{mu}m diode laser directly modulated at 5 MHz. The measured 2f WMS signal is calibrated by direct absorption and converted to an absolute number density with the known absorption line strength of the HO{sub 2} line at 6625.80 cm{sup {minus}1}. The utility of time-resolved WMS as a second-order kinetics probe is demonstrated through the measurement of the HO{sub 2} self-reaction rate constant at 295 K. {copyright} 1997 Optical Society of America
9. Velocity distribution function of sputtered Cu atoms obtained by time resolved optical absorption spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Kang, Namjun; Gaboriau, Freddy; Ricard, Andre [Universite de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9 (France); CNRS, LAPLACE, Toulouse F-31062 (France); Oh, Soo-ghee [Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749 (Korea, Republic of)
2010-01-15
A new method based on time resolved optical absorption spectroscopy is proposed to determine the velocity distribution function of sputtered Cu atoms in a magnetron plasma discharge. The method consists of applying a short pulse of 1.5 {mu}s and of recording time variations in copper atom density in off pulse at different positions (1, 2, and 3 cm) from target surface under 3-30 mTorr. The time evolution of the density is then converted into velocity distribution. We estimate that only sputtered atoms with radial velocity component lower than 0.5 km/s are detected. The average velocity of Cu atoms is evaluated as the first order moment of the velocity distribution functions. The velocity distribution functions become the more dispersive the farther from target surface. The average velocities vary in the range of 2.5-3 km/s at the vicinity of target surface whereas at 3 cm a decrease from 2.5 to 1.2 km/s is observed at 30 mTorr.
10. High-resolution Time-resolved Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscopy on NSTX
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lepson, J. K.; Beiersdorfer, P.; Clementson, J.; Bitter, M.; Hill, K.; Kaita, R.; Roquemore, L.; Skinner, C. H.; Zimmer, G.
2011-10-01
We report on high-resolution, time-resolved spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet spectral region (10-200 Å) on the NSTX tokamak. This work utilizes two flat-field spectrometers on loan from LLNL's electron beam ion trap facility. XEUS, installed in 2004, has a 2400 line/mm flat-field grating with field of view of ~50 Å that can be positioned to survey 5-135 Å with an instrumental resolution of ~0.1 Å and ? / ?? ~ 100 at 10 Å to ~1000 at 100 Å. LoWEUS, installed in 2008, utilizes a 1200 line/mm grating with field of view of ~180 Å, is typically positioned to survey 60-280 Å with an instrumental resolution of ~0.3 Å and ? / ?? ~ 300 at 100 Å to ~600 at 200 Å. New cameras have achieved a time resolution of 12-13 ms for both instruments. We can now examine time dependence and evolution of both intrinsic and extrinsic impurities on NSTX in the EUV band. Of particular interest is monitoring the entry of molybdenum into the plasma after installation of Mo tiles for the 2011 run. Work supported by DOE General Plasma Science program. Part of this work performed under the auspices of DOE by LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and PPPL under contract DE-AC02-09CH11466.
11. A compact time-resolved system for near infrared spectroscopy based on wavelength space multiplexing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Re, Rebecca; Contini, Davide; Caffini, Matteo; Cubeddu, Rinaldo; Spinelli, Lorenzo; Torricelli, Alessandro
2010-11-01
We designed and developed a compact dual-wavelength and dual-channel time-resolved system for near-infrared spectroscopy studies of muscle and brain. The system employs pulsed diode lasers as sources, compact photomultipliers, and time-correlated single photon counting boards for detection. To exploit the full temporal and dynamic range of the acquisition technique, we implemented an approach based on wavelength space multiplexing: laser pulses at the two wavelengths are alternatively injected into the two channels by means of an optical 2×2 switch. In each detection line (i.e., in each temporal window), the distribution of photon time-of-flights at one wavelength is acquired. The proposed approach increases the signal-to-noise ratio and avoids wavelength cross-talk with respect to the typical approach based on time multiplexing. The instrument was characterized on tissue phantoms to assess its properties in terms of linearity, stability, noise, and reproducibility. Finally, it was successfully tested in preliminary in vivo measurements on muscle during standard cuff occlusion and on the brain during a motor cortex response due to hand movements.
12. Conductivity of ZnO nanowires, nanoparticles, and thin films using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy.
PubMed
Baxter, Jason B; Schmuttenmaer, Charles A
2006-12-21
The terahertz absorption coefficient, index of refraction, and conductivity of nanostructured ZnO have been determined using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy, a noncontact optical probe. ZnO properties were measured directly for thin films and were extracted from measurements of nanowire arrays and mesoporous nanoparticle films by applying Bruggeman effective medium theory to the composite samples. Annealing significantly reduces the intrinsic carrier concentration in the ZnO films and nanowires, which were grown by chemical bath deposition. The complex-valued, frequency-dependent photoconductivities for all morphologies were found to be similar at short pump-probe delay times. Fits using the Drude-Smith model show that films have the highest mobility, followed by nanowires and then nanoparticles, and that annealing the ZnO increases its mobility. Time constants for decay of photoinjected electron density in films are twice as long as those in nanowires and more than 5 times those for nanoparticles due to increased electron interaction with interfaces and grain boundaries in the smaller-grained materials. Implications for electron transport in dye-sensitized solar cells are discussed. PMID:17165967
13. Monitoring brain temperature by time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy: pilot study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bakhsheshi, Mohammad Fazel; Diop, Mamadou; St. Lawrence, Keith; Lee, Ting-Yim
2014-05-01
Mild hypothermia (HT) is an effective neuroprotective strategy for a variety of acute brain injuries. However, the wide clinical adaptation of HT has been hampered by the lack of a reliable noninvasive method for measuring brain temperature, since core measurements have been shown to not always reflect brain temperature. The goal of this work was to develop a noninvasive optical technique for measuring brain temperature that exploits both the temperature dependency of water absorption and the high concentration of water in brain (80%-90%). Specifically, we demonstrate the potential of time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS) to measure temperature in tissue-mimicking phantoms (in vitro) and deep brain tissue (in vivo) during heating and cooling, respectively. For deep brain tissue temperature monitoring, experiments were conducted on newborn piglets wherein hypothermia was induced by gradual whole body cooling. Brain temperature was concomitantly measured by TR-NIRS and a thermocouple probe implanted in the brain. Our proposed TR-NIRS method was able to measure the temperature of tissue-mimicking phantoms and brain tissues with a correlation of 0.82 and 0.66 to temperature measured with a thermometer, respectively. The mean difference between the TR-NIRS and thermometer measurements was 0.15°C±1.1°C for the in vitro experiments and 0.5°C±1.6°C for the in vivo measurements.
14. Probing Reaction Dynamics of Transition-Metal Complexes in Solution via Time-Resolved Soft X-ray Spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Huse, Nils; Kim, Tae Kyu; Khalil, Munira; Jamula, Lindsey; McCusker, James K.; Schoenlein, Robert W.
2010-05-02
We report the first time-resolved soft x-ray measurements of solvated transition-metal complexes. L-edge spectroscopy directly probes dynamic changes in ligand-field splitting of 3d orbitals associated with the spin transition, and mediated by changes in ligand-bonding.
15. Time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of germanium and silicon during the solid to the liquid state phase transition
Microsoft Academic Search
G. Gantner; H.-G. Boyen; P. Oelhafen
1996-01-01
Photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid silicon and germanium has been performed by using a new technique based on laser-pulse induced melting of sample surfaces and time resolved detection of the photoelectrons. With this method it has, for the first time, been possible to observe the solid to liquid phase transition of silicon, an element with a vapor pressure in the liquid
16. Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence
PubMed Central
Guanter, Luis; Zhang, Yongguang; Jung, Martin; Joiner, Joanna; Voigt, Maximilian; Berry, Joseph A.; Frankenberg, Christian; Huete, Alfredo R.; Zarco-Tejada, Pablo; Lee, Jung-Eun; Moran, M. Susan; Ponce-Campos, Guillermo; Beer, Christian; Camps-Valls, Gustavo; Buchmann, Nina; Gianelle, Damiano; Klumpp, Katja; Cescatti, Alessandro; Baker, John M.; Griffis, Timothy J.
2014-01-01
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants harvest sunlight to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. It is the primary source of energy for all life on Earth; hence it is important to understand how this process responds to climate change and human impact. However, model-based estimates of gross primary production (GPP, output from photosynthesis) are highly uncertain, in particular over heavily managed agricultural areas. Recent advances in spectroscopy enable the space-based monitoring of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from terrestrial plants. Here we demonstrate that spaceborne SIF retrievals provide a direct measure of the GPP of cropland and grassland ecosystems. Such a strong link with crop photosynthesis is not evident for traditional remotely sensed vegetation indices, nor for more complex carbon cycle models. We use SIF observations to provide a global perspective on agricultural productivity. Our SIF-based crop GPP estimates are 50–75% higher than results from state-of-the-art carbon cycle models over, for example, the US Corn Belt and the Indo-Gangetic Plain, implying that current models severely underestimate the role of management. Our results indicate that SIF data can help us improve our global models for more accurate projections of agricultural productivity and climate impact on crop yields. Extension of our approach to other ecosystems, along with increased observational capabilities for SIF in the near future, holds the prospect of reducing uncertainties in the modeling of the current and future carbon cycle. PMID:24706867
17. Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence.
PubMed
Guanter, Luis; Zhang, Yongguang; Jung, Martin; Joiner, Joanna; Voigt, Maximilian; Berry, Joseph A; Frankenberg, Christian; Huete, Alfredo R; Zarco-Tejada, Pablo; Lee, Jung-Eun; Moran, M Susan; Ponce-Campos, Guillermo; Beer, Christian; Camps-Valls, Gustavo; Buchmann, Nina; Gianelle, Damiano; Klumpp, Katja; Cescatti, Alessandro; Baker, John M; Griffis, Timothy J
2014-04-01
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants harvest sunlight to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. It is the primary source of energy for all life on Earth; hence it is important to understand how this process responds to climate change and human impact. However, model-based estimates of gross primary production (GPP, output from photosynthesis) are highly uncertain, in particular over heavily managed agricultural areas. Recent advances in spectroscopy enable the space-based monitoring of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from terrestrial plants. Here we demonstrate that spaceborne SIF retrievals provide a direct measure of the GPP of cropland and grassland ecosystems. Such a strong link with crop photosynthesis is not evident for traditional remotely sensed vegetation indices, nor for more complex carbon cycle models. We use SIF observations to provide a global perspective on agricultural productivity. Our SIF-based crop GPP estimates are 50-75% higher than results from state-of-the-art carbon cycle models over, for example, the US Corn Belt and the Indo-Gangetic Plain, implying that current models severely underestimate the role of management. Our results indicate that SIF data can help us improve our global models for more accurate projections of agricultural productivity and climate impact on crop yields. Extension of our approach to other ecosystems, along with increased observational capabilities for SIF in the near future, holds the prospect of reducing uncertainties in the modeling of the current and future carbon cycle. PMID:24706867
18. Global and Time-Resolved Monitoring of Crop Photosynthesis with Chlorophyll Fluorescence
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Guanter, Luis; Zhang, Yongguang; Jung, Martin; Joiner, Joanna; Voigt, Maximilian; Berry, Joseph A.; Frankenberg, Christian; Huete, Alfredo R.; Zarco-Tejada, Pablo; Lee, Jung-Eun; Moran, M. Susan; Ponce-Campos, Guillermo; Beer, Christian; Camps-Valls, Gustavo; Buchmann, Nina; Gianelle, Damiano; Klumpp, Katja; Cescatti, Alessandro; Baker, John M.; Griffis, Timothy J.
2014-01-01
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants harvest sunlight to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. It is the primary source of energy for all life on Earth; hence it is important to understand how this process responds to climate change and human impact. However, model-based estimates of gross primary production (GPP, output from photosynthesis) are highly uncertain, in particular over heavily managed agricultural areas. Recent advances in spectroscopy enable the space-based monitoring of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from terrestrial plants. Here we demonstrate that spaceborne SIF retrievals provide a direct measure of the GPP of cropland and grassland ecosystems. Such a strong link with crop photosynthesis is not evident for traditional remotely sensed vegetation indices, nor for more complex carbon cycle models. We use SIF observations to provide a global perspective on agricultural productivity. Our SIF-based crop GPP estimates are 50-75% higher than results from state-of-the-art carbon cycle models over, for example, the US Corn Belt and the Indo-Gangetic Plain, implying that current models severely underestimate the role of management. Our results indicate that SIF data can help us improve our global models for more accurate projections of agricultural productivity and climate impact on crop yields. Extension of our approach to other ecosystems, along with increased observational capabilities for SIF in the near future, holds the prospect of reducing uncertainties in the modeling of the current and future carbon cycle.
19. Cellular uptake of modified oligonucleotides enhanced by porphyrins studied by time-resolved microspectrofluorimetry and fluorescence imaging techniques
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Praus, P.; Ko?išová, E.; Mojzeš, P.; Št?pánek, J.; Turpin, P.-Y.; Sureau, F.
2011-05-01
Fluorescence microimaging and homodyne phase-resolved confocal microspectrofluorimetry were used to monitor the transport of antisense oligonucleotide into 3T3 living cells and its subsequent intracellular distribution. Phosphorothioate analog of 15-mer oligothymidylate labeled by ATTO 425 was complexed with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (H 2TMPyP4) as an uptake-mediating agent. High frequency (up to 180 MHz) analog modulation of both exciting diode laser and the detector image intensifier gain was used to record time-resolved fluorescence spectra. Fluorescence lifetime data within a broad spectral range have revealed preservation of oligonucleotide/porphyrin complex integrity and binding properties of both components inside the cell.
20. Self-association of the polyene antibiotic nystatin in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles: a time-resolved fluorescence study.
PubMed Central
Coutinho, A; Prieto, M
1995-01-01
The interaction between Nystatin and small unilamellar vesicles of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, both in gel (T = 21 degrees C) and in liquid-crystalline (T = 45 degrees C) phases, was studied by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements by taking advantage of the intrinsic tetraene fluorophore present in this antibiotic. It was shown that Nystatin aggregates in aqueous solution with a critical concentration of 3 microM. The enhancement in the fluorescence intensity of the antibiotic was applied to study the membrane binding of Nystatin, and it was shown that the antibiotic had an almost fivefold higher partition coefficient for the vesicles in a gel (P = (1.4 +/- 0.1) x 10(3)) than in a liquid-crystalline phase (P = (2.9 +/- 0.1) x 10(2)). Moreover, a time-resolved fluorescence study was used to examine Nystatin aggregation in the membrane. The emission decay kinetics of Nystatin was described by three and two exponentials in the lipid membrane at 21 degrees C and 45 degrees C, respectively. Nystatin mean fluorescence lifetime is concentration-dependent in gel phase lipids, increasing steeply from 11 to 33 ns at an antibiotic concentration of 5-6 microM, but the fluorescence decay parameters of Nystatin were unvarying with the antibiotic concentration in fluid lipids. These results provide evidence for the formation of strongly fluorescent antibiotic aggregates in gel-phase membrane, an interpretation that is at variance with a previous study. However, no antibiotic self-association was detected in a liquid-crystalline lipid bilayer within the antibiotic concentration range studied (0-14 microM). PMID:8599661
1. Two-Dimensional Subpicosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy: Optical Kerr-Gating with a Dynamic Polarization Excitation.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fujiwara, Takashige; Romano, Natalie C.; Modarelli, David A.; Lim, Edward C.
2013-06-01
With an advent of ultrafast lasers, a number of applications are widely adopted to probe photophysical and photochemical properties of a molecule that occurs in an ultrafast (femtosecond to picosecond) time scale. Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) or proton transfer in photoexcited electron donor-acceptor (EDA) molecules, for instance, has been a topic of very extensive time-resolved studies for several decades. Time-evolution of an anisotropic property can track dipole orientations or conformational changes in their photoexcited molecular systems, which is of extreme importance to examine its structure and excited-state dynamics rather than probing an isotropic "population change".With this respect, we recently developed a subpicosecond time-resolved 2-D fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA) in which method implements a dynamic alternation of laser polarizations to excite a sample using a photoelastic modulator (PEM). In the combination of an ultrafast optical shutter (Kerr-gating) and a spectrograph that is coupled with a CCD, two signal phases so-obtained dynamically, I_{?}( t, ?) and I_{?}( t, ?), provide a 2-D mapped information on both a wide range for spectra and time-resolved kinetics of photoexcited molecules of interest. From the definition of an anisotropy 2-D TRFA, r (t, ?), is given instantly and even more reliably at a single measurement. In this paper we will present benchmark tests of some target samples to establish performance of TRFA.
2. Time-resolved stand-off UV-Raman spectroscopy for planetary exploration
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Skulinova, M.; Lefebvre, C.; Sobron, P.; Eshelman, E.; Daly, M.; Gravel, J.-F.; Cormier, J.-F.; Châteauneuf, F.; Slater, G.; Zheng, W.; Koujelev, A.; Léveillé, R.
2014-03-01
The exploration of Mars, Europa and Enceladus has provided evidence that support the existence of present or past potentially habitable environments, which may shelter signatures of extinct or extant life. A search for further evidence for habitability or for life requires the development of sophisticated instruments and techniques that enable detailed investigations of locations, which are of great interest to planetary scientists and astrobiologists. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile technique; a rover based Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) operating at 532 nm excitation wavelength has been selected for the 2018 ExoMars mission. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of the utilisation of a time-resolved stand-off UV-Raman prototype for the detection and identification of pure organics, organics mixed in a quartz matrix and minerals that have been selected based on their potential relevance to astrobiology and planetary exploration. The samples of organics (?-carotene, L-ascorbic acid, thiamine hydrochloride, L-alanine, L-serine, thymine), carbonates (calcite, dolomite), sulfates (gypsum), silicates (quartz), and natural rock (an altered meta-volcanic rock featuring quartz inclusions) were analyzed at a distance of 6 m using a 355 nm excitation source and a gated intensified charged-coupled device (ICCD) as the detector. We were able to obtain spectra with clear Raman signals enabling unequivocal identification of all selected samples. We assert for the first time, that such an instrument can effectively identify minerals and a wide range of organics that may serve as geo- and biomarkers thus showing great potential for the exploration of planets and astrobiology.
3. High Resolution Time-resolved UCLES Spectroscopy of AE Aqr: I. The Secondary Star Revealed
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Echevarria, J.; Diego, F.; Mills, D.; Connon Smith, R.
2006-06-01
High-dispersion time-resolved spectroscopy of the cataclysmic variable AE Aqr has been obtained. The emission lines have a complex structure that make difficult to measure the motion of the white dwarf. The cross correlation for the absorption lines shows a clear asymmetric profile as expected from a heated side of the red star. The spectral type for the secondary star varies from K2 to K5; there are clear indications that the temperature varies as a function of star longitude. The radial velocity analysis yield Kab = 165.2 ± 0.6 Km s-1 for the cross-correlated secondary star. The rotational velocity of the red star has been measured as a function of orbital period. It shows ellipsoidal variations with a period half the orbital period. The rotational velocities vary within the range Vrot sin i = 105 ± 3 Km s-1 and Vrot sin i = 130 ± 3 Km s-1. The former can be used to constrain the white dwarf semi-amplitude value to yield Kem = 139 ± 4 Km s-1 consistent with derived values from published radial velocity measurements. From a variation in the absorption line strength of 30%, we constrain the inclination angle to i = 58° ± 3. The estimated masses of the binary are: Mw = 1.07 ± 0.07 M? and Mr = 0.90 ± 0.05 M?. If this is correct we should expect a spectral type of G5 if the secondary star is a main sequence star. We suggest that the discrepancy is explained if the star has a radius 40% greater than a main sequence star for a mass of 0.90 M?.
4. Continuous-scan time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy measurements of high energy molecular collisions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sloan, J. J.; Neil, W. S.; Roscoe, J.; Kong, F.-A.
1998-06-01
We have studied the dynamics of gas phase collisions between high energy radicals and several small molecules under low pressure conditions, which enable us to resolve single collision events. The experiments are carried out in a fast-flow, low pressure chemiluminescence emission apparatus. Using nanosecond laser photofragmentation, we create pulses of high energy radicals in a flowing stream of a reagent molecule, then record a series of broad-band IR spectra of the emission from the products of the resulting reaction, using time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy (TRFTS). Our TRFTS instrument uses a continuous scan Michelson interferometer to which we have added a data acquisition system of our own design. The latter is based on VME architecture, and permits time resolutions between 1 ?s and 3 ms at the full spectral bandwidth and maximum spectral resolution of the interferometer. Slower time resolutions, down to a few tens of milliseconds, can be obtained at reduced spectral bandwidths. The work to be reported uses a time resolution of a few tens of nanoseconds for the first spectrum, then from 1-3 ?s for the second and subsequent spectra; typically, we record in excess of 20 spectra. The principal observable is the infrared emission from the vibrationally and rotationally excited products of the reaction. This is a very low-background experiment; the sensitivity is on the order of 10-15 moles/litre/quantum state. Where more than one reaction is possible, the relative intensities of the various spectra give the branching ratios for the different channels, while the time dependence of the emission gives the reaction kinetics.
5. Determination of radiative lifetimes of excited states in neutral gold using time-resolved vacuum-ultraviolet laser spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
M. B. Gaarde; R. Zerne; Luo Caiyan; Jiang Zhankui; J. Larsson; S. Svanberg
1994-01-01
Natural radiative lifetimes of the states in the highly perturbed 5d10np 2P sequence in neutral gold, Au i, for n=6-9, as well as of four of the perturbing 5d96s6p 2P states, have been measured. This was done by direct excitation from the ground state with short-pulse vacuum-ultraviolet laser light and time-resolved detection of the laser-induced fluorescence. We found the lifetimes
6. Spectral and time-resolved fluorescence signature of four weed species as affected by selected herbicides
Microsoft Academic Search
Mauricio Hunsche; Kathrin Bürling; Georg Noga
2011-01-01
In the present study we show for the first time the suitability of the laser-induced fluorescence technique to evaluate in vivo herbicide-induced damages as revealed by changes of fluorescence spectra and lifetime. Four herbicides of different modes of action (glyphosate, bromoxynil, mesotrione, and amitrole) were selected and applied to four weed species (Stellaria media, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album, and Viola
7. Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy for quantitative Ca2+ imaging in living cells.
PubMed
Sagolla, Kristina; Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd; Hille, Carsten
2013-10-01
Calcium (Ca(2+)) is a ubiquitous intracellular second messenger and involved in a plethora of cellular processes. Thus, quantification of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and of its dynamics is required for a comprehensive understanding of physiological processes and potential dysfunctions. A powerful approach for studying [Ca(2+)]i is the use of fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators. In addition to the fluorescence intensity as a common recording parameter, the fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) technique provides access to the fluorescence decay time of the indicator dye. The nanosecond lifetime is mostly independent of variations in dye concentration, allowing more reliable quantification of ion concentrations in biological preparations. In this study, the feasibility of the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator Oregon Green Bapta-1 (OGB-1) for two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2P-FLIM) was evaluated. In aqueous solution, OGB-1 displayed a Ca(2+)-dependent biexponential fluorescence decay behaviour, indicating the presence of a Ca(2+)-free and Ca(2+)-bound dye form. After sufficient dye loading into living cells, an in situ calibration procedure has also unravelled the Ca(2+)-free and Ca(2+)-bound dye forms from a global biexponential fluorescence decay analysis, although the dye's Ca(2+) sensitivity is reduced. Nevertheless, quantitative [Ca(2+)]i recordings and its stimulus-induced changes in salivary gland cells could be performed successfully. These results suggest that OGB-1 is suitable for 2P-FLIM measurements, which can gain access to cellular physiology. PMID:23975087
8. The supercontinuum laser as a flexible source for quasi-steady state and time resolved fluorescence studies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fenske, Roger; Näther, Dirk U.; Dennis, Richard B.; Smith, S. Desmond
2010-02-01
Commercial Fluorescence Lifetime Spectrometers have long suffered from the lack of a simple, compact and relatively inexpensive broad spectral band light source that can be flexibly employed for both quasi-steady state and time resolved measurements (using Time Correlated Single Photon Counting [TCSPC]). This paper reports the integration of an optically pumped photonic crystal fibre, supercontinuum source1 (Fianium model SC400PP) as a light source in Fluorescence Lifetime Spectrometers (Edinburgh Instruments FLS920 and Lifespec II), with single photon counting detectors (micro-channel plate photomultiplier and a near-infrared photomultiplier) covering the UV to NIR range. An innovative method of spectral selection of the supercontinuum source involving wedge interference filters is also discussed.
9. Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence of normal and atherosclerotic coronary artery
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marcu, Laura; Maarek, Jean-Michel I.; Fishbein, Michael C.; Grundfest, Warren S.
1999-07-01
This study investigates the spectro-temporal fluorescence emission of normal and diseased coronary arteries with graded levels of atherosclerosis. Fluorescence emission of 58 excised human coronary artery samples was induced with N2 laser pulses and detected with a MCP-PMT connected to a digital oscilloscope. The samples were H and E and Movat stained and histologically classified in accordance with AHA classification. An algorithm based on Laguerre expansion of kernels was used to deconvolve the intrinsic fluorescence impulse response function from the measured transient pulse. A biexponential function depicted the fluorescence decay characteristics. We noticed 1) in spectral domain: peak fluorescence intensity was at 380 nm for normal and initial lesions samples and blue-shifted for advanced lesions; intensity at 450-480 nm decreased from approximately 65 percent peak intensity for normal samples to approximately 30 percent for Type V lesions; 2) in time domain: longer lasting emission for the advanced lesions. The decay constants varied as a function emission wavelength and lesion type. For instance the time constants for Type V lesions measured at 390 nm were significantly larger that those measured on normal arterial wall. The fast term decay contributed to a higher degree to the impulse response function for normal tissue. These results reveal that the analysis of the temporal characteristics of fluorescence can be used to differentiate between coronary lesion and normal coronary wall. The time domain information complements the spectral domain intensity data for improved differentiation between graded levels of coronary lesions.
10. Quantification of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis by time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy and tracer kinetic modeling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ioussoufovitch, Seva; Morrison, Laura B.; Lee, Ting-Yim; St. Lawrence, Keith; Diop, Mamadou
2015-03-01
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation, which can cause progressive joint damage and disability. Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and imaging have the potential to become potent monitoring tools for RA. We devised a method that combined time-resolved DOS and tracer kinetics modeling to rapidly and reliably quantify blood flow in the joint. Preliminary results obtained from two animals show that the technique can detect joint inflammation as early as 5 days after onset.
11. Wave packet dynamics in different electronic states investigated by femtosecond time-resolved four-wave-mixing spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
A. Materny; T. Chen; M. Schmitt; T. Siebert; A. Vierheilig; V. Engel; W. Kiefer
2000-01-01
. This paper reviews results on wave packet dynamics investigated by means of femtosecond time-resolved four-wave-mixing (FWM)\\u000a spectroscopy. First, it is shown that by making use of the various degrees of freedom which are offered by this technique\\u000a information about molecular dynamics on different potential-energy surfaces can be accessed and separated from each other.\\u000a By varying the timing, polarization, and
12. Short-lived excited triplet states studied by time-resolved EPR spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Noboru Hirota; Seigo Yamauchi
2003-01-01
In this review, we present an overview of the application of time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) to the study of excited triplet states. After a brief discussion of background and experimental methods, triplet properties clarified by TREPR are reviewed to show how TREPR provides rich information about electronic and molecular structures and dynamic properties of the lowest excited triplet states.
13. The measurement of the phosphorescence and singlet oxygen fluorescence time-resolved waveforms of Photofrin(II) and Talaporfin sodium with pulsed excitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hakomori, Shiho; Ohmori, Sayaka; Masuda, Kensuke; Yamamoto, Kojiro; Arai, Tsunenori
2007-02-01
In order to investigate the interaction between the triplet state T I and ground state oxygen 3O II during pulsed excitation photodynamic therapy (PDT), we measured the phosphorescence and singlet oxygen 1O II fluorescence time-resolved waveform. The phosphorescence time-resolved waveform from clinical photosensitizers has not been obtained because this signal was buried in the photosensitizer fluorescence. We constructed the experimental setup with a spectral and temporal filter to select the phosphorescence signals from the Photofrin(II) (R) and Talaporfin sodium solution. The lifetimes and spectrums of the measured luminescence coincided with the phosphorescence characteristics, respectively. We obtained the phosphorescence time-resolved waveforms from the clinical photosensitizer solutions successfully. The 1O II fluorescence time-resolved waveforms from these photosensitizers were measured with an IR-PMT with a photon counter. The fluorescence time-resolved waveforms of each photosensitizer were also obtained by the authors. We could consequently describe sequential generation of three time-resolved waveforms throughout the photosensitive reaction in the clinical photosensitizers. We think we may evaluate the photoseisitizer characteristics by these waveforms.
14. Laguerre-based method for analysis of time-resolved fluorescence data: application to in-vivo characterization and diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jo, Javier A.; Fang, Qiyin; Papaioannou, Thanassis; Baker, J. Dennis; Dorafshar, Amir; Reil, Todd; Qiao, Jianhua; Fishbein, Michael C.; Freischlag, Julie A.; Marcu, Laura
2006-03-01
We report the application of the Laguerre deconvolution technique (LDT) to the analysis of in-vivo time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) data and the diagnosis of atherosclerotic plaques. TR-LIFS measurements were obtained in vivo from normal and atherosclerotic aortas (eight rabbits, 73 areas), and subsequently analyzed using LDT. Spectral and time-resolved features were used to develop four classification algorithms: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), stepwise LDA (SLDA), principal component analysis (PCA), and artificial neural network (ANN). Accurate deconvolution of TR-LIFS in-vivo measurements from normal and atherosclerotic arteries was provided by LDT. The derived Laguerre expansion coefficients reflected changes in the arterial biochemical composition, and provided a means to discriminate lesions rich in macrophages with high sensitivity (>85%) and specificity (>95%). Classification algorithms (SLDA and PCA) using a selected number of features with maximum discriminating power provided the best performance. This study demonstrates the potential of the LDT for in-vivo tissue diagnosis, and specifically for the detection of macrophages infiltration in atherosclerotic lesions, a key marker of plaque vulnerability.
15. Time-resolved fluorescence of 2-aminopurine as a probe of base flipping in M.HhaI–DNA complexes
PubMed Central
Neely, Robert K.; Daujotyte, Dalia; Grazulis, Saulius; Magennis, Steven W.; Dryden, David T. F.; Klimašauskas, Saulius; Jones, Anita C.
2005-01-01
DNA base flipping is an important mechanism in molecular enzymology, but its study is limited by the lack of an accessible and reliable diagnostic technique. A series of crystalline complexes of a DNA methyltransferase, M.HhaI, and its cognate DNA, in which a fluorescent nucleobase analogue, 2-aminopurine (AP), occupies defined positions with respect the target flipped base, have been prepared and their structures determined at higher than 2 ? resolution. From time-resolved fluorescence measurements of these single crystals, we have established that the fluorescence decay function of AP shows a pronounced, characteristic response to base flipping: the loss of the very short (?100 ps) decay component and the large increase in the amplitude of the long (?10 ns) component. When AP is positioned at sites other than the target site, this response is not seen. Most significantly, we have shown that the same clear response is apparent when M.HhaI complexes with DNA in solution, giving an unambiguous signal of base flipping. Analysis of the AP fluorescence decay function reveals conformational heterogeneity in the DNA–enzyme complexes that cannot be discerned from the present X-ray structures. PMID:16340006
16. Time-Resolved Fluorescence of Carbon Nanotubes and Its Implication for Radiative Lifetimes Feng Wang,1
E-print Network
Heinz, Tony F.
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA (Received 27 October 2003 rate and a determination of fluorescence quantum efficiency, we deduce a radiative lifetime of 110 ns in excess of 1012 A=m2 and to exhibit favorable switching character- istics. The interaction of nanotubes
17. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Analysis of the Photosystem II Antenna Proteins in Detergent Micelles and Liposomes
E-print Network
and Liposomes Ismael Moya, Mariuccia Silvestri,§ Olivier Vallon,| Gianfelice Cinque, and Roberto Bassi*, LURE conformation of the Lhc proteins. Upon incorporation of Lhc proteins into liposomes, a quenching of chlorophyll in the liposomes, and therefore the probability of protein-protein interactions, a further decrease of fluorescence
18. Time-resolved fluorescence studies of tomaymycin bonding to synthetic DNAs.
PubMed Central
Barkley, M D; Chen, Q; Walczak, W J; Maskos, K
1996-01-01
Tomaymycin reacts covalently with guanine in the DNA minor groove, exhibiting considerable specificity for the flanking bases. The sequence dependence of tomaymycin bonding to DNA was investigated in synthetic DNA oligomers and polymers. The maximum extent of bonding to DNA is greater for homopurine and natural DNA sequences than for alternating purine-pyrimidine sequences. Saturation of DNA with tomaymycin has little effect on the melting temperature in the absence of unbound drug. Fluorescence lifetimes were measured for DNA adducts at seven of the ten unique trinucleotide bonding sites. Most of the adducts had two fluorescence lifetimes, representing two of the four possible binding modes. The lifetimes cluster around 2-3 ns and 5-7 ns; the longer lifetime is the major component for most bonding sites. The two lifetime classes were assigned to R and S diastereomeric adducts by comparison with previous NMR results for oligomer adducts. The lifetime difference between binding modes is interpreted in terms of an anomeric effect on the excited-state proton transfer reaction that quenches tomaymycin fluorescence. Bonding kinetics of polymer adducts were monitored by fluorescence lifetime measurements. Rates of adduct formation vary by two orders of magnitude with poly(dA-dG).poly(dC-dT), reacting the fastest at 4 x 10(-2) M-1 s-1. The sequence specificity of tomaymycin is discussed in light of these findings and other reports in the literature. PMID:8785351
19. Microsecond protein folding events revealed by time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer in a microfluidic mixer.
PubMed
Jiang, Liguo; Zeng, Yan; Sun, Qiqi; Sun, Yueru; Guo, Zhihong; Qu, Jianan Y; Yao, Shuhuai
2015-06-01
We demonstrate the combination of the time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (tr-FRET) measurement and the ultrarapid hydrodynamic focusing microfluidic mixer. The combined technique is capable of probing the intermolecular distance change with temporal resolution at microsecond level and structural resolution at Angstrom level, and the use of two-photon excitation enables a broader exploration of FRET with spectrum from near-ultraviolet to visible wavelength. As a proof of principle, we used the coupled microfluidic laminar flow and time-resolved two-photon excitation microscopy to investigate the early folding states of Cytochrome c (cyt c) by monitoring the distance between the tryptophan (Trp-59)-heme donor-acceptor (D-A) pair. The transformation of folding states of cyt c in the early 500 ?s of refolding was revealed on the microsecond time scale. For the first time, we clearly resolved the early transient state of cyt c, which is populated within the dead time of the mixer (<10 ?s) and has a characteristic Trp-59-heme distance of ?31 Å. We believe this tool can find more applications in studying the early stages of biological processes with FRET as the probe. PMID:25938953
20. Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of the Ion Velocity Distribution in the H6 Hall Thruster Plume
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Durot, Christopher; Gallimore, Alec
2013-09-01
We developed a technique to measure time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence signals in plasma sources that have a relatively constant spectrum of oscillations in steady-state operation but are not periodically pulsed, such as Hall thrusters. We present the first results using the new technique to capture oscillations in a Hall Thruster. The ion velocity distribution function in the plume of the H6 Hall thruster is interrogated during breathing mode oscillations. The breathing mode is characterized by an oscillating depletion and replenishment of neutrals at a frequency of about 10-25 kHz. We use laser modulation on the order of megahertz, well above the time scale of interest (about 0.1 ms). Band-pass filtering and phase-sensitive detection (with a time constant on the order of microseconds) raise the signal-to-noise ratio and demodulate the signal while preserving time-resolved information. Following phase-sensitive detection, we average over transfer functions to finish recovering the signal. This technique has advantages such as a shorter dwell time than other techniques and the lack of a need for triggering for averaging in the time domain.
1. A novel luminescent terbium-3-carboxycoumarin probe for time-resolved fluorescence sensing of pesticides methomyl, aldicarb and prometryne.
PubMed
Azab, Hassan A; Duerkop, Axel; Saad, E M; Awad, F K; Abd El Aal, R M; Kamel, Rasha M
2012-11-01
The luminescence arising from lanthanide cations offers several advantages over organic fluorescent molecules: sharp, distinctive emission bands allow for easy resolution between multiple lanthanide signals; long emission lifetimes (?s-ms) make them excellent candidates for time-resolved measurements; and high resistance to photo bleaching allow for long or repeated experiments. A time-resolved (gated) luminescence-based method for determination of pesticides methomyl, aldicarb and prometryne in microtiterplate format using the long-lived terbium-3-carboxycoumarin in 1:3 metal:ligand ratio has been developed. The limit of detection is 1.20×10(6), 5.19×10(5) and 2.74×10(6)ng L(-1) for methomyl, prometryne and aldicarb, respectively. The quantum yield (QY=0.08) of Tb(III)-3-carboxycoumarin was determined using 3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-7-diethylamino-coumarin (coumarin 6). Stern-volmer studies at different temperatures indicate that collisional quenching dominates for methomyl, aldicarb and prometryne. Binding constants were determined at 303, 308 and 313 K by using Lineweaver-Burk equation. A thermodynamic analysis showed that the reaction is spontaneous with negative ?G. Effect of some relevant interferents on the detection of pesticides has been investigated. PMID:22906968
2. Quantifying the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen by combining diffuse correlation spectroscopy and time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Verdecchia, Kyle; Diop, Mamadou; Lee, Ting-Yim; St. Lawrence, Keith
2013-02-01
Preterm infants are highly susceptible to ischemic brain injury; consequently, continuous bedside monitoring to detect ischemia before irreversible damage occurs would improve patient outcome. In addition to monitoring cerebral blood flow (CBF), assessing the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) would be beneficial considering that metabolic thresholds can be used to evaluate tissue viability. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that changes in absolute CMRO2 could be measured by combining diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) with time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS). Absolute CBF was determined using bolus-tracking TR-NIRS to calibrate the DCS measurements. Cerebral venous blood oxygenation (SvO2) was determined by multiwavelength TR-NIRS measurements, the accuracy of which was assessed by directly measuring the oxygenation of sagittal sinus blood. In eight newborn piglets, CMRO2 was manipulated by varying the anesthetics and by injecting sodium cyanide. No significant differences were found between the two sets of SvO2 measurements obtained by TR-NIRS or sagittal sinus blood samples and the corresponding CMRO2 measurements. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean CMRO2 difference of 0.0268±0.8340 mL O2/100 g/min between the two techniques over a range from 0.3 to 4 mL O2/100 g/min.
3. The picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectrum of rhodamine 6G
Microsoft Academic Search
M. M. Malley; G. Mourou
1974-01-01
We have observed the spontaneous flourescence spectrum of rhodamine 6G in glycerol with picosecond resolution using a mode-locked Nd:glass laser. The position, width and shape of the fluorescence spectrum are a function of the delay time between excitation and observation of the spectrum. Initially, the spectrum is close to a lorentzian with 12 nm halfwidth centered at 559 nm. The
4. Gene expression analysis with an integrated CMOS microarray by time-resolved fluorescence detection
PubMed Central
Huang, Ta-chien D.; Paul, Sunirmal; Gong, Ping; Levicky, Rastislav; Kymissis, John; Amundson, Sally A.; Shepard, Kenneth L.
2010-01-01
DNA microarrays have proven extraordinarily powerful for differential expression studies across thousands of genes in a single experiment. Microarrays also have the potential for clinical applications, including the detection of infectious and immunological diseases and cancer, if they can be rendered both reliable and cost-effective. Here we report the first practical application of an active microarray based on integrated circuit technology, completely obviating the need for external measurement instrumentation while employing protocols compatible with traditional fluorescence-based surface bioassays. In a gene-expression biodosimetry study, we determine the differential activity of genes from leucocytes in irradiated human blood. Quantum dots are used as fluorescence labels to realize filterless, time-gated fluorescence detection on an active complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) microarray with 100-pM sensitivity. Improvements in surface chemistry should allow sensitivities that approach the microarray hardware limit of less than 10 pM. Techniques for covalent attachment of DNA capture strands to the CMOS active microarrays allow integrated sensors to be placed in immediate proximity to hybridized analyte strands, maximizing photon collection efficiencies. PMID:20392628
5. Time-resolved imaging system for fluorescence-guided surgery with lifetime imaging capability
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Powolny, F.; Homicsko, K.; Sinisi, R.; Bruschini, Claudio E.; Grigoriev, E.; Homulle, H.; Prior, John O.; Hanahan, D.; Dubikovskaya, E.; Charbon, E.
2014-05-01
We present a single-photon camera for fluorescence imaging, with a time resolution better than 100ps, capable of providing both intensity and lifetime images. the camera was fabricated in standard CMOS technology. With this FluoCam we show the possibility to study sub-nanosecond fluorescence mechanisms. The FluoCam was used to characterize a near-infrared probe, indocyanine green, conjugated with multimeric cyclic pentapeptide (cRGD). The fluorescent probe-conjugated was used to target and mark tumors with better specificity, in particular aiming at targeting the integrins ?v?3 and ?v?5. As a first step towards clinical studies, preliminary results obtained in-vivo are presented. The first envisioned clinical application would be image-guided surgical oncology to help the surgeon to remove tumor tissue by a better discrimination from normal tissues and also to improve the detection of metastatic lymph nodes. A further application could be the in-vivo determination of the ?v?3 and ?v?5 targets to select patients for therapy with RGD chemotherapy conjugates.
6. Time-resolved IR spectroscopy of a trinuclear palladium complex in solution.
PubMed
Zimmer, M; Rupp, F; Singer, P; Walz, F; Breher, F; Klopper, W; Diller, R; Gerhards, M
2015-06-01
This paper presents a combined spectroscopic and theoretical analysis of a trinuclear [Pd3{Si(mt(Me))3}2] complex (mt(Me) = methimazole) which has been demonstrated to be a potential catalyst for coupling reactions. It is a highly symmetric model system (D3 in the electronic ground state) for the investigation of electronic states and the structure of polynuclear transition metal complexes. Different time-resolved IR spectroscopic methods covering the femtosecond up to the microsecond range as well as density functional computations are performed to unravel the structure and character of this complex in the electronically excited state. These are the first time-resolved IR studies on a trinuclear Pd complex. Based on the interplay between the computational results and those from the IR studies a (3)A state is identified as the lowest lying triplet state which has C2 symmetry. PMID:25959720
7. Full Genotyping of a Highly Polymorphic Human Gene Trait by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
PubMed Central
Totè, Edoardo; Lamperti, Marco; Bondani, Maria; Salerno, Domenico; Cassina, Valeria; Nardo, Luca
2014-01-01
The ability of detecting the subtle variations occurring, among different individuals, within specific DNA sequences encompassed in highly polymorphic genes discloses new applications in genomics and diagnostics. DQB1 is a gene of the HLA-II DQ locus of the Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) system. The polymorphisms of the trait of the DQB1 gene including codons 52–57 modulate the susceptibility to a number of severe pathologies. Moreover, the donor-receiver tissue compatibility in bone marrow transplantations is routinely assessed through crossed genotyping of DQB and DQA. For the above reasons, the development of rapid, reliable and cost-effective typing technologies of DQB1 in general, and more specifically of the codons 52–57, is a relevant although challenging task. Quantitative assessment of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency between chromophores labelling the opposite ends of gene-specific oligonucleotide probes has proven to be a powerful tool to type DNA polymorphisms with single-nucleotide resolution. The FRET efficiency can be most conveniently quantified by applying a time-resolved fluorescence analysis methodology, i.e. time-correlated single-photon counting, which allows working on very diluted template specimens and in the presence of fluorescent contaminants. Here we present a full in-vitro characterization of the fluorescence responses of two probes when hybridized to oligonucleotide mixtures mimicking all the possible genotypes of the codons 52–57 trait of DQB1 (8 homozygous and 28 heterozygous). We show that each genotype can be effectively tagged by the combination of the fluorescence decay constants extrapolated from the data obtained with such probes. PMID:25215592
8. Cellular Oxygen and Nutrient Sensing in Microgravity Using Time-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Szmacinski, Henryk
2003-01-01
Oxygen and nutrient sensing is fundamental to the understanding of cell growth and metabolism. This requires identification of optical probes and suitable detection technology without complex calibration procedures. Under this project Microcosm developed an experimental technique that allows for simultaneous imaging of intra- and inter-cellular events. The technique consists of frequency-domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM), a set of identified oxygen and pH probes, and methods for fabrication of microsensors. Specifications for electronic and optical components of FLIM instrumentation are provided. Hardware and software were developed for data acquisition and analysis. Principles, procedures, and representative images are demonstrated. Suitable lifetime sensitive oxygen, pH, and glucose probes for intra- and extra-cellular measurements of analyte concentrations have been identified and tested. Lifetime sensing and imaging have been performed using PBS buffer, culture media, and yeast cells as a model systems. Spectral specifications, calibration curves, and probes availability are also provided in the report.
9. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
NSDL National Science Digital Library
Haustein, Elke
This paper, which was previously published as part of an online biophysics textbook, provides detailed information about concepts related to fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Sections of the document include writing on experimental realization, theoretical concepts, and applications of this technology.
10. Laser-induced time-resolved spectroscopy of visible broad luminescence bands in zircon
Microsoft Academic Search
M. Gaft; I. Shinno; G. Panczer; R. Reisfeld
2002-01-01
Summary ?This work examines the luminescence of zircon studied by laser-induced time-resolved methods. This method allows the differentiation\\u000a between luminescence centers of similar emission wavelengths, but different decay times. Samples include a suite of natural\\u000a zircons, nominally pure synthetic ZrSiO4, and ZrSiO4 artificially doped by Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, Sb, Ti, Ta, V, Sc, U, U-P, and Th-P. In
11. Time-resolved fluorescence imaging of slab gels for lifetime base-calling in DNA sequencing applications.
PubMed
Lassiter, S J; Stryjewski, W; Legendre, B L; Erdmann, R; Wahl, M; Wurm, J; Peterson, R; Middendorf, L; Soper, S A
2000-11-01
A compact time-resolved near-IR fluorescence imager was constructed to obtain lifetime and intensity images of DNA sequencing slab gels. The scanner consisted of a microscope body with f/1.2 relay optics onto which was mounted a pulsed diode laser (repetition rate 80 MHz, lasing wavelength 680 nm, average power 5 mW), filtering optics, and a large photoactive area (diameter 500 microns) single-photon avalanche diode that was actively quenched to provide a large dynamic operating range. The time-resolved data were processed using electronics configured in a conventional time-correlated single-photon-counting format with all of the counting hardware situated on a PC card resident on the computer bus. The microscope head produced a timing response of 450 ps (fwhm) in a scanning mode, allowing the measurement of subnano-second lifetimes. The time-resolved microscope head was placed in an automated DNA sequencer and translated across a 21-cm-wide gel plate in approximately 6 s (scan rate 3.5 cm/s) with an accumulation time per pixel of 10 ms. The sampling frequency was 0.17 Hz (duty cycle 0.0017), sufficient to prevent signal aliasing during the electrophoresis separation. Software (written in Visual Basic) allowed acquisition of both the intensity image and lifetime analysis of DNA bands migrating through the gel in real time. Using a dual-labeling (IRD700 and Cy5.5 labeling dyes)/two-lane sequencing strategy, we successfully read 670 bases of a control M13mp18 ssDNA template using lifetime identification. Comparison of the reconstructed sequence with the known sequence of the phage indicated the number of miscalls was only 2, producing an error rate of approximately 0.3% (identification accuracy 99.7%). The lifetimes were calculated using maximum likelihood estimators and allowed on-line determinations with high precision, even when short integration times were used to construct the decay profiles. Comparison of the lifetime base calling to a single-dye/four-lane sequencing strategy indicated similar results in terms of miscalls, but reduced insertion and deletion errors using lifetime identification methods, improving the overall read accuracy. PMID:11080890
12. A time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for the ultrasensitive determination of diethylstilbestrol based on the double-codified gold nanoparticles.
PubMed
Wang, Longjun; Zhang, Yuanfu; Liu, Guofu; Zhang, Chunyan; Wang, Shuhao
2014-11-01
An ultrasensitive and selective method is presented for the determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES) using time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) based on double-codified gold nanoparticles (DC-AuNPs). In this system, the DC-AuNPs, that are gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with anti-DES antibody and SH-dsDNA-biotin, was regarded as signal amplifier. A competitive immunoreaction was performed on polystyrene microtitration plates, where the DES compete with the immobilized DES-ovalbumin on polystyrene microtitration plates to bind to anti-DES antibodies on DC-AuNPs, and the europium(III)-labeled streptavidin was added to link to the SH-dsDNA-biotin as a tracer. Fluorescence signal was amplified via the AuNPs and the biotin-streptavidin double amplification systems. Under the optimized condition, DES can be quantified by TRFIA. The linear range and the limit of detection of DES were 1.0×10(-6)-10ngmL(-1) and 0.4fgmL(-1), respectively. This method was applied to determine DES in beef sample, with the recoveries ranging from 88% to 105%. PMID:25091151
13. TIME-RESOLVED ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY OF THE M-DWARF GJ 876 EXOPLANETARY SYSTEM
SciTech Connect
France, Kevin; Froning, Cynthia S. [Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, University of Colorado, 389 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 (United States); Linsky, Jeffrey L. [JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 (United States); Tian, Feng [Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 (United States); Roberge, Aki, E-mail: [email protected] [Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (United States)
2012-05-10
Extrasolar planets orbiting M-stars may represent our best chance to discover habitable worlds in the coming decade. The ultraviolet spectrum incident upon both Earth-like and Jovian planets is critically important for proper modeling of their atmospheric heating and chemistry. In order to provide more realistic inputs for atmospheric models of planets orbiting low-mass stars, we present new near- and far-ultraviolet (NUV and FUV) spectroscopy of the M-dwarf exoplanet host GJ 876 (M4V). Using the COS and STIS spectrographs on board the Hubble Space Telescope, we have measured the 1150-3140 A spectrum of GJ 876. We have reconstructed the stellar H I Ly{alpha} emission line profile, and find that the integrated Ly{alpha} flux is roughly equal to the rest of the integrated flux (1150-1210 A + 1220-3140 A) in the entire ultraviolet bandpass (F(Ly{alpha})/F(FUV+NUV) Almost-Equal-To 0.7). This ratio is {approx}2500 Multiplication-Sign greater than the solar value. We describe the ultraviolet line spectrum and report surprisingly strong fluorescent emission from hot H{sub 2} (T(H{sub 2}) > 2000 K). We show the light curve of a chromospheric + transition region flare observed in several far-UV emission lines, with flare/quiescent flux ratios {>=}10. The strong FUV radiation field of an M-star (and specifically Ly{alpha}) is important for determining the abundance of O{sub 2}-and the formation of biomarkers-in the lower atmospheres of Earth-like planets in the habitable zones of low-mass stars.
14. Local probing of relaxation time distributions in ferroelectric polymer nanomesas: Time-resolved piezoresponse force spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging
SciTech Connect
Rodriguez, Brian [University College, Dublin] [University College, Dublin; Jesse, Stephen [ORNL] [ORNL; Kim, J. [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] [University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Ducharme, S. [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] [University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Kalinin, Sergei [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)] [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
2008-01-01
Time-resolved piezoresponse force spectroscopy (TR-PFS) and spectroscopic imaging are developed to probe the spatial variability of relaxation behavior in nanoscale ferroelectric materials and structures. TR-PFS was applied to study polarization dynamics in polyvinylidine fluoride and trifluoroethylene nanomesas. We demonstrate that polarization relaxation in ferroelectric polymers is slow even on the 10 nm length scale of piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) signal generation. Furthermore, the relaxation times are found to be nonuniform within the nanomesa, indicative of a complex internal structure. The applicability of TR-PFM for studies of polarization dynamics in ferroelectric polymers and relaxors is discussed.
