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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/big-crunch-big-bang-and-information-loss.919985/	# B Big Crunch, Big Bang and information loss 1. Jul 12, 2017 ### BernieM In compression of information, once any patterns have been 'condensed' as much as is possible, the information appears entirely random. Any further compression produces loss of information and the quantity of information required to encode it is increased. In one theory it is supposed that all the mass and energy in the universe will eventually collapse back on itself and eventually get so dense that it will again make another big bang. If so the following question comes to mind: There is information at the time of the big bang, such as the information of the conditions of the event itself (which I would assume would be maximum possible theoretical density for the information at the moment of the big bang but I have no proof of this,) and after the expansion, further information is able to be stored, as the universe expands (essentially decompression of the information.) As the universe progresses in time, and eventually again reaches that point of a big bang (given that this will happen) you now have all of the information from the initial big bang, and the information from the entire period of time between the two big bangs to contend with if you will again compress it. Does the relative increase of the information that must now be compressed, now dictate how dense the information can be packed when it creates a second big bang? Since there is now more information, would it prevent a duplicate of the first big bang from happening, the second big bang being lesser in magnitude than the first? Or do the laws of physics make the second big bang occur at the same densities of the first one? What then of the additional information carried into the second big bang not contained in the first? Is it lost? Or is the second big bang's information, as well as all of the information gained between the initial big bang and the second one, actually contained in the initial big bang? It is supposedly theoretically possible to determine exactly what will happen (or what did happen,) at any or all points in the universe (or events) if one knows all the particles and their energies and directions, etc., (all the information,) if one had a powerful enough computer to calculate it. So, was every event that occurred subsequent to the initial big bang already contained in the big bang itself? It seems one merely only need extrapolate the data from it after uncompressing it. Isn't that what the universe is doing now in essence? Uncompressing all the data contained in the big bang? It seems to me that at the moment of the big bang, all the information that will ever occur must be present. This then would also contain all future big bangs (if in fact they will occur) and any information that has been gained in the interim. A third big bang? Fourth? That too would have to be included in the first. So as the number of possible big bangs the universe might undergo increases, the total information contained in the first then also increases as well. So as one approaches the magic value of energy density, and certainty of a big bang is 100%, at that moment, if there will be future big bangs, all of that information must then also be forced into the already compressed information present, further increasing the total information, information that was not present until certainty of a big bang was achieved. And if collapse into another big bang would result later, even further increasing the information density, etc. It seems it would reach infinite information requiring to be compressed into that same initial energy package. If not why not? So in short, I guess the question is, is information lost in a big bang, theoretically, or do we fall back on the 'we don't know because it breaks all the laws of physics.' And is all future information contained as well. Is it infinite information or simply an algorithm that yields an infinite sequence, that there is no additional information required to be stored? 2. Jul 12, 2017 ### Drakkith Staff Emeritus My first thought is that at very high densities the probabilistic nature of quantum theory would "erase" most information anyways. But I can't really say much beyond that. 3. Jul 12, 2017 ### BernieM Wasn't there a big disagreement between Hawking who proposed that information was lost in a black hole, and Susskind regarding this? That Hawking eventually came around to stating that information was not lost after all? And as I recall, Susskind really hated the idea that everything could be known about any event if one had the data. That the future is nothing more than an extension of the events and interactions that occur in the present, and that in essence then, there was no free will. I recall him making that statement how much he disagreed with the predetermination aspect of quantum mechanics in one of his lectures I saw online. Perhaps I can locate it again. Here is a link to the disagreement between them (Hawking and Susskind.) 4. Jul 12, 2017 ### windy miller i dont think anyone can claim the information paradox is fully solved so whether information is lost or not I think an open question. There are many models implying a pre big bang universe but as far I can see no consensus as to what happens to information from the pre to the post big bang phase. So at the moment that again is an open question. Of course we dont know there was a pre big bang universe, so even that is an open question. 5. Jul 12, 2017 ### rootone Big crunch is not looking likely, Eternal expansion looks more likely it me, No information gets lost but distance can make information meaningless. 6. Jul 13, 2017 ### jerromyjon I'm far from an expert, but from what I know about the quark-gluon plasma era shortly after the big bang is like Drakkith said, quantum fluctuations would make information a probabilistic jumble with no apparent structure. The only inhomogenous indication we have is the CMB "cold spot" which isn't much to go on and might not even be from the early universe "structure" which would be relevant "information". To clarify what if we could sum the contents of the universe in terms of relevant information (simply hypothetical statement) as 51% matter 49% antimatter randomly by volume and everything we can see evolved from that simple information alone? I think this is why mainstream science sticks to the big bang theory, because it is as far as the observable universe will allow us to see with reasonable certainty... 7. Jul 13, 2017 ### kimbyd Information is definitely effectively lost during inflation. That is, the early universe was sufficiently randomized that almost no feature of the universe before a certain point during inflation has any measurable impact on our observable universe. There may be a sense in which the information is not actually lost, where it's just randomized so well that it seems to be lost but is actually preserved. If so, that's not likely to have any impact on any observations, making it more of a philosophical question. Ultimately we just don't know whether or not information is lost in this deeper sense. In large part it comes down to one question: are the fundamental laws of physics unitary. The ultimate answer likely has close ties to the black hole information paradox. 8. Jul 14, 2017 ### Staff: Mentor 9. Jul 14, 2017 ### BernieM I agree that it is very close to the situation of the information paradox of the black hole. I don't know if it is a satisfactory analogy, but I visualize it like say a blue starburst firework. The initial blast I equate to the big bang and the starburst being the resultant universe caused by it. Each spark that travels out from the initial blast is there because of information that was in the initial conditions of the big bang that set it all in motion. So isn't the information there after the big bang, regardless of whether we can discern it, measure it or differentiate it from noise later? Dilution of the information does not destroy the information right? If the information was lost in inflation, how could the universe continue to develop without a major disconnect from the big bang? How could you link what you see today to the big bang then? That the big bang then was an entirely dis-related event not connected to the universe around us? I agree that it is more a philosophical question, but then science itself relies on a variety of 'beliefs.' For example, there is a lot of debate regarding time and whether or not it is an actual property of the universe or if it is something mankind has created for convenience. On the face of it, it seems that the big bang has caused a universe which went through certain phases and is continuing on in a direction that may or may not end up in a big crunch. And though information may be becoming diluted (or was diluted in inflation,) the actual information is yet there in the current state of the universe, isn't it? If it wasn't how could you ever connect the current state of the universe to the big bang at all? But if the information is there, then this information will eventually get compressed again if we undergo contraction later (along with all the diluted random garbage ... but isn't that information too? Information about the inflation phase of the universe?) and at some point may in fact become dense enough to spawn another big bang. OK it's all hypothetical, I give you that. But given this scenario, the question becomes whether or not what occurs is simply the unfolding of a sequence of events, (the information regarding which was contained in the big bang,) so that all subsequent information is merely the manifestation of the decompression of the original highly compressed information in that big bang? Or is the information that is gained after the big bang, actual separate information that was not present in the initial big bang? Do I need to supply all the digits of pi or can I just give you a formula to generate it? If I give you a formula, I do not need to compress all the digits of pi for you in the big crunch later. I just compress the formula. Or perhaps to put it in a more relevant way; do I have to compress the information for all particles in the universe, and all it's energy, or can I get away with simply storing the energy itself, and the laws of physics that will apply in the universe (information) to get the universe to unfold properly and contain all the information I want it to have, for it to manifest in the way it has? If so, then there is no free will right? Wasn't that Leonard Susskind's fundamental disagreement with quantum mechanics? 10. Jul 14, 2017 ### Drakkith Staff Emeritus Well, for starters, I suppose it depends on what you mean by information. My preferred description is from the wikipedia article on information: At its most fundamental level, information is any propagation of cause and effect within a system. However, there's an implied idea here that you need to be able to discern previous events by observing some number of successive states of a system. In other words, you need to be able to make observations in the present and be able to discern the past to some degree of accuracy. And that's with the other implied idea that you can't observe all successive states of a system. Only some. So you're working with incomplete knowledge of these missing states. Nor can you observe all of the causes of the events in even a single state, making things even more uncertain. Assuming the laws of the universe hold in such a way as to allow us to discern the previous states of a system, then no matter what happens you should be able to get some kind of information about the previous states of the universe. However, whether this is achievable in practice is a different story. Noise, which is loosely defined as a random variation in a signal, is extremely important and is essentially one of the root causes of information being "lost". Obviously cause and effect held completely, but we cannot say with any real degree of confidence what the previous state of a system was if the noise heavily swamps the signal we're interested in. But that's just my mostly uneducated view on this topic. Take it with a grain of salt. Also, I just took some meds and I'm a bit loopy, so I hope all of that makes sense. 11. Jul 14, 2017 ### kimbyd It's definitely not achievable in practice. If the laws of physics are unitary, then the universe is described by the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. In the many worlds interpretation, decoherence causes information to be "lost" to the environment in such a way that wavefunctions appear to collapse. It doesn't take much for a system to decohere so much that retrieving the "lost" information becomes ludicrous. In principle it still exists, but it is inaccessible in any meaningful sense. Similar rules apply for inflation, or black holes. 12. Jul 14, 2017 ### Drakkith Staff Emeritus What does "unitary" mean in this context? 13. Jul 14, 2017 ### kimbyd Unitary evolution means that if you had the complete wavefunction of the universe for one slice of time, then you could in principle calculate the complete wavefunction of the universe at any other point in time. Newtonian laws of physics are unitary in this sense, as are the Schroedinger equation and its relativistic variants (e.g. the Dirac equation). Wavefunction collapse is not, and General Relativity is not. Newtonian laws are unitary because if you know the position and motion of every particle in the universe, as well as all of the forces between the particles, you can calculate their position at any other point in time. The Schroedinger equation can be proven to be unitary in that time evolution of the system can be represented by a unitary operator ($e^{-Ht/\hbar}$). Wavefunction collapse isn't unitary because information is lost. General Relativity isn't unitary because of the existence of event horizons, such as the black hole's event horizon, which are one-way. 14. Jul 14, 2017 ### Staff: Mentor It's not the event horizon that breaks unitarity, it's the singularity. An event horizon is just a null surface; unitary evolution works fine across null surfaces. The problem is what happens to a piece of the wave function that hits the singularity: there is no unitary transformation that handles that. 15. Jul 14, 2017 ### Staff: Mentor As so many others have said, it depends on what you mean. Information is not the same as knowledge. If information is related to the number of possible microstates, then randomization has no effect on it even when useful knowledge is destroyed. Bus Leonard Susskind says that conservation of information is the same thing as saying that micro physical laws must be time reversible. That and unitarity and causality are all restrictions on time evolutions. That suggests that whatever information is, it is not a static property, but rather something that must be conserved in time evolutions. Susskind calls that the minus first law of physics. But there seems to be no symmetry associated with that conservation law. No Noether's Theorum. Nor is there an observable for that thing that is conserved. It makes the whole topic slippery. Susskind is giving lectures called ER=EPR describing the research direction of his institute. They are looking at information to unite QM with GR. If and when they succeed (a long shot for sure), I wager that a new definition of information will be an essential part. 16. Jul 15, 2017 ### Haelfix There is a bit of a debate about this. To see why it's not that simple, consider the case of our pre 1976 understanding of black holes. There you had an event horizon, a singularity and so forth. However there wasn't an information loss problem. When a super observer would analyze the system he could say the information was partially in the black hole, and partially in the rest of the universe, and the two systems would purify each other, regardless of the fate of information near the singularity. The root of the problem now, is crucially that black hole evaporates. An observer at infinity, now detects a real problem of principle! He either sees a Planckian remnant (a thermodynamically vile object with almost no energy but enormous entropy) or the information is fundamentally transformed into a mixed state and quantum mechanics appears to be violated. 17. Jul 15, 2017 ### Staff: Mentor To put this somewhat more technically, if the black hole is eternal, the super observer can always choose a Cauchy surface for the spacetime that covers both the exterior and the interior of the hole, and evaluate the state on that Cauchy surface, making the overall state pure and the overall evolution unitary. You are correct that, strictly speaking, this does not pose a problem for unitarity. To rephrase this in line with the above: after the hole evaporates, there are Cauchy surfaces for the spacetime that do not cover the interior of the hole at all, and there is no unitary transformation that takes you from the state on a Cauchy surface before evaporation, to the state on a Cauchy surface after evaporation, unless you allow a Planck-size remnant to continue to exist at $r = 0$ so that it is present on the after-evaporation Cauchy surface and holds all of the states of everything that fell into the hole before it evaporated. 18. Jul 15, 2017 ### stefan r Suppose we take a newspaper and burn it. Stir the ashes. Not all information is lost. We could, for example, do a chemical analysis on the ash and measure the amount of ink. Radioactive isotopes might leave clues to the origin of the tree that was turned into pulp. You could also carbon date the ash if there was any soot left. However, the chemical analysis will not differentiate the word "dog" from the word "god". Knowing the total mass of the ink does not let you calculate the thoughts of the reporters/editors. You can not read stirred ash. The statement "all information is lost at the event horizon of a black hole (except spin, mass, charge) " is not the same as "some information is lost when a solid object turns into plasma". If all information is lost then you could not distinguish between a newspaper, lead batteries, or an apple. 19. Jul 17, 2017 ### BernieM That is to assume that you did not track it's progress from newspaper to ash. If one had a method of storing all the data of all particles and their positions in a single time frame (all the information), one would be able to track it back say one moment in time forward or backward as everything would be determinate would it not? If we then were to track the big bang from the moment it did what it did to cause this universe and we watched all of the information (energy etc.) we would see it progress to the point the universe is today. Is there any new information being added? Or is it all just a result of the original information and events unfolding as they were destined to unfold at them moment the big bang came into existence? If again, we could take all information from every successive moment in time, of every particle in the universe, there would be no random nature to it. Though the position of an electron in the electron cloud is statistical where you may find it, once you do, don't you then know where it will be the next instant in time after that? It's not hopping around in an entirely random fashion is it? It is traveling in a predictable path is it not? And if it is then from one point on that path to the next point x nanoseconds later should be a predictable location as long as all external forces acting on it are known as well. I am not saying we would ever have such ability to do so. What I am trying to get at is if there really is any new information being generated in the universe, or if the entire cycle of the universe, including a potential future big crunch or big whimper wasn't already predetermined at the moment the big bang came into existence or 'occured.' Once a sky rocket is made what it will do when it explodes is already written in stone, the only thing left is where it will explode and when, but how many blue and white sparks will fly out from it and how far they will fly, etc., was determined by the information stored in the explosives in it. In a way isn't this similar to the big bang? The result of the big bang and the eventual end of the universe itself could be known (theoretically) if one had ALL the information contained there then? 20. Jul 17, 2017 ### Staff: Mentor You are equating information with knowledge. Suppose I ask how many bits of information does it take to describe the state of a system. That is the information content. It has nothing to do with whether I have knowledge of what the state is. If I do have knowledge and I destroy that knowledge, it still doesn't change. Take the spin of an electron for example. Up or down. That takes exactly one bit to describe. It never evolves 0 or 0.5 or 2 bits. It always remains 1 bit. Information is conserved. Knowledge of the spin doesn't change that. The probability of spin up plus the probability of spin down must add up to exactly one, never 0.99, never 1.01. But it gets complex fast. How many bits does it take to completely describe the quantum state of a heavy atom, with all the electrons, nucleons and quarks? I don't know how to calculate that, but it's a lot. 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http://www.archive.org/stream/servicemanual00kraurich/servicemanual00kraurich_djvu.txt	# Full text of "The service manual" ## See other formats : OSCAR KLONOWER,;; 1435 EUCLID AVE. THE SERVICE MANUAL. BY RABBI JOSEPH KRAUSKOPF, D.D., OF THE REFORM CONGREGATION KENESETH ISRAEL. PRESS OF EDWARD STERN & CO. 1892, ^ ;-.,TViM:i' BY II A THOMSON, I'HII .API l.I'HIA. PREFACE. THE fixed Order of Worship has been departed from in this MANUAL, but merely in form. The spirit of the traditional service has been sacredly preserved. Its devotional sentiment has been brought nearer to the modern mind by the use of a number of the most approved liturgical aids. The gems of Biblical, Apocryphal, and Rabbinical literature have been freely introduced in the form of Responsive Readings and Choral Chants, and have been incorporated in the Medita- tions and Exhortations. To each Sabbath a distinctive purpose has been given by jissi.irnin.ir to it a special significance, which is made the theme of that day's service. The purport of each Festival is likewise made the central thought, which is elaborated in all the parts of the Festival service. To quicken the fervor of the worship- per, to ensure his participation in the service, and especially to awaken the interest of each individual, the Responsive Read- in--. Congregational Singing, and the various themes of each separate week have been provided. In the preparation of this MANUAL the writer has been greatly aided by the embodiment of copious extracts and adap- tations from a number of the most eminent masters in verse and in prose, and by selections from the standard liturgies. These have materially lessened his labor, and have greatly heightened the style and thought of the work. The writer's thanks are due them, and are hereby cheerfully expressed. The necessity of publishing THE SERVICE MANUAL in time for the dedication of the new temple of the Reform C<m- irreiration Keneseth Israel has prevented its completion. Of the intended fifty-two different Sabbath services, but twelve are published. The remaining forty services will be issued within a short time, when copies of the MANUAL now dis- tributed will be collected for the insertion of the omitted part, 44240.1 CONTENTS. PAGS EVENING SERVICE ............ rP31j? nSsn 5 ADDITIONAL EVENING SERVICE ...... " " 15 MORNING SERVICE ............ mniP nban 20 SPECIAL PRAYERS .................. 31 nONAL PRAYERS ................. 41 ADDITIONAL SERVICES FOR SABBATHS .... rotyS ]Di?3 48 ADDITIONAL SERVICE KOI; NEW YEAR EVE. rwn ffO nSan 256 ADDITIONAL SERVICE FOR NEW YEAR MOKN'G." " " 264 ADDITIONAL SERVICE FOR ATONEMENT EVE. 113D DV nSsn 276 ADDITIONAL SERVICE FOB ATONEMENT MORN'G." " " 299 ATONEMENT AFTERNOON SERVICE ...... " " " 330 ATONEMENT MEMORIAL SERVICE ...... " " " 359 ATONEMENT CONCLUSION SERVICE ...... " " " 398 ADDITIONAL SERVICE FOR PASSOVER EVE ...... HD2 428 ADDITIONAL SERVICE FOR PASSOVER MORNING ..." !:;."> ADDITIONAL SERVICE FOR PASSOVER CONCLUSION EVE. " 1 u ADDITIONAL SERVICE FOR PASSOVER CONCEUS'N MOK'G. " 4 ")7 ADDITIONAL SERVICE FOR 1* EMI :OST EVE . . . . rojn^Bf 473 ADDITIONAL SERVICE FOR CONFIRMATION DAY . . " 480 ADDITIONAL SEBVTCI FOR THANKSGIVIKQ KVE . . noiD 4'.s ADDITIONAL SXRYICE FOB THANKSGIYIKG MORN'O. " 505 Ai.i>rnoNALSEi:vi. E FOB CONCLUSION FESTIVAL KVE. my>' -VJ'J AIMMT'N'I. Si.i.-vi- K rVALMOBV. " ">_". AlHHTH'N M.Sl RV1 ! I "i: M \ '\r.E\N 1''l->TIV XI. AM. i : R M \. . \r.i \\ I-'i>nv M. MOKN. .................. .66] DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF THE MANUAL. The ' ' Evening Service ' ' (pp. 5-14 ) is to be read at every eve- ning gathering for worship- Week-days, Sabbaths or Holidays. After the Organ Voluntary indicated at top of page 12, add "The Additional Service" required for that special evening. Then return and conclude the Service, pp. 12-14. On the evening of Week-days add, after the Organ Volun- tary indicated at the top of page 12, " The Additional Service " pp. 15-19. On the Eve of Sabbaths add, after the Organ Voluntary indicated at the top of page 12, "The Additional Service " pp. 15-19, or any one of the "Additional Services For Sabbaths" begining page 48. On the Eve of Holidays add, after the Organ Voluntary indicated at the top of page 12, "The Additional Services" The "Morning Service" (pp. 20-47) is to be read at every morning gathering for worship- Week-days, Sabbaths or Holi- days. On Week-days omit pp. 27-30. After the Organ Voluntary indicated at the top of page 27, Then return and conclude the service pp. 27-47. On Sabbath Morning add, after the Organ Voluntary indi- cated at the top of page 27, one of "The Additional Services for Sabbaths" beginning page 48. On Holidays add, after the Organ Voluntary indicated at the top of page 27. "The Additional Services" designated in (Abetting 5>erUice. ORGAN VOLUNTARY. INVOCATION. y nnyan nnx TITO T ~: - :- - T: T - * r Minister: THOU who art our Guardian and our Guide, the silence of the evening has fallen upon the earth ; the sweet hours of rest have returned once more. The cares of another day have ended, and we draw nigh unto Thee with our offerings of praise and thanksgiving. Separated from the din of the busy world, we draw near to Thee to ht-ar Thy voice in the silence that now pervades ; by Thy liiiht, that makes the night brighter than the day, to re- view our day's doings and blessings, and to see whether they have brought us by a day's length nearer to Thee. Draw nigh unto us, Lord, as we draw nigh unto Thee. Enter Thou the sanctuary of our hearts, as we have entered the habitation of Thy holiness. Let the words of our lips and the meditations of our hearts be acceptable in Thy sight, Thou to whom every soul is bare and every heart is open. Amen. Choir: Bless ye the Lord, all ye I servants of the Lord, who \| " by night stand in the House \ J /> /"i i of God. Ps. cxxxiv. 1. Congregation The Lord will command His loving kindness in the day-time, and in the night His song shall be with me. Ps. xlii. 9. npn nirr rrir insy THE SERVICE MANUAL. Lord of the Universe, Thou hast reigned before yet any being was created, and till now hast Thou ruled all to which Thy creative will has given life. And though the universe should vanish and all life pass away, even then wilt Thou remain the Lord and Creator Supreme. Thou wa>t. Thou art, and Thou wilt for ever be great and glo- rious. As Thou wast without beginning, so wilt Thou be without end. Thou alone boldest sway; besides Thee there is none. Thou governest in everlasting dominion. Thou art mighty and adorable, and Thy greatness is unutter- able. Thine are the heavens, and Thine the earth. Thine is the day, and Thine the night. Thou hast spread out the firmament, and laid the foundations of the earth. Thou leadest forth the sun, paintest the sky with the brightest azure, deckest the earth with inexpressible loveliness. Thou drawest in the genial light of day, and leadest forth the silvery moon and the millions of stars that stand as faithful sentinels over us while Thou wrappest us in peaceful slumber. Thou art our God, our Redeemer, our Sheltering Rock in distress, our Guide and Protector when we invoke Thy aid. Into Thy care we commit our bodies and souls, sleeping and waking. If Thou art with > God, we have nothing to fear. Chain Day unto day uttereth -jK-t-eh. and night unt( night showeth kiiuwl- \ix 3. EVENING SERVICE. Congregation .- He that dwelleth in the \| secret place of the Most Hiuh shall abide under the Ps. xci. 1. '!( THANKSGIVING. mrr? nnrf? DID T \|- J//// /xter : Though the shades of evening have again descended, yet no shadow obscures Thy loving kindness. Though the light of day has gone to awaken and bless other lands, yet Thou, God, abidest with us still. Marvellous is Thy goodness, God. Every moment brings us tokens of Thy love. The day that has now closed, how rich has it been in the demonstration of Thy goodness ! At home and abroad, in our several ways and amid varied exposures, Thy sheltering wings have been over us. Thou hast con- tinued to us the use of our powers and faculties, and ena- bled us to go through the trials required by duty and necessity without injury to mind or body. Thy loving hand hasfc tenderly smoothed for us the rough and thorny paths. In Thee we have found an unfailing support when, wearied and fainting, we felt our own thoughts insufficient to our need. How shall we thank Thee, who possessest all and wan test nothing, for the bounty with which Thou hast supplied, for the strength with which we have borne our burdens, for our escape from seen or unseen perils, for the instruction we have received through our outward experience and Thy inward admonitions, for every social and domestic comfort we have enjoyed, for whatever other blessings imparted to our souls ? We THE SERVICE MANUAL. cannot requite Thee with gifts, nor render recompense to Thee with even our most cherished treasures. We can but worshipfully offer unto Thee our praises and thanks- giving. Choir: Praise ye the Lord, the Praise-deserving. Congregation : Praised be the Lord, the Praise-deserving, for ever and aye. SUPPLICATION. With what gladness should we welcome the hour that calls us to Thy Sanctuary ! But, alas ! we know, Father, that many a time and oft we have proved our- selves unworthy of Thy many and great mercies. We feel that in the eagerness of our pursuits we have not always thought of Thee, nor of what Thou wouldst have us do. We mourn that we have not better improved Thy gifts, and that we have not a better account to render of the day that has passed by. Fervently we pray Thee, forgive all that has been wrong in our actions. If we have yielded to temptation, if we have been unfaithful in any of the relations and duties of life, if we have swerved from integrity, if we have been unthankful or ungenerous, if we have shown a retaliatory or unforgiving spirit, if we have severed or wounded trusting a flection, or in any way yed Thy will, help us to see and feel our sins, and improve us with a new spirit, that we may live henceforth as becometh Thy children. Oh, that we might feel that steadily, one after another, our day.- are passing away, and no entreat ie> of ours and EVENING SERVICE. 9 no power on earth can recall or arrest them ! What we have done remains done for ever. What we have omitted to do, we cannot supply. -May we do the good thai IB yel in our power to do. May we strive for the right and pur- sue it with all our might. May we this hour enter upon a life acceptable to Thee, and remain faithful to it all our days. If the slightest, disposition to do wrong is formed within us, be it instantly overcome by the remembrance of Thine infinite kindness, and by our mindfulness of Thy law. which Thou hast graven on our hearts. Let us not seek refuge behind the plea of ignorance, for, though we cannot know the essence of Thy being, nor understand the purpose of many of Thy decrees, yet we know what Thou wouldst have us do. May Thy will be done, and may Thy commandment be obeyed, now and for evermore. Amen. Choir: He hath shewed thee, ^^.^^ Q-.^ man, what is good, and what ^'^ " ^ '' the Lord doth require of thee. Congregation : Nothing but to do justly. and to love mercy, and to \| FO7 ^PH IDfl walk humbly with Thy God. Micah vi. 8. CONSECRATION. Mia inter : Giver of all ! Surrounded by Thy never-ending mer- cies, and awed by Thy splendors, we are overcome by a vivid sense of our obligations. Thy mercies continually beseech us to make our lives holy and acceptable unto Thee. Thou hast placed us here not only to be served from the fountains of Thy grace, but also to serve those 10 THE SERVICE MANUAL. sacred interests which Thou hast implanted in our souls, and for which Thou hast fitted our ininds and hands and hearts. Thy providential care over our fathers, their many and marvellous deliverances from the hands of powerful adversaries, the mighty streams of civilization which Thou hast permitted to issue from them, confirm within us the belief that they were spared by Thee for the establishment of Thy reign over a united and enlightened humanity. Grateful unto Thee for Thy past bounties, and eager to prove ourselves worthy of our illustrious ancestry, we consecrate ourselves anew this evening to continue the 1 mission our fathers have taken upon themselves, like them to carry the banner in the van of civilization, inscribed with our creed : ONE GOD OVER ALL; OAT? BROTHERHOOD OF ALL; PEACE AND GOOD- WILL AMOXG ALL. Unto the realization of this goal we hallow all our powers and possessions, Everywhere and every moment may we watch for opportunities of well-doing, considering no place so high or so low that it may not be made to shine with the light of Thy truths. In every scene of life may \ve hold ourselves ready to aid every good cause, to lift up the fallen, to relieve the suffering, to comfort the sorrowing. t<> guide the erring, to enlighten the ignorant. And though the world >hoiil<l set itself in array against us. inav we ii with unfaltering feet, unconquerable in the assur- aiic.- that Thou art with us, immm ahle in the belief in Thy unity, holiness, and eternity, untiring in its proclama- tion to all the world, till the prophet,-' hope will he real- i/ecl. till the dawn of that blessed dav when Thou alone wilt be King over all the earth, and all mankind in unison will acknowledge Thee their <io<l and Father. EVENING SERVICE. 11 ( Congregation Stand ing. ) Choir : Hear, Israel : the Lord ?, is our God, the Lord is One. Deut. iv. 4. Praised be the Lord, the j Praise-deserving, for ever and aye. pent. v i. 4. Choir: This is an eternal truth with us : God is everlasting, and His rule and truth en- dure for all generations. Congregation : A sacred creed it is with us, that God alone is our God, and none beside Him. Cltoir : "lIDD The Lord will be King over all the earth. Congregation On that day God will be One and His Name will be One. (Congregation Seated.) rrm N1HH 1-J THE SERVICE MANUAL. ORGAN VOLUNTARY. (Congregation fim?.s to the ADDITIONAL SEKVICK specified for the Evening.) ANTHEM. (ANTHEM. \ SERMON. ) ANTHEM. / MOURNERS' SERVICE. Ye who mourn a recent loss, and ye who commemorate to-day the anniversary of the loss of some near and dear departed, listen to the consolation of religion. God has given, and God has taken. Your dear departed are at rest. " They have landed on that other shore, Where billows never break nor tempests roar." The strokes of death are hard, yet there is healing in their stripes. Death lays his hand upon many a heart and heals it for ever. Often, very often, death is not a calamity, not a punishment, but a blessing. It is so for the dead, and no less for the living. Our best virtues often develop only in the darkness and trials of death. Shallow and loose-rooted is the tree that has known only sunshine, that has never felt the wrench and shock of the gale. Your dear ones have en- tered the higher sphere, while we still struggle on, doing im- perfectly the noble and disinterested things we are enjoined to do. Enthralled with care, we drudge on in this material life, but they have heard the call and gone before. God grant that we may be ready to follow whenever He beckons for us. Rise, ye mourners, and. as ye piously honor the memory of your dead, pray with us that virtue and piety may be nid more perfectly .shown in our lives; that we may feel that we arc not alto-ether of this world ; that while our feet press the soil here, our hearts and minds may be in the spiritual realms with <i<><l; that when at last all temptation is over, all sulVerin ill trials ended, we may ro to our eternal sleep, taking with us the regrets and the ble>. ings of all who knew us or knew of us. Amen. 13 Exalted and Hallowed be the name of the Lord. Man is of few days, and full of trouble. He cometli forth like a flower, and is cut down ; he fleeth as a shadow, and continueth not. All are of dust, and all turn to dust again. There the wicked cease from troubling, and there the weary are at rest. There the fettered are free ; there they hear not the voice of the op- pressor. The small and the great are there. The dust alone returns to dust ; the spirit returns to God, who gave it. In the way of right- eousness is life, and in the pathway thereof there is no death. May the Lord of the Uni- verse grant plenteous peace, and a goodly reward, and grace and mercy, unto Israel, and . unto all who have de- parted from this life. Amen. May He who maintains the Harmony of the Universe vouchsafe unto all of us peace for evermore. Amen. (Ifournera r;ny:?pi D'p rrn DPI r: srjn wjwh DP T : : T ^- T : T DP nnm y ID T : ^T I ^P jin 1 ? awn 14 THE SERVICE MANUAL. EVENING HYMN. Welcome, ye deep and silent shades, That veil the glowing West ! Hour of repose, Softly it flows, Diffusing balmy rest. Author of all the countless worlds The vault of heaven displays, Awed by Thy power, And chant our evening lays. Under those eyes which never close We lay us down to sleep ; Hearer of prayer, Make us Thy care, And safe our slumbers keep. Soon as the sun, with new-born rays, Relumes the Eastern skies, Source of all light, Beam on our sight, And bless our waking eyes. BENEDICTION. Sttrfcttional Abetting; MEDITATION. LIFE MEASURED BY VIRTUE, NOT BY YEARS. THE day is done, and darkness follows on the wings of night. In her starry shade of dim loveliness I learn the language of another world. How sweet and soothing is this hour of calm ! The darker it grows without, the brighter shines the light within. Wisdom mounts her zenith with the stars. Darkness has divinity for me. It is the felt presence of the Deity. It strikes thought inward. It opens the book of life, that I may see whether, in being a day older, I am richer by a day's virtue. If I compute my life according to the measure of the time which I have lived, it is now, indeed, very long ; but if I judge it according to the good and laudable actions which it contains, it is exceedingly short. For the exercise of all the virtues which I am conscious of having practised, scarcely so many days would have been requisite as I have spent years. How much more good might I have performed, had I employed all the opportunities which God granted me for that pur- pose ! He has presented to me many an occasion for doing good: have I well applied all these opportunities to that great end? Many an object of commiseration has been placed before me : have I. on my part, so far as has been in my power, acted as the charitable helper and deliverer, 15 1<> THE SERVICE MANUAL. the friend and comforter, of the unfortunate? I must confess that, in proportion to the sum of days to my life, scanty are the good actions I have accomplished. I have. it is true, lived a large number of days; but can I also maintain that I have really lived them ? What avails to me a lengthened life in which I hardly raise myself above the lower species? A life void of virtue is no life. The shortest life is long enough if it lead to a better, and the longest life is short if it do not. That life is long which answers life's great end. The time that bears no fruit deserves no name. A man's time, well husbanded, is like a cultivated field, of which a few acres produce more of what is useful to life than extensive prov- inces, even of the richest soil, when overrun with weeds and brambles. A useless life is only an early death. He lives long who lives well, and time misspent is not lived, but lost. Lost wealth may be replaced by industry, lost knowledge by study, lost health by cure ; but lost time is gone for ever. We live in deeds, not years ; in thoughts, not breaths ; in feelings, not in figures on the dial. We should count time by heart-throbs. He most lives who thinks the most, feels the noblest, acts the best. Time is the life of the soul. To live is not merely to breathe: it is to act; it is to make a right use of our organs, senses, fac- ulties. The man of largest wisdom and of greatest deed is thi man of longest life. Oh. that I might never forget that time is the warp of life ! Oh. that I might weave it well ! From this evenini: shall the better disposal of my existence date its com- mrne.'inent. God of my destiny, remember not my former lav.-, \vhieh I have parth .-lumbered and partly squandered away. So rule me that I may ever keej> in mind the tied ii, May I >]>end my days in not him: whicll must be repented nl'. in nothing which I could not review with a quiet conscience. May no day pass whose slow descending sun shall view from my hand an unworthy action done. I entreat Thee, O Lord, not for a prolonged term of years, but for the wisdom properly to employ those which are appointed to me., however few they may be, so that the manifold amount of my virtues may compensate the short duration of my life. He that loves God and man, and nobly labors for both, lives long lives well. (The following selections to be read alternately by the Minister and the Con- gregation.) Before retiring, banish ill will against thy neighbor ; As thou wouldst have thy sin forgiven, pardon his. Congregation : A good life hath but few days, But a good name endureth for ever. In the hour of death, wealth will prove no companion ; But virtue attends the righteous even beyond the grave. Happy the man who is great in good deeds, for he shall be honored in life and in death. Be not wise in words, but in deeds ; Not the learning, but the doing, maketh the true life. are old in their youth, And others are young in their old age. Judge a man by his deeds, And thou wilt not be led to false judgment. Say little and do much, For by thy action shalt thou be judged. 2 18 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Like a tree, you will have many branches and few roots. Have regard to thy name, For that shall continue <tl>or<> the treasures of gold. The righteous need no epitaphs : Their deeds are their monuments. Burden not thyself with the cares of to-morrow ; Live to-day, and live it well. Ben Sirach. Talmud. ORISON. T : I" v: T: \| Minister, : Thou to whom the night shineth like the day, who never slumbereth or sleepeth, fervently we beseech Thee, pass over the earth. Let our lying down and our rising be in peace. With the entire confidence of children rest- ing in a parent's arms, may we resign ourselves to Thy care, not only this night, but also at all times. Bring us, we pray Thee, to the dawn of morn, still surrounded with Thy mercies. May Thy blessings also extend to others. Give rest to the weary, strengthen the weak, heal the sick, comfort the afflicted, bring hope to the despairing, and And while we beseech Thee to bless Thy children, may we not be unmindful of the blessings whieh we ourselves can di.-peiix-. Incline us to sympathy with suffering hu- manity, hasten our feet at its cry, open our hand to its wants, ami -wcctcii our lips for its consolation. .May sincerity dwell in our souls and verity in our thoughts, and truth animate our tongues. If we suffer from any, make u ily to forgive. Though .Y.I/, ATA'.Y/AV/ Sl-:n\'lci-:. 1!) our motives bo aspersed, our characters slandered, our per- sons injured, and our rights violated, may we not return injury for injury. May wo love one another with pure hearts, and unite our endeavors to promote each other's happiness, that we may experience how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity. Cleanse us from secret faults. What is low in us, do Thou raise ; what is evil, do Thou purify. To whatever trials our integrity may be exposed, may we have strength to preserve it uncorrupted. In our prosperity keep us from pride, and in our adversity keep us from rebellious thoughts. Make us willing to give up every indulgence that will op- pose the interests of our best good. May wo live while we live, and live for nobler pleasures than those of the senses, and for higher glories than any whieh man can ofler. May sleep remind us of death, and keep us from too great attachment to this world. May we remember that a time must come when all earthly posses- sions will be of no avail a time when we must part from this life and all its pleasing pursuits, and go where the only distinction recognized will be that of virtue. In mercy accept these our prayers, and answer them in Thine own way, at Thine own time, for our and all mankind's good. Amen. Choir : The labor of the righteous tendeth to life; the fruit of the wicked is for sin. Prov. x. 16. Congregation : The fear of the Lord tend- eth to life : and he that hath it shall abide satisfied. D"rY? nirr run* Prov. xix. 23. \| Jttorning j&erbtce. ORGAN VOLUNTARY. INVOCATION. Minister: LORD, with faith in Thy grace we enter Thy house, with awe we bow down before Thee in Thy sanctuary. We love Thy habitation, Lord, we cherish the sacred abode of Thy glory. Here we humble ourselves before Thee. Here we breathe a holier atmosphere, and feel the blessed influences of Thy divine spirit. Here we loosen the fetters that hold us fast to the material world, and lift ourselves on the wings of lofty aspirations and pious med- itations into Thy celestial realms. Here we unlock our souls and open our hearts to Thee. Here we offer before Thee our fervent prayers : in mercy accept and answer them, our God and Creator. Amen. Choir : lis crates with courts with praise. Ps. c. 4. Happy are they that dwell never cease to praix- Thr I'j. Ixxxiv. 5. 20 21 rrir Tnto Thee, Lord, we render praise, honor, and thanks. Mighty things hast Thou done for us, and in us hast Thou magnified Thy greatness and Thy goodness. Praised be Thou for the souls and minds with which Thou hast ennobled us, and which render us capable of comprehending the excellence of Thy works, and of under- standing the noble mission Thou wouldst have us fill on earth. Praised be Thou for our endowments and faculties, for the health of our bodies, for the soundness of our senses, for Thy bountiful provisions for our necessities and com- fort, for the faithful monitor which Thou hast placed within us, to warn us against wrong and to approve the right. Praised be Thou for the many dangers averted, for the frequent rescues without which we should long since have perished, for the pleasures of our homes and association- ships, for all the means through which Thou hast sweet- ened our life and hast prospered our ways. Praised be Thou, also, for the troubles which Thou hast allotted to us, and which have rendered us both wiser and humbler; for the consolation which Thou hast imparted to :is under them, and for the happy issue which Thou hast opened to us out of them. Praised be Thou for the joys and gratification with which Thou hast so abundantly enriched us ; for every sunbeam that cheers our hearts, for every draught that refreshes us, for every morsel that nourishes us, for every token of peace and good-will, for every advance of progress and enlightenment that gladdens our hearts and inspires our minds. 