15. Probing Reaction Dynamics of Transition-Metal Complexes in Solution via Time-Resolved X-ray Spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Huse, Nils; Khalil, Munira; Kim, Tae Kyu; Smeigh, Amanda L.; Jamula, Lindsey; McCusker, James K.; Schoenlein, Robert W.
2009-05-24
We report measurements of the photo-induced Fe(II) spin crossover reaction dynamics in solution via time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy. EXAFS measurements reveal that the iron?nitrogen bond lengthens by 0.21+-0.03 Angstrom in the high-spin transient excited state relative to the ground state. XANES measurements at the Fe L-edge show directly the influence of the structural change on the ligand-field splitting of the Fe(II) 3d orbitals associated with the spin transition.
16. Time-resolved FUV Spectroscopy of a Unique White Dwarf in the Kepler Field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hoard, Donald
2013-10-01
We propose to use 4 HST orbits to obtain time-resolved far-UV {FUV} spectra with COS of the rapidly spinning, metal-polluted white dwarf KIC 9535405, in order to explore the distribution of accreted metals over the white dwarf's surface {including the possibility that confinement by the white dwarf's magnetic field is preventing the rapid gravitational settling of heavy elements}. This will enable us to explore details of the largely unknown process through which matter transitions from circumstellar space onto the WD itself. We will also obtain the chemical composition of the parent body of the accreted matter, thereby adding to the limited pool of information on direct measurements of the composition and structure of extrasolar planetary {terrestrial} bodies. The proposed HST observations will be complemented by existing, ongoing, and planned ground- and space-based {Kepler, Spitzer} observations obtained by us.
17. Vibrationally excited states in carotenoids: picosecond time-resolved anti-Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hayashi, H.; Tasumi, M.; Atkinson, G. H.
1991-03-01
Transient vibrationally excited, ground-state populations of carotenoids have been observed for in vivo pigment-protein complexes of Chromatium vinosum and in vitro samples of the isolated carotenoid spirilloxanthin in benzene solution using picosecond time-resolved anti-Stokes resonance Raman scattering. These populations are formed under the same excitation conditions recently used to detect the transient populations of the ground 1A g and excited 2 1A g and 3B u electronic states in the same molecular systems. The time-dependent anti-Stokes resonance Raman band intensities show that these populations decay via vibrational relaxation within 50 ps. These data experimentally confirm an excited state relaxation mechanism postulated to describe the population dynamics among the 1A g, 1B u, 2 1A g, and 3B u electronic states in both in vivo and in vitro carotenoids.
18. Nanosecond time-resolved vacuum ultraviolet spectrometer for ion diode spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nash, T.; Noack, D.; Filuk, A. B.
1993-09-01
A 1-m normal incidence spectrometer has been modified for use as a diagnostic of ion diode plasmas. To improve instrumental sensitivity, an elliptical mirror images an anode surface plasma onto the entrance slit of an f/10 normal incidence spectrometer. The detector is a time-resolving copper iodide coated microchannel plate stripline framing camera with 60-?m resolution, limiting instrumental resolution to 1 Å with a 600 l/mm grating in first order. Reflectivity of optics and photoelectron efficiency limit the spectral range from 400 to 2000 Å. With a 600-l/mm grating the detector spans a 600-Å range. Applications of the instrument may include ion source divergence measurements from Doppler broadening, electric field measurements from Stark splittings or shifts, electron temperature from mean ionization state, and magnetic field measurements on high-power Z pinches from Zeeman splitting.
19. Hole-burning and picosecond time-resolved spectroscopy of isolated molecular clusters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wittmeyer, Stacey A.; Kaziska, Andrew J.; Shchuka, Maria I.; Topp, Michael R.
1991-07-01
A precolumn derivatization method has been developed for high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of DNA damage using fluorescence detection. The modified nucleotide, having excised enzymatically from the exposed DNA, is enriched from the normal nucleotides and labeled with a fluorescent reagent. The labeling procedure involves phosphoramidation of the nucleotide with ethylenediamine (EDA) followed by conjugation of the free amino end of the phosphoramidate with 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene 1-sulfonyl chloride, commonly known as Dansyl chloride. The dansylated nucleotide can be analyzed with a sub-picomole limit of detection (LOD) by conventional HPLC using a conventional fluorescence detector. By combining microbore HPLC with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection, we present the development of an analytical system that has sub-femtomole LOD for real-time analysis of the dansylated nucleotide. The application of the developed system in fluorescence postlabeling assay of a small alkyl-modified nucleotide (5-methyldCMP) in calf-thymus DNA is discussed.
20. Dynamics of light-induced activation in the PAS domain proteins LOV2 and PYP probed by time-resolved tryptophan fluorescence.
PubMed
Hoersch, Daniel; Bolourchian, Farzin; Otto, Harald; Heyn, Maarten P; Bogomolni, Roberto A
2010-12-28
Light-induced activation of the LOV2-J? domain of the photoreceptor phototropin from oat is believed to involve the detachment of the J? helix from the central ?-sheet and its subsequent unfolding. The dynamics of these conformational changes were monitored by time-resolved emission spectroscopy with 100 ns time resolution. Three transitions were detected during the LOV2-J? photocycle with time constants of 3.4 ?s, 500 ?s, and 4.3 ms. The fastest transition is due to the decay of the flavin phosphorescence in the transition of the triplet LOV(L)(660) state to the singlet LOV(S)(390) signaling state. The 500 ?s and 4.3 ms transitions are due to changes in tryptophan fluorescence and may be associated with the dissociation and unfolding of the J? helix, respectively. They are absent in the transient absorption signal of the flavin chromophore. The tryptophan fluorescence signal monitors structural changes outside the chromophore binding pocket and indicates that there are at least three LOV(S)(390) intermediates. Since the 500 ?s and 4.3 ms components are absent in a construct without the J? helix and in the mutant W557S, the fluorescence signal is mainly due to tryptophan 557. The kinetics of the main 500 ?s component is strongly temperature dependent with activation energy of 18.2 kcal/mol suggesting its association with a major structural change. In the structurally related PAS domain protein PYP the N-terminal cap dissociates from the central ?-sheet and unfolds upon signaling state formation with a similar time constant of ?1 ms. Using transient fluorescence we obtained a nearly identical activation energy of 18.5 kcal/mol for this transition. PMID:21090690
1. Probing reaction dynamics of transition-metal complexes in solution via time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Huse, N.; Kim, T.-K.; Khalil, M.; Jamula, L.; McCusker, J.K.; Schoenlein, R.W.
2008-08-01
We report the first time-resolved soft x-ray measurements of solvated transition-metal complexes. L-edge spectroscopy directly probes dynamic changes in ligand-field splitting of 3d orbitals associated with the spin transition, and mediated by changes in ligand-bonding. We report the first time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy of solution-phase molecular dynamics. Changes in ligand-field splitting and spin-state populations in 3d orbitals of the Fe{sup II} complex are directly probed via transient absorption changes of the Fe L{sub 2} and L{sub 3} edges following photo-induced metal-to-ligand charge transfer. With the emergence of high-flux ultrafast soft x-ray sources, details on interplay between atomic structure, electronic states, and spin contributions will be revealed. Our experimental approach opens the door to femtosecond soft x-ray investigations of liquid phase chemistry that have previously been inaccessible.
2. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Quenching Measurements of the Aggregation Numbers of Normal Sodium Alkyl Sulfate Micelles Well above the Critical Micelle Concentrations
E-print Network
Bales, Barney
, because most of the interesting uses of micelles occur at finite micelle concentrations. For sodiumTime-Resolved Fluorescence Quenching Measurements of the Aggregation Numbers of Normal Sodium Alkyl, 1998 The aggregation numbers, NA, of normal sodium alkyl sulfate micelles were measured by time
3. SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN FOODS USING IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND LANTHANIDE TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
A time-resolved fluorescence procedure was developed to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in ground meats. After a 4.5 hour enrichment period, streptavidin coated magnetic beads conjugated with biotin-labeled specific anti-bacteria antibodies were used to capture targeted ...
4. SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 0157:H7 AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN FOODS USING IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND LANTHANIDE TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
A procedure, based on immunomagnetic capture and time-resolved fluorescence, was developed to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in ground meats and fresh sprouts. After a brief enrichment period, streptavidin coated magnetic beads conjugated with biotin-labeled specific ant...
5. Modulation in the solute location in block copolymer-surfactant supramolecular assembly: a time-resolved fluorescence study.
PubMed
Singh, Prabhat K; Kumbhakar, Manoj; Pal, Haridas; Nath, Sukhendu
2009-02-01
Effect of cosurfactant concentration on the location of a dissolved solute in a block copolymer-surfactant supramolecular system has been investigated using time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy and dynamic Stokes' shift measurements. Pluronic F88 and cosurfactant CTAC have been used to form a supramolecular assembly. The anion of coumarin 343 dye has been used as the solute/probe. It is seen that as the CTAC concentration is increased in the F88-CTAC supramolecular assembly, the microviscosity around the probe gradually increases. The result suggests that the probe undergoes a gradual migration from micellar surface to the interior of the micelle as the concentration of the CTAC is increased. This is also supported by the dynamic Stokes' shift results. It is seen that as the CTAC concentration is increased in the system, the observed Stokes' shift gradually increases due to the movement of the probe away from the bulk water. By comparing the present results with those reported in another pluronic-surfactant system, namely, P123-CTAC, it is indicated that the extent of modulation in the position of the probe in such supramolecular systems is largely determined by the composition of the pluronic, especially on the length of its hydrophilic ethyleneoxide block. PMID:19133741
6. Time resolved laser absorption spectroscopy in a self-pulsed microplasma.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aubert, X.; Rousseau, A.; Lagrange, J. F.; Sadeghi, N.
2006-10-01
It was recently shown that microplasmas of the microhollow cathode type geometry may operate in a self-pulsing regime for intermediate current (0.1-1 mA) [1]. At lower current (< 0.1 mA) the plasma is stable and located inside the hole; at higher current (> 1 mA) , the plasma is also stable but expands outside the hole on the cathode backside region. The self pulsing was attributed to the breakdown of the gas, outside the micro-hole, on the cathode backside. However, the mechanisms of the plasma ignition on the cathode backside are not understood and metastable atoms may play a major role. In the present work, time resolved diode laser absorption measurements have been performed through the micro-hole in the self-pulsing regime; the plasma hole ranges is in the range of 100 ?m and the gas pressure ranges from 50 to 300 Torr; the feed gas is argon and the transition studied is 772.376 nm (Paschen notation 1s5-2p7). The objective is i) to measure the time evolution of the 1s5 metastable density, ii) deduce the gas temperature and plasma density from the absorption line profile. Similar results are performed in 3 electrodes configuration [1] A. Rousseau and X. Aubert J. Phys.D : Appl. Phys. 39 (2006) 1619--1622.
7. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of the lowest triplet state of thymine and thymidine
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hare, Patrick M.; Middleton, Chris T.; Mertel, Kristin I.; Herbert, John M.; Kohler, Bern
2008-05-01
Vibrational spectra of the lowest energy triplet states of thymine and its 2'-deoxyribonucleoside, thymidine, are reported for the first time. Time-resolved infrared (TRIR) difference spectra were recorded over seven decades of time from 300 fs to 3 ?s using femtosecond and nanosecond pump-probe techniques. The carbonyl stretch bands in the triplet state are seen at 1603 and ˜1700 cm -1 in room-temperature acetonitrile- d3 solution. These bands and additional ones observed between 1300 and 1450 cm -1 are quenched by dissolved oxygen on a nanosecond time scale. Density-functional calculations accurately predict the difference spectrum between triplet and singlet IR absorption cross sections, confirming the peak assignments and elucidating the nature of the vibrational modes. In the triplet state, the C4 dbnd O carbonyl exhibits substantial single-bond character, explaining the large (˜70 cm -1) red shift in this vibration, relative to the singlet ground state. Femtosecond TRIR measurements unambiguously demonstrate that the triplet state is fully formed within the first 10 ps after excitation, ruling out a relaxed 1n? ? state as the triplet precursor.
8. Time-Resolved HST Spectroscopy of Four Eclipsing Magnetic Cataclysmic Variables
E-print Network
Gary D. Schmidt; H. S. Stockman
2000-10-01
Time-resolved HST UV eclipse spectrophotometry is presented for the magnetic CVs V1309 Ori, MN Hya, V2301 Oph, and V1432 Aql. Separation of the light curves into wavebands allows the multiple emission components to be distinguished. Photospheric hot spots are detected in V1309 Ori and V2301 Oph. The emission- line spectra of V1309 Ori and MN Hya are unusual, with the strength of N V 1240 and N IV 1718 suggesting an overabundance of nitrogen. Three epochs of observation of the asynchronous V1432 Aql cover ~1/3 of a 50-day lap cycle between the white dwarf spin and binary orbit. The light curves vary from epoch to epoch and as a function of waveband. The dereddened UV spectrum is extremely bright and the spectral energy distribution coupled with the duration of eclipse ingress indicate that the dominant source of energy is a hot (T~35,000K) white dwarf. Undiminished line emission through eclipse indicates that the eclipse is caused by the accretion stream, not the secondary star. The hot white dwarf, combined with its current asynchronous nature and rapid timescale for relocking, suggests that V1432 Aql underwent a nova eruption in the past 75-150 yr. The reversed sense of asynchronism, with the primary star currently spinning up toward synchronism, is not necessarily at odds with this scenario, if the rotation of the magnetic white dwarf can couple to the ejecta during the wind phase of the eruption.
9. JOURNALDE PHYSIQUE Colloque C1, supplkment au n o2, Tome 40,fkvrier 1979,page (21-63 TIME-RESOLVED LASER SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY
E-print Network
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
-RESOLVED LASER SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY M. DUCLOY Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Associd au C rbsolu. On montre que cette technique combinant spectroscopies laser r6solues en temps et en frdquence sources, time- resolved spectroscopy has become a very useful tool for exploring laser interaction
10. Calculating singlet excited states: Comparison with fast time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of coumarins.
PubMed
Hanson-Heine, Magnus W D; Wriglesworth, Alisdair; Uroos, Maliha; Calladine, James A; Murphy, Thomas S; Hamilton, Michelle; Clark, Ian P; Towrie, Michael; Dowden, James; Besley, Nicholas A; George, Michael W
2015-04-21
In contrast to the ground state, the calculation of the infrared (IR) spectroscopy of molecular singlet excited states represents a substantial challenge. Here, we use the structural IR fingerprint of the singlet excited states of a range of coumarin dyes to assess the accuracy of density functional theory based methods for the calculation of excited state IR spectroscopy. It is shown that excited state Kohn-Sham density functional theory provides a high level of accuracy and represents an alternative approach to time-dependent density functional theory for simulating the IR spectroscopy of singlet excited states. PMID:25903878
11. Calculating singlet excited states: Comparison with fast time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of coumarins
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hanson-Heine, Magnus W. D.; Wriglesworth, Alisdair; Uroos, Maliha; Calladine, James A.; Murphy, Thomas S.; Hamilton, Michelle; Clark, Ian P.; Towrie, Michael; Dowden, James; Besley, Nicholas A.; George, Michael W.
2015-04-01
In contrast to the ground state, the calculation of the infrared (IR) spectroscopy of molecular singlet excited states represents a substantial challenge. Here, we use the structural IR fingerprint of the singlet excited states of a range of coumarin dyes to assess the accuracy of density functional theory based methods for the calculation of excited state IR spectroscopy. It is shown that excited state Kohn-Sham density functional theory provides a high level of accuracy and represents an alternative approach to time-dependent density functional theory for simulating the IR spectroscopy of singlet excited states.
12. Developments in time-resolved ultrafast imaging and spectroscopy at terahertz frequencies
E-print Network
Teo, Stephanie M
2014-01-01
Prior to the advent of high energy pulsed femtosecond lasers, the field of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy was stagnated by the lack of both high power THz sources and sensitive THz detectors. Over the past few years, it has ...
13. Time-resolved spectroscopy and photometry of the dwarf nova FS Aurigae in quiescence
E-print Network
V. V. Neustroev
2001-10-26
We present results of non-simultaneous time-resolved photometric and spectroscopic observations of the little-studied dwarf nova FS Aur in quiescence. The spectrum of FS Aur shows strong and broad emission lines of hydrogen and HeI, and of weaker HeII 4686 and CIII/NIII blend, similar to other quiescent dwarf novae. All emission lines are single-peaked, however their form varies with orbital phase. Absorption lines from a late-type secondary are not detected. From the radial velocity measurements of the hydrogen lines H$_\\beta$ and H$_\\gamma$ we determined a most probable orbital period P=0.059+-0.002. This period agrees well with the 0.0595+-0.0001 estimate by Thorstensen et al. (1996). On the other hand, the period of photometric modulations is longer than the spectroscopic period and can be estimated as 3 hours. Longer time coverage during a single night is needed to resolve this problem. Using the semi-amplitude of the radial velocities, obtained from measurements of hydrogen and helium lines, and some empirical and theoretical relations we limited the basic parameters of the system: a mass ratio q>=0.22, a primary mass M_1=0.34 - 0.46 M_sun, a secondary mass M_2<= 0.1M_sun, and an inclination angle i=51^{\\circ} - 65^{\\circ}. Doppler tomography has shown at least two bright regions in the accretion disk of FS Aur. The first, brighter spot is located at phase about 0.6. The second spot is located opposite the first one and occupies an extensive area at phases about 0.85 - 1.15.
14. Infrared Absorption of CH3SONO Detected with Time-Resolved Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Yuan-Pern; Chen, Jin-Dah
2011-06-01
A step-scan Fourier-transform spectrometer coupled with a 6.4-m multipass absorption cell was employed to detect time-resolved infrared absorption spectra of reaction intermediates produced upon UV irradiation of a flowing mixture of CH3SSCH3 and NO2 in CO2. Irradiation of CH3SSCH3 at 248 nm produces CH3S radicals that subsequently react with NO2. Under a total pressure of 100 Torr, we observed bands near 1560 Cm-1, assignable to mainly the N=O stretching mode of CH3SONO, with a small contribution from CH3SNO2. Calculations with density-functional theory (B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ and B3P86/aug-cc-pVTZ) predicted the geometry, vibrational wavenumbers, and rotational parameters of CH3SONO and CH3SNO2. Based on these predicted rotational parameters, the simulated absorption band agrees satisfactorily with experimental results. Under a total pressure of 16 Torr, bands near 1560 and 1260 Cm-1 are assigned to NO2 asymmetric and symmetric stretching modes of CH3SNO2, respectively; the former is overlapped with the N=O stretching mode of CH3SONO. An additional band near 1070 Cm-1 is assigned to the S=O stretching mode of CH3SO, reported previously as a secondary product in the reaction of CH3S + O2. Reaction of CH3S + NO2 at high pressure clearly yields CH3SONO, rather than CH3SNO2, as a major product. L.-K. Chu and Y.-P. Lee, J. Chem. Phys. 133, 184303 (2010).
15. Time-resolved photocurrent spectroscopy of optically excited superlattices and the prospects for Bloch gain
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lisauskas, A.; Demarina, N. V.; Blöser, C.; Sachs, R.; Juozapavi?ius, A.; Valušis, G.; Köhler, K.; Roskos, H. G.
2006-02-01
We report on experiment and theory of the evolution of the electric field in undoped GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor superlattices subjected to femtosecond optical excitation. We performed time-resolved pump-probe experiments and measured the photocurrent generated by spectrally narrowed and wavelength-tuned probe pulses as a function of delay time, pump power and bias field. The drift of the charge carriers, subsequent to the optical excitation, leads to the buildup of an inhomogeneity of the electric field which was traced via the temporal changes of the Wannier-Stark spectra. Although the photocurrent spectra by themselves only yield information on the absorption integrated spatially over the superlattice, we extract information on the local electric fields and the charge-carrier densities by a comparison of the measured data with the results of Monte-Carlo simulations. We find that at moderate excitation densities (10 16-cm -3 range) the superlattice within a few picoseconds splits into two moving field regions, one with strong field gradient and low electron density, the other with partially screened field at low gradient and high electron density. The largest field differences are found just when the last electrons are swept out after 10-30 ps, the exact time depending on the superlattice parameters and excitation conditions. The initial homogeneous field is restored on a much longer time scale of hundreds of picoseconds which is defined basically by the drift of the heavy holes. Our calculations show that Bloch gain in optically excited semiconductor superlattice is expected in spite of the inhomogeneous field if the field in the electron-rich region is not heavily screened. The time window during which Bloch gain exists is determined by the sweep-out of the electrons.
16. TIME-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF THE POLAR EU CANCRI IN THE OPEN CLUSTER MESSIER 67
SciTech Connect
Williams, Kurtis A. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A and M University-Commerce, P.O. Box 3011, Commerce, TX 75429 (United States); Howell, Steve B. [NASA Ames Research Center, P.O. Box 1, M/S 244-30, Moffett Field, CA 94035 (United States); Liebert, James; Smith, Paul S. [Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States); Bellini, Andrea [Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218 (United States); Rubin, Kate H. R. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astronomie, Koenigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg (Germany); Bolte, Michael, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [UCO/Lick Observatory, University of California, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064 (United States)
2013-05-15
We present time-resolved spectroscopic and polarimetric observations of the AM Her system EU Cnc. EU Cnc is located near the core of the old open cluster Messier 67; new proper motion measurements indicate that EU Cnc is indeed a member of the star cluster, and this system therefore is useful to constrain the formation and evolution of magnetic cataclysmic variables. The spectra exhibit two-component emission features with independent radial velocity variations as well as time-variable cyclotron emission indicating a magnetic field strength of 41 MG. The period of the radial velocity and cyclotron hump variations are consistent with the previously known photometric period, and the spectroscopic flux variations are consistent in amplitude with previous photometric amplitude measurements. The secondary star is also detected in the spectrum. We also present polarimetric imaging measurements of EU Cnc that show a clear detection of polarization, and the degree of polarization drops below our detection threshold at phases when the cyclotron emission features are fading or not evident. The combined data are all consistent with the interpretation that EU Cnc is a low-state polar in the cluster Messier 67. The mass function of the system gives an estimate of the accretor mass of M{sub WD} {>=} 0.68 M{sub Sun} with M{sub WD} Almost-Equal-To 0.83 M{sub Sun} for an average inclination. We are thus able to place a lower limit on the progenitor mass of the accreting white dwarf of {>=}1.43 M{sub Sun }.
17. Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of chemical reactions in solution using a focal plane array detector.
PubMed
Kaun, N; Vellekoop, M J; Lendl, B
2006-11-01
A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscope equipped with a single as well as a 64 x 64 element focal plane array MCT detector was used to measure chemical reaction taking place in a microstructured flow cell designed for time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy. The flow cell allows transmission measurements through aqueous solutions and incorporates a microstructured mixing unit. This unit achieves lamination of the two input streams with a cross-section of 300 x 5 microm each, resulting in fast diffusion-controlled mixing of the two input streams. Microscopic measurement at defined positions along the outlet channel allows time-resolved information of the reaction taking place in the flow cell to be obtained. In this paper we show experimental results on the model reaction between formaldehyde and sulfite. Using the single-point MCT detector, high-quality FT-IR spectra could be obtained from a spot size of 80 x 200 microm whereas the FPA detector allowed recording light from an area of 260 x 260 microm focused on its 64 x 64 detector elements. Therefore, more closely spaced features could be discerned at the expense of a significantly lower signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio per spectrum. Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares was used to extract concentration profiles of the reacting species along the outlet channel axis. PMID:17132444
18. The H + OCS hot atom reaction - CO state distributions and translational energy from time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nickolaisen, Scott L.; Cartland, Harry E.
1993-01-01
Time-resolved infrared diode laser spectroscopy has been used to probe CO internal and translational excitation from the reaction of hot H atoms with OCS. Product distributions should be strongly biased toward the maximum 1.4 eV collision energy obtained from 278 nm pulsed photolysis of HI. Rotations and vibrations are both colder than predicted by statistical density of states theory, as evidenced by large positive surprisal parameters. The bias against rotation is stronger than that against vibration, with measurable population as high as v = 4. The average CO internal excitation is 1920/cm, accounting for only 13 percent of the available energy. Of the energy balance, time-resolved sub-Doppler line shape measurements show that more than 38 percent appears as relative translation of the separating CO and SH fragments. Studies of the relaxation kinetics indicate that some rotational energy transfer occurs on the time scale of our measurements, but the distributions do not relax sufficiently to alter our conclusions. Vibrational distributions are nascent, though vibrational relaxation of excited CO is unusually fast in the OCS bath, with rates approaching 3 percent of gas kinetic for v = 1.
19. Retrieval procedure for time-resolved near-infrared tissue spectroscopy based on the optimal estimation method.
PubMed
Martelli, Fabrizio; Del Bianco, Samuele; Zaccanti, Giovanni
2012-05-21
We propose the use of a retrieval procedure for time-resolved near-infrared tissue spectroscopy based on the 'optimal estimation' method. The aim of this retrieval method is to obtain an improved estimate of the target parameters compared with standard nonlinear least-squares routines, since the inverse problem dedicated to retrieve the optical properties of tissue is ill posed. A priori information on target and forward model parameters is used, so that a larger number of target parameters can be retrieved, and/or a better accuracy and precision can be achieved on the retrieved target parameters. The procedure has been tested on time-resolved simulated experiments generated, using solutions of the diffusion equation and with solutions of the radiative transfer equation reconstructed with Monte Carlo simulations. The results obtained show that, by using a priori information on target parameters, we have a smaller difference between retrieved values and true values, and lower retrieved error bars. Similarly, a more correct estimate of the errors of the forward model parameters improves the retrieval of the target parameters. PMID:22516916
20. Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of the Ion Velocity Distribution in the H6 Hall Thruster Plume
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Durot, Christopher; Gallimore, Alec
2013-10-01
We developed a technique to recover time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence signals from strong background emission in plasma sources that have a relatively constant spectrum of oscillations in steady-state operation but are not periodically pulsed, such as Hall thrusters. The system was previously validated using a hollow cathode plasma source with forced discharge current oscillations. We present the first results using the new technique to capture oscillations in a Hall thruster. The ion velocity distribution function in the plume of the H6 Hall thruster is interrogated during breathing mode oscillations, which are characterized by an oscillating depletion and replenishment of neutrals at a frequency of 10-25 kHz. We use laser modulation on the order of megahertz, well above the time scale of interest (about 0.1 ms). A combination of band-pass filtering, phase-sensitive detection (with a time constant on the order of microseconds), and averaging over transfer functions is used to recover the signal. This technique has advantages such as a shorter dwell time than other techniques and the lack of a need for triggering averaging in the time domain. The ultimate bandwidth of the system that we implemented is approximately 1 MHz, limited by the speed of the AOM and signal photon rate collected. We developed a technique to recover time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence signals from strong background emission in plasma sources that have a relatively constant spectrum of oscillations in steady-state operation but are not periodically pulsed, such as Hall thrusters. The system was previously validated using a hollow cathode plasma source with forced discharge current oscillations. We present the first results using the new technique to capture oscillations in a Hall thruster. The ion velocity distribution function in the plume of the H6 Hall thruster is interrogated during breathing mode oscillations, which are characterized by an oscillating depletion and replenishment of neutrals at a frequency of 10-25 kHz. We use laser modulation on the order of megahertz, well above the time scale of interest (about 0.1 ms). A combination of band-pass filtering, phase-sensitive detection (with a time constant on the order of microseconds), and averaging over transfer functions is used to recover the signal. This technique has advantages such as a shorter dwell time than other techniques and the lack of a need for triggering averaging in the time domain. The ultimate bandwidth of the system that we implemented is approximately 1 MHz, limited by the speed of the AOM and signal photon rate collected. This work was supported by AFOSR and AFRL through the MACEEP center of excellence grant number FA9550-09-1-0695.
1. Time-resolved infrared fluorescence studies of the collisional deactivation of CO 2(00 01) by large polyatomic molecules
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Poel, Kathleen L.; Alwahabi, Zeyad T.; King, Keith D.
1995-12-01
The time-resolved infrared fluorescence (IRF) technique has been used to study the vibrational deactivation of CO 2(00 01) by large polyatomic molecules at ambient temperature (295 ± 2 K).The excited CO 2 molecules were prepared by direct pumping with the P(21) line of a pulsed CO 2 laser at 10.6 ?m. The bimolecular rate constant for deactivation by CO 2 was determined to be (0.353 ± 0.026) × 10 3 Torr -1 s -1, in excellent agreement with previous work. The rate constants for deactivation by the large polyatomic molecules, c-C 6H 10, c-C 6H 12, C 6H 6, C 6D 6, C 7H 8, C 7D 8, C 6H 5 F, p-C 6H 4F 2, C 6HF 5 and C 6F 6, were found to be (143 ± 18), (150 ± 12), (120 ± 4), (238 ± 9), (140 ± 5), (234 ± 15), (121 ± 7), (132 ± 23), (132 ± 12), and (94 ± 5) × 10 3 Torr -1 s -1, respectively. Experimental deactivation probabilities and average energies removed per collision are calculated and compared. There is little difference in deactivation probabilities between the acyclic ring compounds and their aromatic analogues but the perfluorinated compound, C 6F 6 is clearly less efficient than its hydrocarbon analogue, C 6H 6. The perdeuterated species, C 6D 6 and C 7D 8 show considerably enhanced deactivation relative to the other species, probably as a result of near-resonant intermolecular V-V energy transfer.
2. Quantifying surface coverage of colloidal silica by a cationic peptide using a combined centrifugation/time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy approach.
PubMed
Tleugabulova, Dina; Brennan, John D
2006-02-14
Recent experimental studies have shown that time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TRFA) is a promising methodology for in situ characterization of the surface modification of aqueous silica nanocolloids. Here we provide a more fundamental insight into the principle of this approach and discuss how the adsorption parameters for a cationic peptide, Lys-Trp-Lys (denoted using the standard shortform KWK), onto Ludox nanoparticles (NPs) are linked to the rotational dynamics of rhodamine 6G (R6G) dispersed in the KWK/Ludox mixture. First, the adsorption isotherm of KWK on hydrophilic controlled pore glass (CPG-3000) was obtained using the traditional centrifugation method, which provides the total molar amount of KWK per unit surface area of the silica. Assuming that both CPG and Ludox particles possess identical surface properties when suspended in the same aqueous buffer, both materials should also have identical adsorption properties. Thus, the adsorbed amount of KWK per unit area at a given total KWK concentration, as determined by the centrifugation method, can be plotted against the fractions of R6G anisotropy decay components at the same KWK concentration to relate the anisotropy components to the absolute surface coverage. Using this approach, it was determined that the concentration of KWK at which the CPG surface was saturated corresponded to the condition g = 0 in the R6G decay, where g is the fraction of the nondecaying anisotropy component. This condition means that there is no R6G bound to the fraction of Ludox NPs with a radius R > 2.5 nm at maximum KWK coverage, consistent with the adsorbed peptide forming a continuous layer on the Ludox surface. Hence, the g value obtained from TRFA analysis can be used to assess the absolute surface coverage of monolayer coatings on colloidal nanoparticles. PMID:16460117
3. Time resolved diagnostics in CF4 / H2 plasmas by electron attachment mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wagner, Hans-Erich; Meichsner, Juergen; Kroutilina, Valja; Lerch, Rene
2000-10-01
In the case of a parallel plate symmetrical 50 kHz low pressure discharge in CF4 - H2 mixtures (discharge current 10 - 40 mA, total pressure 10 - 30 Pa , hydrogen admixture 0 - 80 %, closed system) the main stable products (e.g. F_2, CF_4, C_2F_6, C_3F_8) of plasma chemical reactions have been time resolved investigated by the electron attachment mass spectrometry (EAMS), investigating them according their resonant electron attachment cross sections. The EAMS was realised by means of a HAL EQP 300 Hiden Analytical system, extended by the (-) RGA mode. The plasma chemical reaction kinetics is characterised by the time dependent consumption of molecular hydrogen and the production of higher molecular fluorocarbons. These measurements were completed by optical emission spectroscopy of electronic excited species (e.g. atomic fluorine, molecular hydrogen).
4. Determination of s-d exchange coupling in GaMnN by time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hsu, Wei-Ting; Hsieh, Ting-Yen; Chen, Hsin-Feng; Huang, Feng-Wen; Chen, Po-Cheng; Sheu, Jinn-Kong; Chang, Wen-Hao
2014-09-01
Coherent electron-spin dynamics in Ga1-xMnxN has been investigated by time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy. The effective electron g factor shows a linear increase with the Mn concentration due to the s-d exchange coupling between the conduction electrons and the d-shell electrons of Mn3+ impurities. The magnitude and sign of the s-d exchange constant are determined precisely to be N0? =+0.23±0.02eV, indicative of a ferromagnetic s-d exchange coupling in GaMnN. The determined N0? is consistent with the typical value found in most diluted magnetic semiconductors and reveals that GaMnN is indeed not an exception.
5. Time-resolved dielectric spectroscopy of protein aggregation performed on model system of hen lysozyme and beta-lactoglobulin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mazzeo, Brian; Flewitt, Andrew
2009-03-01
Time-resolved dielectric spectroscopy measurements of solutions containing hen lysozyme and beta-lactoglobulin reveal changes in electrical configuration and hydrodynamic parameters during their interaction. These measurements were performed in a temperature-controlled dielectric cell connected to an HP4194A impedance analyzer. The protein titrations were performed by sequential additions of reacting proteins. Differential spectra reveal the electrical contributions by each species. The computer-controlled measurements and relevant post-processing of the obtained spectra allow quantitative extraction of reaction parameters. This is demonstrated for a model system of proteins consisting of hen lysozyme and beta-lactoglobulin. Reorientation time constants, dielectric increments, and relaxation spread parameters are plotted against time and indicate binding processes. The technique is demonstrated to be a useful analytical tool for monitoring reactions in biological and colloidal systems.
6. Photoluminescence and time-resolved spectroscopy in multiferroic BiFeO3: Effects of electric fields and sample aging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Anshul, Avneesh; Kumar, Ashok; Gupta, Bipin K.; Kotnala, R. K.; Scott, J. F.; Katiyar, R. S.
2013-06-01
We report photoluminescence and time-resolved spectroscopy in bismuth ferrite excited with a 325 nm source. The direct-bandgap recombinations near 2.55 eV and indirect-bandgap transitions near 2.67 eV are presented as functions of applied in-plane electric field with recombination time in the microsecond regime. The applied field moves some conduction electrons away from the Brillouin zone center, increasing significantly the intensity of indirect-gap recombination. An aging phenomenon is manifest in specimens stored for more than twelve months under ambient conditions. Effect of external magnetic field on the surface phase transition is negligible up to H = 0.5 T.
7. Structural changes in bacteriorhodopsin during the photocycle measured by time-resolved polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
PubMed Central
Kelemen, L; Ormos, P
2001-01-01
The structural changes in bacteriorhodopsin during the photocycle are investigated. Time resolved polarized infrared spectroscopy in combination with photoselection is used to determine the orientation and motion of certain structural units of the molecule: Asp-85, Asp-96, Asp-115, the Schiff base, and several amide I vibrations. The results are compared with recently published x-ray diffraction data with atomic resolution about conformational motions during the photocycle. The orientation of the measured vibrations are also calculated from the structure data, and based on the comparison of the values from the two techniques new information is obtained: several amide I bands in the infrared spectrum are assigned, and we can also identify the position of the proton in the protonated Asp residues. PMID:11721018
8. Local structure of reaction intermediates probed by time-resolved x-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Smolentsev, G.; Soldatov, A. V. [Center for Nanoscale Structure of Matter and Faculty of Physics, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090 (Russian Federation); Guilera, G. [ALBA Synchrotron, Barcelona 08193 (Spain); Tromp, M. [University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ (United Kingdom); Pascarelli, S. [European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000 (France)
2009-05-07
A method for the analysis of time-resolved x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra is proposed. It combines principal component analysis of the series of experimental spectra, multidimensional interpolation of theoretical XANES as a function of structural parameters, and ab initio XANES calculations. It allows to determine the values of structural parameters for intermediates of chemical reactions and the concentrations of different states as a function of time. This approach is tested using numerically generated data and its possibilities and limitations are discussed. The application of this method to a reaction with methylrhenium trioxide catalyst in solution, for which experimental data were measured using stopped-flow energy-dispersive x-ray absorption spectroscopy technique, is demonstrated. Possibilities and limitations of this experimental technique are also discussed.
9. Dissociation dynamics of CH3I in electric spark induced breakdown revealed by time-resolved laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Yang; Liu, Wei-long; Song, Yun-fei; Duo, Li-ping; Liu, Yu-qiang; Yang, Yan-qiang
2015-02-01
The electric discharge spark dissociation of gas CH3I is found to be similar to its femtosecond laser photodissociation. The almost identical spectra of the two processes show that their initial ionization conditions are very similar. The initial ionization followed by molecular fragmentation is proposed as the dissociation mechanism, in which the characteristic emissions of I+, CH3, CH2, CH, H, and I2 are identified as the dissociation products. The emission band of 505 nm I2 is clearly observed in the time-resolved laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The dynamic curve indicates that I2? molecules are formed after the delay time of ?4.7 ns. The formation of I2? molecule results from the bimolecular collision of the highly excited iodine atom I?(4P) and CH3I molecule. This dynamical information can help understand the process of electric discharge spark dissociation of CH3I.
10. In situ time-resolved X-ray near-edge absorption spectroscopy of selenite reduction by siderite.
PubMed
Badaut, V; Schlegel, M L; Descostes, M; Moutiers, G
2012-10-01
The reduction-oxidation reaction between aqueous selenite (SeO(3)(2-)) and siderite (FeCO(3(s))) was monitored by in situ, time-resolved X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the selenium K edge in a controlled electrochemical environment. Spectral evolutions showed that more than 60% of selenite was reduced at the siderite surface after 20 h of experiment, at which time the reaction was still incomplete. Fitting of XANES spectra by linear combination of reference spectra showed that selenite reaction with siderite is essentially a two-step process, selenite ions being immobilized on siderite surface prior to their reduction. A kinetic model of the reduction step is proposed, allowing to identify the specific contribution of surface reduction. These results have strong implications for the retention of selenite by corrosion products in nuclear waste repositories and in a larger extent for the fate of selenium in the environment. PMID:22954023
11. Time-resolved wavelength modulation spectroscopy measurements of HO 2 kinetics
Microsoft Academic Search
Craig A. Taatjes; Daniel B. Oh
1997-01-01
High-frequency wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) has been applied to the detection of the hydroperoxyl radical (HO 2 ) in a laser photolysis and long-path absorption pump-probe kinetics reactor with a near-infrared distributed feedback diode laser. The HO 2 is formed by the 355-nm photolysis of Cl 2 in the presence of CH 3 OH and O 2 and monitored by
12. Fiber-based cryogenic and time-resolved spectroscopy of PbS quantum dots
E-print Network
Matthew T. Rakher; Ranojoy Bose; Chee Wei Wong; Kartik Srinivasan
2010-12-01
PbS quantum dots are promising active emitters for use with high-quality Si nanophotonic devices in the telecommunications-band. Measurements of low quantum dot densities are limited both because of low fluorescence levels and the challenges of single photon detection at these wavelengths. Here, we report on methods using a fiber taper waveguide to efficiently extract PbS quantum dot photoluminescence. Temperature dependent ensemble measurements reveal an increase in emitted photons concomitant with an increase in excited-state lifetime from 58.9 ns at 293 K to 657 ns at 40 K. Measurements are also performed on quantum dots on high-$Q$ ($>10^5$) microdisks using cavity-resonant, pulsed excitation.
13. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence studies on excitation energy transfer in a histidine 117 mutant of the D2 protein of photosystem II in Synechocystis 6803.
PubMed
Vasil'ev, S; Bruce, D
2000-11-21
The role of the peripheral reaction center chlorophyll a molecule associated with His117 of the D2 polypeptide in photosystem II was investigated in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using a combination of steady state, pump-probe, and picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Data were obtained from intact cells and isolated thylakoid membranes of a control mutant and a D2-H117T mutant, both of which lacked photosystem I. Excitation energy transfer and trapping were investigated by analyzing the data with a kinetic model that used an exact numerical solution of the Pauli master equation, taking into account available photosystem II spectral and structural information. The results of our kinetic analysis revealed the observed difference in excited-state dynamics between the H117T mutant and the control to be consistent with a retardation of the rate of excitation energy transfer from the peripheral chlorophyll of D2 (Chl at His117) to the electron-transfer pigments and an increase of the rate constant for charge recombination in the H117T mutant. The kinetic model was able to account for the experimentally observed changes in absorption cross section and fluorescence decay kinetics between the control and mutant by invoking changes in only these two rate constants. The results rule out quenching of excitation by a chlorophyll cation radical as a mechanism responsible for the lower efficiency of excitation energy utilization in the H117T mutant. Our work also demonstrates the importance of the chlorophyll associated with His117 of the D2 protein for excitation energy transfer to the PSII electron-transfer pigments and for the effective stabilization of the primary radical pair. PMID:11087370
14. Nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Leskovar, B.
1985-03-01
This article is a summary of a short course lecture given in conjunction with the 1984 Nuclear Science Symposium. Measuring systems for nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy using single-photon counting techniques are presented. These involve systems based on relaxation-type spark gap light pulser and synchronously pumped mode-locked dye lasers. Furthermore, typical characteristics and optimization of operating conditions of the critical components responsible for the system time resolution are discussed. A short comparison of the most important deconvolution methods for numerical analysis of experimental data is given particularly with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio of the fluorescence signal. 22 refs., 8 figs.
15. Effect of dynamical spectral weight redistribution on effective interactions in time-resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kemper, A. F.; Sentef, M. A.; Moritz, B.; Freericks, J. K.; Devereaux, T. P.
2014-08-01
The redistribution of electrons in an ultrafast pump-probe experiment causes significant changes to the spectral distribution of the retarded interaction between electrons and bosonic modes. We study the influence of these changes on pump-probe photoemission spectroscopy for a model electron-phonon coupled system using the nonequilibrium Keldysh formalism. We show that spectral rearrangement due to the driving field preserves an overall sum rule for the electronic self-energy, but modifies the effective electron-phonon scattering as a function of energy. Experimentally, this pump-modified scattering can be tracked by analyzing the fluence or excitation energy dependence of population decay rates and transient changes in dispersion kinks.
16. Nanosecond time-resolved microscopic spectroscopy for diagnostics of an atmospheric-pressure discharge plasma formed in aqueous solution
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Banno, Motohiro; Kanno, Kenta; Someya, Yuu; Yui, Hiroharu
2015-06-01
Glow discharge plasma formed in solution under atmospheric pressure has been expected to provide reaction fields with characteristic physical and chemical properties owing to the frequent collisions and reactions of reactive particles inside and the rapid quenching of the products by the surrounding cold solutions. In particular, when an aqueous solution is utilized as the surrounding solution, the atmospheric-pressure in-solution glow (ASG) plasma contains hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals showing large activities for reduction and oxidation, respectively. In addition, because the ASG plasma is formed under atmospheric pressure, the collision frequencies between the particles contained in the plasma are higher than those in other plasmas ordinarily formed under low pressure. This feature should result in rapid energy redistribution among particles contained in the plasma. In the present study, time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy with nanosecond time resolution was applied for the diagnostics of the ASG plasma with chemical species selectivity. The time-resolved measurements revealed that the temporal evolutions of the temperatures of blackbody, hydrogen radical, and hydroxyl radical contained in the ASG plasma consist of two stages: initial rise within 0.15 µs (rising stage) and fluctuation around certain values for about 1 µs (fluctuating stage). In the time region corresponding to the rising stage, the electron number density is about ten times larger than the value temporally averaged during the plasma emission. The initial rise should result from frequent collisions between charged particles accelerated by the applied voltage and unexcited particles. In the fluctuating stage, the electron number density strongly correlates with the increase in the radical temperatures. It is concluded that the electron number density, rather than the electron temperature, is a key parameter determining the temperatures of reactive species in the ASG plasma.
17. Structural dynamics of membrane proteins - time-resolved and surface-enhanced IR spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Heberle, Joachim
2013-03-01
Membrane proteins are the target of more than 50% of all drugs and are encoded by about 30% of the human genome. Electrophysiological techniques, like patch-clamp, unravelled many functional aspects of membrane proteins but suffer from structural sensitivity. We have developed Surface Enhanced Infrared Difference Absorption Spectroscopy (SEIDAS) to probe potential-induced structural changes of a protein on the level of a monolayer. A novel concept is introduced to incorporate membrane proteins into solid supported lipid bilayers in an orientated manner via the affinity of the His-tag to the Ni-NTA terminated gold surface. General applicability of the methodological approach is shown by tethering photosystem II to the gold surface. In conjunction with hydrogenase, the basis is set towards a biomimetic system for hydrogen production. Recently, we succeeded to record IR difference spectra of a monolayer of sensory rhodopsin II under voltage-clamp conditions. This approach opens an avenue towards mechanistic studies of voltage-gated ion channels with unprecedented structural and temporal sensitivity. Initial vibrational studies on the novel light-gated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) will be presented. ChR2 represents a versatile tool in the new field of optogenetics where physiological reactions are controlled by light.
18. Shape-dependent exciton spin polarization studied by time-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Knappenberger, Kenneth; Blumling, Daniel
2010-03-01
Shape-dependent exciton spin polarization of semiconducting nanoparticles will be presented. Time- and polarization-resolved magneto-photoluminescence spectroscopy is carried out at low temperature in magnetic fields up to 17.5 Tesla to investigate the extent of spin polarization in CdSe quantum dots and nanorods. One-dimensional CdSe nanorods exhibit a large degree of circular polarization when even small magnetic fields are applied. The large spin polarization achieved in 1-D nanostructures is not observed in 0-D quantum dots. The experimentally measured polarization is attributed to strong mixing of dark'' and bright'' exciton fine-structure states in 1-D nanostructures, which leads to the formation of spin-polarized excitons. The polarized emission is also confirmed by wavelength-resolved intensity-integrated and time-correlated single-photon counting measurements. The findings may have significant impacts on devices based on the nanocrystals platform, including; solar-to-electric energy conversion, spintronics and chemical lasers.
19. Effect of sphere to rod transition on the probe microenvironment in sodium dodecyl sulphate micelles: A time resolved fluorescence anisotropy study
Microsoft Academic Search
Teena Goel; Manoj Kumbhakar; Tulsi Mukherjee; Haridas Pal
2010-01-01
The effect of different hydrotropic salts on the microenvironment at the anionic head group region of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) micelle has been studied through time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements of a solubilized probe, coumarin-153 (C153). The organic cations of the hydrotropic salts used in this study, i.e. aniline hydrochloride (AHC) and o-, m- and p-toluidine hydrochlorides (OTHC, MTHC and PTHC,
20. A study of collisional quenching and radiation-trapping kinetics for Rb(5p) in the presence of methane and ethane using time-resolved fluorescence
Microsoft Academic Search
Nathan D. Zameroski; Wolfgang Rudolph; Gordon D. Hager; David A. Hostutler
2009-01-01
An experimental study using time-resolved fluorescence techniques together with theoretical simulations has been conducted and used to determine the quenching cross-sections of rubidium-methane and rubidium-ethane. Radiation trapping was significant under many of the experimental conditions (temperatures 40-130 °C and pressures 50-700 Torr) and a detailed analysis of the interplay between radiation trapping and quenching kinetics was carried out. Modifications of
1. A study of collisional quenching and radiation-trapping kinetics for Rb(5p) in the presence of methane and ethane using time-resolved fluorescence
Microsoft Academic Search
Nathan D Zameroski; Wolfgang Rudolph; Gordon D Hager; David A Hostutler
2009-01-01
An experimental study using time-resolved fluorescence techniques together with theoretical simulations has been conducted and used to determine the quenching cross-sections of rubidium–methane and rubidium–ethane. Radiation trapping was significant under many of the experimental conditions (temperatures 40–130 °C and pressures 50–700 Torr) and a detailed analysis of the interplay between radiation trapping and quenching kinetics was carried out. Modifications of
2. Synthesis and Characterization of Time-resolved Fluorescence Probes for Evaluation of Competitive Binding to Melanocortin Receptors
PubMed Central
Alleti, Ramesh; Vagner, Josef; Dehigaspitiya, Dilani Chathurika; Moberg, Valerie E.; Elshan, N. G. R. D.; Tafreshi, Narges K.; Brabez, Nabila; Weber, Craig S.; Lynch, Ronald M.; Hruby, Victor J.; Gillies, Robert J.; Morse, David L.; Mash, Eugene A.
2013-01-01
Probes for use in time-resolved fluorescence competitive binding assays at melanocortin receptors based on the parental ligands MSH(4), MSH(7), and NDP-?-MSH were prepared by solid phase synthesis methods, purified, and characterized. The saturation binding of these probes was studied using HEK-293 cells engineered to overexpress the human melanocortin 4 receptor (hMC4R) as well as the human cholecystokinin 2 receptor (hCCK2R). The ratios of non-specific binding to total binding approached unity at high concentrations for each probe. At low probe concentrations, receptor-mediated binding and uptake was discernable, and so probe concentrations were kept as low as possible in determining Kd values. The Eu-DTPA-PEGO-MSH(4) probe exhibited low specific binding relative to non-specific binding, even at low nanomolar concentrations, and was deemed unsuitable for use in competition binding assays. The Eu-DTPA-PEGO probes based on MSH(7) and NDP-?-MSH exhibited Kd values of 27±3.9 nM and 4.2±0.48 nM, respectively, for binding with hMC4R. These probes were employed in competitive binding assays to characterize the interactions of hMC4R with monovalent and divalent MSH(4), MSH(7), and NDP-?-MSH constructs derived from squalene. Results from assays with both probes reflected only statistical enhancements, suggesting improper ligand spacing on the squalene scaffold for the divalent constructs. The Ki values from competitive binding assays that employed the MSH(7)-based probe were generally lower than the Ki values obtained when the probe based on NDP-?-MSH was employed, which is consistent with the greater potency of the latter probe. The probe based on MSH(7) was also competed with monovalent, divalent, and trivalent MSH(4) constructs that previously demonstrated multivalent binding in competitive binding assays against a variant of the probe based on NDP-?-MSH. Results from these assays confirm multivalent binding, but suggest a more modest increase in avidity for these MSH(4) constructs than was previously reported. PMID:23890524
3. Noninvasive observation of skeletal muscle contraction using near-infrared time-resolved reflectance and diffusing-wave spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Belau, Markus; Ninck, Markus; Hering, Gernot; Spinelli, Lorenzo; Contini, Davide; Torricelli, Alessandro; Gisler, Thomas
2010-09-01
We introduce a method for noninvasively measuring muscle contraction in vivo, based on near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS). The method exploits the information about time-dependent shear motions within the contracting muscle that are contained in the temporal autocorrelation function g(1)(?,t) of the multiply scattered light field measured as a function of lag time, ?, and time after stimulus, t. The analysis of g(1)(?,t) measured on the human M. biceps brachii during repetitive electrical stimulation, using optical properties measured with time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy, shows that the tissue dynamics giving rise to the speckle fluctuations can be described by a combination of diffusion and shearing. The evolution of the tissue Cauchy strain e(t) shows a strong correlation with the force, indicating that a significant part of the shear observed with DWS is due to muscle contraction. The evolution of the DWS decay time shows quantitative differences between the M. biceps brachii and the M. gastrocnemius, suggesting that DWS allows to discriminate contraction of fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers.
4. Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of Ion Velocity Distribution in the Plume of a 6 kW Hall Thruster with Unperturbed Discharge Oscillations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Durot, Christopher; Gallimore, Alec
2014-10-01
We present laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements of the time-resolved ion velocity distribution in the plume of a 6 kW laboratory Hall thruster. To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of time-resolved ion velocity distribution on completely unperturbed Hall thruster operating conditions. To date, time-resolved LIF measurements have been made on Hall thrusters with oscillations driven or perturbed to be amenable to averaging techniques that assume a periodic oscillation. Natural Hall thruster breathing and spoke oscillations, however, are not periodic due to chaotic variations in amplitude and frequency. Although the system averages over many periods of nonperiodic oscillation, it recovers the time-resolved signal in part by assuming that a constant transfer function exists relating discharge current and LIF signal and averaging over the transfer function itself (http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4856635). The assumption of a constant transfer function has been validated for a Hall thruster and the technique is now applied to a Hall thruster for the first time.
5. Fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy.
PubMed
Wong Kee Song, Louis-Michel; Marcon, Norman E
2003-04-01
Table 2 provides a summary of selected in vivo fluorescence and Raman studies performed in BE. Although the findings from these studies appear promising, these techniques are still under development, and it is anticipated that technological refinements will further enhance their diagnostic accuracy. Ultimately, however, large-scale prospective clinical trials are required to determine their true diagnostic potential in BE and other sites. Ideally, the instrumentation of choice would be a real-time endoscopic system that combines excellent diagnostic accuracy with wide-area sampling. In this regard, fluorescence imaging is most appealing, although a variety of issues remain to be resolved, including the choice between autofluorescence versus drug-induced fluorescence and the problematic distinction between dysplastic (true positive) and confounding background metaplastic fluorescence (false positive), among others. It is also not clear whether exogenous fluorophores are necessary to achieve clinically useful sensitivity and specificity for lesion detection in BE. Point spectroscopic techniques, either fluorescence or Raman scattering, are inherently limited by the small volume of tissue (biopsy specimen size) they sample, but more detailed information can be extracted from the spectra, which may increase diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, it may be that the optimal system will be a combination of multiple optical spectroscopic or imaging techniques (multimodality approach), as suggested by Georgakoudi et al. For instance, a lesion could be detected by fluorescence imaging and its dysplastic nature characterized (graded) by Raman spectroscopy. In this era of cost containment, however, the critical challenge is to demonstrate whether an increase in diagnostic accuracy merits investment in costly technology, regardless of the technique used. PMID:12916660
6. Two-photon resonances in femtosecond time-resolved four-wave mixing spectroscopy: {beta}-carotene
SciTech Connect
Namboodiri, V.; Namboodiri, M.; Flachenecker, G.; Materny, A. [Center of Functional Materials and Nanomolecular Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen (Germany)
2010-08-07
Femtosecond time-resolved pump-degenerate four-wave mixing (pump-DFWM) spectroscopy has been used to study the ultrafast dynamics of {beta}-carotene involving several electronic and vibrational states. An initial pump pulse, resonant with the S{sub 0}-to-S{sub 2} transition, excites the molecular system and a DFWM process, resonant with the S{sub 1}-to-S{sub n} transition, is used to probe the relaxation pathways. The transient shows a peculiar decay behavior, which is due to the contributions of resonant DFWM signal of the excited S{sub 1} state, nonresonant DFWM signal of the ground S{sub 0} state and vibrational hot S{sub 0}{sup *} state, and the two-photon resonant DFWM signal of the ground S{sub 0} state. We have used a kinetic model including all the signal contributions to successfully fit the transient. The time constants extracted are in very good agreement with the known values for {beta}-carotene. For comparison, a two-pulse pump-probe experiment was performed measuring the transient absorption at the wavelength of the DFWM experiment.
7. Elucidating low-frequency vibrational dynamics in calcite and water with time-resolved third-harmonic generation spectroscopy.
PubMed
Wang, Liang; Liu, Weimin; Fang, Chong
2015-06-24
Low-frequency vibrations are foundational for material properties including thermal conductivity and chemical reactivity. To resolve the intrinsic molecular conformational dynamics in condensed phase, we implement time-resolved third-harmonic generation (TRTHG) spectroscopy to unravel collective skeletal motions in calcite, water, and aqueous salt solution in situ. The lifetime of three Raman-active modes in polycrystalline calcite at 155, 282 and 703 cm(-1) is found to be ca. 1.6 ps, 1.3 ps and 250 fs, respectively. The lifetime difference is due to crystallographic defects and anharmonic effects. By incorporating a home-built wire-guided liquid jet, we apply TRTHG to investigate pure water and ZnCl2 aqueous solution, revealing ultrafast dynamics of water intermolecular stretching and librational bands below 500 cm(-1) and a characteristic 280 cm(-1) vibrational mode in the ZnCl4(H2O)2(2-) complex. TRTHG proves to be a compact and versatile technique that directly uses the 800 nm fundamental laser pulse output to capture ultrafast low-frequency vibrational motion snapshots in condensed-phase materials including the omnipresent water, which provides the important time dimension to spectral characterization of molecular structure-function relationships. PMID:26062639
8. Testing the Physical Mechanisms of Gamma-Ray Bursts with Multi-Instrument Time-Resolved Spectroscopy
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Briggs, Michael S.; Preece, Robert E.
2001-01-01
We have continued the project of time-resolved spectral analyses of gamma-ray bursts observed jointly by the BATSE and the Wide-Field Camera on board BeppoSAX. We are making progress understanding the systematic differences between the two data sets. These data comprise the most important joint analysis set for our project. In several meetings, we have reported on metal efforts to understand the blackbody portion of the time series of spectra from GRB970111. Clearly, a fading thermal component can provide a 'seed' spectrum for Compton upscattering. It is very likely the X-ray excess that has been observed previously in BATSE data alone continues into the X-ray band observed by the WFC. We have also made progress in joint fitting of BATSE Large Area Detector and Spectroscopy Detector data with that of the Total Absorption Scintillation Calorimeter (TASC) of the EGRET experiment on CGRO. The TASC data are important to understanding the high-energy response of the BATSE data. We have produced time-sequences of spectra for two important GRB with data from both instruments. The Summer workshop on GRBs at the Aspen Center for Physics provided an opportunity for in-depth discussion of our on-going work. To aid our effort, we continue to make improvements in our spectral analysis software, RMFIT (rewritten from WINGSPAN).
9. Time-resolved and photoluminescence spectroscopy of ?-Al?O? nanowires for promising fast optical sensor applications.
PubMed
Gangwar, Jitendra; Gupta, Bipin Kumar; Kumar, Pawan; Tripathi, Surya Kant; Srivastava, Avanish Kumar
2014-12-01
Herein, we have demonstrated the high yield facile growth of Al2O3 nanowires of uniform morphology with different polymorph phases (e.g. ?, ? and ?) via a hydrothermal method with varying calcination temperatures. The synthesized ?-Al2O3 nanowires were well characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDAX, AFM and HRTEM techniques. Microstructural analysis confirmed that the dimensions of the individual ?-Al2O3 nanowires are approximately in the ranges 5-20 nm in width and 40-150 nm in length, and the aspect ratio is up to 20. AFM results evidenced the uniform distribution of the nanowires with controlled morphology. Furthermore, UV-vis spectroscopic data reveal that the estimated optical band gap of the ?-Al2O3 nanowires was ~5.16 eV. The photoluminescence spectrum exhibits blue emission upon excitation at a wavelength of 252 nm. Time-resolved spectroscopy demonstrates that these nanowires illustrate a decay time of ~2.23 nanoseconds. The obtained photoluminescence results with a decay time of nanoseconds suggest that the ?-Al2O3 phase could be an exceptional choice for next generation fast optical sensors. PMID:25300301
10. Femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films: evidence for passivation effect of PbI2.
PubMed
Wang, Lili; McCleese, Christopher; Kovalsky, Anton; Zhao, Yixin; Burda, Clemens
2014-09-01
CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layered films deposited on substrates with and without a titania support structure have been prepared and studied using time-resolved femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy in the visible light range (450-800 nm). The electron injection dynamics from the photoexcited perovskite layers to the neighboring film structures could be directly monitored via the transient bleaching dynamics of the perovskite at ?750 nm and thus systematically studied as a function of the layer-by-layer architecture. In addition, for the first time we could spectrally distinguish transient bleaching at ?750 nm from laser-induced fluorescence that occurs red-shifted at ?780 nm. We show that an additional bleach feature at ?510 nm appears when PbI2 is present in the perovskite film. The amplitudes of the PbI2 and perovskite TA peaks were compared to estimate relative amounts of PbI2 in the samples. Kinetic analysis reveals that perovskite films with less PbI2 show faster relaxation rates than those containing more PbI2. These fast dynamics are attributed to charge carrier trapping at perovskite grain boundaries, and the slower dynamics in samples containing PbI2 are due to a passivation effect, in line with other recently reported work. PMID:25145978
11. Electron-hole recombination on ZnO(0001) single-crystal surface studied by time-resolved soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Yukawa, R.; Yamamoto, S.; Ogawa, M.; Yamamoto, Sh.; Fujikawa, K.; Hobara, R.; Matsuda, I., E-mail: [email protected] [Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581 (Japan); Ozawa, K. [Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 (Japan); Emori, M.; Sakama, H. [Department of Physics, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554 (Japan); Kitagawa, S.; Daimon, H. [Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192 (Japan)
2014-10-13
Time-resolved soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) experiments were performed with time scales from picoseconds to nanoseconds to trace relaxation of surface photovoltage on the ZnO(0001) single crystal surface in real time. The band diagram of the surface has been obtained numerically using PES data, showing a depletion layer which extends to 1??m. Temporal evolution of the photovoltage effect is well explained by a recombination process of a thermionic model, giving the photoexcited carrier lifetime of about 1 ps at the surface under the flat band condition. This lifetime agrees with a temporal range reported by the previous time-resolved optical experiments.
12. Nonlinear spectroscopy in the near-field: time resolved spectroscopy and subwavelength resolution non-invasive imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Namboodiri, Mahesh; Khan, Tahirzeb; Karki, Khadga; Kazemi, Mehdi Mohammad; Bom, Sidhant; Flachenecker, Günter; Namboodiri, Vinu; Materny, Arnulf
2014-04-01
The combination of near-field microscopy along with nonlinear optical spectroscopic techniques is presented here. The scanning near-field imaging technique can be integrated with nonlinear spectroscopic techniques to improve spatial and axial resolution of the images. Additionally, ultrafast dynamics can be probed down to nano-scale dimension. The review shows some examples for this combination, which resulted in an exciton map and vibrational contrast images with sub-wavelength resolution. Results of two-color femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe experiments using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) on thin films of the organic semiconductor 3,4,9,10 Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) are presented. While nonlinear Raman techniques have been used to obtain highly resolved images in combination with near-field microscopy, the use of femtosecond laser pulses in electronic resonance still constitutes a big challenge. Here, we present our first results on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) with femtosecond laser pulses detected in the near-field using SNOM. We demonstrate that highly spatially resolved images can be obtained from poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nano-structures where the fs-CARS process was in resonance with the P3HT absorption and with characteristic P3HT vibrational modes without destruction of the samples. Sub-diffraction limited lateral resolution is achieved. Especially the height resolution clearly surpasses that obtained with standard microCARS. These results will be the basis for future investigations of mode-selective dynamics in the near-field.
13. Vibrational cooling dynamics of a [FeFe]-hydrogenase mimic probed by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy.
PubMed
Caplins, Benjamin W; Lomont, Justin P; Nguyen, Son C; Harris, Charles B
2014-12-11
Picosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR) was performed for the first time on a dithiolate bridged binuclear iron(I) hexacarbonyl complex ([Fe?(?-bdt)(CO)?], bdt = benzene-1,2-dithiolate) which is a structural mimic of the active site of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzyme. As these model active sites are increasingly being studied for their potential in photocatalytic systems for hydrogen production, understanding their excited and ground state dynamics is critical. In n-heptane, absorption of 400 nm light causes carbonyl loss with low quantum yield (<10%), while the majority (ca. 90%) of the parent complex is regenerated with biexponential kinetics (?? = 21 ps and ?? = 134 ps). In order to understand the mechanism of picosecond bleach recovery, a series of UV-pump TRIR experiments were performed in different solvents. The long time decay (??) of the transient spectra is seen to change substantially as a function of solvent, from 95 ps in THF to 262 ps in CCl?. Broadband IR-pump TRIR experiments were performed for comparison. The measured vibrational lifetimes (T?(avg)) of the carbonyl stretches were found to be in excellent correspondence to the observed ?? decays in the UV-pump experiments, signifying that vibrationally excited carbonyl stretches are responsible for the observed longtime decays. The fast spectral evolution (??) was determined to be due to vibrational cooling of low frequency modes anharmonically coupled to the carbonyl stretches that were excited after electronic internal conversion. The results show that cooling of both low and high frequency vibrational modes on the electronic ground state give rise to the observed picosecond TRIR transient spectra of this compound, without the need to invoke electronically excited states. PMID:25426927
14. Time Resolved Spectroscopy of SGR J1550-5418 Bursts Detected with Fermi/Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Younes, G.; Kouveliotou, C.; van der Horst, A. J.; Baring, M. G.; Granot, J.; Watts, A. L.; Bhat, P. N.; Collazzi, A.; Gehrels, N.; Gorgone, N.; Gö?ü?, E.; Gruber, D.; Grunblatt, S.; Huppenkothen, D.; Kaneko, Y.; von Kienlin, A.; van der Klis, M.; Lin, L.; Mcenery, J.; van Putten, T.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.
2014-04-01
We report on a time-resolved spectroscopy of the 63 brightest bursts of SGR J1550-5418, detected with the Fermi/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor during its 2008-2009 intense bursting episode. We performed spectral analysis down to 4 ms timescales to characterize the spectral evolution of the bursts. Using a Comptonized model, we find that the peak energy, E peak, anti-correlates with flux, while the low-energy photon index remains constant at ~ - 0.8 up to a flux limit F ? 10-5 erg s-1 cm-2. Above this flux value, the E peak-flux correlation changes sign, and the index positively correlates with the flux reaching ~1 at the highest fluxes. Using a two blackbody model, we find that the areas and fluxes of the two emitting regions correlate positively. Further, we study here for the first time the evolution of the temperatures and areas as a function of flux. We find that the area-kT relation follows the lines of constant luminosity at the lowest fluxes, R 2vpropkT -4, with a break at the higher fluxes (F > 10-5.5 erg s-1 cm-2). The area of the high-kT component increases with the flux while its temperature decreases, which we interpret as being due to an adiabatic cooling process. The area of the low-kT component, on the other hand, appears to saturate at the highest fluxes, toward R max ? 30 km. Assuming that crust quakes are responsible for soft gamma repeater (SGR) bursts and considering R max as the maximum radius of the emitting photon-pair plasma fireball, we relate this saturation radius to a minimum excitation radius of the magnetosphere, and we put a lower limit on the internal magnetic field of SGR J1550-5418, B int >~ 4.5 × 1015 G.
15. Time resolved infrared spectroscopy: kinetic studies of weakly binding ligands in an iron-iron hydrogenase model compound.
PubMed
Muhammad, Sohail; Moncho, Salvador; Brothers, Edward N; Darensbourg, Marcetta Y; Darensbourg, Donald J; Bengali, Ashfaq A
2012-07-01
Solution photochemistry of (?-pdt)[Fe(CO)(3)](2) (pdt = ?(2)-S(CH(2))(3)S), a precursor model of the 2-Fe subsite of the H-cluster of the hydrogenase enzyme, has been studied using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Following the loss of CO, solvation of the Fe center by the weakly binding ligands cyclohexene, 3-hexyne, THF, and 2,3-dihydrofuran (DHF) occurred. Subsequent ligand substitution of these weakly bound ligands by pyridine or cyclooctene to afford a more stable complex was found to take place via a dissociative mechanism on a seconds time scale with activation parameters consistent with such a pathway. That is, the ?S(‡) values were positive and the ?H(‡) parameters closely agreed with bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) obtained from DFT calculations. For example, for cyclohexene replacement by pyridine, experimental ?H(‡) and ?S(‡) values were determined to be 19.7 ± 0.6 kcal/mol (versus a theoretical prediction of 19.8 kcal/mol) and 15 ± 2 eu, respectively. The ambidentate ligand 2,3-DHF was shown to initially bind to the iron center via its oxygen atom followed by an intramolecular rearrangement to the more stable ?(2)-olefin bound species. DFT calculations revealed a transition state structure with the iron atom almost equidistant from the oxygen and one edge of the olefinic bond. The computed ?H(‡) of 10.7 kcal/mol for this isomerization process was found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 11.2 ± 0.3 kcal/mol. PMID:22680284
16. Microsecond Time-Resolved Absorption Spectroscopy Used to Study CO Compounds of Cytochrome bd from Escherichia coli
PubMed Central
Siletsky, Sergey A.; Zaspa, Andrey A.; Poole, Robert K.; Borisov, Vitaliy B.
2014-01-01
Cytochrome bd is a tri-heme (b558, b595, d) respiratory oxygen reductase that is found in many bacteria including pathogenic species. It couples the electron transfer from quinol to O2 with generation of an electrochemical proton gradient. We examined photolysis and subsequent recombination of CO with isolated cytochrome bd from Escherichia coli in one-electron reduced (MV) and fully reduced (R) states by microsecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy at 532-nm excitation. Both Soret and visible band regions were examined. CO photodissociation from MV enzyme possibly causes fast (?<1.5 µs) electron transfer from heme d to heme b595 in a small fraction of the protein, not reported earlier. Then the electron migrates to heme b558 (??16 µs). It returns from the b-hemes to heme d with ??180 µs. Unlike cytochrome bd in the R state, in MV enzyme the apparent contribution of absorbance changes associated with CO dissociation from heme d is small, if any. Photodissociation of CO from heme d in MV enzyme is suggested to be accompanied by the binding of an internal ligand (L) at the opposite side of the heme. CO recombines with heme d (??16 µs) yielding a transient hexacoordinate state (CO-Fe2+-L). Then the ligand slowly (??30 ms) dissociates from heme d. Recombination of CO with a reduced heme b in a fraction of the MV sample may also contribute to the 30-ms phase. In R enzyme, CO recombines to heme d (??20 µs), some heme b558 (??0.2–3 ms), and finally migrates from heme d to heme b595 (??24 ms) in ?5% of the enzyme population. Data are consistent with the recent nanosecond study of Rappaport et al. conducted on the membranes at 640-nm excitation but limited to the Soret band. The additional phases were revealed due to differences in excitation and other experimental conditions. PMID:24755641
17. Early Amyloidogenic Oligomerization Studied through Fluorescence Lifetime Correlation Spectroscopy
PubMed Central
Paredes, Jose M.; Casares, Salvador; Ruedas-Rama, Maria J.; Fernandez, Elena; Castello, Fabio; Varela, Lorena; Orte, Angel
2012-01-01
Amyloidogenic protein aggregation is a persistent biomedical problem. Despite active research in disease-related aggregation, the need for multidisciplinary approaches to the problem is evident. Recent advances in single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy are valuable for examining heterogenic biomolecular systems. In this work, we have explored the initial stages of amyloidogenic aggregation by employing fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy (FLCS), an advanced modification of conventional fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) that utilizes time-resolved information. FLCS provides size distributions and kinetics for the oligomer growth of the SH3 domain of ?-spectrin, whose N47A mutant forms amyloid fibrils at pH 3.2 and 37 °C in the presence of salt. The combination of FCS with additional fluorescence lifetime information provides an exciting approach to focus on the initial aggregation stages, allowing a better understanding of the fibrillization process, by providing multidimensional information, valuable in combination with other conventional methodologies. PMID:22949804
18. Lifetime fluorescence spectroscopy for in situ investigation of osteogenic differentiation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marcu, Laura; Elbarbary, Amir; Zuk, Patricia; De Ugarte, Daniel A.; Benhaim, Prosper; Kurt, Hamza; Hedrick, Marc H.; Ashjian, Peter
2003-07-01
Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) represents a potential tool for the in-situ characterization of bioengineered tissues. In this study, we evaluate the application of TR-LIFS to non-intrusive monitoring of matrix composition during osteogenetic differentiation. Human adipose-derived stem cells, harvested from 3 patients, were induced in osteogenic media for 3, 5, and 7 weeks. Samples were subsequently collected and probed for time-resolved fluorescence emission with a pulsed nitrogen laser. Fluorescence parameters, derived from both spectral- and time-domain, were used for sample characterization. The samples were further analyzed using Western blot analysis and computer-based densitometry. A significant change in the fluorescence parameters was detected for samples beyond 3 weeks of osteogenic differentiation. The spectroscopic observations: 1) show increase of collagen I when contrasted against the time-resolved fluorescence spectra of commercially available collagens; and 2) are in agreement with Western blot analysis that demonstrated significant increase in collagen I content between 3- vs. 5-weeks and 3- vs. 7-weeks and no changes for collagens III, IV, and V. Our results suggest that TR-LIFS can be used as a non-invasive means for the detection of specific collagens in maturing connective tissues.
19. Development and demonstration of table-top synchronized fast-scan femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy system by single-shot scan photo detector array
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yabushita, Atsushi; Kao, Chih-Hsien; Lee, Yu-Hsien; Kobayashi, Takayoshi
2015-07-01
Ultrafast dynamics is generally studied by pump–probe method with laser pulse, which scans optical delay by motorized stage step by step. Using ultrashort laser pulse shorter than typical molecular vibration periods, the pump–probe measurement can study both of electronic dynamics and vibration dynamics simultaneously. The probe wavelength dependence of the ultrafast electronic and vibration dynamics (UEVD) helps us to distinguish the signal contributions from the dynamics of the electronic ground state and that of the electronic excited states, which elucidates primary reaction mechanism after photoexcitation. Meanwhile, the measurement time of UEVD spectroscopy takes too long time to be used in realistic application. In our previous work, we have developed multi-channel lock-in amplifying (MLA) detectors to study UEVD at all probe wavelengths simultaneously, and synchronized it with laser and fast-scan delay stage to scan the data in five seconds. It enabled us to study UEVD spectroscopy even for photo-fragile materials. However, the home-made MLA detectors required for the measurement is expensive and massive in size and weight, thus not suitable for general researchers in the field of ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy. In the present work, we have developed a table-top synchronized fast-scan femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy system using single shot scan line CCD. This system measures time-resolved trace at all probe wavelengths simultaneously in five seconds. The CCD-based fast-scan time-resolved spectroscopy system enables us to study ultrafast dynamics of various materials even biomaterials, which have been thought to be hard or even impossible to be studied in previous methods.
20. Trp aporepressor engineered for fluorescence spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Millar, David P.; Hochstrasser, Remo A.; Chapman, David; Youderian, Philip
1992-04-01
The tryptophan repressor from Escherichia coli binds to the trp operator in the presence of L- tryptophan, thereby inhibiting the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to change tryptophan-19 and tryptophan-99 to leucine and methionine, respectively. This mutant protein without tryptophan in its amino acid sequence has wild-type repressor activity and is a suitable model for fluorescence studies of corepressor binding. Both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to compare the binding of L- tryptophan, indole-3-propionic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, and indole. In all cases, binding to the mutant aporepressor results in a large blue shift and a change in the intensity of the ligand fluorescence. The decay of the total fluorescence intensity from the complex indicates the presence of three distinct bound states of the ligand. The distribution of ligand binding modes is influenced by the substituent at the 3-position of the indole ring. The rotational correlation time of the complexes formed with L-tryptophan or indole-3-propionic acid indicate that the protein is present as a dimer, whereas with indole or indole-3-butyric acid the correlation times are much lower, suggesting that the protein is present as a monomer.
1. Excitation relaxation dynamics and energy transfer in fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-protein complexes, probed by time-resolved fluorescence.
PubMed
Akimoto, Seiji; Teshigahara, Ayaka; Yokono, Makio; Mimuro, Mamoru; Nagao, Ryo; Tomo, Tatsuya
2014-09-01
In algae, light-harvesting complexes contain specific chlorophylls (Chls) and keto-carotenoids; Chl a, Chl c, and fucoxanthin (Fx) in diatoms and brown algae; Chl a, Chl c, and peridinin in photosynthetic dinoflagellates; and Chl a, Chl b, and siphonaxanthin in green algae. The Fx-Chl a/c-protein (FCP) complex from the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis contains Chl c1, Chl c2, and the keto-carotenoid, Fx, as antenna pigments, in addition to Chl a. In the present study, we investigated energy transfer in the FCP complex associated with photosystem II (FCPII) of C. gracilis. For these investigations, we analyzed time-resolved fluorescence spectra, fluorescence rise and decay curves, and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy data. Chl a exhibited different energy forms with fluorescence peaks ranging from 677 nm to 688 nm. Fx transferred excitation energy to lower-energy Chl a with a time constant of 300fs. Chl c transferred excitation energy to Chl a with time constants of 500-600fs (intra-complex transfer), 600-700fs (intra-complex transfer), and 4-6ps (inter-complex transfer). The latter process made a greater contribution to total Chl c-to-Chl a transfer in intact cells of C. gracilis than in the isolated FCPII complexes. The lower-energy Chl a received excitation energy from Fx and transferred the energy to higher-energy Chl a. This article is part of a special issue entitled: photosynthesis research for sustainability: keys to produce clean energy. PMID:24530875
2. Time resolved spectroscopy of SGR J1550–5418 bursts detected with Fermi/gamma-ray burst monitor
SciTech Connect
Younes, G. [Universities Space Research Association, 6767 Old Madison Pike, Suite 450, Huntsville, AL 35806 (United States); Kouveliotou, C.; Collazzi, A. [Astrophysics Office, ZP 12, NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 (United States); Van der Horst, A. J.; Watts, A. L.; Huppenkothen, D.; Van der Klis, M.; Van Putten, T. [Astronomical Institute "Anton Pannekoek," University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam (Netherlands); Baring, M. G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, MS-108, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251 (United States); Granot, J. [Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, P.O. Box 808, Raánana 43537 (Israel); Bhat, P. N.; Gorgone, N. [University of Alabama in Huntsville CSPAR, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805 (United States); Gehrels, N.; Mcenery, J. [NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (United States); Gö?ü?, E.; Kaneko, Y.; Lin, L. [Sabanc? University, Orhanl?-Tuzla, ?stanbul 34956 (Turkey); Gruber, D.; Von Kienlin, A. [Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse, Postfach 1312, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Grunblatt, S. [University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2500 Campus Road, Honolulu, HI 96822 (United States); and others
2014-04-10
We report on a time-resolved spectroscopy of the 63 brightest bursts of SGR J1550–5418, detected with the Fermi/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor during its 2008-2009 intense bursting episode. We performed spectral analysis down to 4 ms timescales to characterize the spectral evolution of the bursts. Using a Comptonized model, we find that the peak energy, E {sub peak}, anti-correlates with flux, while the low-energy photon index remains constant at ? – 0.8 up to a flux limit F ? 10{sup –5} erg s{sup –1} cm{sup –2}. Above this flux value, the E {sub peak}–flux correlation changes sign, and the index positively correlates with the flux reaching ?1 at the highest fluxes. Using a two blackbody model, we find that the areas and fluxes of the two emitting regions correlate positively. Further, we study here for the first time the evolution of the temperatures and areas as a function of flux. We find that the area–kT relation follows the lines of constant luminosity at the lowest fluxes, R {sup 2}?kT {sup –4}, with a break at the higher fluxes (F > 10{sup –5.5} erg s{sup –1} cm{sup –2}). The area of the high-kT component increases with the flux while its temperature decreases, which we interpret as being due to an adiabatic cooling process. The area of the low-kT component, on the other hand, appears to saturate at the highest fluxes, toward R {sub max} ? 30 km. Assuming that crust quakes are responsible for soft gamma repeater (SGR) bursts and considering R {sub max} as the maximum radius of the emitting photon-pair plasma fireball, we relate this saturation radius to a minimum excitation radius of the magnetosphere, and we put a lower limit on the internal magnetic field of SGR J1550–5418, B {sub int} ? 4.5 × 10{sup 15} G.
3. Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the polarizable proton continua and the proton pump mechanism of bacteriorhodopsin.
PubMed Central
Wang, J; El-Sayed, M A
2001-01-01
Nanosecond-to-microsecond time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the 3000-1000-cm(-1) region has been used to examine the polarizable proton continua observed in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) during its photocycle. The difference in the transient FTIR spectra in the time domain between 20 ns and 1 ms shows a broad absorption continuum band in the 2100-1800-cm(-1) region, a bleach continuum band in the 2500-2150-cm(-1) region, and a bleach continuum band above 2700 cm(-1). According to Zundel (G., J. Mol. Struct. 322:33-42), these continua appear in systems capable of forming polarizable hydrogen bonds. The formation of a bleach continuum suggests the presence of a polarizable proton in the ground state that changes during the photocycle. The appearance of a transient absorption continuum suggests a change in the polarizable proton or the appearance of new ones. It is found that each continuum has a rise time of less than 80 ns and a decay time component of approximately 300 micros. In addition, it is found that the absorption continuum in the 2100-1800-cm(-1) region has a slow rise component of 190 ns and a fast decay component of approximately 60 micros. Using these results and those of the recent x-ray structural studies of bR(570) and M(412) (H. Luecke, B. Schobert, H.T. Richter, J.-P. Cartailler, and J. K., Science 286:255-260), together with the already known spectroscopic properties of the different intermediates in the photocycle, the possible origins of the polarizable protons giving rise to these continua during the bR photocycle are proposed. Models of the proton pump are discussed in terms of the changes in these polarizable protons and the hydrogen-bonded chains and in terms of previously known results such as the simultaneous deprotonation of the protonated Schiff base (PSB) and Tyr185 and the disappearance of water molecules in the proton release channel during the proton pump process. PMID:11159463
4. A high-throughput time-resolved mini-silicon photomultiplier with embedded fluorescence lifetime estimation in 0.13 ?m CMOS.
PubMed
Tyndall, David; Rae, Bruce R; Li, David Day-Uei; Arlt, Jochen; Johnston, Abigail; Richardson, Justin A; Henderson, Robert K
2012-12-01
We describe a miniaturized, high-throughput, time-resolved fluorescence lifetime sensor implemented in a 0.13 m CMOS process, combining single photon detection, multiple channel timing and embedded pre-processing of fluorescence lifetime estimations on a single device. Detection is achieved using an array of single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) arranged in a digital silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) architecture with 400 ps output pulses and a 10% fill-factor. An array of time-to-digital converters (TDCs) with ?50 ps resolution records up to 8 photon events during each excitation period. Data from the TDC array is then processed using a centre-of-mass method (CMM) pre-calculation to produce fluorescence lifetime estimations in real-time. The sensor is believed to be the first reported implementation of embedded fluorescence lifetime estimation. The system is demonstrated in a practical laboratory environment with measurements of a variety of fluorescent dyes with different single exponential lifetimes, successfully showing the sensor's ability to overcome the classic pile-up limitation of time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) by over an order of magnitude. PMID:23853257
5. Photochemistryand Photobiology, 1996,64(3): 552-563 Comparative Time-Resolved Photosystem II Chlorophyll a Fluorescence
E-print Network
Govindjee
Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Analyses Reveal Distinctive Differences between Photoinhibitory Reaction Center-thylakoid pH gradient (ApH) and the carotenoid pigment interconversions of the xanthophyll cycle. Co
6. Carrier dynamics in bulk ZnO. II. Transient photoconductivity measured by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy
E-print Network
Carrier dynamics in bulk ZnO. II. Transient photoconductivity measured by time-resolved terahertz in bulk ZnO at temperatures below 100 K. Carrier density and mobility are extracted by fitting the Drude. INTRODUCTION ZnO is a wide band-gap semiconductor Eg=3.37 eV with large exciton binding energy 60 me
7. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence study of some dyes in polymer microspheres showing morphology dependent resonances
Microsoft Academic Search
Prem B. Bisht; Kazuhiro Fukuda; Satoshi Hirayama
1996-01-01
Fluorescence emission spectra of N,N?-bis(2,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-3,4:9,10- Perylenebis(dicarboximide) (DBPI), rhodamine 6G (R6G), and cresyl violet (CV) in spherical polymer beads of less than 20 ?m diameter show sharp ripple structures. The observed peak positions and the intervals of the structures are consistent with the calculations of the morphology dependent resonances (MDR). Observed intensities of the MDR in the fluorescence emission spectra are
8. Density relaxation and particle motion characteristics in a non-ionic deep eutectic solvent (acetamide + urea): time-resolved fluorescence measurements and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations.
PubMed
Das, Anuradha; Das, Suman; Biswas, Ranjit
2015-01-21
Temperature dependent relaxation dynamics, particle motion characteristics, and heterogeneity aspects of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) made of acetamide (CH3CONH2) and urea (NH2CONH2) have been investigated by employing time-resolved fluorescence measurements and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Three different compositions (f) for the mixture [fCH3CONH2 + (1 - f)NH2CONH2] have been studied in a temperature range of 328-353 K which is ?120-145 K above the measured glass transition temperatures (?207 K) of these DESs but much lower than the individual melting temperature of either of the constituents. Steady state fluorescence emission measurements using probe solutes with sharply different lifetimes do not indicate any dependence on excitation wavelength in these metastable molten systems. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements reveal near-hydrodynamic coupling between medium viscosity and rotation of a dissolved dipolar solute. Stokes shift dynamics have been found to be too fast to be detected by the time-resolution (?70 ps) employed, suggesting extremely rapid medium polarization relaxation. All-atom simulations reveal Gaussian distribution for particle displacements and van Hove correlations, and significant overlap between non-Gaussian (?2) and new non-Gaussian (?) heterogeneity parameters. In addition, no stretched exponential relaxations have been detected in the simulated wavenumber dependent acetamide dynamic structure factors. All these results are in sharp contrast to earlier observations for ionic deep eutectics with acetamide [Guchhait et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 104514 (2014)] and suggest a fundamental difference in interaction and dynamics between ionic and non-ionic deep eutectic solvent systems. PMID:25612718
9. Density relaxation and particle motion characteristics in a non-ionic deep eutectic solvent (acetamide + urea): Time-resolved fluorescence measurements and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Das, Anuradha; Das, Suman; Biswas, Ranjit
2015-01-01
Temperature dependent relaxation dynamics, particle motion characteristics, and heterogeneity aspects of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) made of acetamide (CH3CONH2) and urea (NH2CONH2) have been investigated by employing time-resolved fluorescence measurements and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Three different compositions (f) for the mixture [fCH3CONH2 + (1 - f)NH2CONH2] have been studied in a temperature range of 328-353 K which is ˜120-145 K above the measured glass transition temperatures (˜207 K) of these DESs but much lower than the individual melting temperature of either of the constituents. Steady state fluorescence emission measurements using probe solutes with sharply different lifetimes do not indicate any dependence on excitation wavelength in these metastable molten systems. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements reveal near-hydrodynamic coupling between medium viscosity and rotation of a dissolved dipolar solute. Stokes shift dynamics have been found to be too fast to be detected by the time-resolution (˜70 ps) employed, suggesting extremely rapid medium polarization relaxation. All-atom simulations reveal Gaussian distribution for particle displacements and van Hove correlations, and significant overlap between non-Gaussian (?2) and new non-Gaussian (?) heterogeneity parameters. In addition, no stretched exponential relaxations have been detected in the simulated wavenumber dependent acetamide dynamic structure factors. All these results are in sharp contrast to earlier observations for ionic deep eutectics with acetamide [Guchhait et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 104514 (2014)] and suggest a fundamental difference in interaction and dynamics between ionic and non-ionic deep eutectic solvent systems.
10. Time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy and optical imaging of Cybesin in cancerous and normal prostate tissues
E-print Network
Larson-Prior, Linda
by prostate cancer in the US [1]. Common methods for prostate cancer diagnosis are the prostate specific-resolved polarization-dependent fluorescence of Cybesin in solution and in cancerous and normal prostate tissues were normal tissue. The polarization anisotropy of Cybesin contained in cancerous prostate tissue was found
11. Electronic Excitations in G-quadruplexes Formed by the Human Telomeric Sequence: A Time-Resolved Fluorescence Study.
PubMed
Changenet-Barret, Pascale; Hua, Ying; Gustavsson, Thomas; Markovitsi, Dimitra
2015-05-01
The present study deals with G-quadruplexes formed by folding of the human telomeric sequence d(GGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG), in presence of K(+) cations, noted Tel21/K(+) . Fluorescence decays and fluorescence anisotropy decays, obtained upon excitation at 267 nm, are probed from femtosecond to nanosecond domains using two different detection techniques, fluorescence upconversion and time-correlated single photon counting. The results are discussed in light of recent theoretical studies. It is shown that efficient energy transfer takes place among the bases on the femtosecond time scale, possible only via exciton states. The major part of the fluorescence originates from bright excited states having weak charge transfer character and decaying between 1 and 100 ps. Charge transfer states involving guanines in different tetrads decay mainly after 100 ps and emit at the red wing of the spectrum. The persistence of electronic excitations in Tel21/K(+) is longer and the contribution of charge transfer states is more pronounced than what is observed for G-quadruplexes formed by association of four d(TGGGT) strands and containing the same number of tetrads. This difference is due to the increased structural rigidity of monomolecular structures which reduces nonradiative deactivation pathways and favors collective effects. PMID:25362994
12. Highly sensitive detection of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA using time-resolved fluorescence microscopy and long lifetime probes
Microsoft Academic Search
Xue F. Wang; Ammasi Periasamy; Pawel Wodnicki; M. Siadat-Pajouh; Brian Herman
1995-01-01
We have been interested in the role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer and its diagnosis; to that end we have been developing microscopic imaging and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques to genotype and quantitate the amount of HPV present at a single cell level in cervical PAP smears. However, we have found that low levels of HPV
13. Multichannel, time-resolved picosecond laser ultrasound imaging and spectroscopy with custom complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor detector
Microsoft Academic Search
Richard J. Smith; Roger A. Light; Steve D. Sharples; Nicholas S. Johnston; Mark C. Pitter; Mike G. Somekh
2010-01-01
This paper presents a multichannel, time-resolved picosecond laser ultrasound system that uses a custom complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor linear array detector. This novel sensor allows parallel phase-sensitive detection of very low contrast modulated signals with performance in each channel comparable to that of a discrete photodiode and a lock-in amplifier. Application of the instrument is demonstrated by parallelizing spatial measurements to produce
14. Time-resolved fluorescence sensing of pesticides chlorpyrifos, crotoxyphos and endosulfan by the luminescent Eu(III)-8-allyl-3-carboxycoumarin probe.
PubMed
Azab, Hassan A; Khairy, Gasser M; Kamel, Rasha M
2015-09-01
This work describes the application of time resolved fluorescence in microtiter plates for investigating the interactions of europium-allyl-3-carboxycoumarin with pesticides chlorpyrifos, endosulfan and crotoxyphos. Stern-Volmer studies at different temperatures for chlorpyrifos and crotoxyphos shows dynamic and static quenching mechanisms respectively. Direct methods for the determination of the pesticides under investigation have been developed using the luminescence variations of the probe in solution. The detection limits are 6.53, 0.004, 3.72?mol/L for chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and crotoxyphos, respectively. The binding constants and thermodynamic parameters of the pesticides with probe were evaluated. A thermodynamic analysis showed that the reaction is spontaneous with negative ?G. Effect of some relevant interferents on the detection of pesticides has been investigated. The new method was applied to the determination of the pesticides in different types of water samples (tap, mineral, and waste water). PMID:25875033
15. STEADY-STATE AND TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING WITH TRANSITION METAL IONS AS SHORT-DISTANCE PROBES FOR PROTEIN CONFORMATION
PubMed Central
Posokhov, Yevgen O.; Kyrychenko, Alexander; Ladokhin, Alexey S.
2011-01-01
A series of model dye-labeled histidine-containing peptides was used to investigate the nature of the quenching mechanism with Cu2+ and Ni2+. The strong reduction in steady-state fluorescence was found to be unaccompanied by any noticeable changes in lifetime kinetics. This static nature of quenching is not consistent with the dynamic FRET phenomenon, which was assumed to dominate the quenching mechanism, and is likely caused by shorter range orbital coupling. Our results indicate that the FRET-like 6th power of distance dependence of quenching cannot be automatically assumed for transition metal ions, and time-resolved measurements should be used to distinguish various quenching mechanisms. PMID:20707982
16. Effect of Ca²? on the steady-state and time-resolved emission properties of the genetically encoded fluorescent sensor CatchER.
PubMed
Zhuo, You; Solntsev, Kyril M; Reddish, Florence; Tang, Shen; Yang, Jenny J
2015-02-12
We previously designed a calcium sensor CatchER (a GFP-based Calcium sensor for detecting high concentrations in the high calcium concentration environment such as ER) with a capability for monitoring calcium ion responses in various types of cells. Calcium binding to CatchER induces the ratiometric changes in the absorption spectra, as well as an increase in fluorescence emission at 510 nm upon excitation at both 395 and 488 nm. Here, we have applied the combination of the steady-state and time-resolved optical methods and Hydrogen/Deuterium isotope exchange to understand the origin of such calcium-induced optical property changes of CatchER. We first demonstrated that calcium binding results in a 44% mean fluorescence lifetime increase of the indirectly excited anionic chromophore. Thus, CatchER is the first protein-based calcium indicator with the single fluorescent moiety to show the direct correlation between the lifetime and calcium binding. Calcium exhibits a strong inhibition on the excited-state proton transfer nonadiabatic geminate recombination in protic (vs deuteric) medium. Analysis of CatchER crystal structures and the MD simulations reveal the proton transfer mechanism in which the disrupted proton migration path in CatchER is rescued by calcium binding. Our finding provides important insights for a strategy to design calcium sensors and suggests that CatchER could be a useful probe for FLIM imaging of calcium in situ. PMID:24836743
17. Probing organometallic reactions by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state using quantum cascade lasers.
PubMed
Calladine, James A; Horvath, Raphael; Davies, Andrew J; Wriglesworth, Alisdair; Sun, Xue-Zhong; George, Michael W
2015-05-01
The photochemistry and photophysics of metal carbonyl compounds (W(CO)6, Cp*Rh(CO)2 (Cp* = ?(5)-C5Me5), and fac-[Re(CO)3(4,4'-bpy)2Br] [bpy = bipyridine]) have been examined on the nanosecond timescale using a time-resolved infrared spectrometer with an external cavity quantum cascade laser (QCL) as the infrared source. We show the photochemistry of W(CO)6 in alkane solution is easily monitored, and very sensitive measurements are possible with this approach, meaning it can monitor small transients with absorbance changes less than 10(-6) ?OD. The C-H activation of Cp*Rh(CO)(C6H12) to form Cp*Rh(CO)(C6H11)H occurs within the first few tens of nanoseconds following photolysis, and we demonstrate that kinetics obtained following deconvolution are in excellent agreement with those measured using an ultrafast laser-based spectrometer. We also show that the high flux and tunability of QCLs makes them suited for solid-state and time-resolved measurements. PMID:25811673
18. Time-resolved spectrofluorometer for clinical tissue characterization during endoscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Glanzmann, Thomas; Ballini, Jean-Pierre; van den Bergh, Hubert; Wagnières, Georges
1999-10-01
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy has the potential to provide more information for the detection of early cancer than continuous wave spectroscopy. A new optical fiber-based spectrofluorometer for time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of biological tissue during clinical endoscopy is presented. The apparatus is based on a nitrogen laser pumping a dye laser as excitation source and a streak camera coupled with a spectrograph as time-resolved spectrometer. The excitation and fluorescence light is carried by an optical fiber to the tissue under investigation and back to the detector, respectively. This optical fiber can be inserted into the biopsy channel of a conventional endoscope. Hence, the apparatus can be used to perform in situ tissue characterization during endoscopy. The instrument enables the measurement of the decays of entire fluorescence spectra within 15 s with a dynamic range of the spectro-temporal images of up to three orders of magnitude. Luminescence lifetimes from the sub ns up to the ms range can be measured. Spectral and temporal resolution, sensitivity, and dynamic range of the instrumentation were determined. The accuracy of the apparatus was checked by the measurement of the fluorescence lifetimes of various fluorophores with known lifetimes. For the first time, two-dimensional time-resolved spectra with sub-ns temporal resolution of tissue fluorescence of the human bladder, the bronchi, and the esophagus taken during endoscopy are presented as a demonstration of performance of the instrumentation. The excitation wavelengths were 337 nm in the case of the bladder and the esophagus and 480 nm in the case of the bronchi. Lifetime contrasts between normal and neoplastic tissue were found in all three organs. The spectral analysis of the fluorescence decays showed that the fluorescence between 370 and 490 nm, excited at 337 nm, consisted in several overlapping spectra. In the case of the esophagus, the contrast between normal and tumoral tissue was inverse in two different spectral bands proving the importance of the choice of the appropriate spectral range for time-resolved autofluorescence measurements for an optimal contrast. The in vivo fluorescence decay of the photosensitizers 5-aminolevulinic acid hexylester hydrochloride-induced protoporphyrin IX was measured in the human bladder and found to be mono-exponential with a lifetime of 15.9 (±1.2) ns. An in vivo fluorescence lifetime of 8.5 (±0.8) ns was found in the case of the photosensitizer 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) in the esophagus.
19. Probing Electronic and Vibrational Dynamics in Molecules by Time-Resolved Photoelectron, Auger-Electron, and X-ray Photon Scattering Spectroscopy
PubMed Central
Bennett, Kochise; Kowalewski, Markus; Mukamel, Shaul
2015-01-01
We present a unified description for time-resolved electron and photon scattering spectroscopies from molecules prepared in nonstationary states. Signals are expressed in terms of superoperator Green’s functions and a systematic procedure for treating various degrees of freedom consistently at different levels of theory is developed. The standard Fermi Golden Rule expressions for photelectron spectra, which are limited to broad, slowly-varying signals, are obtained as a limiting case of our more general theory that applies to broader parameter regimes. PMID:25730500
20. Time-resolved fluorescence investigation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein: influence of the binding of nucleic acids.
PubMed
Bombarda, E; Ababou, A; Vuilleumier, C; Gérard, D; Roques, B P; Piémont, E; Mély, Y
1999-03-01
Depending on the HIV-1 isolate, MN or BH10, the nucleocapsid protein, NCp7, corresponds to a 55- or 71-amino acid length product, respectively. The MN NCp7 contains a single Trp residue at position 37 in the distal zinc finger motif, and the BH10 NCp7 contains an additional Trp, at position 61 in the C-terminal chain. The time-resolved intensity decay parameters of the zinc-saturated BH10 NCp7 were determined and compared to those of single-Trp-containing derivatives. The fluorescence decay of BH10 NCp7 could be clearly represented as a linear combination (with respect to both lifetimes and fractional intensities) of the individual emitting Trp residues. This suggested the absence of interactions between the two Trp residues, a feature that was confirmed by molecular modeling and fluorescence energy transfer studies. In the presence of tRNAPhe, taken as a RNA model, the same conclusions hold true despite the large fluorescence decrease induced by the binding of tRNAPhe. Indeed, the fluorescence of Trp37 appears almost fully quenched, in keeping with a stacking of this residue with the bases of tRNAPhe. Despite the multiple binding sites in tRNAPhe, the large prevalence of ultrashort lifetimes, associated with the stacking of Trp37, suggests that this stacking constitutes a major feature in the binding process of NCp7 to nucleic acids. In contrast, Trp61 only stacked to a small extent with tRNAPhe. The behavior of this residue in the tRNAPhe-NCp7 complexes appeared to be rather heterogeneous, suggesting that it does not constitute a major determinant in the binding process. Finally, our data suggested that the binding of NCp7 proteins from the two HIV-1 strains to nonspecific nucleic acid sequences was largely similar. PMID:10049336
1. Time-resolved fluorescence investigation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein: influence of the binding of nucleic acids.
PubMed Central
Bombarda, E; Ababou, A; Vuilleumier, C; Gérard, D; Roques, B P; Piémont, E; Mély, Y
1999-01-01
Depending on the HIV-1 isolate, MN or BH10, the nucleocapsid protein, NCp7, corresponds to a 55- or 71-amino acid length product, respectively. The MN NCp7 contains a single Trp residue at position 37 in the distal zinc finger motif, and the BH10 NCp7 contains an additional Trp, at position 61 in the C-terminal chain. The time-resolved intensity decay parameters of the zinc-saturated BH10 NCp7 were determined and compared to those of single-Trp-containing derivatives. The fluorescence decay of BH10 NCp7 could be clearly represented as a linear combination (with respect to both lifetimes and fractional intensities) of the individual emitting Trp residues. This suggested the absence of interactions between the two Trp residues, a feature that was confirmed by molecular modeling and fluorescence energy transfer studies. In the presence of tRNAPhe, taken as a RNA model, the same conclusions hold true despite the large fluorescence decrease induced by the binding of tRNAPhe. Indeed, the fluorescence of Trp37 appears almost fully quenched, in keeping with a stacking of this residue with the bases of tRNAPhe. Despite the multiple binding sites in tRNAPhe, the large prevalence of ultrashort lifetimes, associated with the stacking of Trp37, suggests that this stacking constitutes a major feature in the binding process of NCp7 to nucleic acids. In contrast, Trp61 only stacked to a small extent with tRNAPhe. The behavior of this residue in the tRNAPhe-NCp7 complexes appeared to be rather heterogeneous, suggesting that it does not constitute a major determinant in the binding process. Finally, our data suggested that the binding of NCp7 proteins from the two HIV-1 strains to nonspecific nucleic acid sequences was largely similar. PMID:10049336
2. Fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for noninvasive diagnostics: applications to early cancer detection in the lung
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mycek, Mary-Ann; Urayama, Paul; Zhong, Wei; Sloboda, Roger D.; Dragnev, Konstantin H.; Dmitrovsky, Ethan
2003-10-01
Tissue fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging are being investigated as potential methods for non-invasive detection of pre-neoplastic change in the lung and other organ systems. A substantial contribution to tissue fluorescence is known to arise from endogenous cellular fluorophores. Using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, we characterized the endogenous fluorescence properties of immortalized and carcinogen-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. Non-invasive sensing of endogenous molecular biomarkers associated with human bronchial pre-neoplasia will be discussed.
3. A time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay suitable for high-throughput screening for inhibitors of immunoglobulin E-receptor interactions.
PubMed
Kim, Beomkyu; Tarchevskaya, Svetlana S; Eggel, Alexander; Vogel, Monique; Jardetzky, Theodore S
2012-12-15
The interaction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies with the high-affinity receptor, Fc?RI, plays a central role in initiating most allergic reactions. The IgE-receptor interaction has been targeted for treatment of allergic diseases, and many high-affinity macromolecular inhibitors have been identified. Small molecule inhibitors would offer significant advantages over current anti-IgE treatment, but no candidate compounds have been identified and fully validated. Here, we report the development of a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay for monitoring the IgE-receptor interaction. The TR-FRET assay measures an increase in fluorescence intensity as a donor lanthanide fluorophore is recruited into complexes of site-specific Alexa Fluor 488-labeled IgE-Fc and His-tagged Fc?RI? proteins. The assay can readily monitor classic competitive inhibitors that bind either IgE-Fc or Fc?RI? in equilibrium competition binding experiments. Furthermore, the TR-FRET assay can also be used to follow the kinetics of IgE-Fc-Fc?RI? dissociation and identify inhibitory ligands that accelerate the dissociation of preformed complexes, as demonstrated for an engineered DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat protein) inhibitor. The TR-FRET assay is suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS), as shown by performing a pilot screen of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Collection Library in a 384-well plate format. PMID:22995065
4. Time-resolved laser studies on the proton pump mechanism of bacteriorhodopsin
Microsoft Academic Search
1990-01-01
During the past three years, a number of studies have been made to examine the different properties of bacteriorhodopsin and the effect of the different perturbations on its photocycle. A number of spectroscopic tools were used in these studies: (1) flash optical spectroscopy; (2) tryptophan fluorescence intensity, spectrum and decay; (3) time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy on the femtosecond time scale;
5. Characterization of a hybrid diffuse correlation spectroscopy and time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy system for real-time monitoring of cerebral blood flow and oxygenation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Verdecchia, K.; Diop, M.; Lee, A.; St. Lawrence, K.