22 THE SERVICE MANUAL. For all these, and yet other blessings which Thou hast vouchsafed unto us, and for those which, in Thy superior wisdom, Thou hast been pleased to deny us, we render praise and glory unto Thy name, now and for ever. Amen. - Choir : Praise ye the Lord, the Praise-deserving. Congregation Praised be the Lord, the nhtth Hirv-i n Praise-deserving, for ever and aye. THANKSGIVING. * - Min ixter : Creator of All, unto Thee all should offer thanks, unto Thee all should render praise. For the universe and all contained therein are Thy glorious works, and their awe- inspiring excellence declares Thy greatness and Thy good- Thou, O Lord, givest unto nature her law. Thou openest the gates of heaven, and showerest Thy blessings upon the earth. Thou leadest forth the sun in all his glory, and the moon and stars in all their beauty, to give warmth and light to man and beast. Were our mouths filled with sacred song as is the sea with water, our tongues with melody as aiv its roaring billows, our lips with praise like the boundless firmament : were niir ejOfl as brilliant as the sun and moon, our hands extended like the eagle's winirs, our fret swift as the hind's even then would we In- unahle worthily to praise Thee. Fountain of all our joys. Thou art m-viT-rrasing in Thy beneficence. Kaeh day reneweth Thy bountifulness of yesterday. Kaeh day Thou provides anew unto the -tars MORNING their light, to the fountains their water, to the earth her fertility, to the flowers their fragrance', to nature her lieanty, to man life and health and reason. Thou dost anticipate our needs before yet we call, and dost more and better for us than we can even ask or think. Thou dost adorn the summer and cheer the winter with Thy presence. Thou guidest all the worlds which Thou hast made, and warmest with Thy breath every mote that peoples the sun's beams. There is no boundary to Thy beneficence. Vaster than space, more infinite than time, art Thou. Thou dwell- est not only in temples made with hands, but art a per- petual presence in every star that shines above, in every flower that blooms beneath, in every heart that throbs, in every mind that thinks. Thou art the Infinite, nature's Lord, God in the earth below, God in the worlds circling above. Choir : The heavens declare the ! ~"]'j^3 D*)3DD glory of God, and the fir- mament showeth His handi- work. Ps. xix. 1. ntrypi I" -: \|- :in - I I" TIT Congregation Who is like unto Thee, Lord? Who is like Thee, glo- j rious in holiness, awe-inspir- j ing in praise, wonder-work- 1 ^) T\&y rf?ilfi Exod. xv. 11. SUPPLICATION. Minister : Lord of all Worlds, not our righteousness, but Thy bounteous mercy, draws us unto Thee with our fervent 24 THE SERVICE MANUAL. supplications. Thou seest the inmost thought and pur- pose of every soul. Thou art acquainted with all our ways, and there is not a word in our tongues but lo ! Lord, Thou knowest it altogether. And what is it that we can say to Thee, Father? What are we, and what is our life ? Are not even our heroes as naught in Thy sight, our men of fame as if they had never been, and our learned men as if they were void of understanding? Profitless is our handiwork ; vain are the days of our lives ; and but for the blessed light of reason which Thou hast planted within us, we would in nowise differ from the brute. Oh that we might make noble use of this light ! Incline us, Lord, to walk in the way of Thy law, and to into temptation, and deliver us from sin. Let not evil in- clinations have control over us. Let our senses be good servants unto us, and not our evil masters. Keep us from sinful companions. Imbue us with noble aspirations. Make us eager after good deeds. May we find this day, and every day, grace and mercy in Thy sight, and in the sight of all who come in contact with us. Amen. Choir: What is man that Thou I art mindful of him, and the 13"pfr"P3 son of man that Thou visit- est him ? Ps. viii. r,. Lead me in Thy truth and ^-.^U ^.^^y^ ,. teach me, IMF Thou art the God of my salvation. Pa. xxv. 5. MORNING SERVICE. 25 CONSECRATION. Mvnittcr : Thou, God, hast led Thy servants with unchanging love. From the very beginning of our existence hast Thou destined us for a noble mission. For it Thou didst prepare our fathers in the school of trial and tribulation, and through it they were enabled to render valuable ser- vice in the spread of a knowledge of Thee and of Thy Law. And unless they had suffered, they never would have achieved. Those whom Thou choosest for Thy service, Thou mouldest in the furnace of affliction and harden- est on the anvil of adversity, to keep them vigilant at their posts and mindful of their duty. Thou heedest not their sighs and tears. Thou knowest that, in the ful- ness of time, they will tune a thanksgiving hymn for every sigh, and the world will bless those who suffered and achieved. Joyfully do we consecrate ourselves anew to-day to the work our fathers have begun. Ours, too, shall be the con- stant aim and effort to bring ever nearer that blessed age. when all mankind's goal shall be our creed : ONE GOD OVER ALL; ONE BROTHERHOOD OF ALL; PEACE AND GOOD-WILL AMONG ALL. In joy and in sorrow, in victory and in defeat, in light and in darkness, wherever we may be and whatever be our lot, we shall acknowledge Thy unity and holiness, and pray and toil for the speedy dawn of that day, when Thou wilt be reverenced and obeyed the whole world over, and all mankind will live in peace and unity. (Congregation Standing.) THE SERVICE MAX UAL. Choir Hear, Israel : the Lord is our God, the Lord is One. Deut. iv. 4. Congregation : Praised be the Lord, the Praise-deserving, for ever and aye. Deut.vi.4. Chot'r: Holy ! Holy ! Holy ! is the Lord of Hosts ; the whole earth is full of His glory. Isaiah vi. 3. Congregation : The Lord shall reign for ever, even thy God, Zion, unto all generations. Hal- leluiah. DE> srna Ps. cxlvi. 10. -i-n Have we not all Father ? Hath not God created us ? Why doth brother deal treacherously against brother by profaning the covenant of our fathers? Mulachi ii. 10. Choir: One One Behold how good and how pleasant it is i'r hivtluvn to dwell together in unity. i 1 .-. cxxxiii. 1. .ii-j<i'.ivn Stated.) D'n SERVICE. 27 ORGAN VOLUNTARY. (Congregation turns to the ADDITIONAL SKKVICE specified for the Day.) ASPIRATION. (Minister facing the Shrine.) Min ister : It will come to pass, in the fulness of time, that the Lord's house will be exalted above all the heights ; and all nations will stream unto it; and many people will say : Come ye, and let us go up to the house of God, that He may teach us of His "ways, and we will walk in His paths ; He will judge between the nations, and arbitrate for many peoples ; and they will beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks ; nation will not lift up sword against nation, neither will they learn war any more. Isaiah ii. 2-4. Choir: They will not hurt nor destroy, for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea. Isaiah xi. 9. njn nnn : -nrp psn in^p rnrn Congregation : They will sit every man under his vine and under his fig-tree ; and none will make them afraid. Micah iv. 4. Merciful Father, hasten the coming of that blessed age when peace will dwell in every heart and truth on every 28 THE SERVICE MANUAL. lip. Speed it, God, on account of Thine own great mercy, for we are deeply conscious that the evil of our way has but delayed its coming. Thou Who art ac- quainted with all our ways, and from Whom no secret can be hid, we humbly confess our sinfulness before Thee. We have followed too much the devices and the desires of our heart. We have allowed passion to mislead us, and presumption to delude us. In the eager pursuit after our own pleasures and profits, we have not always considered the rights and needs of others. We have been quick to judge the faults of others, and to excuse our own. We do earnestly repent of these our misdoings. Forgive us, O Lord. Create in us clean hearts. Teach us to know ourselves. Keep our tongues from evil, and our lips guard Thou against deceit. Teach us to love one another with pure hearts, to exercise forbearance and for- giveness, to recompense no man evil for evil. With our faces set heavenward, may we resolutely press on to do Thy will ; making each new day better than the days that are gone, and ready at any moment to greet Thy summons to Thy nearer presence and higher service. Amen. Choir : The Lord is merciful and ' Q!\|pn gracious, lonc-sufferinu:. and .l.undant in goodness a.,,1 in truth. Exod. xxx iv. r,. He shows kindness unto the thousandth's generation, forgives sin. but He will not wholly clear the guilty. Exod. xxx ipn PTNorn yt MORNIX<; SERVICE. 'J! EXHORTATION. (Congregation Standing.) (Mhuatrr ,faciii<i Congregation, holding up the Scroll.) Minister : This /.s the Torahy the banner under which Israel has Imttli'd for the One and Eternal God. Choir and Congregation in Unison : The law of the Lord is I perfect, quieting the soul. nO'DJl iTjiT The testimony of the Lord pppp is sure, making wise the simple. Ps. xix. 7. Minister : This is the Scripture, on which civilization has founded the strongest pillars of right and truth. Choir and Congregation in Unison : The precepts of the Lord I are upright, rejoicing the i heart. The commandment of the Lord is clear, enlight- rrirr rn:i ening the eyes. Ps. xix. 8. Min ister : This is the Law, that first proclaimed the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man, and first enjoined Peace and Go<><! - \ViiJ on earth. Choir and Congregation in Unison : The fear of the Lord is ! pure, enduring for ever. The ordinances of the Lord are true, they are just alto- gether. Ps. xix. 9. 30 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Minister : Let us le truly sensible of the debt of gratitude we owe our fathers for this blessed heritage, and fur the valor they <i;j>l<iyl and for the martyrdom they suffered in <Vs defence. Let us shoio our gratitude by a true appreciation of the instruction it imfHtrf. Let us guard against straying and erring by turning to its pages for inspiration and guidance. Let us cling to its teachings always, for Choir and Congregation in Unison : It is a tree of life to those who grasp it, and happy are they who leLn upon it ; its, ways are ways of pleasant- , - ness, and all its paths are j peace. Prov. iii. 17, 18. I (Congregation Seated.) (Read in 1 1 <>f vv>/ur/ Selection.) ANTHEM. SERMON. ANTHEM. i \l. I-K \vi i:- (One or mi- concluding u-ith t; :\\ SPECIAL PRAYERS. I. PRAYER FOR THE COMMUNITY. O GOD, be graciously pleased to take us under Thy Fatherly care. Imprint upon our hearts such a grateful sense of Thy goodness to us as may make us ashamed to offend Thee. Dispose us to dedicate our souls and minds and hearts to Thee in a righteous and useful life. Keep us temperate in our desires and ambitions, and dili- gent in our avocations. Incline us to be just and upright in all our dealings, full of compassion, and ready to do good to all. Make our thoughts, our words, our deeds, testimonies that Thou alone rulest within us, and that the peace and the well-being of our fellow-men lie nearest to our hearts. These things, and whatever else may profit the ends for which we have been placed on earth, we humbly beg of Thee, our God and Father. Amen. Choir : put your trust in Him alway, ye people ; Pour out your hearts before Him ; For God is our refuge. Psalm Ixii. 9. Congregation : Lead me, Lord, in Thy righteousness ; Make straight before me Thy way. Psalm v. 9. 32 THE SERVICE MANUAL. II. PRAYER FOR THE COMMONWEALTH. Lord God, Father of All ! Humbly we approach Thee this morning with fervent thanks for the peace that abides in our midst, and for the plenty that abounds. We thank Thee that the sound of the anvil rings through the land, that loom and forge and furnace, that plough and ship and locomotive, send forth to millions of people here, and to the nations beyond the seas, the glad tidings of our coun- try's safety, and of our nation's prosperity. And we approach Thee, God, this morning, not only with our thanks, but also with our supplications. Despite abundance, want lodges in our midst ; and, despite peace, the voice of discontent is not yet hushed in our land. We pray Thee, O God, enable the people's representatives, wherever assembled, to wrestle with this harassing foe, and to conquer him. Fill their minds with a consciousness that in them is centered a nation's trust, that to them the people look for a solution of problems that perplex them, and of difficulties that beset them. . And we pray Thee, God, dispose the hearts of our people to aid their representatives in the work upon which they are engaged. Unless the people earnestly seek to walk in the way of righteousness, in vain will their repre- sentatives legislate, and in vain will be the blessings which iii-lils and mines lavish upon us. With these our thanks, with these our supplications, humbly wo approach Thee. Accept our thanks, and liear and :ms\vrr our prayer, as seemest best in Thine ryes, for Thy people's sake. Amen. Choir : Blessed be the Lord who daily loadrtli us with bom-fit.-, n the God of our salvation. ;, txritt.90 HORNING SERVICE. l\:\ ( \>mjr< i praise the Lord all ye nations, Praise Him all ye people. For his merciful kindness is great toward us ; And the truth of the Lord endureth for ever. Psalm cxvii. III. THE THANKSGIVING OF THE PROSPEROUS. We approach Thee, God, this day not only as a com- munity and as a people, but also singly, each one of us with our own individual thank-offerings, and with our separate supplications. Among us there are those to-day, who seek Thy gracious presence to render praise for the peace and plenty that abound in their homes, and for the success that crowns their labors. May it please Thee to bless them with a continuance of Thy favor. But may the uses they make of it show them deserving of Thy kindness. Keep them in their present spirit of grateful acknowledgment. May not worldly prosperity estrange their soul, in ingrat- itude, from Thee, binding their hearts in the fetters of selfishness. Since it has pleased Thee to bestow abundance upon them, enable them to use it for Thy glory and for the good of man. If riches increase, let them not set their hearts upon them. Let them remember that the duration of them is short at best, and that in the grave there is no enjoyment of them. Enlarge their hearts with the en- lanrement of their fortunes. Make them rich in good works, and ready to distribute, according as Thou hast prospered them. Teach them that their wealth is Thine, even as is their life, and that only then is wealth good when blessed use is made of it. Make them willing instru- ments in founding and sustaining institutions of education and learning and charity, willing to aid in bringing light to those who stray in darkness, in assisting the needy, in 3 34 THE SERVICE MANUAL. comforting the suffering, and in furthering every cause that tends to promote Thy glory, and peace and good-will among men. Amen. Choir : Let the Lord be magnified, Who hath pleasure in the prosperity Of His servant. Psalin xxxv. 27. Congregation : Rejoice in the Lord, O ye righteous, And shout for joy all ye that are upright in heart. Tsalm xxxii. 11. IV. PRAYER FOR THOSE LABORING UNDER But not the blessed alone, the heavy-laden also are with us this morning. With sad hearts, and with tearful eyes they look up to Thee, merciful Father, and implore Thy aid. Though Thy judgments are unsearchable, and Thy way past finding out, still we inwardly feel that Thou art too wise to err. When Thou sufferest evil to come upon man, it is to make him wiser and better, to bring him forth more glorious for his trials, as is the gold that is tried in the furnace. And we pray Thee, O Lord, incline them to trace the cause of their adversity to the neglect of man rather than to the punishment of God. Lead them also to remember their mercies, for the days of their comfort have far out- numbered the hours of their sorrow. For every tear there have been a thousand smiles, and for every cloud a thou- sand sunshines. Lord, have pity on th<r who labor unoYr personal infir- mitio. Avert yet greater misery and affliction from these smitten ones. I>raw around them tlie sympathies of all, MORXfNG SKRVH'K. \vho arc exempt from these evils. Bless those charities which seek to ameliorate and to remove these calamities of life. And, if it please Thee, give wisdom to devise MM h modes of cure, as shall greatly lessen, or entirely remove, these afflictions from the earth. Amen. Choir : Wait on the Lord : be of good courage, And He shall strengthen your heart. Psalm xxvii. 14. Congregation : Many are the afflictions of the righteous, But the Lord delivereth him out of them all. Psalin xxxiv. 20. V. PRAYER FOR THE SICK. Thou, Helper of the Helpless, fervently we beseech Thee in behalf of those afflicted, who cannot join us in our service to-day, who are fastened to their sick-bed with pain- ful disease. Whatever be the cause that has brought suffering upon them, we pray Thee let it not overwhelm them. Let Thy blessings descend upon the means used for the restoration of Thy servants, and give success to the efforts of human skill. Make them patient under their trials, and restore them to health and usefulness. Turn their suffering into joy, and may they re-enter life purified, glorifying Thee, and Thy wondrous help, by lending willing hands towards abating the sorrows and sufferings of others. But, God, if Thou, in Thine infinite wisdom, hast de- creed otherwise than we desire, grant us a spirit of filial submission. Be Thou with the stricken in their last pain- ful moments. Let not despair seize upon their departing souls. Render the darkness that encompasses them lumi- nous with radiant hope. May their closing eyes eat eh glimpses of the more beauteous world, and of the more 36 THE SERVICE MAS UAL. blessed life, which, we trust, shall crown their earthly ex.- istence. Be Thou with the stricken family. May their fears be quieted. Whether their dear ones remain or depart, let their faith in Thee abide ; and by all events, whether joyous or sorrowful, may they show themselves equally trusting, and equally willing to render praise and thanks to Thee, our God and Redeemer. Amen. Choir: Cast thy burden upon the Lord, and He shall sustain thee ; He shall never suffer the righteous to be moved. Psalm Iv. 23. Congregation : Like as a father pitieth his children, So the Lord pitieth them that fear Him. Psalm ciii. 13. VI. PRAYER FOR THE MOURNERS. Thou, Father of Life and Death, humbly we entreat Thee to comfort those who have come here this morning to seek consolation in Thy holy habitation. Hither they have fled to escape tin- painful void which death has caused within their homes. (Jrant them. () Lord, that comfort here which they have words of peaceful submission and of strengthening hope. (live tin-in tin- a.-suram-e that there is .-Mine meaning in their visitation which they eamiot m>\v comprehend, hut, which some day may prove tn them that there was more of Me in:: i:i their affliction than of sorrow. MOKM\<.; HUH VICE. 37 I, cad them to think of the departed rather as living than dead, living in the hearts of their dear ones, in tin- Messed memories they have left behind, in the noble deeds they liuvc wrought, in the sweet and happy influences they have exercised, which neither death nor time can efface. Lead them to look upon the bright side of death. May their tears not so blind them as not to see that the depart- ed are at rest, that pain can no longer rack them, nor care harass them, nor wrong grieve them that they have passed beyond the reach of frown or threat or blow, that they are now in Thy loving care and blessed keeping. May it please Thee, Lord, speedily to turn these mourners' affliction into blessing. May they recognize in their visitation a secret call for higher work. May the tears they now shed be to them as stepping-stones, on which they may rise to a larger usefulness, to a fuller understanding of the real purposes of life, so that when, in the fulness of time, their summons comes, their departure may be as deeply mourned as now they themselves mourn those, who have already obeyed Thy call. Amen. Choir : Precious in the sight of the Lord Is the death of His saints. Psalm cxvi. 15. Congregation : So teach us to number our days, That we may apply our hearts unto wisdom. Psalm xc. 12. (Mourners Rising.) THE SERVICE MANUAL. Exalted and Hallowed be die name of the Lord. Man is of few days, and full of trouble. He comctli forth like a flower, and is cut down ; he fleeth as a shadow, and continueth not. All are of dust, and all turn to dust again. There the wicked cease from troubling, and there the weary are at rest. There the fettered are free ; there they hear not the voice of the op- pressor. The small and the great are there. The dust alone returns to dust ; the spirit returns to God, who gave it. In the way of right- eousness is life, and in the pathway thereof there is no death. May the Lord of the Uni- verse grant plenteous peace, and a goodly reward, and grace and mercy, unto Israel, and unto all who have de- parted from this life. Am i n. May He who maintains the Harmony of the Universe vouchsafe unto all of us peace for evermore. Amen. aw rnrn 'pN in! : rp jw irnr 7ip wpp & um> n : rein D^' 'rin ftDp T mini ID- -^D-^JTI fnn N3D?j; jo i^D 1 ?^ prf? D D-Tp T -\|0 vona (Jfourn^rs Seated.) .i/o/;.v/.\v; SERVICE. :;.. SILENT DEVOTION. (A short interval for sih-nt itrimtf. devotion.) CLOSING HYMN. When this song of praise shall ceasa Let Thy people, Lord, depart With the blessing of Thy peace, And Thy love in every heart. Oh, where'er our path may lie, Father, let us not forget That we walk beneath Thine eye, That Thy care upholds us yet. Blind are we, and weak and frail : Be Thine aid for ever near ; May the fear of sin prevail Over every other fear. BENEDICTIONS. The Lord will give strength to His people, the Lord will bless His people with peace. Ps. xxix. 11. Or this: the Lord ; trust in Him, and He will give you success. Ps. xxxvii. 5. Or this : in from this time forth, and even for evermore. Ps. cxxi. 8. ft' THE SERVICE MANUAL. Trust in the Lord and do good ; place your delight in the Lord, and He shall give heart. Ps. xxxvii. 3, 4. Or this : Be strong and of good courage ; be not afraid, neither be you dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you. Deut. xxxi. 6. Or this: The Lord bless you and keep you ; the Lord make His face shine upon you and be gracious unto you. The Lord lift up His counte- nance to you, and give you peace. Num. vi. 24-26. nirr irn vs nirr nirv MORNING SERVICE. 41 (The following prayers to be offered by the Minister when reqw(l bij those i ned.) VII. MEMORIAL PRAYER. (On the anniversary of the death of a member of the family.) O Thou Comforter of the Comfortless, with saddened, yet with grateful, feelings, those whom death once smote heavily, seek Thy presence, on this anniversary-day of their great loss. Grateful are they that their hearts, to- day, are not wrung with agony, nor their souls overwhelmed with grief. Thou hast poured healing balm into their bleeding wounds, and their hearts are healed. Where, for a time, all was darkness Thou hast sent light again. Where once all was despair, hope again sits enthroned. Time has wrought the cure which on that calamitous day reason could not bring. If not yet wholly reconciled to their great loss, they are at least contented to-day that they were permitted, for a considerable time, to live in the closest bonds of love with their dear departed. They find infinite comfort in the thought that, though their dear ones were too soon sum- moned from their side, they lived at least long enough to make their absence felt in their home, and in the larger circle in which they moved, and that all who came in con- tact with them were made the happier and better for hav- ing once enjoyed their associationship. They find soothing evidence in this Anniversary-Memorial that their departed are not dead, t4iat their memory lives in the heart of their survivors, and in the blessed fruition of their noble thoughts and deeds and aspirations, that not yet have their sweet countenances passed out of their memory, nor has the music of their voices died away, nor has their beautiful example lost its power, nor their cheerful word its com- fort. 42 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Grant them, God, Thy further aid. Remove yet every lingering vestige of their great sorrow. Make the spiritual union between the living and the dead all the closer for their separation in the flesh. May they show their truest appreciation by developing and ripening the noble seed planted by their departed. May this Memorial-Day stimu- late in us all such worthy conduct in the future, that when, in due time, our summons comes, we may leave behind a name deserving of grateful commemoration by kin and friend. Amen. Choir : He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing his sheaves with him. Psalm cxxvi. 6. Congregation: : They that sow in tears Shall reap in joy. Psalm cxxvi. 5. VIII. THE THANKSGIVING OF THOSE DELIV- ERED FROM DANGER. Graciously, O Lord, regard those assembled here to-day to offer praise and thanksgiving for the marvelous deliver- ance Thou didst vouchsafe to them, or theirs. When sick- ness overwhelmed them, when destruction seemed almost to have engulfed them, when great calamity drew nigh unto them, when despair seized upon them, and they, or theirs, of death. Thy mercy suddenly appeared, an<l drew them back to life, to health, to safety, and restored them to their dear ones, or their dear ones unto them. Gratefully they confess before Thee, that unless Thou hadst helped, they would not have been here to-day to tell of Thy marvelous deeds, and that instead of joy, sorrow might have tilled their household. We beseech Thee l< i t not these fervent emotions of their heart subside with the lading of the remembrance of their wonderful escape. Make them ever as truly sensible of Thy mercy as they were then of their danger, and give them the heart always readily to express gratitude, and not only in words, but also by their lives. Since their ex- eeeding danger has opened their eyes to the value and tin- blessing of life, and to the frailty of man, and insignificance of human power, may they henceforth give their life a meaning commensurate with its worth. May they feel that they have been spared for some noble purpose. May they consecrate their days, henceforth, with double diligence to work of duty, and show their life-long gratitude by a more thoughtful walking in the way of Thy will. Amen. Choir : Offer unto God thanksgiving ; And pay thy vows unto the Most High. Psalm 1. 14. Congregation : God is our refuge and strength, A very present help in time of trouble. Psalm xlvi. 2. IX. PRAYER FOR THE ABSENT. Gracious Father, we pray also for those who are not in their customary seats to-day, who have left their homes for distant parts. Since Thou fillest all space with Thy pres- ence, and art God afar off as well as near, be pleased to take them under Thy protecting wing. Guide them in their journey, and keep them in health and safety. Grant, we beseech thee, that with their leaving home, they may not leave Thee, but always keep up holy communionship with Thee, by holy thoughts and righteous life, wherever they may be. Keep them from besetting temptation. Shield them against folly and sin. Prosper their under- 44 THE SERVICE MANUAL. taking so far as may be conducive to thy glory and to their good. Return them in safety, and in happiness reunite them with their own. Defend also, most gracious Father, those friends of theirs from whom they are for a time separated. Grant that the absent and those at home, by drawing nearer unto Thee, may be drawing nearer unto each other, held together in spirit by the unseen chain of a common trust in Thee, and by a common faith in Thy Fatherly care and kindness. Amen. Choir : The Lord will preserve and keep alive. The Lord guardeth all them that love Him. Psalms xli. 3; cxlv. 20 Congregation : The Lord shall guard thee from evil : He shall preserve thy soul. Psalm cxxi. 7. X. PRAYER AT CONSECRATION OF CHILD. Graciously, O God, look down upon the mother, who, for the first time after perilous weeks, revisits Thy House to- day [at the side of her husband], to offer thanks for Thy Fatherly protection, for the sweet blossom with which Thou has blessed them as parents, to consecrate it to Thy ser- vice, and to enroll it in the household of Israel. Well they recognize the responsibilities, which now de- volve upon them as parents. They know that it is the home, which is the first and the most important school of character, that it is there, where every child receives its best or its worst training, where every child first im- bibes those principles of conduct which endure through life. Grant, 0God, that the home, which this new blossom of Request for ('numeration, and name of child, to be sent to min- M(>lL\L\(i HKHVICE. 45 humanity has entered with taintless brow, and with sinh-.-s heart, may ever exorcise the most helpful influence upon it. May piety and love, peace and sunshine, and virtuous ex- And now, in accordance with the spirit of our religion, u v admit the child into the covenant of Israel, under the name of We consecrate its life to noble service to God and man. Accept, we beseech Thee, O Lord, this child in Thy loving care. May it rest peacefully under Thy sheltering wings. May it grow in virtue as it grows in years. Grant unto it health of body and health of mind, and rich measures of Thy Love and Wisdom, so that it may ever be steadfast to the cause of truth and right, which Israel teacheth in Thy name, for the good of all. Amen. Choir : give thanks unto the Lord ; for He is good : For His mercy endureth for ever. Psalm cvii. i. Congregation : Let Thy work appear unto Thy servants, And Thy glory unto their children. p sa i m xc . 16. XI. PRAYER FOR NEWLY-WEDDED COUPLE. Graciously, God, look down upon the couple, who, to- day, for the first time, since they joined their lives in holy wedlock, enter Thy sanctuary with their thank-offerings and supplications. From the very depths of their hearts rise their thanks to Thee for the happiness, which Thou hast vouchsafed unto them, in permitting them, henceforth and for ever, to walk unitedly through life. Eager that their happiness shall continue unto the end of their joint lives, that no shadow of misunderstanding or discontent shall darken the sunshine that now floods their hearts, they appear before Thee, this day, with their fervent supplica- 46 THE SERVICE 31 AX UAL. tions for Thy further counsel and direction. Aid them, God, to be seriously and lastingly conscious of the vows they have made, of the pledges they have given, of the duties they have taken upon themselves. Bestow upon them Thy grace, that the things which they have promised to do may never seem burdensome to them, but that the doing of them may bring continually increasing joy. Keep them in health and peace, in mutual trust and in loving companionship. May they live for each other, and n over- weary in promoting each other's good. May they exercise patience and forgiveness with respect to each other's frail- ties, and strive to conquer them with increased love. May they be to each other counsel and strength, light and com- fort, sharers of each other's joys, consolers in each other's sorrows, and helpers to each other in all the changes and chances of life. Hand in hand, and heart with heart, trusting in each other, and in Thee, may they tread in peace the path of wedded life. Amen. Choir : that men would praise the Lord for His goodness, And for his wonderful works to the children of men. Psalm cvii. 31. Congregation : Kxcept the Lord build the house, They labor in vain that build it. Psalm cxxvii L XII. PRAYER FOR THE BETROTHED. Graciously, too, look down upon the twain, who, having pli^htrd to cadi other their hearts and hands, beseoeh Thee this day to grant them Thy blessing. We pray Thee, from wliiim no secrets arc hid. judge Thou their hearts, and the motives that draw one to the other, and their litne-> for each other. Fill them with a proper >ense of the >eriou>- I' the >ti-p, which of their own free will they have 17 derided soon to take. May they not enter blindly upon a path, which, though abounding wit]\| blessing and happi- ness, has also its snares and its dangers. May they realize that it is a new epoch upon which they propose to enter, and that the entrance means a taking upon themselves many a care and burden and separation they have hitherto IK it known, means a painful severance of loving heart- strings, means a parting from dear ones, who loved them tenderly and watched over them faithfully, and cheerfully sacrificed for them comforts and pleasures. Let not love blind their reason, nor their ardor turn deaf ear to counsel. May they have a clear conception of the purpose of their prospective union. May they prepare for it betimes, by faithfully studying their own and each other's virtues and follies, merits and failings, and learn to increase the good and diminish the bad, so that, when, in due time, they approach the marriage-altar to make their vows, they may not only love each other dearly, but also know each other well, and be fitted for each other and for the new obligations they take upon themselves. In the mean time, may it please Thee to continue their hearts' May-Day of love unbroken. Keep threatening clouds and alarming storms from them. May the happi- ness of their present state be but a foretaste of the still greater happiness to follow. Amen. Choir : He that walketh uprightly and worketh righteousness, And speakcth truth in his heart, He that doeth these things shall never be moved. Psalm xv. 2, 5. Congregation : Truly God is good to such as are of clean heart. Psalm Ixxiii. 1. jjerbtces for SERVICE I. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) THE SABBATH. HAIL, sacred Sabbath, that rests the individual, blesses the family, prospers the community, secures the state, exalts the nation, pours light and life on earth ! Thou art the golden clasp that binds together the volume of the week. Thou art the keystone in the arch of public morals : without thee the whole structure falls ! What a precious boon the Sabbath is to the sons of toil and the children of care ! However much men may be divided on questions of religion, there exists almost perfect unanimity among all in their belief that a whole day of rest, after every six days of toil, is the indis- pensable requisite for the health and progress of human- kind. The Sabbath has humanized man. It has secured for society the largest amount of labor which man is capable of rendering. Where the Sabbath is best observed, there work is best performed. Where hand and brain relax one day in each week, there tasks become easier when resumed. The bow that soonest breaks is the bow that is never un- strung. Day after day records an excessive waste of tissue and of vital force. Unless we allow ourselves one whole lay of freedom from all work, both manual and mental, so that the waste may be repaired, ill health is the con- sequence, and \vi' arc disabled from rendering the best ser- vice to society, from reajmii: the best liarve.-t from our toil, 48 ADDITIONAL SABBATH SERVICE I. i ( J and, saddest of all, we are hastened into an untimely grave. The Sabbath is like the green oasis in the wilderness where, after the week's journey, the pilgrim halts for repose, where he rests beneath the shade of the lofty palm trees, and, refreshing himself with the waters of the calm, clear stream, recovers his strength, and goes forth again upon his pilgrimage with renewed vigor and cheerfulness. The morality and spirituality of a community constitute the most important factors in the promotion of civilization, and these blessings come to us almost exclusively through the observance of the Sabbath. The heart needs training, and the soul needs opportunity for spiritual elevation, but these cannot be acquired in the mine or in the quarry, at the loom or at the forge, at the plow or in the shop. Un- interrupted toil not only undermines the health and dwarfs the intellect, but also blunts the virtues and deadens the nobler sensibilities in man. As the diver has need to come occasionally to the surface in order to fill his lungs with fresh and invigorating air, so, too, must we, from time to time, raise ourselves from the stifling depths of toil and care that we may breathe a pure and spiritual atmosphere, and thus save the heart and soul from suffoca- tion. We need the Sabbath to purge us from the dross of life and to purify our moral and spiritual nature. We need the Sabbath to give life its true interpretation, to teach us that man is not a mere machine, placed here solely to toil and to drudge. We need the Sabbath to teach us that there is a God above us and a future before us, and to acquaint us with the sacred duties we owe to self, to others, and to our own family circles. The sweetest blessing which the Sabbath brings is the joy of the family reunion, which binds the hearts of the parents unto the children and the hearts of the children 4 50 THE SERVICE MANUAL. unto the parents in the tender bonds of an affection which gives to life its purest joy. It affords the opportunity for receiving moral and religious instruction, for social inter- course with friends and neighbors, for visiting the sick, for comforting the mourning, for aiding the helpless. Take the Sabbath from man, and his heart will turn to stone and his spiritual nature will be crushed. To abolish the Sab- bath would be to annihilate one of the mightiest agents in civilizing and socializing mankind would be to dry up a fountain of purifying influences, and to deprive human life of one of its most sacred and refining pleasures. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Minister : Six days were given us for labor, and one for rest : As the former is a duty, so is the latter a necessity. * Congregation : Toll din/ in-nfh Kh'H'frii a life, And care bringeth age before the time. As the Sabbath is distinguished from the other six days, So let thy use of it differ from thy weekday occupation. Constant toll dro-initli tin- lnnly <>f strength: There is no ritJH-s like health. Better a poor man, sound and strong of constitution, Than a rich man that is afflicted in his body. mill n <joo<1 constitution are above all gold, <t ttron'j l>oili/ iilmn- infinite wealth. There is no riches above a sound body, And no joy above the joy of the heart. Ih.illi /.s- luff,,- tlmn l>itt< r /''/'- .1 ml id null /v.s7 limit continual foil. 51 Gladness of heart is the lilt- <>!' :i man, And the joyfulncss of a man prolongeth his days. /// //'//' din/ comfort (lit/ /iirt ; Ii> //< imrri/ fur from f/t'. Ceaseless toil hath killed many, And there is no profit therein. They ir/io ili'liyht in the Sabbath Shall Jl i la peace and health and joy. Ben Sirach. Mediaeval Rabbis. HYMN. THE DAY OF REST. Come, Sabbath day, and bring Peace and healing on thy wing, And to every troubled breast Speak of the divine behest : Thou shalt rest ! Earthly longings bid retire, Quench our passions' hurtful fire ; To the wayward, sin-oppressed, Bring thou the divine behest : Thou shalt rest ! Wipe from every cheek the tear, Banish care, and silence fear ; All things working for the best, Teach the one divine behest : Thou shalt rest ! airtuttonal g>erbtces for SERVICE II. MEDITATION. RETRIBUTION. Psalm xlvi. 2. " Be still, and know that I am God !" Thus speaks the voice of the Lord to us from out of the great events of the world. Not man's but God's will is done. Something different from what we expect is ever occurring. Many changes have taken place which mortals in their blind folly would fain have prevented. In vain are the ravings and the fury of man. What is to be, comes to pass. Everything has' its limit, which no man can overstep. The mightiest are checked in their career by the rul- ing hand of God. He has struck down the exalted, and raised up the humble. Of what avail were the mightiest fleets that ever rode the waves? Of what avail were powerful hosts of men ? Of what avail were the cun- ning plans of leaders, the valor of the commanders? X< one is mighty before the Lord. Wise men have been left :h in dungeons, yet have changed the destinies of entire continents. He has saved innocence when con- demned, and drawn the secret criminal into the light of <l;iy. and laid bare his hidden sufferings. Often one hour, one minute, has Hifliced to bring to light the sins, which have been committed in >eeret by evil-doers, who have long succeeded in hiding in darkness their ncl'arioti.- acts. 52 ADDITION. I /. x. I /;/;. 1 TH SER VICE II. 53 That which is culpable can never escape its condemnation. To every secret sinner conies the day of judgment; and were he to heap mountains on the evidences of his mis- deeds, though only dark night or silent walls or solitary forests were the witnesses of his crime, the mountains will be disposed like dust before the wind, and discover what was hidden beneath them ; the stones of the wall will speak and reveal his guilt; the leaves of the forest will become rustling witnesses, and the avenging flash of light- ning will descend from the cloudless sky. Recognize the ruling hand of God. Neither in heaven nor on earth is there any such thing as the rule of acci- dent ; there is an all-seeing, wise, loving Power, which guideth all things to good, not along the paths of chance, but according to the eternal law of goodness. That which is hidden will at last come to light ; crime will be unmasked, and all evil will meet with its deserts. Only that which is good in itself and just and true will eventually conquer and prevail. Recognize the rule of God in all thy unfilled wishes ; recognize it in all thy hopes fulfilled. Even when thy heart bleeds most painfully, even when the most sacred bonds are severed even then it is God's hand that ruleth for thy good. Weak, sensuous persons, strongly attached to what is earthly, are fearful of the future because they have set their hearts on things which must perish. The truly God- fearing and God-trusting, on the contrary, look cheerfully toward the future. Whatever God may have ordained, whether it be war or peace, riches or poverty, joyful asso- ciation with our beloved or the death of the latter, storm or sunshine, he knows that God rules. And when he sees the dark thunder-cloud rolling toward him, it is God's voice that says to him, Be still, and know that I am God. 54 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Why then should I fear, Lord ? Give or take, exalt me or abuse me, let me be the joy of my friends or fall the victim of mine enemies, I accept with thankfulness what- ever fate may befall me. I am trustful and joyful, for I know that Thou art God, my God, for ever ! (The following selections to be read alternately by the Minister and the Con- gregation.) Mt'/i ister : They that fear the Lord will not disobey His word ; They that love Him will strictly keep His ways. He searclfth out the deep, and the heart, And coni<l< r> tli tlicir subtle plans. Say not, I will hide myself from the Lord, And who from above will be mindful of me ? \o tlioni/lit 1-xrvjn-th Him ; And not our iron/ /'x liid<len from Him. The Lord hateth every abomination, And they that fear Him love it not. HI /HIS I/IITH nnfo man free choice; And to act ir'ttli futility /.s matter of liking. !>! ore man is life and death ; Whichever he liketh shall be given him. ///.S r//r.s art' tijiiiH tlli'lll fluff ft if,' Him. Ih lenOWCth > nry imrh of man. IK- oommandeth no one to be godless; He gave not one license to sin. M'irri/ nut nt tin trnr/cs nf n .s //////' ; Trust in th> Lm-d. ami ao'nl* in thy lal>or. The Messing of the Lord is the reward of the godly; In a swift hour lie inakctli His Messing flourish. I'rtHHHIiKT It'HH' AA-X.SV7/ Ar/o/V ///.s- </ttff/l ' By his chilitrt'H in'/l <i num. ! hit mm. Ben Sirach, ii. xi. XT. xlii. HYMN. GOD'S OMNISCIENCE. Psalm cxxxix. Lord, Thy all-discerning eyes My inmost purpose see ; My deeds, my words, my thoughts, arise, Alike disclosed to Thee ! My sitting down, my rising up, My path, my pillow, and my cnp Are open to Thy sight. Before, behind, I meet Thine eye, And feel Thy heavy hand ; Such knowledge is for me too high To reach or understand ; What of Thy wonders can I know ? What of Thy purpose see ? Where from Thy Spirit shall I go ? Where from Thy presence flee ? If I ascend to heaven on high, Or make my bed below, Or take the morning's wings and fly O'er ocean's ebb and flow, Or seek from Thee a hiding-place Amid the gloom of night Alike to Thee are time and space, The darkness and the light. j&erbtces (or SERVICE III. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) THE BIBLE. THE whole civilized world bows down with reverence before the book of all books, the Bible. It is read in every clime and zone of the globe. It constitutes the only literature, the only code of laws and ethics, among many peoples. For thousands of years it has gone hand in hand with civilization, has led the way toward the moral and intellectual development of humankind, and, despite the hatred of its enemies and the still more dangerous misinterpretations of its friends, it still main- tains its firm hold upon the hearts and minds of the people ; its power for kindling a love of right and duty, of justice and morality, within the hearts of men is still supreme. Were it possible to annihilate this book, and with it all the influences it has exercised, the pillars upon which civilization rests would be knocked away, and we would deal the death-blow to our morality, to our do- mestic happiness, to all we value highest and cherish most. It is the one book that has a balm for every wound, a comfort for every tear, a ray of light for every darkness. Its language all people can understand, its spirit all minds can grasp, its moral law all hearts can obey. The truths contained in it appeal not only to the humblest, but also to the highest intellect. 56 There never was found, in any age of the world's his- tory, cither religion or law that so highly exalted the pub- lic good as have those of the Bible. It contains more true sublimity, more exquisite beauty, more important history, more fine strains of poetry and eloquence, than can be col- lected from all other books, in whatever age or language they may have been written. It teaches us the best way of living, the noblest way of suffering, and the serenest way of dying. It is welcomed equally in the cottage of the peasant and the palace of the king. The bark of the merchant is guided by it, and the discoverer in the darkest wilds is strengthened by it. It directs men's conduct, and mingles in all the grief and cheerfulness of life. Place the most celebrated systems of philosophy or the most famous codes of ethics in the hands of the masses, and see whether the subtlety of their reasoning, the pro- fundity of their learning, the elegance of their diction, will touch hearts as deeply or influence lives as thoroughly as does the Bible. All the genius and learning of the an- cient 'world, all the penetration of the profoundest philos- ophers, have never been able to produce a book that was as widely read, as numerously translated, as voluminously commented upon, as dearly loved, as has been this one Book of Israel ; nor have all the lawgivers of all lands and of all ages been able to produce a code of laws and ethics that was as universally and as beneficially followed as that of the Jewish lawgiver Moses. The Bible belongs to the world. It has outlived all other books as a mighty factor in civilization, and still stands peerless as a work that is identified with the pro- motion of liberty, that is the companion or pioneer of com- merce, the foundation of civil government, the source and support of learning. 58 THE SERVICE MANUAL. There is not in the whole compass of human literature another book which deals with such profound topics, which touches human nature on so many sides of ex- perience, which relates so especially to duties and sorrows and temptations, and yet which looks over the whole field of life with such sympathy and cheerfulness of spirit. Hold fast to the Bible as the sheet-anchor of your lib- erties. Write its precepts on your hearts and practise them in your lives. To the influence of this book we are in- debted for all the progress in true civilization, and to it we must look as our guide in the future. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) M!n inter : He that practises the Law Is better than he who merely studies it. Congregation : (iniii-f/ flic tfcrijrfmnt nlnn-c tin/ life, For it nloiK' (/in* IH-IICI- iniil The Bible speaks in the language of man : As many as are the verses, are the interpretations. Th< />'////< /. irritfin for /nan, Ami // mini is if to !><:. observed. Make not a burden of the study of the Law : Let it teach thee the performance of duty, not its neglect. JI> ////'* .s7//f //> tin- Linr nroii/s t> m And obtain* il<i;r<r<nu-< from sin. The care of the soul i< the life of man's heart; The study <(' the Law is the life of the soul. ADDITIONAL SABBATH SERVICE I If. 59 Tin xtiuli/ of flu' Scriptures /N Itt<i- tlntn Tin teaching if to other* is l>rtt<-r than i>r<ti/< r. The study of the Scriptures is compared to fire: Unless it be kept alive, virtue will become extinct. Tin- xfmh/ of the tfcrijtfiii't's <'.s compared to into, I : J.s niii'in'i-cr kf/nf/1'* HHiifhri; so onestu(/< /it f/i //times others. The Scriptures is compared to water : * It descends to the lowly as water to the plains. The Scriptures is compared to wine and milk : T/tw <ir<' kept in turf /it-it vessels, the Laic in lnniilJ> /tearts. Talmud. HYMN. THE BIBLE. Here is the spring where waters flow To quench our fire of sin ; Here is the tree where truth doth grow Here is the judge that stays the strife When men's devices fail ; Here is the bread that feeds the life Which death cannot assail. The tidings of a brighter sphere Come to our ears from hence ; The fortress of our fate is here, The shield of our defence. &trtrittcmal jSerbicrs for SERVICE IV. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) AFFLICTION is a stern teacher, but the best. From it alone we know how to value justly things below. He who wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and increases our skill. Our antagonist is our helper. He that has never known adversity is but half acquainted with others or with himself. Constant success shows us but one side of the world, for it surrounds us with friends, who tell us only our merits, and it silences enemies, from whom alone we can learn our defects. Much depends upon how we acquit ourselves under our crushing trials. According to the spirit and temper with which we receive them will be the help given and the ben- efit derived. The sharpest sting of adversity is borrowed from our own impatience. He that can heroically endure adversity will bear prosperity with equal greatness of soul, for the mind that cannot be dejected by the form or is not likely to be transported with the latter. Affliction is the wholesome soil of virtue, where patience, honor, sweet humility, and calm fortitude take root and flour- ish. There are chemical solutions that deposit their pre- cipitates in the shade and stillness of night; so in the dark hours of trouble the latent virtues of noble character are developed. Trial is a great revealer ; it exhibits the real worth of 60 ADDITIONAL SAKHA Til SERVICE IV. 61 man. No man is truly happy who has never felt ad- versity's lash. The greatest affliction of life is never to be afflicted. Genuine morality is preserved only in the school of adversity ; a state of continuous prosperity may easily prove a quicksand to virtue. The soul that suffers is stronger than the soul that rejoices. No man's character is truly known till he is tried. The lance of af- fliction, when it probes the heart, often reveals how bad the blood is. On the other hand, affliction often brings hidden graces to light. The precious diamond must be cut in order to show its lustre. The sweet incense must be burned in order to exhale its fragrance. Adversity is like the periods of the former and the latter rain cold, com- fortless, unfriendly, yet from such seasons the flower and the fruit have their birth. Stars may be seen from the bottom of a deep well when they cannot be discerned from the top of a mountain. So in adversity are learned many things which the prosperous man dreams not of. We ought as fervently to pray for a blessing upon our daily eliciting talents which prosperity would permit to lie dor- mant. Prosperity is a great teacher ; adversity is a greater. Possession pampers the mind ; privation trains and strength- ens it. A smooth sea never made a skilful mariner ; neither do uninterrupted prosperity and success qualify us for useful- ness and happiness. The storms of adversity, like those of the ocean, rouse the faculties excite the invention, prudence, skill, and fortitude of the voyager. The mar- tyrs of all times, in bracing their minds to outward calamities, acquired a loftiness of purpose and a moral heroism worth a lifetime of ease and security. It is not the so-called blessings of life its sunshine and calm, its comfort and ease that make man, but its rugged 62 THE SERVICE MANUAL. experiences, its storms and tempests and trials. Early ad- versity is often a blessing in disguise. Wherever souls are being tried, there God is hewing out the pillars for His temple. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Minister : In prosperity there is forgetfulness of adversity ; In adversity there is no remembrance of prosperity. ft is caxy for the Lord, in the day of death, To reward a man according to his ways. Prosperity and adversity, life and death, Poverty and riches, come from the Lord. Many an one is in need of help, and weal: in Ami. fJie fycs of the Lord look upon him, and Jic is In great wisdom the Lord made a difference among men, Tilt' IIHTCI/ of <> TiKlii /'x foirtird ///x nri(//d>oi\ lint the mercy of tlie Lord is toinird all flesh ; He reproves, and disciplines, and teaches, And brings back, as a shepherd his flock. Set thy heart aright, and In- sfndf,isf. And d,i>air not in time o/r/x/V////V///, For gold is tried in the fire, And acceptable men in the furnace of affliction. AH t/i< //-';/7,-x of tli, /,o/v/ HIT I-.ITI i i/ini/ i/nnd. And , n /// command x////// 1 , .r, <>//> d in / ; IV. <>:! Om> may not say, What is this? wherefore is Unit? For in due time shall all be known. mni/ not .sv/ t //, W/utf is f/iisS ir/tcw/ow in that? <ill things /Hire, f/iri'r purpose. Ben Sirach. HYMN. I do not ask, Lord, that life may be I do not ask that Thou wouldst take from me I do not ask that flowers should always spring Beneath my feet ; I know too well the poison and the sting Of things too sweet. For one thing only, Lord, our God, I plead : Tho' strength should falter and tho' heart should bleed, Through peace to light. I do not ask, Lord, that Thou shouldst shed Give but a ray of peace, that I may tread Without a fear. I do not ask my fate to understand, My way to see : Better in darkness just to feel Thy hand, ?erbices for SERVICE V. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) DUTY. As a result of his nature, man is hedged about on all sides with obligations and responsibilities. He must act, and every act will be followed by some result, and every result will in some way affect him. Such is the law of his nature. If he refuses to act, then the elements of his being will begin to decay. Inaction is death. Our span of life was lent for lofty duties, not for selfishness ; for ser- vice to mankind, not for aimless dreams. There is not a mo- ment without some duty. The sense of duty is a power that rises with us in the morning and goes to rest with us at night. It is co-extensive with the action of our intelli- gence. It is the shadow that cleaves to us, go where we will. Nowhere can a man turn to escape the responsi- bility which is the direct outcome of his nature. We do not choose our own parts in life. Our simple duty is to do our parts well. The brave man wants no charm to allure him to duty, and the good man scorns all warnings that would deter him from it. Do to-day's duty, fight to-day's temptations. and do not weaken and distract yourself by looking for- ward to tilings tliat YOU cannot >cc. and could not under- stand if you saw them. The l>e.-t thinu> arc nraivM 64 hand, the path of God just before you. Then do not grasp at the stars, but do life's common work as it comes. Do the duty that lies nearest to you. You are apt to mis- take your vocation by looking out of the way lor occasions to exercise great and rare virtues, and by stepping over the ordinary opportunities that lie directly in the road be- fore you. One's vocation is never some far-off possibility : it is always the simple round of duties which the passing hour brings. Except the consciousness of disregarded duty, there is no evil which we cannot face or from which we cannot fly. Men do less than they ought unless they do all that they can. Every duty that is bidden to wait hastens forward with fresh duties at its back. If we are faithful to the duties of the present, God will provide for the future. Human exist- ence is a battle in which there can be no retreat. But the enemy has never yet proven invincible. He is a true man who, mindful of the demands of duty, shapes his life accordingly. Duty is above all conse- quences, and often, at a crisis, commands us to throw them overboard. It enjoins us to look neither to the right nor to the left, but straight onward. Every act of duty is an act of faith. It is performed in the assurance that God will take care of the consequences, and will so order the course of the world that, whatever the immediate re- sults may be, good will be the final reward. Be not diverted from your duty by any idle reflections which the thoughtless may cast upon you, for their concern. He who escapes a duty misses a gain. Do the duty, do right, and God's recompense to you will be the power of doing more right. Let us do our duty in the shops or in the street, in the kitchen or in the school, at the home or on the farm, just as faithfully as if we 5 66 THE SERVICE MANUAL. stood in the front rank of some great battle, and knew that victory for mankind depended on our bravery, strength, and skill. When we do this the humblest of us will be serving in that great army which achieves the welfare of the world. Reverence the highest ; have patience with the lowest ; let each day's performance of even the meanest duty be thy religion. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Min ister : If thou hast a duty to perform, Do it, whether it be great or little. Congregation : Every good deed awakens one better, As every evil calls forth another still more evil. The discharge of a duty is more praiseworthy Than the performance of a voluntary good deed. It matters not whether thou doest much or little As long as thou doest it in the name of God. Though thou canst not perform all thy duties, Thou art not free from doing all thou canst. /'///_//// /.s preferable to sacrifices, And good deed is preferable to both. If thou hast taken upon thyself duty, Thou art no longer free, to waver. \Ylmf in commanded thce, think ///> //,> ,- Fi- f/in linxt nn need of irlnit /x <'<>tt<-ifi <! . Fail not to be with them that weep, And mourn with them that mourn. Tn discharging tin/ <tnfirx t (!<><! and mn / o/v//y nut ///o.sr ///o// nirt'nt in till/self. God asks such deeds of man as are in the power of man, Not such as are in the power of God. />V nnt /V/.N-/I /// \i ml i'i -taking the task, But be swift-footed when once it is < i/f< r<>/ a/ton. Talmud. Ben Sirach. .HYMN. PRESENT DUTY. Look around thee ! Say how long Shall the earth be ruled by wrong. When shall error flee away, And this darkness turn to day ? When will evil from the soul Render back its dread control ? When shall all men duty see, And the world be pure and free ? Rouse thee from the mental strife ; Gird thee for the task of life ! With the sword and with the shield, Forward to the battle-field ! " On !" a thousand voices cry Through tfee earth and from the sky ; " Up ! Heaven's light is on thy brow ! Let thy work be here and now !" for SERVICE VI. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) DIVINE MIND IN THE WORLD OF MATTER. EVERYWHERE in the world of matter we perceive intel- ligence a something which knows and wills. It is not brute force acting without knowledge and will, but an intelligent power working by means well understood, and continually directed to certain ends. This intelligence displays Supreme Mind. The evidences of this mind are to be seen on every hand. We see them in the structural plan of the whole solar system, for each star moves in its prescribed orbit, rushes along with breathless speed among a world of worlds, yet never clashes, never inter- feres with the others. The evidences of Divine Mind are seen also in the structure of the earth, in its compli- cated form, in the arrangement of its great divisions of matter, and in the fitness of each for its special function. And we see the same power of mind in the formation of the crystal, in the growth of plants, and in the insects which live on them. Study the leaf of a tree. What wisdom is displayed in its structure! How admirable its architecture I What perfect framework, what exquisite finish ! How intelligibly are the elements combined in it.- eoinpo>ition ! How the power of vegetation aimi- latt> the particles of earth, air, and water whereby the plant urows! Look at the insect which has its world on the little leaf. See with what intelligence this minute creat- 68 urc has been iasliioiu'd ! What organs satisfy its in- dividual wants ! How wonderful the means which com- bine to form the insect life ! How admirable the consti- tution which gives unity of action to all its members, and individual freedom to each ! Turn over the great volume bound in stone, study through this oldest testament of ages past, and in every page, in every line, in every letter, you will find the same mind, the same power, the same will. And that power is constant in all time of which this great earthen book keeps record, and is continuous in all space whereof its annals tell. The more things are studied, the vaster appears this mind in its far-reaching sweep of time and space ; the more minutely things are examined, the more delicate appears its action. The solar system is not too large for it to grasp and hold, nor the eye of an insect too small for it to model and execute. The whole universe of matter is a mundane psalm to cel- ebrate the reign of Power, Law, Mind. Fly through solar systems from the remotest planet to the sun power, law, mind, attend your every step. Study each planet it is the insect that feeds thereon ; ask the petrified remains of creatures that lived millions of years before man trod the globe, they all, with united voice, answer still the same : power, law, mind. In all the space from Neptune to the sun, in all the time from the day of creation unto the pres- ent moment, there is no failure of that power, no break of that law, no single error of that mind. Thus the whole world is witness to continual force, to never-failing law, to ever-present mind ; is witness to that eternal Power which men call God. On this world about us He has inscribed His thought in those marvellous hieroglyphics which the senses and the sciences have been these many thousand 70 THE SERVICE MANUAL. years seeking to understand. Every rose is an autograph from the hand of God. The universe itself is the scripture of the Almighty. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Min istcr : All wisdom cometh from the Lord, And is with Him for ever. Congregation : Who can number the sands of the sea, the drops of the rain, And the days of eternity? Who can tell the measure of the world, And the depth of God's wisdom ? To whom was the root of wisdom revealed ? And who knew her subtile plans ? The universe was known to Him before it was made : So also after it was completed. TII HOIK' gave He power to makf Icnoim fully Ilia works; And trim ir'tlf trace out His mighty acts? Who will measure the strength of His majesty? And who will set forth His mercies ? One cannot take from or add to, \< if/n r run In trace out the wonderful //////ys <>f flu Loril. The sun that giveth light lookcth down upon all things; And the work thereof is full of the glory of the Lord. ()h, hnir Ix'diitifiil art' all ///x //// Tin i/ are cu Jbwen t< l<><>l t - HJ><>/I. The sun when it appraivth procluimoth Him; Its rising a marvellous work of the Must High. Ben Sirach. Wf mnt/ njn-uh much, a ml mic/i Him not ; And to man >tj>, //< /x All. HYMN. GOODNESS OF GOD. God, thou art good ! each perfumed flower, The waving field, the dark green wood, The insect fluttering for an hour. All things proclaim that God is good. Each little rill, that many a year Has the same verdant path pursued, And every bird, in accents clear, Joins in the song that God is good. The restless sea, with haughty roar, Calms each wild wave and billows rude, Ketreats submissive from the shore, And swells the chorus, " God is good." The countless hosts of twinkling stars That sing His praise with light renewed ; The rising sun each day declares, In rays of glory, " God is good." The moon, that walks in brightness, says That God is good ; and man, endued With power to speak his Maker's praise, Should still repeat that God is good. Sttrtitttonal Berbires for SERVICE VII. MEDITATION. ( To be read in silence by Congregation.) THE GRANDEUR OF MAN. MAN is the crowning wonder of creation. The study of his nature is the noblest study the world affords. He is of the earth, but his thoughts are with the stars. Mean and petty his wants and desires, yet they serve a soul exalted with grand and glorious aims, with immortal longings, with thoughts that sweep the heavens and wan- der through eternity. A pigmy standing on the outward crest of this small planet, his far-reaching spirit stretches outward to the infinite, and there alone finds rest. Man is greater than a world than systems of worlds ; there is more mystery in the union of the soul with the body than in the creation of a universe. The grandeur of man's nature turns to insignificance all outward distinctions. His power of intellect, of con- science, of love, of knowing God, of perceiving the beau- tiful, of acting on his own mind, on outward nature, and on his fellow-creatures, these are glorious prerogatives. He is variously and richly gifted with noble faculties, and amply furnished with material means to exercise them. > that, with eternity for his work-day, he may achieve his highest aspirations. Man is the jewel of God, who has created the universe as a casket in which to keep this treasure. All the ma- terial world is made to minister to man's development. 72 Karth and air, fire and water, are his servants. The sun ripens the fruits for his food and paints the flowers for his drliirht. Tin- winds drive his fleets across the waters, bear- ing the tribute of one land to another. The lightnings take his thought on their wings and bear it over land or underneath the sea. The long-pent-up forces of nature come forth at his bidding to do his toil, to bear his bur- dens, to drive the wheels of industry, to bridge the oceans, and to bind the continents. Among all the wonders of God, none is as admirable as man. Other things in comparison seem only as the sparks which flew when God's arm beat the anvil on which he fashioned man. The material splendors of the world, grand and gorgeous as they are, seem insignificant when measured by the spir- itual glories of the humblest man. High and brilliant are the stars. What a flood of mysterious beauty do they pour through the darkness ! But the civilized man who walks under them nay, even the savage who looks up at them only as does the animal he slays has a fairer beauty, is a more profound mystery. Man's love of truth, justice, and faith are higher manifestations of God than are the greatest glories of all the sky. These virtues are seeds from the garden of God ; they take root in the soul of man, and can never be dislodged or torn out. A great man rises, shines a few years, and presently his body goes to the grave and his spirit to the home of the soul. But his thoughts and deeds are never lost. Let a man have more truth, more justice, more love, more piety than have other men, and the world cannot cast him aside : he towers above the shoulders of mankind, and they cannot hide him. Nothing can keep him down. Not a single truth, not a sin- gle thought to which he has once given expression, is lost: it is recorded in the Book of the Infinite God. Oh, that every man would consider that God has made 74 THE SERVICE MANUAL. him the crown of creation, destined him for lofty aims, fitted him with the means for their attainment ! Oh, that every man, thus made keenly conscious of the grandeur of his nature, would use his marvellous powers for the blessing of the race arid for the glory of God ! (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Minister : Think, man, of all thy great gifts, And make use of them according to their worth. Congregation : Consider whence thou comest and whither fhou goest, And thou wilt not easily be led to sin. The plant is robed with beauty, the animal with strength ; But God has distinguished man above them both. He filled him with intelligent insight, And dunrul him <j<>d and evil. He set His eyes upon his hearts, That He might show him the greatness of His work. Though man is but duaf and ash>x. Yet is his soul the image of (!tn1. .Man's bones and flesh link him to the animal ; But his soul unites him with the spirit of the Lord. Because mind has /HT/I i/imt to m<in. much is t-.r/ucfi </ ; Mi'sir/// ">' n/' /i is /i/rxsfn(/s is r<tnriiiu<i ill for good. God has revealed unto man what is good, And hath .irivcn him choice between right and wrong. /'/v in'// inn/ a In art (,'<></ i/nn t<> man, That In: nityltt cminiili r his inii/x <nnt keep pure. Honor man for what he lias . Yet more irivutly honor him for the use he makes of it. Honor in ' t/i for what he is; Y< I niort <ji'<tli/ honor liiin for irh<it Jtc does. Talmud. Hen Sirach. Mediaeval Rabbis. HYMN. MAN. Oh, what is man, great Maker of mankind, That Thou to him hast drawn in love so near ; That Thou adornest him with such a mind, Mak'st him a king, and e'en an angel's peer ? Oh, what a busy life, what heavenly power, What spreading virtue, what a. sparkling fire, How great, how plentiful, how rich a dower, Dost Thou within the mortal frame inspire ! Thou leav'st Thy print in other works of Thine, But Thy whole image Thou in man hast writ ; There cannot be a creature more divine Except, like Thee, it should be infinite. Nor hath He giv'n these blessings for a day, Nor made them on the body's life depend ; The soul, though made in time, survives for aye, And, though it hath beginning, sees no end. &iiittumal &erbiccs for SERVICE VIII. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) EDUCATION. EDUCATION leads the human mind and soul to what is right and best. It awakens a love for truth, giving a just sense of duty, opening the eyes of the soul to the great purpose and end of life. It is not so much giving words as thoughts, not so much mere maxims as living prin- ciples. It is teaching the individual to love the good for the sake of the good ; to love and serve God not from fear, but from delight in His perfect character. It should be the aim of education to regard mere learning as subordinate to the development of a strong and well- rounded moral character. It is not through books alone, or chiefly, that one be- comes in all points a man. Study to do faithfully every endure the disappointments of life; love justice; contrd sdi': swerve not from truth or right; be one that fears and obeys God and exercises benevolence toward men and in all this yon shall possess true manliness. Not how much a man knows, but what use he makes of what he knows; not what he has acquired and how he has been trained, but what he is and what he can do determines the worth of the man. branch of learning the educated is always superior to the 76 untaught man. One who is in the habit of applying his powers in the right way will carry system into any occu- pation, and it will help him as much to handle a tool as to write a poem. Education is a companion which no misfortune can estrange, no enemy alienate, no despotism enslave at home a friend, abroad an introduction, in soli- tude a solace, in society an ornament. Work upon marble, the inscription will perish ; on brass, time will efface it; if we rear temples, they will crumble into dust; but if we work upon immortal mind, and im- bue it with principles, with the just fear of God, and the love of our fellow-men, we engrave on its tablets something that will brighten to all eternity. What a grand and noble satisfaction is the delight of intellectual power, of thought, of reflection, of imagination ! It is a sublime pleasure to read the great book of nature, the oldest testament of God, written not on two but on millions of tablets of stone, all illuminated with those fires that burn night after night through the world ; to know the curious economy whereby a rose grows but of the dark ground and is beautiful and fragrant ; to learn the curious chemistry whereby nature produces green and golden ornaments. What a glorious thing it is to understand man, the wonderful structure of his body and the marvellous mechanism of his mind ! The man of letters has the sublime joy of welcoming the incoming of new thought. How great are the delights of science to the naturalist, the astronomer, the geologist ! What a joy there is in a good book written by some great master of thought who bursts into beauty as in summer the meadow bursts into grass and flowers! As an amuse- ment, that of reading is worth all the rest. What pleasure in science, literature, and art for any man who will but open his eyes and his heart to enjoy itr! With what de- 78 THE SERVICE MANUAL. light does an audience listen to some great orator who looks into their faces and speaks into their hearts who so brightens arid warms his audience that every manly and womanly excellence in them will bud and blossom with beauty and fragrance, in due time to bear most luscious fruit ! (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Min ister : When fear of sin is greater than wisdom, Then wisdom will endure. Congregation : When good deeds are greater than knowledge, Then knowledge will remain. Wisdom is a tree that grows in the heart, And its fruit is in the tongue. Silence is the first sign of //-/Wow, and listening the second; Comprehension is the third, and acting the fourth. The end of wisdom is good conduct, And there is no piety like reverence. not fur /hr .sv//,v- nf i/fiin or name: \Yixilnin /> tn <Io jnxtli/. to tli i nl: nolity, and to love purely. The greatest wisdom is to know thyself; Let thy tongue learn to say : I do not know. AH n-!nili,iii /'.s the fear of the Lord. Ami in nil trimJnin /.s tin h I>!IKJ of (he law. The knowledge of evil is not wisdom ; The counsel of sinner.- is not prudence. n c/crcriH'M. <m<l it is <t Ami tin n- in <t xiinjilicity, and yet pleasing t<> the Lord. Better to be weak in insight, yet God-fearing, Than to abound in prudence and transgress the law. Tli> re <x nothing Letter than the fear of the Lord, And nothing wiser than to heed His commandment. Talmud. Ben Sirach. Mediaeval Rabbis. HYMN. THE MIND HAS NO TO-DAY. The mind has no to-day ! The present things Are for the senses, never for the soul ; Backward or forward, on its restless wings, It flits for ever, yet without a goal, Like one that's bent on seeking out the lore Of things to come in things that were before, Stealing the taper from the old world's tomb To light it through the future's deeper gloom. It is the hidden principle of soul, Which will not sleep amid a noon of light, Which ponders still upon a doubtful scroll, And spurns the lessons that are read at sight ; Which, more than present waters, loves to hear The music of an unseen fountain play, And, better than the trumpet that is near, The echo of a trumpet far away. awitfonal j&erbices for SERVICE IX. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) THE WORTH OF A GOOD NAME. THE two most precious things this side the grave are reputation and life. Regard your name as the richest jewel you can possess. Reputation is like fire: when once you have kindled it, you may easily preserve it, but once extinguished, it will be an arduous task to rekindle it. The slanderer and the assassin differ only in the weapons they use : with the one it is the dagger, with the other the tongue. The latter is worse than the former, for the one kills the body, while the other murders the reputation and peace. If slander be a snake, it is a winged one. It flies as well as creeps. There is nothing which wings its flight as swiftly as calumny. Nothing is listened to with more readiness, or dispersed more widely. What enemy mightier than slander! What poison more fatal! What weapon sharper ! The slanderer whispers but a word or two, utters a monosyllabic, points his finger, shrugs his shoulder, his eyebrow, and a fair name is sullied, a happy home is blasted. One's good name gone, and all is gone. Other lusx-s may be restored, but the name that has beeome ^lander's prey can never be wholly recovered. We may di-ny and defend, and prove the slander a base in- vention, but the report that has once g.mo abroad is 80 beyond recall. Of the hundred that have heard the slander, ten may hear the denial, and five of these may believe it. The foul finger-marks will remain. The scar which the serpent's tooth has left will abide for ever. The shaken confidence, the broken union, though restored, will for ever show the signs of mending. Suspicion will linger, and will grow again into slander when its victim is in the irrave, and no longer able to defend himself. Believe nothing against another but on good authority ; report nothing that may hurt any one unless it be a greater hurt to others to conceal it. The worthiest people are the most injured by slander, just as the best fruit is most pecked at by birds. The slanderer inflicts wrong by calumniating the absent, and he who gives credit to the calumny is equally guilty. Next to the slanderer we detest most him who bears the slander to our ears. Listen not to the talebearer, for he tells you nothing out of good will. Close your ears against him that shall open his mouth against another. If you receive not his words, they fly back and wound him who speaks them. If you receive them, they fly forward and wound him who lends ear to them. Close your ears to slander, and you will soon close the slanderer's mouth. Bar your doors against it, and it will soon starve and freeze to death upon the street. Even though you be free from the sin of slander, if you listen to it and repeat it to others, you are as guilty as the slanderer. Your credulity encourages him to murder other innocent names, and your aid thus makes you an accessory to his crime. If you wish to preserve the honor of your name, you must sacredly guard that of others. If you wish to be fairly dealt with by others, even so must you deal with them. 82 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Only by leniently judging the failings of others, by making just allowances, by carefully concealing another's shame with one hand while trying to correct it with the other, can you fairly expect similar treatment. The world is a faithful looking-glass ; as you look at it, it looks back at you. slander's tongue. So live that noble deed may give the lie to the calumniator's detraction. So live that the tra- ducer's persecutions, instead of disheartening, shall in- spire you with the sense of your worth. So live that even though the world deny you justice, your own con- as spotless, your name as unstained. Minister : (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Be ruler over thy speech by keeping silence, And this shall give thee control over thy words. Congregation : Withdraw thy eye from the blemish of thy neighbor ; But know thine own fault, and mend thy way. Deliver thy tongue from speaking falsehood : Who speaketh it will be spoken against. s of falsehood <w Jr.^/-^/ // <iH ; Hut luninrid /',< f/tr xft/ht of man are the faithful. The blemishes of another discover to no man, And go not about as a talebearer and slanderer. llrnlli- thy tniHjin- ,ii,,1 nni-.-;/i' thy nmiifh. A IK I fhiitr mid flu/ m-iijhli'irs h<>/i,- trill l stife. "Whosoever findeth fault with people undeservedly, Will be found fault with deservedly. tlii/ fri<n</ : he ni<i>/ not liure tinned; if /ic <//</, thnt he do .xv > no more. Question thy neighbor : he may not have slandered ; And if he did, that he may not do so again. (J tn-st Inn '( frit nd : for m<nty <i time it is a slander ; Am/ /if //',r( H'tf reef// r<'i>rt. Who slippeth with his tongue and mcancth naught, Pie hath not sinned against his fellow-men. Question tin/ n<'iy/i/>or />< fore thou threatenest, And give place to the law of the Most High. Ben Sirach. Mediieval Rabbis. FAITH IN ONE ANOTHER. Cherish faith in one another When you meet in friendship's name ; In the true friend is a brother, And his heart should throb the same. Oh, have faith in one another When you speak a brother's vow ; It may not be always summer Not be always bright as now. Yea, have faith in one another, And let honor be your guide ; Let the truth alone be spoken, Whatsoever may betide. Tho' the false may reign a season And doubt not it sometimes will Yet have faith in one another, And the truth shall triumph still. c^rinces for SERVICE X. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) INDUSTRY. Two men deserve to be honored, and no third. First, the toil-worn craftsman who with earth-made implements laboriously conquers the earth and makes her man's vas- sal. Venerable is the hard hand, but therein, notwith- standing, lies a cunning virtue, indefeasibly royal. Ven- erable, too, is the rugged face, all weather-tanned, with its rude intelligence, for it is the face of a man living man-like. Oh, thou son of hardy toil, for us was thy back so bent, for us were thy straight limbs and fingers so deformed. Thou wert our conscript on whom the lot fell, and fighting our battles wert thou so marred. For in thee, too, lay a God-created form, but it was not to be unfolded ; encrusted with the thick adhesions and defacements of labor must it stand. And thy body, like thy soul, was not to know freedom. Yet toil on ; thou art in thy duty, be out of it who may ; thou toil- I'or the indispensable for daily bread. The second man deserving honor, and still more highly, is he who (oils for the spiritually indispensable not daily luvad, but the hread of life. Is not he, too, in his duty, endeavoring toward inward harmony, revealing this, by act or by word, through his outward endeavors, lie they high or low? Highest of all it is to be an arti.-t ; not earthly 84 craftsman only, but inspired thinker, who, with heaven- made implement, conquers heaven for us! If the poor and humble toil that we have food, must not the high and glorious toil for him in return, that he have light, have guidance, freedom, and immortality ? These two, in all their degrees, are to be honored ; all else is chaff and dust, which let the wind blow whither it listeth. Unspeakably touching is it, however, when we find both dignities united, and he that must toil outwardly for the lowest' of man's wants is also toiling inwardly for the highest. Sublimest of all God's beings is a peasant sage. Such a one will lift you to heaven itself. Industry is not only the means of support, but also the foundation of pleasure. He who is a stranger to it may possess, but cannot enjoy, for it is labor only which gives relish to possession. It is the indispensable condition of possessing a sound mind in a sound body, and is the appointed vehicle of every good to man. In- dustry keeps the purse full, the body healthy, the mind clear, and the heart whole. Labor is rest from the sorrows that greet us, from all the petty vexations that meet us, from the sin-promptings that assail us, from the world-sirens that lure us to ill. There is a perennial nobleness, and even sacredness, in work. Be he ever so benighted, there is always hope in a man who actually and earnestly works. Nature is just toward men. It recompenses them for their sufferings. To the greatest toils it attaches the greatest rewards. If you have great talents, industry will give them scope ; if moderate abilities, industry will improve them. Nothing is denied to well-directed labor ; nothing is ever to be ob- tained without it. It is to labor, and to labor only, that man owes everything of value. Labor is the talisman that has raised him from the condition of the savage, that 86 THE SERVICE MANUAL. has changed the desert and the forest into cultivated fields; that has covered the earth with cities and the oceans with ships ; that has given us plenty, comfort, and elegance in place of want, misery, and barbarism. (Mini nicr <tn<l C<ni<irc<t<itiii read (tlfenuite verses.) Minister: Honor the laborer, for he betters the earth, And increases the joys of the children of men. (,'r< ttf ix hiliur, fur it hnnnrs fh< lI,nrer ; Famine may rage, and yet not enter the laborer's house The industrious erect a bar against want. Tu tupply one's ,sv7/' \rith t/ie Mceua/ricB <>f life /.s rf.s great a deed a* tin- dividing of (Jie Rl Sea. Industry is preferable to inactive piety : Scholarship without a trade does not profit. fh< ftun-sf mention <T< n in ei pnl>!ic }>/<<> Tint n through iit/i-iiisx tn t/i-jn-mf on <-/i<nifi/. Hunger never crosses the threshold of the diligent; But the indolent languishes for want of food. in //// rnnt of vice; in a s/tir/f/ uyiiiixf frnijifnffon. Me whd raises a child without teaching him a trade Is like a father who trains his child to be a thief. Lit nn ltn<t cnllim/ IK </,i ntt</ luir in fJiini' <i/es: The wtn-lil H'fi/s ootlt th< /me un<l th>- hiyli. ADDITIONAL SABBATH 8ER] i< / 87 IndiMr\ i - tin- male ol 1 -ludy ; The lull. -r confers knowledge , the former, power. ,V. ' //'/ / /'/ ///// tfin/f. lli< ii In tin/ sfin/y ; //<IJlj>// til' Illllll tll'lt I'll II Si I ft, III, til. Talnm-i. HYMN. Head- thai think :m<l hear! I lliat I'l-i-l. that turn lln- l.u-\ win. -I. .M;ikr our lil'.: worth livinv befB, it out with joy :ni<l <-li. I" \|>l:in wh:it lii-.-irl 1 -h;tll iln, ll.-;n-t- tO orar u. l.r.-m-ly through Tliinkin^ li':i<l :unl toiling hand Ar<; tin- inn -h T- of the land. When a thought h-<-oinc- a thing, hand- make hammers ring I'ntil honest work has wrought Into shape the thinker's thought, Lifting uj-n to loftier height, Filling all tin: age with light, Loving ( iod and fearing naught. Hail to honest, hearts and hands, And to tin- head that un<lei>tands Hand- that never touched a hrihe. Hand.- that dan- to truth suhsrrihe ; Hearts that hate a d--d unj II- n-ls that other In-art- can trust; H-ad- that plan lor others' weal, ll-ad- that rule o'er hearts that feel. 21.) for SERVICE XI. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) BETTER FAILURE IN RIGHT THAN SUCCESS IN WRONG. AMBITION is the salt that preserves the mind from stag- nation and the body from decay. It is the spur that makes man struggle with destiny. It is Heaven's own incentive to make purpose great and achievement greater. But for it our greatest powers would never come to light, our noblest faculties would rust unused. It is the baton that holds our best energies harmoniously together and starts them off in rhythmic motion. It is the lash that drives our blood into healthful flow and our mind into useful activity. It is the source of all that the mind values highest and all that the heart cherishes most. It has laid the foundation of the first place of worship and the corner-stone of the first school, and there has not been a church or school since that owed not its existence to it. It has steeled the arm of the first warrior, and has made the brave soldier laugh at danger ever since. It has guided the pen of the first writer, and of every writer since. It has inspired the mind of the first reformer, lawgiver, discoverer, in- ventor, and of all their countless successors. It has taken the first ship across the ocean, and the first loco- motive across the land; sunk tin- iir.-t shall into the earth. stretched the first telegraph I>YT the continents, laid the 88 first cable under the seas. It has started more enter- prises than mind has knowledge of, and has brought more blessings into the world than man can count. For all the comforts of life we are indebted to it. It has lightened our burdens and heightened our joys. It has widened our horizon and deepened our knowledge. But on ambition's wings great minds are sometimes carried to extremes either to soar to fatal heights, or to drop into the abyss of ignominy. Unless you maintain you. Keep it well in hand. Learn to discriminate be- tween noble ambition and evil covetousness. A wide chasm separates the two. On the one side is honor, right, emulation, blessing; on the other side is shame, wrong, avarice, crime. There are as many good things yet to be had as ever were acquired. Not all the discoveries have yet been made, not all the good words have yet been said, not all the great movements have yet been inaugurated, not all the earth's treasures have yet come to light. Before, however, you entertain a new ambition, measure your aim by your strength. Ambition is a weakness when it is dis- proportioned to the capacity. To have more ambition than ability warrants is to be at once weak and unhappy. Aim high, but never attempt an eagle's flight with a sparrow's wing. You will either drop exhausted or resort to tricks to attain your aim. Better an unheralded benefactor in the valley beneath than a notorious marauder on the mountain-top. Weigh well the purpose of your ambi- tion. You may have the power of a giant, yet the object may not deserve the strength of a dwarf. The accidental possession of a giant's strength is no reason for its being used giant-like in an unworthy cause. If great powers are yours, believe that they have been 90 THE SERVICE MANUAL. given you for great and good works. Cherish a noble ambition, and seek to attain it by noble means. Be right, and you need have no fear of ultimate success. Few men fail who deserve success, who heroically toil for it, who patiently wait for it. And even if they fail, far better is it to fail in the right than to succeed in the wrong. (.ifiuister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Mi '/i inter : Occupy the body and mind, though not to excess ; And trust not to thy family inheritance. Congregation : Work with zeal, not with greed', yet only to xupply thy wants ; II> ir/in /x cnnff nf> </ irt'f/t ///x portion shall be Be not avaricious for another's possessions, Lest thou be filled with bitterness. Covet not flat irJiich is in the hands of others, L<t flu/ days be wasted in pain and grief. He who is too eager to rise above his position Will never be free from care. If linn rtinsf not t tain tr/itif f/nut Seek < ii/oi/nti nt in ir/tnf tlinn /tttsf. Let not the love of riches be stronger in thy sight Than a promise made either in public or private. l!<f,-<iin from s/iiirjt />r<t<-f /'<< mnl i-raainna : Tlinu ///// /oxr tt// tlnii i/iiinc.<f tin r<l,i/. If thou drsin-st what thou nccdest, a little will suffice; If more than thou needest, nothing will suffice ; Wm- lit I, tm irlm /,nii</<f/i ///'x Inn- iijinn irJmf /x not Ids: In a siri/'f hnm- it irill nun/ him inn/i r /Vx ruin. Seek not to enjoy what is not thine ; For in the end thou wilt lose joy in what thou hast. /'/<> jar /mm acquiring pose*ion% unjustly; Hut /K/J) lit/urn t<> rsfalt/fxh t/tt'ir oini. Mnlhfval Rabbis. HYMN. OUR LIFE IS LIKE A HASTING STREAM. Oh, let the soul its slumber break, Arouse its senses and awake, To see how soon Life, with its glory, glides away, And the stern footsteps of decay Come rolling on. Alike the river's lordly tide, Alike the humble brooklet's glide, To ocean's wave ; Death levels poverty and pride, And rich and poor sleep side by side Within the grave. Our birth is but the starting-place, Life is the running of the race, And death the goal ; There all life's glittering toys are brought. The path alone of all unsought Is found of all. j&erbtces for SERVICE XII. MEDITATION. For the Sabbath precedi-ny the Feast of Esther. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) GIVE LIBERALLY BUT WISELY. IT has been the custom in Israel to heighten the joys of the Feast of Esther by remembering friends with gifts and the poor with deeds of kindness. It is a beautiful practice, and deserving of faithful continuance. So great a blessing is friendship that we should miss no opportunity which may tend to strengthen its bonds ; and so needful and ennobling is charity that we should let slip no chance to alleviate the distress of the needy. The virtue of charity, especially, should find fullest exer- cise this week. The severities of winter have caused pain- ful want among the poor. They have taxed the charity funds to the utmost. We must replenish these. Our poor yearn, especially during this festive week, for a brother's sympathizing word and helping hand, and for his counsel how, at this season of industrial revival, they may become self-supporting and partake of the enjoyments of life. May our joy over our own past deliverances find its hiulu >t . \ pression in delivering the needy from their present trials and tribulations. Kvery act or word of assistance irivt'n to another is a deed of charity ; and there is scarcely any man in such a state of poverty that he may not, on some occasions, benefit his neighbor. He that cannot re- 92 lievc the poor may instruct the ignorant, and he that can- not attend the sick may reclaim the vicious. He that can uivc little assistance himself may yet perform the duty of charity by influencing those who have means to bestow or employment to give. But, necessary as charity is, we must consider well to whom we give. To encourage degraded idleness and extravagance is wrong, and in very many cases that is the only effect of indiscriminate giving. As far as is possible, all petitions for relief should be investi- gated, and assistance given or withheld according to the wor- thiness or unworthiness of the one who asks for aid. This process involves expenditure of time and trouble, but its performance is a duty which we owe to the world, to the person asking assistance, and to ourselves. We owe it to the world because the welfare of society demands that all its members shall be engaged in some useful work ; we owe it to the person because, otherwise, we might prevent the worthy poor from attaining self-helpfulness ; we owe it to ourselves as a matter of protection against impostors. The numerous benevolent associations, and other means of systematically alleviating the condition of the poor, are deserving of all praise and support. Having large amounts of money at their disposal, and making charity are able to cover the field of want much more thoroughly than could be done by unorganized individual effort. They reach a great many cases that private benevolence could not. But notwithstanding all this, it is desirable that every man should use organized help only to aid his own charity. If we give indirectly, half the blessedness of giving is lost. We need to come into close contact with the wretchedness of the poor. It is only thus that we can derive the full personal benefit from our almsgiving. Our souls are made richer by the personal knowledge of exist- 94 THE SERVICE MANUAL. ing misery, and by the gentle glow of feeling which fol- lows every good action. Alms should be given cheerfully and pleasantly, as if the whole heart went with the gift, and not grudgingly, with an air that seems to say that it is given only for the purpose of getting rid of a disagreeable person. The pleasant word that shows a genuine good-will often helps the poor heart more than could any material assistance ; while an abundant gift gruffly given carries with it a poison which counterbalances any good it might other- wise do. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Minuter: Make the poor to rejoice in thy joy, In thy festivals share with them thy blessings. Congregation : At the gates of the wealthy, friends are frequent ; At the gates of the poor they are seldom seen. Cease not doing good to whomever you can ; Befriend the deserving, whoever he may be. Jx.x-/'.s7 flu ii>1>j. iniw tl' .s-/V/,\ comfort th, mourning, No matter wlu'th r tln-y !>< of thy rmv/ or not. Strengthen the weak, and satisfy the hungry : Be to them a tower of strength and a fortress. /Jiifn-fitiii thr fr<t ii'/r r. njoirr flu I It fir ones; ('<lll< I/tilt/' ['<!<< to >'/////' HJIOII til' hllllll'li. Look upon thy wraith, and see what thou canst spare; Look upon the poor, and sec what tliry Deed. //> ii-ho t/ in* chnrifi/ iii >' <>> t honor* tin ]>>tt> r nof to </ir>' <if U than run- AIH>mu\AL SAIUiATU SERVICE XII. 95 Let thy alms-giving not encourage alms-asking. It is better to lend to the poor than to give. 77/r/v ix nothing xo <jr<t ax //<, Ami nothing so good >tx ncf of lornnj lcin<l>icss. Charity contains its own reward; And according to its love is its recompense. Do ax f/ioii ininh/sf l>r done by is the root of the law ; All of her pi-(ccn(x tire, //.s branches. Talmud. Mediaeval Rabbis. HYMN. LIVE NOBLY. While on this earth ye stay, Oh, nobly live ! Strive ye, from day to day, Some joy to give, . Some hopeful word to speak, Fresh strength to give the weak. By constant effort seek Nobly to live. Turn ye with generous heart Towarcj, those who need, Eager to sow some part Of life's good seed. Forego some selfish gains ; Think ye of other claims ; Noble indeed. aMttfonai fleto ear (Sbe j&erbtce. MEDITATION. I (Jtearf trc silence by Congregation.) AS WE SOW, SO WE REAP. A NEW YEAR has opened. Behind me lies my past life, like a long dream ; before me the future, like an unknown country, veiled in impenetrable mystery. I look forward to what the next days or months may bring. I would fain catch a glimpse of the fate which lies concealed in the dim future, as the seed lies germinating in the dark bosom of the wintry earth. my heart, discard all useless fears, and await with calm trust the gifts of the beneficent Providence that watches over thee and thine. Be not alarmed. The fear of future evil is in itself the greatest of evils. Thou suf- ferest more from thy fears than thou art likely to suffer from misfortunes, should they come upon you. Thou poisonest therewith thy health, and killest many a joy which may be bloorhing for thee in the present. The prudent man is calm in mind ; he enjoys the pleasures of the present, holds care in check by hopes of better things in the future, and when the hour of misfortune cnines, he meets it with resolute action. The sailor borne on the billows of the oeean rejoices with tranquil mind in the favorable wind and clieerf'nl sunshine. Would it be better that he should be fearing storms and looking for- ward to shipwreek while everything is calm around him? When the >ky becomes overcast, when the raging wind 256 ADDITIONAL .v/-:r y/-:.