2015-03-01
The combination of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) offers the ability to provide real-time monitoring of cerebral oxygenation, blood flow and oxygen consumption. However, measuring these parameters accurately requires depth-sensitive techniques that can remove the effects of signal contamination from extracerebral tissues. Towards this goal, we developed and characterized a hybrid DCS/time-resolved (TR)-NIRS system. Both systems acquire data at three source-detector distances (SDD: 7, 20 and 30 mm) to provide depth sensitivity. The TR-NIRS system uses three pulsed lasers (760, 810, and 830 nm) to quantify tissue optical properties, and DCS uses one continuous-wave, long coherence length (>5 m) laser (785 nm) for blood flow monitoring. The stability of the TR-NIRS system was characterized by continuously measuring the instrument response function (IRF) for four hours, and a warmup period of two hours was required to reduce the coefficient of variation of the extracted optical properties to < 2%. The errors in the measured optical properties were <10% at SDDs of 20 and 30 mm; however, the error at 7 mm was greater due to the effects of the IRF. The number of DCS detectors at each SDD and the minimum count-rate (20 kHz per detector resulting in <10% uncertainty in the extracted blood flow index) were optimized using a homogenous phantom. The depth sensitivity was assessed using a two-layer phantom, with the flow rate in the bottom layer altered to mimic cerebral blood flow.
6. Depth profiling for the identification of unknown substances and concealed content at remote distances using time-resolved stand-off Raman spectroscopy.
PubMed
Zachhuber, Bernhard; Gasser, Christoph; Ramer, Georg; Chrysostom, Engelene t H; Lendl, Bernhard
2012-08-01
Time-resolved stand-off Raman spectroscopy was used to determine both the position and identity of substances relative to each other at remote distances (up to tens of meters). Spectral information of three xylene isomers, toluene, and sodium chlorate was obtained at a distance of 12 m from the setup. Pairs and triplets of these samples were placed at varying distances (10-60 cm) relative to each other. Via the photon time of flight the distance between the individual samples was determined to an accuracy of 7% (corresponding to a few cm) of the physically measured distance. Furthermore, at a distance of 40 m, time-resolved Raman depth profiling was used to detect sodium chlorate in a white plastic container that was non-transparent to the human eye. The combination of the ranging capabilities of Raman LIDAR (sample location usually determined using prior knowledge of the analyte of interest) with stand-off Raman spectroscopy (analyte detection at remote distances) provides the capability for depth profile identification of unknown substances and analysis of concealed content in distant objects. To achieve these results, a 532 nm laser with a pulse length of 4.4 ns was synchronized to an intensified charge-coupled device camera with a minimum gate width of 500 ps. For automated data analysis a multivariate curve resolution algorithm was employed. PMID:22800681
7. A Q-switched Ho:YAG laser assisted nanosecond time-resolved T-jump transient mid-IR absorbance spectroscopy with high sensitivity.
PubMed
Li, Deyong; Li, Yunliang; Li, Hao; Wu, Xianyou; Yu, Qingxu; Weng, Yuxiang
2015-05-01
Knowledge of dynamical structure of protein is an important clue to understand its biological function in vivo. Temperature-jump (T-jump) time-resolved transient mid-IR absorbance spectroscopy is a powerful tool in elucidating the protein dynamical structures and the folding/unfolding kinetics of proteins in solution. A home-built setup of T-jump time-resolved transient mid-IR absorbance spectroscopy with high sensitivity is developed, which is composed of a Q-switched Cr, Tm, Ho:YAG laser with an output wavelength at 2.09 ?m as the T-jump heating source, and a continuous working CO laser tunable from 1580 to 1980 cm(-1) as the IR probe. The results demonstrate that this system has a sensitivity of 1 × 10(-4) ?OD for a single wavelength detection, and 2 × 10(-4) ?OD for spectral detection in amide I' region, as well as a temporal resolution of 20 ns. Moreover, the data quality coming from the CO laser is comparable to the one using the commercial quantum cascade laser. PMID:26026512
8. A Q-switched Ho:YAG laser assisted nanosecond time-resolved T-jump transient mid-IR absorbance spectroscopy with high sensitivity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Deyong; Li, Yunliang; Li, Hao; Wu, Xianyou; Yu, Qingxu; Weng, Yuxiang
2015-05-01
Knowledge of dynamical structure of protein is an important clue to understand its biological function in vivo. Temperature-jump (T-jump) time-resolved transient mid-IR absorbance spectroscopy is a powerful tool in elucidating the protein dynamical structures and the folding/unfolding kinetics of proteins in solution. A home-built setup of T-jump time-resolved transient mid-IR absorbance spectroscopy with high sensitivity is developed, which is composed of a Q-switched Cr, Tm, Ho:YAG laser with an output wavelength at 2.09 ?m as the T-jump heating source, and a continuous working CO laser tunable from 1580 to 1980 cm-1 as the IR probe. The results demonstrate that this system has a sensitivity of 1 × 10-4 ?OD for a single wavelength detection, and 2 × 10-4 ?OD for spectral detection in amide I' region, as well as a temporal resolution of 20 ns. Moreover, the data quality coming from the CO laser is comparable to the one using the commercial quantum cascade laser.
9. Intraoperative monitoring of depth-dependent hemoglobin concentration changes during carotid endarterectomy by time-resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sato, Chie; Yamaguchi, Takekane; Seida, Mitsuru; Ota, Yoshihisa; Yu, Iwae; Iguchi, Yoshinobu; Nemoto, Masahito; Hoshi, Yoko
2007-05-01
By measuring the adult human head during carotid endarterectomy, we investigate the depth sensitivity of two methods for deriving the absorption coefficient changes (??a) from time-resolved reflectance data to absorption changes in inhomogeneous media: (1) the curve-fitting method based on the diffusion equation (DE-fit method) and (2) the time-independent calculation based on the modified Lambert-Beer law (MLB method). Remarkable differences in the determined values of ??a caused by clamping the external carotid artery and subsequently clamping the common carotid artery were observed between the methods. The DE-fit method was more sensitive to ?a changes in cerebral tissues, whereas the MLB method was rather sensitive to ?a changes in the extracerebral tissues. Our results indicated that the DE-fit was useful for monitoring the cerebral blood circulation and oxygenation during neurosurgical operations. In addition, the combined evaluation of ?a changes with the DE-fit and MLB methods will provide us with more available information about the hemodynamic changes in the depth direction.
10. Recent progress in space- and time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas (abstract)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Young, B. K. F.
1990-10-01
New diagnostic techniques have provided measurement of relatively gradient-free x-ray spectra from high-powered laser-produced plasmas. Simultaneously space- and time-resolved x-ray spectra were measured from a variety of microdot plasmas using an array of multiframe, imaging, electronically gated x-ray crystal spectrometers with 100 ps time resolution. A multiframed, multicolored gated x-ray pinhole camera provided measurement of the plasma uniformity. A four-frame holographic interferometer was used to measure the electron density profile. Conventional x-ray streaked crystal spectrographs, spatially resolved x-ray (film) spectrometer, and pinhole cameras supplemented these new diagnostics. The instruments allow detailed studies of both the population kinetics of highly charged ions in dense plasmas and the hydrodynamics of laser-produced plasmas for the first time. The new diagnostics are described including data from ongoing experiments. Work was performed in part under the auspices of the U.S. Dept. of Energy by LLNL under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.
11. Time resolved study of the emission enhancement mechanisms in orthogonal double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sanginés, R.; Sobral, H.
2013-10-01
The evolution of laser induced ablation plume on aluminum targets has been investigated in orthogonal pre-ablation double pulse scheme at atmospheric pressure from the earliest stages of plasma evolution. Time-resolved emission spectra from neutrals, singly- and doubly-ionized species obtained with the double pulse experiment have been compared with those from the single pulse configuration. Signal-to-noise enhancement reaches values of up to 15 depending on the analyzed species; and the lower the charge state the later its maximum signal-to-noise ratio is reached. Ablation plume dynamics was monitored from 10 ns after the plasma onset via shadowgraphy and fast-photography with narrow interference filters to follow the evolution of individual species. Results show that ionic species from the target are located at the plasma core while nitrogen from the background air is found at the plume peripheral. Initially both configurations exhibit similar ablation plume sizes and their expansions were successfully fitted with the strong explosion model for the first 500 ns. At later times a good agreement was obtained by using the drag model, which predicts that the plume expansion eventually stops due to interaction with the background gas particles. The emission enhancement measured in the double pulse scheme is discussed in terms of the models describing the plume dynamics.
12. Proton tunneling of tropolone in durene single crystal as studied by time-resolved EPR detected excitation spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ikoma, Tadaaki; Akiyama, Kimio; Tero-Kubota, Shozo; Ikegami, Yusaku
1999-10-01
We have measured the excitation spectra for tropolone-OH in durene single crystal and tropolone-OD in deuterated durene using a time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) detection method that makes possible to separate the signals due to magnetically different sites. The tunneling doublet with 3 cm-1 was observed in the sharp zero-phonon line. The small splitting indicates that the crystal field increases the barrier of double-minimum potential for the proton tunneling in the S1 state. Moderately asymmetric potentials of the S0 and S1 states, where the energetic imbalance between two wells in the S1 state potential is opposite the S0 state potential, reasonably explained the observed unusual intensity ratio of the tunneling doublet (01+<01-). A well-resolved progression of a phonon band with a 15 cm-1 separation was also obtained in durene crystal at very low temperature. From a Franck-Condon analysis of the relative intensity of the phonon band, it was clarified that the stable configuration of the excited state tropolone in durene differed from that of the ground state.
13. Time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals differences between early and late M intermediates of bacteriorhodopsin.
PubMed Central
Rödig, C; Chizhov, I; Weidlich, O; Siebert, F
1999-01-01
In this report, from time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared investigations from 15 ns to 160 ms, we provide evidence for the subsequent rise of three different M states that differ in their structures. The first state rises with approximately 3 microseconds to only a small percentage. Its structure as judged from amide I/II bands differs in small but well-defined aspects from the L state. The next M state, which appears in approximately 40 microseconds, has almost all of the characteristics of the "late" M state, i.e., it differs considerably from the first one. Here, the L left arrow over right arrow M equilibrium is shifted toward M, although some percentage of L still persists. In the last M state (rise time approximately 130 microseconds), the equilibrium is shifted toward full deprotonation of the Schiff base, and only small additional structural changes take place. In addition to these results obtained for unbuffered conditions or at pH 7, experiments performed at lower and higher pH are presented. These results are discussed in terms of the molecular changes postulated to occur in the M intermediate to allow the shift of the L/M equilibrium toward M and possibly to regulate the change of the accessibility of the Schiff base necessary for effective proton pumping. PMID:10233083
14. Development of a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 IgG antibodies.
PubMed
Liang, Qian-Ni; Zhou, Jian-Wei; Liu, Tian-Cai; Lin, Guan-Feng; Dong, Zhi-Ning; Chen, Zhen-Hua; Chen, Juan-Juan; Wu, Ying-Song
2015-08-01
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) specific for anti-HSV glycoprotein G (gG) are most commonly used in the clinical diagnosis of HSV infection. But most of them are qualitative and with narrow detection ranges. A novel time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) methodology was developed for the quantitative determination of HSV IgG in human serum. The assay was based on an indirect immunoassay format, and performed in 96-well microtiter plates. HSV-1 and HSV-2 were used as the coating antigens. Eu(3+) -labeled goat anti-(human IgG) polyclonal antibodies were used as tracers. The fluorescence intensity of each well was measured and serum HSV IgG levels quantified against a calibration curve. The detection range of the novel TRFIA was between 5 and 500?AU/mL. Assay sensitivity was 0.568?AU/mL. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 0.59-3.63% and 3.65-6.81%, respectively. Analytical recovery, dilution tests and serum panel tests were performed using TRFIA and the results proved satisfactory. There were no statistically significant differences in sensitivity and specificity between the TRFIA and commercial ELISAs. An effective, sensitive and accurate quantitative HSV type 1 and type 2 IgG TRFIA was successfully developed and provided diagnostic value in clinical use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PMID:25377426
15. Design and validation of a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence cell-based assay targeting the ligand-gated ion channel 5-HT3A.
PubMed
Blanc, Emilie; Wagner, Patrick; Plaisier, Fabrice; Schmitt, Martine; Durroux, Thierry; Bourguignon, Jean-Jacques; Partiseti, Michel; Dupuis, Elodie; Bihel, Frederic
2015-09-01
Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are considered as attractive protein targets in the search for new therapeutic agents. Nowadays, this strategy involves the capability to screen large chemical libraries. We present a new Tag-lite ligand binding assay targeting LGICs on living cells. This technology combines the use of suicide enzyme tags fused to channels of interest with homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) as the detection readout. Using the 5-HT3 receptor as system model, we showed that the pharmacology of the HALO-5HT3 receptor was identical to that of the native receptor. After validation of the assay by using 5-HT3 agonists and antagonists of reference, a pilot screen enabled us to identify azelastine, a well-known histamine H1 antagonist, as a potent 5-HT3 antagonist. This interesting result was confirmed with electrophysiological experiments. The method described here is easy to implement and could be applicable for other LGICs, opening new ways for the screening of chemical libraries. PMID:25998104
16. Time-resolved plasma spectroscopy of thin foils heated by a relativistic-intensity short-pulse laser.
PubMed
Audebert, P; Shepherd, R; Fournier, K B; Peyrusse, O; Price, D; Lee, R W; Springer, P; Gauthier, J-C; Klein, L
2002-12-01
Time-resolved K-shell x-ray spectra are recorded from sub-100 nm aluminum foils irradiated by 150-fs laser pulses at relativistic intensities of Ilambda(2)=2 x 10(18) W microm(2)/cm(2). The thermal penetration depth is greater than the foil thickness in these targets so that uniform heating takes place at constant density before hydrodynamic motion occurs. The high-contrast, high-intensity laser pulse, broad spectral band, and short time resolution utilized in this experiment permit a simplified interpretation of the dynamical evolution of the radiating matter. The observed spectrum displays two distinct phases. At early time, < or =500 fs after detecting target emission, a broad quasicontinuous spectral feature with strong satellite emission from multiply excited levels is seen. At a later time, the He-like resonance line emission is dominant. The time-integrated data is in accord with previous studies with time resolution greater than 1 ps. The early time satellite emission is shown to be a signature of an initial large area, high density, low-temperature plasma created in the foil by fast electrons accelerated by the intense radiation field in the laser spot. We conclude that, because of this early time phenomenon and contrary to previous predictions, a short, high-intensity laser pulse incident on a thin foil does not create a uniform hot and dense plasma. The heating mechanism has been studied as a function of foil thickness, laser pulse length, and intensity. In addition, the spectra are found to be in broad agreement with a hydrodynamic expansion code postprocessed by a collisional-radiative model based on superconfiguration average rates and on the unresolved transition array formalism. PMID:12513417
17. Validation of a high-power, time-resolved, near-infrared spectroscopy system for measurement of superficial and deep muscle deoxygenation during exercise.
PubMed
Koga, Shunsaku; Barstow, Thomas J; Okushima, Dai; Rossiter, Harry B; Kondo, Narihiko; Ohmae, Etsuko; Poole, David C
2015-06-01
Near-infrared assessment of skeletal muscle is restricted to superficial tissues due to power limitations of spectroscopic systems. We reasoned that understanding of muscle deoxygenation may be improved by simultaneously interrogating deeper tissues. To achieve this, we modified a high-power (?8 mW), time-resolved, near-infrared spectroscopy system to increase depth penetration. Precision was first validated using a homogenous optical phantom over a range of inter-optode spacings (OS). Coefficients of variation from 10 measurements were minimal (0.5-1.9%) for absorption (?a), reduced scattering, simulated total hemoglobin, and simulated O2 saturation. Second, a dual-layer phantom was constructed to assess depth sensitivity, and the thickness of the superficial layer was varied. With a superficial layer thickness of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm (?a = 0.149 cm(-1)), the proportional contribution of the deep layer (?a = 0.250 cm(-1)) to total ?a was 80.1, 26.9, 3.7, and 0.0%, respectively (at 6-cm OS), validating penetration to ?3 cm. Implementation of an additional superficial phantom to simulate adipose tissue further reduced depth sensitivity. Finally, superficial and deep muscle spectroscopy was performed in six participants during heavy-intensity cycle exercise. Compared with the superficial rectus femoris, peak deoxygenation of the deep rectus femoris (including the superficial intermedius in some) was not significantly different (deoxyhemoglobin and deoxymyoglobin concentration: 81.3 ± 20.8 vs. 78.3 ± 13.6 ?M, P > 0.05), but deoxygenation kinetics were significantly slower (mean response time: 37 ± 10 vs. 65 ± 9 s, P ? 0.05). These data validate a high-power, time-resolved, near-infrared spectroscopy system with large OS for measuring the deoxygenation of deep tissues and reveal temporal and spatial disparities in muscle deoxygenation responses to exercise. PMID:25840439
18. Signaling-State Formation Mechanism of a BLUF Protein PapB from the Purple Bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris Studied by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Absorption Spectroscopy.
PubMed
Fujisawa, Tomotsumi; Takeuchi, Satoshi; Masuda, Shinji; Tahara, Tahei
2014-12-10
We studied the signaling-state formation of a BLUF (blue light using FAD) protein, PapB, from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris, using femtosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. Upon photoexcitation of the dark state, FADH(•) (neutral flavin semiquinone FADH radical) was observed as the intermediate before the formation of the signaling state. The kinetic analysis based on singular value decomposition showed that FADH(•) mediates the signaling-state formation, showing that PapB is the second example of FADH(•)-mediated formation of the signaling state after Slr1694 (M. Gauden et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103, 10895-10900). The mechanism of the signaling-state formation is discussed on the basis of the comparison between femtosecond time-resolved absorption spectra of the dark state and those obtained by exciting the signaling state. FADH(•) was observed also with excitation of the signaling state, and surprisingly, the kinetics of FADH(•) was indistinguishable from the case of exciting the dark state. This result suggests that the hydrogen bond environment in the signaling state is realized before the formation of FADH(•) in the photocycle of PapB. PMID:25406769
19. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of the 3 Brightest and Hardest Short Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed with the FGST Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor
E-print Network
Guiriec, Sylvain; Connaugthon, Valerie; Kara, Erin; Daigne, Frederic; Kouveliotou, Chryssa; van der Horst, Alexander J; Paciesas, William; Meegan, Charles A; Bhat, P N; Foley, Suzanne; Bissaldi, Elisabetta; Burgess, Michael; Chaplin, Vandiver; Diehl, Roland; Fishman, Gerald; Gibby, Melissa; Giles, Misty; Goldstein, Adam; Greiner, Jochen; Gruber, David; von Kienlin, Andreas; Kippen, Marc; McBreen, Sheila; Preece, Robert; Rau, Arne; Tierney, Dave; Wilson-Hodge, Colleen
2010-01-01
From July 2008 to October 2009, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (FGST) has detected 320 Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). About 20% of these events are classified as short based on their T90 duration below 2 s. We present here for the first time time-resolved spectroscopy at timescales as short as 2 ms for the three brightest short GRBs observed with GBM. The time-integrated spectra of the events deviate from the Band function, indicating the existence of an additional spectral component, which can be fit by a power-law with index ~-1.5. The time-integrated Epeak values exceed 2 MeV for two of the bursts, and are well above the values observed in the brightest long GRBs. Their Epeak values and their low-energy power-law indices ({\\alpha}) confirm that short GRBs are harder than long ones. We find that short GRBs are very similar to long ones, but with light curves contracted in time and with harder spectra stretched towards higher energies. In our time-resolved spectrosco...
20. Concentration measurement of gas embedded in scattering media by employing absorption and time-resolved laser spectroscopy.
PubMed
Somesfalean, Gabriel; Sjöholm, Mikael; Alnis, Janis; af Klinteberg, Claes; Andersson-Engels, Stefan; Svanberg, Sune
2002-06-20
Diode-laser-based absorption spectroscopy for the evaluation of embedded gas concentrations in porous materials is demonstrated in measurements of molecular oxygen dispersed throughout scattering polystyrene foam, used here as a generic test material. The mean path length of light scattered in the material is determined with the temporal characteristics of the radiation transmitted through the sample. This combined with sensitive gas-absorption measurements employing wavelength-modulation spectroscopy yields an oxygen concentration in polystyrene foam of 20.4% corresponding to a foam porosity of 98%, which is consistent with manufacturing specifications. This feasibility study opens many possibilities for quantitative measurements by using the method of gas-in-scattering-media absorption spectroscopy. PMID:12078678
1. Time-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques for real-time studies of interfacial charge transfer dynamics
SciTech Connect
Shavorskiy, Andrey; Hertlein, Marcus; Guo Jinghua; Tyliszczak, Tolek [Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (United States); Cordones, Amy; Vura-Weis, Josh [Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley (United States); Siefermann, Katrin; Slaughter, Daniel; Sturm, Felix; Weise, Fabian; Khurmi, Champak; Belkacem, Ali; Weber, Thorsten; Gessner, Oliver [Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (United States); Bluhm, Hendrik [Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (United States); Strader, Matthew; Cho, Hana; Coslovich, Giacomo; Kaindl, Robert A. [Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (United States); Lin, Ming-Fu [Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley (United States); Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (United States); and others
2013-04-19
X-ray based spectroscopy techniques are particularly well suited to gain access to local oxidation states and electronic dynamics in complex systems with atomic pinpoint accuracy. Traditionally, these techniques are applied in a quasi-static fashion that usually highlights the steady-state properties of a system rather than the fast dynamics that often define the system function on a molecular level. Novel x-ray spectroscopy techniques enabled by free electron lasers (FELs) and synchrotron based pump-probe schemes provide the opportunity to monitor intramolecular and interfacial charge transfer processes in real-time and with element and chemical specificity. Two complementary time-domain xray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques are presented that are applied at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and the Advanced Light Source (ALS) to study charge transfer processes in N3 dye-sensitized ZnO semiconductor nanocrystals, which are at the heart of emerging light-harvesting technologies.
2. Real-time monitoring of airborne beryllium, at OSHA limit levels, by time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Radziemski, L.J.; Loree, T.R.; Cremers, D.A.
1982-01-01
Real-time detection of beryllium particulate is being investigated by the new technique of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. For beryllium detection we monitor the 313.1-nm feature of once ionized beryllium (Be II). Numerous publications describe the technique, our beryllium results, and other applications. Here we summarize the important points and describe our experiments with beryllium.
3. Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a vacuum-ultraviolet photon source based on laser high-order harmonic generation.
PubMed
Wernet, Philippe; Gaudin, Jérôme; Godehusen, Kai; Schwarzkopf, Olaf; Eberhardt, Wolfgang
2011-06-01
A laser-based tabletop approach to femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with photons in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) energy range is described. The femtosecond VUV pulses are produced by high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of an amplified femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system. Two generations of the same setup and results from photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase are discussed. In both generations, a toroidal grating monochromator was used to select one harmonic in the photon energy range of 20-30 eV. The first generation of the setup was used to perform photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase to determine the bandwidth of the source. We find that our HHG source has a bandwidth of 140 ± 40 meV. The second and current generation is optimized for femtosecond pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy with high flux and a small spot size at the sample of the femtosecond probe pulses. The VUV radiation is focused into the interaction region with a toroidal mirror to a spot smaller than 100 × 100 ?m(2) and the flux amounts to 10(10) photons/s at the sample at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The duration of the monochromatized VUV pulses is determined to be 120 fs resulting in an overall pump-probe time resolution of 135 ± 5 fs. We show how this setup can be used to map the transient valence electronic structure in molecular dissociation. PMID:21721681
4. Photoinduced insulator-metal phase transition and the metallic phase propagation in VO2 films investigated by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xue, Xin; Jiang, Meng; Li, Gaofang; Lin, Xian; Ma, Guohong; Jin, Ping
2013-11-01
The particle size and film thickness dependence of the photoinduced insulator-metal phase transition in VO2 films has been studied systematically by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy at room temperature. It is found that the dynamical photoinduced phase transition from insulator to metal consists of two processes: a 1.7 ps fast process and a slow process with a typical time constant of 40 ps. Both of the two processes show particle size independence. The 40 ps slow process is revealed to arise from the longitudinal propagation of the metallic phase from the photoexcited surface to the interior of the VO2 film. A phase boundary propagation speed with a magnitude of ˜2400 m/s is obtained, which is close to the velocity of sound in solid materials and coincides with the prediction of diffusionless phase transformation. Our experimental results clearly establish the entire procedure of photoinduced phase change in the VO2 film.
5. Direct measurement of S-branch N2-H2 Raman linewidths using time-resolved pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy.
PubMed
Bohlin, A; Nordström, E; Patterson, B D; Bengtsson, P-E; Kliewer, C J
2012-08-21
S-branch N(2)-H(2) Raman linewidths have been measured in the temperature region 294-1466 K using time-resolved dual-broadband picosecond pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (RCARS). Data are extracted by mapping the dephasing rates of the CARS signal temporal decay. The J-dependent coherence decays are detected in the time domain by following the individual spectral lines as a function of probe delay. The linewidth data set was employed in spectral fits of N(2) RCARS spectra recorded in binary mixtures of N(2) and H(2) at calibrated temperature conditions up to 661 K using a standard nanosecond RCARS setup. In this region, the set shows a deviation of less than 2% in comparison with thermocouples. The results provide useful knowledge for the applicability of N(2) CARS thermometry on the fuel-side of H(2) diffusion flames. PMID:22920115
6. Femtosecond time-resolved optical pump-probe spectroscopy at kilohertz-scan-rates over nanosecond-time-delays without mechanical delay line
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bartels, A.; Hudert, F.; Janke, C.; Dekorsy, T.; Köhler, K.
2006-01-01
We demonstrate a technique for femtosecond time-resolved optical pump-probe spectroscopy that allows to scan over a nanosecond time delay at a kilohertz scan rate without mechanical delay line. Two mode-locked femtosecond lasers with approximately 1 GHz repetition rate are linked at a fixed difference frequency of ?fR=11kHz. One laser delivers the pump pulses, the other provides the probe pulses. The relative time delay is linearly ramped between zero and the inverse laser repetition frequency at a rate ?fR, enabling high-speed scanning over a 1 ns time delay. The advantages of this method for all-optical pump-probe experiments become evident in an observation of coherent acoustic phonons in a semiconductor superlattice via transient reflectivity changes. A detection shot-noise limited signal resolution of 7×10-8 is obtained with a total measurement time of 250 s. The time resolution is 230 fs.
7. Direct Observation of the Surface Segregation of Cu in Pd by Time-Resolved Positron-Annihilation-Induced Auger Electron Spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Mayer, J.; Hugenschmidt, C.; Schreckenbach, K. [ZWE FRM II, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching (Germany); Physik Department E21, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, James Franck Strasse, 85748 Garching (Germany)
2010-11-12
Density functional theory calculations predict the surface segregation of Cu in the second atomic layer of Pd which has not been unambiguously confirmed by experiment so far. We report measurements on Pd surfaces covered with three and six monolayers of Cu using element selective positron-annihilation-induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES) which is sensitive to the topmost atomic layer. Moreover, time-resolved PAES, which was applied for the first time, enables the investigation of the dynamics of surface atoms and hence the observation of the segregation process. The time constant for segregation was experimentally determined to {tau}=1.38(0.21) h, and the final segregated configuration was found to be consistent with calculations. Time-dependent PAES is demonstrated to be a novel element selective technique applicable for the investigation of, e.g., heterogeneous catalysis, corrosion, or surface alloying.
8. Atomic resolution mapping of the excited-state electronic structure of Cu2O with time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Hillyard, P. W.; Kuchibhatla, S. V. N. T.; Glover, T. E.; Hertlein, M. P.; Huse, Nils; Nachimuthu, P.; Saraf, L. V.; Thevuthasan, S.; Gaffney, K. J.
2010-05-02
We have used time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy to investigate the electronic structure of optically excited cuprous oxide at the O K-edge and the Cu L3-edge. The 400 nm optical excitation shifts the Cu and O absorptions to lower energy, but does not change the integrated x-ray absorption significantly for either edge. The constant integrated x-ray absorption cross-section indicates that the conduction-band and valence-band edges have very similar Cu 3d and O 2p orbital contributions. The 2.1 eV optical band gap of Cu2O significantly exceeds the one eV shift in the Cu L3- and O K-edges absorption edges induced by optical excitation, demonstrating the importance of core-hole excitonic effects and valence electron screening in the x-ray absorption process.
9. Photodissociation of CH3CHO at 248 nm by time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared emission spectroscopy: Verification of roaming and triple fragmentation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hung, Kai-Chan; Tsai, Po-Yu; Li, Hou-Kuan; Lin, King-Chuen
2014-02-01
By using time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared emission spectroscopy, the HCO fragment dissociated from acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) at 248 nm is found to partially decompose to H and CO. The fragment yields are enhanced by the Ar addition that facilitates the collision-induced internal conversion. The channels to CH2CO + H2 and CH3CO + H are not detected significantly. The rotational population distribution of CO, after removing the Ar collision effect, shows a bimodal feature comprising both low- and high-rotational (J) components, sharing a fraction of 19% and 81%, respectively, for the vibrational state v = 1. The low-J component is ascribed to both roaming pathway and triple fragmentation. They are determined to have a branching ratio of <0.13 and >0.06, respectively, relative to the whole v = 1 population. The CO roaming is accompanied by a highly vibrational population of CH4 that yields a vibrational bimodality.
10. Observation of femtosecond-laser-induced ablation plumes of aluminum using space- and time-resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Okano, Yasuaki; Oguri, Katsuya; Nishikawa, Tadashi; Nakano, Hidetoshi [NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198 (Japan)
2006-11-27
The dynamics of the laser ablation plume expansion of aluminum was investigated by using space- and time-resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Blueshifts of the Al L-shell photoabsorption edge indicating the state of aluminum were observed in the plumes, which were generated by irradiating an aluminum target with 120 fs near-infrared pulses at an intensity of 10{sup 14} W/cm{sup 2}. The spatiotemporal evolution of the plumes exhibited a multilayer structure consisting of vaporized aluminum and condensed aluminum particles, following the expansion of plasma, with expansion velocities of 10{sup 4} m/s for the atomic state and 10{sup 3} m/s for the condensed state.
11. Energy-Gap Dynamics of Superconducting NbN Thin Films Studied by Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
M. Beck; M. Klammer; S. Lang; P. Leiderer; V. V. Kabanov; G. N. Gol'Tsman; J. Demsar
2011-01-01
Using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy we performed direct studies of the photoinduced suppression and recovery of the superconducting gap in a conventional BCS superconductor NbN. Both processes are found to be strongly temperature and excitation density dependent. The analysis of the data with the established phenomenological Rothwarf-Taylor model enabled us to determine the bare quasiparticle recombination rate, the Cooper pair-breaking rate
12. Noninvasive observation of skeletal muscle contraction using near-infrared time-resolved reflectance and diffusing-wave spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Markus Belau; Markus Ninck; Gernot Hering; Lorenzo Spinelli; Davide Contini; Alessandro Torricelli; Thomas Gisler
2010-01-01
We introduce a method for noninvasively measuring muscle contraction in vivo, based on near-infrared diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS). The method exploits the information about time-dependent shear motions within the contracting muscle that are contained in the temporal autocorrelation function g(1)(tau,t) of the multiply scattered light field measured as a function of lag time, tau, and time after stimulus, t. The analysis
13. Time-resolved characterization of a filamentary argon discharge at atmospheric pressure in a capillary using emission and absorption spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schröter, Sandra; Pothiraja, Ramasamy; Awakowicz, Peter; Bibinov, Nikita; Böke, Marc; Niermann, Benedikt; Winter, Jörg
2013-11-01
An argon/nitrogen (0.999/0.001) filamentary pulsed discharge operated at atmospheric pressure in a quartz tube is characterized using voltage-current measurements, microphotography, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and absorption spectroscopy. Nitrogen is applied as a sensor gas for the purpose of OES diagnostic. The density of argon metastable atoms Ar(3P2) is determined using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). Using a plasma chemical model the measured OES data are applied for the characterization of the plasma conditions. Between intense positive pulses the discharge current oscillates with a damped amplitude. It is established that an electric current flows in this discharge not only through a thin plasma filament that is observed in the discharge image but also through the whole cross section of the quartz tube. A diffuse plasma fills the quartz tube during a time between intense current pulses. Ionization waves are propagating in this plasma between the spike and the grounded area of the tube producing thin plasma channels. The diameter of these channels increases during the pause between the propagation of ionization waves probably because of thermal expansion and diffusion. Inside the channels electron densities of ˜2 × 1013 cm-3, argon metastable densities ˜1014 cm-3 and a reduced electric field about 10 Td are determined.
14. Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence-Based Assay to Monitor Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling in a High-Throughput Format
PubMed Central
Ayoub, Mohammed Akli; Trebaux, Julien; Vallaghe, Julie; Charrier-Savournin, Fabienne; Al-Hosaini, Khaled; Gonzalez Moya, Arturo; Pin, Jean-Philippe; Pfleger, Kevin D. G.; Trinquet, Eric
2014-01-01
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are key components of multiple important cell signaling pathways regulating diverse biological responses. This signaling is characterized by phosphorylation cascades leading to ERK1/2 activation and promoted by various cell surface receptors including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We report the development of a new cell-based Phospho-ERK1/2 assay (designated Phospho-ERK), which is a sandwich proximity-based assay using the homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence technology. We have validated the assay on endogenously expressed ERK1/2 activated by the epidermal growth factor as a prototypical RTK, as well as various GPCRs belonging to different classes and coupling to different heterotrimeric G proteins. The assay was successfully miniaturized in 384-well plates using various cell lines endogenously, transiently, or stably expressing the different receptors. The validation was performed for agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors in dose–response as well as kinetic analysis, and the signaling and pharmacological properties of the different receptors were reproduced. Furthermore, the determination of a Z?-factor value of 0.7 indicates the potential of the Phospho-ERK assay for high-throughput screening of compounds that may modulate ERK1/2 signaling. Finally, our study is of great interest in the current context of investigating ERK1/2 signaling with respect to the emerging concepts of biased ligands, G protein-dependent/independent ERK1/2 activation, and functional transactivation between GPCRs and RTKs, illustrating the importance of considering the ERK1/2 pathway in cell signaling PMID:25002860
15. Subunit-Selective Interrogation of CO Recombination in Carbonmonoxy Hemoglobin by Isotope-Edited Time-resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
PubMed Central
Balakrishnan, Gurusamy; Zhao, Xiaojie; Podstawska, Edyta; Proniewicz, Leonard M.; Kincaid, James R.; Spiro, Thomas G.
2009-01-01
Hemoglobin is an allosteric tetrameric protein made up of ?? hetero-dimers. The ? and ? chains are similar, but are chemically and structurally distinct. To investigate dynamical differences between the chains, we have prepared tetramers in which the chains are isotopically distinguishable, via reconstitution with 15N-heme. Ligand recombination and heme structural evolution, following HbCO dissociation, was monitored with chain selectivity by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. For ? but not for ? chains, the frequency of the ?4 porphyrin breathing mode increased on the microsecond time scale. This increase is a manifestation of proximal tension in the Hb T-state, and its time course is parallel to the formation of T contacts, as determined previously by UVRR spectroscopy. Despite the localization of proximal constraint in the ? chains, geminate recombination was found to be equally probable in the two chains, with yields of 39 ± 2 %. We discuss the possibility that this equivalence is coincidental, in the sense that it arises from the evolutionary pressure for cooperativity, or that it reflects mechanical coupling across the ?? interface, evidence for which has emerged from UVRR studies of site-mutants. PMID:19245215
16. Transmission electron microscopy and time resolved optical spectroscopy study of the electronic and structural interactions of ZnO nanorods with bovine serum albumin.
PubMed
Klaumünzer, M; Weichsel, U; Ma?kovi?, M; Spiecker, E; Peukert, W; Kryschi, C
2013-08-22
The adsorption behavior and electronic interactions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with ZnO nanorod surfaces were investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy as well as stationary and time-resolved optical spectroscopy techniques. Transmission electron microscopy shows that ZnO nanorod surfaces are surrounded by a homogeneous amorphous BSA film with thicknesses between ~2.5 and 5.0 nm. The electronic structure and adsorption geometry of BSA were examined using high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy. The adsorption process was observed to result into an unfolded conformation of BSA becoming predominantly bound in the side-on orientation at the ZnO surface. This adsorption mode of the BSA molecules allows for a strong interaction with surface states of the ZnO nanorods. This is obvious from its efficient quenching of the defect-center photoluminescence of ZnO. Complementary information of electronic interactions across the ZnO nanorod interface was obtained from femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy experiments. The rise dynamics of the measured transients revealed altered hole trapping dynamics and, thus, indicated to heterogeneous charge transfer as emerging from adsorbed BSA molecules to defect centers of the ZnO interface. PMID:23889004
17. Comparison of TiO? and ZnO solar cells sensitized with an indoline dye: time-resolved laser spectroscopy studies of partial charge separation processes.
PubMed
Sobu?, Jan; Burdzi?ski, Gotard; Karolczak, Jerzy; Idígoras, Jesús; Anta, Juan A; Zió?ek, Marcin
2014-03-11
Time-resolved laser spectroscopy techniques in the time range from femtoseconds to seconds were applied to investigate the charge separation processes in complete dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) made with iodide/iodine liquid electrolyte and indoline dye D149 interacting with TiO2 or ZnO nanoparticles. The aim of the studies was to explain the differences in the photocurrents of the cells (3-4 times higher for TiO2 than for ZnO ones). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and nanosecond flash photolysis studies revealed that the better performance of TiO2 samples is not due to the charge collection and dye regeneration processes. Femtosecond transient absorption results indicated that after first 100 ps the number of photoinduced electrons in the semiconductor is 3 times higher for TiO2 than for ZnO solar cells. Picosecond emission studies showed that the lifetime of the D149 excited state is about 3 times longer for ZnO than for TiO2 samples. Therefore, the results indicate that lower performance of ZnO solar cells is likely due to slower electron injection. The studies show how to correlate the laser spectroscopy methodology with global parameters of the solar cells and should help in better understanding of the behavior of alternative materials for porous electrodes for DSC and related devices. PMID:24568536
18. Nonresonant ionization of oxygen molecules by femtosecond pulses: Plasma dynamics studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Mics, Zoltan; Kadlec, Filip; Kuzel, Petr; Jungwirth, Pavel; Bradforth, Stephen E.; Apkarian, V. Ara [Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8 (Czech Republic); Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (Czech Republic); Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic); Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089 (United States); Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697 (United States)
2005-09-08
We show that optical pump-terahertz probe spectroscopy is a direct experimental tool for exploring laser-induced ionization and plasma formation in gases. Plasma was produced in gaseous oxygen by focused amplified femtosecond pulses. The ionization mechanisms at 400- and 800-nm excitation wavelengths differ significantly being primarily of a multiphoton character in the former case and a strong-field process in the latter case. The generation of the plasma in the focal volume of the laser and its expansion on subnanosecond time scale is directly monitored through its density-dependent susceptibility. A Drude model used to evaluate the plasma densities and electron-scattering rates successfully captures the observations for a wide range of pump intensities. In addition, rotational fingerprints of molecular and ionic species were also observed in the spectra.
19. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane/Tolane-Based Molecular Rods Included in Tris(o-phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene (TPP)
PubMed Central
2015-01-01
We examine the fluorescence anisotropy of rod-shaped guests held inside the channels of tris(o-phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene (TPP) host nanocrystals, characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and solid state NMR spectroscopy. We address two issues: (i) are light polarization measurements on an aqueous colloidal solution of TPP nanocrystals meaningful, or is depolarization by scattering excessive? (ii) Can measurements of the rotational mobility of the included guests be performed at low enough loading levels to suppress depolarization by intercrystallite energy transfer? We find that meaningful measurements are possible and demonstrate that the long axis of molecular rods included in TPP channels performs negligible vibrational motion. PMID:25937858
20. Time-resolved Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of the Nucleotide-binding Domain from the ATP-binding Cassette Transporter MsbA
PubMed Central
Syberg, Falk; Suveyzdis, Yan; Kötting, Carsten; Gerwert, Klaus; Hofmann, Eckhard
2012-01-01
MsbA is an essential Escherichia coli ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter involved in the flipping of lipid A across the cytoplasmic membrane. It is a close homologue of human P-glycoprotein involved in multidrug resistance, and it similarly accepts a variety of small hydrophobic xenobiotics as transport substrates. X-ray structures of three full-length ABC multidrug exporters (including MsbA) have been published recently and reveal large conformational changes during the transport cycle. However, how ATP hydrolysis couples to these conformational changes and finally the transport is still an open question. We employed time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy, a powerful method to elucidate molecular reaction mechanisms of soluble and membrane proteins, to address this question with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we monitored the hydrolysis reaction in the nucleotide-binding domain of MsbA at the atomic level. The isolated MsbA nucleotide-binding domain hydrolyzed ATP with Vmax = 45 nmol mg?1 min?1, similar to the full-length transporter. A Hill coefficient of 1.49 demonstrates positive cooperativity between the two catalytic sites formed upon dimerization. Global fit analysis of time-resolved FTIR data revealed two apparent rate constants of ?1 and 0.01 s?1, which were assigned to formation of the catalytic site and hydrolysis, respectively. Using isotopically labeled ATP, we identified specific marker bands for protein-bound ATP (1245 cm?1), ADP (1101 and 1205 cm?1), and free phosphate (1078 cm?1). Cleavage of the ?-phosphate–?-phosphate bond was found to be the rate-limiting step; no protein-bound phosphate intermediate was resolved. PMID:22593573
1. Time resolved visible spectroscopy studies of the plasma sheath evolution in a low energy plasma focus device
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Avaria, G.; Cuadrado, O.; Moreno, J.; Soto, L.
2015-03-01
We present the study of the evolution of the ionization degree of the plasma sheath in a low energy plasma focus device with time and spatial resolution, by means of visible spectroscopy. The measurements were developed in the low energy plasma focus device PF-400J (176-539 J, 880 nF, 20-35 kV, quarter period ?300 ns) [1], using an ANDOR Shamrock 500i visible spectrometer with an ICCD that enabled the acquisition of spectra with time resolution in the order of tens of nanosecond. The use of a lens system improved spatial resolution, allowing the study of the plasma sheath in different stages of the discharge dynamic. In this work we present results from the pinch volume to study the evolution of the ionization degree of the plasma. The results include discharges in pure Hydrogen and a mixture of noble gases and Hydrogen, such as Neon and Helium, which were introduced in the discharge by small percentages ranging from 2 to 5%.
2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy in a Shoebox
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Farooq Wahab, M.
2007-08-01
This article describes construction of a simple, inexpensive fluorometer. It utilizes a flashlight or sunlight source, highlighter marker ink, bowl of water with mirror as dispersing element, and colored cellophane sheets as filters. The human eye is used as a detector. This apparatus is used to demonstrate important concepts related to fluorescence spectroscopy. Using ink from a highlighter marker, one can demonstrate the difference between light scattering and fluorescence emission, the need for an intense light source, phenomenon of the Stokes shift, the choice of filters, the preferred geometry of excitation source and emission detector, and the low detection limits that can be achieved by fluorescence measurements. By reflecting the fluorescence emission from a compact disk, it can be seen that the light emitted by molecules is not monochromatic. Furthermore, a spectrofluorometer is constructed using gratings made from a DVD or a CD. The shoebox fluorometer and spectrofluorometer can serve as useful teaching aids in places where commercial instruments are not available, and it avoids the black box problem of modern instruments.
3. Pulse laser photolysis of aqueous ozone in the microsecond range studied by time-resolved far-ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy.
PubMed
Goto, Takeyoshi; Morisawa, Yusuke; Higashi, Noboru; Ikehata, Akifumi; Ozaki, Yukihiro
2013-05-01
Chemical dynamics of an ozone (O3) pulse-photolytic reaction in aqueous solutions were studied with pump-probe transient far-ultraviolet (FUV) absorption spectroscopy. With a nanosecond pulse laser of 266 nm as pump light, transient spectra of O3 aqueous solutions (78-480 ?M, pH 2.5-11.3) were acquired in the time range from -50 to 50 ?s in the wavelength region from 190 to 225 nm. The measured transient spectra were linearly decomposed into the molar absorption coefficients and the concentration-time profiles of constituted chemical components with a multivariate curve resolution method. From the dependences of the time-averaged concentrations for 20 ?s of the constituted chemicals on the initial concentration of O3, it was found that the transient spectra involve the decomposition of O3 and the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a third component that is assigned to hydroxyl radical (OH) or perhydroxyl radical (HO2). Furthermore, the pH dependence of the time-averaged concentration of the third components indicates that HO2 is more probable than OH as the third component. The time-averaged concentration ratio of each chemical component to the initial O3 concentration depends on the pH conditions from -0.95 to -0.60 for O3, 0.98 to 1.2 for H2O2, 0.002 to 0.29 for OH, and 0.012 to 0.069 for HO2. PMID:23560681
4. Diffusion and molecular interactions in a methanol/polyimide system probed by coupling time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy with gravimetric measurements
PubMed Central
Musto, Pellegrino; Galizia, Michele; La Manna, Pietro; Pannico, Marianna; Mensitieri, Giuseppe
2013-01-01
In this contribution the diffusion of methanol in a commercial polyimide (PMDA-ODA) is studied by coupling gravimetric measurements with in-situ, time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data have been treated with two complementary techniques, i.e., difference spectroscopy (DS) and least-squares curve fitting (LSCF). These approaches provided information about the overall diffusivity, the nature of the molecular interactions among the system components and the dynamics of the various molecular species. Additional spectroscopic measurements on thin film samples (about 2 ?m) allowed us to identify the interaction site on the polymer backbone and to propose likely structures for the H-bonding aggregates. Molar absorptivity values from a previous literature report allowed us to estimate the population of first-shell and second-shell layers of methanol in the polymer matrix. In terms of diffusion kinetics, the gravimetric and spectroscopic estimates of the diffusion coefficients were found to be in good agreement with each other and with previous literature reports. A Fickian behavior was observed throughout, with diffusivity values markedly affected by the total concentration of sorbed methanol. PMID:24809042
5. Sensitivity correction for the influence of the fat layer on muscle oxygenation and estimation of fat thickness by time-resolved spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ohmae, Etsuko; Nishio, Shinichiro; Oda, Motoki; Suzuki, Hiroaki; Suzuki, Toshihiko; Ohashi, Kyoichi; Koga, Shunsaku; Yamashita, Yutaka; Watanabe, Hiroshi
2014-06-01
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used for noninvasive assessment of oxygenation in living tissue. For muscle measurements by NIRS, the measurement sensitivity to muscle (S) is strongly influenced by fat thickness (FT). In this study, we investigated the influence of FT and developed a correction curve for S with an optode distance (3 cm) sufficiently large to probe the muscle. First, we measured the hemoglobin concentration in the forearm (n=36) and thigh (n=6) during arterial occlusion using a time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) system, and then FT was measured by ultrasound. The correction curve was derived from the ratio of partial mean optical path length of the muscle layer to observed mean optical path length . There was good correlation between FT and at rest, and could be used to estimate FT. The estimated FT was used to validate the correction curve by measuring the forearm blood flow (FBF) by strain-gauge plethysmography (SGP_FBF) and TRS (TRS_FBF) simultaneously during a reactive hyperemia test with 16 volunteers. The corrected TRS_FBF results were similar to the SGP_FBF results. This is a simple method for sensitivity correction that does not require use of ultrasound.
6. Interaction of recombinant human epidermal growth factor with phospholipid vesicles. A steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence study of the bis-tryptophan sequence (TRP 49 TRP 50 )
Microsoft Academic Search
Ines M. Sierra; Michel Vincent; Gabriel Padron; Jacques Gallay
1992-01-01
The interaction of recombinant human epidermal growth factor with small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles was studied by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence of the bis-tryptophan sequence (Trp49-Trp50). Steady-state anisotropy measurements demonstrate that strong binding occurred with small unilamellar vesicles made up of acidic phospholipids at acidic pH only (pH= 4.7). An apparent stoichiometry for 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-phosphoglycerol of about 12 phospholipid molecules per molecule
7. Time-resolved UV-IR pump-stimulated emission pump spectroscopy to probe collisional relaxation of $8p\\,^2P_{3/2}$ Cs I
E-print Network
Salahuddin, Mohammed; McFarland, Jacob; Bayram, S Burcin
2015-01-01
We describe and use a time-resolved pump-stimulated emission pump spectroscopic technique to measure collisional relaxation in a high-lying energy level of atomic cesium. Aligned $8p\\,^2P_{3/2}$ cesium atoms were produced by a pump laser. A second laser, the stimulated emission pump, promoted the population exclusively to the $5d\\,^2D_{5/2}$ level. The intensity of the $5d\\,^2D_{5/2}\\rightarrow6s\\,^2S_{1/2}$ cascade fluorescence at 852.12 nm was monitored. The linear polarization dependence of the $6s\\,^2S_{1/2}\\rightarrow8p\\,^2P_{3/2}\\rightarrow5d\\,^2S_{5/2}$ transition was measured in the presence of argon gas at various pressures. From the measurement, we obtained the disalignment cross section value for the $8p\\,^2P_{3/2}$ level due to collisions with ground-level argon atoms.
8. Femtosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy of liquid using a hard X-ray free electron laser in a dual-beam dispersive detection method.
PubMed
Obara, Yuki; Katayama, Tetsuo; Ogi, Yoshihiro; Suzuki, Takayuki; Kurahashi, Naoya; Karashima, Shutaro; Chiba, Yuhei; Isokawa, Yusuke; Togashi, Tadashi; Inubushi, Yuichi; Yabashi, Makina; Suzuki, Toshinori; Misawa, Kazuhiko
2014-01-13
We present femtosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy of aqueous solution using a hard x-ray free electron laser (SACLA) and a synchronized Ti:sapphire laser. The instrumental response time is 200 fs, and the repetition rate of measurement is 10 Hz. A cylindrical liquid beam 100 ?m in diameter of aqueous ammonium iron(III) oxalate solution is photoexcited at 400 nm, and the transient X-ray absorption spectra are measured in the K-edge region of iron, 7.10 - 7.26 keV, using a dual X-ray beam dispersive detection method. Each of the dual beams has the pulse energy of 1.4 ?J, and pump-induced absorbance change on the order of 10(-3) is successfully detected. The photoexcited iron complex exhibits a red shifted iron K-edge with the appearance time constant of 260 fs. The X-ray absorption difference spectra, with and without the pump pulses, are independent of time delay after 1.5 ps up to 100 ps, indicating that the photoexcited species is long-lived. PMID:24515070
9. Charge Photoinjection in Intercalated and Covalently Bound [Re(CO)3(dppz)(py)]+-DNA Constructs Monitored by Time Resolved Visible and Infrared Spectroscopy
PubMed Central
Olmon, Eric D.; Sontz, Pamela A.; Blanco-Rodríguez, Ana María; Towrie, Michael; Clark, Ian P.; Vl?ek, Antonín; Barton, Jacqueline K.
2011-01-01
The complex [Re(CO)3(dppz)(py?-OR)]+ (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2?,3?-c]phenazine; py?-OR = 4-functionalized pyridine) offers IR sensitivity and can oxidize DNA directly from the excited state, making it a promising probe for the study of DNA-mediated charge transport (CT). The behavior of several covalent and noncovalent Re-DNA constructs was monitored by time-resolved IR (TRIR) and UV/visible spectroscopies, as well as biochemical methods, confirming the long-range oxidation of DNA by the excited complex. Optical excitation of the complex leads to population of MLCT and at least two distinct intraligand states. Experimental observations that are consistent with charge injection from these excited states include similarity between long-time TRIR spectra and the reduced state spectrum observed by spectroelectrochemistry, the appearance of a guanine radical signal in TRIR spectra, and the eventual formation of permanent guanine oxidation products. The majority of reactivity occurs on the ultrafast timescale, although processes dependent on slower conformational motions of DNA, such as the accumulation of oxidative damage at guanine, are also observed. The ability to measure events on such disparate timescales, its superior selectivity in comparison to other spectroscopic techniques, and the ability to simultaneously monitor carbonyl ligand and DNA IR absorption bands makes TRIR a valuable tool for the study of CT in DNA. PMID:21827149
10. Statistical Time-resolved Spectroscopy: A Higher Fraction of Short-period Binaries for Metal-rich F-type Dwarfs in SDSS
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hettinger, T.; Badenes, C.; Strader, J.; Bickerton, S. J.; Beers, T. C.