\ i; AT/-: ,s7-:/M '/'/:. :>.">7 lashes tin- ocean into fury, rends the sails of the ship, ami threatens him with destruction, fear would only hasten his ruin. But) trusting in (Jod. he uathers ii]< liis strength, wrestles with wind and wave, and by his resoluteness and prudence saves himself from the threatened danger. If hitherto thou hast not been quite happy, reflect that things are ever changing. If thy present position be un- fortunate, take courage, for surely it will not ever remain ;ne. If darkness reigns around thee at present, be comforted : in a few days all may be bright. Why shouldst thou despair because one sun sets? Will not a new morn dawn for thee beyond the night? Take a full survey of thy present sad lot, reflect on the blessings that have been spared thee, and then ask whether thou hast lost all. And should even every happiness in life be lost to thee, thou wilt still not be quite impoverished, for the source of every joy, of every good, the loving kindness of God, has not deserted the world. If the hand of death has robbed thee of one of thy cherished treasures, why shouldst thou for ever mourn ? Consider that the trials that fell upon thee were for thy good. Thou art created for a higher life, and not alone for this fleeting dream of earthly existence. It is only through heroic conflict, through matured virtue, through tried wisdom, through greatness of soul, that thou canst become fit for a better world. Evils exist, that in struggling with them and in conquering them we may strip the dross from our hearts and immortalize our souls. Fear only such evils as thou bringest upon thyself by thine own fault. There is nothing man has to dread so much as his own errors, his own neuleet. By far tin- greater number of misfortunes and troubles are brought on man by himself. Look back over the past year, review IT THE SERVICE MANUAL. its events, and see whether the success it brought was not, in a large measure, due to thy merit, and its failures, to a considerable degree, to thy neglect. To shift responsibilities is an old weakness. What is so easy and so safe as to bury our sins in the coffin of the dead year, and then pose as innocents and martyrs? What more comforting to the dreamer and idler amj im- provident than their dictum that all is a matter of than en and luck ? Yes, luck there is in this world, if thou goest out to find it with industry, economy, patience, circumspec- tion, culture, self-control, in thy hand. Be assured the years, whether going or coming, have never brought st) much to man as man has brought to them. The greatest streak of luck that can ever happen to man is his recognition that there is no luck. Seeking the cause of failure in himself, he will stumble across success. If the year's balance-sheet indicates failure, make not fail- ure double by finding the cause of it outside thyself. Though accessories there have been, permit them not to condone thy own shortcomings. Rather be unjust to thyself than encourage responsibility-shifting. In severity to thyself lies thy salvation. Self-excuse is prosperity's tomb. Hast thou failed, wail not over un- toward ehvumstances or unpropitious fortune, but grasp the helm with a firmer hand, set the sails to the winds, keep the iroal clear in sight, and then for it will all your might. If, despite care and murage, thy bark is dashed against the rocks, then go down like a hero, with the proud Consciousness that no blame rests on thee. Life is an ocean, not a brooklet on which one may Mreteh himself in his boat and drift a!on- aimlr>sl\ . It is l>ecan>e so few have definite -oal> before them that so many fail. It i> hecau-e >i many aim at impossibilities that >> few succeed. It i> becau>e there i.- too much wishin br >uc- M-:\V \r..\n ATA: cess, with so little unreniitted striving after it, that >. nianv end with wishing. It is because there is too much eagerness for speedy triumph that so many end in defeat. The unsuccessful often forget the intermediary steps that lie between the base and pinnacle of glory ; they storm the tempting heights at once, and sink exhausted at the loot. Thev that toil with the right means, at the right time, in the right spirit, for a reasonable and possible succes.- erally attain it if not in one form, then in another, even if in no other form than in the satisfaction of having nobly striven and nobly failed. Few men have ever earnestly striven after a competence, after health, home- happiness, love of relatives, respect and confidence of fel- low-men, and not attained them. Few men that have so lived have had occasion to part from the old year with regret and to greet the new with fears. If tears there were at all, they sprung from the memory of some recent bereavement. They were tears of sorrow, tears of affec- tion, not tears of a conscience-stricken mind. Though not free from pain, still, free they were from consciousness of personal responsibility. Thus to live means living. Thus to strive means suc- ceeding. Thus to stand on the threshold of a new year means gratitude to the old, means honor to the new. Thus let us live ; thus let us strive ; looking forward to the new year's end without fear, reaching it without re- gret with the help of God. Amen. (The folloicinrj tr/crfi'in* to /> run! nltcrnntely bij the Minister and the Do not evil, and evil will not befall thee ; DepaVt from sin. and it will turn away from thee. 2(30 THE SERVICE MAX UAL. f 'vngregation : .SV/// not : Through ///r Lord 1 fell <nray ; For thon onghtxt not to dn ir]it He h<iteth. The Lord endowed man with reason, And left him the choice of his free will. He luttlt .svV fire ami iratrr before thee : Thou shatt stretch forth thy hand to irhieln-rer thoa tci/f. He that laboreth and taketh pains, Upon him the eyes of the Lord will rest for good. Keep not idle in hope of miracles ; Oidy lie that labors ///// h<in ///< dully l,ri <ol. A beam bound into a house will not be moved by a storm ; So a firm heart will not tremble at the crisis. //' thon Jnist not gathered at the beginning, Tli>>ii en a xt fnul nothing at the close. Be not alarmed about the future, For thou knowest not what to-morrow may bring forth. There nun/ l>c no to-innn'otr for thee ; Win/ irorri/ <ihout irlnit is not i/rt ? Trust in the Lord, and He will espouse thy cause ; Make thy way straight, and hope in Him. }V til, it fnir f/ir 1,ord. IHIJH- for < fund. And for rndnriiKj jny and mercy . Ben Sirach. Talmud. ORISON. Minister : O Thiiu in whose -i-lit a tlnui>and y-:rs an- but as a dav, all thin^> on earth an- p:jin^ away, hut Tliou rc- Oncaii'l tin- same. Thy providence has ADDITIONAL NEW YEAR EVE SERVICE. 261 us to the close of another year, and we conic before Thee acknowledging Thee as the Fountain of all our mercies in days past, as the Source of all our present comfortj and as the Hope of future good. Thou hast given us the autumn with its bountiful fruits, the winter with its icy mantle, beneath which Thou didst prepare the earth for a new life of beauty and pleasure, the spring with its fragrant verdure. the summer with its golden harvest. Oh, what a series of bounties present themselves to our minds as we look over the year that has just passed! Health, food, raiment, home, friends, pleasures, have all been furnished by Thy bounteous hand, so that day unto day uttered speech con- cerning Thy goodness, and hight unto night brought forth knowledge of Thy mercy. We have indeed had our toils and trials, but when com- pared with our mercies, they have been few in number and short in duration. And they have been merciful in de- sign, and we trust that some of them have been blessings to us in their results. It is true that the parting year in its course has carried with it the hopes and treasures of many hearts. Friends, with whom at its beginning we exchanged affectionate greetings, have disappeared. Many who welcomed the past year with hopes as confident as ours have entered the silent mansions of the dead, never to return. Merciful God, open our hearts to hear the solemn voice that now addresses us. Thou alone knowest how near is the last hour that we shall spend beneath the sun. Bring home to us a sense of our mortality. Teach us so to number our days that we may apply our hearts with all diligence to the search after wisdom. We deplore that the closing year bears hence so scanty a record of our spiritual growth, that it testifies to many broken vows, to resolutions fervenfly formed one moment, and disregarded the next. 2^2 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Another leaf in the book of time has been turned by us, and what is written there we cannot erase ; and we mourn that it has so much to fill us with shame. We are humbled under the sense of our many deficiencies and our repeated transgressions, and filled with a desire to forsake them for ever. And we pray Thee, Lord, let this not be one of our speedily-forgotten wishes. Guard us against believing that regret alone will wash our sins away. May we con- sider that no repentance which does not reform the whole life is acceptable in Thy sight. Breathe. O God, a divine life into our hearts, that wt- may obtain a lasting dominion over the evil that is in the world and in ourselves. Help us to form that habit of mind which reads lessons of wisdom in all changes of -life. The past and the future admonish us of the infinite value of the present. Let not another of our precious years be lost in the pursuit after profitless pleasures, but enable us by diligence and care to redeem our misspent time, and to become better prepared for the higher ends and aims of life. As the years advance, unfold the true virtues of our hearts and minds. Lead us in the path of righteousness (luring our brief pilgrimage on earth. Guide us with Thy love. Teach us to practise justice and goodness. Cleanse us from all impurities. Sincerely we promise, in this solemn hour, to consecrate our lives to Thee, to watch over the inclinations of our hearts, to strive to be humble. good, and kind toward others. Oh, that we may deserve Thy protection during the coining y-ar ! Hear our prayers. fervently offered at the threshold of this new year. .May it please The.- to forgive us whatever \ve have done amiss, and to h- to us in the year now opening, as Thou hast leen in the past, mir Stronghold and Support. Amen. \AL \E\\ r YEAR EVE SERVICE. l>i>:; HYMN. GONE ANOTHER YEAR. Gone another year Gone beyond recall ; Closed its smile and tear, Closed its joy and thrall. Vain is now lament, Naught thou canst efface; Though thou now repent, Naught thou canst erase. Dawns another year Open it aright; Thou shalt have no fear Live that not a stain, Live that not a deed May awaken pain, May erasure need. awrtttonal l^eto $>ear JHormitg j&erbice. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) A NEW YEAR A NEW ERA. ANOTHER year has sped. Another year has hastened our feet onward toward our destined goal. We have reached another mile-post along life's journey. It is a fitting time to rest our feet awhile on the wayside before we resume our course, to cast our eyes backward over the field we have traversed, to measure the progress we have made. For some, a pleasant journey has stretched between the last mile-stone and this. Their path ran smoothly along under a sunny sky and past fruit-laden fields. Rich were their harvests ; bountiful were their blessings. Their minds knew no care, their hearts, no sorrow. They saw their brightest dreams fulfilled, their fondest yearnings turned into heart-gladdening realities. For others, the path was rugged and thorny, steep and stormy. Past weeping willows and past mournful cypivss trees led their way. Their disappointments were many, their sorrows frequent. They^saw their fortunes wrecked, their health or that of their dear ones shattered, their ii.iin.- :i -parsed, and they wept. They stood at the brink f tin- open L r ra\e. ami thought of the loving eyes that were dosed for ever, and of sweet voices hushed for ever, and of warm. afleet ionate hearts cold for ever, and they wept. Tin- widow contrasts her mourning-garb with the bright colors she won when site welcomed the last New Year; the lonely husband, encircled by his little hand of inother- 264 ADDITIONAL XKW YEAR MORNING SERVICE. 'Jiio less children, vainly lungs for her whose presence made tin- advent of the departed year so happy; grief-stricken par- ents, who a year ago gave their blessings to children in whom all their hopes and pleasures were centred, vainly yearn for those whom a cruel fate has torn from their loving embrace ; children brood over the melancholy change the past year has wrought a sweet mother's voice >ilenced lor ever; a lather laid to rest, after weary vears of anxious toil for those dependent on him ; a devoted. brother, a loving sister, a faithful friend, gone, gone for ever. Nor is it the memory of painful bereavement alone that this feeling of sadness which now holds so many of us in its power. Not all sorrows and regrets flow from the fresh grave of dear departed ones. Perhaps but the few- est come to us from this source. There are occasions when even bereavements may well be deemed blessings instead of calamities. Could we but peer into the future, and see how much the dispensations of God are wiser than the wishes of man, and know the tortures, the trials, the dis- appointments the departed have been spared, many a one would be inclined to bless the departing year more for what it has taken than for what it has brought. Nay, bereavements, and be they yet so painful, are not the worst that man is called upon to endure. Many a wrong, many a secret sin, many a burning guilt, gnaws upon the heart and lashes the conscience, and could it only be exchanged for a grave, the thus afflicted would thank God for it as a mercy. There are still other reasons for the deep solemnity and for the tearful sadness of this hour than those that arise from bereavement. For many, the lettering of the mile- stone just reached tells a sorrowful story. The one finds that he has made but little progress : the other, that he is 266 THE SERVICE MANUAL. not upon the right path at all ; the third, that he has strayed, and is now further back than he was a year ago. Much I fear that this latter class includes me. Have I toiled for the promotion of my own and of my fellow- man's best interests ? Have I striven to eradicate evil, to pursue righteousness, to execute justice, to practise char- ity, to spread light and truth ? Can I point to those to-day whom I have forgiven, though they have wronged me, or whose forgiveness I have sought, though I wronged them ? Can I point to those whose distress I have allayed, whose wounds I have healed, whose sorrows I have comforted ? Tan T say: There is no one whom I have wronged, hated, envied ? Can I say that of my passions, of my ambition, of my will and desires, I have always proven myself master ? The misspent year is past: lament will not recall it. Past neglect remains neglect; past misdeed remains mis- deed ; and repentance, however sincere, cannot make them otherwise than neglect and misdeed. "The moving finger writes; and, having writ, Moves on : nor all your piety nor wit Shall lure it back to cancel half a line. Nor all your tears wash out a word of it." Unless there is a change for the better, repentance is like continual pumping in a leaking ship without an effort to stop the gap. The true blessing of looking back- ward lies in rightly looking forward. The true way of mending the errors of the old year is in rightly beginning tin- new ; and that is not achieved by mere hoping and wishing and praying for better things, but by actual striv- ing and doing; not by merely turning a new leaf, but by writing upon it a different story from the last. They who walk the first day aright, find the second day'.- walking ea>ier. and the third day's easier still. On AIHHTK)\AL A7<:il' YKAH tlu' first day of its existence the tiny spring cuts for itself a channel in which it is sure to How the next day, and every other day, and each day wider and smoother than at first. They who suppress the lower passions and crav- 'ii the opening day of the year will find the task, if continued, easier the following day, and easier still in the succeeding days and weeks and months. If a proper use I would make of the year now opening. I must this day resolve upon a great life-purpose. No one can be good and useful whose life has not an object, and that object: Noble Service for Humanity. Without some purpose as motive power we can as little make a safe voy- age of life, and land honor-crowned on the other shore, as ran a ship cross the ocean without sail or steam. Mere prolongation of life or gratification of the senses does not constitute a purpose. If rightly T would live, I must strive for learning, that the world may be the better for my knowledge ; I must strive for power to help toiling humanity onward and upward ; I must strive for truth, for right, for justice ; I must strive for the suppression of evil, for the conquest of sin ; I must strive to make of every home a paradise, and of this earth a heaven. If thus F live, when another year shall have passed and another mile-stone shall have been reached, and I pause again to read the record of my year's doing, there will not be a stain to awaken pain, nor a deed to cause regret. RESPONSIVE READINGS. (The folltnri an ,-ln-lirms to be read alternately by the Minister and the Congre- gation.) Minister : Let thy dealings cause no blush to visit thy cheek ; Commit no sin in the hope of repentance. 26 THE SERVICE MANUAL. ( Congregation : Blesm-d is /if //7/o.sT co, isn't , Inif/i not comlein ited him. And ir/irt is nut ftillt-u from It is liof>f in t/ie Lord. Turn unto the Lord and forsake thy sins ; Purify thyself in His presence, and mend thy ways. PI-- from sin tts from IK- fore a For if tltoit ronicst arm; if trill bite If the work is great, great will be thy reward ; And thy Master is faithful in his payments. He trim jn'ticfiscs /nsfice and mercy Estd/tiishes f/tf IciiKjdom of I/t<tr< >i in flu's //v//7//. I'nhappy is he who mistakes the branch for the tree; 1 'nliappy he who misjudges the shadow for the substance. Lift is ],t a l<,n a to man; l)itli is the creditor who if ill i>/ic (lui/ chiim it. Though thou canst not complete the work, Thou must not therefore cease from pursuing it. Thi/ yesterday is thy />"/ ; thy to-day tlnj future ; Thy fo-i/iorron- is a secret. The best preacher is the heart ; The best teacher is time. The ln'st hook is th< ir,,r!<l ; Th, bett friend '* Een Sirach. Talmud. HYMN. RESOLVE. Into the tomb of a^i-s past Another year hath now been cast; Shall time unheeded take its flight, Nor leave one ray of higher light ADDITlnXAL A/.'U' Yl-'.Mi Mui;M.\i; SERVICE. I'll!) That on man's pilgrimage may shine And lead his soul to spheres divine? Ah ! who of us. if self-reviewed, Can luiast unfailing rectitude? Who can declare his wayward will More prone to righteous deeds than ill? Or, in his retrospect of life, No traces find of passion's strife? With firm resolve your bosoms nerve The God of right alone to serve ; Speech, thought, and act to regulate By what His perfect laws dictate ; Nor from His holy precepts stray, By worldly idols lured away. Peace to the House of Israel ! ^ a y jy within it ever dwell ! May sorrow on the opening year, Forgetting its accustomed tear, With smiles again fond kindred meet, With hopes revived the festal greet ! CONFESSION. (Read in X/A-/XT hi/ All-Just and All-Wise Ruler of all Creation! Thou art exalted above space and time, above chance and change. Thou hast hidden the future from the sight of mortals. We know not what the next moment may bring forth ; much less can we know the events which the year now opening may conceal in its bosom. We know not, () Lord, whether Thy paternal love will vouchsafe life, health, peace, unto us ; whether Thou will continue the prosperity of our country and the happiness of our homes. We can- '210 THE SERVICE MANUAL. not peer into the future ; therefore do we look with anxiety upon the dark portals of the opening year. When in this season of the year we look about us, we behold that nature herself proclaims aloud that we are standing upon a threshold which separates two epochs in her domain. Field and moor, the orchard and the vine- yard, have finished their year's task. Soon the earth will resume her winter's sleep. Leaves are falling, and the wind's melancholy moaning through the branches silences the song of birds. We pause amid this apparent desolation of nature. We feel that all we witness is the emblem of our own fate. Such also will be our condition. The blossoms of our spring, the harvest of our summer, will also fade and decay. Yet a few years, and all that now blesses or all that now convulses humanity will also have passed away. The mightiest pageantry of life will vanish, and the loud notes of triumph will be silent in the grave. In this change of seasons, thoughts arise within us which rise not at other times. On this day life stands before us in bold relief. Who of us can solve its mysteries ? Who can say what it i.s and why it is. whence it comes and whither it goes, why its blessings, or why its cares and burdens, its sorrows and bereavements? Lord, Thou alone knowest. not we. We ran but trust that all is for the best. I nto Thy guidance we surrender <mrsel\ Thou with us as Thou deemest be.-t. Hut \vr pray Thee, () Lord, let not the things which we cannot know hide from our \ir\\ the abundance of things that arc within the ura>\|> of our Comprehension. Our earth prepare.- herself for her winter's rest. She has yielded golden harvest ; sin- has rejoiced with her plenty all that lives and moves. Slit 1 can sink to rest ; her task i> done. ADDITIONAL M-:\\' Yk'Mi MORNING SEHVK '!:. U71 So, too, .stand we at the end of the year; but we cannot look back with the same satisfaction, and as truthfully declare that \ve also have done our duty. We, too, have heeii blessed ; but what crops have we matured? what harvests have we yielded? Have we made irood use of the gifts with which Thou hast blessed us? Have our efforts extended beyond the mere pursuit after our own happiness? Are we older by a year of wisdom and good deeds? Have we felt for suffering humanity? Have we dried the tears of the grief-stricken and sorrow-laden? Have we aided the needy, corrected the erring? Have we elevated ourselves ? have we become purer and better ? have we stifled envy and hatred? have we forsaken arro- gance and selfishness? have we pointed out to those de- pendent on us for guidance the true path of life ? Can we say to ourselves to-day : There is no one in this wide world with whom we live in enmity, to whom we have done a wrong thing, or of whom we have said a wrong word ? At these thoughts our dormant conscience awakens, and the voice that has been silent these many days and nights now speaks in tones loud and mighty, like cornet sounds, It speaks of sins of omission and of sins of commission. It speaks of wrongs to others and of wrongs to self. It shows us how we have entangled ourselves in the follies of life, how we have deafened our ears, stultified our intel- lects, hardened our hearts. O Lord, fervently we beseech Thee, let Thy love enter into judgment. Judge us not according to our deserts. May the sins of our past be blotted out in the abundance of Thy mercy, and in the future be condoned by our nobler Be Thou with us during the year upon which we now enter. Let it be a year of true striving alter the higher ends and aims of life, a year of triumph over '27-2 THE SERVICE MAX UAL. human errors, a year in which we may perfect the divine endowments of our natures, in which we may count all things as dross in comparison with purity of heart and nobility of mind, in which we may exert our utmost, so that disinterested love and impartial justice shall triumph over selfishness and wrong-doing. We beseech Thee, Lord, grant us these fervent wishes. and keep these solemn thoughts ever alive within our minds. May Thy voice, the voice of conscience within us, never sleep nor slumber, but, whenever we are about to stray from Thy path, may it send forth sounds of admonition, that we may keep our hands from wrong-doing, our lips from deceit, our hearts from folly, unto the end. Amen. Choir and Congregation : Our Father and King, we have sinned before Thee. ( hir Father and King, I pardon our iniquity. Our Father and King, remember that we are but dust. Our Father and King, \| make the New Year a blessed one for us. Our Father and King. in mercy receive our prayer. H ^370 ADDITIUXAL NEW YEAR MORNING SERVICE. 273 PRAYER. J/Y;/ ister : Almighty God, with solemn feelings Thy servants ap- proach Thee to render thanks and homage to Thy n;mi<>. Another year has become engulfed in the rapid torrent? of time, leading us onward toward the end of our earthly cuivor. - Thus days are added to days, and years vanish like a dream, till we ourselves at length disappear. As the weary traveller stops awhile on his way to as- sure himself that he is on the right road, and to measure the distance he has passed with that he has yet to trav- erse, so we, in our earthly pilgrimage, halt at the year's opening, and cast our eyes over the time that has passed, to seek therefrom lessons for future guidance. Many and varied have been our experiences in the year now passed. Pleasure has sometimes, smiled on us, and, being blindly captivated, we forgot all else, thinking that its charms would never fade. Yet they have passed away as a dream, and the only trace left is this sad truth : No joy is lasting here below. Griefs, too, have afflicted our souls. Our hopes seemed gone, our strength seemed to fail under the weight of woe. Yet grief also passed, and time healed the wound of the heart, and hope returned again. Thus time is the consoler, and hope remains the bright star illu- minating our earthly pilgrimage. However impenetrable the secret of the future, he who hopes in Thee walks onward to the end without fear. Therefore, on the entrance of another year, we appear before Thee and ask Thy blessing. May the coming year prove a new year indeed, bringing new thoughts and better resolutions than we ever yet have made, and better deeds than we ever yet have performed. Should it bring us trials and troubles, may even our sorrows be unto us instruments for good. Should it strip us of our 274 THE SERVICE MANUAL. dearest earthly possessions, may our losses prove to us larger spiritual gain in the end. Oh, in this momentous change of season, we pray Thee give us new convictions of the priceless worth of a godly and righteous life. May we no longer be in bondage to sin. May we no more be led astray by the hollow promises of a mere earthly life. May we know that true peace can be found only in mak- ing Thy will our supreme law. Plain as is the way of life, we are prone to forsake it, and to follow false pride and to take counsel of our own blinded minds, of our own sinful thoughts. Vanity and passion, the desire of the eyes and the pride of the heart, ensnare and mislead our under- standing, and cause us to neglect the things which it most solemnly concerns us to know and to do. We do not live, but dream, walking in a vain show, ruled by the fear of the world. Merciful Father, as another year opens unto us, awaken within us new aspirations. Regenerate our affections. Give us strength to break away from evil habits, and to cling steadfastly to the rule of right and to the law of duty. Let not this year be marked by broken vows, by a .surren- der of our souls to sin, but may it be for ever memorable as a year rich in noble purposes and good deeds. May we turn all the changes of life abundance and want, sicknos and health, darkness and light, loss and gain into oppor- tunities of grace, and thus be raised above the power of time, and breathe the air of a celestial realm even while we sojourn in this vale of shadows. Oh. let Thy mighty power, which controls the courses of the universe, uphold- ing worlds and systems of worlds, descend and inspire us, that, like the stars of the firmament, we mav show forth Thy ulory in the coniiii- year, and in all the other yean which Thy iroodne mav vet vouchsafe unto us. Amen. Ai>i>mo\AL A7-;ir )'/:.!/; MOHMXG SERVICE. i J HYMN. ANOTHER YEAR. I know not what the year may brinir, Nor know I what the year may take, But, take or bring whate'cr it may, I know that there can come no day In which I may not trust and sing " The Lord my soul will not forsake." Should care be mine, or loss of health, Or poverty, or loss of friends, Since God the Lord of All is mine, My soul shall never fear or pine ; For happiness comes not of wealth, Nor joy on earthly source depends. With God's forgiveness for the past, And with His grace for days in store, Though short or long those days may be, The future hath no dread for me ; He will be with me to the last, His love be mine for evermore. Come bane or blessing, good or ill, All things are under His control ; The boundless Universe His care, I none the less His mercy share, And all things serve to work His will For the best welfare of -my soul. So will I start the year with song, And bless God's name from day to day ; Both when the sky is clear and bright, And 'miti the darkness of the night, Through all, I will His praise prolong, And praiMiii: pass from earth away. (Return to j.iige '27.) aiitrttional atonement 0?be j&erbiee. MEDITATION. (To be read in tilence by Congregation.) THE NEED OF ATO3EMEXT. BLESSED Atonement Eve ! Sacred Eve of the Lord ! Welcome, thrice welcome, art thou, solemn Eve of Penance, that biddest me to look within, that revealest unto me my heart and soul, that showest me the evil of my ways, that pointest out to me the path that leadest to betterment, that reconcilest me with my conscience and my God. But for thine annual presence and unsparing search and warning message, I, who am so prone to sin, could never abide in the grace of God, nor live at peace with self or fellow-men. My soul longs, impatiently it yearns, for thee, thou Sab- bath of Sabbaths. Guilt-laden, conscience-stricken, sin- parched, I have urgent need of thy forgiveness to relieve my burden, of thy atonement to calm my conscience, of thy refreshing springs to instil into my heart the cleansing and reviving waters of purity. The solemn New Year service, in directing my thoughts inward and backward, has opened to my eyes a dismal view. Of misdeeds it had many to show ; of virtuous acts it counted but few. Under the influence of strong emotions,"and deeply touched by the fervor of the hour, I determined from that day forth to change my mode of life, to adopt higher principles, to be- come, as it were, a new being with tin- new year. But though "lily t ( 'ii 'lays have passed since 1 resolved upon a better course. I lia ve already nler\ ed with sorrow that my x.eal is moling. What x-eined so ea>\ when my heart was touched. M-rinril diflicult when I attempted to execute it M>I>mc>\.\L AT<).\/:'MI:'.\T ATA' SERVICE. ' As I became imnuTsrd again in my daily duties, I began, after but a brief struck, to tliink an adoption of my former ways necessary and a recommencement of iny pre- vious mode of life unavoidable. I, wbo had resolved to make a sinful world adapt itself to my higher principles, have fallen back again into adapting my mode of life to that of a sinful world. And unless I check my evil course be- times, much I fear that by the end of the year I shall have returned to the point whence I started, or have fallen still further behind. Oh, how much easier it is to be good in the House of God than in the busy world ! In solitude, or whilst en- gaged in worship, I am permeated with noble and benevo- lent feelings ; but when I mix with others and am engaged in my ordinary vocation, I become a different being. How- ever hard I try, I find it impossible to be at all times and in all places the same. As long as I am alone or in the House of God, as long as no one tempts me or irritates me, as long as my mind remains calm and my soul is lifted up into purer regions, it se^ms very easy to resolve never again to do wrong, never again to be angry, never again to enter- tain feelings of hatred, never again to listen to the tempt- ings of the senses. But one step out into the real world, and everything is changed. Our desires are again awakened, our passions are again aroused. We resume our former mode of action toward other men. We are even pro- voked by them into being far worse than we would desire to be. Is there one of us who has not felt this? Is there one of us who has not often seemed inspired by a different spirit when in worship or solitude and when in the midst of the busy turmoil of life ? Observe the congregation when assembled in the House of God ! What earnestness, what solemn devotion in all ! Who would believe that these hearts, now so deeply THE SERVICE MANUAL. touched by divine love, will beat in enmity toward each other as soon as the threshold of the sanctuary shall have been crossed? Who would believe that these same eye>. now so reverently cast down before the Omnipresent, fre- quently look with pride and disdain on fallible man ? Who would believe that the very lips which are here giving utterance to fervent prayers or are pouring forth solemn hymns of devotion could, at other times, give vent to slander and contempt, to flattery and deception ? In the House of God we seem full of virtue and holiness, while in the outer world we are a prey to passion and vice. In the temple we seem to belong to eternity ; in our daily life, to this world only. Almost every human being is in contradiction with himself; in one place he sins, in another he repents. Disheartened and discontented with himself, he despairs of the possibility of reaching that perfection which God wills that he should attain, and which his own con- science tells him that he ought to attain. Then, find- ing this inward strife intolerable, he begins to comfort him- self with false reasonings. He says to himself, " The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak ; the will to do right I have, but the power to carry out my will fails inc. It is impossible to become a saint in this life. Every human being must have some failings. God will not de- mand more than man is capable of rendering. It is not ].'.>siblc that amid the ordinary dealings and distractions of life we should always be able to remember the duties which religion imposes upon us : it is not possible that in our intercourse with persons of various characters we can alwavs be thinking of (iod and of eternity, and of the solemn promises that \ve have made." How shall I account for this contradiction between good resolve- and worthless action.-, between the de>iiv M>l>mu\.ll. ATONEMENT KYI', .s'/-.7M'/r/.;. -J7!) to do what is right and the <loing oi' what is wrong? One of (In- answers that suggest themselves in explana- tion of our failings is that our organization will not per- mit us to become at once wholly master of our cravings and passions. Our failings are often the natural conse- quences of our constitution, of the nature of our tempera- ment, or of the conditions of our health. We cannot pos- sibly prevent our passions and feelings from being aroused, for they are as much a part of our being as is every organ of our body. But by the strength of our wills we can prevent these passions from striking their roots too deep and from grow- ing too wild and too poisonous. This we may do in va- rious ways, the most important of which consists in thor- oughly examining ourselves, in undauntedly facing our every misdeed and our every passion, in fearlessly tracing the consequences of our actions to their very end, in humiliating our pride, in acquainting ourselves with that which is evil in us, and in tearing it up, root and all, by means of sincere regret and repentance. And unless this be done, we cannot hope for amend- ment. Unless the research is thorough and the penance sincere, the promise of betterment will be hollow and the reform of short duration. Of such a transient reform the results of the last New Year Service give me proof. Though well meant, my resolves did not take firm hold because they did not penetrate beneath the surface. They sprang from strong emotions, not from mature judgment. In endeavoring to render constant and permanent those feelings and emotions which in their nature are fleeting, I forgot that in domes- tic and public life I can only carry into effect those reforms which T have calmly matured within myself, and of whose needs I am thoroughly convinced. For the attainment of 280 THE SERVICE MANUAL. such results the New Year Service is both too brief and too superficial. It is excellent as a forerunner, but power- less by itself alone to effect the needed reform. It is bene- ficial in preparing the heart and mind and soul for the desired change, but insufficient by itself alone to bring about the needed betterment. For these grander and more permanent results I need, soon after the New Year's Day, the solemn, the searching, the cleansing Atonement Day the sacred day that from eventide to eventide withdraws us from the world, from its enjoyments, its pursuits, its snares, and its sins, that assembles us in the House of God, there from even unto even to examine our ways, to search our hearts, to afflict our souls, to repent of our past misdeeds, and to make atonement for them by piously resolving to re-enter life purer and better than before. Such is the nature of the New Year Day and of the Day of Atonement, and such their relationship toward each other. The one is like the light summer shower, the other like the drenching storm that drives the refreshing and fructifying water down into the parched roots and sends new life, new growth, into every fibre of the plant. The one but loosens the soil at the surface; the other sinks the plow deep into the earth, casts up the weeds, and imbeds the wholesome seed that ripens into luscious fruit. Merciful Father, impressed with the solemnity of this day, in holy fear do I approach Thy sanctuary; as the fervent voice of prayer ascends, I implore Thee to cause Thy spirit to descend on my soul, that it may inspire me with pure and holy devotion. Oh, that prayer could ex- ill that my lienrt 1'eds at this moment of awe. \\lien my whole life is unveiled l.ei'oiv the Supreme .Judvv ! Sovereign Kinir! If. on this solemn day, the righteous ADDITIONAL AT<>\J<:M/>:.\T i<:vi<: SERVICK. L>SI appear trembling before Thee, how can I, self-condemned by my conscience, present myself before Thy tribunal ? Alas ! I have no merit or good deeds to offer in expiation ; only in the trust in Thy clemency can I implore pardon. Since childhood have I fallen from sin to sin. Tempta- tion has too frequently blinded me with its charms. Often have I made solemn vows to follow Thy way, to obey Thy precepts, to avoid evil, to suppress impure thoughts, and yet have I always relapsed into my old sins. Lord, preserve me from the delusion and weakness of my heart. Enlighten my mind, that I may be able to discern aright. Thou who searchest all hearts, teach me to see within mine own. Dispose me to faithful self-ex- amination and to honest confession. Let this be a day of true self-knowledge and of sincere repentance, so that, pur- ified from guilt, my soul may be freed from its sorrow and my heart be at ease. Amen. HYMN. FROM EVENTIDE TO EVENTIDE. To Thee we give ourselves to-day ; Forgetful of the world outside, We tarry in Thy house, God, From eventide to eventide. From Thy all-searching, righteous eye Our deepest heart can nothing hide ; It crieth up to Thee for peace From eventide to eventide. Who could endure, shouldst Thou, God, As we deserve, for ever chide ? We therefore seek Thy pard'ning grace From eventide to eventide. '2X2 Till-: SERVICE MAM'M.. Oh, may we lay to heart how swift The years of life do onward glide ; So learn to live that we may see Thy light at our life's eventide ! EXHORTATION. CALL FOR REPENTANCE. Miit fxter : In this solemn hour pious fervor awakens in hearts long; closed to devotion and to serious meditation. Many amonir us, who, by their thoughtless or frivolous mode of life, have evinced a total disregard of divine thoughts, feel now in their souls that the hour of religious triumph has arrived, that the faith which has lain slumbering for a time is now taking firm root in their hearts, and that the conscience long fettered by earthly passion is breaking its bonds and is winging itself heavenward. It is a blessed feeling that now holds you in its embrace. Make its bless- ing double and lasting by yielding yourselves wholly to it. And that ye may the better surrender yourselves to it. and derive the speedier all its good, begin at once to make- peace with yourselves and with your God by lightening your conscience through sincere repentance. While the heart is open, bid penance to enter. Defer not repentance beyond this hour if a holier life you would lead hereafter. Delays in reform are dangerous. An opportunity lost may mean a life's virtue squandered. l>\ delay of repentance sin strengthens and the heart hardens. The longer ice I, the harder it is to be broken ; the longer the h'-:irt er.ngeals. the more difiieiilt will be its thawing. The more we defer, the more troublesome our amend- ment must needs prove: every day will both enlarge our ta>k and diminish our ability to perform it. Sin is never Al>IHTIf>\AL .\T<>M-:M1<:\T ATA' .S'AV, 1 17' 'A. JS.', ai a slav; if we do not retreat from it. we sliall advance with it, and the further on we go. the more we have to e.mie hack. \'iee. as it grows in age, improves in stature and strength. From a puny child it soon waxes a vigorous stripling, then rises to he a sturdy man, and after a while becomes a massive giant, whom we shall scarce dare to encounter, whom we shall hardly be able to vanquish. It grows taller and stouter; we dwindle and prove more impotent. It feeds upon our vitals and thrives by our decay. It waxes mighty by stripping us of our best forces, by eni'ee bling our reason, by perverting our will, by corrupting our temper, by debasing our courage, by forcing our passions to a treacherous compliance with itself. The power and empire of sin encroach by degrees till we are quite sub- dued and enthralled. First we learn to dare it ; then we dote upon it ; at last we become enslaved to it in a bond- age which we shall hardly be able or willing to shake off. Not only are our necks fitted to the yoke, our hands man- acled, and our feet shackled thereby, but our heads and hearts conspire in a base submission thereto. When vice has made such an impression on us, when this poisonous weed has taken such deep root in our mind, it will demand an extremely toilsome labor to extirpate it. The longer the heart and sin converse together, the more familiar they will grow ; and the stronger the familiarity, the harder the separation. How that which now creeps and begs for entrance, hav- ing once gained admission, will command and domineer! Though it gets into power like a fox, yet it will reign like a lion. How few know those many windings and turnings, the ^ly excuses that the heart will suggest to rescue from the summons of repentance the sin to which it is endeared and bound fast by inveterate continuance J 284 THE SERVICE MANUAL. The commission of sin is like the effusion of water easily contained in its bounds, but uncontrollable in its course. AVe, indeed, may give it vent, but God alone knows where it will stop. Is not that man, therefore, sadly ignorant who chooses to encounter his sin by future repentance ? If he finds that he has scarce power enough to resist sin at present, shall he not have much less when time shall give it growth and strength and render it unconquerable ? The Rabbis of old conceived seven kinds of penance, and illustrated them by enumerating seven repentant men : one who repents his misconduct as soon as he be- comes aware of it; one who has for some time led a life of sin, yet who, in his prime, gives over his evil ways and conquers his wrong inclinations ; one who was prevented by some cause from the commission of a con- templated sin, and who truly repents his evil intention ; one who repents when his sin is pointed out to him ; one who repents when trouble befalls him ; one who repents in old age ; one who repents when the hand of death is laid upon him. Of these seven kinds of repentance they val- ued the first' the highest. And the worth of timely repentance they illustrate by the following beautiful fable: There was once a great ship which had been sailing for many days upon the ocean. Before it reached its destina- tion a high wind arose which drove it from its course, until finally, taculmed close to a pleasant appearing island, the anchor was dropped. There grew upon this island beauti- ful flowers and luscious fruit in great profusion : tall trees ltnt a pleasing, cooling shade to the place, which appeared to the ship's p: most desirable ami inviting. A number of them determined not to leave the ship, for, said they. " A fair wind might arise, the anchor may be ADDITIONAL ATO\I-:MI-:.\T r.vr. SKRVICI-;. raised, and the ship sail on. leaving us behind ; we will not risk the chance of missing our destination for the temporary pleasure which this island offers." Others went on shore for a short time, enjoyed the perfume of the flowers, tasted of the fruit, and returned to the ship happy and refreshed. losing nothing, but rather gaining in health and good spirits by the recreation of their visit. Others visited the island, but they delayed returning till reminded by the rising of a brisk wind. Hurrying back, they reached the ship just as the sailors were lifting the anchor, but, having lost their places, they were not as comfortable during the balance of their voyage as at the outset. They were wiser, however, than the fourth party ; the latter stayed so long upon the island and tasted so deeply of its pleas- ures that they heeded not the ship's boll of warning. Said they, " The sails are still to be set ; we may enjoy ourselves a few minutes more." Again the bell sounded, and still they lingered, thinking, " The captain will not sail without us." So they remained on shore until they saw the ship moving; then in wild haste they swam after it and scrambled up the sides, but the injuries which they sustained in so doing were not healed 'during the remainder of the voyage. But alas for the fifth party ! They ate and drank so deeply that they did not even hear the bell, and when the ship started they were left behind. Then the wild beasts which were hid in the thickets made prey of some, and they who escaped perished from the poison of surfeit. The " ship " denotes our good deeds, which bear us to our destination. The " island," which the first set of pas- sengers refused to look upon, typifies the pleasures of the world, which, when enjoyed temperately, make our lives pleasant without causing us to neglect our duties. These pleasures must not be allowed, however, to gain too 286 THE SERVICE MAM'AL. strong a hold upon our senses. It is true that, like tin- third party, we may return while there is yet time, and suf- fer but little inconvenience ; or even, as the fourth party, we may be saved at the eleventh hour, but with injuries which cannot be entirely healed ; yet, like the last party, we are in danger of spending our days in the pursuit of vanity, forgetting the future, and perishing of the poison concealed in the alluring sweets. While you are still master of your will, mend your ways ; show your authority over your passions before they make a slave of you. Look within and learn to know them, and pluck them out before it is too late. When your whole life's happiness depends upon it, you cannot afford to delay a day. Say^ not that it is time enough to settle your accounts with your conscience and your God when the hour of death arrives. Is it because death is a suitable and convenient period for seeking the pardon of sin that we propose to delay the matter till then ? Does death send us warning of his approach, giv- ing due and timely notice that after so many weeks or days we may look for the coming of the Monarch of the Tomb ? Like other kings, is he always preceded by mes- sengers to prepare the way and make all things ready for his reception? He comes under the cloud of night, steals quietly into your house, treads the floor with muffled feet, and before you are aware he has cut the thread of life. Who can look on a dying scene to make resolutions such as these : ' I will delay seeking the Lord till my body is racked with pains, my mind reding in wild delirium; not till 1 cannot lift my head from its pillow will I sock the Lord"? The hour of death is a time not to seek but to enjoy the comforts of religion : and if there is one impres- sion which life's elo>ini: scene makes most strongly and deeply un the .-pectator, it is this: The pre.-ent is the ADDITIONAL AT<>.\I-:MI-:.