2015-06-01
Stellar multiplicity lies at the heart of many problems in modern astrophysics, including the physics of star formation, the observational properties of unresolved stellar populations, and the rates of interacting binaries such as cataclysmic variables, X-ray binaries, and SNe Ia. However, little is known about the stellar multiplicity of field stars in the Milky Way (MW), in particular about the differences in the multiplicity characteristics between metal-rich disk stars and metal-poor halo stars. In this study we perform a statistical analysis of ?14,000 F-type dwarf stars in the MW through time-resolved spectroscopy with the sub-exposures archived in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We obtain absolute radial velocity (RV) measurements through template cross-correlation of individual sub-exposures with temporal baselines varying from minutes to years. These sparsely sampled RV curves are analyzed using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques to constrain the very short-period binary fraction for field F-type stars in the MW. Metal-rich disk stars were found to be 30% more likely to have companions with periods shorter than 12 days than metal-poor halo stars.
11. Statistical Time-Resolved Spectroscopy: A higher fraction of short-period binaries for metal-rich F-type dwarfs in SDSS
E-print Network
Hettinger, T; Strader, J; Bickerton, S J; Beers, T C
2015-01-01
Stellar multiplicity lies at the heart of many problems in modern astrophysics, including the physics of star formation, the observational properties of unresolved stellar populations, and the rates of interacting binaries such as cataclysmic variables, X-ray binaries, and Type Ia supernovae. However, little is known about the stellar multiplicity of field stars in the Milky Way, in particular about the differences in the multiplicity characteristics between metal-rich disk stars and metal-poor halo stars. In this study we perform a statistical analysis of ~15,000 F-type dwarf stars in the Milky Way through time-resolved spectroscopy with the sub-exposures archived in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We obtain absolute radial velocity measurements through template cross-correlation of individual sub-exposures with temporal baselines varying from minutes to years. These sparsely sampled radial velocity curves are analyzed using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques to constrain the very short-period binary fraction...
12. Generation and characterization of the selenocysteinyl radical: direct evidence from time-resolved UV/Vis, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
PubMed
Kolano, Christoph; Bucher, Götz; Schade, Olaf; Grote, Dirk; Sander, Wolfram
2005-08-19
The selenocysteinyl radical 1 has been generated for the first time by laser flash photolysis (lambda(exc) = 266 nm) of dimethyl bis(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-selenocystine 2 and of [(9-fluorenylideneamino)oxycarbonyl]methyl(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-selenocysteine 3 in acetonitrile and characterized by time-resolved (TR) UV/Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and electron paramagnetic spectroscopy in combination with theoretical methods. A detailed product study was conducted using gas chromatography and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. In the case of [(9-fluorenylideneamino)oxycarbonyl]methyl(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-selenocysteine 3, the (9-fluorenylideneamino)oxycarbonyl moiety serves as a photolabile protection group providing a "caged selenocysteinyl radical" suitable for biophysical applications. Cleavage of the diselenide bridge or the selenium-carbonyl bond by irradiation is possible in high quantum yields. Because of the lack of a good IR chromophore in the mid-IR region, the selenocysteinyl radical 1 cannot be monitored directly by TR FTIR spectroscopy. TR UV/Vis spectroscopy revealed the formation of the selenocysteinyl radical 1 from both precursors. The selenocysteinyl radical 1 has a lifetime tau approximately 63 mus and exhibits a strong band located at lambda(max) = 335 nm. Calculated UV absorptions of the selenocysteinyl radical (UB3LYP/6-311G(d,p)) are in good agreement with the experimental results. The use of TR UV/Vis spectroscopy permitted the determination of the decay rates of the selenocysteinyl radical in the presence of two quenchers. The product studies demonstrated the reversible photoreaction of dimethyl bis(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-selenocystine 2. Products of the photolysis of the "caged selenocysteinyl radical" precursor 3 are dimethyl bis(N-tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-selenocystine 2, carbon dioxide, and some further smaller fragments. In addition, the photodecomposition of the (9-fluorenylideneamino)oxycarbonyl moiety produced 9-fluorenone-oxime 4, 9-fluoren-imine 5, and 6 and 7 as products of the dimerization of two 9-fluorenoneiminoxy radicals 8. PMID:16095277
13. Photo-Induced Spin-State Conversion in Solvated Transition Metal Complexes Probed via Time-Resolved Soft X-ray Spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Huse, Nils; Kim, Tae Kyu; Jamula, Lindsey; McCusker, James K.; de Groot, Frank M. F.; Schoenlein, Robert W.
2010-04-30
Solution-phase photoinduced low-spin to high-spin conversion in the FeII polypyridyl complex [Fe(tren(py)3)]2+ (where tren(py)3 is tris(2-pyridylmethyliminoethyl)amine) has been studied via picosecond soft X-ray spectroscopy. Following 1A1 --> 1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) excitation at 560 nm, changes in the iron L2- and L3-edges were observed concomitant with formation of the transient high-spin 5T2 state. Charge-transfer multiplet calculations coupled with data acquired on low-spin and high-spin model complexes revealed a reduction in ligand field splitting of 1 eV in the high-spin state relative to the singlet ground state. A significant reduction in orbital overlap between the central Fe-3d and the ligand N-2p orbitals was directly observed, consistent with the expected ca. 0.2 Angstrom increase in Fe-N bond length upon formation of the high-spin state. The overall occupancy of the Fe-3d orbitals remains constant upon spin crossover, suggesting that the reduction in sigma-donation is compensated by significant attenuation of pi-back-bonding in the metal-ligand interactions. These results demonstrate the feasibility and unique potential of time-resolved soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy to study ultrafast reactions in the liquid phase by directly probing the valence orbitals of first-row metals as well as lighter elements during the course of photochemical transformations.
14. Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds Formed Between Amino Acid Molecules in Aqueous Solution Investigated by Temperature-jump Nanosecond Time-resolved Transient Mid-IR Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ye, Man-ping; Li, Heng; Zhang, Qing-li; Weng, Yu-xiang; Qiu, Xiang-gang
2007-08-01
Carboxyl (COO-) vibrational modes of two amino acids histidine and glycine in D2O solution were investigated by temperature-dependent FTIR spectroscopy and temperature-jump nanosecond time-resolved IR difference absorbance spectroscopy. The results show that hydrogen bonds are formed between amino acid molecules as well as between the amino acid molecule and the solvent molecules. The asymmetric vibrational frequency of COO- around 1600-1610 cm-1 is blue shifted when raising temperature, indicating that the strength of the hydrogen bonds becomes weaker at higher temperature. Two bleaching peaks at 1604 and 1612 cm-1 were observed for histidine in response to a temperature jump from 10 °C to 20 °C. The lower vibrational frequency at 1604 cm-1 is assigned to the chain COO- group which forms the intermolecular hydrogen bond with NH3+ group, while the higher frequency at 1612 cm-1 is assigned to the end COO- group forming hydrogen bonds with the solvent molecules. This is because that the hydrogen bonds in the former are expected to be stronger than the latter. In addition the intensities of these two bleaching peaks are almost the same. In contrast, only the lower frequency at 1604 cm-1 bleaching peak has been observed for glycine. The fact indicates that histidine molecules form a dimer-like intermolecular chain while glycine forms a relatively longer chain in the solution. The rising phase of the IR absorption kinetics in response to the temperature-jump detected at 1604 cm-1 for histidine is about 30+/-10 ns, within the resolution limit of our instrument, indicating that breaking or weakening the hydrogen bond is a very fast process.
15. Soft X-ray Laser Microscopy of Lipid Rafts towards GPCR-Based Drug Discovery Using Time-Resolved FRET Spectroscopy
PubMed Central
Baba, Motoyoshi; Kozasa, Tohru; Hamakubo, Takao; Kuroda, Hiroto; Masuda, Kazuyuki; Yoneya, Shin; Kodama, Tatsuhiko
2011-01-01
Many signaling molecules involved in G protein-mediated signal transduction, which are present in the lipid rafts and believed to be controlled spatially and temporally, influence the potency and efficacy of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. This has focus interest on lipid rafts and the notion that these microdomains acts as a kind of signaling platform and thus have an important role in the expression of membrane receptor-mediated signal transduction, cancer, immune responses, neurotransmission, viral infections and various other phenomena due to specific and efficient signaling according to extracellular stimuli. However, the real structure of lipid rafts has not been observed so far due to its small size and a lack of sufficiently sophisticated observation systems. A soft X-ray microscope using a coherent soft X-ray laser in the water window region (2.3–4.4 nm) should prove to be a most powerful tool to observe the dynamic structure of lipid rafts of several tens of nanometers in size in living cells. We have developed for the X-ray microscope a new compact soft X-ray laser using strongly induced plasma high harmonic resonance. We have also developed a time-resolved highly sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system and confirmed protein-protein interactions coupled with ligands. The simultaneous use of these new tools for observation of localization of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in rafts has become an important and optimum tool system to analyze the dynamics of signal transduction through rafts as signaling platform. New technology to visualize rafts is expected to lead to the understanding of those dynamics and innovative development of drug discovery that targets GPCRs localized in lipid rafts.
16. Time-resolved fluorescence studies of tryptophan mutants of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase: conformational analysis of intermediates and transition-state complexes.
PubMed Central
Atkins, W. M.; Villafranca, J. J.
1992-01-01
Single tryptophan-containing mutants of low adenylylation state Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase have been studied by frequency-domain fluorescence spectroscopy in the presence of various substrates and inhibitors. At pH 6.5, the Mn-bound wild-type enzyme (wild type has two tryptophans/subunit) and the mutant enzymes exhibit heterogeneous fluorescence decay kinetics; the individual tryptophans are adequately described by a triple exponential decay scheme. The recovered lifetime values are 5.9 ns, 2.6 ns, and 0.4 ns for Trp-57 and 5.8 ns, 2.3 ns, and 0.4 ns for Trp-158. These values are nearly identical to the previously reported results at pH 7.5 (Atkins, W.M., Stayton, P.S., & Villafranca, J.J., 1991, Biochemistry 30, 3406-3416). In addition, Trp-57 and Trp-158 both exhibit an ATP-induced increase in the relative fraction of the long lifetime component, whereas only Trp-57 is affected by this ligand at pH 7.5. The transition-state analogue L-methionine-(R,S)-sulfoximine (MSOX) causes a dramatic increase in the fractional intensity of the long lifetime component of Trp-158. This ligand has no effect on the W158S mutant protein and causes a small increase in the fractional intensity of the long lifetime component of the W158F mutant protein. Addition of glutamate to the ATP complex, which affords the gamma-glutamylphosphate-ADP complex, results in the presence of new lifetime components at 7, 3.2, and 0.5 ns for Trp-158, but has no effect on Trp-57. Similar results were obtained when ATP was added to the MSOX complex; Trp-57 exhibits heterogeneous fluorescence decay with lifetimes of 7, 3.5, and 0.8 ns. Decay kinetics of Trp-158 are best fit to a nearly homogeneous decay with a lifetime of 5.5 ns in the MSOX-ATP inactivated complex. These results provide a model for the sequence of structural and dynamic changes that take place at the Trp-57 loop and the central loop (Trp-158) during several intermediate stages of catalysis. PMID:1363912
17. Reduction of V?O2 slow component by priming exercise: novel mechanistic insights from time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy.
PubMed
Fukuoka, Yoshiyuki; Poole, David C; Barstow, Thomas J; Kondo, Narihiko; Nishiwaki, Masato; Okushima, Dai; Koga, Shunsaku
2015-06-01
Novel time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS), with adipose tissue thickness correction, was used to test the hypotheses that heavy priming exercise reduces the V?O2 slow component (V?O2SC) (1) by elevating microvascular [Hb] volume at multiple sites within the quadriceps femoris (2) rather than reducing the heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation kinetics. Twelve subjects completed two 6-min bouts of heavy work rate exercise, separated by 6 min of unloaded cycling. Priming exercise induced faster overall V?O2 kinetics consequent to a substantial reduction in the V?O2SC (0.27 ± 0.12 vs. 0.11 ± 0.09 L·min(-1), P < 0.05) with an unchanged primary V?O2 time constant. An increased baseline for the primed bout [total (Hb + Mb)] (197.5 ± 21.6 vs. 210.7 ± 22.5 ?mol L(-1), P < 0.01), reflecting increased microvascular [Hb] volume, correlated significantly with the V?O2SC reduction. At multiple sites within the quadriceps femoris, priming exercise reduced the baseline and slowed the increase in [deoxy (Hb + Mb)]. Changes in the intersite coefficient of variation in the time delay and time constant of [deoxy (Hb + Mb)] during the second bout were not correlated with the V?O2SC reduction. These results support a mechanistic link between priming exercise-induced increase in muscle [Hb] volume and the reduced V?O2SC that serves to speed overall V?O2 kinetics. However, reduction in the heterogeneity of muscle deoxygenation kinetics does not appear to be an obligatory feature of the priming response. PMID:26109190
18. Radiolytic oxidation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol. An application of time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy to kinetic studies of reaction intermediates
SciTech Connect
Qin, L.; Tripathi, G.N.R.; Schuler, R.H.
1987-03-26
In acidic solution, 1,2,4-benzenetriol is rapidly oxidized by OH or N/sub 3/ to form a mixture of neutral 2,4- and 3,4-dihydroxyphenoxyl radicals. At higher pH these radicals deprotonate (pK/sub a/(1) = 4.75) to form the 2-hydroxy-p-benzosemiquinone radical anion which exhibits a prominent resonance Raman band at 1625 cm/sup -1/ attributable to the Wilson 8a ring stretching mode. In basic solutions this radical subsequently reacts with OH/sup -/ to form the radical dianion (pK/sub a/(2) = 8.85) in which the 8a band is shifted to an appreciably lower frequency (1587 cm/sup -1/). While the absorption spectra of these latter radicals are very similar and do not allow ready examination of their interconversion by absorption spectrophotometry, the difference between these 8a frequencies is sufficiently great that the Raman method can be used to examine the acid-base equilibrium between the two forms of the radical and to follow the deprotonation kinetics. It is shown that even at high pH the radical monoanion is initially formed on oxidation by N/sub 3/ and that deprotonation subsequently occurs by its reaction with base with a rate constant of (9.6 +/- 1.5) x 10/sup 9/ M/sup -1/ d/sup -1/. These studies illustrate very well the application of time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy as a complement to kinetic spectrophotometry in sorting out the details of secondary processes in pulse radiolysis studies.
19. Subpicosecond oxygen trapping in the heme pocket of the oxygen sensor FixL observed by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy.
PubMed
Kruglik, Sergei G; Jasaitis, Audrius; Hola, Klara; Yamashita, Taku; Liebl, Ursula; Martin, Jean-Louis; Vos, Marten H
2007-05-01
Dissociation of oxygen from the heme domain of the bacterial oxygen sensor protein FixL constitutes the first step in hypoxia-induced signaling. In the present study, the photodissociation of the heme-O2 bond was used to synchronize this event, and time-resolved resonance Raman (TR(3)) spectroscopy with subpicosecond time resolution was implemented to characterize the heme configuration of the primary photoproduct. TR(3) measurements on heme-oxycomplexes are highly challenging and have not yet been reported. Whereas in all other known six-coordinated heme protein complexes with diatomic ligands, including the oxymyoglobin reported here, heme iron out-of-plane motion (doming) occurs faster than 1 ps after iron-ligand bond breaking; surprisingly, no sizeable doming is observed in the oxycomplex of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum FixL sensor domain (FixLH). This assessment is deduced from the absence of the iron-histidine band around 217 cm(-1) as early as 0.5 ps. We suggest that efficient ultrafast oxygen rebinding to the heme occurs on the femtosecond time scale, thus hindering heme doming. Comparing WT oxy-FixLH, mutant proteins FixLH-R220H and FixLH-R220Q, the respective carbonmonoxy-complexes, and oxymyoglobin, we show that a hydrogen bond of the terminal oxygen atom with the residue in position 220 is responsible for the observed behavior; in WT FixL this residue is arginine, crucially implicated in signal transmission. We propose that the rigid O2 configuration imposed by this residue, in combination with the hydrophobic and constrained properties of the distal cavity, keep dissociated oxygen in place. These results uncover the origin of the "oxygen cage" properties of this oxygen sensor protein. PMID:17446273
20. Stark-assisted population control of coherent CS(2) 4f and 5p Rydberg wave packets studied by femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.
PubMed
Knappenberger, Kenneth L; Lerch, Eliza-Beth W; Wen, Patrick; Leone, Stephen R
2007-09-28
A two-color (3+1(')) pump-probe scheme is employed to investigate Rydberg wave packet dynamics in carbon disulfide (CS(2) (*)). The state superpositions are created within the 4f and 5p Rydberg manifolds by three photons of the 400 nm pump pulse, and their temporal evolution is monitored with femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using an 800 nm ionizing probe pulse. The coherent behavior of the non-stationary superpositions are observed through wavepacket revivals upon ionization to either the upper (12) or lower (32) spin-orbit components of CS(2) (+). The results show clearly that the composition of the wavepacket can be efficiently controlled by the power density of the excitation pulse over a range from 500 GWcm(2) to 10 TWcm(2). The results are consistent with the anticipated ac-Stark shift for 400 nm light and demonstrate an effective method for population control in molecular systems. Moreover, it is shown that Rydberg wavepackets can be formed in CS(2) with excitation power densities up to 10 TWcm(2) without significant fragmentation. The exponential 1e population decay (T(1)) of specific excited Rydberg states are recovered by analysis of the coherent part of the signal. The dissociation lifetimes of these states are typically 1.5 ps. However, a region exhibiting a more rapid decay ( approximately 800 fs) is observed for states residing in the energy range of 74 450-74 550 cm(-1), suggestive of an enhanced surface crossing in this region. PMID:17902914
1. Time-Resolved Measurements in Optoelectronic Microbioanalysis
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bearman, Gregory; Kossakovski, Dmitri
2003-01-01
A report presents discussion of time-resolved measurements in optoelectronic microbioanalysis. Proposed microbioanalytical laboratory-on-a-chip devices for detection of microbes and toxic chemicals would include optoelectronic sensors and associated electronic circuits that would look for fluorescence or phosphorescence signatures of multiple hazardous biomolecules in order to detect which ones were present in a given situation. The emphasis in the instant report is on gating an active-pixel sensor in the time domain, instead of filtering light in the wavelength domain, to prevent the sensor from responding to a laser pulse used to excite fluorescence or phosphorescence while enabling the sensor to respond to the decaying fluorescence or phosphorescence signal that follows the laser pulse. The active-pixel sensor would be turned on after the laser pulse and would be used to either integrate the fluorescence or phosphorescence signal over several lifetimes and many excitation pulses or else take time-resolved measurements of the fluorescence or phosphorescence. The report also discusses issues of multiplexing and of using time-resolved measurements of fluorophores with known different fluorescence lifetimes to distinguish among them.
2. Fluorescence spectroscopy applied to orange trees
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marcassa, L. G.; Gasparoto, M. C. G.; Belasque, J., Jr.; Lins, E. C.; Dias Nunes, F.; Bagnato, V. S.
2006-05-01
In this work, we have applied laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate biological processes in orange trees (Citrus aurantium L.). We have chosen to investigate water stress and Citrus Canker, which is a disease caused by the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri bacteria. The fluorescence spectroscopy was investigated by using as an excitation source a 442-nm 15-mW HeCd gas multimode discharge laser and a 532-nm 10-mW Nd3+:YAG laser. The stress manifestation was detected by the variation of fluorescence ratios of the leaves at different wavelengths. The fluorescence ratios present a significant variation, showing the possibility to observe water stress by fluorescence spectrum. The Citrus Canker’s contaminated leaves were discriminated from the healthy leaves using a more complex analysis of the fluorescence spectra. However, we were unable to discriminate it from another disease, and new fluorescence experiments are planned for the future.
3. Quantification of cerebral hemoglobin as a function of oxygenation using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy in a piglet model of hypoxia.
PubMed
Ijichi, Sonoko; Kusaka, Takashi; Isobe, Kenich; Islam, Fahmida; Okubo, Kensuke; Okada, Hitoshi; Namba, Masanori; Kawada, Kou; Imai, Tadashi; Itoh, Susumu
2005-01-01
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used for measurement of cerebral hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations in neonates to study cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics. We perform measurements by portable three-wavelength NIR time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) in a piglet hypoxia model with various degrees of oxygenation to estimate the absorption coefficient (mu(a)) and reduced scattering coefficient (mu(s)') of the head. Measurements of absolute values of mu(a) at three wavelengths enable estimation of Hb concentration and Hb oxygen saturation in the head (SO2). However, there is a problem concerning which background absorption should be used to estimate Hb concentration in the head derived from mu(a) at three wavelengths because it is different from a simple in vitro model. Therefore, we use two different background absorption values with the assumption that background absorption is due only to 85% (by volume) water or that background absorption is equal to absorption of the piglet head with blood exchange transfusion by fluorocarbon (FC), and we compared SO2 measured by TRS with arterial Hb oxygen saturation (SaO2) and sagittal sinus venous Hb oxygen saturation (SvO2) measured by a co-oximeter at several inspired fractional O2(FI(O2)) concentrations. We find that SO2 values using the absorption (abs) of the piglet head with blood exchange transfusion (BET) by FC are not significantly different from SO2 values using the water-only background at FI(O2) in the range of 15 to 100%, but that the values using abs of the head with BET by FC are lower than the values using the water-only background at FI(O2) in the range of 12 to 4%. The SO2 values calculated from the water-only background are higher than those of SaO2 at FI(O2) in the range of 10 to 4%. However, SO2 values using the abs of the head with BET by FC are between those of SaO2 and SvO2 over the whole range of FI(O2). Therefore, abs of the head with BET by FC is more useful for estimation of the absolute values of oxyHb and deoxyHb of the piglet head. PMID:15910099
4. Hydrogen-bond network probed by time-resolved optoacoustic spectroscopy: photoactive yellow protein and the effect of E46Q and E46A mutations.
PubMed
Losi, Aba; Gensch, Thomas; van der Horst, Michael A; Hellingwerf, Klaas J; Braslavsky, Silvia E
2005-05-21
The enthalpy and structural volume changes (delta Hi and delta Vi) produced upon photoinduced formation and decay of the red-shifted intermediate (pR = I1) in the photoactive yellow protein (WT-PYP) from Halorhodospira halophila and the mutated E46Q-PYP and E46A-PYP, were determined by laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy (LIOAS) using the two-temperatures method, at pH 8.5. These mutations alter the hydrogen bond between the phenolate oxygen of the chromophore and the residue at position 46. Hydrogen bonding is still possible in E46Q-PYP via the delta-NH2 group of glutamine, whereas it is no longer possible with the methyl group of alanine in E46A-PYP. In all three proteins, pR decays within hundreds of ns to micros into the next intermediate, pR'. The delta H values for the formation of pR (delta H pR) and for its decay into pR'(delta H pR-->pR') are negligibly affected by the E46Q and the E46A substitution. In all three proteins the large delta H pR value drives the photocycle. Whereas delta V pR is a similar contraction of ca. 15 ml mol(-1) for E46Q-PYP and WT-PYP, attributed to strengthening the hydrogen bond network (between 4 and 5 hydrogen bonds) inside the protein chromophore cavity, an expansion is observed for E46A-PYP, indicating just an enlargement of the chromophore cavity upon chromophore isomerization. The results are discussed in the light of the recent time-resolved room temperature, crystallographic studies with WT-PYP and E46Q-PYP. Formation of pR' is somewhat slower for E46Q-PYP and much slower for E46A-PYP. The structural volume change for this transition, delta V pR-->pR', is relatively small and positive for WT-PYP, slightly larger for E46Q-PYP, and definitely larger for the hydrogen-bond lacking E46A-PYP. This indicates a larger entropic change for this transition in E46A-PYP, reflected in the large pre-exponential factor for the pR to pR' decay rate constant determined in the 5-30 degrees C temperature range. This decay also shows an activation entropy that compensates the larger activation energy in E46A-PYP, as compared to the values for WT-PYP and E46Q-PYP. PMID:19791418
5. Structural changes and thermal stability of charged LiNixMnyCozO? cathode materials studied by combined in situ time-resolved XRD and mass spectroscopy
DOE PAGESBeta
Bak, Seong-Min [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Hu, Enyuan [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Zhou, Yongning [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Yu, Xiqian [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Senanayake, Sanjaya D. [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Cho, Sung-Jin [Johnson Control Advanced Power Solution, Milwaukee, WI (United States); North Carolina A&T State Univ., Greensboro, NC (United States); Kim, Kwang-Bum [Yonsei Univ., Seoul (Republic of Korea); Chung, Kyung Yoon [Korea Inst. of Science and Technology, Seoul (Republic of Korea); Yang, Xiao-Qing [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Nam, Kyung-Wan [Dongguk Univ., Seoul (Republic of Korea)
2014-12-24
Thermal stability of charged LiNixMnyCozO? (NMC with x+y+z=1, x:y:z = 4:3:3 (NMC433), 5:3:2 (NMC532), 6:2:2 (NMC622), and 8:1:1 (NMC811)) cathode materials is systematically studied using combined in situ time resolved X-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy (TR- XRD/MS) techniques upon heating up to 600 °C. The TR-XRD/MS results indicate that the content of Ni, Co, and Mn significantly affects both the structural changes and the oxygen release features during heating: the more Ni and less Co and Mn, the lower the onset temperature of the phase transition (i.e., thermal decomposition) and the larger amount of oxygen release. Interestingly, the NMC532 seems to be the optimized composition to maintain a reasonably good thermal stability comparable to the low Ni-content materials (e.g., NMC333 and NMC433) while having a high capacity close to the high Ni-content materials (e.g., NMC811 and NMC622). The origin of the thermal decomposition of NMC cathode materials was elucidated by the changes in the oxidation states of each transition metal (TM) cations (i.e., Ni, Co and Mn) and their site preferences during thermal decomposition. It is revealed that Mn ions mainly occupy the 3a octahedral sites of layered structure (R3m ) but Co ions prefer to migrate to the 8a tetrahedral sites of spinel structure (Fd3m ) during the thermal decomposition. Such elemental dependent cation migration plays a very important role for the thermal stability of NMC cathode materials. The reasonably good thermal stability and high capacity characteristics of the NMC532 composition is originated from the well-balanced ratio of Ni- to Mn- and Co- contents. This systematic study provides insight into the rational design of NMC based cathode materials with a desired balance between thermal stability and high energy density
6. Sub-nanosecond time-resolved ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy setup for pulsed and constant wave X-ray light sources.
PubMed
Shavorskiy, Andrey; Neppl, Stefan; Slaughter, Daniel S; Cryan, James P; Siefermann, Katrin R; Weise, Fabian; Lin, Ming-Fu; Bacellar, Camila; Ziemkiewicz, Michael P; Zegkinoglou, Ioannis; Fraund, Matthew W; Khurmi, Champak; Hertlein, Marcus P; Wright, Travis W; Huse, Nils; Schoenlein, Robert W; Tyliszczak, Tolek; Coslovich, Giacomo; Robinson, Joseph; Kaindl, Robert A; Rude, Bruce S; Ölsner, Andreas; Mähl, Sven; Bluhm, Hendrik; Gessner, Oliver
2014-09-01
An apparatus for sub-nanosecond time-resolved ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies with pulsed and constant wave X-ray light sources is presented. A differentially pumped hemispherical electron analyzer is equipped with a delay-line detector that simultaneously records the position and arrival time of every single electron at the exit aperture of the hemisphere with ~0.1 mm spatial resolution and ~150 ps temporal accuracy. The kinetic energies of the photoelectrons are encoded in the hit positions along the dispersive axis of the two-dimensional detector. Pump-probe time-delays are provided by the electron arrival times relative to the pump pulse timing. An average time-resolution of (780 ± 20) ps (FWHM) is demonstrated for a hemisphere pass energy E(p) = 150 eV and an electron kinetic energy range KE = 503-508 eV. The time-resolution of the setup is limited by the electron time-of-flight (TOF) spread related to the electron trajectory distribution within the analyzer hemisphere and within the electrostatic lens system that images the interaction volume onto the hemisphere entrance slit. The TOF spread for electrons with KE = 430 eV varies between ~9 ns at a pass energy of 50 eV and ~1 ns at pass energies between 200 eV and 400 eV. The correlation between the retarding ratio and the TOF spread is evaluated by means of both analytical descriptions of the electron trajectories within the analyzer hemisphere and computer simulations of the entire trajectories including the electrostatic lens system. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the by far dominant contribution to the TOF spread is acquired within the hemisphere. However, both experiment and computer simulations show that the lens system indirectly affects the time resolution of the setup to a significant extent by inducing a strong dependence of the angular spread of electron trajectories entering the hemisphere on the retarding ratio. The scaling of the angular spread with the retarding ratio can be well approximated by applying Liouville's theorem of constant emittance to the electron trajectories inside the lens system. The performance of the setup is demonstrated by characterizing the laser fluence-dependent transient surface photovoltage response of a laser-excited Si(100) sample. PMID:25273702
7. Temperature Dependent Kinetics of the OH/HO2/O3 Chain Reaction by Time-Resolved IR Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
E-print Network
Nizkorodov, Sergey
of ozone chain loss in the lower stratosphere. I. Introduction The so-called catalytic odd hydrogen (HOx: January 11, 2000 This paper presents an extensive temperature dependent kinetic study of the catalytic HOx ozone cycle, (1) OH + O3 f HO2 + O2 and (2) HO2 + O3 f OH + 2 O2, based on time-resolved, Doppler
8. Analysis of co-eluted isomers of high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high performance liquid chromatography fractions via solid-phase nanoextraction and time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy.
PubMed
Wilson, Walter B; Campiglia, Andres D
2011-09-28
We present an accurate method for the determination of isomers of high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons co-eluted in HPLC fractions. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated with two isomers of molecular weight 302 with identical mass fragmentation patterns, namely dibenzo[a,i]pyrene and naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene. Qualitative and quantitative analysis is carried out via laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy at liquid helium temperature. Unambiguous identification of co-eluted isomers is based on their characteristic 4.2 K line-narrowed spectra in n-octane as well as their fluorescence lifetimes. Pre-concentration of HPLC fractions prior to spectroscopic analysis is performed with the aid of gold nanoparticles via an environmentally friendly procedure. In addition to the two co-eluted isomers, the analytical figures of merit of the entire procedure were evaluated with dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene and dibenzo[a,e]pyrene. The analytical recoveries from drinking water samples varied between 98.2±5.5 (dibenzo[a,l]pyrene) and 102.7±3.2% (dibenzo[a,i]pyrene). The limits of detection ranged from 51.1 ng L(-1) (naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene) to 154 ng L(-1) (dibenzo[a,e]pyrene). The excellent analytical figures of merit associated to its HPLC compatibility makes this approach an attractive alternative for the analysis of co-eluted isomers with identical mass spectra. PMID:21872256
9. CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONICSTRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICALPROPERTIES: Steady State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Dynamics of Triphenylamine Based Oligomers with Phenylene/Thiophene/Furan in Solvents
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zeng, Qi; Liu, Ying-Liang; Meng, Kang; Zhao, Xiang-Jie; Wang, Shu-Feng; Gong, Qi-Huang
2009-07-01
We investigate the photo-physical properties of a series of triphenylamine-based oligomers by steady-state and picosecond transient fluorescence measurements in solvents. The oligomers are composed alternatively with triphenylamine and phenylene/thiophene/furan group, bridged by vinyl group (PNB/PNT/PNF). Their fluorescence spectra show bathochromic phenomenon with solvent polarity and viscosity increasing. The fluorescence decays are bi-exponential for PNB and PNT, and tri-exponential for PNF in THF and aniline. The strong viscosity dependence suggests conformational relaxation along the PNF chain after photo excitation.
10. Development of soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system with a two-dimensional angle-resolved time-of-flight analyzer at SPring-8 BL07LSU
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ogawa, Manami; Yamamoto, Susumu; Kousa, Yuka; Nakamura, Fumitaka; Yukawa, Ryu; Fukushima, Akiko; Harasawa, Ayumi; Kondoh, Hiroshi; Tanaka, Yoshihito; Kakizaki, Akito; Matsuda, Iwao
2012-02-01
We have developed a soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system using synchrotron radiation (SR) at SPring-8 BL07LSU and an ultrashort pulse laser system. Two-dimensional angle-resolved measurements were performed with a time-of-flight-type analyzer. The photoemission spectroscopy system is synchronized to light pulses of SR and laser using a time control unit. The performance of the instrument is demonstrated by mapping the band structure of a Si(111) crystal over the surface Brillouin zones and observing relaxation of the surface photo-voltage effect using the pump (laser) and probe (SR) method.
11. Development of soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system with a two-dimensional angle-resolved time-of-flight analyzer at SPring-8 BL07LSU
SciTech Connect
Ogawa, Manami; Yamamoto, Susumu; Nakamura, Fumitaka; Yukawa, Ryu; Fukushima, Akiko; Harasawa, Ayumi; Kakizaki, Akito; Matsuda, Iwao [Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Chiba 277-8581 (Japan); Kousa, Yuka; Kondoh, Hiroshi [Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522 (Japan); Tanaka, Yoshihito [RIKEN/SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148 (Japan)
2012-02-15
We have developed a soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system using synchrotron radiation (SR) at SPring-8 BL07LSU and an ultrashort pulse laser system. Two-dimensional angle-resolved measurements were performed with a time-of-flight-type analyzer. The photoemission spectroscopy system is synchronized to light pulses of SR and laser using a time control unit. The performance of the instrument is demonstrated by mapping the band structure of a Si(111) crystal over the surface Brillouin zones and observing relaxation of the surface photo-voltage effect using the pump (laser) and probe (SR) method.
12. Development of a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for Epstein-Barr virus Zta IgA antibodies in human serum.
PubMed
Chen, Juanjuan; Liu, Tiancai; Chen, Zhenhua; Hou, Jingyuan; Wu, Yingsong; Li, Ming
2015-04-01
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transactivator protein (ZEBRA) is an immediate-early protein that plays an important role in the switch from latency to productive cycle in EBV virus. ZEBRA is an important marker of EBV reactivation. In order to diagnose EBV infection status correctly and timely, a novel immunoassay was developed based on an indirect time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for Zta IgA, which used recombinant Zta antigen as solid-phase antigen and Eu(3+)-labeled mouse antihuman IgA as corresponding probe. The precision, sensitivity, specificity test, and stability of the TRFIA kit were evaluated, and comparison with the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also investigated. The cutoff value for the TRFIA was 2.5. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation for the TRFIA were 2.45-3.30% and 3.38-4.61% respectively. There was no cross-reactivity with the antibodies of cytomegalovirus (CMV) or herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, or other potential interferences. The established assay kit also behaved better in sensitivity and stability than the ELISA one. Additionally, the results in 382 serum samples using two analytical methods showed there was good agreement between the TRFIA and commercial ELISA kit. In the current study, the results demonstrated that the TRFIA that was developed for Zta IgA detection was more sensitive and reliable for the diagnosis of EBV infection and had potential value in automation and high-throughput screening. PMID:25651045
13. Time resolved single photon imaging in Nanometer Scale CMOS technology
E-print Network
Richardson, Justin Andrew
2010-06-28
Time resolved imaging is concerned with the measurement of photon arrival time. It has a wealth of emerging applications including biomedical uses such as fluorescence lifetime microscopy and positron emission tomography, ...
14. Effect of nanosize micelles of ionic and neutral surfactants on the photophysics of protonated 6-methoxyquinoline: time-resolved fluorescence study.
PubMed
Tej Varma, Y; Joshi, Sunita; Pant, Debi D
2015-03-01
The excited state dynamic studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of micellar surface charge on the photophysics of protonated 6-methoxyquinoline (6MQ(+)) in anionic, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), cationic, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and neutral, triton X-100 (TX100) surfactant at premicellar, micellar and postmicellar concentrations in aqueous phase at room temperature. At premicellar concentrations of SDS, there is a slight decrease in emission intensity and at micellar and postmicellar concentrations, increase in emission intensity and blue shift of spectrum has been observed. The blue shift in fluorescence spectrum and slight increase in quantum yield are attributed to incorporation of solute molecule to the micelles. Edge excitation red shift (EERS) in fluorescence maximum of 6MQ(+) has been observed in all the surfactant solutions studied. The EERS has been ascribed in terms of solvent relaxation process. In SDS surfactant system, due to heterogeneous restricted motion of solvent molecules, the solvent viscosity increases which results in an increase in net magnitude of EERS. The fluorescence decay components of 6MQ(+) fit with multi exponential functions in all the micellar systems studied. The location of the probe molecule in micellar systems is justified by a variety of spectral parameters such as refractive index, dielectric constant, ET (30), EERS, average fluorescence decay time, radiative and non radiative rate constants, and rotational relaxation time. PMID:25434640
15. Effect of nanosize micelles of ionic and neutral surfactants on the photophysics of protonated 6-methoxyquinoline: Time-resolved fluorescence study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tej Varma, Y.; Joshi, Sunita; Pant, Debi D.
2015-03-01
The excited state dynamic studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of micellar surface charge on the photophysics of protonated 6-methoxyquinoline (6MQ+) in anionic, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), cationic, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and neutral, triton X-100 (TX100) surfactant at premicellar, micellar and postmicellar concentrations in aqueous phase at room temperature. At premicellar concentrations of SDS, there is a slight decrease in emission intensity and at micellar and postmicellar concentrations, increase in emission intensity and blue shift of spectrum has been observed. The blue shift in fluorescence spectrum and slight increase in quantum yield are attributed to incorporation of solute molecule to the micelles. Edge excitation red shift (EERS) in fluorescence maximum of 6MQ+ has been observed in all the surfactant solutions studied. The EERS has been ascribed in terms of solvent relaxation process. In SDS surfactant system, due to heterogeneous restricted motion of solvent molecules, the solvent viscosity increases which results in an increase in net magnitude of EERS. The fluorescence decay components of 6MQ+ fit with multi exponential functions in all the micellar systems studied. The location of the probe molecule in micellar systems is justified by a variety of spectral parameters such as refractive index, dielectric constant, ET (30), EERS, average fluorescence decay time, radiative and non radiative rate constants, and rotational relaxation time.
16. Reorientational motion of a cross-link junction in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) network measured by time-resolved fluorescence depolarization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stein, Alan D.; Hoffman, D. A.; Frank, C. W.; Fayer, M. D.
1992-02-01
The reorientational dynamics of a cross-link junction in poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks, measured by the fluorescence anisotropy decay of a chromophore tagged to the cross-link, have been investigated over a range of temperatures from Tg+75 to Tg+150. The probe chromophore, 1-dimethylamino-5-sulfonylnaphthalene amide (dansyl amide), is pendant to a trifunctional silane that acts as a cross-linking molecule. In cyclohexanol, the fluorescence anisotropy decay is in agreement with Debye-Stokes-Einstein hydrodynamic theory (rotational diffusion) demonstrating that the cross-linker can be used as a probe of orientational relaxation. The fluorescence anisotropy decays at a rapid rate in an end-linked poly(dimethyl siloxane) network reflecting fast reorientational motion of the cross-link junction. This reorientation appears diffusive and has a temperature dependence in accord with the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation. A model is proposed that suggests that reorientation and translational motion of the cross-link occur simultaneously and are both coupled to fluctuations of the polymer chain ends.
17. Online fluorescence suppression in modulated Raman spectroscopy.
PubMed
De Luca, Anna Chiara; Mazilu, Michael; Riches, Andrew; Herrington, C Simon; Dholakia, Kishan
2010-01-15
Label-free chemical characterization of single cells is an important aim for biomedical research. Standard Raman spectroscopy provides intrinsic biochemical markers for noninvasive analysis of biological samples but is often hindered by the presence of fluorescence background. In this paper, we present an innovative modulated Raman spectroscopy technique to filter out the Raman spectra from the fluorescence background. The method is based on the principle that the fluorescence background does not change whereas the Raman scattering is shifted by the periodical modulation of the laser wavelength. Exploiting this physical property and importantly the multichannel lock-in detection of the Raman signal, the modulation technique fulfills the requirements of an effective fluorescence subtraction method. Indeed, once the synchronization and calibration procedure is performed, minimal user intervention is required, making the method online and less time-consuming than the other fluorescent suppression methods. We analyze the modulated Raman signal and shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) signal of 2 mum-sized polystyrene beads suspended in a solution of fluorescent dye as a function of modulation rate. We show that the signal-to-noise ratio of the modulated Raman spectra at the highest modulation rate is 3 times higher than the SERDS one. To finally evaluate the real benefits of the modulated Raman spectroscopy, we apply our technique to Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO). Specifically, by analyzing separate spectra from the membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus of CHO cells, we demonstrate the ability of this method to obtain localized sensitive chemical information from cells, away from the interfering fluorescence background. In particular, statistical analysis of the Raman data and classification using PCA (principal component analysis) indicate that our method allows us to distinguish between different cell locations with higher sensitivity and specificity, avoiding potential misinterpretation of the data obtained using standard background procedures. PMID:20017474
18. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging Reveals Differential Interactions of N-Glycan Processing Enzymes across the Golgi Stack in Planta1[W][OA
PubMed Central
Schoberer, Jennifer; Liebminger, Eva; Botchway, Stanley W.; Strasser, Richard; Hawes, Chris
2013-01-01
N-Glycan processing is one of the most important cellular protein modifications in plants and as such is essential for plant development and defense mechanisms. The accuracy of Golgi-located processing steps is governed by the strict intra-Golgi localization of sequentially acting glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Their differential distribution goes hand in hand with the compartmentalization of the Golgi stack into cis-, medial-, and trans-cisternae, which separate early from late processing steps. The mechanisms that direct differential enzyme concentration are still unknown, but the formation of multienzyme complexes is considered a feasible Golgi protein localization strategy. In this study, we used two-photon excitation-Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to determine the interaction of N-glycan processing enzymes with differential intra-Golgi locations. Following the coexpression of fluorescent protein-tagged amino-terminal Golgi-targeting sequences (cytoplasmic-transmembrane-stem [CTS] region) of enzyme pairs in leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), we observed that all tested cis- and medial-Golgi enzymes, namely Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Golgi ?-mannosidase I, Nicotiana tabacum ?1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I, Arabidopsis Golgi ?-mannosidase II (GMII), and Arabidopsis ?1,2-xylosyltransferase, form homodimers and heterodimers, whereas among the late-acting enzymes Arabidopsis ?1,3-galactosyltransferase1 (GALT1), Arabidopsis ?1,4-fucosyltransferase, and Rattus norvegicus ?2,6-sialyltransferase (a nonplant Golgi marker), only GALT1 and medial-Golgi GMII were found to form a heterodimer. Furthermore, the efficiency of energy transfer indicating the formation of interactions decreased considerably in a cis-to-trans fashion. The comparative fluorescence lifetime imaging of several full-length cis- and medial-Golgi enzymes and their respective catalytic domain-deleted CTS clones further suggested that the formation of protein-protein interactions can occur through their amino-terminal CTS region. PMID:23400704
19. Ultrafast Fluorescence Spectroscopy via Upconversion: Applications to Biophysics
PubMed Central
Xu, Jianhua; Knutson, Jay R.
2012-01-01
This chapter reviews basic concepts of nonlinear fluorescence upconversion, a technique whose temporal resolution is essentially limited only by the pulse width of the ultrafast laser. Design aspects for upconversion spectrophotofluorometers are discussed, and a recently developed system is described. We discuss applications in biophysics, particularly the measurement of time-resolved fluorescence spectra of proteins (with subpicosecond time resolution). Application of this technique to biophysical problems such as dynamics of tryptophan, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids is reviewed. PMID:19152860
20. Intramolecular charge transfer of 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile probed by time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption: No evidence for two ICT states and a pisigma( *) reaction intermediate.
PubMed
Zachariasse, Klaas A; Druzhinin, Sergey I; Kovalenko, Sergey A; Senyushkina, Tamara
2009-12-14
For the double exponential fluorescence decays of the locally excited (LE) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) states of 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN) in acetonitrile (MeCN) the same times tau(1) and tau(2) are observed. This means that the reversible LE<==>ICT reaction, starting from the initially excited LE state, can be adequately described by a two state mechanism. The most important factor responsible for the sometimes experimentally observed differences in the nanosecond decay time, with tau(1)(LE)fluorescence response functions with a time resolution of 0.5 ps/channel in 1200 channels reliable kinetic and thermodynamic data can be obtained. The arguments presented in the literature in favor of a pisigma( *) state with a bent CN group as an intermediate in the ICT reaction of DMABN are discussed. From the appearance of an excited state absorption (ESA) band in the spectral region between 700 and 800 nm in MeCN for N,N-dimethylanilines with CN, Br, F, CF(3), and C(=O)OC(2)H(2) p-substituents, it is concluded that this ESA band cannot be attributed to a pisigma( *) state, as only the C-C[Triple Bond]N group can undergo the required 120 degrees bending. PMID:20001042
1. A high-peak-power UV picosecond-pulse light source based on a gain-switched 1.55 microm laser diode and its application to time-resolved spectroscopy of blue-violet materials.
PubMed
Sato, Aya; Kono, Shunsuke; Saito, Kyosuke; Sato, Ki-ichi; Yokoyama, Hiroyuki
2010-02-01
We generated sub-kilowatt peak-power and 6-ps duration 390-nm optical pulses via the fourth harmonic generation of amplified optical output from a gain-switched 1.55-microm laser diode. We obtained a power-conversion-efficiency of 12% from 1.55-microm to 390-nm light, and subsequently applied the ultraviolet pulses to time-resolved spectroscopy of blue-violet luminescent materials, including a Coumarine dye solution and nitride semiconductor materials using single-photon and two-photon excitation schemes. PMID:20174080
2. Biomolecular shape and interactions determined by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
E-print Network
Rippe, Karsten
Biomolecular shape and interactions determined by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy J monitor an optical parameter such as absorbance, fluorescence intensity or depolarization, or circular 10 8 M -1 can be measured only with great difficulty because of the limited sensitivity. Fluorescence
3. A study of the time-resolved fluorescence spectrum and red edge effect of ANF in a room-temperature ionic liquid.
PubMed
Hu, Zhonghan; Margulis, Claudio J
2006-06-15
In a recent article, we have analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations the steady-state red edge effect (REE) observed by Samanta and co-workers when the fluorescent probe 2-amino-7-nitrofluorene (ANF) is photoexcited at different wavelengths in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM+]) hexafluorophosphate ([PF6-]). In this letter, we predict the time- and wavelength-dependent emission spectra of ANF in the same ionic solvent. From the analysis of our simulated data, we are able to derive an approximate time scale for reorganization of the solvent around the solute probe. The effect that slow varying local liquid environments have on the overall time-dependent signal is also discussed. PMID:16771357
4. Time-Resolved Optical Measurements of Detonation and Combustion Products
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Carney, Joel R.; Wilkinson, John; Lightstone, James M.
2007-12-01
A first attempt at measuring the species evolution in the opaque post-detonation combustion product environment of a fuel-rich explosive using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy is presented. The time-resolved concentration of these species is helpful in identifying the rate and location of the extra energy released in the post-detonation phase due to the aluminum combustion, thus shedding light on the factors affecting the overall efficiency of air and internal-blast explosions. The methodology and results of time-resolved absorption spectroscopy are compared to previous emission spectroscopy investigations. The experimental arrangement and preliminary results of time-resolved absorption spectroscopy based on atomic aluminum in the post detonation environment of aluminized pressed PETN charges are presented. An assessment of the experimental approach and its usefulness in future detonation experiments is discussed.
5. Comparison of microenvironments of aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles in the presence of inorganic and organic salts: a time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy approach.
PubMed
Dutt, G B
2005-11-01
Microenvironments of aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles was examined in the presence of additives such as sodium chloride and p-toluidine hydrochloride (PTHC) by monitoring the fluorescence anisotropy decays of two hydrophobic probes, 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-dioxo-3,6-diphenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DMDPP) and coumarin 6 (C6). It has been well-established that SDS micelles undergo a sphere-to-rod transition and that their mean hydrodynamic radius increases from 19 to 100 A upon the addition of 0.0-0.7 M NaCl at 298 K. A similar size and shape transition is induced by PTHC at concentrations that are 20 times lower compared to that of NaCl. This study was undertaken to find out how the microviscosity of the micelles is influenced under these circumstances. It was noticed that the microviscosity of the SDS/NaCl system increased by approximately 45%, whereas there was a less than 10% variation in the microviscosity of the SDS/PTHC system. The large increase in the microviscosity of the former system with salt concentration has been rationalized on the basis of the high concentration of sodium ions in the headgroup region of the micelles and their ability to strongly coordinate with the water present in this region, which decreases the mobility of the probe molecules. PMID:16262297
6. Reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopies in photodynamic therapy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Finlay, Jarod C.
In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy during photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to provide information on the distribution and degradation of sensitizers, the formation of fluorescent photoproducts and changes in tissue autofluorescence induced by photodynamic treatment. Reflectance spectroscopy allows quantification of light absorption and scattering in tissue. We present the results of several related studies of fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy and their applications to photodynamic dosimetry. First, we develop and test an empirical method for the correction of the distortions imposed on fluorescence spectra by absorption and scattering in turbid media. We characterize the irradiance dependence of the in vivo photobleaching of three sensitizers, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), Photofrin and mTHPC, in a rat skin model. The photobleaching and photoproduct formation of PpIX exhibit irradiance dependence consistent with singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated bleaching. The bleaching of mTHPC occurs in two phases, only one of which is consistent with a 1O 2-mediated mechanism. Photofrin's bleaching is independent of irradiance, although its photoproduct formation is not. This can be explained by a mixed-mechanism bleaching model. Second, we develop an algorithm for the determination of tissue optical properties using diffuse reflectance spectra measured at a single source-detector separation and demonstrate the recovery of the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve from tissue-simulating phantoms containing human erythrocytes. This method is then used to investigate the heterogeneity of oxygenation response in murine tumors induced by carbogen inhalation. We find that while the response varies among animals and within each tumor, the majority of tumors exhibit an increase in blood oxygenation during carbogen breathing. We present a forward-adjoint model of fluorescence propagation that uses the optical property information acquired from reflectance spectroscopy to obtain the undistorted fluorescence spectrum over a wide range of optical properties. Finally, we investigate the ability of the forward-adjoint theory to extract undistorted fluorescence and optical property information simultaneously from a single measured fluorescence spectrum. This method can recover the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve in tissue-simulating phantoms with an accuracy comparable to that of reflectance-based methods while correcting distortions in the fluorescence over a wide range of absorption and scattering coefficients.
7. Ultraviolet, Visible, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Penner, Michael H.
Spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) range is one of the most commonly encountered laboratory techniques in food analysis. Diverse examples, such as the quantification of macrocomponents (total carbohydrate by the phenol-sulfuric acid method), quantification of microcomponents, (thiamin by the thiochrome fluorometric procedure), estimates of rancidity (lipid oxidation status by the thiobarbituric acid test), and surveillance testing (enzyme-linked immunoassays), are presented in this text. In each of these cases, the analytical signal for which the assay is based is either the emission or absorption of radiation in the UV-Vis range. This signal may be inherent in the analyte, such as the absorbance of radiation in the visible range by pigments, or a result of a chemical reaction involving the analyte, such as the colorimetric copper-based Lowry method for the analysis of soluble protein.
8. Kinetic measurements of the C2H5O2 radical using time-resolved cavity ring-down spectroscopy with a continuous source.
PubMed
Melnik, Dmitry; Miller, Terry A
2013-09-01
We report on the design of a time-resolved, high duty-factor cavity ring-down apparatus utilizing a continuous laser and detail a technique for the accurate and precise measurement of effective reaction rate constants with it. This report complements an earlier paper concerning the measurement of the absolute absorption cross-sections, ?P, of reactive intermediates. To demonstrate the performance of the new technique, we have measured the decay rate of ethyl peroxy radicals by monitoring the A??X? origin band of the G-conformer of these species. A measured value kobs??P = 1.827(45) × 10(7) cm/s was determined and it, along with the previously measured value of ?P, was used to derive the value of kobs = 9.66(44)×10(-14) cm(3)/s, for the effective rate constant for ethyl peroxy self-reaction (all uncertainties are 1 ?). The present value of kobs is compared to those previously reported, and sources of systematic errors and their impact are discussed. PMID:24028110
9. Detection of Structural Changes upon One-Electron Oxidation and Reduction of Stilbene Derivatives by Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy during Pulse Radiolysis and Theoretical Calculations.
PubMed
Fujitsuka, Mamoru; Cho, Dae Won; Choi, Jungkweon; Tojo, Sachiko; Majima, Tetsuro
2015-07-01
Stilbene (St) derivatives have been investigated for many years because of their interesting photochemical reactions such as cis-trans isomerization in the excited states and charged states and their relation to poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s. To clarify their charged state properties, structural information is indispensable. In the present study, radical cations and radical anions of St derivatives were investigated by radiation chemical methods. Absorption spectra of radical ion states were obtained by transient absorption measurements during pulse radiolysis; theoretical calculations that included the solvent effect afforded reasonable assignments. The variation in the peak position was explained by using HOMO and LUMO energy levels. Structural changes upon one-electron oxidation and reduction were detected by time-resolved resonance Raman measurements during pulse radiolysis. Significant downshifts were observed with the CC stretching mode of the ethylenic groups, indicative of the decrease in the bonding order. It was confirmed that the downshifts observed with reduction were larger than those with oxidation. On the other hand, the downshift caused by oxidation depends significantly on the electron-donating or electron-withdrawing nature of the substituents. PMID:26052901
10. In vivo measurement of tissue oxygenation by time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy: advantageous properties of dichlorotris(1, 10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) hydrate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Huntosova, Veronika; Gay, Sandrine; Nowak-Sliwinska, Patrycja; Rajendran, Senthil Kumar; Zellweger, Matthieu; van den Bergh, Hubert; Wagnières, Georges
2014-07-01
Measuring tissue oxygenation in vivo is of interest in fundamental biological as well as medical applications. One minimally invasive approach to assess the oxygen partial pressure in tissue (pO2) is to measure the oxygen-dependent luminescence lifetime of molecular probes. The relation between tissue pO and the probes' luminescence lifetime is governed by the Stern-Volmer equation. Unfortunately, virtually all oxygen-sensitive probes based on this principle induce some degree of phototoxicity. For that reason, we studied the oxygen sensitivity and phototoxicity of dichlorotris(1, 10-phenanthroline)-ruthenium(II) hydrate [Ru(Phen)] using a dedicated optical fiber-based, time-resolved spectrometer in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane. We demonstrated that, after intravenous injection, Ru(Phen)'s luminescence lifetime presents an easily detectable pO dependence at a low drug dose (1 mg/kg) and low fluence (120 mJ/cm2 at 470 nm). The phototoxic threshold was found to be at 10 J/cm2 with the same wavelength and drug dose, i.e., about two orders of magnitude larger than the fluence necessary to perform a pO measurement. Finally, an illustrative application of this pO measurement approach in a hypoxic tumor environment is presented.
11. Time-resolved spectral characterization of ring cavity surface emitting and ridge-type distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers by step-scan FT-IR spectroscopy.
PubMed
Brandstetter, Markus; Genner, Andreas; Schwarzer, Clemens; Mujagic, Elvis; Strasser, Gottfried; Lendl, Bernhard
2014-02-10
We present the time-resolved comparison of pulsed 2nd order ring cavity surface emitting (RCSE) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and pulsed 1st order ridge-type distributed feedback (DFB) QCLs using a step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. Laser devices were part of QCL arrays and fabricated from the same laser material. Required grating periods were adjusted to account for the grating order. The step-scan technique provided a spectral resolution of 0.1 cm(-1) and a time resolution of 2 ns. As a result, it was possible to gain information about the tuning behavior and potential mode-hops of the investigated lasers. Different cavity-lengths were compared, including 0.9 mm and 3.2 mm long ridge-type and 0.97 mm (circumference) ring-type cavities. RCSE QCLs were found to have improved emission properties in terms of line-stability, tuning rate and maximum emission time compared to ridge-type lasers. PMID:24663557
12. Long Range Surface Plasmon Fluorescence Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kasry, Amal; Knoll, Wolfgang
2007-03-01
Surface plasmon modes, excited at the two sides of a thin metal layer surrounded by two (nearly) identical dielectric media interact via the overlap of their electromagnetic fields. This overlap results in two new-coupled modes, a short and a long-range surface plasmon (LRSP). We demonstrate that combining the LRSP optics with fluorescence spectroscopy can result in a huge enhancement of the fluorescence signal due to the enhanced optical field of the LRSP at the metal dielectric interface, and to its increased evanescent depth into the analyte. This was demonstrated for the detection of the fluorescence intensity of chromophore labeled protein bound to the surface sensor. Beside that, some fundamentals were studied leading to some interesting difference between SPFS and LRSPFS.
13. Measurement of Intrinsic Dirac Fermion Cooling on the Surface of the Topological Insulator Bi2Se3 Using Time-Resolved and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy
E-print Network
Wang, Y. H.
We perform time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of a prototypical topological insulator (TI) Bi[subscript 2]Se[subscript 3] to study the ultrafast dynamics of surface and bulk electrons after photoexcitation. ...
14. Frequency-domain fluorescence spectroscopy: instrumentation and applications to the biosciences
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lakowicz, Joseph R.; Gryczynski, Ignacy; Malak, Henryk M.; Johnson, Michael L.; Laczko, Gabor; Wiczk, Wieslaw M.; Szmacinski, Henryk; Kusba, Jozef
1991-07-01
Measurements of time-resolved fluorescence are increasingly used for research in biophysics, biochemistry, cell biology and medicine. Advances in the technology of light sources and detectors are resulting in more reliable and/or advanced instrumentation, which is resulting in the expanding applications of fluorescence spectroscopy. Time-resolved measurements are often performed by direct measurements in the time-domain. In this article the authors describe the alternative method of frequency-domain fluorometry. The frequency-response of the emission to intensity-modulated excitation can be used to recover the time-dependent decay. Commercial instrumentation now allows measurements to an upper light modulation frequency limit of 200 MHz. This laboratory has developed second and third generation instruments which allows measurements to 2 GHz and subsequently to 10 GHz. The frequency-domain data from such instrumentation provides excellent resolution of picosecond decays of intensity and anisotropy. Additionally, the frequency-domain method appears to provide remarkable resolution of complex decays which are often observed for biochemical samples. In this article the authors describe this instrumentation and applications of this method. Examples are shown using probes with ps decay and correlation times, the intrinsic fluorescence of proteins, and the measurement of end-to-end diffusion in proteins and/or flexible molecules.
15. Theory and applications of fluorescence spectroscopy in food research
Microsoft Academic Search
Gale M. Strasburg; Richard D. Ludescher
1995-01-01
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a rapid, sensitive method for characterizing molecular environments and events. In spite of its utility, food researchers have been slow to adopt fluorescence methodology, partly because its value has gone unrecognized. This article presents a brief overview of the theory of fluorescence spectroscopy, together with some examples of applications of this technique to illustrate its potential for
16. X-ray structure and conformational dynamics of the HIV-1 protease in complex with the inhibitor SDZ283-910: agreement of time-resolved spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations.
PubMed
Ringhofer, S; Kallen, J; Dutzler, R; Billich, A; Visser, A J; Scholz, D; Steinhauser, O; Schreiber, H; Auer, M; Kungl, A J
1999-03-01
Based on the X-ray structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) protease in complex with the statine-derived inhibitor SDZ283-910, a 542 ps molecular dynamics trajectory was computed. For comparison with the 805 ps trajectory obtained for the uncomplexed enzyme, the theoretical fluorescence anisotropy decay of the unliganded protease and the inhibitor complex was calculated from the trajectories of the Trp6A/Trp6B and Trp42A/Trp42B transition dipole moments. This enabled us to directly compare the simulated data with the experimental picosecond time-resolved fluorescence data. Fitting both experimental and simulated data to the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) function exp(-t/tauk)beta revealed a very good agreement for the uncomplexed protease as well as for the SDZ283-910 complex. Binding of the inhibitor induced a faster decay of both the experimental and the computed protease fluorescence anisotropy decay. By this integrative approach, the atomic detail of inhibitor-induced changes in the conformational dynamics of the HIV-1 protease was experimentally verified and will be used for further inhibitor optimisation. PMID:10047488
17. Towards in situ fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy investigations of asphaltene precipitation kinetics.
PubMed
Franco, Juliana C; Gonçalves, Grasiele; Souza, Monique S; Rosa, Samantha B C; Thiegue, Larissa M; Atvars, Teresa D Z; Rosa, Paulo T V; Nome, René A
2013-12-16
We perform a spectroscopic analysis of asphaltene in solution and in crude oil with the goal of designing an optical probe of asphaltene precipitation inside high-pressure cells. Quantitative analysis of steady-state spectroscopic data is employed to identify fluorescence and Raman contributions to the observed signals. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that fluorescence lifetime can be used as a spectroscopic probe of asphaltene in crude oil. Quantitative confocal laser-scanning microscopy studies of asphaltene in n-heptane are used to calculate particle-size distributions as a function of time, both at the sample surface and asphaltene interior. The resulting precipitation kinetics is well described by stochastic numerical simulations of diffusion-limited aggregation. Based on these results, we present the design and construction of an apparatus to optically probe the in situ precipitation of asphaltene suitable for studies inside high pressure cells. Design considerations include the use of a spatial light modulator for aberration correction in microscopy measurements, together with the design of epi-fluorescence spectrometer, both fiber-based and for remote sensing fluorescence spectroscopy. PMID:24514660
18. Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Human Nonmalignant and Malignant Cells and Tissues.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Glassman, Wenling Sha
This thesis explores steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy from human malignant and non -malignant cells and tissues. The focus of these studies are the analysis of the excitation spectra, emission spectra, and decay time based on the contribution from several key intrinsic fluorophors: NAD(P)H, flavins, tryptophan, elastin and collagen that exist in different amounts in the human tissues and cells. The comparison between the spectra from malignant and non-malignant cells and tissues gives information on the changes that occur from non-malignancy to malignancy in the cells and tissues. The spectra of tissues and cells are also compared to help in understanding what fluorophors are responsible for fluorescence spectral differences between the malignant and non-malignant tissues and cells. The results in this thesis show that the spectral differences between the normal and cancerous tissues and cells exist in various wavelength ranges. The experimental data from GYN tissues have shown with over 95% of the sensitivity and specificity to separate malignant from non-malignant tissues using 300nm excitation. The 340nm band, which is mostly in response to intrinsic fluorophor (amino acid tryptophan), from malignant tissues were relatively higher then that from the non-malignant tissues. This might have been caused by the higher concentration of free tryptophan in the malignant tumor when compared to that of the normal tissue. This has been found in medical clinical study. The experimental data in this thesis also show that the fluorescence intensities around 450nm-460nm, which are mostly due to the intrinsic fluorophor coenzyme NADH, from both malignant cells in vitro and tissues in vitro are relatively higher than from non-malignant cells in vitro and tissues in vitro. These findings are reinforced by the faster decay time of the NADH fluorescence from normal cells in vitro than from neoplasm cells in vitro. Thus, the NADH in the mitochondria might be bound less tight in the malignant cells then that in the non-malignant cells because of metabolism changes from non-malignance to malignance. This thesis contributes to the new field of "mediphotonics" in life science.
19. Time-resolved spectroscopy of BD+46°442: Gas streams and jet creation in a newly discovered evolved binary with a disk
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gorlova, N.; Van Winckel, H.; Gielen, C.; Raskin, G.; Prins, S.; Pessemier, W.; Waelkens, C.; Frémat, Y.; Hensberge, H.; Dumortier, L.; Jorissen, A.; Van Eck, S.
2012-06-01
Context. Previous studies have shown that many post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars with dusty disks are associated with single-lined binary stars. The inferred orbital separations are too small to accommodate a fully grown AGB star, hence these systems represent a new evolutionary channel that bypasses a full AGB evolution. Aims: We wish to verify the binarity hypothesis for a larger sample establish the nature of the companions, and probe the disk structure and eventually the disk formation mechanisms in binary stars. To achieve these aims, we started a high-resolution spectral monitoring of ~40 field giants whose binarity had been suspected based on either a light curve, an infrared excess, or a peculiar chemical composition. Methods: Starting from the spring of 2009, we monitored the programme stars with the fibre echelle spectrometer HERMES. We measure their radial velocities (RVs) with a precision of ~0.2 km s-1, perform detailed photospheric abundance analyses, and analyse the time-resolved high-resolution spectra to search for line-profile variability. Results: Here we report on the discovery of periodic RV variations in BD+46°442, a high Galactic latitude F giant with a disk. We infer that the variations are caused by the motion around a faint companion, and deduce the orbital parameters Porb = 140.77 ± 0.02d,e = 0.083 ± 0.002, and asini = 0.31 AU. We find that it is a moderately metal-poor star ([M/H] = -0.7) without a strong depletion pattern in its photospheric abundances. Interestingly, many lines indeed show periodic changes with the orbital phase: H? switches between a double-peak emission line and a P Cyg-like profile, while strong metal lines appear to be split at the maximum redshift. Similar effects are likely visible in the spectra of other post-AGB binaries, but their regularity is not always apparent owing to sporadic observations. We propose that these features result from an ongoing mass transfer from the evolved giant to the companion. In particular, the blue-shifted absorption in H?, which occurs only at superior conjunction, may result from a jet originating in the accretion disk around the companion and that is seen in absorption towards the luminous primary. Based on observations made with the Mercator Telescope, operated on the island of La Palma by the Flemish Community, at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias.Appendix A is available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org
20. Electronic structure studies of Ba/ EuFe 2 As 2 based superconductors by angle and time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fink, Joerg
2011-03-01
We report high-resolution ARPES studies on the evolution of the electronic structure of Ba/ EuFe 2 As 2 compounds upon n-type doping by replacing Fe by Co and applying chemical pressure by substituting As by P. In particular, we have investigated the nesting conditions between the hole pockets in the centre and the electron pocket at the corner of the Brillouin zone (BZ) for various wave vectors perpendicular to the FeAs layers. In the case of chemically doped systems we observe a shift of the Fermi level in an almost rigid band system. These changes of the electronic structure upon doping cause a reduction of the nesting conditions, possibly yielding a microscopic explanation of the phase diagrams in which antiferromagnetic (AF) order is destroyed, followed by the appearance and disappearance of superconductivity at higher doping concentration. On the basis of the almost equivalent phase diagram obtained upon chemically pressurizing the compound, one expects a similar change of the electronic structure. However, in this case, with increasing P concentration, we observe a non-rigid-band-like change of the electronic structure in the centre of the BZ. In spite of this difference, also here the nesting conditions decrease with increasing P substitution, possibly providing a microscopic explanation for the phase diagram. Finally, we have performed femtosecond time-resolved ARPES studies on undoped and doped Ba/ EuFe 2 As 2 after optical pumping. Regarding the relaxation processes we obtain information on the complex dynamics of the excited electronic state in these semi metallic systems. Furthermore, we derive a small electron-phonon coupling constant making electron-phonon coupling an unlikely candidate for the mechanism of high-Tc superconductivity in these compounds. This work is performed in collaboration with S. Thirupathaiah, E. Rienks, H. A. Dürr, S. de Jong, E. van Heumen, E. Slooten, Y. Huang, R. Huisman, M. S. Golden, L. Rettig, R. Cortes, U. Bovensiepen, M. Wolf, A. Erb, T. Wolf, H.S. Jeevan, P. Gegenwart.
1. Effect of Fresnel reflection on time-resolved transmission measurements
Microsoft Academic Search
Yukari Takahashi; Yukio Yamada; Yasuo Hasegawa
1995-01-01
Time-resolved spectroscopy in the near-infrared wavelength range is a promising technology for the development of optical tomography to measure the profiles of oxygenation state in living tissues. Many investigators have reported the experimental results of time-resolved reflectance and transmittance of ultra-short light pulses incident on tissue samples and phantoms. However, none of them has reported the effect of the boundary
2. Millifluidics for chemical synthesis and time-resolved mechanistic studies.
PubMed
Krishna, Katla Sai; Biswas, Sanchita; Navin, Chelliah V; Yamane, Dawit G; Miller, Jeffrey T; Kumar, Challa S S R
2013-01-01
Procedures utilizing millifluidic devices for chemical synthesis and time-resolved mechanistic studies are described by taking three examples. In the first, synthesis of ultra-small copper nanoclusters is described. The second example provides their utility for investigating time resolved kinetics of chemical reactions by analyzing gold nanoparticle formation using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The final example demonstrates continuous flow catalysis of reactions inside millifluidic channel coated with nanostructured catalyst. PMID:24327099
3. Non-destructive analysis of anthocyanins in cherries by means of Lambert–Beer and multivariate regression based on spectroscopy and scatter correction using time-resolved analysis
Microsoft Academic Search
Manuela Zude; Michael Pflanz; Lorenzo Spinelli; Carsten Dosche; Alessandro Torricelli
In high-value sweet cherry (Prunus avium), the red coloration – determined by the anthocyanins content – is correlated with the fruit ripeness stage and market value. Non-destructive spectroscopy has been introduced in practice and may be utilized as a tool to assess the fruit pigments in the supply chain processes. From the fruit spectrum in the visible (Vis) wavelength range,
4. A von Hamos x-ray spectrometer based on a segmented-type diffraction crystal for single-shot x-ray emission spectroscopy and time-resolved resonant inelastic x-ray scattering studies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Szlachetko, J.; Nachtegaal, M.; de Boni, E.; Willimann, M.; Safonova, O.; Sa, J.; Smolentsev, G.; Szlachetko, M.; van Bokhoven, J. A.; Dousse, J.-Cl.; Hoszowska, J.; Kayser, Y.; Jagodzinski, P.; Bergamaschi, A.; Schmitt, B.; David, C.; Lücke, A.
2012-10-01
We report on the design and performance of a wavelength-dispersive type spectrometer based on the von Hamos geometry. The spectrometer is equipped with a segmented-type crystal for x-ray diffraction and provides an energy resolution in the order of 0.25 eV and 1 eV over an energy range of 8000 eV-9600 eV. The use of a segmented crystal results in a simple and straightforward crystal preparation that allows to preserve the spectrometer resolution and spectrometer efficiency. Application of the spectrometer for time-resolved resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and single-shot x-ray emission spectroscopy is demonstrated.
5. A von Hamos x-ray spectrometer based on a segmented-type diffraction crystal for single-shot x-ray emission spectroscopy and time-resolved resonant inelastic x-ray scattering studies
SciTech Connect
Szlachetko, J. [Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland); Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce (Poland); Nachtegaal, M.; Boni, E. de; Willimann, M.; Safonova, O.; Sa, J.; Smolentsev, G.; Szlachetko, M.; Bergamaschi, A.; Schmitt, B.; David, C.; Luecke, A. [Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland); Bokhoven, J. A. van [Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland); Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zuerich (Switzerland); Dousse, J.-Cl.; Hoszowska, J.; Kayser, Y. [Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg (Switzerland); Jagodzinski, P. [University of Technology, Kielce (Poland)
2012-10-15
We report on the design and performance of a wavelength-dispersive type spectrometer based on the von Hamos geometry. The spectrometer is equipped with a segmented-type crystal for x-ray diffraction and provides an energy resolution in the order of 0.25 eV and 1 eV over an energy range of 8000 eV-9600 eV. The use of a segmented crystal results in a simple and straightforward crystal preparation that allows to preserve the spectrometer resolution and spectrometer efficiency. Application of the spectrometer for time-resolved resonant inelastic x-ray scattering and single-shot x-ray emission spectroscopy is demonstrated.
6. Two-Photon Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zimmerli, Gregory A.; Fischer, David G.
2002-01-01
We will describe a two-photon microscope currently under development at the NASA Glenn Research Center. It is composed of a Coherent Mira 900 tunable, pulsed Titanium:Sapphire laser system, an Olympus Fluoview 300 confocal scanning head, and a Leica DM IRE inverted microscope. It will be used in conjunction with a technique known as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to study intracellular protein dynamics. We will briefly explain the advantages of the two-photon system over a conventional confocal microscope, and provide some preliminary experimental results.
7. Time-resolved surface infrared spectroscopy during atomic layer deposition of TiO{sub 2} using tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium and water
SciTech Connect
Sperling, Brent A., E-mail: [email protected]; Hoang, John; Kimes, William A.; Maslar, James E. [Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 8320, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8320 (United States); Steffens, Kristen L. [Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 8362, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8362 (United States); Nguyen, Nhan V. [Semiconductor and Dimensional Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 8120, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8120 (United States)
2014-05-15
Atomic layer deposition of titanium dioxide using tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium (TDMAT) and water vapor is studied by reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) with a time resolution of 120?ms. At 190?°C and 240?°C, a decrease in the absorption from adsorbed TDMAT is observed without any evidence of an adsorbed product. Ex situ measurements indicate that this behavior is not associated with an increase in the impurity concentration or a dramatic change in the growth rate. A desorbing decomposition product is consistent with these observations. RAIRS also indicates that dehydroxylation of the growth surface occurs only among one type of surface hydroxyl groups. Molecular water is observed to remain on the surface and participates in reactions even at a relatively high temperature (110?°C) and with long purge times (30?s)
8. Time-resolved photocurrent spectroscopy of the evolution of the electric field in optically excited superlattices and the prospects for Bloch gain
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lisauskas, Alvydas; Blöser, Claudia; Sachs, Robert; Roskos, Hartmut G.; Juozapavi?ius, Aušrius; Valušis, Gintaras; Köhler, Klaus
2005-03-01
We report on photocurrent spectroscopy on undoped GaAs /AlGaAs semiconductor superlattices subjected to femtosecond optical excitation. The evolution of the carrier-drift-induced inhomogeneity of the electric field is studied by tracing the shifting and broadening of Wannier-Stark transitions as a function of delay time and bias field. Based on experimental data and results of numerical simulations, we find that the superlattice rapidly splits into two moving field regions, one with strong field gradient and low electron density, the other with partially screened field at low gradient and high electron density. Concerning future Bloch-gain measurements, we find that gain is expected in spite of the inhomogeneous field if the electron-rich region is not heavily screened. The time window during which Bloch gain exists is determined by the sweep out of the electrons (10-30ps).
9. Time resolved FRET measurement in various heterogeneous media using merocyanine dye as a donor
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kedia, Niraja; Bagchi, Sanjib
2015-06-01
Ultrafast fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from a merocyanine dye to a Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecule in micelles formed by the surfactants SDS and DTAB and also in a catanionic vesicle formed by SDS and DTAB has been studied by picosecond time resolved emission spectroscopy. Here the dye acts as a donor molecule and R6G acts as the acceptor molecule. Multiple timescales of FRET have been detected, namely, an ultrafast component of 100-500 ps and relatively long component (1800-3300 ps). The different time scales are attributed to different donor-acceptor distances.
10. Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy for breast cancer margins assessment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gorpas, Dimitris; Fatakdawala, Hussain; Zhang, Yanhong; Bold, Richard; Marcu, Laura
2015-03-01
During breast conserving surgery (BCS), which is the preferred approach to treat most early stage breast cancers, the surgeon attempts to excise the tumor volume, surrounded by thin margin of normal tissue. The intra-operative assessment of cancerous areas is a challenging procedure, with the surgeon usually relying on visual or tactile guidance. This study evaluates whether time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) presents the potential to address this problem. Point TRFS measurements were obtained from 19 fresh tissue slices (7 patients) and parameters that characterize the transient signals were quantified via constrained least squares deconvolution scheme. Fibrotic tissue (FT, n=69), adipose tissue (AT, n=76), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC, n=27) were identified in histology and univariate statistical analysis, followed by multi-comparison test, was applied to the corresponding lifetime data. Significant differentiation between the three tissue types exists at 390 nm and 500 nm bands. The average lifetime is 3.23+/-0.74 ns for AT, 4.21+/-0.83 ns for FT and 4.71+/-0.35 ns (p<0.05) for IDC at 390 nm. Due to the smaller contribution of collagen in AT the average lifetime value is different from FT and IDC. Additionally, although intensity measurements do not show difference between FT and IDC, lifetime can distinguish them. Similarly, in 500 nm these values are 7.01+/-1.08 ns, 5.43+/-1.05 ns and 4.39+/-0.88 ns correspondingly (p<0.05) and this contrast is due to differentiation in retinol or flavins relative concentration, mostly contributing to AT. Results demonstrate the potential of TRFS to intra-operatively characterize BCS breast excised tissue in real-time and assess tumor margins.
11. Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) to analyze the disruption of EGFR/HER2 dimers: a new method to evaluate the efficiency of targeted therapy using monoclonal antibodies.
PubMed
Gaborit, Nadège; Larbouret, Christel; Vallaghe, Julie; Peyrusson, Frédéric; Bascoul-Mollevi, Caroline; Crapez, Evelyne; Azria, David; Chardès, Thierry; Poul, Marie-Alix; Mathis, Gérard; Bazin, Hervé; Pèlegrin, André
2011-04-01
In oncology, simultaneous inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2 by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an efficient therapeutic strategy but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we describe a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) method to quantify EGFR/HER2 heterodimers on cell surface to shed some light on the mechanism of such therapies. First, we tested this antibody-based TR-FRET assay in NIH/3T3 cell lines that express EGFR and/or HER2 and in various tumor cell lines. Then, we used the antibody-based TR-FRET assay to evaluate in vitro the effect of different targeted therapies on EGFR/HER2 heterodimers in the ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV-3. A simultaneous incubation with Cetuximab (anti-EGFR) and Trastuzumab (anti-HER2) disturbed EGFR/HER2 heterodimers resulting in a 72% reduction. Cetuximab, Trastuzumab or Pertuzumab (anti-HER2) alone induced a 48, 44, or 24% reduction, respectively. In contrast, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors Erlotinib and Lapatinib had very little effect on EGFR/HER2 dimers concentration. In vivo, the combination of Cetuximab and Trastuzumab showed a better therapeutic effect (median survival and percentage of tumor-free mice) than the single mAbs. These results suggest a correlation between the extent of the mAb-induced EGFR/HER2 heterodimer reduction and the efficacy of such mAbs in targeted therapies. In conclusion, quantifying EGFR/HER2 heterodimers using our antibody-based TR-FRET assay may represent a useful method to predict the efficacy and explain the mechanisms of action of therapeutic mAbs, in addition to other commonly used techniques that focus on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phosphorylation, and cell proliferation. PMID:21282108
12. A direct interaction between the sigma-1 receptor and the hERG voltage-gated K+ channel revealed by atomic force microscopy and homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF®).
PubMed
Balasuriya, Dilshan; D'Sa, Lauren; Talker, Ronel; Dupuis, Elodie; Maurin, Fabrice; Martin, Patrick; Borgese, Franck; Soriani, Olivier; Edwardson, J Michael
2014-11-14
The sigma-1 receptor is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein, widely expressed in central and peripheral tissues, which can translocate to the plasma membrane and modulate the function of various ion channels. The human ether-à-go-go-related gene encodes hERG, a cardiac voltage-gated K(+) channel that is abnormally expressed in many human cancers and is known to interact functionally with the sigma-1 receptor. Our aim was to investigate the nature of the interaction between the sigma-1 receptor and hERG. We show that the two proteins can be co-isolated from a detergent extract of stably transfected HEK-293 cells, consistent with a direct interaction between them. Atomic force microscopy imaging of the isolated protein confirmed the direct binding of the sigma-1 receptor to hERG monomers, dimers, and tetramers. hERG dimers and tetramers became both singly and doubly decorated by sigma-1 receptors; however, hERG monomers were only singly decorated. The distribution of angles between pairs of sigma-1 receptors bound to hERG tetramers had two peaks, at ?90 and ?180° in a ratio of ?2:1, indicating that the sigma-1 receptor interacts with hERG with 4-fold symmetry. Homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF®) allowed the detection of the interaction between the sigma-1 receptor and hERG within the plane of the plasma membrane. This interaction was resistant to sigma ligands, but was decreased in response to cholesterol depletion of the membrane. We suggest that the sigma-1 receptor may bind to hERG in the endoplasmic reticulum, aiding its assembly and trafficking to the plasma membrane. PMID:25266722
13. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Past, Present, Future
PubMed Central
Elson, Elliot L.
2011-01-01
In recent years fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has become a routine method for determining diffusion coefficients, chemical rate constants, molecular concentrations, fluorescence brightness, triplet state lifetimes, and other molecular parameters. FCS measures the spatial and temporal correlation of individual molecules with themselves and so provides a bridge between classical ensemble and contemporary single-molecule measurements. It also provides information on concentration and molecular number fluctuations for nonlinear reaction systems that complement single-molecule measurements. Typically implemented on a fluorescence microscope, FCS samples femtoliter volumes and so is especially useful for characterizing small dynamic systems such as biological cells. In addition to its practical utility, however, FCS provides a window on mesoscopic systems in which fluctuations from steady states not only provide the basis for the measurement but also can have important consequences for the behavior and evolution of the system. For example, a new and potentially interesting field for FCS studies could be the study of nonequilibrium steady states, especially in living cells. PMID:22208184
14. Dynamics of CO in Mesoporous Silica Monitored by Time ResolvedStep-Scan and Rapid-Scan FT-IR Spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Andersen, Lars K.; Frei, Heinz
2007-12-05
Carbon monoxide molecules generated in the channels ofmesoporous MCM-41 silica sieve from a precursor (diphenyl cyclopropenone)by photodissociation with a nanosecond laser pulse were monitored by timeresolved FT-infrared spectroscopy using the step-scan and rapid-scanmethods. A very broad absorption of CO is observed in the region 2200 to2080 cm-1 at room temperature that decays in a biphasic mode. Two-thirdsof the band intensity decays on the hundreds of microsecond scale(lifetime 344 + 70 ?s). The process represents the escape of themolecules through the mesopores into the surrounding gas phase, and adiffusion constant of 1.5 x 10-9 m2/sec is derived. The broad profile ofthe absorption is attributed to contact of the random hopping CO withsiloxaneand silanol groups of the pore surface. Measurements usingMCM-41 with the silanols partially capped by trimethyl silyl groups gavefurther insight into the nature of the infrared band profile. These arethe first observations on the diffusion behavior of carbon monoxide in amesoporous material at room temperature. The residual carbon monoxideremains much longer in the pores and features distinct peaks at 2167 and2105 cm-1 characteristic for CO adsorbed on SiOH groups C end on and Oend on, respectively. The bands decrease with time constants of 113 + 3ms (2167 cm-1) and 155 + 15 ms (2105 cm-1) suggesting that CO in thesesites is additionally trapped by surrounding diphenyl acetyleneco-product and/or precursor molecules.
15. Time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy of deeply buried tracer layers as a density and temperature diagnostic for the fast ignitor
SciTech Connect
Nikitenko, A. I., Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences
1997-03-26
The fast igniter concept for inertial confinement fusion relies on the generation of hot electrons, produced by a short-pulse ultra-high intensity laser, which propagate through high-density plasma to deposit their energy in the compressed fuel core and heat it to ignition. In preliminary experiments designed to investigate deep heating of high density matter, we used a 20 joule, 0.5-30 ps laser to heat solid targets, and used emission spectroscopy to measure plasma temperatures and densities achieved at large depths (2-20 microns) away from the initial target surface. The targets consisted of an Al tracer layer buried within a massive CH slab H-like and He-like line emission was then used to diagnose plasma conditions. We observe spectra from tracer layers buried up to 20 microns deep, measure emission durations of up to 200 ps, measure plasma temperatures up to T{sub c} = 650 eV, and measure electron densities near 10{sup 23} cm{sup -3}. Analysis is in progress, but the data appear to be in reasonable agreement with simulations when space-charge induced inhibition is included in hot-electron transport.
16. In vivo swine myocardial tissue characterization and monitoring during open chest surgery by time-resolved diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Spinelli, Lorenzo; Contini, Davide; Farina, Andrea; Torricelli, Alessandro; Pifferi, Antonio; Cubeddu, Rinaldo; Ascari, Luca; Potì, Luca; Trivella, Maria Giovanna; L'Abbate, Antonio; Puzzuoli, Stefano
2011-03-01
Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in industrialized countries. Worldwide, a large number of patients suffering from cardiac diseases are treated by surgery. Despite the advances achieved in the last decades with myocardial protection, surgical failure can still occur. This is due at least in part to the imperfect control of the metabolic status of the heart in the various phases of surgical intervention. At present, this is indirectly controlled by the electrocardiogram and the echographic monitoring of cardiac mechanics as direct measurements are lacking. Diffuse optical technologies have recently emerged as promising tools for the characterization of biological tissues like breast, muscles and bone, and for the monitoring of important metabolic parameters such as blood oxygenation, volume and flow. As a matter of fact, their utility has been demonstrated in a variety of applications for functional imaging of the brain, optical mammography and monitoring of muscle metabolism. However, due to technological and practical difficulties, their potential for cardiac monitoring has not yet been exploited. In this work we show the feasibility of the in-vivo determination of absorption and scattering spectra of the cardiac muscle in the 600-1100 nm range, and of monitoring myocardial tissue hemodynamics by time domain near-infrared spectroscopy at 690 nm and 830 nm. Both measurements have been performed on the exposed beating heart during open chest surgery in pigs, an experimental model closely mimicking the clinical cardio-surgical setting.
17. Pinpointing the extent of electronic delocalization in the Re(I)-to-tetrazine charge-separated excited state using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy.
PubMed
Li, Guifeng; Parimal, Kumar; Vyas, Shubham; Hadad, Christopher M; Flood, Amar H; Glusac, Ksenija D
2009-08-26
Femtosecond mid-IR transient absorption spectroscopy (TRIR) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations on Re(CO)(3)Cl(Me(2)BPTZ) [Me(2)BPTZ = 3,6-bis(5-methyl-2-pyridine)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine] are used to demonstrate that the lowest excited state of the complex is a triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer ((3)MLCT) state with a lifetime of 225 ps. The short excited-state lifetime is explained by the energy-gap law. Vibrational cooling of the (3)MLCT state shows up as early-time dynamics (3.6 ps). The structural changes in the excited state are deduced from the frequency shifts in the TRIR vibrational bands. The vibrational frequencies of the CO groups increase upon excitation as a result of decreased back-bonding between the CO ligands and the oxidized Re center in the (3)MLCT state. The vibrational frequencies of the central tetrazine ring of Me(2)BPTZ decrease because of the decrease in the bond order upon reduction of the Me(2)BPTZ ligand in the (3)MLCT state. Interestingly, the TRIR signals from the pyridine moieties of Me(2)BPTZ were not detected. These results can be explained by localization of the electronic charge on the central tetrazine ring in the (3)MLCT state of Re(CO)(3)Cl(Me(2)BPTZ), as supported by TD-DFT calculations. PMID:19653686
18. Proton transfer and protein conformation dynamics in photosensitive proteins by time-resolved step-scan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.
PubMed
Lórenz-Fonfría, Víctor A; Heberle, Joachim
2014-01-01
Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards understanding its mechanism. Protonation and conformational changes affect the vibration pattern of amino acid side chains and of the peptide bond, respectively, both of which can be probed by infrared (IR) difference spectroscopy. For proteins whose function can be repetitively and reproducibly triggered by light, it is possible to obtain infrared difference spectra with (sub)microsecond resolution over a broad spectral range using the step-scan Fourier transform infrared technique. With -10(2)-10(3) repetitions of the photoreaction, the minimum number to complete a scan at reasonable spectral resolution and bandwidth, the noise level in the absorption difference spectra can be as low as -10(-) (4), sufficient to follow the kinetics of protonation changes from a single amino acid. Lower noise levels can be accomplished by more data averaging and/or mathematical processing. The amount of protein required for optimal results is between 5-100 µg, depending on the sampling technique used. Regarding additional requirements, the protein needs to be first concentrated in a low ionic strength buffer and then dried to form a film. The protein film is hydrated prior to the experiment, either with little droplets of water or under controlled atmospheric humidity. The attained hydration level (g of water / g of protein) is gauged from an IR absorption spectrum. To showcase the technique, we studied the photocycle of the light-driven proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin in its native purple membrane environment, and of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 solubilized in detergent. PMID:24998200
19. Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
PubMed Central
Lórenz-Fonfría, Víctor A.; Heberle, Joachim
2014-01-01
Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards understanding its mechanism. Protonation and conformational changes affect the vibration pattern of amino acid side chains and of the peptide bond, respectively, both of which can be probed by infrared (IR) difference spectroscopy. For proteins whose function can be repetitively and reproducibly triggered by light, it is possible to obtain infrared difference spectra with (sub)microsecond resolution over a broad spectral range using the step-scan Fourier transform infrared technique. With ~102-103 repetitions of the photoreaction, the minimum number to complete a scan at reasonable spectral resolution and bandwidth, the noise level in the absorption difference spectra can be as low as ~10-4, sufficient to follow the kinetics of protonation changes from a single amino acid. Lower noise levels can be accomplished by more data averaging and/or mathematical processing. The amount of protein required for optimal results is between 5-100 µg, depending on the sampling technique used. Regarding additional requirements, the protein needs to be first concentrated in a low ionic strength buffer and then dried to form a film. The protein film is hydrated prior to the experiment, either with little droplets of water or under controlled atmospheric humidity. The attained hydration level (g of water / g of protein) is gauged from an IR absorption spectrum. To showcase the technique, we studied the photocycle of the light-driven proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin in its native purple membrane environment, and of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 solubilized in detergent. PMID:24998200
20. Probing protein oligomerization in living cells with fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Yan Chen; Li-Na Wei; Joachim D. Müller
2003-01-01
Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy provides information about protein interactions in the intercellular environment from naturally occurring equilibrium fluctuations. We determine the molecular brightness of fluorescent proteins from the fluctuations by analyzing the photon counting histogram (PCH) or its moments and demonstrate the use of molecular brightness in probing the oligomerization state of proteins. We report fluorescence fluctuation measurements of enhanced GFP
1. Optimizing Disinfection Pretreatment using Excitation-emission Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Katherine Y. Bell; Juan Sánez; Martha J. M. Wells
2012-01-01
Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEM) can be used to characterize organic matter present in water samples. When excited, the intensity of fluorescence emitted can be used to generate a representation of organic matter makes it possible to localize fluorescence centers related to particular groups, which can ‘fingerprint’ a sample. The technique is applicable to wastewater samples to identify contributors of
2. Using the finite-difference time-domain pulse propagation method to simulate time-resolved THz experiments
E-print Network
Using the finite-difference time-domain pulse propagation method to simulate time-resolved THz The finite-difference time-domain FDTD method has been applied to time-resolved THz spectroscopy TRTS experiments. Time-resolved THz spectroscopy utilizes an optical pump pulse to excite the sample, followed
3. Fluorescence Spectroscopy Investigations of Cutaneous Tissues
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Borisova, E.; Bliznakova, I.; Momchilov, N.; Troyanova, P.; Avramov, L.
2007-04-01
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of the human skin is very prominent for early diagnosis and differentiation of cutaneous diseases. Selection of proper excitation sources and sensitive detectors gives wide range of possibilities related to real-time determination of existing pathological conditions. A problem with using laser as an excitation source is the high expenses associated with the operation of these types of installations. This is why we test capability of a cheaper excitation sources - ultraviolet and blue light-emitting diodes. Initially, we investigate the spectral response of normal skin from different anatomic areas, as well as from different phototypes volunteers. Our first results obtained demonstrated promising possibility to implement an inexpensive system for detection of cutaneous lesions with wide clinical applications. The results achieved will be introduced in development of diagnostic algorithms for improvement of diagnostic sensitivity of benign and malignant tumor lesions determination.
4. A fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy study of matrix metalloproteinases -2 and -9 in human atherosclerotic plaque
PubMed Central
Phipps, Jennifer E.; Hatami, Nisa; Galis, Zorina S.; Baker, J. Dennis; Fishbein, Michael C.; Marcu, Laura
2011-01-01
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2 and -9 play important roles in the progression of atherosclerosis. This study aims to determine whether MMP-2 and -9 content in the fibrotic caps of atherosclerotic plaque is correlated with plaque autofluorescence. A time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) system was used to measure the autofluorescence and assess the biochemical composition of human plaques obtained from carotid endarterectomy. Results presented here demonstrate for the first time the ability to characterize the biochemical composition as it relates to MMP-2 and -9 content in the atherosclerotic plaque cap using a label-free imaging technique implemented with a fiberoptic TR-LIFS system. PMID:21770037
5. Imaging of the fluorescence spectrum of a single fluorescent molecule by prism-based spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Yoshikazu Suzuki; Tomomi Tani; Kazuo Sutoh; Shinji Kamimura
2002-01-01
We have devised a novel method to visualize the fluorescence spectrum of a single fluorescent molecule using prism-based spectroscopy. Equiping a total internal reflection microscope with a newly designed wedge prism, we obtained a spectral image of a single rhodamine red molecule attached to an essential light chain of myosin. We also obtained a spectral image of single-pair fluorescence resonance
6. Spectral decomposition of NAD(P)H fluorescence components recorded by multi-wavelength fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy in living cardiac cells
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chorvatova, Alzbeta; Mateasik, Anton; Chorvat, Dusan, Jr.
2013-12-01
We report a novel analytical approach to identify individual components of a cell’s endogenous fluorescence, recorded by spectrally-resolved time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). Time-resolved area-normalized emission spectroscopy (TRANES) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to estimate the number of spectral components after metabolic modulation of cardiac cells following excitation with a 375 nm picosecond laser. Linear unmixing of TCSPC data spectrally decomposed individual components in living cells, while using characteristics of endogenously fluorescing molecules in solvents as a reference spectral database. Our data demonstrate the presence of three individual components, corresponding to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) in organic and inorganic solvents and to the residual flavoprotein fluorescence. The presented analytical approach offers a new alternative for the spectral separation of multi-wavelength fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy data to the conventional analysis, and opens a new possibility for the use of pattern recognition for fast resolution of components in 2D fluorescence lifetime microscopy images.
7. Time-to-digital converter card for multichannel time-resolved single-photon counting applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tamborini, Davide; Portaluppi, Davide; Tisa, Simone; Tosi, Alberto
2015-03-01
We present a high performance Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) card that provides 10 ps timing resolution and 20 ps (rms) timing precision with a programmable full-scale-range from 160 ns to 10 ?s. Differential Non-Linearity (DNL) is better than 1.3% LSB (rms) and Integral Non-Linearity (INL) is 5 ps rms. Thanks to the low power consumption (400 mW) and the compact size (78 mm x 28 mm x 10 mm), this card is the building block for developing compact multichannel time-resolved instrumentation for Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting (TCSPC). The TDC-card outputs the time measurement results together with the rates of START and STOP signals and the number of valid TDC conversions. These additional information are needed by many TCSPC-based applications, such as: Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM), Time-of-Flight (TOF) ranging measurements, time-resolved Positron Emission Tomography (PET), single-molecule spectroscopy, Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT), Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (OTDR), quantum optics, etc.
8. Genesis of Gold Clusters from Mononuclear Gold Complexes on TiO[subscript 2]: Reduction and Aggregation of Gold Characterized by Time-Resolved X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Fierro-Gonzalez, Juan C.; Gates, Bruce C. (UCD)
2010-07-19
Mononuclear gold complexes bonded to TiO{sub 2} were synthesized from Au(CH{sub 3}){sub 2}(C{sub 5}H{sub 7}O{sub 2}), and their decomposition and conversion into gold nanoclusters on the TiO{sub 2} surface were characterized by time-resolved X-ray absorption and infrared spectroscopies as the temperature of the sample in flowing helium was ramped up. Mass spectra of the evolved gases were also measured during this process. The results show (a) the onset of formation of CH{sub 4} as a decomposition product, (b) the reduction of Au{sup III} to Au{sup 0}, and (c) the formation of Au-Au bonds, all occurring in approximately the same temperature range (about 335-353 K), indicating that the reduction and aggregation of the supported gold are simultaneous processes facilitated by the removal of methyl ligands initially bonded to the gold. IR spectra recorded during the treatment indicate that water on the TiO{sub 2} surface may be involved in the process by reacting with methyl groups bonded to Au{sup III} to give CH{sub 4}.
9. Implementation of Spatio-Time-Resolved Cathodoluminescence Spectroscopy for Studying Local Carrier Dynamics in a Low Dislocation Density m-Plane In0.05Ga0.95N Epilayer Grown on a Freestanding GaN Substrate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kagaya, Munehito; Corfdir, Pierre; Ganière, Jean-Daniel; Deveaud-Plédran, Benoît; Grandjean, Nicolas; Chichibu, Shigefusa F.
2011-11-01
Spatio-time-resolved cathodoluminescence (STRCL) spectroscopy is implemented to assess the local carrier dynamics in a 70-nm-thick, very low threading dislocation (TD) density, pseudomorphic m-plane In0.05Ga0.95N epilayer grown on a freestanding GaN substrate by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Although TDs or stacking faults are absent, sub-micrometer-wide zonary patterns parallel to the c-axis and 2-µm-long-axis figure-of-8 patterns parallel to the a-axis are clearly visualized in the monochromatic cathodoluminescence intensity images. Because the STRCL measurement reveals very little spatial variation of low-temperature radiative lifetime, the considerable peak energy variation is interpreted to originate from nonidentical In-incorporation efficiency for the growing surfaces exhibiting various miscut angles. The figure-of-8 patterns are ascribed to originate from the anisotropic, severe m-plane tilt mosaic along the a-axis of the GaN substrate, and the zonary patterns may originate from the m-plane tilt mosaic along the c-axis.
10. Thermal stability in the blended lithium manganese oxide – Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode materials: An in situ time-resolved X-Ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy study
DOE PAGESBeta
Hu, Enyuan; Bak, Seong Min; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Yang, Xiao-Qing; Nam, Kyung-Wan; Zhang, Lulu; Shao, Minhua
2015-03-01
Thermal stabilities of a series of blended LiMn2O4(LMO)-LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) cathode materials with different weight ratios were studied by in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with mass spectroscopy in the temperature range of 25°C-580°C under helium atmosphere. Upon heating, the electrochemically delithiated LMO changed into Mn3O4 phase at around 250°C. Formation of MnO with rocksalt structure started at 520°C. This observation is in contrast to the previous report for chemically delithiate LMO in air, in which a process of ?-MnO2 transforming to ?-MnO2 was observed. Oxygen peak was not observed in all cases, presumably as a result of either consumptionmore »by the carbon or detection limit. CO2 profile correlates well with the phase transition and indirectly suggests the oxygen release of the cathode. Introducing NCM into LMO has two effects: first, it makes the high temperature rock-salt phase formation more complicated with more peaks in CO2 profile due to different MO (M = Ni, Mn, Co) phases; secondly, the onset temperature of CO2 release is lowered, implying lowered oxygen release temperature. Upon heating, XRD patterns indicate the NCM part reacts first, followed by the LMO part. This confirms the better thermal stability of LMO over NCM.« less
11. Thermal stability in the blended lithium manganese oxide - Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode materials: An in situ time-resolved X-Ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hu, Enyuan; Bak, Seong Min; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Yang, Xiao-Qing; Nam, Kyung-Wan; Zhang, Lulu; Shao, Minhua
2015-03-01
Thermal stabilities of a series of blended LiMn2O4 (LMO)-LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) cathode materials with different weight ratios were studied by in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with mass spectroscopy in the temperature range of 25 °C-580 °C under helium atmosphere. Upon heating, the electrochemically delithiated LMO changed into Mn3O4 phase at around 250 °C. Formation of MnO with rock-salt structure started at 520 °C. This observation is in contrast to the previous report for chemically delithiated LMO in air, in which a process of ?-MnO2 transforming to ?-MnO2 was observed. Oxygen peak was not observed in all cases, presumably as a result of either consumption by the carbon or detection limit. CO2 profile correlates well with the phase transition and indirectly suggests the oxygen release of the cathode. Introducing NCM into LMO has two effects: first, it makes the high temperature rock-salt phase formation more complicated with more peaks in CO2 profile due to different MO (M = Ni, Mn, Co) phases; secondly, the onset temperature of CO2 release is lowered, implying lowered oxygen release temperature. Upon heating, XRD patterns indicate the NCM part reacts first, followed by the LMO part. This confirms the better thermal stability of LMO over NCM.
12. Guest-host interactions investigated by time-resolved X?ray spectroscopies and scattering at MHz rates: solvation dynamics and photoinduced spin transition in aqueous Fe(bipy)3(2+).
PubMed
Haldrup, K; Vankó, G; Gawelda, W; Galler, A; Doumy, G; March, A M; Kanter, E P; Bordage, A; Dohn, A; van Driel, T B; Kjær, K S; Lemke, H T; Canton, S E; Uhlig, J; Sundström, V; Young, L; Southworth, S H; Nielsen, M M; Bressler, C
2012-10-11
We have studied the photoinduced low spin (LS) to high spin (HS) conversion of [Fe(bipy)(3)](2+) in aqueous solution. In a laser pump/X-ray probe synchrotron setup permitting simultaneous, time-resolved X-ray diffuse scattering (XDS) and X-ray spectroscopic measurements at a 3.26 MHz repetition rate, we observed the interplay between intramolecular dynamics and the intermolecular caging solvent response with better than 100 ps time resolution. On this time scale, the initial ultrafast spin transition and the associated intramolecular geometric structure changes are long completed, as is the solvent heating due to the initial energy dissipation from the excited HS molecule. Combining information from X-ray emission spectroscopy and scattering, the excitation fraction as well as the temperature and density changes of the solvent can be closely followed on the subnanosecond time scale of the HS lifetime, allowing the detection of an ultrafast change in bulk solvent density. An analysis approach directly utilizing the spectroscopic data in the XDS analysis effectively reduces the number of free parameters, and both combined permit extraction of information about the ultrafast structural dynamics of the caging solvent, in particular, a decrease in the number of water molecules in the first solvation shell is inferred, as predicted by recent theoretical work. PMID:22970732
13. Attosecond Time-Resolved Autoionization of Argon Michael Chini,1
E-print Network
Thumm, Uwe
Fano profiles as a function of the photoelectron energy. However, made possible by significant recent) Autoionization of argon atoms was studied experimentally by transient absorption spectroscopy with isolated progress in short-pulse laser technology [15], time- resolved transient XUV photoabsorption measurements
14. Planetary Surface Analysis Using Fast Laser Spectroscopic Techniques: Combined Microscopic Raman, LIBS, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Blacksberg, J.; Rossman, G. R.; Maruyama, Y.; Charbon, E.