\T ATA: sr.iivn-r.. accepted time; defer not amendment till the hour of death. Learn to know yourselves. No one can become truly great or truly good until IK; has gained a knowledge of himself and learned more of his failings than of his vir- tues. T<> reach perfection we must be made sensible of our shortcomings. The first step to self-knowledge is -elf humiliation ; self-humiliation 'leads to self-accusation; and self-accusation leads to repentance. He who knows him- self has compassion with others, and, being compassionate, is not easily led to sin against his fellow-man. Nothing will make us so charitable and tender to the faults of oth- ers as a thorough knowledge of our own. If we hope for improvement, whether mental, moral, or religious, we must know ourselves, our weaknesses, errors, deficiencies, and sins, so that, by divine grace, we may overcome them and turn from them all. A humble knowledge of ourselves is a surer way to God than is a deep search after learning. The height of all philosophy is to know ourselves, and the end, to know God. Know yourselves, that you may know God. Know yourselves, that you may love Him and in a measure be like Him. In the one knowledge you are initiated into wisdom, and in the other perfected in it. Thoroughly knowing ourselves means knowing our trans- gressions and our shortcomings, and knowing these means repentance and betterment. For such betterment by means of repentance through self-knowledge is this Day of Penance given us. Let its moments be precious unto us. Let our first question be, " Have I been and have I done what I ought to have been and done? When and where and how and why have I turned aside from rectitude ? What have I left undone which I ought to have done?" If thus we begin, our repentance must follow and our amendment will be 288 THE SERVICE MAS UAL. assured. Of all acts of man, repentance is the most divine. The gravest of all faults is to be conscious of none. There is greater depravity in not repenting of sin when it has been committed than in committing it at first. What is past is past ; there is a future left to all men who have the virtue to repent and the will to atone. Our greatest glory exists not in never falling, but in rising each time we fall. ANTIPHON. (The Choir and Congregation chant and read alternate verses.) Psalm xxxiv. (abridged). Choir : Come ye, hearken unto me : I will teach you the fear of the Lord. Congregation : What man is he that desireth life, J ml loveth many days, that he may see good? Keep thy tongue from evil, And thy lips from speaking guile. Depart from c.n'l ami do good j S" /,- IIKICI . ,!,,,! jni,'Kii t - if. The Lord is nigh unto the broken-hearted, And saveth such as are of a contrite spirit Many nr< flu tiffin-film* of the ri<j1it,n* ; But tin- L<>,-,1 dillr* ,-<tli // im out of them <iV. Evil shall >lay the wicked; And they that hat<- the righteous shall be condemned. Tli< /;",</ /-i i/i i in' //i flu ton/ a/' I UK "/ tin in ////// trust in Hint lt<il( l,< cn<t<I< nut' <l. M>i>rn<>.\.(L .1 T<>.\ /:.)/ A:.V r i-:vi<: ,s /;/;! '/r/-;. i>s ( .) EXHORTATION. dR RECONCILIATION BETWEEN MAN AND MAN. Minister : Speaking of the penance of the people of Nineveh and of God's forgiveness, one of the ancient Rabbis taught : " Brethren, neither sackcloth nor fasting will gain forgive- ness of sin, but repentance of the heart and good deed ; for it is not said of the men of Nineveh that God saw their fasting and sackcloth, but, ' God saw their work, that they had turned from their evil ways.' " A great truth is taught in these words. It is the lesson that sincere repentance shows itself only in deeds. Few errors are so common and so pernicious as the belief that mere sorrow over past misdeeds, mere contrition and hu- miliation, is sufficient to cleanse us of all our sins and to set us aright with our conscience and our God. Repenting means bettering, means turning from the commission of evil deeds to the performance of good works. We repent not if we reform not. To mock God and to deceive our- selves with a penance that is not followed by betterment is a greater wrong than any of which we have repented. Some often repent, yet never reform ; they resemble a man who, travelling in a dangerous path, frequently starts and stops, but never turns back. Mere sorrow which weeps and sits still is not repentance. True repentance is a sorrow converted into a movement toward a new and better life. It bus a double aspect: it looks upon the past with a weeping eye, and upon the future with a watchful eye. When sincere, it consists of four parts self-examination, contrition, confession, and amendment which, being set together, may be likened to a short and easy ladder whereby we may climb from the lowest sin to the high- est virtue. There is scarcely a person who at some time 19 290 THE SERVICE MANUAL. has not exercised repentance, scarcely a child who needs to be told what is meant by being required to repent ; and in the emotions of a child when he feels sorry for what he has done, and resolves to confess it and abstain from future wrong, we have the elements of all that is required of man as a condition of betterment. A son has broken the commands of a father whose law was reasonable and whose will was clear. After the deed has been performed he reflects on what he has done. He sees that the commands were right, that he did wrong by disobeying them and thereby incurring his father's just displeasure. He feels ashamed and distressed, and resolves to confess and to sin no more. This is repentance, and this is the whole of it. You have a friend. He has a thousand times and in a thousand ways laid you under obligations. He has helped you in distress, shared your losses, attended you in sick- ness, defended your reputation when attacked. He him- self, in turn, suffers. Wicked men defame his character, and slander overwhelms him. In an evil hour your mind is poisoned ; you forget all that he has done for you ; you join in the prevalent suspicion and error in regard to him, and give increased currency to the slanderous re- ports. Subsequently you reflect that it was all wrong, that you acted an ungrateful part, that you suffered your mind to be too easily influenced against your benefactor, and that you have done him great and lasting injury. You are pained; you go to him and make eonfosion and implore forgiveness, and as far as possible- endeavor to uudo the evil. This is repentance, and this is all. "When wnmg has been done among men, the only way to obtain again the favor of tho>- who have been injured is by repentance. \,, man, who has done evil, can he restored to forfeited favor but by ju.-t such a process M>i>rn<>\AL ATOM-:M/-:\T AT/-: ,s /-;/.- via-:. i>!>l a process involving all tin- elements of grief, shame, re- morse, confession, reformation, that are demanded in relig- ion. Let us recur in some of the former illustrations: You are a parent. A son does wrong. He violates- your law, offends you, treats you with disrespect or scorn. Toward that son you still cherish a parent's feelings, but would you admit him to the same degree of confidence and favor as before, without some evidence of repentance or betterment ? You have a friend. You thought him sincere, but he has bet raved you, and in feeling and property and character you have been made to suffer by him. You cannot receive such a friend again to your bosom and press him to your heart unless he has given some evidence of regret for his action and some proof that he will offend no more. One of the first indications of sincere repentance is the effort made toward becoming reconciled with those of our fellow-men who either have wronged us or whom we have wronged. Since this constitutes the most frequent of our offences and sufferings, our desire for betterment, if sincere, must surely show itself in our asking for, and in our granting of. forgiveness before yet we can think of any other amendment, even before we can think of asking forgiveness of God. So true is this that already in ancient times the Rabbis taught, " The Atonement Day only effaces sins against God after man has become rec- onciled with his neighbor." Nor could it well be other- wise. Since our self-examination shows us how much we ourselves have to be forgiven, why should not we therefore be willing 'to show to others that forgiving spirit which we so much desire for ourselves? If it reveals our own imperfections, why should we be unre- lenting if such imperfections we discover in others? Tell us, ye men who take sudden fire at every insult, and suffer THE SERVICE MAX UAL. the slightest imagination of another's offence to chase from your bosom every feeling of happiness, and in whom every fancied wrong awakens a thirst for revenge tell us, how will you stand the rigorous application of that test of human forgiveness by which the forgiven of God are ascertained, by which it will be pronounced whether you are indeed the children of the Highest? When we descant on the faults of others it is well to consider whether we be not guilty of the same. The best way to gain a true knowledge of ourselves is to convert the imperfections of others into a mirror for discovering our own. People in general are very much alike, and though one has one prevailing passion and you have another, yet their operations are very much the same ; whatever offends you in others often offends others in you. Nor is everything an offence that we construe as such. We often interpret a well-meant advice or friendly censure as an open and hostile affront. We often read wrong where good is meant. We often al- low ourselves to have the tender love of sincere friends and devoted dear ones crowded into oblivion by the hasty word that is no sooner uttered than it is regretted. Thus, children often become estranged from their parents, and parents from their children, brother and sister from each other, and friend from friend, while in their heart of hearts they really love each other, and only a false pride prevents them from becoming reconciled. And even if a real offence or a real wrong was intended . all the readier should we be to forum-, seeing that \\ the same of God. It is vain for yon to expect, it is im- pnnlfiit for ymi to :i<k. of (Jod i'l.ririvem'ss l'"r yourselves if you rrtiix- M exercise this fnnrivini: tenijier tnwanl other.-. Humanity i> never so beautiful u> when praying for forgiveness or rise forgiviiiLi another. To err is human ; ADDITIONAL ATONEMENT AT/-: si-invici-:. -J'.i:; to forgive, divine. It' the injury began on another's part, let the kindness begin on yours: a more glorious victory than this cannot be gained over another man. Have any wronged you? Be bravely revenged slight it, and the work is begun ; forgive, and it is finished. lie is below him- self who is not above injury. To be able to bear provoca- tion is an argument of great reason, and to forgive it is proof of a great mind. That man who, when he has it in his power to revenge himself upon an enemy, drops his wrath and stifles his resentment manifests a spirit great and heroic. There is a particular merit in such a way of for- giving an enemy, and the more violent and unprovoked the offence has been, the greater still is the merit of thus for- giving it. Only the brave know how to forgive ; it is the most refined and generous pitch of virtue at which human nature can arrive. Cowards have done good and kind actions ; cowards have even fought, nay, sometimes con- quered ; but a coward never forgave it is not in his cha- racter ; the power of doing it flows only from a strength and greatness of soul conscious of its own force and security. The duty of forgiveness does not require you, nor does it allow you , to look on inj ustice or any other fault with indiffer- ence, merely because it is you who have been wronged ; but even where we cannot but censure, in a moral point of view, the conduct of those who have injured us, we should remem- ber that such treatment as may be very fitting for them to receive may be very unfitting for us to give. To cherish or gratify haughty resentment is not to be justified by any offence that can be c.ommitted against us. We shall best fortify our patience under injuries by remembering how much we ourselves have to be forgiven. An old writer says, " To return evil for good is fiendish ; to return good for good is human ; but to return good for evil is godlike." 294 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Let your heart be as wide as the world, but let there be in it no room for the memory of a single wrong. Forgive many things in others nothing in yourselves. RESPONSIVE READINGS. (To be rend alternately by Minister and Congregation.) Min ister : At first sin is an indifferent stranger, Later a welcome guest, and at last the master. ( 'ongregation : Better to suffer the derision of man Titan to If. a sinner in the eyes of God. Humble thyself before death is nigh ; In the days of thy might repent of thy sins. R< l>i at ue to-day, Lest to-morrow ye might be summoned. Even when the gates of heaven are shut to prayer They are wide ajar to the penitent's tear. L'/if't (In nt find repent He granteth return, And comforteth those whose confidence failetli. If thou art penitent for the wrong thou hast done, Thy sins will be forgiven thee. Rihn-n tuito tlir Lord, t/ion sinner; M> ml tin/ irtiys. ni/il In f'or<jir< n. He that is merciful to his fellow-creatures Will obtain mercy from Heaven. \Ylni$<n-ri-i' /0/-////V.S- /.s- f<,r<i'n-< n in h!& turn ; Hardheartednest is With the same nirasurc that we It shall IK- im-asmvd tu us : si-;i; r/r/-:. Hi (Jnit /udt/'s /i ix f'<lf<r-ni< n in III mi re// irill In- In- Judgrd />// <1<><1. He who wrongeth not those who wrong him Will shine forth as does the noontide sun. W/n-rr tin rf is no peace, nothing flourishes ; 1'i-venge produce sorrow ; pardon, gladness. Rejoice not when thine enemy falls, And let not thy heart be glad when he stumbles. Say UOt, " I trill- iirc/K/r f/ir WTOTtff j" Do tlion tlif rig/if ; leiicr Judgment to the Lord. When a man has atoned for his sins, greet him kindly j Reproach him not, for no one is free from sin. Of all things that man can do, The most beautiful is to forgive wrong. Ben Sirach. Talmud. ORISON. Minister : Lord, Who understandest the secrets of every heart, Who art of infinite perfection and purity, and claimest not only the outward service of Thy creatures, but requirest truth in the inward parts, we, who in thought, word, and deed have transgressed against Thee, desire most humbly to confess our sins and to implore Thy merciful forgiveness. Lord, we acknowledge our forgetfulness of Thee and our rebellion of heart against Thee, which have been the cause of so many failings in our lives. We have not honored Thee as God, but have set up our own will as our law, choosing to follow our own vain imaginations. We have neglected Thy command ; we have not duly attended to Thy instructions. Thou hast called us by many dis- pensations of Thy providence; Thou hast shown us tin; vanity of all our earthly hopes, and hast taught us lessons 296 THE SERVICE MAM'AL. of wisdom, both by the mercies and by all the various afflictions and trials and disappointments with which Thou hast visited us. But we have too often repined at Thy dispensations instead of profiting by them, and have complained of our condition in life instead of turning our thoughts to a happier and better world. Or if Thou hast multiplied our comforts, how prone have we been to place our chief happiness in these, and not in Thee, Who art the Giver ! How many have been our sins, both secret and open, from our youth until this time ! How often have we injured our neighbors, judging harshly of others while we hope to be judged mercifully by Thee ; not willing to forgive, though we ourselves hope to be forgiven ! We would confess, Lord, the ungodliness of our hearts and lives and the frequent impatience of our spirits. Thou hast appointed our lot in life, and hast ordered all things concerning us ; but how little have we adorned the stations in which Thou hast placed us ! How unfaithfully have we employed the talents entrusted to us ! How soon have we been weary in well-doing ! Thou Searcher of hearts, by Whom alone actions and words and thoughts are justly weighed, we most humbly beseech Thee, defend us from these evils in the time to come. Save us from the sins which most easily beset us. Let us command our tempers and restrain our tongues. Let us add to faith, virtue ; and to virtue, knowledge ; and to knowledge, patience ; and to patience, brotherly kindness ; and to brotherly kindness, charity. Keep far from us the disposition to judge and censure our brethren. Standing in constant need of Thy forgiveness, may we not deprive ourselves of the appeal to Thy mercy by uncharitably judging our fellow-men. Grant us Thy grace, that we may entertain no feelings of vengeance or bitterness toward tho.se who have injured us. Keep us AI)l>mox.\L ATONEMENT EVE SERVICE. 207 from rejoicing over their sorrows or from sorrowing over their joys, but may we pardon :11 wli< have offended us, as we hope Thou wilt pardon all our offences against Thee. Give us such control over our natures that we shall be enabled to act with gentleness and charity even toward those whose conduct is injurious or displeasing to us. Thou forgivest our misdeeds; let us imitate Thee, and forgive our brethren. Thou endurest us with forbear- ance ; let us moderate the impatience to which the ingrat- itude and the follies of our fellow-men so lightly rouse us. Thou providest for our bliss with infinite kindness ; let us be as charitably solicitous for the welfare of our associates, and let us think with heartful commiseration on such of them as pass their moments in sorrow and misery. Let us be rich in good works, to the praise and glory of Thy name. And while we are thus receiving Thy truths into an honest heart, and are endeavoring, by the assistance of Thy grace, to walk according to Thy precepts, may Thy providence watch over us and direct our steps. Defend us, we beseech Thee, to the end of our lives, and let Thy spirit abide within us, that we may not tire in our course nor become weary of well-doing, even unto the end. Amen. HYMN. DAY OF THE LORD. Day of God, Thou'rt nigh, And my heart is awed, And terror seizeth my spirit : It remembers its iniquity ; It remembers that its Judge is nigh, And trembles; With fear and grief without relief Tears of woe are flowing. 298 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Cheer tliee up, thou heart oppressed ; Heavenward turn with comfort blessed. Merciful is He, Forgives iniquity, Comes in peace to meet us. Lord, behold My heart's profound contrition ! Oh, lend Thine ear ; Lord, accept, Accept, my fervent prayer. As we stand here, Do Thou our guilt remove, And thro' the gate of love Bring to Thee us near. Hark ! the voice of the Lord ! He calls Thro' the zephyr's whisper. Devotion reigneth, and stillness. Brethren, hark ! how sweet the voice and mild ! "Mortals, children, oh, be reconciled;" Forgive ye ; oh, heed that call ! Obey that voice ! Dry all tears of anguish. Brethren, come ! Approach (Jod's shrine; Kv'rv hatred ! IluMc ; be ye reeniicilcd. .rn to page 12.) atonement jttoroing MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) SINS OF OMISSION. Wash you, make you clean ; Put away the evil of your doings from before mine eyes; Cease to do evil ; learn to do well. Isaiah i. 16, 17. THUS bids the ancient prophet. It is a solemn lesson that is commanded to me in his message. On this sacred Atonement Day, and ever after, I am not only to cease to do evil, but also to learn to do well. On this day of self- examination I am to guard my heart exceedingly against self-satisfaction if I find the number of my misdeeds few and trivial. Even though I may seem guiltless in mine own eyes of a direct crime or sin, yet may my soul be sullied in the sight of Him who knoweth every motive and before Whom every soul is bare. Even my very virtues may not have been free from blemish in the sight of God. He alone knows how much there was of personal vanity or interest in these actions, apparently so charitable and so virtuous, as He alone knows how much unknown merit lies concealed beneath characters often censured and condemned by the world. Be not too self-satisfied, soul, because thou art un- conscious of the commission of any punishable crimes. If thou seest anything in thyself which may make thee proud, look a little further, weigh thy best parts with thy imper- fections, and thou shalt find enough to humble thee. Thou hast not slain a life, yet thou mayest have spread 299 300 TJfE SERVICE MANUAL. calumny, arid thus have slain thy neighbor's character. Thou hast not appropriated to thyself the possessions of others, and yet thou mayest have increased thy fortune by having taken unjust advantage of thy neighbor's ignorance or poverty or helplessness. Thou hast not been deaf to the cry of the needy, and yet thou mayest have despised or humiliated the poor and humble even whilst bestowing alms, or thou mayest not have considered whether thou gavest deservedly or sufficient for the need. Thou must not think thyself sinless even if not guilty of any direct sin. There are sins of omission almost as culpable as the sins of commission. We generally deem ourselves justified in considering as below us in worth any person who has committed some act of which we have not yet been guilty, or which in our actual circumstances and frame of mind we are not tempted to commit, or which in our special position we could not commit. But are we therefore better than he who has erred in this direction? There are undoubtedly persons who, judged according to the circumstances amid which they are placed, are more virtuous and pure-minded than I am, yet who have justly incurred the contempt of their fellow-men by actions which my education, temperament, and surroundings render it impossible for me to perform. But am T therefore bet tri- tium they? Have I been exposed to powerful temptations. and victoriously proved the strength of my principles in spite of the force of outward allurements and of the ex- citement of inward passions? It is true that in common life those persons who have no decided blot upon their characters are termed good and enjoy unblemished reputations. And many no doubt think that it is sufficient merit to be able to assert that no one can bring a complaint against them, and that this entitles them to the r>trcm of their fellow-men. But is the ,s7-;/M7r/-:. : wealthy man deserving of praise because he is not a thief? Can we appear before God with light hearts, feel- ing sure of His approbation, when we can say no more in our favor than that we have not deceived or betrayed others? Are acts which we have not committed really actions? Nor can any one complain with justice that he lacks opportunities for performing meritorious acts and for being useful to his fellow-creatures. Not a day passes without many such occasions occurring, had we but the will to avail ourselves of them. It is true that we may not be able to carry out all the good which we may wish to effect ; but let us beware not to fix our attention so* exclusively on the aim which we cannot attain as to neglect that which lies nearer to us, and which we may accomplish with far smaller means. It is a common fault with many to look far beyond their ap- pointed sphere of activity and to deplore that they cannot engage in this or that beneficent undertaking because their circumstances will not admit of it ; or that they are not in the place of some other person, in which case they would be much more useful and active. I must confine my views to my own sphere : it is wide enough to allow free scope to all my virtues. I must not say, " Were I as rich as such a one, I would make a much more worthy use of my money." If so, why do I not make a more worthy use of the smaller means that are at my command ? I have sufficient to allow of my giving away a portion of my earnings without injuring myself and my family. Why do I not at least apply the small amount, which I can spare, to assuage the sufferings of others, instead of using it to increase my own comforts, tc swell the number of my luxuries and amusements, or to gratify my appetites? Or, if my circumstances be so re- 302 THE SERVICE MANUAL. stricted that I cannot spare anything for others, have I not the power of speech? Have I not wealthy acquaint- ances, from whom I might, by exerting myself a little, obtain help for those who need it? It is always easier to speak for others than to speak for ourselves. I ought not to say, " Had I the power of the great sovereigns, I would establish peace and prosperity and concord among the nations." For why do I not carry out such laudable work within my own sphere ? Why do I not make peace with my own enemies? Why do I so proudly refuse to offer my hand to those who have offended me ? Why do I not resist the temptations to scoff at the failings of others? Why am I so weak as to hold my peace when others are slandered in my presence, or to look with indifference at the misunder- standings existing among my friends, instead of endeav- oring to persuade the angry ones to be mutually indulgent and forgiving? I ought not to say, " Had I chosen this or that profes- sion, did I hold this or that office, I might have been active jind useful now ; but in my present vocation I am hampered and am unable to do the one-thousandth part of that for which I feel the capacity within me." Why, then, am I not, with this superior capacity, the foremost of all in my narrow sphere ? Why do I not prove, by the way in which I fill the place I occupy, that I am worthy of a wider field of action? Ik- who knows not how to make hi.s one talent productive, why should he have more en- trusted to him ? There is iii) human IM-I'IIL: who may not find in each day of his life at li-ast one opportunity for doini: jiood : hut in order t discover this opportunity he must he intent on doini: BO. I "nfort nnate] v. this is what I am not. and this is omitting to do good. 1 cannot, therefore, aeeu-e I'rovi- AI>/)ITK>\AL ATO\I-:MI-:\T MORN'G SERVICE. :'><>:', <L>?ire of having placed me in circumstances which allow of no opportunity for exorcising my virtues. I hud rather accuse my <>\vn indifleivnrc. which prevents me from open- ing my eyes and seeing what lies nearest to me. It is not the opportunity, but the qualities for good sincere love of my fellow-creature) mid a trm- i,> fir iitrf'iil which I lack. He who possesses these will not fail to discover some means of doing a kind service to every one, and of being useful even to the absent. He will always be able to save something from his necessi- ties so as to help others or to promote some public under- taking for the general welfare ; and if he has not money to bestow, he will at least give kind words, good advice, and comfort and consolation where needed. The easier it would have been for me to do the good which I have omitted, the greater is my sin in the eyes of God, and the greater also in the judgment of my own conscience. For not only is every mortal endowed with a knowledge of what is right, but each one has an especial aptitude for some particular virtue. He who is by nature tejider-hearted and full of feeling can have no difficulty in performing the noble duty of showing sympathy and pity for the unfortunate. Why, then, does he not cultivate the divine instinct of his heart ? Why does he even do violence to it by endeav- oring to smother its utterances ? Alas ! at one moment he is held back from performing some act of kindness by vanity, by fear of what others will say ; at another mo- ment he is prevented by his love of ease from visiting the homes of the poor of whom he has heard, or from obtain- ing further information as to the best means of helping them out of their misery. At another time it is unpar- donable levity that interferes with the fulfilment of his duty; and then, again, it is his love of luxury which 304 THE SERVICE MAS UAL. absorbs the means with which others might have been helped. He who is by nature courageous and determined cannot find it difficult to adopt the cause of the oppressed. Why, then, does he, being an enemy of all injustice, act so little in accordance with his noble disposition ? Alas ! it is self- interest which causes him to be silent in spite of his better feelings ; it is consideration for persons whose favor he would be sorry to lose which induces him to allow injustice to pass for justice. For him who enjoys general esteem, and who exercises an influence over the opinions and the will of his fellow- men, it must be an easy matter to start or to promote numerous undertakings in regard to which others, with their best will and utmost endeavors, could effect nothing. The mere expression of his approbation, a single word of encouragement from him, will often suffice to accomplish a useful object. Why, then, does he not speak the word ? Alas ! because, after all, he is indifferent to the matter, and would not take the trouble to reflect upon its importance, or because his indolence is satisfied with the counter-ques- tion, " Why should I interest myself in things that do not concern me?" He is undoubtedly responsible who omits to do not only the good which he has frequent opportunities of effecting, but also that which his natural capacities and the means he- possesses render it especially easy for him to accomplish. In such cases neglect of the higher duties evidently springs from some vice which has grown strong within him. whether its name be self-love or envy, pride or indolence, frivolity or thoughtlrs.-ii I love those who love me and who flatter me; I do good unto those from whom 1 expect services in return. I do not commit crimes, 1 do not deceive, slander, steal. <>r \n T- L AT<>\I-:MI-:.\T MORNQ Becute my fellow-men. But wbat m&rit js'.t^is f ; > "t -v 1 ' How poor will I be it' my undying soul, gifted with great capacity for a higher and eternal existence, with knowledge of truth and falsehood, with a strong will to effect what it wishes, can boast of nothing more than of having remained unsullied by gross crimes ! How poor will I find myself when this fearful self-deception ceases! I have thought that, though not graced with many virtues, 1 am nevertheless free from any great wrong ; but there have been innumerable occasions on which I have omitted to do what I knew to be right and good. A solemn hour will one day strike, when I will shudder at my own in- difference in regard to all this good that has been left undone ; for indifference toward a virtue which I had in my power to exercise is indifference toward the God of Holiness. Every opportunity to do good is an invitation from God to my heart to devote my life to Him. But my life is not yet at an end. I have perhaps before me a long series of days during which I may show more than a barren repentance, during which I may give proof of a will stronger in virtue and more pleasant in Thy sight. My life is not yet at an end, and henceforth I will look joyfully for every opportunity to contribute to the wel- fare and happiness of others, be it by word or by deed. Father, Thou dost not demand more of Thy children than they can perform ; why, then, should I not lays upon me new obligations of which I must never lose sight. I am not to be a mere spectator in the world ; I ought to contribute the utmost in my power toward the diminution of evil and the promotion of virtue and of hap- j >inr>s. If only God and my conscience prevail with me, if 20 ,:UN; Tin-: XKRVICK MANUAL. fe ajlVct ion i for mankind animates my bosom, it will always be possible for me to operate some good, how- ever trivial it may seem. Principally must I, however, occupy myself with my own reformation ; my own faults are those which I must first, and can most easily, correct ; and if I take pains to render myself better, I shall engage with zeal in the task of advancing the true happiness of my brethren. Oh, then, let this be my endeavor on the present day, and on each day which God may still permit me to behold ! I will go into the world with the firm determination to live blameless and undefiled. I will direct my research to discover what motive impelled me when I fulfilled my duty : whether selfishness or vanity swayed me ; whether the wish to be seen and commended by men reigned in my heart; whether flattery is dear to me; whether the fear of public opinion prompted me ; or whether I had the courage to despise praise and censure, loss and gain, and to maintain my conscience unwounded. I dare not boast that I have arrived at this elevation of virtue ; that my heart is free from vanity and self- ishness ; that the noblest principles have always guided me, the purest views inspired me, and the best ends pre- sented themselves to my mind when I acted uprightly for the common good, and swerved not from the path of my duty. I confess to myself and my conscience that much good which I have done with zeal and fidelity I did only because it promised the satisfaction of my aspiring notions or because I calculated on reward. With penitence do I perceive the imperfection of my virtue, but with a sincere determination I avow to Thee amendment, my God and my Lord. Reverence for Thee shall never again depart from my heart. It >h:ill lead me in all truth, and strengthen me for the Mrietest fulfilment of my dutie> ; it shall lie the M>lUTlu\AL ATONEMENT MORN' Q si-'.nVH'i-:. :'><>7 support of my frail heart, and its protection and its vigor, as long as I live. (To be r<(t<! (iltfriHttfly by the Minion- and Minister : Love made the world in the beginning ; By deeds of love it must be preserved. ( Congregation : Hi flint turn* <ii<-<ty from f/tc irorks of love , Turn* dinty from (><><l. IIo who doeth good because of love, Obcycth the Lord, and is the friend of man. /,>/ not,, serve tin Lor<l hi Jii>< <>f r<inu-d, lint fi-oni i>nr< foi-< for Unit ami ///x cnni)n<iinhn<'nt&. He is the true man, who, though unobserved, Fulfils the will of God. A no 1 leave the consequences unto the Lord. If the thoughts of thy heart be pure, Even so will the works of thy hand. Thou ni<n/<xt deceive men by outward p)>tr<incc ; J3ut remember that the Lord looks into the heart. Accustom thyself to do good ; Before long an easy task it will be unto thee. ^Y' /' / forget the w frits ir/tir/i tlioii /trr/,-<sf. Xor think too miH-li of flic <joo<l tlon hast <lone. Whenever night falls, whenever day dawns, Search well into the nature of thy dealings. 308 THE SERVICE MANUAL. As God's mercy is great, so is His correction also; Hi judgeth a i<m according to Jttx workt. There is no good for him that is bent on evil, Nor to him that givcth not alms gladly. Jx /////// ///// quench a flaming //'/'. So will alms make atonement for sins. The righteous say little and do much ; Precept without example is no precept. //' a- ! xr tit on art a in I rich, L>t tliy good <1<lx <l!)>l<iy thy irisdoiti ami thy He that gives alms in good health, gives gold ; In sickness, silver ; in his last will, copper. Be an a fnf/if r unfn tlif faf/iri/fax. Ami thnu x/tn/f !>< as a son of the Mimt ///////. Beu Sirach. Talmud. HYMN. Words that stabbed and looks that smote Haunt us with their wrongs remote ; Little deeds of petty harm Now the wakened souls alarm ; For the word ungently said To its bitter dregs we drain Memory's cup, in ceaseless pain. To omissions great and small, SunimiiiH'd at nur conscience' call, Only blinded scll'-lovc knew. Fur tlie cold, averted . Heart closed to earth's siiHVring cry ; Al>l>ITtv\M. ATONEMENT MORN'G SERVH'l:'. Selfish limits of l>ra\vu around the " me and mine;" Friendship's service left undone, For the worldly pleasures won ; For the flash of anger swift As the storm-wave's blinding drift ; Ills of grievous portent wrought By the selfish lack of thought ; Grant that expiation's aim May Thy love's forgiveness claim ! EXHORTATION. THE POWER OF THE CONSCIENCE. Minister : In every human breast a mysterious and holy voice speaks at times, and its utterances are understood by all. " Man," saith this voice, " be just !" and no flattery, no displeasure, no reasoning can silence it. Ever and ever it repeats, " Man, be just !" In vain the sceptic who mocks at religion would make himself believe that everything is the effect of chance, that the promptings of prudence, cunning, and self-inter- est are the highest law ; in vain would he deny the exist- ence of a God in the infinite creation : the inward voice cries, " Man, thou speakcst false." The earth trembles, and temples and palaces sink into ruins ; friends by his side descend into the grave, and become dust and ashes ; amid a fearful conflict of the elements the thunder rolls through the heavens, and the lightning flashes, and flames consume his dwelling. The scoffer scoff's no more. "There is a God !" cries the voice within : and in faltering accents he repeats, " There is a God !" In vain the sinner sneers at the holy voice within his own bosom, and asks, " Where is the Judge who is to judge 310 THE SERVICE MANUAL. me?" The inward voice cries, " Hide thy sins beneath a world, still, sooner or later, they will come forth into the sunlight." In vain he rushes into the turmoil of the world ; in his heart he carries the firebrand which se- cretly consumes him. In vain he tries to free himself from the laws that govern the sacred order of the uni- verse, and according to which only the good can prosper and the evil can only generate destruction : he is carried along by an unknown power, which links him and his deeds to this eternal organization. Destruction springs even from his most secret sins : he cannot prevent it. He is ever fleeing from himself; his whole being is anni- hilated by unceasing, gnawing anxiety; the inward voice is ever crying, " God is omnipresent!" In vain thou persecutest the truth with slanderous tongue, and strivest to wrest from merit its well-deserved crown. What thy lips traduce, thy heart is forced to honor, even against thy will, and thou endest by heaping upon thyself the contempt of the world. In vain, heartless tyrant, dost thou hunt down the inno- cent in order to justify thy own crimes ; in vain dost thou persecute them by means of false oaths and false witnesses, by means of suborned judges, dark dungeons, and cruel tortures ; thou canst not conquer them. They look in thy face with a fearless smile ; they are serene in the midst of their sufferings, while thou tremblest in the midst of thy triumphs ; they repose full of joy in their dismal dun- geon, while thou sittest full of dread at the luxurious ban- quet. Thou may'st drag them to the scaffold, but tlu-ir death will be their triumph and thy condemnation. Such is the power of conscience, which, like an invisible angel, is ever promt, supporting truth and justice and innocence though they be desert rd by all men; laying hold of the criminal though he fly into the most hidden Ai>i>mo.\.iL .iw>.\7-:.u/-:.v7' j/o/;.w/ SERVICE. >\\\ eaverns ; and wrestling with the sinner though he be seated on a throne. Conscience is a teacher. It guides even the most igno- rant in the path of right. Let no one endeavor to excuse himself with the pretence that he knew not how to distin- guish between right and wrong. Conscience is incorrupt- ible and just. If thou follow this holy voice within, thou wilt never willingly go astray, and thou wilt never know- ingly do evil. Listen to the voice of this monitor, however loudly and temptingly thy senses may clamor against it. Listen to its voice, particularly in doubtful places, when contending desires threaten to mislead thee ; when what thou considerest thy own good cannot perhaps be main- tained without injustice to others; when thou may'st perhaps have it in thy power to do much good, if thy self-interest and self-love will but consent to a sacrifice. Perhaps thou may'st be plotting vengeance against one whom thou hast reason to dislike : thy conscience says, ." Be nobler than he, and put him to shame by thy magna- nimity !" Perhaps thou covetest another man's property, or some great advantage which might be secured by a slight deception ; thy conscience cries, " Hold ! seek not an advantage that would make thee despicable in thine own eyes !" Conscience is an earnest and just teacher, and only in following its hints and warnings canst thou find true hap- piness. Do not persuade thyself that it is otherwise ; seek not by subtle argument to find the means of satisfying thy forbidden wishes without violating thy sense of right. Thy reasonings are false. It is an evil deed that thou art tempted to commit, and behind it lurks secret remorse. The conscience admits of no compromise. Thou thinkest that thou canst bargain with it ; but, weak man, thou art only bargaining with thy own shame. :\}'2 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Conscience is a teacher endowed with divine authority. It says, " Do this and avoid that for it is right and be- cause it is right, and not because it may be to thy advan- tage or because it may bring down shame upon thee. Thou must do what is right and good even should it not be conducive to thy worldly interests. Thou must do it even should it be injurious to them." Conscience also warns. All men have erred, and in erring have heard the warning voice of the inward ac- cuser. The thief hears it before he stretches out his hand toward property that is not his ; the perjurer hears it before he opens his lips to utter the false oath ; the traitor hears it before he goes forth to betray his friend or his country. With fearful earnestness conscience warns them of their sin, and the nearer the time for its con- summation draws, the more earnestly the admonishing voice is raised. Could we read people's hearts, we should find many a person, when alone, tortured by his conscience and deeply despising himself; we should see how every recollection of an upright character reminds him of his own degradation ; how the most harmless word spoken by another may pierce his heart like a dagger; how the most insignificant cir- cumstance will startle him out of his feigned feeling of security. Verily, the pain caused by the serpent tooth of remorse far outweighs any gratification that may have been felt in the hour of sin. The tortures of an evil conscience embitter every picas ure. And even should the evil-doer succeed in stifling its voice during the distractions of the day, at night the con- sciousness of his misdeeds stands like a ghost }>y his bed- side, lie longs for sleep, but remembrance haunts his dreams. Manifold and -rcat are the suflrriiiirs to which man is subject, but tin- nm.-t terriMe of all is remorse. It hat os the light of day, which may reveal its cause, and shudders at the darkness, in which treachery may be lurking. It shuns solitude, where the memory of the misdeed speaks the loudest, and flies from society, that it may not betray its own secret. The heart, conscious of guilt, is ever anticipating with trembling the moment when its secret will cease to be one. But the pain of this constant fear and of its unceasing self-reproaches at length reaches such a point that the sinner, in order to escape from these torments, comes for- ward and confesses his guilt. Such is the mighty power of conscience ! It may for a time be lulled to sleep, but it can never be entirely de- stroyed, and the later it awakens, the more vehement is its action. The sinner becomes a prey to remorse. He reaps the fruit of his shame, even though it be not before he finds himself on the very brink of the grave into which, in his hopeless despair, he fears to descend. Conscience rewards, and its rewards are as precious as its punishment of wrong is terrible. He who has a clear conscience avoids no one, and fear- lessly faces all he meets. He pities the vicious, he loves the righteous, and to both he is open and candid. His mind is cheerful. Each pleasure that the passing hour may give he enjoys in full draughts, and when misfortune overtakes him, he bears it with manly courage, strength- ened by the feeling that he is worthy of a better fate, that his sufferings are not owing to his own misdeeds. Behold persecuted innocence ! supported by a pure con- science, it leaves the palace which is the abode of injustice, and chooses in preference the beggar's staff. No earthly shame can diminish its dignity. No sufferings can deprive it of its heavenly peace. To it the dark prison is con- verted into a place of bliss ; when it mounts the scaffold 314 77/7'; SERVICE MANUAL it celebrates the greatest triumph, and humanity weeps above its tomb. A man who can act with a cheerful and easy conscience is trusted by high and low. He is independent, and may stand forth like a prince, though clad in a garb of poverty. Whoever knows him, honors him ; and he stands without fear before the tribunal, and looks death steadfastly in the face. Merciful God ! May the peace of a good conscience be ours evermore. May our actions never cause us to blush before Thee or before our fellow-men. May we never know the harrowing terrors of guilt, never feel the serpent tooth of remorse. May we walk through life innocent and pure. We are weak, and we are conscious of our weakness. Perhaps we may in our thoughtlessness allow ourselves to be in some measure misled ; perhaps we may in the strength of passion forget for a moment Thy holy will. If so, then, conscience, be thou the guardian of our virtue and our peace. May the divine sentiments of the true and the noble ever guide us so that we may not become unworthy of ourselves, so that we may not fall away from God. Not all the sweetness of a forbidden deed can compen- sate for the pang of never-ceasing fear and inevitable self- contempt. The evanescent pleasure of a moment, enjoyed with anxious heart, can afford no compensation for long hours of remorse. Our God and Heavenly Father, not in vain hast Thou implanted in our bosoms this judge of our thoughts, our words, and our deeds. The voice of conscience is Thy voice; how then can we refuse to listen to it? How- ever much it may cost us to curb our evil passions. vet we shall earnestly try to remain pun- and I'm- from iv- j.n.aeh : t> endure rather <leri>ion, puverty. hunger, mis- cry, nay, even death itself, than to bear the burden of one evil deed which dishonors us in our own eyes. What is man's scorn to us if we can look up fearlessly to Thee ? Oh, may these sentiments and resolutions, which now from our memories. Joyfully may we then receive the hap- piness of life from Thy hands. Cheerfully shall we meet all that may befall us; hopefully shall we then close our eyes in death. Be this Thy will, as it is our prayer. Amen. ENTREATY. THE TREASURE OF A GOOD CONSCIENCE. WHEN I consider the great happiness that is connected with a good conscience, I know nothing on earth which I should more zealously implore from God, or for which, should He grant it to me, I ought more earnestly to thank Him. All the joys of this world derive their value orig- inally from a good conscience. The more tranquil my mind, the more pleasing will be the gratifications of life and the more supportable its disappointments. I may possess everything that, according to the judgment of mankind, appertains to a happy and agreeable existence health, riches, honor, wisdom, and pleasure ; but what will health avail me while my heart struggles with doubt and sadness, and is infected by the poison of sin ? What will riches pro- cure, if the tears of the widow and the orphan bedew them, and if an agonized bosom goads me with my iniquities ? What will honor serve me, if my soul tells me that I am rejected in the eyes of God? What will understanding yield me, if my heart reproaches me with weakness ? What will my very life profit me, if I am compelled to view the past, the present, and the future with anguish and vexa- tion, and everywhere discover my own wretchedness? 316 THE SERVICE MANUAL. And if, too, the adversities of this mortal state should overtake me, how insufferable would they appear, since I should be obliged to regard them as the effect of my own transgressions ! How unfortunate would I be if such should ever be my sad lot ! Preserve, then, my soul, Lord, that it sin not against Thee. Grant unto me a good conscience, that I may walk before Thee with a pure heart. Then shall I never have cause to be grieved ; I shall ever enjoy the pleasures of life without being tortured by the reflection that I have abused them. In all my calamities this will then be my comfort : that I suffer under the providence of God, and that no trouble can separate me from His love. God, vouchsafe me this felicity. Give me strength to keep my conscience pure. Cleanse me from all my past transgressions. Lighten the burden that now rests heavily upon my soul. Thou knowest my trespasses ; my guilt-stained conscience is bared before Thee, for verily I have sinned, openly and secretly. Enable me to effect my own forgiveness by my own endeavor. Aid me to abstain from all further transgressions, and to drown all past errors in the abundance of future good deeds, so that from this day forth I may look with a clear countenance into the eyes of all men. and lift up a pure heart and clean hands unto Thee. Amen. Choir : wsto fin VT Lord, tu pardon our sins, to forgive; our iniquities, and to erase our transgressions. nx tf? 'Jnorn ' .;. ;ji7 \|T T \|v Congregation For every sin which we committed under compul- sion ; For every sin which we committed of our own free- will; For every sin which we committed in secret ; For every sin which we committed in public ; For every sin which we committed through error; For every sin which we committed through presump- tion. PRAYER. r\ins jn 1331 Minister : God our Lord, may the awe of Thee extend over all Thy works, so that every mortal may bow before Thee, and all people sincerely do Thy will ; for Thine is the dominion, and the power, and the glory, and Thy name is exalted over all the earth. We beseech Thee, Lord, give honor to those who follow Thee, praise to those who fear Thee, hope to those who inquire after Thee, courage to those who proclaim Thee, and joy to all who dwell on Thy earth. Then shall all people gather in Thy sanctuary, ami walk in Thy light, and be guided by Thy truth. Then the righteous will rejoice, and the upright will be glad, and iniquity will turn mute, and evil will disappear. 318 THE SERVICE MANUAL. We thank Thee, Lord, for this sacred Atonement Day which our fathers have ordained for self-examination and penance, enjoining in their Sacred Writing: "On the tenth day of the seventh month ye shall abstain from all manner of work, and ye shall assemble yourselves before your Lord, and afflict your souls, that ye may be cleansed of all your sins. It shall be unto you a Sabbath of Sabbaths Lord God. Thou searchest our hearts ; nothing is hid- den from Thee. Make this day of self-examination and humiliation a sacred season to our souls, by impressing upon us every motive to sincere repentance and a holy life. If we have yielded to temptation ; if we have been angry without cause and beyond bounds ; if we have been uncharitable, unjust, undutiful, or unkind; if plenty has been abused by luxury ; if our ease and safety have only led to strife, envy, and hatred; if we have been indifferent to Thy worship ; if we have thus broken the ties which should bind us to one another and to Thee, do Thou, Merciful God, convince us of our sins and folly, and lead us back to virtue and to peace. May we no longer be hardened and blinded ; but let it please Thee to look in tender compassion on Thy frail and forgetful children, who would now turn to Thee with sorrowing and penitent hearts. Compassionate Father, we ask Thy favor on the pur- nf this solemn day. May a spirit of seriousness and self-reflection pervade all classes, and may the humil- iation professed be felt in truth. Forbid that we should confess sins which we do not feel, or cling to those whi<-h we confess. Do Thou give us such a deep persuasion of the evil of sin that we shall wholly forsake it. Order all tilings in merry for us. W<- ivim-mluT thr sorrows and the disappointments we must l.rar. and we pr;iy that the spirit of religion may HIV u> up when we are bowrd down, AT<>\I:'MI:'.\T and st rrnirt lien us when we are weak, and give joy to our souls wlu-n tlie mortal llcsli weeps. In our sorrow .and sadness we look up to Thee ; when mortal friends fail us, when the urn that held our treas- ured joys is broken into fragments, and the wine of life is wasted at our feet, O Lord, we rejoice to know that Thou understandest our lot, and wilt make every sorrow of our life result in our endless welfare and our continual growth ; and whatever earthly good Thou shalt deny us, deny us not Thy heavenly grace ; and whatever cherished possessions Thou shalt take from us, take not from us the power to endure Thy decrees, nor the vision to see that whatever Thou docst is cither according to our deserts or for a future good which our finite eye cannot now behold. Teach us always to keep in mind Thy judgments, and to own Thee continually as our Lord and Father. Make the works of our hands acceptable unto Thee, and keep us in the right way, so that through us Thy name may be glorified. To Thee alone be praise and honor and worship for ever- more. 'Amen. HYMN. THE WAY TO PEACE. Thy faithful servant, Lord, doth yearn For Thy consoling grace ; Spread over him its shielding wing, His guilt do Thou efface. Were not Thy word, " Turn back from sin And I will turn to thee," I, like a helmsman in the storm, Would, helpless, face the sea. To Thy despondent servant show The path of penitents : THE SERVICE MANUAL. He striveth painfully for words To tell how he repents. O God, I tremble when I mark How day on day is lost, And yet my heart, by passions ruled, Still to and fro is tossed. Oh, let my penitence to-day Be my soul's surety ; Contrite I vow to serve Thee well ; Be merciful to me ! ASPIRATION. (Minister facing the Shrine.) Minister : It will come to pass, in the fulness of time, that the Lord's house will be exalted above all the heights ; and all nations will stream unto it; and many people will say: Come ye, and let us go up to the house of God, that He may teach us of His ways, and we will walk in His paths ; He will judge between the nations, and arbitrate for many peoples ; and they will beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks ; nation will not lift up sword against nation, neither will they learn war any more. Isaiah ii. 2-4. Choir: They will not hurt nor destroy, for the earth shall be full of the knowlcdLM- <>t' tin- Lord, as the waters cover tin- sea. Isaiah xi. 9. njn pxn Congregation ' They will sit every man under his vine and under his fig-tree; and none will make them afraid. Micah iv. 4. CONFESSION. nnn I-T IT T All-Mighty God, Judge of all men, T acknowledge the manifold sins which by thought and word and deed I have from time to time committed. I do earnestly repent my misdoings, the remembrance of which is grievous unto me. As I look up to the light of Thy excellence, the shadows of painful remembrances fall upon me. I remember wasted hours and lost opportunities, unrequited benefits and un- returned friendships, unfulfilled duties and unheeded ad- monitions, unkept promises and unanswered appeals, unfor- given injuries and unatoned wrongs. From Thee have all my blessings flown, yet I remembered Thee not whilst enjoying them. Thou hast placed me on earth to strive after the God-like to sanctify my soul, to elevate my rea- son, to spread peace and good-will among humankind and for this end hast Thou plenteously endowed me with noble faculties and ample capacities, but I have neglected many and turned others into instruments of evil. Thou hast permitted me to partake of all the ad- vantages of that peace and progress and enlightenment for which the noble martyrs of all ages have suffered and bled and surrendered their lives, yet I have not, in appre- ciation of their heroic sacrifices, remembered those of my fellow-beings who still pine in bondage, still slave in misery, 21 322 THE SERVICE MANUAL. still walk in darkness, nor have I sought to share with them those many priceless blessings which have been be- queathed unto me. Thou hast surrounded me with affection- ate dear ones and with disinterested friends, yet often have I returned their devotion with neglect, their love with cold- ness, their confidence with distrust. I have sacrificed the eternally good to the fleeting pleasure, and heavenly purity to earthly corruption. God, deeply I mourn that, gifted with a nature so large, and surrounded with opportunities so admirable, I have stained my soul with transgression. Pardon my iniquity ; grant me the spirit of true contrition ; turn me not from Thy presence ; look upon me according to my need, not according to my poor deservings. When Thou art nigh, I am weary of selfish desires, of unresisted temptations. Wasted moments and vairj ambitions rise up in judgment against me. Already am I chastened by their rebuke. Oh, that I might never again have occasion to be made the object of their censure ! Here, in Thy presence, I resolve never more to yield to sin, never more to succumb to temptation, never more to stifle the voice of conscience, never more to spurn justice, never more to trample upon right, nor to turn a deaf ear unto Thy law, nor to be blind to human suffering, nor to take advantage of my neighbor's ignorance or helplessness. I am resolved to take every proper measure for a thorough amendment of my thoughts, words, and deeds. I will labor incessantly against every sinful tendency ; I will no longer resist Thy promptings nor disobey Thy warnings; there shall be no more remi.-s- ness in my duty, nor languor in my devotion. All this I n-solve ; but Thou knowest my frailty, and if Thou aM me not with Thy .iiracc. all my resolutions will prove ineffectual. How often already have I framed such resolutions! Often have I promised unto Thee obedience. and unto my fellow-men fidelity, and even as often have I left my promises unfulfilled. Often has the very next day after I had consecrated myself to Thee turned me aside, and I have relapsed into the same state of sin fulness which I so lately deplored. Lord, hasten with Thy grace to my assistance. I am now profoundly imbued with a desire for betterment: let me not again stray into evil ways. I vow to Thee a new and faithful obedience : let me not again become the violator of my sacred promise ; let me not, when I have re-entered into the world's snares and temptations, forget the solemn promise I now make in Thy sanctuary. Let not the obedience which I now pledge to Thee and the love which I now promise to my fellow-men pass away with the impressions of this day. May every day give practical evidence of my desire to please Thee, asserting itself in a cheerful trust in Thy providence, in a readiness to sympathize with the troubled, to help the needy, to strengthen the weak, to encourage the despondent, to correct the erring, and to do good in every way to all men. Wherever I may be and whatever I may do, may I feel that Thou art with me, and may this sense of Thy presence keep me from sin and inspire me to faithful- ness. May I not be eager for worldly things, for honor and fame and riches, but, having food and raiment, may I not greedily crave for more, but use well what I have, and do well what I find to do. Give me patience to bear the several trials and vicissitudes of life with a contented mind. Let me not be perplexed with oppressive cares nor overwhelmed with disheartening fears, but let me ever trust in Thy gracious providence and hope in Thy goodness and mercy. Make me more resolute under temptations and more steadfast in Thy service. I'nder the support of Thy grace, may I henceforth live more 324 THE SERVICP; MANUAL. acceptably before Thee, and thereby obtain the exalted felicity which those may expect who continue dedicated to Thee in changeless fidelity even unto death. Amen. Choir The Lord is merciful and gracious, long-suffering, and abundant in goodness and in truth. Exod. xxxiT. 6. Congregation : He shows kindness unto the thousandth's generation, forgives sin, but He will not wholly clear the guilty. Exod. xxxiv. 7. nn l< ^ ' EXHORTATION. (Congregation Standing.) (Minister facing Congregation, holding up the Scroll.) Minister : This is the Torah, the banner under which Israel has battled for the One and Eternal God. Choir and Congregation in Unison : The law of the Lord is perfect, quieting the soul. The testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the simple. Ps. xix. 7. <>f nirr r-rnrn mi 7V//.S- /.s //// fh> ,(rinit/<f i'in'/i:.ittfati has founded and truth. AT<)M<:.MI':\T MORN'Q x/-. Cko^ and Congregation in I T niini : The precepts of the Lord are upright, rejoicing the heart. The commandment mrp r-nrr riv rna of the Lord is clear, enlight- ening the eyes. Ps . xix . 8 . Min ister : Thfx /.s t/if Lnir, that first proclaimed the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man, and first enjointd Peace and Good -Will on earth. Choir and Congregation in Unison : The fear of the Lord is \ pure, enduring for ever. The ordinances of the Lord are nin v "'t3S&TO 1 true, they are just alto- gether. p s . xix . 9. Minister : Let us be truly sensible of the debt of gratitude we owe our fathers for this blessed heritage, and for the valor they displayed and for the martyrdom they suffered in its defence. Let us show our gratitude by a true appreciation of the instruction it imparts. Let us guard against straying and erring by turning to its pages for inspiration and guidance. Let us cling to its teachings always, for Choir and Congregation in Unison : It is a tree of life to those p,-yi y-, who grasp it, and happy are they who lean upon it; its PT3 ways are ways of pleasant- ness, and all its paths are peace. p r0 v. in. 17, is. 326 THE SERVICE MANUAL SCRIPTURAL SELECTION. (Isaiah Ivii. 14 and Iviii.) Mt'n ister : Cast ye up, prepare the road, Remove every stumbling-block from thy people's way. For thus saith the high and lofty One That inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy ; I dwell in the high and holy place, With him also of a contrite and humble spirit, To revive the spirit of the humble. And to revive the heart of the contrite ones. For I will not contend for ever, Neither will I be always wroth : For the spirit should fail before me, And the souls which I have made. For the iniquity of his covetousness was I wroth. And he went on frowardly, in the way of his heart. I have seen his ways, and will heal him : I will lead him also, and restore comforts Unto him and to his mourners. Peace, peace to him that is far off, and that is near, Saith the Eternal ; and I will heal him, But the wicked are like the troubled sea, For it cannot rest, And its waters cast up mire and dirt. There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked. Call aloud, hold not back ; Lift up thy voice like a trumpet, And tell thy people their transgressions, And tin; hnuse of Jacob their sin. Yet they seek Me daily, And delight to know My ways, M)1>ITK>\.\L .17'o.V /:.]/ /-:.V7' MORN'Q .s'A,7M7r/ As a nation tliat did righteousness, And forsook not the ordinances of their God. They ask of me the ordinances of justice; They desire to approach unto Clod. When-fore have we lasted, say they, and Thou seest not? Wherefore have we afflicted, and Thou heedest not? Behold, in the day of your fast ye seek pleasure, Behold, ye fast for strife and debate, And to smite with the fist of wickedness ; Ye shall not fast as ye do this day, To make your voice to be heard on high. Is such then the fast that I have chosen ? That a man should afflict his soul for a day ? Is it to bow down his head like a bulrush, And to spread sackcloth and ashes under him ? AVilt thou call this a fast, And a day acceptable to the Eternal? Is not this the fast that I have chosen ? To untie the bands of wickedness, To undo the burdens of the yoke, And to let the broken-spirited go free, And that ye break every yoke ? Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, And to bring the poor that are cast out to thy house ? When thou seest the naked, that thou cover him, And that thou hide not thyself from thy own flesh ? Then shall thy light break forth as the morning ; And thy cure shall spring forth speedily ; And thy righteousness shall go before thee. The glory of the Eternal shall be thy reward. Then shalt Thou call, and the Eternal shall answer; Thou shalt cry for help, and He shall say : Here am I. :>2<S THE SERVICE MANUAL. If thou remove from the midst of thee the yoke, The putting forth of the finger, and speaking iniquity ; And if thy soul dispense to the hungry, And thou satisfy the soul of the afflicted, Then shall thy light shine in the darkness ; And thy thick darkness be as the noonday. And the Eternal shall guide thee continually, And satisfy thy soul in drought, And invigorate thy bones : And thou shalt be like a watered garden, And like a spring of water Whose waters fail not. And thy children shall build the ruins of the old. Thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations ; And thou shalt be called, The repairer of the breach, The restorer of paths to abide in. REFLECTIONS ON THE PRECEDING CHAPTERS. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) Who shall ascend unto the hill of the Lord? Or who shall stand in his holy place ? He that hath clean hands and a pure heart, Who hath not lifted up his soul unto vanity, nor sworn deceit- fully - Ps. xxiv. 3, 4. Taught by the word of Thy prophet, I will strive to direct my heart toward Thee, and to comprehend the con- ditions on which I may obtain Thy pardon. Yes, the prophet hath spoken truly ; true repentance is neither in empty words nor in fruitless resolves ; repent- ance must be shown in the acts of man. We must remember that God is just in all His ways; Hi- is just above all and in all. Krror brings its own punishment, for he who commits evil must suffer from (he evil ; but the penitent sinner will be pardoned, because repentance leads to a better life. Let us not think that fasting and prayer alone lead to sal- vation ; nor can we hope I'm- pardon it' repentance lead not, to good results, to deeds pleasing in the sight of the Lord. He alone is pleasing to God who puts his whole trust and hope in Him; who regards happiness as a gift of divine grace, and evil as a trial of virtue ; who bows with resig- nation beneath the outstretched arm of God, and Messes tlu 1 chastening hand. lie is deserving of pardon who, returning from his errors, obeys the commands of God and occupies himself with sacred thoughts in His Holy House. He will be pardoned who is conscientious in the per- formance of his duties, benevolent in judgment, faithful in friendship, and honorable in his actions. He acts according to the will of the Eternal who be- lieves that goodness consists not only in merely abstaining from evil, but also in the doing of good. We must not only relieve the wants of the needy, but must also compassionate their sorrows and sustain their courage ; we must pardon and forget injuries received, and re- move from our minds every feeling of vanity and pride, every unholy or impure thought ; and when temptation besets us, we must endeavor to arrest its influence and turn our hearts toward Heaven. And we must likewise remember that the truly penitent strive to atone for the evil done to others, and also endeavor to obtain the pardon of those whom they have offended. God, may my repentance merit Thy pardon. Guide me, I beseech Thee, that I sin no more. Give me strength, O Lord, that I may be enabled to conquer my spirit and control the evil of my heart. Be Thou my help, O Lord. Amen. ANTHEM. SERMON. atonement afternoon g>erbiee. EXHORTATION. THERE IS A DIVINITY THAT SHAPES OUR ENDS. Minister : ' THERE'S a Divinity that shapes our ends, rough-hew them how we will." In vain are the plots and schemes and plans of men ; if they fit not into Divinity's ends, they will not prevail. Man may propose, but God will dispose. It is a universal law. It is the permanent element in all history. What we call coincident or accident is often de- cree. What we name good or bad luck is often but design. Divinity is never idle. Now it avenges the wrong or thwarts the ill, now it rewards the wronged and turns the ill into good. Man's hand is at the helm of his life-bark, but God's design is at the prow. Whither He directs, it must go. He may let it run adrift awhile, but in time He brings it back again into its channels. " Except the Lord build the house," says the Psalmist, u they labor in vain that build it." And "when He builds, neither nations nor men can prevent. Even their rough- hewing turns into artistic shape and becomes instinct with beauty. They that look below the surface, they that watch the turn of events in their own careers, can hardly escape the conclusion that there is some power guiding their destiny. Mere trifles often prove crises in men's lives. One man turns one way. and is led to fortune and to fame ; another turns another way. and meets disgrace and ruin. Who can tell how much if ehanee and how much of dt-stiny there may have bei-n in turning into either of these 330 .1VO.V/.-.W/--A7' J/'TA'A'.YOOA ,S7-7M7r/-:. :}:}{ ways? Do we not often see our wishes thwarted only for our own good ? Our mail misses liis (rain or boat, to es- cape a wreck. Another falls, receives an injury, and the necessitated delay saves hi.; life. A third is turned aside IVoin his vearned-for object, only to reach something better. Our wishes are often granted to us at a better time and in a bettor manner than we ourselves desire. Our own way might often have proven our ruin. Our worst de- feats are often our greatest victories. "So weak is man, So ignorant and blind, that did not (Jod Sometimes withhold in mercy what we ask. We should he ruined at our own request." At the bottom of the sea lies a little grain of sand, greatly dissatisfied with its lot. It longs to be raised to some field, there to bask in the light and air. A shifting current washes it into an oyster-shell, and louder than ever it bewails its cruel fate. But gradually the oyster turns it into a precious pearl. Divers bring it to light, and as ornament of a beautiful diadem it sees its wish fulfilled better than ever it had dared to hope. Thus Providence we hoped and less pleasantly than we wished. The way from the gloom to the light often winds through a long and labyrinthal passage of total darkness. Often, again, the wishes of some men are granted more speedily than they expected, and even their follies turned into good account, while the best-laid plans and the wisest preparations and the most patient labors of others utterly fail. From painter's brush, from sculptor's chisel, from writer's pen, from orator's lips, there sometimes slip strokes and fig- ures, lines and words, of such excelling grandeur as to aston- 332 THE SERVICE MANUAL. ish them as much as the world. It is Providence shaping their ends, guiding their hands, touching their lips, inspir- ing their minds. It is Divinity leading them into the temple of Fame. For others, however, a different fate is reserved. They strive heroically, but fail. They scheme and plan, invent and discover, but others are crowned with the glory of their achievement. They sow in tears, and others gather the rich harvests. They cast themselves into the breach ; others pass over them to fame and glory. But upon their destinies, too, Divinity's shaping hand is at work. They are commissioned for a higher Temple, the entrance to which leads through years, ages, of struggle, defeat, and suffering. T Tis a fatal error, that of compressing success into the narrow space of threescore years and ten. We figure in minutes ; Divinity reckons in ages. Our measure of life begins at the cradle and ends at the grave ; Divinity takes it through a thousand births and burials before it stamps " finished " upon it. The sun-dried vase, painted and is no more ; the one that has fast colors laid upon it again and again, and is made to pass repeatedly through the hot furnace, is the joy of the earth even after the lapse of centuries. It is thus that Divinity pro- ceeds. For the shaping of one man's destiny it requires but a fleeting moment ; for that of others it needs whole ages. Man beholds but the brief hour's enjoyments of the one and sufferings of the other. Into the future he cannot peer. lie cannot see Divinity's finished product in the temple <if the (Jiants of Immortals. There is yet another serious error. There are those who fail to see that Divinity only shapes what man creates. They sit with idle hand, believing that what is to be will A TOM-:M/-:\T A I'TKIINOON si<:n i 'u '/:. 1)0. whether they help or not. It was tliis doctrine !' pre- destination tliat proved so disastrous to man. It chained his free will, throttled his independence, and turned him into an irresponsible being. It taught him that it was from necessity, not from choice, that man became a saint or a sinner, a menial or a monarch, a knight or a knave. It led to the belief that there was no need of taking special care of life or goods : everything was predestined, and nothing that man might do or omit to do could change the decree by a hair's breadth either one way or another. But for human nature's fortunate provision of making man's actions often wiser than his beliefs, civilization might have found its grave in this pernicious dogma. Man must help Providence if Providence is to help man. Divinity shapes our ends, but we must give Divinity something to shape. We are not will-less automata, heaps of flesh and bones and nerves, fashioned as the potter fashions a lump of clay. " There's a Divinity that shapes our ends," but we create what it shapes. If we cannot determine the consequences, we can at least pre- pare the way for the best. Of our faculties we may be masters, if not of our destinies. If we ourselves reso- lutely hew out our careers, we can safely leave the shap- ing of them to Divinity. In the long run we will find its will our will ; if not, it is because its will is better than ours. If instead of success it brings us failures, and in- stead of joy sorrow, it may be because it has in view an ultimate success or joy infinitely greater than any for which we hoped. On the wrong side of an artistic piece of tapestry-work, with which the weaver is engaged, the eye sees only a mass of confusion ; on the right side it is charmed with the beauty of color and harmony of design. Gazing upon a building in course of construction, upon walls half built, arches half sprung, floors half finished, it 334 THE SERVICE MANUAL. is impossible to detect beauty or plan or purpose ; but be- holding it when completed, its artistic design and finish ravish the eye. So it is with our destinies. In this present life we often see but the wrong and confused side of Divinity's weaving see but the half-finished walls, and the half-sprung arches, and the half-laid floors. " All nature is but art unknown to thee ; All chance direction which thou canst not see; All discord harmony not understood ; All partial evil universal good ; And spite of pride, in erring reason's spite, One truth is clear : whatever is, is right." What we. need is patience and trust and resoluteness. We must strive for the best, and trust that whatever hap- pens is for our good. Then our failures will not dishearten us, our sorrows will not weigh us down. They will appear to us methods used by the divine Husbandman to secure hcaltier growth and richer products through frequent trim- ming and pruning and cutting. Then we will not tremble before a blind chance, but feel that " Behind the dim unknown Standeth God within the shadow, keeping watch above His own." (To be read alternately by the Minittn- and C<i</rajution.) Mia inter : Blindness of the heart is real blindness, And grief is the sickness of the soul. Congregation : Y< tin it ('<<> i- tin: Lord ho i >c for good, Ami fm- everlasting joy <nid /><,ic, . Yr tlnit I'IMI- die Lrd wait fr His nu-rcy, And go nut asidr lot ye fall. ATOM-'MI-:\T M'TKRNOON SERVICE. 335 }V tin it fnir tin' Lord frimf fn I/ini, Am/ your iTirurd X/HI// not foil. No evil shall happen unto him that feareth the Lord; From every trouble He will deliver him. 7V//.sV in fin' Ijord inl //< ///// rx/^//.sv llty cause ; Mh( tin/ iniij xtraiijltt. mid fiopr in Iliin. Trust in the Lord, and abide in thy labor ; In a swift hour He maketh His blessings flourish. AV<7/'.s ttnd strength lift up the heart ; But f/ic fnixf in the Lord /x above them both. Honored in the sight of men are the faithful ; God recompenses those who do His will. The Lord is ivith those who trust in Him : A mighty protection and a strong stay. MEDITATION. THE DESTINY OF MAN. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) What is life ? What is my destiny ? What is the pur- pose for which God called me into being? Am I born merely to fill a brief existence, to be the plaything of an hour, and then to wither and pass away like the flower in the garden, like the grass in the field? How can I rec- oncile such an idea with the conception of the infinite goodness of God? Why do I feel within me the yearning after a higher perfection, after nobler ends, for the attain- ment of which this life is too short and our present facul- ties are too limited ? Our imperfections require perfecting. Our wrongs must be righted. Suffering innocence must be requited. There are innate within us latent capacities which are prophetic of a future, since they cannot be developed in our present state. There must be a future that shall 336 THE SERVICE MANUAL. afford scope for the realization of that perfection after which our souls aspire. If matter is indestructible, if force is persistent, shall the life-principle that is superior to both perish in the grave ? When developing-time comes the caterpillar-chrysalis shuffles off its old and uncouth coil and becomes the golden-winged butterfly. So, too, when developing-time comes in the slow unfolding of our life the mortal body is returned to its primal elements, while the spirit passes on to an existence that must be the com- plement of this. Thus even our instinctive longings and our daily ob- servations point t<T contradictions which would necessarily arise were we to suppose that our destiny is comprised within the narrow limits of this life. We know that what is highest and purest in man is his spirit ; that the body is only a material vestment used by the spirit for its temporal existence. The body changes as years accumulate ; the spirit, though ripening in know- ledge, remains the same in its essence. The body clings tenaciously to the earth from which it came ; the spirit never finds rest, is never content with what it has attained, but when one wish is satisfied longs for the fulfilment of another, and again another, and so on without end. The spirit, therefore, is the essential and the enduring part of man. That which is unseen and eternal consti- tutes its life. Its origin is divine, and hence imperishable ; and as the body will one day return to its mother earth, so nated. If my spirit be the essential part of me, then when I speak of the destiny of man I can only refer to the pur- ]> for which his spirit was created. But how can I know what 1'iitmv <!od has in view lor it after it has ended its earthly career? So far my eye does not reach. And ATOM<:MI<:\T A rrr.u \oo\ SERVICE. ;;:;? yet, in unequivocal languMirf. tin- voices of nature and of iv.-ixiii intimate what I am to hope for concerning tlu hereafter. With wonderful harmony they proclaim that mi/ Ji'stini/ is to becoi)i< //'/>' unto God to l<-t wy spirit </r<nn in t/n (/friar ///,v//r.ss through infinite progression in Icaoir- ledgc (t)t<t in rfrfuc. The truth of this is confirmed by my experience. My nobler life impels me in that direction. All things encour- age the spirit to increase its knowledge and its wisdom and to extend its mastery over the senses. Man is born weak and helpless, that he may exert and develop his mind for his own sustenance and protection. The animal enters life ready clothed, and provided with unconscious instincts through which it seeks and finds the food required for its nourishment. Thousands of years have passed since the creation and peopling of this globe, and yet the animals have made no progress. Not so with man, who is ever impelled forward by the wants and suf- ferings and cravings of his nature. At first he lived in caverns, next in huts, then in more or less well-contrived, comfortable dwellings. At first his only aids were his hands and nails ; then the rude wooden and stone imple- ments were used ; finally he descended into the earth and brought forth the numerous metals which doubled his strength and helped him to subjugate the animals. At first he clung timidly to the spot where he was born ; but soon he roamed into other regions and acquired a know- ledge of other tongues ; and next he crossed the wide ocean from one quarter of the globe to another, and by means of written symbols communed with people dwell- ing in far distant lands. And thus the human spirit, driven by the necessities of life, progressed unceasingly from invention to invention, from knowledge to knowledge. That which in the present 23 338 THE SERVICE MANUAL. day is known to every youth, would, thousands of years ago, have excited the wonder of the most learned sage. Already we faintly grasp the immeasurable magnitude of the universe, the size and orbits of the stellar bodies in our solar system, the wonderful powers of heat, of light, and of other laws and forces of nature. But God, the Omniscient, knows all, while the wisest of mortals has scarcely gathered as much as a drop from the vast ocean of knowledge. To grow like unto God in wisdom, in power, must be the des- tiny of the spirit. Toward this end the whole organization of the universe is impelling us. Everything tends to widen the dominion of the spirit and to check the desires of the flesh. In the flesh originate all tendencies toward sin, toward pride, toward envy, toward revenge ; in the spirit originate our longings after holiness, our yearnings for the divine., the unseen. The spirit seeks in vain contentment in the material world. It is ever repelled. Forgetting its des- tiny, in vain it seeks its happiness in the gifts of this life. Beauty and strength perish ; fame is overshadowed ; luxury creates disease ; riches and worldly goods are ever changing hands, and cannot follow us beyond the grave. Nothing on earth can secure to us lasting happiness ; all things impel us to turn away from the seen to the unseen. Sin is spiritual slavery ; virtue, spiritual freedom. Sin is dominion of the flesh ; virtue is dominion of the spirit. In vain would the spirit resist the warnings of conscience ; in vain would it forget that it is free, and should govern the desires arising from the flesh ; in vain would it give itself H] to sensual pleasures, ami seek no higher happi- ness than the enjoyment of that which is exeitinu and iMe ; in spite of all. the mthv order of (lie universe ineite> u> itLSiin and again to reassert our dominion over debasing influences; and to hold liuht all that is of this ATOM-:MI-:\T .\rri-: RNOON SERVICE. ;;:;: earth. livery sin meets its own peculiar punishment. Deceit is followed by fear of detection ; dissipation, by disease; intemperance, by enervation. For the spirit there is neither rest nor peace until it has conquered the passions that war against it, until it has learnt to be just, truthful, and independent, until it has found the highest bliss in the consciousness of virtue. This is striving to be //7,v unto (iud. Toward this likeness to God everything impels the spirit, raising it not only above the enchantment of the senses, but also above the power of fate. The various fortunes that befall men are but God's agencies sent to instruct and improve. When avalanches fall, when nations are subju- gated, and war lays countries waste, when flames devour our possessions, when illness comes upon us without any fault of our own, and friends breathe their last in our arms, then the spirit is bettered by the belief that trial is a divine discipline, and has for its purpose some high ulterior good. Without these and similar visitations the spirit, never lashed into activity, would have remained stagnant, and its stagnation would have precluded every possibility of progress. It is to them that we owe much of our science, many of our inventions. The affliction they brought spurred the mind on to conquer them. We have reduced to a minimum the dangers of ocean voyage,- of mining, of famine, of drought. We have learned to take preventive measures against pestilence and tornado. We have learned to deaden pain with anaesthetics. We are on the verge of conquering some of the most fatal diseases. With the aid of steam we have diminished the hardships of toil and have increased the comforts of life. We have learned something of the eternal and immutable laws of nature, and we are beginning to understand how to regulate life 340 THE SERVICE MANUAL. in accordance with their requirements. And as in the past, so in the future. Suffering will stUl continue to spur our minds on, and we shall yet discover law after law and blessing after blessing, until the darkness, so long hov- ering over the human race, will gradually disappear before the breaking of a glorious and blessed dawn. The more independent the righteous is of all earthly things, the more exalted he is above the events connected with them. He may be rich or poor, he may be living in superfluity or in want, he may meet with friendship or with persecution nothing can impair his love of virtue and of God. In his eyes life itself has not more value than duty. He fears not death ; and he who fears not death, nor poverty, nor the judgments of men, what power can fate have over him ? His spirit is becoming God-like. Like unto a divinity, he stands above all the storms of life, fearing them not in the consciousness of his innocence and his righteousness. This is to be like unto God ; this is the Destiny of Man ! EXHORTATION. ALL THINGS WORK FOR GOOD. Jffi) isfer : When we think of the trials and burdens of life it is hard for us to believe that all things are for the best. We ask ourselves, " Can such things as we see around us every day be good ? Can they be consistent with a theory that makes God merciful ?" Here, for instance, is a happy family. The father has become prosperous and has built a home for the house- hold. The mother has touched everything into life and tastrf'ul f'.inii within. Children play <m tin- stairs, and in the nursery the baby's crib is the family throne, around which circle all love and .service. ATONKMKXT A ITJ-'L'XOON SRli\'l< .>-l I To such a home as (his comes death. The lather of the household breathes his last. Around the open grave the crushed mother stands with her clinging children, and, as the clods fall, their light goes out in a darkness that seems pierced by no single ray of happiness or of hope. Is this good? Is it merciful? Is it kind? Is it better thus than if the father had lived and had cared for and trained his children, and led them into noble manhood and womanhood ? No ! it is not good. In itself it is an evil, a misfortune, a curse. It is not something to be accepted willingly. To accept all things with indifference is not resignation. The heart must be killed before you can reach that condition. God gave us our affections, and they will abide with us for ever. Let us suppose another instance : An able and upright stores and barns. Being generous and humane, he was the helper of all good causes. Churches, schools, asylums, reforms, and all the movements of our modern civilization felt the impulse of his wealth. His home was the seat of refinement, of culture, and of all humane and god-like graces. A fire came with the sunset, and the dawn looked on his desolation. Every good cause was injured by his misfortune churches were poor, schools were weak, and children were unfed and untaught because of the Was it a good thing that he was thus crippled and overthrown ? No ! it was a terrible evil something to be shunned and fought against, and accepted only on com- pulsion. Because God can bring the dawn out of darkness it does not follow that midnight must become mid-day. Even though a general can wring victory out of over- throw, still the first defeat does not become a triumph. Such are the trials that render faith in God so difficult. 342 THE SERVICE MAX UAL. The evil is never good. It is to be endured only because -,ve must endure it. . It does not seem consistent with the loving kindness of a Sovereign God. Particularly is this true while the freshness of our grief is upon us. We are then hardly in condition to reason : we can only weep. And yet, withal, we cannot but believe that God would not be God were He not good that there must be some- thing that shall both account for our sorrows and heal our wounds. Such, then, being the presumption, let us see what we know of fact. It must all turn on the meaning of the word " good." If health be necessary to the " good " of life, then life is a failure, for only the few enjoy any con- tinued condition of health. If wealth be necessary to the " good " of life, then the existence of many of us is fruit- less, for the rich are rare among the masses of mankind. If freedom from affliction, bereavement, or loss be nec- essary to the " good " of life, then are we still unhappy, for- "There is no flock, however watched and tended, But one dead lamb is there ; There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended, But has one vacant chair.'' It follows, then, that either God is not strong and wise and good, or else that sickness and poverty and death are consistent with His being such ; and they can }>e thus con- sistent only when it is true that freedom from them /x not in-i-f^iiri/ to our highest in If <i rt. This is the source of .confidence. We may lose health and property and friends in this world, and yet have left th<- best part <>f life. Our greatest ambition should be to become holy and iimv and true. Whatever is needful to this is needful to our "good." Whatever is not, God may take away, and still show Himself fatherly .\rr/-:i;\uo\ ,s7-:/M7r/.;. :\\:\ mid kind. N:iv, more tli:in this, He may )>ro\e His bmev olenee ami love by taking them away if, as sometimes hap- pens, they impede us in our pursuit after the higher iroml. The playthings, the companions, and the home are inval- uable to a child; but he who attains a true manhood with- out them is far more fortunate than he who, having them all. Tails of the manhood. Books and tutors an; ol advantage to a boy; but he who acquires culture and self-mastery without their aid is blest beyond him who, with their assistance, is still unfit for the contest of life. So he who finds God through the loss of all things is rich beyond conception, while he who goes through life in health and wealth, happiness and peace, and yet misses true knowledge of himself and of God, is poor beyond ex- pression. Whether worldly goods come or go is a matter of comparative indifference. By and by it will be of little importance to us whether we were granted this or denied that. Then the all-important question will be, " How did I live? and what have I become?" In the great problems of character and eternity these difficulties find their solution. Since the great " good " of life is God-likeness, we are able to understand why God permits affliction while He still loves, cares for, and watches over us. But unless there is a " trust in and a love of God," affliction will scarcely prove an instrument of good. Ev- ery day we can see how a trial renders one man better and another worse. Temptation strengthens one and fells another. Wealth makes one man generous and an- other sordid and mean. Power ennobles one and makes him a helper of his fellows, while to another it is only the means of exercising a sordid and selfish nature. Ijt is true, then, that affliction effects " good " only in those that "trust in God and truly love Him." 344 THE SERVICE MANUAL. But what is meant by "trusting in God and truly loving Him " ? We cannot limit this phrase so that it shall include only those who are conscious of some personal affection for God. It must be broadened so as to embrace all those whose sympathies and whose conduct are directed toward righteousness and truth. They, then, to whom affliction comes only as an evil have no just cause of complaint against God. Responsi- ble character necessarily implies the free choice of the will. This character is the highest gift that Heaven can bestow. If we will not take it, if we will not look toward and struggle toward God, nothing can work good for us. The limitation is not because God does not want to bless all alike, but because the constitution of things is such that His blessings can be blessings only to those inclined toward good. That the same cause produces opposite results on opposite things is a truism of nature. The sun makes one spot of ground a garden and another a desert; not because the sun is partial, but because of soil and water and seed differences all pertaining to the ground. The same sun lifts a rain-bringing and health- bestowing cloud from the surface of a clear lake, while, if the water be impure, it fills the region with disease and death. The wind settles and strengthens one tree, causing it to shoot down and to run out its fibres through the ground until it defies the tempest. The same wind up- roots and blights for ever those trees that have no depth or grasp of root. Carbon becomes, in one set of circum- stances, charcoal ; in another, a diamond. A father's kind- ness kindles gratitude and devotion in the heart of one boy, and encourages rebellion and disobedience in another. Se- verity chastens one, and maddens another. However fierce^, tlirn. the fire of trouble may !><'. the love of <;<)<! can qiu-nrh its flame. However sharp the dart ATO\I:MI:.\T M"n-:nxooN SERVICE. :;i."> that flics out against you, the love of (lod can turn its point. However impassable the gulf, the love of God can bridge it. The love of God turns every storm into a wind to drive our vessel homeward. Every wild beast that would desolate and devour, it harnesses to our chariot, compelling it to grace our triumph. Poverty helps us win the true riches which neither flood nor fire can ever seize from our grasp. Sickness can only hasten us to that land where the cheek of health never fevers nor turns pale. Death only leads our friends and ourselves to a door that it can never enter, and introduces us to an immortal com- pany that never trembles at its name. There is no evil left to those who trust in God. But our faith in the Father must continue even through the keenest adversity. He who has never seen a wheat- field would hardly think that the way to develop the beauty is to cast the grain into the ground, there to crush it under the harrow and make it die. But soon the glory of the fields display the wisdom and the good- ness of Him who ordained that out of death should spring up new life. In the same way, it appears unkind of God to cast us into sorrow, to whelm us in waters of affliction, to bury our blooming hopes under the sod. But tarry till the pro- cess ripens. Fruits that are green and bitter in June are soft-cheeked and sweet in September. Wait till God's work is finished. The turning-lathe that has the sharpest knives produces the finest work. Wait for the harvest-hour. The snows of the North are not yet gone. The winter's storms have raged above the fields, but they have only protected the buried grain, and the spring melting shall nourish the soil, and paint the fields with brilliant colors, and ripen blessed fruit. 34G THE SERVICE MANUAL. (To br m7 (iltinidtdij lit/ Miiiittir and Minister: Affliction is the eternal law: No one has escaped it, and no one shall. ( bngregatton : All that cometh unto tliee accept, Ami In- pat it-tit in thy trials and thy adccrxit/j. Brood not too much over adversity ; Think of the end and be hopeful. AV resii/ne(f nndt'i- tlty sufferings; />/( ss (inn fur ( cil <is >rc// (is for good. There are evils which, if compared to others, Are real blessings in disguise. Gold is tried in the fire. And acceptable men -in the furnace of aJrcrsity. Whatever the Almighty doeth is for our best ; The balm was created by God before the wound. AH the irorks of the Lord are exceeding good ; Ami //is dirrees no 'man edit after. One may not say : This is worse than that ; For in time they shall all be approved. The doings of tli> 1,,,,-d tire f in- tin I test ; And II, ifirrs i />/;// m-eilfiil tlilmj in its SKISOII. I?en Siracli. Talmud. MEDITATION. (To l< nnd in xili n<; !>,/ Cuiitirtfintnm.) SELl-'-IH-:.\lM. A SOURCE OF VIRTUE. Man is riot wholly reason and conscience. We have various appetite.-. paimi.