2011-12-01
In situ exploration of planetary surfaces has to date required multiple techniques that, when used together, yield important information about their formation histories and evolution. We present a time-resolved laser spectroscopic technique that could potentially collect complementary sets of data providing information on mineral structure, composition, and hydration state. Using a picosecond-scale pulsed laser and a fast time-resolved detector we can simultaneously collect spectra from Raman, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), and fluorescence emissions that are separated in time due to the unique decay times of each process. The use of a laser with high rep rate (40 KHz) and low pulse energy (1 ?J/pulse) allows us to rapidly collect high signal to noise Raman spectra while minimizing sample damage. Increasing the pulse energy by about an order of magnitude creates a microscopic plasma near the surface and enables the collection of LIBS spectra at an unusually high rep rate and low pulse energy. Simultaneously, broader fluorescence peaks can be detected with lifetimes varying from nanosecond to microsecond. We will present Raman, LIBS, and fluorescence spectra obtained on natural mineral samples such as sulfates, clays, pyroxenes and carbonates that are of interest for Mars mineralogy. We demonstrate this technique using a photocathode-based streak camera detector as well as a newly-developed solid state Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) sensor array based on Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. We will discuss the impact of system design and detector choice on science return of a potential planetary surface mission, with a specific focus on size, weight, power, and complexity. The research described here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
15. Intramolecular and intermolecular dynamics in molecular liquids through femtosecond time-resolved impulsive stimulated scattering
E-print Network
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
résultats expérimentaux récents sur la diffusion stimulée impulsionnelle (ISS) résolue aux temps la spectroscopie résolue en temps des molécules vibrationnellement distordues dans des configurations vibrational and orientational dynamics. These experiments make possible time-resolved spectroscopy
16. Europium Uptake and Partitioning in Oat (Avena sativa) Roots as studied By Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Confocal Microscopy Profiling Technique
SciTech Connect
Fellows, Robert J.; Wang, Zheming; Ainsworth, Calvin C.
2003-11-15
The uptake of Eu3+ by elongating oat plant roots was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime measurement, as well as laser excitation time-resolved confocal fluorescence profiling technique. The results of this work indicated that the initial uptake of Eu(III) by oat root was most evident within the apical meristem of the root just proximal to the root cap. Distribution of assimilated Eu(III) within the roots differentiation and elongation zone was non-uniform. Higher concentrations were observed within the vascular cylinder, specifically in the phloem and developing xylem parenchyma. Elevated levels of the metal were also observed in the root hairs of the mature root. The concentration of assimilated Eu3+ dropped sharply from the apical meristem to the differentiation and elongation zone and then gradually decreased as the distance from the root cap increased. Fluorescence spectroscopic characteristics of the assimilated Eu3+ suggested that the Eu3+ exists a s inner-sphere mononuclear complexes inside the root. This work has also demonstrated the effectiveness of a time-resolved Eu3+ fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal fluorescence profiling techniques for the in vivo, real-time study of metal[Eu3+] accumulation by a functioning intact plant root. This approach can prove valuable for basic and applied studies in plant nutrition and environmental uptake of actinide radionuclides.
17. Time-resolved crystallography using the Hadamard transform.
PubMed
Yorke, Briony A; Beddard, Godfrey S; Owen, Robin L; Pearson, Arwen R
2014-11-01
We describe a method for performing time-resolved X-ray crystallographic experiments based on the Hadamard transform, in which time resolution is defined by the underlying periodicity of the probe pulse sequence, and signal/noise is greatly improved over that for the fastest pump-probe experiments depending on a single pulse. This approach should be applicable on standard synchrotron beamlines and will enable high-resolution measurements of protein and small-molecule structural dynamics. It is also applicable to other time-resolved measurements where a probe can be encoded, such as pump-probe spectroscopy. PMID:25282611
18. Steady-state and time-resolved study of two-dimensional Foerster energy transfer between 4-heptadecyl-7-hydroxycoumarin and RhB-DPPE in phospholipid air-water monolayers
SciTech Connect
Urquhart, R.; Grieser, F.; Thistlethwaite, P. [Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville (Australia)] [and others
1992-09-17
This study utilizes the Foerster energy transfer technique to examine the state of aggregation of the phospholipid N-[[(lissamine rhodamine B)sulfonyl]dipalmitoyl]-L-{alpha}-phosphatidylethanolamine triethylammonium salt in dipalmitoyl-L-{alpha}-phosphatidylcholine matrices in various phases using time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy.
19. Photoconversion mechanism of a green/red photosensory cyanobacteriochrome AnPixJ: time-resolved optical spectroscopy and FTIR analysis of the AnPixJ-GAF2 domain.
PubMed
Fukushima, Yoshimasa; Iwaki, Masayo; Narikawa, Rei; Ikeuchi, Masahiko; Tomita, Yusuke; Itoh, Shigeru
2011-07-26
The photoconversion mechanism of a green/red sensory cyanobacteriochrome AnPixJ was studied. The phycocyanobilin-binding second GAF domain of AnPixJ of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The His-tagged AnPixJ-GAF2 domain exhibited photoconversion between the green- and red-absorbing forms, APg(543) and APr(648), respectively. We detected four intermediate states in the photocycle between them, as follows: APr(648) ? red light ? APr(648)* ? (with a rise time constant ?(r) of <100 ns) R1(650-80) (with a decay time constant ?(d) of <1 ?s) ? R2(610) (?(d) = 920 ?s) ? APg(543) ? green light ? APg(543)* ? (?(r) < 50 ns) G1(570) (?(d) = 190 ?s) ? G2(630) (?(d) = 1.01 ms) ? APr(648). These intermediates were named for their absorption peak wavelengths, which were estimated on the basis of the time-resolved difference spectra and global analysis of the time courses. The absorption spectrum of APr(648) resembles that of the Pr form of the phytochrome, while all the other states showed peaks at 530-650 nm and had wider bandwidths with smaller peak amplitudes. The fastest decay phases of fluorescence from APr(648)* and APg(543)* gave lifetimes of 200 and 42 ps, respectively, suggesting fast primary reactions. The APg(543)-minus-APr(648) difference FTIR spectrum in an H(2)O medium was significantly different from those reported for the Pfr/Pr difference spectra in phytochromes. Most of the peaks in the difference spectrum were shifted in the D(2)O medium, suggesting the high accessibility to the aqueous phase. The interactions of the phycocyanobilin chromophore with the surrounding amino acid residues, which are fairly different from those in the GAF domain of phytochromes, realize the unique green/red photocycle of AnPixJ. PMID:21714499
20. Time-resolved FRET reveals the structural mechanism of SERCAPLB Xiaoqiong Dong a
E-print Network
Thomas, David D.
Time-resolved FRET reveals the structural mechanism of SERCAPLB regulation Xiaoqiong Dong May 2014 Keywords: Phospholamban SERCA Phosphorylation FRET a b s t r a c t We have used time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) to characterize the inter- action between phospholamban (PLB
1. [Synthesis of byrazoline fluorescent compounds and studies by infrared spectroscopy].
PubMed
Xian, Yuan-fang; Li, Dong-feng; Li, Hai-dong; Yu, Bao-hui
2005-03-01
Benzothiazole compounds with byrazoline group or benximidazole group are new fluorescent compounds. The fluorescent compounds have been used in many fields, but their development has beeo slow. According to Schellhammer theory on the relation between chemical structure and fluorescent quality, the authors designed now fluorescent compounds with benximidazole group or the byrazoline group in the 1-benzothiazole and with biphenyl in the 3,5-benzothiazole, and their possess fluorescent nature. Two new benximidazole and benzothiazole fluorescent compounds were synthesized. All these compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The excitation wavelength of the two compounds is about 441-446 nm. The fluorescence spectra show that the compounds have good blue and green fluorescence. The characteristic peaks of t he absorption spectra of these compounds werefound by IR spectral analysis, which can be used to deduce the structures of chemical compounds. PMID:16013314
2. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2006, 82: 380388 Symposium-in-Print: Green Fluorescent Protein and Homologs
E-print Network
van Stokkum, Ivo
of photoactive proteins, which can serve to harvest the energy of incident light, or to sense or transmit and solvation processes. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful tool to investigate the dynamical: a fast iner
3. Fluorescence spectroscopy for rapid detection and classification of bacterial pathogens
Technology Transfer Automated Retrieval System (TEKTRAN)
This study deals with the rapid detection and classification of three bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter, using fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariative analysis. Each bacterial sample was diluted in physiologic saline for analysis. Fluoroscence spectra were collected ...
4. Effect of probe pressure on cervical fluorescence spectroscopy measurements
E-print Network
Nath, Audrey
Fluorescence spectroscopy is a promising technology for detection of epithelial precancers and cancers. While age and menopausal status influence measurements in the cervix, other variables do not significantly affect the ...
5. Quantitative Determination of DNA-Ligand Binding Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Healy, Eamonn F.
2007-01-01
The effective use of fluorescence spectroscopy for determining the binding of the intercalcating agent crhidium bromide to DNA is being described. The analysis used simple measurement techniques and hence can be easily adopted by the students for a better understanding.
6. Assaying protein import into mitochondria using fluorescence spectroscopy
E-print Network
Cargill, Holly Beth
2006-08-16
chemical crosslinking of Su9- DHFR Cys mutants. The use of fluorescence spectroscopy, in association with chemical crosslinking, to analyze the mitochondrial protein import pathways will prove a useful tool to probe the environment of the nascent chain...
7. Time-domain laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy apparatus for clinical diagnostics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fang, Qiyin; Papaioannou, Thanassis; Jo, Javier A.; Vaitha, Russel; Shastry, Kumar; Marcu, Laura
2004-01-01
We report the design and development of a compact optical fiber-based apparatus for in situ time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (tr-LIFS) of biological systems. The apparatus is modular, optically robust, and compatible with the clinical environment. It incorporates a dual output imaging spectrograph, a gated multichannel plate photomultiplier (MCP-PMT), an intensified charge-coupled-device (ICCD) camera, and a fast digitizer. It can accommodate various types of light sources and optical fiber probes for selective excitation and remote light delivery/collection as required by different applications. The apparatus allows direct recording of the entire fluorescence decay with high sensitivity (nM range fluorescein dye concentration with signal-to-noise ratio of 46) and with four decades dynamic range. It is capable of resolving a broad range of fluorescence lifetimes from hundreds of picoseconds (as low as 300 ps) using the MCP-PMT coupled to the digitizer to milliseconds using the ICCD. The data acquisition and analysis process is fully automated, enabling fast recording of fluorescence intensity decay across the entire emission spectrum (0.8 s per wavelength or ˜40 s for a 200 nm wavelength range at 5 nm increments). The spectral and temporal responses of the apparatus were calibrated and its performance was validated using fluorescence lifetime standard dyes (Rhodamin B, 9-cyanoanthracene, and rose Bengal) and tissue endogenous fluorophores (elastin, collagen, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide). Fluorescence decay lifetimes and emission spectra of all tested compounds measured with the current tr-LIFS apparatus were found in good agreement with the values reported in the literature. The design and performance of tr-LIFS apparatus have enabled in vivo studies of atherosclerotic plaques and brain tumors.
8. Recent Advances in Fluorescence Cross-correlation Spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Ling Chin Hwang; Thorsten Wohland
2007-01-01
Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) is a method that measures the temporal fluorescence fluctuations coming\\u000a from two differently labeled molecules diffusing through a small sample volume. Cross-correlation analysis of the fluorescence\\u000a signals from separate detection channels extracts information of the dynamics of the dual-labeled molecules. FCCS has become\\u000a an essential tool for the characterization of diffusion coefficients, binding constants, kinetic rates
9. Investigation of the role of protonation of benzophenone and its derivatives in acidic aqueous solutions using time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy: how are ketyl radicals formed in aqueous solutions?
PubMed
Li, Ming-De; Huang, Jinqing; Liu, Mingyue; Li, Songbo; Ma, Jiani; Phillips, David Lee
2015-02-12
The formation mechanism of ketyl radicals and several other selective photoreactions of benzophenone and its derivatives are initiated by the protonation of their triplet state and have been investigated using nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy (ns-TR(3)) in solutions of varying conditions. Evidence is found that the ketyl radical is generated by the combined action of a ketone protonation and a subsequent electron transfer based on the results from previous studies on the photochemistry and photophysics of benzophenone and the ns-TR(3) results reported here for benzophenone, 1,4-dibenzoylbenzene, 3-(hydroxymethyl)benzophenone, and ketoprofen in neutral and acidic solution. In order to better understand the role of the protonated ketone, results are summarized for some selective photochemical reactions of benzophenone and its derivatives induced by protonation in acidic solutions. For the parent benzophenone, the protonation of the ketone leads to the photohydration reactions at the ortho- and meta-positions of the benzene ring in acidic aqueous solutions. For 3-(hydroxymethyl)benzophenone, the protonation promotes an interesting photoredox reaction to become very efficient and the predominant reaction in a pH = 2 aqueous solution. While for ketoprofen, the protonation can initiate a solvent-mediated excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) from the carboxyl group to the carbonyl group that then leads to a decarboxylation reaction in a pH = 0 acidic aqueous solution. We briefly discuss the key role of the protonation of the ketone in the photochemistry of these aromatic ketones. PMID:25141023
10. Time-resolved spectroscopy in LiCaAlF(6) doped with Cr(3+): dynamical Jahn-Teller effect and thermal shifts associated with the (4)T(2) excited state.
PubMed
Sanz-Ortiz, M N; Rodríguez, F; Valiente, R
2010-03-31
This work investigates the centre distribution of the Cr(3+) impurity, the dynamical Jahn-Teller effect in the first (4)T(2) excited state and the thermal shifts of the absorption and emission peaks in LiCaAlF(6):Cr(3+) by means of time-resolved emission spectroscopy. The electronic and vibrational fine structure observed in both the absorption and emission spectra at low temperature are assigned according to the vibrational modes of the internal (CrF(6))(3-) complex and the lattice modes. Zero-phonon lines associated with (4)T(2) --> (4)A(2) and (2)E --> (4)A(2) transitions were detected and assigned on the basis of available high pressure data in LiCaAlF(6):Cr(3+). We have identified the vibrational coupled modes responsible for the vibrational structure of the low temperature emission spectrum and the reduction of the zero-phonon line (ZPL) splitting caused by the dynamical Jahn-Teller effect in the (4)T(2) excited state (Huang-Rhys factor, S(e) = 0.92). In addition, from the temperature variation of the emission intensity I(T), transition energy E(T) and bandwidth H(T), we obtained the vibrational modes that are coupled to the emitting state. We have evaluated the two main contributions to the photoluminescence thermal shift through thermal expansion and high pressure measurements: the implicit contribution induced by changes of thermal population and the explicit contribution induced by thermal expansion effects--40% and 60% of the total shift, respectively. PMID:21389489
11. Time-resolved spectroscopy in LiCaAlF6 doped with Cr3+: dynamical Jahn-Teller effect and thermal shifts associated with the 4T2 excited state
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sanz-Ortiz, M. N.; Rodríguez, F.; Valiente, R.
2010-03-01
This work investigates the centre distribution of the Cr3 + impurity, the dynamical Jahn-Teller effect in the first 4T2 excited state and the thermal shifts of the absorption and emission peaks in LiCaAlF6:Cr3 + by means of time-resolved emission spectroscopy. The electronic and vibrational fine structure observed in both the absorption and emission spectra at low temperature are assigned according to the vibrational modes of the internal (CrF6)3 - complex and the lattice modes. Zero-phonon lines associated with ^4\\mathrm {T_2} \\to {}^4\\mathrm {A}_2 and ^2\\mathrm {E} \\to {}^4\\mathrm {A}_2 transitions were detected and assigned on the basis of available high pressure data in LiCaAlF6:Cr3 + . We have identified the vibrational coupled modes responsible for the vibrational structure of the low temperature emission spectrum and the reduction of the zero-phonon line (ZPL) splitting caused by the dynamical Jahn-Teller effect in the 4T2 excited state (Huang-Rhys factor, Se = 0.92). In addition, from the temperature variation of the emission intensity I(T), transition energy E(T) and bandwidth H(T), we obtained the vibrational modes that are coupled to the emitting state. We have evaluated the two main contributions to the photoluminescence thermal shift through thermal expansion and high pressure measurements: the implicit contribution induced by changes of thermal population and the explicit contribution induced by thermal expansion effects—40% and 60% of the total shift, respectively.
12. Unfolding Features of Bovine Testicular Hyaluronidase Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Nina Pan; Xiaoqiang Cai; Kai Tang; Guolin Zou
2005-01-01
Chemical unfolding of bovine testicular hyaluronidase (HAase) has been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transformed\\u000a infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermodynamic parameters were determined for unfolding HAase from changes in the intrinsic fluorescence\\u000a emission intensity and the formations of several possible unfolding intermediates have been identified. This was further confirmed\\u000a by representation of fluorescence data in terms of ‘phase diagram’. The
13. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: A Review of Biochemical and Microfluidic Applications
PubMed Central
Tian, Yu; Martinez, Michelle M.
2011-01-01
Over the years fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has proven to be a useful technique that has been utilized in several fields of study. Although FCS initially suffered from poor signal to noise ratios, the incorporation of confocal microscopy has overcome this drawback and transformed FCS into a sensitive technique with high figures of merit. In addition, tandem methods have evolved to include dual-color cross-correlation, total internal reflection fluorescence correlation, and fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy combined with time-correlated single photon counting. In this review, we discuss several applications of FSC for biochemical, microfluidic, and cellular investigations. PMID:21396180
14. Development of a single-shot CCD-based data acquisition system for time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at an X-ray free-electron laser facility.
PubMed
Oura, Masaki; Wagai, Tatsuya; Chainani, Ashish; Miyawaki, Jun; Sato, Hiromi; Matsunami, Masaharu; Eguchi, Ritsuko; Kiss, Takayuki; Yamaguchi, Takashi; Nakatani, Yasuhiro; Togashi, Tadashi; Katayama, Tetsuo; Ogawa, Kanade; Yabashi, Makina; Tanaka, Yoshihito; Kohmura, Yoshiki; Tamasaku, Kenji; Shin, Shik; Ishikawa, Tetsuya
2014-01-01
In order to utilize high-brilliance photon sources, such as X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), for advanced time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TR-PES), a single-shot CCD-based data acquisition system combined with a high-resolution hemispherical electron energy analyzer has been developed. The system's design enables it to be controlled by an external trigger signal for single-shot pump-probe-type TR-PES. The basic performance of the system is demonstrated with an offline test, followed by online core-level photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy in 'single-shot image', 'shot-to-shot image (image-to-image storage or block storage)' and shot-to-shot sweep' modes at soft X-ray undulator beamline BL17SU of SPring-8. In the offline test the typical repetition rate for image-to-image storage mode has been confirmed to be about 15?Hz using a conventional pulse-generator. The function for correcting the shot-to-shot intensity fluctuations of the exciting photon beam, an important requirement for the TR-PES experiments at FEL sources, has been successfully tested at BL17SU by measuring Au 4f photoelectrons with intentionally controlled photon flux. The system has also been applied to hard X-ray PES (HAXPES) in `ordinary sweep' mode as well as shot-to-shot image mode at the 27?m-long undulator beamline BL19LXU of SPring-8 and also at the SACLA XFEL facility. The XFEL-induced Ti 1s core-level spectrum of La-doped SrTiO3 is reported as a function of incident power density. The Ti 1s core-level spectrum obtained at low power density is consistent with the spectrum obtained using the synchrotron source. At high power densities the Ti 1s core-level spectra show space-charge effects which are analysed using a known mean-field model for ultrafast electron packet propagation. The results successfully confirm the capability of the present data acquisition system for carrying out the core-level HAXPES studies of condensed matter induced by the XFEL. PMID:24365935
15. In vivo time-resolved multidistance near infra-red spectroscopy of adult heads: time shift tolerance of measured reflectance to suppress the coupling between absorption and reduced scattering coefficients
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tanifuji, T.; Sakai, D.
2015-03-01
The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients ( ?a and ?'s) of adult heads were determined by multidistance timeresolved reflectance measurements. The finite difference time domain analysis was used to calculate the time-resolved reflectance from adult head models. In vivo time-resolved reflectances of human heads was measured at wavelengths of 680 and 780 nm. By minimizing the objective functions that compare the theoretical and experimental time-resolved reflectances, ?a and ?'s of the brains were determined. The results show that the time shift tolerance of measured reflectance for reducing to less than 10% the deviations in ?a and ?'s due to their coupling from the values obtained by optimum time shifts is more than 20 ps at both wavelengths.
16. Fluorescent properties and spontaneous Raman spectroscopy of new ketocyanine probes in organic solvents
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nemkovich, N. A.; Sobchuk, A. N.; Khodasevich, I. A.
2006-11-01
We have used fluorescence spectroscopy and spontaneous Raman spectroscopy to study the characteristics of two ketocyanine dyes: 2,5-di[(E)-1-(4-diethylaminophenyl)methylidene]-1-cyclopentanone (CPET) and 2-[(E)-1-(4-diethylaminophenyl)methylidene]-5-{(E)-1-[4-(4,7,10,13-tetraoxa-1-azacyclopentadecalin) phenyl]methylidene}-1-cyclopentanone (CPMR) in organic solvents. The position of their electronic spectra depends strongly on the polarity of the solvent. We measured the dipole moments of the dyes in the equilibrium ground state and the Franck-Condon excited state. In mixtures of neutral nonpolar toluene with aprotic polar dimethylsulfoxide, we observe inhomogeneous broadening of the electronic spectra for the indicated compounds, due to fluctuations in solution of the intermolecular interaction energy. The time-resolved characteristics of fluorescence obtained suggest formation of an intermolecular hydrogen bond between the dye and the surrounding medium in a toluene-ethanol mixture. We measured the Raman spectra of CPET and CPMR in different organic solvents. The most intense lines in the 1582 1591 cm-1 region can be assigned to stretching of the phenyl rings of the molecules; the lines in the 831 842 cm-1 region can be assigned to a cyclopentanone ring mode; the lines at 1186 1195 cm-1 can be assigned to stretching of the =C-C-bond of the phenyl ring and rocking of the H atoms of the phenyl ring. We have observed that the position and width of the lines for the stretching vibrations of the ketocyanines depend substantially on the polarity of the surrounding medium. The studied dyes can be used as probes for studying different biological systems by site-selective laser spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The fact that these two methods can be used simultaneously for diagnostics of biosystems is an important advantage of ketocyanine dyes compared with other known probes.
17. Monitoring of singlet oxygen luminescence and mitochondrial autofluorescence after illumination of hypericin/mitochondria complex: a time-resolved study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Petrovajova, D.; Jancura, D.; Miskovsky, P.; Chorvat, D., Jr.; Chorvatova, A.; Ragas, X.; Garcia-Diaz, M.; Nonell, S.; Nadova, Z.
2013-07-01
A study of hypericin (Hyp) interaction with mitochondria isolated from U-87 MG glioma cells as well as the time-resolved measurement of singlet oxygen (1O2) formation and annihilation after illumination of the Hyp/mitochondria complex is presented in this work. Interaction between Hyp and mitochondria was studied by steady-state and time-resolved UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. A high concentration of Hyp leads to the aggregation of this compound inside the mitochondria and the relative population of the monomeric (biologically active) form of Hyp decreases concomitantly to approximately 10% at the highest used Hyp bulk concentration. Photosensitized production of 1O2 in mitochondria after illumination of the Hyp/mitochondria complex is characterized by a rise lifetime of ˜8 ?s and shows saturation behaviour with respect to Hyp concentration. The lifetime of 1O2 depends on the composition of the medium where the mitochondria are suspended, ranging from about 3.0 ?s in pure water to 26 ?s in H2O–D2O (1:9) phosphate buffer. Our results confirm that only the monomeric form of Hyp is able to produce its excited triplet state, which consequently leads to 1O2 production. An influence of photoactivated Hyp on the mitochondria respiration chain was evaluated by the monitoring of time-resolved NAD(P)H fluorescence. We have demonstrated the rise of the NAD(P)H content after illumination of the Hyp/mitochondria complex.
18. Structural Changes and Thermal Stability of Charged LiNix Mny CozO2 Cathode Materials Studied by Combined In Situ Time-Resolved XRD and Mass Spectroscopy
DOE PAGESBeta
Bak, Seong-Min; Hu, Enyuan; Zhou, Yongning; Yu, Xiqian; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Cho, Sung-Jin; Kim, Kwang-Bum; Chung, Kyung Yoon; Yang, Xiao-Qing; Nam, Kyung-Wan
2014-12-24
Thermal stability of charged LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC, with x + y + z = 1, x:y:z = 4:3:3 (NMC433), 5:3:2 (NMC532), 6:2:2 (NMC622), and 8:1:1 (NMC811)) cathode materials is systematically studied using combined in situ time- resolved X-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy (TR-XRD/MS) techniques upon heating up to 600 °C. The TR-XRD/MS results indicate that the content of Ni, Co, and Mn significantly affects both the structural changes and the oxygen release features during heating: the more Ni and less Co and Mn, the lower the onset temperature of the phase transition (i.e., thermal decomposition) and the larger amount of oxygenmore »release. Interestingly, the NMC532 seems to be the optimized composition to maintain a reasonably good thermal stability, comparable to the low-nickel-content materials (e.g., NMC333 and NMC433), while having a high capacity close to the high-nickel-content materials (e.g., NMC811 and NMC622). The origin of the thermal decomposition of NMC cathode materials was elucidated by the changes in the oxidation states of each transition metal (TM) cations (i.e., Ni, Co, and Mn) and their site preferences during thermal decomposition. It is revealed that Mn ions mainly occupy the 3a octahedral sites of a layered structure (R3?-m) but Co ions prefer to migrate to the 8a tetrahedral sites of a spinel structure (Fd3-m) during the thermal decomposition. Such element-dependent cation migration plays a very important role in the thermal stability of NMC cathode materials. The reasonably good thermal stability and high capacity characteristics of the NMC532 composition is originated from the well-balanced ratio of nickel content to manganese and cobalt contents. This systematic study provides insight into the rational design of NMC-based cathode materials with a desired balance between thermal stability and high energy density.« less
19. Structural Changes and Thermal Stability of Charged LiNix Mny CozO2 Cathode Materials Studied by Combined In Situ Time-Resolved XRD and Mass Spectroscopy
DOE PAGESBeta
Bak, Seong-Min [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Hu, Enyuan [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Zhou, Yongning [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Yu, Xiqian [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Senanayake, Sanjaya D. [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Cho, Sung-Jin [Johnson Control Advanced Power Solution, Milwaukee, WI (United States); North Carolina A&T Univ., Greensboro, NC (United States). Joint School of Nano Science and Nano Engineering; Kim, Kwang-Bum [Yonsei Univ., Seoul, (Korea, Republic of). Dept of Material Science and Engineering; Chung, Kyung Yoon [Korea Inst. of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Yang, Xiao-Qing [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Nam, Kyung-Wan [Dongguk Univ., Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Dept. of Energy and Materials Engineering
2014-12-24
Thermal stability of charged LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC, with x + y + z = 1, x:y:z = 4:3:3 (NMC433), 5:3:2 (NMC532), 6:2:2 (NMC622), and 8:1:1 (NMC811)) cathode materials is systematically studied using combined in situ time- resolved X-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy (TR-XRD/MS) techniques upon heating up to 600 °C. The TR-XRD/MS results indicate that the content of Ni, Co, and Mn significantly affects both the structural changes and the oxygen release features during heating: the more Ni and less Co and Mn, the lower the onset temperature of the phase transition (i.e., thermal decomposition) and the larger amount of oxygen release. Interestingly, the NMC532 seems to be the optimized composition to maintain a reasonably good thermal stability, comparable to the low-nickel-content materials (e.g., NMC333 and NMC433), while having a high capacity close to the high-nickel-content materials (e.g., NMC811 and NMC622). The origin of the thermal decomposition of NMC cathode materials was elucidated by the changes in the oxidation states of each transition metal (TM) cations (i.e., Ni, Co, and Mn) and their site preferences during thermal decomposition. It is revealed that Mn ions mainly occupy the 3a octahedral sites of a layered structure (R3?-m) but Co ions prefer to migrate to the 8a tetrahedral sites of a spinel structure (Fd3-m) during the thermal decomposition. Such element-dependent cation migration plays a very important role in the thermal stability of NMC cathode materials. The reasonably good thermal stability and high capacity characteristics of the NMC532 composition is originated from the well-balanced ratio of nickel content to manganese and cobalt contents. This systematic study provides insight into the rational design of NMC-based cathode materials with a desired balance between thermal stability and high energy density.
20. Structural changes and thermal stability of charged LiNixMnyCozO? cathode materials studied by combined in situ time-resolved XRD and mass spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Bak, Seong-Min [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Hu, Enyuan [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Zhou, Yongning [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Yu, Xiqian [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Senanayake, Sanjaya D. [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Cho, Sung-Jin [Johnson Control Advanced Power Solution, Milwaukee, WI (United States); North Carolina A& T State Univ., Greensboro, NC (United States); Kim, Kwang-Bum [Yonsei Univ., Seoul (Republic of Korea); Chung, Kyung Yoon [Korea Inst. of Science and Technology, Seoul (Republic of Korea); Yang, Xiao-Qing [Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Nam, Kyung-Wan [Dongguk Univ., Seoul (Republic of Korea)
2014-12-24
Thermal stability of charged LiNixMnyCozO? (NMC with x+y+z=1, x:y:z = 4:3:3 (NMC433), 5:3:2 (NMC532), 6:2:2 (NMC622), and 8:1:1 (NMC811)) cathode materials is systematically studied using combined in situ time resolved X-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy (TR- XRD/MS) techniques upon heating up to 600 °C. The TR-XRD/MS results indicate that the content of Ni, Co, and Mn significantly affects both the structural changes and the oxygen release features during heating: the more Ni and less Co and Mn, the lower the onset temperature of the phase transition (i.e., thermal decomposition) and the larger amount of oxygen release. Interestingly, the NMC532 seems to be the optimized composition to maintain a reasonably good thermal stability comparable to the low Ni-content materials (e.g., NMC333 and NMC433) while having a high capacity close to the high Ni-content materials (e.g., NMC811 and NMC622). The origin of the thermal decomposition of NMC cathode materials was elucidated by the changes in the oxidation states of each transition metal (TM) cations (i.e., Ni, Co and Mn) and their site preferences during thermal decomposition. It is revealed that Mn ions mainly occupy the 3a octahedral sites of layered structure (R3m ) but Co ions prefer to migrate to the 8a tetrahedral sites of spinel structure (Fd3m ) during the thermal decomposition. Such elemental dependent cation migration plays a very important role for the thermal stability of NMC cathode materials. The reasonably good thermal stability and high capacity characteristics of the NMC532 composition is originated from the well-balanced ratio of Ni- to Mn- and Co- contents. This systematic study provides insight into the rational design of NMC based cathode materials with a desired balance between thermal stability and high energy density
1. Time-resolved optical studies of 3-5 semiconductors
Microsoft Academic Search
Andrew Gregory
1991-01-01
This study uses the technique of sub-picosecond time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy in order to investigate the relaxation of hot photo-excited charge carriers in III-V semiconductors. A review is provided of the physical background to the area, along with a discussion of the knowledge already obtained. The luminescence upconversion technique is used which enables measurements to be made with a time-resolution that
2. Detection of colorectal cancer using time-resolved autofluorescence spectrometer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fu, Sheng; Kwek, Leong-Chuan; Chia, Teck-Chee; Lim, Chu-Sing; Tang, Choong-Leong; Ang, Wuan-Suan; Zhou, Miao-Chang; Loke, Po-Ling
2006-04-01
As we know Quantum mechanics is a mathematical theory that can describe the behavior of objects that are at microscopic level. Time-resolved autofluorescence spectrometer monitors events that occur during the lifetime of the excited state. This time ranges from a few picoseconds to hundreds of nanoseconds. That is an extremely important advance as it allows environmental parameters to be monitored in a spatially defined manner in the specimen under study. This technique is based on the application of Quantum Mechanics. This principle is applied in our project as we are trying to use different fluorescence spectra to detect biological molecules commonly found in cancerous colorectal tissue and thereby differentiate the cancerous and non-cancerous colorectal polyps more accurately and specifically. In this paper, we use Fluorescence Lifetime Spectrometer (Edinburgh Instruments FL920) to measure decay time of autofluorescence of colorectal cancerous and normal tissue sample. All specimens are from Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital. The tissues are placed in the time-resolved autofluorescence instrument, which records and calculates the decay time of the autofluorescence in the tissue sample at the excitation and emission wavelengths pre-determined from a conventional spectrometer. By studying the decay time,?, etc. for cancerous and normal tissue, we aim to present time-resolved autofluorescence as a feasible technique for earlier detection of malignant colorectal tissues. By using this concept, we try to contribute an algorithm even an application tool for real time early diagnosis of colorectal cancer for clinical services.
3. Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy at endoscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Qu, Jianan Y.; MacAulay, Calum E.; Lam, Stephen; Palcic, Branko
1994-07-01
A spectrofluorometry system has been developed for the collection of laser induced fluorescense spectra of tissue during endoscopy. In this system, a catheter with seven optical fibers was used to deliver the excitation light and collect the emitted fluorescence. The system enables one to switch from regular endoscopy into fluorescence measurement in 50 ms using a computerized shutter system. The fluorescence spectra can be recorded in 100 ms. This spectrofluorometry system has been used to obtain spectra from bronchial, larynx and nasopharyngeal tissues when employed with the appropriate endoscopes. The results demonstrate that laser induced fluorescence can be used to differentiate abnormal tissue from normal tissue. The illumination and fluorescence collection patterns of this system have been modeled using a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulation data shows that the spectra recorded by our collection pattern is very close to the intrinsic spectra of tissue. The experimental results and the Monte Carlo simulation suggest that changes in fluorescence intensity are more robust for the detection of early cancers than the differences in spectral characteristics.
4. Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in tissue local necrosis detection
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cip, Ondrej; Buchta, Zdenek; Lesundak, Adam; Randula, Antonin; Mikel, Bretislav; Lazar, Josef; Veverkova, Lenka
2014-03-01
The recent effort leads to reliable imaging techniques which can help to a surgeon during operations. The fluorescence spectroscopy was selected as very useful online in vivo imaging method to organics and biological materials analysis. The presented work scopes to a laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy technique to detect tissue local necrosis in small intestine surgery. In first experiments, we tested tissue auto-fluorescence technique but a signal-to-noise ratio didn't express significant results. Then we applied a contrast dye - IndoCyanine Green (ICG) which absorbs and emits wavelengths in the near IR. We arranged the pilot experimental setup based on highly coherent extended cavity diode laser (ECDL) used for stimulating of some critical areas of the small intestine tissue with injected ICG dye. We demonstrated the distribution of the ICG exciter with the first file of shots of small intestine tissue of a rabbit that was captured by high sensitivity fluorescent cam.
5. [Rapid identification of hogwash oil by using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy].
PubMed
Sun, Yan-Hui; An, Hai-Yang; Jia, Xiao-Li; Wang, Juan
2012-10-01
To identify hogwash oil quickly, the characteristic delta lambda of hogwash oil was analyzed by three dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis, and the model was built up by using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy with support vector machines (SVM). The results showed that the characteristic delta lambda of hogwash oil was 60 nm. Collecting original spectrum of different samples under the condition of characteristic delta lambda 60 nm, the best model was established while 5 principal components were selected from original spectrum and the radial basis function (RBF) was used as the kernel function, and the optimal penalty factor C and kernel function g were 512 and 0.5 respectively obtained by the grid searching and 6-fold cross validation. The discrimination rate of the model was 100% for both training sets and prediction sets. Thus, it is quick and accurate to apply synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy to identification of hogwash oil. PMID:23285875
6. Low-temperature and time-resolved spectroscopic characterization of the LOV2 domain of Avena sativa phototropin
SciTech Connect
Gauden, Magdalena; Crosson, Sean; van Stokkum, I.H.; Grondelle, Rienkvan; Moffat, Keith; Kennis, John T. (UC)
2004-12-13
The phototropins are plant blue-light receptors that base their light-dependent action on the reversible formation of a covalent bond between a flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor and a conserved cysteine residue in light, oxygen or voltage (LOV) domains. The spectroscopic properties of the LOV2 domain of phototropin 1 of Avena sativa (oat) have been investigated by means of low-temperature absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The low-temperature absorption spectrum of the LOV2 domain showed a fine structure around 473 nm, indicating heterogeneity in the flavin binding pocket. The fluorescence quantum yield of the flavin cofactor increased from 0.13 to 0.41 upon cooling the sample from room temperature to 77 K. A pronounced phosphorescence emission around 600 nm was observed in the LOV2 domain between 77 and 120 K, allowing for an accurate positioning of the flavin triplet state in the LOV2 domain at 16900 cm{sup -1}. Fluorescence from the cryotrapped covalent adduct state was extremely weak, with a fluorescence spectrum showing a maximum at 440 nm. Time-resolved fluorescence experiments utilizing a synchroscan streak camera revealed a singlet-excited state lifetime of the LOV2 domain of 2.4 ns. FMN dissolved in aqueous solution showed a pH-dependent lifetime ranging between 2.9 ns at pH 2.0 to 4.7 ns at pH 8.0. No spectral shifting of the flavin emission was observed in the LOV2 domain nor in FMN in aqueous solution.
7. Low-temperature and time-resolved spectroscopic characterization of the LOV2 domain of Avena sativa phototropin 1
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gauden, Magdalena; Crosson, Sean; van Stokkum, I. H. M.; van Grondelle, Rienk; Moffat, Keith; Kennis, John T. M.
2004-09-01
The phototropins are plant blue-light receptors that base their light-dependent action on the reversible formation of a covalent bond between a flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor and a conserved cysteine residue in light, oxygen or voltage (LOV) domains. The spectroscopic properties of the LOV2 domain of phototropin 1 of Avena sativa (oat) have been investigated by means of low-temperature absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The low-temperature absorption spectrum of the LOV2 domain showed a fine structure around 473 nm, indicating heterogeneity in the flavin binding pocket. The fluorescence quantum yield of the flavin cofactor increased from 0.13 to 0.41 upon cooling the sample from room temperature to 77 K. A pronounced phosphorescence emission around 600 nm was observed in the LOV2 domain between 77 and 120 K, allowing for an accurate positioning of the flavin triplet state in the LOV2 domain at 16900 cm-1. Fluorescence from the cryotrapped covalent adduct state was extremely weak, with a fluorescence spectrum showing a maximum at 440 nm. Time-resolved fluorescence experiments utilizing a synchroscan streak camera revealed a singlet-excited state lifetime of the LOV2 domain of 2.4 ns. FMN dissolved in aqueous solution showed a pH-dependent lifetime ranging between 2.9 ns at pH 2.0 to 4.7 ns at pH 8.0. No spectral shifting of the flavin emission was observed in the LOV2 domain nor in FMN in aqueous solution.
8. Fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Buhong; Zhang, Zhenxi; Xie, Shusen; Lin, Huiyun
2005-01-01
The spectroscopic characteristics of autofluorescence for the nasopharyngeal carcinoma in vitro and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (CNE cells) were investigated, respectively. The characteristics of fluorescence agree with the results that deduced from the nasopharyngeal carcinoma in vivo, and the optimal excitation-emission wavelength was found at 350-500 nm. Secondly, the selectivity and optimal time for optical diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by using the new photosensitizer of Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether (HMME) has been demonstrated and determined by incubated CNE cells with HMME. The fluorescence emission peaks of 615 and 675 nm characterized the selective accumulation of HMME in CNE cells, and the optimal time for optical diagnostics with HMME was about 140 mins after clinic intravenous administration. Moreover, when the concentration of HMME in CNE cells below 32 ?g/mL, the fluorescence intensity versus HMME concentration reveals an obvious linearity. Finally, the fluorescence intensity of CNE cells increases linearly with concentration over the entire range up to 9.0E+05 cells/mL. These results can be used to helpfully improve the accuracy of optical diagnosis for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
9. Time-resolved transillumination and optical tomography
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
de Haller, Emmanuel B.
1996-01-01
In response to an invitation by the editor-in-chief, I would like to present the current status of time-domain imaging. With exciting new photon diffusion techniques being developed in the frequency domain and promising optical coherence tomography, time-resolved transillumination is in constant evolution and the subject of passionate discussions during the numerous conferences dedicated to this subject. The purpose of time-resolved optical tomography is to provide noninvasive, high-resolution imaging of the interior of living bodies by the use of nonionizing radiation. Moreover, the use of visible to near-infrared wavelength yields metabolic information. Breast cancer screening is the primary potential application for time-resolved imaging. Neurology and tissue characterization are also possible fields of applications. Time- resolved transillumination and optical tomography should not only improve diagnoses, but the welfare of the patient. As no overview of this technique has yet been presented to my knowledge, this paper briefly describes the various methods enabling time-resolved transillumination and optical tomography. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods, as well as the clinical challenges they face are discussed. Although an analytic and computable model of light transport through tissues is essential for a meaningful interpretation of the transillumination process, this paper will not dwell on the mathematics of photon propagation.
10. Time-resolved optical spectrometer based on a monolithic array of high-precision TDCs and SPADs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tamborini, Davide; Markovic, Bojan; Di Sieno, Laura; Contini, Davide; Bassi, Andrea; Tisa, Simone; Tosi, Alberto; Zappa, Franco
2013-12-01
We present a compact time-resolved spectrometer suitable for optical spectroscopy from 400 nm to 1 ?m wavelengths. The detector consists of a monolithic array of 16 high-precision Time-to-Digital Converters (TDC) and Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPAD). The instrument has 10 ps resolution and reaches 70 ps (FWHM) timing precision over a 160 ns full-scale range with a Differential Non-Linearity (DNL) better than 1.5 % LSB. The core of the spectrometer is the application-specific integrated chip composed of 16 pixels with 250 ?m pitch, containing a 20 ?m diameter SPAD and an independent TDC each, fabricated in a 0.35 ?m CMOS technology. In front of this array a monochromator is used to focus different wavelengths into different pixels. The spectrometer has been used for fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy: 5 nm spectral resolution over an 80 nm bandwidth is achieved. Lifetime spectroscopy of Nile blue is demonstrated.
11. Trp aporepressor engineered for fluorescence spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
David P. Millar; Remo A. Hochstrasser; David R. Chapman; Philip Youderian
1992-01-01
The tryptophan repressor from Escherichia coli binds to the trp operator in the presence of L- tryptophan, thereby inhibiting the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to change tryptophan-19 and tryptophan-99 to leucine and methionine, respectively. This mutant protein without tryptophan in its amino acid sequence has wild-type repressor activity and is a suitable model for fluorescence studies of
12. Multimodal, multiplex, Raman spectroscopy of alcohol in diffuse, fluorescent media
Microsoft Academic Search
Scott T. McCain; Michael E. Gehm; Yanqia Wang
2005-01-01
Optical diagnostics in biological materials are hindered by fluorescence and scattering. We have developed a multimodal, multiplex, coded-aperture Raman spectrometer to detect alcohol in a lipid tissue phantom solution. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic tool due to its high specificity and possibility for in vivo applications. At the same time, its very weak signal strength and incoherent scattering properties
13. "FluSpec": A Simulated Experiment in Fluorescence Spectroscopy
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Bigger, Stephen W.; Bigger, Andrew S.; Ghiggino, Kenneth P.
2014-01-01
The "FluSpec" educational software package is a fully contained tutorial on the technique of fluorescence spectroscopy as well as a simulator on which experiments can be performed. The procedure for each of the experiments is also contained within the package along with example analyses of results that are obtained using the software.
14. Fibre optic fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring fish freshness
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wu, Chi-Wu; Hsiao, Tzu-Chien; Chu, Shou-Chia; Hu, Hung-Hsi; Chen, Jyh-Cheng
2012-01-01
In this study, a portable Y-type fibreoptic fluorescence spectroscopy measurement system was used to evaluate the freshness of eight cobias (Rachycentron canadum). The results showed that the ratio of fluorescent intensity, which F480 nm/Fexci+50 nm was belong with the range of collagen type I and type V characteristic spectra, was positive correlated to the frozen time by hours. It was a strong approach to be a potential index for differentiating the fish freshness during delivery process. Besides, the different pattern results of dorsum and abdomen were shown in this study. In further, fibreoptic fluorescence spectroscopy could be a way not only to measure and quantify the freshness of different fish body but also to verify the level of taste.
15. Sucrose monoester micelles size determined by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS).
PubMed
Sanchez, Susana A; Gratton, Enrico; Zanocco, Antonio L; Lemp, Else; Gunther, German
2011-01-01
One of the several uses of sucrose detergents, as well as other micelle forming detergents, is the solubilization of different membrane proteins. Accurate knowledge of the micelle properties, including size and shape, are needed to optimize the surfactant conditions for protein purification and membrane characterization. We synthesized sucrose esters having different numbers of methylene subunits on the substituent to correlate the number of methylene groups with the size of the corresponding micelles. We used Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) and two photon excitation to determine the translational D of the micelles and calculate their corresponding hydrodynamic radius, R(h). As a fluorescent probe we used LAURDAN (6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene), a dye highly fluorescent when integrated in the micelle and non-fluorescent in aqueous media. We found a linear correlation between the size of the tail and the hydrodynamic radius of the micelle for the series of detergents measured. PMID:22216230
16. Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy and its artifacts: simulations and tests
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Meng, Fanbo; Chen, Bo; Liu, Guang; Ding, Jianying; Ma, Hui
2005-05-01
Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) technique is capable of monitoring changes in concentration, mass, size and structure of fluorescent-labeled bio-molecules in microscopic volume and is suitable for measuring biological interactions in living cells. FFS data may be affected by many experimental factors in complicated biological systems. Using a Monte Carlo approach, we generate fluorescence fluctuation data for different experimental systems. This approach helps to separate the contributions by different experimental factors in a complicated fluorescence fluctuation spectrum. It also helps to validate new theoretical models and new fitting formulations. We describe the algorithm of the simulation program and tests on its statistical performance. The program is then used successfully to study the effects of several experimental factors on FFS detection.
17. Fluorescence spectroscopy of tissue: recovery of intrinsic fluorescence from measured fluorescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gardner, Craig M.; Jacques, Steven L.; Welch, Ashley J.
1996-04-01
We present a method for recovering the intrinsic fluorescence coefficient, defined as the product of the fluorophore absorption coefficient and the fluorescence energy yield, of an optically thick, homogeneous, turbid medium from a surface measurement of fluorescence and from knowledge of medium optical properties. The measured fluorescence signal is related to the intrinsic fluorescence coefficient by an optical property dependent path-length factor. A simple expression was developed for the path-length factor, which characterizes the penetration of excitation light and the escape of fluorescence from the medium. Experiments with fluorescent tissue phantoms demonstrated that intrinsic fluorescence line shape could be recovered and that fluorophore concentration could be estimated within +/-15%, over a wide range of optical properties. transport, photodynamic therapy, photosensitizer.
18. Singlet internal conversion processes in the order of 1Bu+?3Ag-?1Bu-?2Ag-?1Ag- in all- trans-spheroidene and lycopene as revealed by subpicosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rondonuwu, Ferdy S.; Kakitani, Yoshinori; Tamura, Hiroshi; Koyama, Yasushi
2006-09-01
Key Raman lines ascribable to the 1Bu+, 3Ag-, 1Bu- and 2Ag- states were identified in the subpicosecond time-resolved Raman spectra of spheroidene and lycopene having 10 and 11 conjugated double bonds, respectively. The sequential rise-and-decay of the key Raman lines showed the internal conversion processes of 1Bu+?3Ag-?1Bu-?2Ag-?1Ag- (ground). The time constant in each step of internal conversion reflects the energy gap between the relevant states that had been determined by measurement of resonance - Raman excitation profiles [K. Furuichi, T. Sashima, Y. Koyama, Chem. Phys. Lett. 356 (2002) 547].
19. Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy of ruthenium monoboride
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Na; Ng, Y. W.; Cheung, A. S.-C.
2012-09-01
Laser induced fluorescence spectrum of ruthenium monoboride (RuB) in the visible region between 500 and 575 nm was studied. RuB molecule was produced by reacting laser ablated ruthenium atom with 0.5% diborane (B2H6) seeded in argon. Three transition bands of the [18.4]2.5-X2?5/2 transition were recorded and rotationally analyzed. The ground state symmetry and bond length, ro, were determined to be X2?5/2 state and 1.7099 Å, respectively, which is consistent with a 2?i state predicted from electronic configuration using a molecular orbital energy level diagram. This work represents the first experimental investigation of the spectrum of the RuB molecule.
20. Ultrasensitive molecular fluorescence spectroscopy in levitated microdroplets
SciTech Connect
Ramsey, J.M.; Whitten, W.B. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (USA)); Arnold, S. (Polytechnic Univ., Brooklyn, NY (USA)); Bronk, B.V. (Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (USA))
1990-01-01
The extreme sensitivity of fluorescence spectrophotometry results from the fact that a molecule can undergo many excitation-emission cycles before destruction by photochemical degradation. For example, Rhodamine 6G (R6G) can emit in excess of 10{sup 5} photons before photolysis takes place. The fraction of emitted photons collected and converted to countable pulses can be as high as 10{sup {minus}3}, although 10{sup {minus}4} is more readily attainable. Therefore, sufficient signal exists for single molecules to be detectable. Detection limits for molecules in solution have been limited by background signal from solvent Raman scattering and fluorescence. This background signal adds noise to the measurement and has effectively restricted the detectable concentration to about 10{sup {minus}13} M. Over the past decade, advances in detection of fewer molecules have all been made by reducing the measurement volume and/or increasing the measuring time. Given the above concentration detection limit a reduction of the measurement volume to 1 pL leads to a minimum observable quantity of {approx}1 molecule. The ability to detect a single molecule in condensed phase could have many important applications in addition to being an interesting problem. The obvious application of this approach is to situations where small quantities of material are available for analysis. The capability to reliably detect a single fluorophore might also allow the screening and/or sorting of a collection of molecules. Such abilities would have application to many biological problems such as DNA sequencing and detection of DNA adducts.
1. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: Diagnostics for sparse?molecules
PubMed Central
Maiti, Sudipta; Haupts, Ulrich; Webb, Watt W.
1997-01-01
The robust glow of molecular fluorescence renders even sparse molecules detectable and susceptible to analysis for concentration, mobility, chemistry, and photophysics. Correlation spectroscopy, a statistical-physics-based tool, gleans quantitative information from the spontaneously fluctuating fluorescence signals obtained from small molecular ensembles. This analytical power is available for studying molecules present at minuscule concentrations in liquid solutions (less than one nanomolar), or even on the surfaces of living cells at less than one macromolecule per square micrometer. Indeed, routines are becoming common to detect, locate, and examine individual molecules under favorable conditions. PMID:9342306
2. Time-resolved photoconductivity of PbSe nanocrystal arrays.
PubMed
Murphy, James E; Beard, Matthew C; Nozik, Arthur J
2006-12-21
We report the sub-picosecond photoconductivity dynamics of chemically treated PbSe nanocrystal arrays utilizing time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS). TRTS allows both the degree of interdot electronic coupling and the carrier dynamics to be extracted simultaneously. The following capping ligands bonded to the quantum dot surface were studied: hydrazine, ethylenediamine, butlyamine, and aniline. In addition, the arrays were treated with NaOH. We find that the treatments affect both the degree of electronic coupling and the carrier dynamics. PMID:17165993
3. Rapid high-resolution spin- and time-resolved ARPES
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lin, Chiu-Yun; Gotlieb, Kenneth; Jozwiak, Chris; Hussain, Zahid; Bostwick, Aaron; Lanzara, Alessandra; Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Collaboration; Graduate Group in Applied Science; Technology, University of California, Berkeley Collaboration
2015-03-01
A high-efficiency spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (spin-ARPES) spectrometer, coupled with a lab-based 6 eV laser, will be presented in this talk. Combining time-of-flight(TOF) energy measurements with low-energy exchange scattering spin polarimetry, spin-TOF ARPES achieves unprecedented measurements of near-EF physics rapidly. In addition, the successful integration of the spectrometer with the pulsed laser system demonstrates its potential for simultaneous spin- and time-resolved ARPES with pump-probe based measurements.
4. Surface-plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy
Microsoft Academic Search
Thorsten Liebermann; Wolfgang Knoll
2000-01-01
We describe the combination of surface plasmon- and fluorescence spectroscopy for sensor applications. The resonant excitation of PSP modes at a metal\\/buffer-interface in a flow cell results in optical field intensities largely enhanced compared to the incoming laser light: a factor of 16, calculated for a Au\\/water interface by Fresnel formulas was experimentally confirmed. This field enhancement can be used
5. Infrared spectroscopic discrimination between the loop and alpha-helices and determination of the loop diffusion kinetics by temperature-jump time-resolved infrared spectroscopy for cytochrome c.