-. and d->in-s, all of which refer ATONEMENT A rn-RNOON S/-.7M7r/-:. :M7 to our present In-ill-- and are expended chiefly in ourselves or on a lew brings who an- identified with ourselves. Such inclinations are to lie denied or renounced not in rily exterminated, but suppressed as masters or lords and brought into strict and entire subordination to our moral and intellectual powers. False is the. idea that religion requires the extermination of any principle, desire, appe- tite, or passion which our Creator has implanted within us. Our nature is a whole, and no part can l>e spared. VMM might as properly and innocently lop off a limb from the body as eradicate any natural desire from the mind. All our appetites are in themselves innocent and useful, min- istering to the happiness of the soul. They are parts of a wise and beneficent system, but they are beneficent only when restrained. Our passions and desires do not carry within themselves their own rule. They are blind impulses. Present their objects, and they are excited as easily when gratification would be injurious as when it would be useful. We are not so constituted, for example, that we hunger and thirst for those things only which will be nutritive and whole- some, and lose all hunger and thirst at the moment when we have eaten or drunk enough. We are not so made that the desire of property springs up only when property can he gained by honest means, and declines and dies as soon as we have acquired a sufficiency for our 'needs and duties. Our desires are undiscerning instincts, generally directed to what is useful, but often clamoring for a gratification which would injure the health, debilitate the mind, or oppose the general good ; and this blindness of desire makes the demand for self-denial urgent and continual. Our appetites and desires carry with them a principle of growth. They expand by indulgence, and, if not re- strained, they fill and endanger the soul. For this reason 348 THE SERVICE MANUAL. they arc to be strictly watched over and denied. Nature has set bounds to the desires of the brute, but human drsire partakes of the illimitableness of the soul to which it belongs. In brutes, for example, the animal appetites impel to a certain round of simple gratifications, beyond which they never pass. But man, having imagination and invention, is able by these noble faculties to whet his sen- sual desires indefinitely. He is able to form new combi- nations of animal pleasures, and to provoke appetite by stimulants. The East gives up its spices, and the South holds not back its vintage. Sea and land are explored for luxuries. Whilst the animal finds its nourishment in a few plants, perhaps in a single blade, man's table groans under the spoils of all regions. Thus it is that not infre- quently the whole strength of the soul runs into appetite, just as some rich soil shoots up into poisonous weeds. The love of property furnishes another illustration of the tendency of our desires to usurp the mind. If left to itself, if not denied or curbed, this craving for wealth gains dangerous strength. It is a thirst which is inflamed by the very copiousness of its draughts. Anxiety grows with pos- session. Riches become dearer as man becomes older. The love of money, far from withering in life's winter, strikes a firmer and deeper root in the heart of age. He who has more than he can use grows more and more eager and restless for new -gains; he muses upon wealth by day and dreams of it by night. In this way the whole vigor of his soul, his intellect, and his affection shoots up into an uncon- querable passion for accumulation. \i is an interesting and solemn reflection that the very dignity of human nature may become the means and in- strument of degradation. When pressed into the service of appetite and passion, the powers which ally us to God exaggerate desire into monstrous cxeess. and appetite into ATOM-:MI-:\T j/-TA7;.\r>o.v .sv-:/; via-:. tumultuous fury. The rapidity of thought, the richness of imagination, the resources of invention, when enslaved to any passion, give it an extent and energy unknown to inferior natures; and when this usurper estahlishes its empire over us all the nobler attainments and products of the soul must perish. Here we see the need of self-denial. The lower princi- ples of our nature not only act blindly, but, if neglected, grow indefinitely and overshadow and blight and destroy every better growth. Without self-restraint and self denial the proportion, order, beauty, and harmony of the spiritual nature are subverted, and the soul becomes monstrous and deformed just as would the body were all the nutriment to flow into a few unimportant organs, and there break out into loathsome excrescences, whilst the eye, the ear, and the active limbs should pine and be palsied, and leave us without guidance or power. It is true that, as we are now made, our appetites and desires often war against reason, conscience, and religion. But why is this warfare appointed? Not to extinguish these high principles, but to awaken and invigorate them. It is meant to give them a field for action and means of victory. True, virtue is thus opposed and endangered ; but virtue owes its vigor and hardihood to obstacles, and wins its crown by conflict. We would have the path of virtue smooth and strewn with flowers ; and would this train the soul to energy ? We would have pleasure always coincide with duty; and how, then, would we attest our loyalty to duty ? We would have conscience and desire always speak the same language and prescribe the same path ; and how. then, would conscience assert its supremacy? (Jod has implanted the blind cravings which combat reason and conscience tlujt He may give to these high faculties the dignity of dominion and the joy of vie- 350 THE SERVICE MANUAL. tory. He has given us strong desires of inferior things that the desire of excellence may grow stronger than all. Make such a world as you wish, let no appetite or ]> ever resist God's will, no object of desire ever come in competition with duty, and where would be the resolu- tion, the energy, the constancy, the effort, the purity, the self-surrender, the devotion all the sublimities of virtue which now throw lustre over man's nature and speak of his immortality ? You would blot the precept of self- denial from human life, and in so doing you would blot out almost every inspiring passage in man's history. When you read that history, what is it which most in- terests and absorbs you, which seizes on the imagination and memory, which agitates the soul to its very depth ? Who is the man whom you select from the records of time as the object of your special admiration ? Is it he who lived to indulge himself, whose current of life flowed most evenly and pleasurably, whose desires were crowned with every means of gratification, whose table was luxu- riantly spread? Are such the men to whom monuments have been reared, and whose memories, freshened with tears of joy and reverence, grow and flourish and spread through every age? He whom we love, whose honor we covet, is he who has most denied and subdued himself; who has most thor- oughly sacrificed appetites and passions to God, to virtue, and to mankind; who has walked in a rugged path, and clung to good and great ends in persecution and pain ; who, amidst the solicitations of ambition ami case and tin* menace- of tyranny ami malice, has listened to the voice of conscience, and lias found sufficient recompense for blighted liojto and protracted >nfierini:. Who is it that is most lovable in domestic life ? It is the martyr to domestic affection, the Belf-saorificiog mother ATONEMENT AFTERNOON HKKVWE. :>>:>\ who is ready to toil, to suffer, to die, for the happiness and virtue of her children. Who is it that we honor in public life ? It is the martyr to his country ; not he who serves her when she has honors for his brow and wealth for his coffers, but he who clings to her in her greatest danger and fallen glories, and thinks life a cheap sacrifice to her safety and freedom. Whom does religion retain in most grateful remembrance and pronounce holy and blessed? The self-denying, self- immolating men who have held fast the truth even in death, and by their blood bequeathed it to future ages. Thus all great virtues bear the impress of self-denial ; and were the present constitution of our nature and life so reversed as to demand no renunciation of desire, the chief interest and glory of our present being would vanish. There would be nothing in history to thrill us with ad- miration. We should have no consciousness of the power and greatness of the soul. We would love feebly, for we would find nothing to love earnestly. Let us not, then, complain of providence because it has made self-denial necessary, or of religion because it summons us to this work. Religion and nature here hold one language. If at death reason is spared to us and memory retains its hold on the past, will it gratify us to see that we have lived not to deny but to indulge ourselves, that we have given the reins to lust, that through love of gain we have hardened ourselves against the claims of humanity, or through love of man's favor have parted with truth and moral independence ? Shall we then find comfort in remembering our tables of luxury, our pillows of down, our wealth amassed and employed for private ends, our honors won by base compliance with the world? Did any man at his death ever regret his conflicts with himself, his victories over appetite, his scorn of impure pleasures, or 352 THE SERVICE MANUAL. his suffering for the right ? Did any man ever mourn that he had impoverished himself by integrity or worn out his frame in the service of mankind? To whom is the last hour most serene and full of hope ? Is it not to him who, amidst perils and allurements, has denied himself and has lived a pure life before God and man ? To deny ourselves is to renounce whatever interferes with our conviction of right or with the will of God. It is to make sacrifices for duty or for principles. But what constitutes the singular merit of this self-inflicted pain? Mere suffering, we all know, is not virtue. Evil men as well as good often endure misery, and are evil still. The real worth of the sacrifice consists in that suffering which enters into self-denial, and which springs from and mani- fests great moral strength. It is the proof and result of inward energy. Difficulty, hardship, suffering, sacrifices, are the tests and measures of moral force and the great means of its enlargements. Self-denial, then, is the will acting with power in the choice and prosecution of duty. Here we have the glory of self-denial, and here the distinc- tion of a good and virtuous man. EXHORTATION. GAIN FROM PAIN. Min ister : Suffering has its purpose. While it is an indisputable truth that much of our misery is needless, and exists only because of man's wanton ignorance or wilful disregard of the laws of life and health, the fact nevertheless remains that much of it is beyond man's control, and is manifestly needed for the unfolding and developing of that which is imlilrst and In-st in the human mind and heart and soul. Civili/ation took its rn.it in MilVcrin-. As limjr as man sojourned in zones where fruit-bearing tivrs provided him ATONEMENT M-'TKKNOON UMIIVH'I':. abundantly with tin- m-rds ni' life. and where the hot climate made dnthes and shelter unnecessary, his condition was little higher tlian that of the beast. But when lie was forced into colder dimes and into regions whore nature no longer dealt with lavish hand, where hunger and cold and ferocious beasts caused -Teat suffering, then the need of conquering pain arose, and from that instant civilization began. The mind was put to work. Agriculture was invented, fire was drawn into service, efficacious weapons were contrived, and, decree by degree, the mind saw its efforts crowned with an abatement of misery. Soon it no longer contented itself with mere lessening of pain. It began to think of in- creasing the comforts and pleasures of life, and with that thought civilization made a vast stride forward. The mind became active and productive. Invention followed upon invention. Improvement succeeded improvement. Greater ease and comfort were rapidly increased by still greater ease and comfort, until now the pleasures of life far exceed the pains. The home, too, with all its sacred influences and blessed happiness, took its root in suffering. It is to the painful entrance into life, to the long helplessness and frequent suffering of the infant, that we owe the institution of the family and the affection between its members. The new- born of the lower animals, though they enjoy an apparent advantage over those of the human species, scatter soon after birth. There is no home, no affection, for them. Their kind has been multiplied, but not their happiness. The early suffering and long helplessness of the new-born of the human species demand a mother's constant care and a father's unceasing toil. They awaken love and self-sac- rifice. Long contact with one another under the same roof and under the same parental care engender reciprocal affection between the parents themselves, between the 23 354 THE SERVICE MANUAL. parents and children, and between the children themselves, and thus the home is maintained and its blessing secured. Suffering, too, is the school that has graduated most of our men of genius. Had they never felt affliction's scorching blasts, had they never tasted of the bitter cup of sorrow, had they never been immersed in the seething waters of tribulation, never been hammered into strength and endurance upon the anvil of misfortune, never been rasped and filed into finished form by malice and defeat and neglect, their glorious work might never have come to light. They were not the men who were cradled in luxury or who were fed by fortune with a silver spoon. Their entrance into the Temple of Fame was not heralded with loud hosunnas. They had to bare their backs to the lash of failure, of abuse, of scorn, before they could pass, robed in glory, under the arch of triumph. They had to eke out a pitiable existence in the miserable alleys before their statues could find honored places upon the public squares. Suffering, too, has been the wise teacher of those who were impatient under their long-deferred success, dis- heartened at their failures, dissatisfied with their humble state, restive under their restraints and oppositions. The sunlit heights of eminence tempt the ambitious and render insufferable the dark and lowly plains beneath. Youthful men in the professions would fain be at the head while still deservedly at the foot would be leaders ere yet they have learned to follow. 'Tis well that they have not their way. I'lipn-parcd by necessary experience, unhardencd by the school of bitter trial and hardship, they would soon break down under the strains and burdens and responsibilities which they dreamed not of when wistfully gaxing at the alluring height. Far better for them if they are content to l.r'jiu at the lowest round of the ladder of fame and climb step bv Mi-p to its toj.nio.-t rung. Tar better for ATU\I.:MI-:\T them if, now and then, when fairly up the ladder, they arc thrust hark again, to climb anew with quicker and surer step. Better a dozen failures below than a single one at tin- top. The dozen failures hrhw make; the simpler more circumspect and cautious, and thus prevent the one at the top. Honorably falling while climbing is no shame ; climbing anew, though fallen, is everlasting glory, and in it lies the prophecy of ultimate success. It is not the straight and unbroken path that is always the easiest and the best. Moses required forty years to make a journey which lie might have made in as many days. Hut they were not years wasted. They laid the foundation of that strength of character, of that uncon- querableness of purpose, that have enabled Israel alone, (ait df all the nations of antiquity, to survive to this day. Far better to wrestle with adversities early in life than late. Youth has at its command strength and hope with which to combat them. It is during our early life that difficulties turn will into iron and purpose into immovable rock. It is because of such early difficulties that most of the world's great men have risen from the lowest stations, from the haunts of poverty, from the hovels of misery, where bread and light and books were scarce, and means for study scarcer still. Without these difficul- ties they never would have achieved their greatness. A dead calm would have left them where it found them. " Better a head-wind than no wind," say the seamen, and so say all brave souls. " We rather like head-winds," said an ocean captain when a fierce gale was blowing against the vessel : " it blows through our funnels down into the furnace, and generates the steam-power which, despite the gale, propels us forward all the quicker." Such propel- ling-power early difficulties generate in the brain-furnaces of brave struggles. 356 THE SERVICE MANUAL. It is in the school of suffering, too, where the best man- hood and womanhood is acquired. Those who have been little tried by life's tribulations resemble in their want of strength and worth the soft wood or the brittle stone, the impure glass or the untempered steel. But those of great moral force and usefulness are the men and women who have been cleansed and hardened, burnt and hammered into excellence by the storms and pains of life. When first the cup of sorrow was put to their lips it proved a bitter draught. But the bitterness gradually changed to a sweetness such as their lips had never tasted before. It was the same sweetness that came to that fever-stricken traveller in the wild South American forest. Parched and feeble, he crawled about in eager search for a spring of water. At last he chanced upon a pool, but, cruel disap- pointment! its water was intensely bitter. Yet the burning fever was less endurable still, and so he drank, and drank again, and after every draught he felt the fever more and more subsiding and a new vigor creeping over him. That bitter drink secured not only his recovery, but also gave to the world the valuable medicine of Peruvian bark. Here was a double gain from pain. The man who lives in ease and in ignorance of suffer- ing is like the block of marble in the quarry of little use and beauty until drill, powder, chisel, and mallet rend and tear and cut it on all sides and nuke of it a beautiful statue. His ease makes him forget that there are duties nobler than pleasure-seeking, that there are people pining in misery and starvation at his very door. He thinks him- self better than them. Tnlike the flower, which, the more of dew it receives, the lower it bows it> head, lie raises his head the higher the more of blessings he can call his own. He grows arrogant, ami in>oleiit, ami is forgetful "\* his obligations to (lod. He laughs at the thought of death, ATONEMENT .i i '!'/:/; \ and believes th:i( disease will never dare to eome nigh unto liiin. His heart hardens, his mind narrows, his hand weakens. For him lolly is (he only fruit that prosperit y ripens. Then comes the stripping storms of misfortune, the scorching blasts from the furnace of affliction, the hard blows from tribulation's hammer. Then comes pain, but from it gain. His nobler being asserts itself just as does the beautiful mansion which, hid from view throughout the long summer, can be seen only after the autumn storms have stripped away the foliage that has concealed it. The fierce blasts scatter the vermin which ease and opulence have nourished. Like that geyser-spring that is cold at mid-day and warm at midnight, he who was cold while basking in noonday happiness sends forth warm springs of affection, currents of blessings, during his midnight gloom. Though weak and blind and worthless before, from the gloom there arises light, and folly changes to worth, sloth to toil, pain to gain. All ye who are even now heavy-laden, who are tasting of the bitter cup of sorrow, who are walking in the mid- night gloom, who are writhing under affliction's cruel blows, bear the ordeal bravely. Make of it some good. As Milton in his blindness could see heavenly visions, and Beethoven in his deafness could hear celestial sounds, so might you learn to feel even in your suffering a seraphic joy. Suffering was of service in the past. It founded and advanced civilization. It started the blessed home. It ripened our men of genius. It developed our best man- and womanhood. And it is of service still. As our joys of to-day have come from former sufferings, so from our sorrow of to-day will come later joys. It is not good for us always to live in contentment. lie would have been an unkind father who, moved by the tears of his child, would 358 . THE SERVICE MANUAL. have permitted him to continually romp in field and moor school. The day comes when the grown boy thanks his father for the wise severity. The day will come when we, children of a larger growth, will express our gratitude for having been taken from pleasure's soul-killing grasp and placed in the school of adversity. We all must bear some of misery's burden. In the fulness of time we shall fully understand and appreciate its meaning. We shall see light rising from the gloom, strength from weakness, virtue from foil} 7 , blessing from curse, joy from sorrow, gain from pain. atonement Memorial CHOIR. (Recitative.) WHAT IX MAN? OH, what is man, Omnipotent, That Thou rememberest him ? What is the mortal son of dust, That Thou observest him ? For sure he is as naught ; A shadow fleeting is his time ; At noon he shines, a verdant plant ; The evening finds him withered, pale. Thus all men to their graves Thou leadest, And call'st on them : turn, ye sons of men ! Oh, that they learned of wisdom Wisely of their end to think ! Riches go not with you hence ; Earthly honors stay behind. Practise virtue, walk upright, For glorious is the meed of pious men ; And God redeemeth His servant's soul, Condemneth not who in Him trusts. TRIALS OF LIFE. Minister : Life is a journey, begun and ended without our willing. On we speed with restless haste. We set out in the dim 359 360 THE SERVICE MANUAL. dawn of morning, emerging from the unknown depth of darkness, and hurry toward the unending night. Minutes vanish ; hours fly ; fain would we linger among the first flowers that smile to us in the rosy morn of youth. But a hidden power urges us on, and the flowers fall with- ered from our hands. The hot mid-day sun of life is already refreshing shelter invites us to repose, and gladly would we rest. But we must speed on. We endeavor in vain to hold fast the joys we find by the wayside, but they elude our grasp. Already the sunset reddens the sky, and behind the lurid glare night is stealthily approaching. Willingly would we pause to enjoy, in longer draughts, the coolness of the lovely evening. But " onward ! onward !" cries an unknown voice. We seek in vain to stay the ad- vance of night. It is but a futile effort ; it carries us along down the rapid stream of time. The colors of the sunset fade ; darkness envelops all things ; light is extinguished ; earth vanishes ; our senses rest. The journey is ended. We are surrounded by night. Melancholy indeed is the picture of human life which experience presents to us. If we proceed from the first years of existence to life's furthest limit, how many traces of misery and suffering and disappointment we everywhere encounter ! Our very entering into this world is a painful struggle. Our passing out of it is often a scene of despair. Scarcely born, the infant's sufferings begin. Hunger pains it, cold pinches it, other ills torture it, and it has no power to tell its troubles. What creature born is so utterly help- less as is the human babe ? Creatures of the lower species that are not half as highly organized become independent and self-supporting almost from the moment of their birth. The moth and butterfly take to wing immediately on emerg- ATOXKMKM' MKMOIUM. SKllVtCE. inir from tin 1 envelope of (lit- chrysalis. There arc little birds who peck at and capture insects immediately after leavinir the euL r . Hut many years must pass, and much painful experience must be acquired, before the human- born can do what the lower creature does from the moment of its birth. Scarce has happy childhood set in, and the little boy and girl in their happy, sunny spring of life yearn to romp in field and forest, to sing in chorus with the merry birds, or to listen to the secrets of the murmuring brook, or to twine the daisies and violets into fragrant wreaths, or to chase the golden-winged butterfly, when the shrill sound of the school-bell is heard, summoning them to a prison-cell, and there chaining them to desk and book and irksome tasks, and forcing them to tax their rebellious minds with a mass of learning the use of which their immature minds fail to grasp. School's closing day comes at last. The pupil breathes a sigh of relief, and prepares to enjoy a freedom long denied. But that freedom is of short duration. An- other sound, shriller than before, is heard. It is the loud bugle-call that summons youth to take up arms and to go forth upon a vast battle-field, there to en- gage in a fearful hand-to-hand encounter, man against man, often nearest and dearest against each other. The fight is long and bitter, the blows hard, the wounds deep, the suffering intense. The disappointments are many, the reverses are frequent, the transitions from victory to defeat, from success to failure, from honor to shame, are often painfully rapid. Virtue is maligned. Merit is ignored or aspersed. Benefits conferred are recompensed with ingratitude. And as disappointment and sorrow, in- gratitude and injustice, heap themselves up fast and high, the weary combatant throws his weapon from him, and, 362 THE SERVICE MANUAL. exhausted and disheartened, sinks under the burden and surrenders himself to the whims of fate. There are intervals of sunny days, periods of respite and peace, in this mighty and all-embracing warfare. Dur- ing one of these, the combatant steps out of the ranks, exchanges his spear of war for the dart of love, takes to his heart a sweet companion for life, and kindles the fire of domestic happiness upon the hearth of his own home. But troubles and burdens disturb and darken even this peaceful and happy seclusion. There are the family cares and disappointments. There are the children's frequent struggles with disease, and, worst of all, their passing from parents' love-beating hearts into the cold embrace of heart- less death ; and with their departing comes the long night of darkness and despair. Time passes, and even these painful wounds gradually heal, and the darkness and despair of the night pass away. But the full morning light breaks no more. Old age, with all its infirmities, is rapidly gaining ground. Powers whose acquiring was attended with difficulties and vexations, begin to fail. The memory weakens ; the mjnd loses its cunning, the eye its lustre, the ear its hearing, the palate its taste ; the teeth disappear ; the snow upon the hair grows whiter and thinner; the back bends lower, the limbs grow weaker, the breath becomes shorter. In the race between life and death, life, though in the lead for many years, is rapidly weakening. Already death's hur- rying footsteps are heard. His grim visage appears at the window. Distinctly the doomed mortal hears the whetting of his scythe upon the door-sill. He has crossed the threshold. He hears not the pitiful sobs and entreaties. He deals the fatal blow, and the combatant's struggles and sufh'riiijrs. his victories and defeats, his gains and pains, iind for their reward a dark and narrow bed of clay. M' MEMORIAL SERVICE. This is a sad picture, and one as true as sad. If sotnc there arc whose lives are not as painful as this, then- arc others whose struggles are more pitiable still. Whether the pains be many or few, no man escapes them. Suffer- ing is our common heirloom. Neither wealth nor lame nor knowledge can purchase freedom from it. Though the face be wreathed with smiles, there are hours and days when the soul within is riven with sorrow and the heart quivers with anguish. Kvery heart has its pain; every soul has its night of despair. ANTIPHON. (The Choir and Congregation chant and read alternate verses.) Choir : Man is of few days and full of trouble ; He fleeth as a shadow, and continueth not. Congregation : In the morning lie flour ishetli and groweth up ; In the evening he is cut down and withe reth. The days of our lives are threescore years and ten, Or even, by reason of strength, fourscore years; Yet is their pride but labor and sorrow, For it is soon gone, and ice fly away. All our days are swiftly passed; Our years end as a tale that is told. So teach us the number of our days That ire may apply our hearts unto wisdom. Despise not the chastening of the Lord ; Neither be weary of His reproof. Whom the Lord loveth He reproveth ; Even as a father the son in ichom he dd'tghteth. 364 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Trust in the Lord with all thy heart, And lean not upon thine own understanding. \\>f niit<) iiuty furry for flu' night ^ lint joy comcf/i fit the morning. Forget not the law, and keep the commandments ; For peace and life shall they add to thee. JA//.V tin- Lord thy refuge, And no evil shall befall thee. Job. Psalms. EXHORTATION. DARKNESS BEFORE THE DA WN. Min ister : There are at times hours, days, and weeks, sometimes even months and years, when to us it seems as if the sun had passed away for ever, when we seem to be groping in utter darkness, when all hope has fled, all ambition van- ished, all faith in friendship, in justice, in God himself gone, when no sound of joy, no ray of happiness, bright- ens the countenance or cheers the heart, when our only companions are despair, pain, misery, and the never-sub- siding fear of utter ruin and of speedy death. Some there are who have toiled hard and struggled long for a success which, when almost within reach, turned into failure and mocked their wasted time and means and en- t-ruy. Exhausted and disheartened, they sit and bemoan their fate. Within their souls 'tis night a night that promises no morning. Like fugitives and outcasts, others grope about in dark- maligned and spurned, persecuted and oppressed, cursed by those they have blessed, injured by those they have benefited. Their sun of happiness seems set for ever, their weeping eyes, they are assured, will never again behold the light of morn. There arc those whose lives are spent in the treadmill of toil. Vet, though they slave and stint, their raiment and lodging and food are scarcely better than those of the beggar. A pauper's future stares them in the face as they think of the time when age or sickness will unfit them for toil. In their souls 'tis dark not a cheering star in their sky to kindle even the faintest glint of hope. Still others there are who are fastened down on painful sick-beds, helpless, hopeless, comfortless. Long they have hoped and fervently they have prayed for a relief that refuses to come. For them, and for their dear ones who patiently and self-sacrificingly watch and hope and pray at their bedsides, the sun seems set ; soon it shall be night, deep night the night that has no morning. Yet others there are who walk with dark weeds aboiflP hearts. For them it seems perpetual night. No ray of light penetrates their crape to herald the dawn of a brighter and happier day. With husband or wife, with parent or child, with near or dear in the grave, with bright dreams vanished, with fond hopes shattered, with sweet expectancies frustrated, life, they feel convinced, can have naught else in store for them but the despair and misery of a starless and joyless night. And yet it seem? to be an established law that darkness must precede the dawn. It is written athwart the skies ; it is written upon the face of the earth. We see its sway throughout the vegetal kingdom. Before the rooting seed can bask in sunshine's smile, and bathe its face in morning's pearly dew, and toy with the gentle zephyr, and blush under the sun-ray's burning kisses, it must submit to burial and decay within the dark earth, to winter's pinch- ing cold, and to early spring's chilling blasts. As in vegetal, so it is in human life ; as with the plant, 366 THE SERVICE MANUAL. so with man. In the present organization of society, it seems to be an established law that without preceding darkness there can be no dawn ; without preceding sorrow, no succeeding joy ; without preceding hardships and heart- aches, trials and failures, no succeeding victory nor excel- lence nor success. So prone is man to trample upon the weak and helpless, so prone to sacrifice honor and principle if thereby he can but gratify his lusts and appetites, that, were it not for the occasional checking and sobering lash inflicted by the hand of poverty or failure, of sickness or bereavement, he could not at all be kept within bounds. Let^he cruel never feel the throb of suffering, and the unjust never know the pang of remorse, and the unscrupu- lous never be haunted by visions of their guilt, and the ffcvaricious never experience the pain of loss, and the uncharitable never feel the chill of cold nor the pang of hunger, and the voluptuous never know the torture of disease, and the pleasure-seeker never quiver under the torment of bereavement, and who could live in peace or enjoy life? Opulence and starvation, tyranny and slavery, would exist side by side, with never a bridge of charity, of sympathy, of humanity, to connect them. (Yiinc would stalk proudly under the noonday sun with not a power on earth to stop or molest it. Virtue, mocked and insulted, would slink out of sight, and vice, taking its place, would soon turn child against parent, hus- band against wife, brother against brother, man against man. ami. amidst frightful carnages extending from land to land, from continent to continent, the human family would find its end. Such is the protecting power which sum-rinir exerts upon society. On the individual, ton. its chastening and corrcctim: influence i> clearly discernible. Would you Irani the benefit of siiHeriiii:, t uo among the charity- work- i'XT MI-: .1/0 /;/.!/> SERVICE. :i(i7 ers, and note the prepooderanoe of those who, either out- wardly <>r within their hearts, wear the mourners' weeds, and vet who, hef'ore their affliction, could be found only among the gay and seliish pleasure-seekers; count the hospitals and homes and asylums and schools and ehurehes that have been built and endowed and are sup- ported in memory of some dear departed by those to whom, before their affliction, it mattered little whether the suffering were eared for, or the homeless sheltered, or the ignorant taught, or the straying corrected. Note how the insolent, the selfish, the unsympathetic, arc mellowed by suffering; note how the misery and pain of others awaken responsive chords in hearts which, before, neither orphans' cries nor widows' tears could move. Note these things, and you will perceive the efficacy of suffering as a charaeter-builder. It keeps the heart warm, as the cold snow upon the frozen soil warms the tender sprouts beneath. It forces the tears to trickle fast, but they water the soil from which true greatness springs. It strains and tortures almost beyond endurance, but it has the same result as has the musician's straining of the strings it produces a sweeter melody. It shakes hard, but only to force a deeper and a firmer root; the tree that is shaken most by storms roots the deepest and grows the strongest. It irritates, but only to effect what the oyster does with the irritating grain of sand that has entered its shell it forms of it a beautiful pearl. And, seeing this, and understanding its meaning and its service, you will cease crying out against the darkness that may beset you or yours. You will bide in patience through brighter, and you will stand in the dawn of a truer and more blessed life. To yourselves and to others afflicted you will say, " Patienee ! though darkness now, anon it 368 TUK SERVICE MANUAL. shall be light ! Courage ! wrestle with thy adversary through the night; soon it shall be dawn, and thou a conquerer ! Be brave ! though fierce the rocks, and steep the falls, and cramped and gloomy thy path, beyond are the broad and sunlit plains ! Endure the darkness yet a little while; soon thou wilt shoot forth into the bright sunlight, all the more beautiful for thy suffering ! Pa- tience ! though now all is pain and mystery, by and by thou wilt rise high above all others, a beauteous monument, the admiration and the attraction of the world !" Such is the ministration of darkness. Happy they who have felt its scourge within their hearts and souls ! Happy they who walk in darkness and hear no other sound than the echo of their own weeping and wailing ! They yet shall stand in the golden light of the dawn and be cheered with the joyous notes of the birds of morn. And happy they who, though spared, voluntarily take hardships upon themselves for the good of man, and, of their own accord, pass from the light into the darkness to share a brother's or a sister's sad affliction ! Better to suffer a voluntary sorrow than none at all. Better to endure an occasional fast than never to feel the pain of hunger. Better to step into darkness through our own free will than to be lashed into it by affliction. Danger lurks in unruffled peace. Unbroken quiet leads to moral stagnation, to absorption in self only. It is best for us that we voluntarily deal with our own lavish blessings as the vintner does with the vine that shoots so strong as to bear nothing but leaves he cuts and trims and makes it oft to bleed, until, instead of leaves alone, it ripens also an abundance of luscious fruit. And ye who feel that you have experienced little else save cutting ami trimiiiini: tind bleeding, that your path MKMORIM. SERVICE. 369 lias wound but from trouble to pain, that beyond crape and wi-qmig willow your glance never reaches, that dark- ness, deep darkness, encompasses you round about, and that for you there shall never be dawn again despair not yet. Hope on. It is night now; it will yet be morn. Believe with the poet " Though stars in skies may disappear, and angry tempests gather, The happy hour may soon be here that brings us pleasant went her ; The weary night of rare and grief may have a joyful morrow; The dawning day may bring relief and bid farewell to sorrow." The longest lane has its turning, and the darkest night its morn. The night is ever darkest when the dawn is nearest, and suffering ever severest when happiness is closest. Endure whatever darkness yet remains ; anon the morn will break. If not here, then, let us trust, there, where the light everlasting reigns. Press on, press on through the cloud! Look up. through the darkness! There maybe light beyond a light that may be all the more blessed for the darkness here below ! HYMN. WHO IS THE ANGEL THAT COMETH? (A Chant.) Who is the angel that cometh ? Life! Let us not question what he brings Peace or strife. Under the shade of his mighty wings, One by one, Are his secrets told ; One by one, 24 370 THE SERVICE MANUAL. i Lit by the rays of each morning sun, Shall a new flower its petals unfold, With the mystery hid in its heart of gold. We will arise and go forth to greet him, " Blessed is he that cometh In .the name of the Lord." Who is the angel that cometh ? Pain! Let us arise and go forth to greet him ; Not in vain Is the summons come for us to meet him ; He will stay And darken our sun ; He will stay A desolate night, a weary day. Since in that shadow our work is done, And in that shadow our crowns are won, Let us say still, while his bitter chalice Slowly into our hearts is poured " Blessed is he that cometh In the name of the Lord." Who is the angel that cometh ? Death ! Do not shudder and do not fear ; For a kingly presence is drawing near. Cold and bright Is liis flashing >t-rl. Cold and bright ATOM:'M1-:\T .1//-M/0/;/.!/, XKRVICE. 371 The sinik 1 that conies like a starry light To calm the terror and grief we feel ; lie comes to help and to save and to heal. Then let us, baring our hearts and kneeling, Sing, while \vc wait this angel's sword, " Blessed is he that cometh In the name of the Lord." THE FEAR OF DEATH. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.} Why do we fear death, which is but the certain ending of life's sorrow? Why do we, when we think of death, treasure life more highly, although there are but few among us who, if they had the choice, would care to live their life over again ? Of the many sources whence springs the fear of death, there is one which more especially deserves our attention. God Himself has closely interwoven with our whole being an instinctive yearning to live. Were it not for this strong and almost unconquerable love of life, were it not for this natural shrinking from death, the earth would long since have been a depopulated desert. Man has to encounter in this world numberless dangers which would long ago have destroyed him had not the love of life given him courage to resist them, and had not this cour- age in its turn given him the power to conquer them. Sufferings, fear of misfortune, would soon render life intolerable, and compel man to sink exhausted before yet he had attained the goal of his journey, did not this dread of the grave's dark mystery gird him for the combat and reconcile him tu the labors of the day. It is the 372 THE SERVICE MANUAL. divine will that we should live to ripen for a higher des- tiny ; therefore have we been bound to life by the tender- est yet strongest ties. Without this ardent desire to live, the continuation of our existence after death would be indifferent to us, and all preparation for higher perfection would be deemed an unnecessary hardship. But this yearning for life is im- planted in us, and with it the desire for continued existence after death. And to this desire is joined the necessity of rendering ourselves worthy of a higher life hereafter. Thus, this instinctive clinging to life becomes to us a divine revelation of the continuance of our existence after death. But man errs when he allows this in- born love to degenerate into an unnatural and torment- ing passion which leads him to entertain an unreasonable fear of death and to place an exaggerated value upon his present life. In many cases it is only a morbid state of the mind which causes us to surround death with terrors. Not the real change which takes place, but the false image of it which floats before the imagination, awakens terror, and this has been created by man him- self for his own torment. The dying are as little conscious of the transition from life to death as the weary are aware of the transition from the waking to the sleeping state. The shudder which re- sults from the sight of a lifeless body is caused by self- deception only. If we examine our feelings at such times. we shall find that we pity the dead for all they have lost. But they know of no loss. AVe picture to ourselves how tenderly they loved us, how they would fain have remained witli us, how they have been separated from us )>Y an unknown hand, and how vainly we sought to keep tin-in back. But the dead know not of this, and even in their last days and hour.- the >a<l thoughts and i'eelings ATOM<:MI-:\T were far less vividly present to them than to their sur- vivors. Tlio passionate rlinirin* to life is frequently but a conse- quence of too great a love ami anxiety for those we may leave behind us. We tremble at death because it will tear us from the arms of a beloved parent or child, husband or \vife. We shrink back from the grave because we fear that when we shall descend into it, heart-broken dear ones will be left behind without protection, poor orphans with- out education, sorrowing widows without support. A deep sadness seizes us at the thought of parting from our dear ones, and every fibre of our bodies seems to strug- gle against the feeling of dissolution and separation. We see lowered into the grave the child faded in its bud, and the old man worn out with years. The dust of the maiden, whom an untimely death called away in her early bloom, mingles with that of the mother, whom some unforeseen accident has cut off in the prime of her needed usefulness. But even in such cases the mind of a true man will not be overwhelmed by the fear of death. Do we pity our dear ones each night when they fall asleep, or do we pity ourselves when we go to rest? Yet what difference is there between sleep and death ? True, he who falls asleep feels a profound assurance that with the rising sun he will awake again with renewed strength, while the dying has not so near a hope. Yet when the latter awakes, he too will not be alone. His God will still be with him. Xay. we ought to be able to say "Good-night" to our dying friends with the same calm composure with which we take leave of each other in the evening, when, looking confidently beyond the night, we enjoy in advance the pleasures of the coming morn. When divested of all the gloomy aspects with which our imagination associates it, death is not so terrible. 374 THE SKnVU'K MA \r.\L. Tt is to our fancy we owe the gloomy thoughts that most distress us ; in the fulness of our health and strength and our love of life we fancy ourselves in the place of the dying, and thus we experience grief that the dead know not, and 'endure pains that they suffer not. That which seems so terrible is not the act of dying, hut the thought, " What shall I be when I have ceased to be- long to humanity, when I have been stripped of my human form ?" It is this uncertainty that fills us with awe. The darkness that envelops the future makes us rejoice doubly in the broad daylight that surrounds us; we learn to appre- ciate that which we possess, and we tremble at the thought of exchanging all that is familiar to us for a state of which we can hardly form a conception. Had the wisdom of the Creator vouchsafed to us in this life a knowledge of what is to come in the next, verily, the grave would cease to terrify. But the very uncertainty in which we are left consti- tutes the strongest tie that binds to life the impatient and the despairing ; it is this doubt which prevents them from cutting short the term of trial appointed for them. The air of mystery surrounds death with such awe that all who are not bereft of reason shrink from it. But even this uncertainty is only terrifying as long as the future world seems far off; in the hour of death it changes character. Then it is the life behind us that appears dark and vain, while the future, with its new existence, is ir- radiated by the light of certainty. The dying man turns away from all that he loves best, in order to pass into the happier existence. The past has no charm lor him; In- i- uttraeteil ><ilely by tile iie\V WOl'ld On tllC threshold Not to all. however. diir< death lose its terror. To those who believe that this earthly life is all in all; who live lor A 7v > .v /:.]/ 1:.\ T M AM/ <H:I.\L ,s7-;/; i v< /:. : ; 7 r> tliis world as il' it were never (u end; who think more of the -ratification of their senses than of the improvement of their immortal spirit. ; who waste year after year in en- deavoring to increase their earthly possessions; who live but to adorn their person, to enjoy frivolous pleasures, to triumph over their rivals and opponents in a word, to secure to themselves such worldly snoods as seem to them most desirable, to such as these the last moments are full of anguish and despair. When such an one dies, his soul is in death even poorer than in the first hour of his birth, when it possessed at least the jewel " innocence." What becomes of the spirit, if made the slave of the body, when the body, its master and idol, has been converted into dust? What becomes of the accomplishments of the body the artistic language of gesture, the sportive wit of the moment, the capacity for overreaching others, the power of flattery, the thou- sand little arts of vanity and conceit? They perish with the flesh. But the poor, neglected spirit and the forgotten eternity they endure. Not so the righteous man who has quietly pursued the path of beauty and virtue, and who has preferred the well- being, the peace, and the happiness of those around him to his own. He enjoys certainty. His heart tells him, " Thou shalt not die entirely ; eternal love watches over thee." Na- ture tells him so when, through her wonders, he beholds, as through a veil, God in His majesty, His infinitude, and His mercy. The body may shudder when about to be reduced to dust, but the righteous spirit is seized with holy transports. Throughout the entire universe it sees only life nowhere death ; everywhere the mutual rela- tions of all things nowhere a link wanting in the great chain of beings which the Almighty hand of God has forged. 376 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Yes, henceforward I will walk more steadily in the path of righteousness ; then will the terrors of death vanish before the consciousness of my growing good- ness as mist disappears before the rays of the morning sun. What attraction has this earth, that parting from it should be so difficult? The desire of the righteous is to grow in righteousness, and this holy craving can only be satisfied after the awakening in the higher ex- istence. And the joys of this life though I am far from hold- ing them lightly, for they are the gifts of God how fleeting are they ! How quickly do I tire even of the greatest pleasures of earth ! What have I gained when I have obtained all for which I have striven ? What but the constant repetition of a drop of honey mixed with a drop of gall ? This world's pleasures are never unalloyed. Father of Life and Death, henceforth I shall not fear the sting of death nor the terror of the grave. I shall become what Thou demandest of me useful, loving, be- nevolent, upright. The parting hour will then have no terrors for me. Death will be an easy passing from dreaming to waking. The sunset of this life will be the sunrise of existence in the regions of eternity ! HYMN. SOUL, WHY ART THOU TROUBLED SO? Soul, why art thou troubled so ? Why art thou so sore afraid ? 