PubMed
Ye, Manping; Zhang, Qing-Li; Li, Heng; Weng, Yu-Xiang; Wang, Wei-Chi; Qiu, Xiang-Gang
2007-10-15
The infrared (IR) absorption of the amide I band for the loop structure may overlap with that of the alpha-helices, which can lead to the misassignment of the protein secondary structures. A resolution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method and temperature-jump (T-jump) time-resolved IR absorbance difference spectra were used to identify one specific loop absorption from the helical IR absorption bands of horse heart cytochrome c in D2O at a pD around 7.0. This small loop consists of residues 70-85 with Met-80 binding to the heme Fe(III). The FTIR spectra in amide I' region indicate that the loop and the helical absorption bands overlap at 1653 cm(-1) at room temperature. Thermal titration of the amide I' intensity at 1653 cm(-1) reveals that a transition in loop structural change occurs at lower temperature (Tm=45 degrees C), well before the global unfolding of the secondary structure (Tm approximately 82 degrees C). This loop structural change is assigned as being triggered by the Met-80 deligation from the heme Fe(III). T-jump time-resolved IR absorbance difference spectra reveal that a T-jump from 25 degrees C to 35 degrees C breaks the Fe-S bond between the Met-80 and the iron reversibly, which leads to a loop (1653 cm(-1), overlap with the helical absorption) to random coil (1645 cm(-1)) transition. The observed unfolding rate constant interpreted as the intrachain diffusion rate for this 16 residue loop was approximately 3.6x10(6) s(-1). PMID:17557782
6. The spectroscopic basis of Fluorescence Triple Correlation Spectroscopy
PubMed Central
Ridgeway, William K.; Millar, David P.; Williamson, James R.
2012-01-01
We have developed Fluorescence Triple Correlation Spectroscopy (F3CS) as an extension of the widely-used fluorescence microscopy technique Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. F3CS correlates three signals at once and provides additional capabilities for the study of systems with complex stoichiometry, kinetic processes and irreversible reactions. A general theory of F3CS was developed to describe the interplay of molecular dynamics and microscope optics, leading to an analytical function to predict experimental triple correlations of molecules that freely diffuse through the tight focus of the microscope. Experimental correlations were calculated from raw fluorescence data using triple correlation integrals that extend multiple-tau correlation theory to delay times in two dimensions. The quality of experimental data was improved by tuning specific spectroscopic parameters and employing multiple independent detectors to minimize optoelectronic artifacts. Experiments with the reversible system of freely-diffusing 16S rRNA revealed that triple correlation functions contain symmetries predicted from time-reversal arguments. Irreversible systems are shown to break these symmetries and correlation strategies were developed to detect time-reversal asymmetries in a comprehensive way with respect to two delay times, each spanning many orders of magnitude in time. The correlation strategies, experimental approaches and theory developed here enable studies of the composition and dynamics of complex systems using F3CS. PMID:22229664
7. In Vivo Fluorescence Correlation and Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mütze, Jörg; Ohrt, Thomas; Petrášek, Zden?k; Schwille, Petra
In this manuscript, we describe the application of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (FCCS), and scanning FCS (sFCS) to two in vivo systems. In the first part, we describe the application of two-photon standard and scanning FCS in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. The differentiation of a single fertilized egg into a complex organism in C. elegans is regulated by a number of protein-dependent processes. The oocyte divides asymmetrically into two daughter cells of different developmental fate. Two of the involved proteins, PAR-2 and NMY-2, are studied. The second investigated system is the mechanism of RNA interference in human cells. An EGFP based cell line that allows to study the dynamics and localization of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) with FCS in vivo is created, which has so far been inaccessible with other experimental methods. Furthermore, Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy is employed to highlight the asymmetric incorporation of labeled siRNAs into RISC.
8. Steady-state and time-resolved investigations on pyrene-based chemosensors.
PubMed
Fernández-Lodeiro, Javier; Núñez, Cristina; de Castro, Catherine S; Bértolo, Emilia; Seixas de Melo, J Sérgio; Capelo, José Luis; Lodeiro, Carlos
2013-01-01
Two novel fluorescent probes bearing a single (P) and two (a podand-like structure, L) pyrene units derived from 1,5-bis(2-aminophenoxy)-3-oxopentane have been synthesized and investigated in dioxane using UV-vis absorption, and steady-state and time-resolved (in a picosecond time scale) emission spectroscopy; in the gas phase, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry was employed. In dioxane, the absorption and emission spectra of P present a unique band with maxima at 361 and 392 nm, which have been associated with the monomer absorption and emission bands, respectively. In dioxane, for compound L, an additional band with a maximum at ?525 nm is observed; upon the addition of water, an emissive band (with maxima varying from 405 to 490 nm) appears in both P and L spectra; this is discussed in terms of the emission of a species with charge character. Upon metal addition (Cu(2+), Zn(2+), and Ag(+)) to P, a gradual quenching effect of the monomer emission is observed and found to be more pronounced with Cu(2+). In the case of L, upon the addition of metal cations, the long emission band (?550 nm) decreases and the monomer emission band increases (with an isoemissive point at ?450 nm) and no evidence for the intermediate band (at ?405-490 nm) now exists. Time-resolved data in dioxane/water mixtures showed that for P and L these two fit double- and triple-exponential decay laws, respectively. With P, this has been attributed to a two-state system, which involves the monomer and a charged species, with its emission maxima varying with the polarity of the media (here mirrored by its dielectric constant), which can potentially be addressed to an exciplex-like species, whereas with L, it has been attributed to a three-state system involving, in addition to these two species, an excimer. From absorption and fluorescence excitation and time-resolved data, evidence is given for the presence of intramolecular dimer formation in the ground state. PMID:23231666
9. Ultrasensitive fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of highly parallelized microfluidic devices
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Canfield, Brian K.; King, Jason K.; Robinson, William N.; Hofmeister, William H.; Soper, Steven A.; Davis, Lloyd M.
2012-02-01
Reducing reagent needs and costs while increasing throughput constitute important needs for assays in pharmaceutical drug discovery. We are developing an ultrasensitive, fluorescence-based detection system in highly parallel microfluidic channels with kHz readout rates in each channel. Prototype microfluidic devices with an array of >150 microchannels have been fabricated by direct femtosecond laser machining of fused silica substrates. A device is placed in a custombuilt, wide-field microscope where a line-generating red diode laser provides uniform epi-illumination just a few microns high across a 500 micron field of view. Single-molecule levels in the probe volumes can be attained by flowing suitably dilute aqueous solutions (~pM) of fluorescently labeled biomolecules through the microchannels. Fluorescence is detected with an electron-multiplying CCD camera allowing readout rates up to 7 kHz for each microchannel. Rapid initial assessment of detected fluorescence signals is performed through digital filtering derived from simulations based on experimental parameters. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy can then provide more detailed analysis of the sample within each microchannel. Optimized microfluidic devices could be mass-produced in low-cost polymers using imprint lithography.
10. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy for analysis of wine and wine distillates
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Andreeva, Ya.; Borisova, E.; Genova, Ts.; Zhelyazkova, Al.; Avramov, L.
2015-01-01
Wine and brandies are multicomponent systems and conventional fluorescence techniques, relying on recording of single emission or excitation spectra, are often insufficient. In such cases synchronous fluorescence spectra can be used for revealing the potential of the fluorescence techniques. The technique is based on simultaneously scanning of the excitation and emission wavelength with constant difference (??) maintained between them. In this study the measurements were made using FluoroLog3 spectrofluorimeter (HORIBA Jobin Yvon, France) and collected for excitation and emission in the wavelength region 220 - 700 nm using wavelength interval ?? from 10 to 100 nm in 10 nm steps. This research includes the results obtained for brandy and red wine samples. Fluorescence analysis takes advantage in the presence of natural fluorophores in wines and brandies, such as gallic, vanillic, p-coumaric, syringic, ferulic acid, umbelliferone, scopoletin and etc. Applying of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy for analysis of these types of alcohols allows us to estimate the quality of wines and also to detect adulteration of brandies like adding of a caramel to wine distillates for imitating the quality of the original product aged in oak casks.
11. Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy of mCherry in Living Cells
PubMed Central
Wu, Bin; Chen, Yan; Müller, Joachim D.
2009-01-01
The red fluorescent protein mCherry is of considerable interest for fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS), because the wide separation in color between mCherry and green fluorescent protein provides excellent conditions for identifying protein interactions inside cells. This two-photon study reveals that mCherry exists in more than a single brightness state. Unbiased analysis of the data needs to account for the presence of multiple states. We introduce a two-state model that successfully describes the brightness and fluctuation amplitude of mCherry. The properties of the two states are characterized by FFS and fluorescence lifetime experiments. No interconversion between the two states was observed over the experimentally probed timescales. The effect of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and mCherry is incorporated into the two-state model to describe protein hetero-oligomerization. The model is verified by comparing the predicted and measured brightness and fluctuation amplitude of several fusion proteins that contain mCherry and EGFP. In addition, hetero-fluorescence resonance energy transfer between mCherry molecules in different states is detected, but its influence on FFS parameters is small enough to be negligible. Finally, the two-state model is applied to study protein oligomerization in living cells. We demonstrate that the model successfully describes the homodimerization of nuclear receptors. In addition, we resolved a mixture of interacting and noninteracting proteins labeled with EGFP and mCherry. These results provide the foundation for quantitative applications of mCherry in FFS studies. PMID:19289064
12. Bilayer localization of membrane-active peptides studied in biomimetic vesicles by visible and fluorescence spectroscopies
Microsoft Academic Search
Tanya Sheynis; Jan Sykora; Ales Benda; Sofiya Kolusheva; Martin Hof; Raz Jelinek
2003-01-01
Depth of bilayer penetration and effects on lipid mobility conferred by the membrane-active peptides magainin, melit- tin, and a hydrophobic helical sequence KKA(LA)7KK (denoted KAL), were investigated by colorimetric and time-resolved fluorescence techniques in biomimetic phos- pholipid\\/poly(diacetylene)vesicles. The experiments dem- onstrated that the extent of bilayer permeation and peptide localization within the membrane was dependent upon the bilayer composition, and
13. The study of blue LED to induce fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging for oral carcinoma detection
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zheng, Longjiang; Hu, Yuanting
2009-07-01
Fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging diagnosis of malignant lesions provides us with a new method to diagnose diseases in precancerous stage. Early diagnosis of disease has significant importance in cancer treatment, because most cancers can be cured well in precancerous, especially when the diffusion of cancer is limited in a restricted region. In this study, Golden hamster models were applied to 5% 9, 10 dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene (DMBA) to induce hamster buccal cheek pouch carcinoma three times a week. Rose Bengal, which has been used in clinican for years and avoids visible side-effect to human was chosen as photosensitizer. 405 nm blue LED was used to induce the fluorescence of photosensitizer. After topical application of photosensitizer, characteristic red emission fluorescence peak was observed around 600nm. Similar, normal oral cavity has special luminescence around 480nm. Fluorescence spectroscopy technology is based on analysing emission peaks of photosensitizer in the areas of oral carcinoma, moreover, red-to-green (IR/IG) intensity ratio is also applied as a diagnostic algorithm. A CCD which is connected with a computer is used to take pictures at carcinoma areas through different filters. Fluorescence images from normal hamster buccal cheek pouch are compared with those from carcinogen-induced models of carcinoma, and morphological differences between normal and lesion tissue can be distinguished. The pictures are analyzed by Matlab and shown on the screen of computer. This paper demonstrates that Rose Bengal could be used as photosensitizer to detect oral carcinoma, and blue LED as excitation source could not only have a good effect to diagnose oral carcinoma, but also decrease cost greatly.
14. Solvent effects on the a sub g C double bond C stretching mode in the 2 sup 1 A sub g sup minus excited state of. beta. -carotene and two derivatives: Picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy
SciTech Connect
Noguchi, T.; Hayashi, H. (Univ. of Arizona, Tucson (United States) Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)); Tasumi, M. (Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)); Atkinson, G.H. (Univ. of Arizona, Tucson (United States) Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem (Israel))
1991-04-18
Picosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectra in the C{double bond}C stretching region are presented for {beta}-carotene and two of its derivatives, {beta}-apo-8{prime}-carotenal and ethyl {beta}-apo-8{prime}-carotenoate. The solvent effects on the Franck-Condon-active a{sub g} C{double bond}C stretching mode in the {sup 1}A{sub g}{sup {minus}} ground state (S{sub 0}) and the 2{sup 1}A{sub g}{sup {minus}} excited state (S{sub 1}) of each carotenoid are described. The C{double bond}C stretching frequencies in S{sub 1} are affected by the solvent and show a correlation with the absorption maxima of the S{sub 2} ({sup 1}B{sub u}{sup +}) {l arrow} S{sub 0} transition, while those in S{sub 0} are not significantly affected. These results are interpreted in terms of the vibronic coupling among the S{sub 0}, S{sub 1}, and S{sub 2} electronic states, the solvent effect on the energy of the S{sub 1} and S{sub 2} states, and the structures of carotenoid molecules.
15. Total Internal Reflection with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Combined Surface Reaction and Solution Diffusion
Microsoft Academic Search
Tammy E. Starr; Nancy L. Thompson
2001-01-01
Total internal reflection with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (TIR-FCS) is a method for measuring the surface association\\/dissociation rates and absolute densities of fluorescent molecules at the interface of solution and a planar substrate. This method can also report the apparent diffusion coefficient and absolute concentration of fluorescent molecules very close to the surface. An expression for the fluorescence fluctuation autocorrelation function
16. Transient Fluorescence Spectroscopy and laser induced fluorescence lifetimes of terbium doped dipicolinic acid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Makoui, Anali
We have investigated the use of deep UV laser induced fluorescence for the sensitive detection and spectroscopic lifetime studies of terbium doped dipicolinic acid (DPA-Tb) and used this to study the optical characteristics of DPA which is a chemical surrounding most bacterial spores. Background absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, and Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectra were made of the DPA-Tb complex, using both fixed 266 nm wavelength and tunable (220 nm--280 nm) UV laser excitations. Of importance, the fluorescence lifetimes of the four main fluorescence peaks (488 nm, 543 nm, 581 nm, and 618 nm) of the DPA-Tb complex have been measured for the first time to our knowledge. The lifetimes of all the fluorescing lines have been measured as a function of DPA-Tb concentration, solvent pH, and solvent composition, including that for the weakest fluorescing line of DPA-Tb at 618 nm. In addition, a new spectroscopic lifetime measurement technique, which we call "Transient Fluorescence Spectroscopy", was developed. In this technique, a weak, quasi-CW, amplitude modulated UV laser (8.5 kHz) was used to measure the lifetimes of the fluorescence lines, and yields insight into energy transfer and excitation lifetimes within the system. This technique is especially useful when a high power laser is not either available or not suitable. In the latter case, this would be when a high power pulsed deep-UV laser could produce bleaching or destruction of the biological specimen. In addition, this technique simulated the excitation and fluorescence emission of the DPA-Tb using a 4-level energy model, and solved the dynamic transient rate equations to predict the temporal behavior of the DPA-Tb emitted fluorescence. Excellent agreement between the experiments and the simulation were found. This technique has the potential to provide a more accurate value for the fluorescence lifetime values. In addition, with the use of asymmetric excitation waveforms, the dynamic transient rate equation analysis may allow for detailed studies of selected transfer mechanisms in a wide range of other spectroscopic applications including rare-earth solid-state lasing materials and biological samples.
17. Time-resolved x-ray diagnostics
SciTech Connect
Lyons, P.B.
1981-01-01
Techniques for time-resolved x-ray diagnostics will be reviewed with emphasis on systems utilizing x-ray diodes or scintillators. System design concerns for high-bandwidth (> 1 GHz) diagnostics will be emphasized. The limitations of a coaxial cable system and a technique for equalizing to improve bandwidth of such a system will be reviewed. Characteristics of new multi-GHz amplifiers will be presented. An example of a complete operational system on the Los Alamos Helios laser will be presented which has a bandwidth near 3 GHz over 38 m of coax. The system includes the cable, an amplifier, an oscilloscope, and a digital camera readout.
18. Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy in (bio)catalysis
PubMed Central
Roeffaers, Maarten B. J.; De Cremer, Gert; Uji-i, Hiroshi; Muls, Benîot; Sels, Bert F.; Jacobs, Pierre A.; De Schryver, Frans C.; De Vos, Dirk E.; Hofkens, Johan
2007-01-01
The ever-improving time and space resolution and molecular detection sensitivity of fluorescence microscopy offer unique opportunities to deepen our insights into the function of chemical and biological catalysts. Because single-molecule microscopy allows for counting the turnover events one by one, one can map the distribution of the catalytic activities of different sites in solid heterogeneous catalysts, or one can study time-dependent activity fluctuations of individual sites in enzymes or chemical catalysts. By experimentally monitoring individuals rather than populations, the origin of complex behavior, e.g., in kinetics or in deactivation processes, can be successfully elucidated. Recent progress of temporal and spatial resolution in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy is discussed in light of its impact on catalytic assays. Key concepts are illustrated regarding the use of fluorescent reporters in catalytic reactions. Future challenges comprising the integration of other techniques, such as diffraction, scanning probe, or vibrational methods in single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy are suggested. PMID:17664433
19. Investigation of asphaltene association by front-face fluorescence spectroscopy.
PubMed
Albuquerque, Flávio Cortiñas; Nicodem, David E; Rajagopal, Krishnaswamy
2003-07-01
The tendency of asphaltenes to aggregate and form clusters in solvents was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. This was done by evaluating the relative fluorescence quantum yield of asphaltenes diluted at several concentrations in toluene and by studying the changes in the fluorescence spectra of asphaltene solutions as the composition of the solvent, toluene and cyclohexane, is changed. The asphaltene fraction (heptane insoluble) was collected from a Brazilian heavy crude oil, and solutions of this material varying from 0.016 g/L up to 10 g/L were prepared in toluene. Front-face emission spectra were obtained in two wavelength ranges, from 310 to 710 nm, excited at 300 nm (short range), and from 410 to 710 nm, excited at 400 nm (long range). Severe quenching was observed at concentrations above about 0.1 g/L. Stern-Volmer plots (reciprocal of quantum yield against concentration) exhibited nonlinear, downward-curved behavior, indicating that a more complex suppression mechanism, probably influenced by the association of the asphaltene molecules, is taking place. The same asphaltenes were dissolved (0.1 g/L) in binary mixtures of toluene and cyclohexane, and emission spectra in both the short range and long range were obtained. Fluorescence was progressively quenched at longer wavelengths of the spectra as the proportion of cyclohexane in the solvent grew. Cyclohexane, a poor asphaltene solvent, is probably inducing static quenching through association of asphaltenes. PMID:14658659
20. Fluorescence spectroscopy for endogenous porphyrins in human facial skin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Seo, I.; Tseng, S. H.; Cula, G. O.; Bargo, P. R.; Kollias, N.
2009-02-01
The activity of certain bacteria in skin is known to correlate to the presence of porphyrins. In particular the presence of coproporphyrin produced by P.acnes inside plugged pores has been correlated to acne vulgaris. Another porphyrin encountered in skin is protoporphyrin IX, which is produced by the body in the pathway for production of heme. In the present work, a fluorescence spectroscopy system was developed to measure the characteristic spectrum and quantify the two types of porphyrins commonly present in human facial skin. The system is comprised of a Xe lamp both for fluorescence excitation and broadband light source for diffuse reflectance measurements. A computer-controlled filter wheel enables acquisition of sequential spectra, first excited by blue light at 405 nm then followed by the broadband light source, at the same location. The diffuse reflectance spectrum was used to correct the fluorescence spectrum due to the presence of skin chromophores, such as blood and melanin. The resulting fluorescence spectra were employed for the quantification of porphyrin concentration in a population of healthy subjects. The results show great variability on the concentration of these porphyrins and further studies are being conducted to correlate them with skin conditions such as inflammation and acne vulgaris. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7351605892181396, "perplexity": 7408.915846619365}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737833893.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221713-00029-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.iacr.org/cryptodb/data/author.php?authorkey=9320 | ## CryptoDB
### Avishay Yanai
#### Publications
Year
Venue
Title
2021
CRYPTO
Many recent private set intersection (PSI) protocols encode input sets as polynomials. We consider the more general notion of an oblivious key-value store (OKVS), which is a data structure that compactly represents a desired mapping $k_i$ to $v_i$. When the $v_i$ values are random, the OKVS data structure hides the $k_i$ values that were used to generate it. The simplest (and size-optimal) OKVS is a polynomial $p$ that is chosen using interpolation such that $p(k_i)=v_i$. We initiate the formal study of oblivious key-value stores, and show new constructions resulting in the fastest OKVS to date. Similarly to cuckoo hashing, current analysis techniques are insufficient for finding *concrete* parameters to guarantee a small failure probability for our OKVS constructions. Moreover, it would cost too much to run experiments to validate a small upperbound on the failure probability. We therefore show novel techniques to amplify an OKVS construction which has a failure probability $p$, to an OKVS with a similar overhead and failure probability $p^c$. Setting $p$ to be moderately small enables to validate it by running a relatively small number of $O(1/p)$ experiments. This validates a $p^c$ failure probability for the amplified OKVS. Finally, we describe how OKVS can significantly improve the state of the art of essentially all variants of PSI. This leads to the fastest two-party PSI protocols to date, for both the semi-honest and the malicious settings. Specifically, in networks with moderate bandwidth (e.g., 30 - 300 Mbps) our malicious two-party PSI protocol has 40\% less communication and is 20-40% faster than the previous state of the art protocol, even though the latter only has heuristic confidence.
2020
EUROCRYPT
We present a 2-party private set intersection (PSI) protocol which provides security against malicious participants, yet is almost as fast as the fastest known semi-honest PSI protocol of Kolesnikov et al. (CCS 2016). Our protocol is based on a new approach for two-party PSI, which can be instantiated to provide security against either malicious or semi-honest adversaries. The protocol is unique in that the only difference between the semi-honest and malicious versions is an instantiation with different parameters for a linear error-correction code. It is also the first PSI protocol which is concretely efficient while having linear communication and security against malicious adversaries, while running in the OT-hybrid model (assuming a non-programmable random oracle). State of the art semi-honest PSI protocols take advantage of cuckoo hashing, but it has proven a challenge to use cuckoo hashing for malicious security. Our protocol is the first to use cuckoo hashing for malicious- secure PSI. We do so via a new data structure, called a probe-and-XOR of strings (PaXoS), which may be of independent interest. This abstraction captures important properties of previous data structures, most notably garbled Bloom filters. While an encoding by a garbled Bloom filter is larger by a factor of $\Omega(\lambda)$ than the original data, we describe a significantly improved PaXoS based on cuckoo hashing that achieves constant rate while being no worse in other relevant efficiency measures.
2019
EUROCRYPT
We present a new protocol for computing a circuit which implements the private set intersection functionality (PSI). Using circuits for this task is advantageous over the usage of specific protocols for PSI, since many applications of PSI do not need to compute the intersection itself but rather functions based on the items in the intersection.Our protocol is the first circuit-based PSI protocol to achieve linear communication complexity. It is also concretely more efficient than all previous circuit-based PSI protocols. For example, for sets of size $2^{20}$ it improves the communication of the recent work of Pinkas et al. (EUROCRYPT’18) by more than 10 times, and improves the run time by a factor of 2.8x in the LAN setting, and by a factor of 5.8x in the WAN setting.Our protocol is based on the usage of a protocol for computing oblivious programmable pseudo-random functions (OPPRF), and more specifically on our technique to amortize the cost of batching together multiple invocations of OPPRF.
2019
JOFC
Recently, there has been huge progress in the field of concretely efficient secure computation, even while providing security in the presence of malicious adversaries. This is especially the case in the two-party setting, where constant-round protocols exist that remain fast even over slow networks. However, in the multi-party setting, all concretely efficient fully secure protocols, such as SPDZ, require many rounds of communication. In this paper, we present a constant-round multi-party secure computation protocol that is fully secure in the presence of malicious adversaries and for any number of corrupted parties. Our construction is based on the constant-round protocol of Beaver et al. (the BMR protocol) and is the first version of that protocol that is concretely efficient for the dishonest majority case. Our protocol includes an online phase that is extremely fast and mainly consists of each party locally evaluating a garbled circuit. For the offline phase, we present both a generic construction (using any underlying MPC protocol) and a highly efficient instantiation based on the SPDZ protocol. Our estimates show the protocol to be considerably more efficient than previous fully secure multi-party protocols.
2019
JOFC
The random-access memory model of computation allows program constant-time memory lookup and is more applicable in practice today, covering many important algorithms. This is in contrast to the classic setting of secure 2-party computation (2PC) that mostly follows the approach for which the desired functionality must be represented as a Boolean circuit. In this work, we design the first constant-round maliciously secure two-party protocol in the RAM model. Our starting point is the garbled RAM construction of Gentry et al. (EUROCRYPT, pp 405–422, 2014) that readily induces a constant round semi-honest two-party protocol for any RAM program assuming identity-based encryption schemes. We show how to enhance the security of their construction into the malicious setting while facing several challenges that stem due to handling the data memory. Next, we show how to apply our techniques to a more recent garbled RAM construction by Garg et al. (STOC, pp 449–458, 2015) that is based on one-way functions.
2019
CRYPTO
We describe a novel approach for two-party private set intersection (PSI) with semi-honest security. Compared to existing PSI protocols, ours has a more favorable balance between communication and computation. Specifically, our protocol has the lowest monetary cost of any known PSI protocol, when run over the Internet using cloud-based computing services (taking into account current rates for CPU + data). On slow networks (e.g., 10 Mbps) our protocol is actually the fastest.Our novel underlying technique is a variant of oblivious transfer (OT) extension that we call sparse OT extension. Conceptually it can be thought of as a communication-efficient multipoint oblivious PRF evaluation. Our sparse OT technique relies heavily on manipulating high-degree polynomials over large finite fields (i.e. elements whose representation requires hundreds of bits). We introduce extensive algorithmic and engineering improvements for interpolation and multi-point evaluation of such polynomials, which we believe will be of independent interest.Finally, we present an extensive empirical comparison of state-of-the-art PSI protocols in several application scenarios and along several dimensions of measurement: running time, communication, peak memory consumption, and—arguably the most relevant metric for practice—monetary cost.
2018
EUROCRYPT
2018
PKC
We present a new multiparty computation protocol secure against a static and malicious dishonest majority. Unlike most previous protocols that were based on working on MAC-ed secret shares, our approach is based on computations on homomorphic commitments to secret shares. Specifically we show how to realize MPC using any additively-homomorphic commitment scheme, even if such a scheme is an interactive two-party protocol.Our new approach enables us to do arithmetic computation over arbitrary finite fields. In addition, since our protocol computes over committed values, it can be readily composed within larger protocols, and can also be used for efficiently implementing committing OT or committed OT. This is done in two steps, each of independent interest:1.Black-box extension of any (possibly interactive) two-party additively homomorphic commitment scheme to an additively homomorphic multiparty commitment scheme, only using coin-tossing and a “weak” equality evaluation functionality.2.Realizing multiplication of multiparty commitments based on a lightweight preprocessing approach. Finally we show how to use the fully homomorphic commitments to compute any functionality securely in the presence of a malicious adversary corrupting any number of parties.
2018
PKC
In the setting of secure computation, a set of parties wish to compute a joint function of their private inputs without revealing anything but the output. Garbled circuits, first introduced by Yao, are a central tool in the construction of protocols for secure two-party computation (and other tasks like secure outsourced computation), and are the fastest known method for constant-round protocols. In this paper, we initiate a study of garbling multivalent-logic circuits, which are circuits whose wires may carry values from some finite/infinite set of values (rather than only $\mathsf {True}$True and $\mathsf {False}$False). In particular, we focus on the three-valued logic system of Kleene, in which the admissible values are $\mathsf {True}$True, $\mathsf {False}$False, and $\mathsf {Unknown}$Unknown. This logic system is used in practice in SQL where some of the values may be missing. Thus, efficient constant-round secure computation of SQL over a distributed database requires the ability to efficiently garble circuits over 3-valued logic. However, as we show, the two natural (naive) methods of garbling 3-valued logic are very expensive.In this paper, we present a general approach for garbling three-valued logic, which is based on first encoding the 3-value logic into Boolean logic, then using standard garbling techniques, and final decoding back into 3-value logic. Interestingly, we find that the specific encoding chosen can have a significant impact on efficiency. Accordingly, the aim is to find Boolean encodings of 3-value logic that enable efficient Boolean garbling (i.e., minimize the number of AND gates). We also show that Boolean AND gates can be garbled at the same cost of garbling XOR gates in the 3-value logic setting. Thus, it is unlikely that an analogue of free-XOR exists for 3-value logic garbling (since this would imply free-AND in the Boolean setting).
2016
TCC
2015
EPRINT
2015
CRYPTO | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6188481450080872, "perplexity": 1293.326854515241}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056856.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919095911-20210919125911-00059.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/heat-of-fusion.112313/ | # Heat of fusion?
1. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
I have a graph here separated into 5 different parts (A-B, B-C, C-D, D-E, E-F) It is a curve going upwards...I just need to know how to calculate the heat of fusion of the substance using the curve in the graph...I can use the formula and calculate the heat of fusion for each little piece but...do I add them after that? I'm just not really sure...any help is once again appreciated, if you need me to clarify or draw the graph I will, gladly. Thank you.
2. Feb 26, 2006
### Staff: Mentor
What is the curve?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_fusion
and perhaps better - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/phase2.html#c1
3. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
It's a positive curve going upwards but its not really a curve it has constants in temperature every now and then but its going positive. I still dont understand how to interpret graphs from those links haha im sorry please help me
4. Feb 26, 2006
### Staff: Mentor
During a phase change, temperature is essentially constant. The energy goes into transforming from solid to liquid.
What are the abscissa (x or horizontal scale) and ordinate (y or vertical scale) of the graph?
If the graphs show rise - constant - rise - constant - rise, then it may correspond to solid - melting - liquid - vaporizing - vapor (gas). The first constant temperature interval may coincide with the heat of fusion.
5. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
ah yes thats how it is exactly...thank you...how do i calcualte the heat of fusion of the unknown substance by simply using that? There is also a chart which asks me for the change on kinetic energy and the change in potential energy how do i do that!
6. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
By the heat of fusion i mean for the ENTIRE graph (the whole substance and not just for the different segments
7. Feb 26, 2006
### Staff: Mentor
Answer this question - What are the abscissa (x or horizontal scale) and ordinate (y or vertical scale) of the graph? - and I will try to explain it. If the constant parts are horizontal, then the ordinate is temperature. If the constant parts are vertical then the abscissa is temperature.
Kinetic or potential of what?
Increasing a temperature of a substance increases the kinetic energy of the molecules, more so for vapor than liquid, and more so for liquid than solid. Increasing temperature also increases the potential energy or potential to do work.
8. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
ordinate is temperature yes and abscissa is time in minutes. it is asking for the delta KE and delta PE for each line segment. How would I calculate this?
9. Feb 26, 2006
### Staff: Mentor
Heat of fusion applies only to the energy absorbed when a substance melts, i.e. changes from solid to liquid or liquid to solid.
Heat in to a material would imply solid to liquid transformation. Heat out (removal) would imply 'freezing' or transformation from liquid to solid.
Unless, one has two different substances which melt at two different temperatures.
10. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
So does that mean that I can only calculate heat of fusion for those parts?
11. Feb 26, 2006
### Staff: Mentor
What other information is given.
If one is given a heat rate (or power, which = energy/time) then simply integrate the area of power * time to get energy, and the energy in the constant period would be heat of fusion for the solid to liquid transformation.
Is there a discussion in your text on the change in kinetic energy or potential energy as a function of temperature in a liquid or vapor?
Are you looking at the kinetic or potential energy from a molecular perspective?
See this - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/kintem.html#c2
12. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
I do not know how I am looking at the KE or PE...i have only looked through packets and sheets to understand this topic becuse I Was given no instruction. but so heat rate = energy/time...and if I find heat of fusion for each segment is THAT the energy? if so then I will be able to do this
13. Feb 26, 2006
### Staff: Mentor
If there are two constant temperature parts, then I expect one is for melting (heat of fusion) and the other is for boiling or vaporization (heat of vaporization).
Yes, power (heat rate) = energy/time, so power * time = energy. Time is the time interval (e.g. t2-t1) over which heat is added (or subtracted if heat is removed).
A temperature increase would result in a change in potential energy or possibly kinetic energy, but I would need further information.
Last edited: Feb 26, 2006
14. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
Oh ok thank you, yes, I understand the heat of fusion and vaporization now.
15. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
oh wait im sorry it tells me the energy here, 200 J/minute
16. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
I can figure out the PE and KE thank you very much...there is another question concerning the Average KE of molecules in a larger solid compared to average KE of molecules in a smaller solid. It also says to compare their internal energies. Block A is 1 kg, Block B is 1 Gram, both temperatures are at 300 K
17. Feb 26, 2006
### Staff: Mentor
18. Feb 26, 2006
### Staff: Mentor
200 Joules/minute is the heat rate or power going into the substance. Make sure the time is compatible, i.e. in minutes.
The energy is just the area under the curve.
If the temperature is constant for 10 minutes, then at 200 J/min, 2000 J would be put into the substance.
Do you have a mass or number of moles into which the heat is input? Usually one works with energy/unit mass.
19. Feb 26, 2006
### metalmagik
the mass is 10 kg, i dont have a number of moles...im still trying to find the KE of this substance, what exactly was the formula again? I remember you told me power = energy/time and i found all of that but how do I get the KE and PE?
20. Feb 26, 2006
### Staff: Mentor
Just use the mass. Heat of fusion is often given by energy/unit mass.
See examples - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/phase2.html#c1
How are potential and kinetic energy defined? Certainly increasing the temperature of a substance increases the molecular kinetic energy, as well as the potential energy. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9016436338424683, "perplexity": 1496.7447340387926}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319575.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622135404-20170622155404-00075.warc.gz"} |
https://community.jmp.com/t5/Discussions/cubic-spline-regression/m-p/12835 | Choose Language Hide Translation Bar
Highlighted
Community Trekker
## cubic spline regression
Hello everybody,
I'm looking for a solution to regress a bivariate data set with a cubic spline regression which has exactly 15 knots. It would be great if someone has a solution for me!
Greetings
1 ACCEPTED SOLUTION
Accepted Solutions
Community Trekker
## Re: cubic spline regression
Hello and thanks for your answer! Exactly something like that, but the question is, does lambda represent the amount of knots for my cubic spline?
Edit// Ok I have read now, that your suggestion is a smoothing spline. Smoothing splines are not calculating with knots instead you have penalty function with the factor lambda. So the question is, is there another function in JMP that I can calculate the splines with knots?
By the way is there a nice feature how I can extract the formula of the spline regression and calculate "new" height values by just input the weight values?
Edit// I think I found a solution. The knotted spline effect should be fine for me, it is hidden under Analyze->FitModel->Attributes
To extract formulas and calculate new values, just click on the red red triangle->save columns->prediction formula
In the next step just write down the new x-values in the same column were the old x-values are already. The predicted values are displayed in the new column!
3 REPLIES 3
Staff
## Re: cubic spline regression
Something like this
Bivariate(
Y( :height ),
X( :weight ),
Fit Spline( 15, {Line Color( {208, 64, 86} )} )
);
Community Trekker
## Re: cubic spline regression
Hello and thanks for your answer! Exactly something like that, but the question is, does lambda represent the amount of knots for my cubic spline?
Edit// Ok I have read now, that your suggestion is a smoothing spline. Smoothing splines are not calculating with knots instead you have penalty function with the factor lambda. So the question is, is there another function in JMP that I can calculate the splines with knots?
By the way is there a nice feature how I can extract the formula of the spline regression and calculate "new" height values by just input the weight values?
Edit// I think I found a solution. The knotted spline effect should be fine for me, it is hidden under Analyze->FitModel->Attributes
To extract formulas and calculate new values, just click on the red red triangle->save columns->prediction formula
In the next step just write down the new x-values in the same column were the old x-values are already. The predicted values are displayed in the new column!
Community Trekker
## Re: cubic spline regression
I see the option of cubic splines is available in JMP at graph builder when you test the moderating effect of a categorical variable on the effect of a categorical variable to the outcome which happens to be... you guessed it...also categorical variable. Does this make sense? Is that possible? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8475621342658997, "perplexity": 1294.2359260323183}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256494.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521162634-20190521184634-00183.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/20963-anti-derivatives-print.html | # ...Anti-Derivatives?
• October 20th 2007, 06:55 PM
Super Mallow
...Anti-Derivatives?
I guess this are called Anti-Derivatives, which is strange since we never discussed it in class.
Anyways, I'm given a function's derivative and they want me to find the actual function. It's not too bad, but then they ask us to find the function through a certain point, and that's when I get lost
Here's the questions I'm stuck on...
Find the function with the given derivative whose graph passes through the given point.
A) 1/xSquared + 2x, Point = (-1,1)
B) 8-CscSquared, Point = (Pi/4,0)
C) SecXTanX - 1, Point (0,0)
Any help is appreciated!
• October 20th 2007, 07:08 PM
Jhevon
Quote:
Originally Posted by Super Mallow
I guess this are called Anti-Derivatives, which is strange since we never discussed it in class.
Anyways, I'm given a function's derivative and they want me to find the actual function. It's not too bad, but then they ask us to find the function through a certain point, and that's when I get lost
Here's the questions I'm stuck on...
Find the function with the given derivative whose graph passes through the given point.
A) 1/xSquared + 2x, Point = (-1,1)
B) 8-CscSquared, Point = (Pi/4,0)
C) SecXTanX - 1, Point (0,0)
Any help is appreciated!
how far did you get with anti-derivatives? they weren't discussed at all? nothing?
if so, i guess you have no idea what the power rule is. here's what you do. look up all your derivative formulas. the things you have here will be the right side of the equation. the anti-derivative will be on the left. for example,
you should find that: $\frac d{dx}\sec x = \sec x \tan x$
so the anti-derivative of $\sec x \tan x$ is $\sec x + C$ since sec(x) is what you derived to get the sec(x)tan(x) so taking the antiderivative of that brings you back to sec(x). the + C is a constant. remember that when we take the derivative, if there is a constant, it's derivative is zero, so we put + C just in case there was a constant that got wiped out by the differentiation.
continuing with this example:
we have $\sec x \tan x - 1$
the anti-derivative of this is: $\sec x - x + C$ (when we differentiate x we get 1).
we want this to pass through (0,0), which means we want when x = 0, y = 0
so, plug that in: $\sec 0 - 0 + C = 0$
now solve for C
we get: $1 + C = 0 \implies C = -1$
so the antiderivative is: $\sec x - x - 1$
try the others
• October 20th 2007, 07:14 PM
Super Mallow
Yeah, we had no talks about Anti-Derivatives whatsoever. My roomate told me that they are preparing us for it in the upcoming weeks.
This may be a dumb question and may be why I don't understand it...what is C? Why did we put it in there?
• October 20th 2007, 07:23 PM
Jhevon
Quote:
Originally Posted by Super Mallow
Yeah, we had no talks about Anti-Derivatives whatsoever. My roomate told me that they are preparing us for it in the upcoming weeks.
This may be a dumb question and may be why I don't understand it...what is C? Why did we put it in there?
did you read my post, or did you not understand it?
Quote:
Originally Posted by Jhevon
...the + C is a constant. remember that when we take the derivative, if there is a constant, it's derivative is zero [it gets wiped out], so we put + C just in case there was a constant that got wiped out by the differentiation....
• October 20th 2007, 07:34 PM
Super Mallow
My bad: I didn't really understand it
• October 20th 2007, 07:39 PM
Jhevon
Quote:
Originally Posted by Super Mallow
My bad: I didn't really understand it
ok, let's add a little example shall we.
let's say we had a function, a simple one, like y = x + 1
now, take it's derivative, we get:
y' = 1
now, if we take the anti-derivative, we should get back the original function.
but let's say we said the anti-derivative was x. that would not be true, there was a 1 there, so we would have something missing from our original function. now if we said, the anti-derivative is x + C, that is fine, there is nothing missing, but the specific value of C, which we can find if we are given the appropriate clues. so that's why when finding anti-derivatives, we add an arbitrary constant, just in case there was a constant there that got wiped out by differentiation | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 8, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.858788788318634, "perplexity": 733.9975954532255}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702032759.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195352-00305-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-find-the-sum-of-the-first-10-terms-of-the-following-geometric-sequenc | Precalculus
Topics
# How do you find the sum of the first 10 terms of the following geometric sequence 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, …….?
Feb 25, 2016
$5115$
#### Explanation:
${a}_{0} = 5$
$r = 2$
We are asked for the sum of the first 10 terms i.e. ${a}_{0} , {a}_{1} , \ldots , {a}_{9}$
so $n = 9$ in the general geometric sum formula:
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} {\Sigma}_{i = 0}^{n} = {a}_{0} \cdot \frac{1 - {r}^{n + 1}}{1 - r}$
In this case we have
$\textcolor{w h i t e}{\text{XXX}} {\Sigma}_{i = 0}^{9} = 5 \cdot \frac{1 - {2}^{10}}{1 - 2} = 5 \times 1023 = 5115$
##### Impact of this question
659 views around the world | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 7, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7408664226531982, "perplexity": 474.5232375698268}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119144618-20191119172618-00241.warc.gz"} |
https://www.skepticalcommunity.com/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=46959&start=140 | ## What's killing us this week?
Ever had it before? Well you got it again.
Anaxagoras
Posts: 22476
Joined: Wed Mar 19, 2008 5:45 am
Location: Yokohama/Tokyo, Japan
### Re: What's killing us this week?
Bruce wrote:
Thu Dec 20, 2018 3:17 am
The asbestos mineral is often found near talc, so it wouldn't be surprising to find asbestos fibers in baby powder. Wouldn't be such a big problem if they didn't grind the powder so fine that it becomes airborne at the slightest squeeze of the bottle.
I never really understood the use for the stuff. Babies don't need to be dry, and baby powder is a terrible drying agent anyway. Plus it makes everything smell like baby. Pew!
I don't recall using baby powder when my own kids were babies.
I changed some diapers too, being the modern, progressive sort of father that I am.
But you're right: baby powder wasn't necessary and I can't remember ever using it.
Found that Reuters report they mentioned. I guess this verdict sets a bad precedent for the company because there's probably a lot more lawsuits to come now.
Johnson & Johnson knew for decades that asbestos lurked in its Baby Powder "A REUTERS INVESTIGATION"
Facing thousands of lawsuits alleging that its talc caused cancer, J&J insists on the safety and purity of its iconic product. But internal documents examined by Reuters show that the company's powder was sometimes tainted with carcinogenic asbestos and that J&J kept that information from regulators and the public.
By LISA GIRION in Los Angeles
Filed Dec. 14, 2018, 2 p.m. GMT
Darlene Coker knew she was dying. She just wanted to know why.
She knew that her cancer, mesothelioma, arose in the delicate membrane surrounding her lungs and other organs. She knew it was as rare as it was deadly, a signature of exposure to asbestos. And she knew it afflicted mostly men who inhaled asbestos dust in mines and industries such as shipbuilding that used the carcinogen before its risks were understood.
Coker, 52 years old, had raised two daughters and was running a massage school in Lumberton, a small town in eastern Texas. How had she been exposed to asbestos? “She wanted answers,” her daughter Cady Evans said.
Fighting for every breath and in crippling pain, Coker hired Herschel Hobson, a personal-injury lawyer. He homed in on a suspect: the Johnson’s Baby Powder that Coker had used on her infant children and sprinkled on herself all her life. Hobson knew that talc and asbestos often occurred together in the earth, and that mined talc could be contaminated with the carcinogen. Coker sued Johnson & Johnson, alleging that “poisonous talc” in the company’s beloved product was her killer.
. . .
A fool thinks himself to be wise, but a wise man knows himself to be a fool.
William Shakespeare
shemp
Posts: 5265
Joined: Thu Jun 10, 2004 12:16 pm
Title: stooge
### Re: What's killing us this week?
When they make baby powder, do they dehydrate the baby before or after grinding it?
"It is not I who is mad! It is I who is crazy!" -- Ren Hoek
Freedom of choice
Is what you got
Freedom from choice
Is what you want
Bruce
Posts: 19840
Joined: Wed Jun 09, 2004 11:46 pm
Title: Bruce of all Bruces
Location: Massachusetts
### Re: What's killing us this week?
Asbestos isn't "poisonous". It's just silica. Same stuff that sand is made of. Asbestos crystals just happen to be just the right size to fit inside our lung sacks and never leave. Once there, the microscopic needles pierce the lungs tissue over and over, forcing cells to divide and scar tissue to build. Eventually, cancer emerges from the runway cell division.
As long as asbestos isn't in your lungs, it's harmless. Very useful in fact. Just wish we would get over the misinformation and just find safer ways to use it rather than banning it completely. Same goes for many other substances.
Such potential!
Anaxagoras
Posts: 22476
Joined: Wed Mar 19, 2008 5:45 am
Location: Yokohama/Tokyo, Japan
### Re: What's killing us this week?
What's not killing us this week?
Coffee, alcohol and being overweight.
I love how the headline writers summarize this study.
Alcohol, coffee could be key to living longer, UC Irvine study finds
IRVINE, Calif. (KABC) -- People who drink moderate amounts of alcohol or coffee and are overweight in their 70s live longer lives, according to researchers at the UC Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders.
The researchers started a study in 2003 to look at what makes people live past 90.
They said participants in the study who drank moderate amounts of alcohol or coffee lived longer than those who abstained from the drinks.
In addition, people who were overweight in their 70s lived longer than people who were normal or underweight in their 70s.
On the other hand I've read that Mormons, who abstain from alcohol and even caffeine, live longer, so go figure.
A fool thinks himself to be wise, but a wise man knows himself to be a fool.
William Shakespeare
Doctor X
Posts: 68276
Joined: Fri Jun 04, 2004 8:09 pm
Title: Collective Messiah
### Re: What's killing us this week?
Yes, those who make it to 70 tend to die of other things than a heart attack.
Oye.
--J.D.
Mob of the Mean: Free beanie, cattle-prod and Charley Fan Club!
"Doctor X is just treating you the way he treats everyone--as subhuman crap too dumb to breathe in after you breathe out."--Don
DocX: FTW.--sparks
"Doctor X wins again."--Pyrrho
"Never sorry to make a racist Fucktard cry."--His Humble MagNIfIcence
"It was the criticisms of Doc X, actually, that let me see more clearly how far the hypocrisy had gone."--clarsct
"I'd leave it up to Doctor X who has been a benevolent tyrant so far."--Grammatron
"Indeed you are a river to your people.
Shit. That's going to end up in your sig."--Pyrrho
"Try a twelve step program and accept Doctor X as your High Power."--asthmatic camel
"just like Doc X said." --gnome
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shemp
Posts: 5265
Joined: Thu Jun 10, 2004 12:16 pm
Title: stooge
### Re: What's killing us this week?
Indeed, as you get older your chances of dying from a bar stool fall increase.
"It is not I who is mad! It is I who is crazy!" -- Ren Hoek
Freedom of choice
Is what you got
Freedom from choice
Is what you want
Witness
Posts: 17759
Joined: Thu Sep 19, 2013 5:50 pm
### Re: What's killing us this week?
How US children and teens die: Study reveals the widespread and persistent role of firearms
The No. 2 cause of death hasn't changed much in 17 years, while prevention efforts cut the death rate from No. 1 cause -- motor vehicle accidents -- in half
Summary:
America lost 20,360 children and teens in 2016 -- 60 percent of them to preventable injuries, a new study shows. But while death rates from the top cause -- motor vehicle crashes -- have declined steadily since 1999, rates from the second-leading cause -- firearms -- have gone up. It's the first time all causes of child and adolescent death have been tallied by both mechanism and intent.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2 ... 191100.htm
xouper
Posts: 9118
Joined: Fri Jun 11, 2004 4:52 am
Location: HockeyTown USA
### Re: What's killing us this week?
Witness wrote:
Mon Jan 07, 2019 4:17 am
How US children and teens die: Study reveals the widespread and persistent role of firearms
The No. 2 cause of death hasn't changed much in 17 years, while prevention efforts cut the death rate from No. 1 cause -- motor vehicle accidents -- in half
Summary:
America lost 20,360 children and teens in 2016 -- 60 percent of them to preventable injuries, a new study shows. But while death rates from the top cause -- motor vehicle crashes -- have declined steadily since 1999, rates from the second-leading cause -- firearms -- have gone up. It's the first time all causes of child and adolescent death have been tallied by both mechanism and intent.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2 ... 191100.htm
At the end of the paper they say it is their “lane” to do something about gun deaths.
But they never say what that might mean.
What medical solution is there to the so-called gun problem, most of which are homicides?
On a related note, the leading cause of death of children under four is drowning. Shall we outlaw swimming pools and bathtubs?
Abdul Alhazred
Posts: 72293
Joined: Mon Jun 07, 2004 1:33 pm
Title: Yes, that one.
Location: Chicago
### Re: What's killing us this week?
Four out of five doctors agree:
The issue is never the issue. The issue is always the revolution.
Coincidentally, that is also the proportion of doctors who smoked Camels in 1949.
Any man writes a mission statement spends a night in the box.
-- our mission statement plappendale
Witness
Posts: 17759
Joined: Thu Sep 19, 2013 5:50 pm
### Re: What's killing us this week?
From 2017:
How Canadian researchers reconstituted an extinct poxvirus for $100,000 using mail-order DNA Eradicating smallpox, one of the deadliest diseases in history, took humanity decades and cost billions of dollars. Bringing the scourge back would probably take a small scientific team with little specialized knowledge half a year and cost about$100,000.
That’s one conclusion from an unusual and as-yet unpublished experiment performed last year by Canadian researchers. A group led by virologist David Evans of the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, says it has synthesized the horsepox virus, a relative of smallpox, from genetic pieces ordered in the mail. Horsepox is not known to harm humans—and like smallpox, researchers believe it no longer exists in nature; nor is it seen as a major agricultural threat. But the technique Evans used could be used to recreate smallpox, a horrific disease that was declared eradicated in 1980. "No question. If it’s possible with horsepox, it’s possible with smallpox,” says virologist Gerd Sutter of Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich, Germany.
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07 ... -order-dna
sparks
Posts: 14295
Joined: Fri Oct 26, 2007 4:13 pm
Location: Friar McWallclocks Bar -- Where time stands still while you lean over!
### Re: What's killing us this week?
Idiots.
You can lead them to knowledge, but you can't make them think. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17187482118606567, "perplexity": 12033.17947746043}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583662893.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119095153-20190119121153-00382.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/discussions/thread/vector-confusion/ | ×
# Vector confusion!
Some one please explain what are polar vectors, axial vectors and pseudo vectors.
Note by Ashley Shamidha
1 year, 8 months ago
Sort by: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9177663922309875, "perplexity": 23303.475349779015}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280485.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00284-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/124249-solve-following-trigonometric-integral-3-a.html | # Thread: Solve The Following Trigonometric Integral. (3)
1. ## Solve The Following Trigonometric Integral. (3)
Hello
here is it:
$\int ( cos(x) + 1 )^{\frac{3}{2}} dx$
I used $u=cos(x)+1$
Then, I got :
$- \int \frac{u^{\frac{3}{2}} }{ \sqrt{ 1 - (u-1)^2 }} du$
Using the trigonometric substitution $u-1=sin(\theta)$, I got:
$- \int (sin(\theta) + 1)^{\frac{3}{2}} du$
I think I will do the same work again and I will get the original integral in another variable.
then I will moved it the left hand side.
Since $\int f(x) dx = \int f(u) du = \int f(\theta) d\theta ....$
And I will devide by the resulting coefficient.
I think you understood what I mean.
2. Hint: $\cos x=2\cos ^{2}\frac{x}{2}-1.$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 7, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9982388615608215, "perplexity": 1093.7031147474893}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824899.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021205648-20171021225648-00579.warc.gz"} |
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