1-Vel'st thou not the Father nigh, Him whose heart contains us all ? Lives no God for thee on high, Loving while His judgments fall? MEMORIAL SK 11 VICE. Look aim vi ! (iod is hive. Soul, why art thou troubled so ? Hi-art and eye Lift on high. Every tear on earth that flows God, the world's great -ruler, knows. Soul, why art thou troubled so? Why art thou so sore afraid ? Art thou, then, of all forsaken? Standest thou on earth alone All thou loved'st from thec taken, Nothing thou canst call thine own ? God's with thee Eternally. Soul, my soul, shake off thy dread ; Firmly trust God the just ; Never shall His word betray, Never shall His love decay. Soul, why art thou troubled so ? Why art thou so sore afraid ? From thy heart has fatal death Torn the loved ones thou wouldst save ? Saw'st thou them, with anguished breath, Sink into the gloomy grave ? Death's last blow Endeth woe. Soul, have comfort in the Lord ! Tears, take flight ! For in light Walk the host that God adore, Blessed, blessed evermore. 378 THE SERVICE MAXUAL. EXHORTATION. THE MYSTERY OF THE HEREAFTER. Minister : Often, when meditating on the destiny of the soul, \VG say : " If we but knew how we shall fare in that fu- lure life ! If we had but some slight indication of what will be the state of the spirit after the death of the body ! If we had but some little knowledge of the state into which the spirit will pass, some shadowy insight into its destiny !" The human mind has ever been endeavoring to discover the secrets of eternity. In vain, however, has man en- deavored to solve the mystery. The darkness in which God has wrapped the future remains impenetrable. When we consider, on the one side, the powerful aid rendered by heart and soul and mind in support of the belief that death cannot be the end of life, and, on the other side, the absolute silence as to what really transpires beyond the grave, it seems as if it had been decreed by Supreme Wis- dom that the immortality belief shall exist in the human mind only as a rational hope, never as a demonstrable fact; only" as a probability, never as a known reality- only as something that may be or can be or ought to be, never as something actually proven ; only as a per- haps, never as a certainty. It shall be like that mythical tree in the centre of Eden, pleasant to look upon, yet never to be enjoyed, lest it might open the eyes and bring a knowledge which, for his own good, man never shall possess. Life and death, the cradle and the cof- i'm. the l>< fnr< and the /iff" (t't< r shall remain, as they have ev-r hem, the greatest of all mysteries. For man's good (Jod kindled the hope of immortality in the human heart, and for man's goyd He does not permit it to be more than a hope. ATO\I'M1-\T MKMfHUAL ,S'A7; VH'K. Kven our own limited sense enaMes us to discern how wise it is that this mystery is not revealed. Of all reve- lations, none could be more ]iaiiif'ul, none more disastrous, than that which would disclose our future. Who of those now heavy-laden with life's cares and burdens, its sorrows and disappointments, would have lived to hear them to this day. had they known, when they entered upon life's journey, that this would he their lot? Who of those that are gay and happy to-day could continue being gay and happy another hour were the veil that hides the future from them lifted and they made to see how soon joy will change to sorrow and laughter to tears ? What man would enter upon any enterprise with the certainty of failure staring him in the face? What army would march to battle-field with the certainty of defeat and death before it? What man would toil and struggle, dig and search, in the deep and dismal mines of knowledge, hav- ing before him the assurance that the end of all his labor will be vexation and disappointment? Whatman would take a wife to his heart, knowing that soon she will change her bridal-robe for a funeral-shroud ? What maiden would leave her peaceful home and loving dear ones, knowing that when the first anniversary of her wedding-day will dawn, it will light upon a broken heart and a blasted life ? What mother would endure all the sacrifices and pangs involved in rearing her children, knowing that death will soon take them from her warm heart and lay them into the cold grave ; or, worse still, that she will find her reward in cruel ingratitude or in bitter disappointment? What man could enjoy life with the exact hour of his own death or of that of his dear ones as positive before him as the hour of execution is before the doomed crim- inal? Make the future a certainty to all men to-day, and to-morrow the great driving-wheel of civilization would 380 THE SERVICE MAXUAL. come to a complete stop, all enterprise would collapse, all energy would relax, all courage fail, all ambition subside, all hope vanish, and, amidst the apathy and gloom and despair that would ensue, civilized society would fast cruinble into total ruin and decay. .Man shall be ignorant of the future. This seems to be the eternal decree. He shall have faint glimpses of what may probably happen, so that he may guide himself ac- cordingly. He shall have hope, but not ci-rluinty hope keeps him alive, certainty would slay him. Hope gives him the forward aim and impulse; the certainty of prosper- ity or of adversity would deter every effort. With honor or shame, with gain or loss, sure before him, why .should man strive for or against that which he cannot escape ? Bow down and thank God that the veil of mystery con- ceals to-morrow's events from your view. Thank God that you can see neither the poison-arrow that is fast speeding to pierce your heart nor the comely-featured, sweet-voiced, gay-hearted Maid of Fortune that is impatiently hurrying forward to fold you to her heart in rapturous embrace. Such knowledge here were death. To know to-day what to-morrow will bring might slay to-day's joy for the dread of to-morrow's sorrow. To know but to-day's sorrow and to hope for a brighter to-morrow shortens present gloom in the hope of future brightness. If on our knees we should thank God that a veil of mystery hides to-mor- row's happenings from our view, what act of reverence ought we to show, what words of gratitude ought we to stammer to God that He has stretched a still darker and heavier veil of mystery over the happenings after death ! If to know to-morrow's events would slay the joys and efforts oi' today, a positive knowledge of the hereafter Would end, even more surely, the joys and efforts oi' the present. The dear vision of the future would envelop the 381 present in a mist of darkness. Man would speak of, and write of. and live in, the future tense, and ignore the pres- ent tense altogether. In the niid>t of lii'e he would be dead. Only the hereafter would have claims on his heart and mind and soul ; to the present In- would give no other thought than that of making it as brief as possible, and as unenjoyable as brief. He would make of this earth a pur- gatory, so that he might sooner and better enjoy a future heaven. For the purification of the soul he would enthrall and abuse the body until all joy would be crushed. With skull and cross-bones, with death and the grave, ever be- fore him, he would not rest content until every garden became a cemetery, and every mien a corpse-like counte- nance, and every .garb a funeral-shroud. Into some soli- tude he would retire, and amidst constant prayer and pen- ance and mortification he would rust and rot from his living death into his dead life. Every effort to make his present life enjoyable would cease. The mind would stagnate, and human society would soon find its grave. There have been times in the world's history when such a doom was imminent, and the cause was just such an acceptance of the immortality doctrine, not as a rea- sonable and a stimulative hope, but as a positive fact. Whole peoples pretended to know as much of the life hereafter as of the present life, and exercised greater care and caution, and made greater provision for the life beyond the grave than for that this side of it. These have been the periods of the greatest mental stagnation, of the greatest superstitions, of the greatest social apathy, of the greatest industrial lethargy, of the greatest earthly suffering. Such are the dangers of claiming too much for the im- mortality doctrine, and such the benefits of claiming for it the little that the reason will allow. We may now see 382 THE SERVICE MANUAL. why this dark and impenetrable veil of mystery hides the future from the present, why the heart shall only hope, but the mind never know. It is because we have a life to live, and goals to reach, and duties to perform, and problems to solve before death, and no time for spec- ulations concerning what may befall us after death. To believe less than that the soul's continuance after death is a reasonable inference from the problem of this present existence might make our life unendurable. To believe more would soon lead us to sacrifice all the opportunities and neglect all the duties of the present in the hope of a greater good in the future. If the hereafter is only a hope, the present is a real fact. Why shall we always long for the paradise of the uncertain beyond, when we can make paradise a certainty here? Why pain or grieve because we cannot clasp to our hearts the one or two that have gone before, when there are those about us yearning for love's embrace ? Wise is he who so lives that, if death be the end, his life is still not ended, but he yet lives on in his survivors, whose excellence is the reflection of his own, just as the moon's light is the reflection of the sun's, long after the parent light has sunk beneath the horizon. And he already lives an angel life who helps to make for others a heaven here, who honors merit, appreciates ben- efits, rewards faithful toil, reverences the great and the good, scatters seeds of happiness, seeks to make of this earth a Garden of Eden, where the beauteous and fragrant flowers of peace and love, of right and justice, nf sunshine and laughter, crowd out the poisonous weed of discord and hatred, of envy and ingratitude, nf selfishness and heart- Such a life is heaven. Thus to live and thus to die is not living in vain nor dying in iiothingin ATOXKMKXT MEMORIAL SERVICE. (To be I'td'l n/teriHiltfi/ hi/ Mini.<t<r <tn>l Cniii/rii/n/ioii.} Minister: The world is like a roadside inn, Where we rest awhile before proceeding to our home. ( Congregation : //> trlio shall f//V, in'// </i< ; \i>f//in</ fun hlt (hath in its course. Pleasant is the sentence of death unto the weary, And unto him that despaireth and hath lost patience. Ax 'i i//-'>/> <>f irate r front the sea, So a fete years in the day of eternity. Fret not at what is lost ; Rather care for what remaineth. hax death present to his mind Is sure to make fife worth the living. Weep for the mourners, not for the deceased ; For he is gone to rest, and they are left in anguish. Wli<' it tin i/i in/ /.s- at rest, let thy anguish rest, An<l In: c<>nifnrll when his spirit is departed. Forget not that there is no returning ; Thy grieving aids him not ; it but hurts thee. tht/M-tf i" th. 1 Think nut that the grave ends all. Fear not the hour of death ; Others have gone before thee, and others will follow. gom< l> am s fall />/,/'/,' nt],, /.> ,j,-,ni\ one man df'-t/i f/tt/r unntli, r is born. 384 THE SERVICE MANUAL. It is a mournful truth, everywhere confessed, That not even wealth or beauty can escape the grave. The Lord created man of earth. And into dust he turneth him buck again. As the vintner knows the time for gathering, So knows the Lord the hour for summoning the righteous. Get thyself ready in the hall, That tliou inaycst be Jit to enter into the palace. Ben Sirach. Talmud. DEATH NOT YET THE END. MEDITATION. While it is not in our power to know positively the fate of the soul beyond the grave, yet God in His wisdom has permitted enough rays from His divine light to penetrate our minds so as to make a belief in the soul's immortality rational, and the hope for it reasonable and comforting. The grounds for such a belief and hope are many and strong. There is first of all the consensus of all humankind in the belief in a life beyond the grave. It is universal prop- erty, the shrine before which all religions bow in common, the stay and support and guide of all peoples, climes, and ages. What else can this belief, held by all peoples by peoples of different grades of culture, who are other- wise totally dissimilar, and among some of whom there has never been an interchange of religious opinion mean, if not that it is an intuition of the mind, an original en- of human nature, an implanted instinct, the die d into the spirit when it was first moulded? This vivid and ineradicable concej>t of a continuance after death ATOXEMKXT MEMORIAL SERVICE. 385 seems to be a special revelation of the actual existence of a future state. There is the scientific truth that whatever is, is for ever. What once exists may change into different forms and modes, but out of existence it cannot pass. Solids may change to liquids, liquids to gases, gases to other tenuous forms of matter, but, in one form or another, continue they must. It is true of matter, it is true of force, all the more must it be true of the soul that is superior to both. When death sets in, the matter that constitutes the body instantly proceeds to pass into other states of matter which are totally different from the preceding state, and which, for the main part, are invisible. When death sets in, the vital force, being imperishable, may also in- stantly proceed to pass into another form of life, totally differing from the preceding and invisible to human eye. The scientific teaching of the indestructibility of existing things almost necessitates the belief in another form of life higher than the present, and a consequence of it. The fact that eye has not seen it nor ear heard it avails noth- ing against such a belief. As we have forms of matter so extremely rarefied as to escape the observation of the senses, as to be recognizable only through their effects, so may we have forms of life so attenuated as to elude our sentient observation. The superiority of the mind over matter furnishes another proof. The soul, though coexisting with the body and de- pendent on it for its manifestation, is wholly different from it. It is in matter, yet not of it. It is related to the body as the engineer to his engine; and as the demolition or decay of the engine does not involve the death of the engineer, so docs not the dissolution of the body involve the death of the soul. The theory of evolution furnishes another proof. We 25 386 THE SERVICE MANUAL. see a constant and gradual rise from the lower to the higher and from the less perfect to the ever more perfect inorganic first, organic next, and the connecting-link of part inorganic and part organic between the two ; aquatic first, terrestrial next, and the connecting-link of part aquatic and part terrestrial between the two ; thus, step by step, until man is evolved. But though man is the highest in visible creation, he may not be the highest de- velopment obtained by evolution. He is too imperfect a creature to crown so grand a work as creation. He is restrained on all sides by the limitations of matter. His material organs limit the range of his capacities. His material passions limit the range of his virtues. His ma- terial brain limits the range of his thought. To attain to the more perfect condition, evolution must pass from the material into some higher state, as it passed in primordial times from the aquatic to the atmospheric and from the inorganic to the organic. That higher form may be the spiritual, and the higher element the ethereal; and man, being part material and part spiritual, may be the connect- ing-link between the material and the spiritual. And in his dissolution the complete transition from the material to the spiritual may take place, just as the organic arose from the dissolution of the inorganic, and the inorganic from the dissolution of the elements. The coffin of the material may be the cradle of the spiritual, and the much- dreaded death may only be the means of conveying im- perfect man to a higher state of existence, just as the larva is the means of changing the loathsome caterpillar into the beauteous butterfly. The constant longing after a perfection which is unattain- able in our present finite state, furnishes a strong support for the preceding argument. It may be prophetic of that future state in which it may be gratified. We find the coun- ATOM-:MI-:\T MKMORIM. SERVICE. :587 terpart of such fulfilled prophecies in organic life. In (lie slow unfolding oi' the living species we lind every advent of a higher division or kingdom foreshadowed in the pre- ceding lower division or kingdom. As (here are in us to-day undeveloped organs of no present significance save as mementos of their past services, so may high moral and spiritual and intellectual powers, and the yearniiiL: and striving for the still higher, be nascent faculties, prophecies of the advent of a higher state. Another argument is found in the gradual emntiripntimi of tlf spirit from the tyranny of matter, especially notice- able in old age, when the frail and weakened physical functions strangely contrast with a most brilliant unfold- ing of the mind. The weakened flesh and the subdued passions and appetites give the freedom-seeking soul oppor- tunities long denied, and it makes noble use of them. In eloquent language it proves its own total independence of matter, and demonstrates that the prophecy is begin- ning to take form. Another argument is derived from the belief in a God of justice. If God is, justice is ; if justice is, there must be a hereafter. If man owes duties to God, God owes rights to man. If we believe that it is He who brings us upon this earth, endows us with affection, permits our dear ones to grow into our hearts, we cannot believe that He will permit cruel death to tear them from us, without softly whispering to the bereaved, " Comfort ye ! comfort ye, my children! Fear not in your sorrow! Forsake not your faith ! Tarry patiently awhile ! there will be sweet reunion anon." Nor can we believe that He will not verify beyond the grave the promise given this side of it. If we believe that it is God who wants us to love truth and right and justice, to pursue them and to fight for them, 388 THE SERVICE MANUAL. we cannot believe that He will permit the millions to endure loss and ignominy, cruelty and tortures, for their love of virtue, and never reward their suffering, neither here nor hereafter. If we believe that God desires man's moral and mental development, we cannot believe that the millions who struggle but fail, will never be given another chance to redeem themselves, to do what here they left undone, and to undo what here they did, to start anew and upon the right track. To bring man into life unasked only to make that life full of toil and trouble and suffering ; to endow man with capacities and faculties only to prevent opportunities for their full development ; to bring dear ones into our arms only to snatch them from us when we grow fondest of them ; to lure our minds up the steep and rugged hillsides of knowledge only to hurl us into the abyss of total anni- hilation at the moment the mists and clouds that hide the summit begin to scatter and the mind prepares to reap its reward, to do this were more befitting the character of a heartless monster than that of a just God. Believe this to be the divine decree, and why strive for anything if all our gain be but for the grave ? Why practise virtue, self- denial, self-sacrifice, if their only reward be a handful of dust or an urnful of ashes? God is, and He is just; and, being just, He will not build up so magnificent a piece of work as man, endow him so admirably, breathe the highest aspirations into his soul, stamp the impress of his divine origin upon his mind, and then puff him into nothingness as children do their soap-bubbles. He will not create so marvellous. >o infinite a universe as this for the brutes that cannot ap- preciate it. or for man, who, the moment lie catches the. ih>t faint glimpse of the all pervading, uver-awin^ maje.-ty. ATOM-:MI-:.\T MI'.UOHIM. xi-:nvici>:. 389 has tin' light extinguished before him. never to be rekin- dled. And even though we err. even though it be but a dream, a mere delusion, then far better so sweet a dream, so com- forting a delusion, than the agoni/ing thought that death means total annihilation ; better to close the eyes of our departed dear ones softly, peacefully, resignedly, hopefully, in the belief that we will meet again when the night is past, than to part from them with the despairing thought that those whom we loved and who loved us are lost to us fur ever; better to turn away from the grave with a sweet 'Mo meet again " upon our lips, than to see naught else there but darkness and decay. Rather than despair when the death-knell tolls, better the hope "That in a world of larger scope - What here is faithfully begun Will be completed, not uudoiie." HYMN. WHAT IS DEATH? What is death ? Oh, what is death ? 'Tis the snapping of the chain ; 'Tis the breaking of the bowl ; 'Tis relief from every pain ; 'Tis freedom to the soul ; 'Tis the setting of the sun, To rise again to-morrow, A brighter course to run, Nor sink again in sorrow. Such is death ; yea, such is death. What is death ? Oh, what is death ? 'Tis slumber to the weary ; 'Tis rest to the forlorn ; 390 THE SERVICE MANUAL. 'Tis shelter to the dreary ; 'Tis peace amid the storm ; 'Tis the entrance to our home ; 'Tis the passage to that God Who bids His children come When their weary course is trod. Such is death ; yea, such is death. Mi/i iatfr : Every reason for a belief in immortality is at the same time a reason for the hope that kindred souls will meet again. Alas, what manifold sufferings do not noble beings endure for the sake of their beloved ones. Shall we be- lieve that their tears, their cares, their sacrifices, will re- main unrequited? Death robs them of the dearest treas- ures of their lives ; shall we believe that their grief will remain unheeded, forgotten, by the justice of an All-lov- ing God? We shall meet again somehow, somewhere. What mat- ters it how and where ? God is there as here, and He will mete out justice. Comfort ye, comfort ye, father, mother, who are weeping for a beloved child ! Be thou comforted, thou lonely widow, sorrowing in solitude ! Cease to grieve, thou son, thou daughter, for thy beloved parent ; thou sister for thy much-regretted brother ; thou brother for thy devoted sister ; thou friend, mourn no longer for the friend torn from thy bosom ! Look up ! Hope on ! There may be, there must be, sweet reunion beyond. Ah ye, who sleep in your lowly graves, ye are not for- gotten by us. Our hearts still beat for you as when yours responded to ours. (Jladly do we turn our thoughts to you, beloved ones who have gone before us into another ATOM:MI-:\T world! yc never-to-bo-forgotten objects of our la-art's devotion, it is you who bind closer the ties that unite the In if and the hereafter! To think of you, to hope for reunion with you, is to add to our happiness here below. Although, when communing in spirit with you, a ivl- unhappiness. Bliss can have its sadness, and silent joy its tears. When a father or a mother weeps at the urave of a lost child, or when the sight of the trinket which the dear departed one was fond of in life calls forth hi,s mem- ory in livelier colors ; when a gentle and affectionate child treasures up, as a sacred relic T some object that once be- longed to father or mother ; when husband or wife, parted for ever from each other, cherishes some ring or some letter as a token of the affection that united them in life ; when lovers, friends, brothers, sisters, remember the dear one's they have lost; when, with many a deep-drawn sigh, their lips whisper the cherished name ; when their tears bear witness to their undying affection, it is not pain and anguish which they experience, but a sad satisfaction that their departed dear ones are still remembered and loved. Yes, sainted dear ones, we recall the time when you still walked on earth, and lived in our midst, and bestowed pro- tection and blessing, gladness and consolation. Though months, years, have passed over your graves, yet are you still nigh unto us. In transfigured, glorified forms your images hover before our soul's vision, and we would fain clasp you in our arms. Children think of their departed parents of the tender mother on whose bosom they once rested so sweetly and peacefully, of the loving and vigilant father who struggled and toiled painfully and incessantly, for their welfare. Fathers and mothers think of their departed children, 392 THE SERVICE MANUAL. their heart's delight, their pride, their hope, their solace, their all. The husband, the wife, remembers the departed consort, the lost support and ornament, the vanished glory of the home. Bitterly and keenly the bereaved feels the loss of the faithful companion who shared life's cares and hopes, joys and woes, who was ever near, ever true and steadfast when others failed, when all else tottered. The family thinks of those departed members whose death has created wide gaps and inflicted deep wounds by severing precious links from the golden chain of life. The congregation, too, affectionately recalls to-day those of its members who. during the past year, exchanged their earthly habitation for the eternal abode : (Here are read the names of those of the Congregation who have died during the year.) Aye, our memory embraces a far greater circle than that of the family or congregation. It covers the whole of humankind, and dwells with grateful love on those voids where formerly lived and toiled the illustrious leaders and teachers and benefactors, who were the stay and pride of their country and of their people, and whose lives and works served as models and inspirations to us. Though no longer among the living, dead to us they shall never be. As long as the world will prize virtue, will honor merit, will love justice and truth, so long will it gratefully treasure the remembrance of (Here are read the names of illustrious benefactors of all nations and creeds who have died during the year.) And we remember also those heroes and martyrs of olden times who, for their faith's sake, for their advo- cacy of right and truth and justice, were frequently made to suffer ignominy, persecution, torture, and di-ath. In carrying out their virtuous purposes they thought not ATOM-:MI-:.\T MUMO/HAL SERVICE. of the world's applause. They were consoled 1>\ tlie linn convict iitu that they were accomplishing that which would ever tend to increase the happiness of mankind. And they did not deceive themselves. That which is holy ever triumphs, and posterity names with a Mossing those men who during their lives were condemned. Tlie remembrance thereof ought to strong hen and elevate our minds, and inspire us with courage and with unswerv- ing determination to so act that we might gain th.e -ap- proval of God. As the wisest and noblest heroes and martyrs ever trust in the righteousness of their cause, and move onward with their eyes fixed upon God, so. let us also uphold the good and just cause, though men persecute and ill-treat us. May we love our fellow- beings, help them with a good will, defend the wronged, alleviate misery, dispel ignorance, scatter truth, promote useful undertakings. And may we do all this not from selfish motives, but because we are convinced that what we do is right and good, that the deed is worthy of us, that through it we manifest that virtue which our con- science and our God demand of us. Merciful Father ! may this our commemoration be pleasing to Thee ; may our supplication for the eternal rest and bliss of those who have departed from us be answered. May they dwell in Thy tent, rest beneath Thy shelter, and enjoy the delights of Thy abode in eternal beatitude and peace ! SILENT DEVOTION. ORGAN ACCOMPANIMENT. /AT COMMEMORATION OF DECEASED PARENTS. Thee I remember in this solemn hour, my dear father (my beloved mother). I remember the day when thou still 304 THE SERVICE MANUAL. didst dwell on earth, and thy tender love stood by my side like a guardian angel. Thou hast gone from me, but the bond of our souls can never be severed ; thy image lives within my heart, pure and bright, approving, warning, and encouraging. May the Merciful One reward the faithful kindness which thou hast shown me ; may He turn the light of His countenance in mercy upon thee, and bestow on thee eternal bliss, and on me His mercy and love, that at the end of my days I may be found worthy to enter the abode of eternal peace. IN COMMEMORATION OF DECEASED HUSBAND OR WIFE. Thee I remember in this solemn hour, my beloved husband (0 my beloved wife). I remember the tender affection, the self-denial which filled thy being while we still walked hand in hand and heart with heart in the common path of our happy wedded life. Though death has summoned thee from my side, thy image still lives in my heart, is still an inspiration to me, is still my comfort and my joy. May He that gave thee to me and took thee from me keep thee under the shadow of His divine wing, and on me may He bestow grace and mercy, that at the end of my days I may be found worthy to enter the abode of eternal peace. IN COMMEMORATION OF DECEASED CHILDREN. Thee I remember in this solemn hour, my beloved child. T remember the days so sweet when I still delighted in thy bloom, in thy bodily and mental growth, in beautiful hopes for thy future. The inscrutable will of God early took thee from mi' ; He called thee. and left me behind, with a deeply wounded heart in which the fond remem- brance of thcc can never be extiniiui-hed. But God is just in all His ways, and on His justice I base my hope ATOM-MI':.\T for thy eternal destiny. As a lather pitieth his child, so may lie look with compassion on thy soul, and with mercy on mint', so that at tin- end of my days I may be found worthy to enter the abode of eternal peace. IN COMMEMOH.iTION OF BROTHERS AND SISTERS AND OTHER RELATIVES. Thee I remember in this solemn hour, my brother (sister), my uncle (aunt) I remember the days when we lived lovingly together in one family circle, and when thy love and fidelity were my comfort, and thy coun- sel and aid my support. Now thou slumberest in the grave, in the cold lap of earth, but thy image has not vanished from before me. May God bless thee with eternal joys, and bestow upon me His grace and mercy, that at the end of my days I may be found worthy to enter the abode of eternal peace. MEMORIAL PRAYER. (Congregation rising.) Min istcr : O Thou Comforter of the comfortless, with saddened yet with grateful feelings we, whom death once smote heavily, seek Thy presence on this solemn Atonement Day. Grateful are we that our hearts to-day are not wrung with agony, nor our souls overwhelmed with grief. Thou hast poured balm into our bleeding wounds, and our hearts are healed. Where, for a time, all was darkness, Thou hast sent light again. Where once all was despair, hope again sits enthroned. Time has wrought the cure which, on the calamitous day of our misfortune, reason could not bring. If not yet wholly reconciled to our great loss, we are at least content that we were permitted, for a consider- 396 THE SERVICE MANUAL. able time, to live in the closest bonds of love with our dear departed. We find infinite comfort in the thought that, though our dear ones were too soon sum- moned from our side, they lived at least long enough to make their absence felt in our home and in the larger circle in which they moved, and to make all who came in contact with them the happier and better for having once enjoyed their associationship. In this memorial service we find soothing evidence that our departed are not dead, that their memory lives in the hearts of their sur- vivors and in the blessed fruition of their noble thoughts and deeds and aspirations ; that not yet have their sweet countenances passed out of our memories, nor has the music of their voices died away, nor their beautiful ex- ample lost its power, nor their cheerful word its comfort. Grant us, O God, Thy further aid. Remove yet every lingering vestige of our great sorrow. Make the spiritual union between the living and the dead all the closer for the separation in the flesh. May we show our truest appreciation by developing and ripening the noble seed planted by our departed. May this memorial service stimulate in us all such worthy conduct in the future, that when, in due time, our summons comes, we may leave behind a name deserving of grateful commemora- tion by kin and friend. We pray Thee, be with us during our earthly pilgrimage. Illumine our minds ; fill our hearts witli a love of justice and truth. Make onr ways straight before Thee, our works clean, and our thoughts pun-, so that the fear of death may not terrify our souls nor the grave mean annihilation to us, but that we may look hope- fully forward to the end in the faith of a happy reunion with our departed dear ones, and an entrance upon a higher destiny, in a higher sphere, under Thy care and guidance. Amen. ATONEMENT MKMnniM, SERVICE. 397 Exalted and Hallowed be the name of the Lord. Man is of few days, and full of trouble. He cometh forth like a flower, and is cut down ; he fleeth as a shadow, and continueth not. All are of dust, and all turn to dust again. There the wicked cease from troubling, and there the weary are at rest. There the fettered are free ; there they hear not the voice of the op- pressor. The small and the great are there. The dust alone returns to dust; the spirit returns to God, who gave it. In the way of right- eousness is life, and in the pathway thereof there is no death. May the Lord of the Uni- verse grant plenteous peace, and a goodly reward, and grace and mercy, unto Israel, and unto all who have de- parted from this life. Amen. May He who maintains the Harmony of the Universe vouchsafe unto all of us peace for evermore. Amen. (J/ourners DO nv rrn p8 nrr : n fcui ?ip lyp^' x? UMW ' ' ^ \|top r mini - npny nN? ; n in: ND 1 ?^ rin 1 ? T T : I : ^rf? NOD ' ng^jp. atonement ffionelusion Jserbtee. EXHORTATION. THE DAY OF FAST SHALL BECOME A J)AY OF JOY. Min inter : THE sun is on the decline. Soon this sacred day, so reverently ushered in with the eventide of yesterday, will have passed away. A solemn day it has been solemn by reason of the self-examination and humiliation, of the fer- vent supplications and pious meditations, of the earnest confessions and sincere resolves, to which we consecrated it. Soon we shall leave this sanctuary and go forth into the busy world where to-day's self-affliction and tears will give way to joy and feasting. There is nothing unusual or wrong in such a change from sorrow to joy. Sad days like these are and must be an exception, and were all men to spend at least one day in the year as we have spent this, and were all who thus spend it to remain steadfast to the resolves they make, even this exceptional day would, before the lapse of many years, be no longer needed. The ancient prophet Zechariah already foresaw the passing away of this day of self-imposed sorrow, for he predicted: "The fast of the fourth month, and the fast of the fifth, and the fast of the seventh, and the fast of the tenth, shall become joy and gladness and cheerful feasts, providing ye love the truth and peace." Man shall not always repine on account of sin. lie is not totally depraved nor hopelessly irredeemable. That there is still need for fasting is bcrausi- a false virtue has been assigned to the fast. Instead uf using it as ;. CONCLUSION SERVICE. 399 means toward a remedy, it was by too many regarded as the remedy itself. It was believed that if man did but faithfully last he would have little to fear. The ulte- rior purpose of the Atom-incut Fast to effect by means of self -affliction a betterment of conduct, a purification of heart and soul was little heeded, and therefore are we still far from seeing the Fast of the Seventh Month be- come a day of joy and gladness. And vet this conception had been emphasized many times before. More than two thousand years ago, the of soul-affliction which exhausted itself in a fast, and not in a betterment of conduct. " Behold," he calls aloud unto the people, " ye fast for strife and debate, and to smite with the fist of wickedness Is it such a fast that I have chosen ? a day for a man to afflict his soul ? is it to bow down his head as a bulrush, and to spread sack- cloth and ashes under? wilt thou call this a fast, and an acceptable day to the Lord ? Is not this the fast that I have chosen ? to loose the bonds of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke ? Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house ? When thou seest the naked, that thou cover him, and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh ? then," continues the prophet, " if this constitutes thy fast, thou wilt prosper like a well-watered garden, and thou wilt rejoice for evermore." Of the same import are the pleadings of the prophet Zechariah. " When ye fasted," he asks, " for whom but for yourselves did ye fast? Is it the fast that the Lord required of you ? Is it not written thus : That ye exe- cute true judgment, and show mercy and compassion every man to his brother: and oppress not the widow 400 THE SERVICE MANUAL. nor the orphan, nor the stranger, nor the poor, and that none of ye imagine evil against his brother in your hearts. came affliction upon you. But ye shall not be afflicted, nor shall ye afflict yourselves always. Ye shall yet rejoice. Ye shall yet be the pride and the glory among the nations. And your days of fasting shall become days of joy and gladness and cheerful feasts. But ere this shall come to pass, these are the things that ye must do : Speak ye every man the truth to his neighbor, execute the judg- ment of truth and peace in your gates ; let none of you imagine evil in your hearts against his neighbor, and swear no false oaths, for all these things the Lord abominates." With the prophet of old we ask at the close of this sol- emn Atonement Day, " Is the institution of the fast to be observed unto the end of time ? Was it for the sake of the fast that the Atonement Day was created? Was it not rather for the sake of examining the causes which require such a form of penance that the first fast was demanded?" And with the prophet of old we answer, " The Atone- ment Day with its fast is a temporary institution. It is to be observed only as long as man shall persist in wrong- doing, and it shall cease and turn into a day of joy and gladness and cheerful feasts as soon as he shall rise su- perior to sin, as soon as he shall fulfil the five prereq- uisites speaking the truth, executing justice, preserving peace, thinking not evil of one's neighbor, swearing no false oaths." And why may not a commencement be made to-night? Is it so hard to follow these five precepts? Is k> spcukinir the truth," " executing justice," " preserving the peace," 'thinking n evil against our m-iijhbors," ''swearing no false oaths," beyond our reach or power? CONCLUSION SKIIVH-I-:. mi What is easier, what safer, tlian sjtrtikiiiy t/t< It is the shortest and straight est way to our object, and has less of trouble and difficulty than its deceit 1'ul sub- terfuge, and none of the hitter's danger and entanglement, none of its exposure and shame. All that we most highly value, all that blesses our existence most, is rooted in truth. Its Hebrew name, AtDN (Knieth), which is made up of the first and middle and last letters of the alphabet, is its best definition it is the beginning and the centre and the end of civilization. Cherish this daughter of Heaven, this " link of union between God and man." Relinquish not your hold upon her. Give her your full homage. She has the power to turn the human into the God-like, to change the day of soul-affliction into a day of heart-rejoicing, to make the tearful fast a cheerful feast. Speak the truth, the whole truth. Content not yourselves with half-truths. Half- truths are more dangerous than whole lies. Your image in the concave mirror is your image, but a frightful distor- tion of it. There is no weapon more fatal than the truth- coated dagger of falsehood. It is easy to defend one's self against a whole lie, but it is almost impossible to attack the falsehood that lies concealed behind an intrenchment of truth. The lie that will circulate freest, last longest, and injure most is the one that is held together by the strong alloy of a fragment of truth. Trust not in the harmless- ness of the little lie. It is only little at the beginning ; it soon grows beyond even your own recognition and beyond your recall. Though it run alongside the truth at the start, before the end is reached impassable gulfs stretch between the two. Trifle not with the truth. Rather be dumb all your life than stab the truth even once by a lie. Act not a lie. Feign not the truth. Have not the lie 402 THE SERVICE MANUAL. told or acted for you. Praise not where censure is de- served. Be no hypocrite. Fear not to tell the truth, even though you must suffer for it. With the lie you must hide even from yourselves ; with the truth you can dare to face a world in arms. Why shall not a commencement be made to-night? Is the prophet's second requisite the doing of justice beyond our reach? What is easier than dealing justly, than con- ceding to each one his due, than leaving every man in the undisturbed enjoyment of his rights -and privileges, than rewarding all according to their deserts ? What is nobler than shielding the unprotected, defending the oppressed, vindicating the wronged, liberating the enslaved ? There can be nothing grander than justice. It is the cement that keeps families and peoples and nations and races together. It is the spur toward the most heroic labors for the cause of humanity. It is the magic wand wherewith the weakest mortal can subdue mighty potentates and powerful armies. Justice it is that has made tyrants tremble and has brought light and liberty and equality into this world, and it is justice that will rid us of -every vestige of tyranny, will drive from his stronghold every lingering despot, will break the shackles of every remaining bondage, will bring right where there is wrong and liirht where there is darkness. They are truly just who, though no longer suffering from injustice, render assistance to those who still struggle with it. As long as one tyrant continues to interfere with rii:ht< and privileges, as long as one man remains who is persecuted because of his race or belief, as lonr as one tear is shed because of wrongdoing, as I"HL: ;s humanity is deprived of one grain of happiness liy reason of injus- tice, so lon^: is it our duty to demand justice and to fi^lit for it, and never to cease till the \\TOML: it.-elf has . ATOM-:MI-:.\T CONLUSION svnvin-:. {<):; a/p,<t<-r is the third requirement which the prophet names as a prerequisite before the fast can change to least. Again wo ask, " Why shall not a com- mencement be made to-night?" Is it so difficult to pre- serve peace? Must we continue observing Atonement. Pays, year after year, because we cannot cease our wran- ;linr and quarrelling, because we cannot live at peace with ourselves and with our fellow-men? No virtue is more deserving of cultivation than is peace. Unless you have it, of what uood to foil is life and all its blessings? Have peace, and you have what money cannot purchase and what misfortune cannot steal. Have peace, and you es- cape a thousand sorrows and troubles, griefs and vexations, will bear with each other's infirmities, will show a for- giving spirit, will be tolerant and patient, contented and modest, appreciative and grateful. The prophet names two more requisites for the changing of the fast to a cheerful feast. These are : imagine not evil against your neighbors, and swear not false oaths, nor in any way make misrepresentations to your fellow-men. Who of us knows not the worth of an unsullied name, of an unquestioned integrity ? Who of us knows not what injury is wrought by causelessly thinking evil of a fellow- being, by undeservedly suspecting him, by hastily passing judgment upon him, by trusting to rumor, by lending ear to scandal, by making false pretensions, by giving false promises, by raising false hopes? Who of us has not tasted the bitterness of such deceit ? Who of us knows not of names polluted, careers ended, fortunes wrecked, friends parted, hearts broken, and death hastened because of false judgments and dishonest dealings? And who of 404 THE SERVICE MANUAL. us is so addicted to such crimes as not to be able to heed the prophet's voice, and cease their practise for ever ? These, then, are the five virtues the prophet bids us to follow : to speak the truth, to execute justice, to preserve peace, to think not evil against our fellow-men, to swear no false oaths. These are the five virtues which, if faith- fully practised, shall turn this fast into a feast. The fast has been faithfully observed for many centuries. Year after year have we assembled to afflict our souls. Yet the sins which the ancient prophet mentions are our sins to- day. Let us commence to-night with speaking the truth, with doing justice, with preserving peace, with thinking no evil of our fellow-men, with swearing no false oaths ; let to-morrow and every day find us still faithful in their pur- suit, and when the year shall have passed, and we assemble again in holy convocation, we shall be one year nearer to the time in which the prophet's prediction will be ful- filled when " the fast of the seventh month will change into a day of joy and gladness, into a cheerful feast." HYMN. IN PEACE WITH ALL. In peace with all the world we'll live, Nor let our angry passions burn, But when we suffer we'll forgive, And good for evil we'll return. And we'll forgive, and we'll forget, And conquer every sullen word ; Unkindm-ss shall with love be met, And evil overcome with good. It is imt pridr. it is not strife, Nor bitter thoughts uur angry deeds ATo\l-:MI-:\r CONQLUSION ^r.RVICE. 10." Which gild \\itli j.y the days of life: When love sliall triumph, love alone Within our hearts shall ever reign ; Our foes subdued, its power shall own, And once loved friends be friends again. GLORIFICATION. MI'H fster : " When I consider Thy heavens, the work of Thy fingers, The moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained ; What is man that thon art mindful of him? And the son of man that Thou visitest him? For Thou hast made him hut little lower than God, And crownest him with glory and honor. Thou madest him to have dominion over Thy works; Thou hast put all things under his feet." Psalm viii. 3-6. With the Psalmist we ask : " What is man that he should have deserved these blessings ?" When we think of the wonders of the Universe, of the marvels of God's handiwork, when we reflect on the bountiful provisions He has made for our sustenance and well-being, we are ashamed that we should so unworthily have borne ourselves before Him, that we should so thanklessly have accepted of His lavish bounty. W T e live in God ; we are permeated with His spirit. Our every need we draw from His undiminishing storehouse ; we gather with full hands the blessings which He strews at our feet, and yet we neither see Him nor feel Him, but, instead, we often forget Him, and not infrequently we even deny Him ; we silence His voice within our bosoms; we reward His plenteous mercy with wanton sin. Deeply we feel, in such solemn moments as these, that our sins proceed more from ignorance and blindness than 406 THE SERVICE MANUAL. from wilfulness. Oh, that we would open our eyes and see ! Oh, that we would unbar our ears and hear ! Oh, that we would strip the dross from around our hearts and feel ! Oh, that we would truly see, hear, feel, the great- ness and goodness of God ! Oh, that we might worship Him in truth, and, worshipping Him thus, keep evermore our tongues from speaking evil and our hands from doing wrong. We are encompassed with countless wonders, each more marvellous than the other. Which shall we first proclaim? When shall we pause ? Where shall our admiration cease ? On what page shall we begin to read this Elder Scripture^ written by God's own hand and with the mighty pen that is visible in the starry vault of night and in the glorious light of day, on the harvest-yielding fields of earth and in the life of all that lives therein ? Shall we begin in the realm of matter? We see it endowed with different properties and qualities ; we see it operated by different forces, which work under definite, fixed, and never-changing laws. Its varieties are endless now solid and now fluid, now gaseous and now impercept- ible to human senses ; now mineral and now vegetable, now animal and now human ; now visible only to microscope, now to telescope only ; now a vast mountain-system, now a tiny mountain flower ; now a roaring tidal wave, now a gentle snow-flake. What wisdom, what design and fore- thought there is displayed in them all ! What harmonious action, what co-ordination of movement, what variety of orbits, what dizzying speed ! Wherever we look we be- hold the handiwork of an infinitely wise and powerful Artisan. All that fills this vast field of nature has its life and being in Him. Men may call Him by strange ami foreign names, but in the dialect of reality His name is (i<nl. The 1'nxt that hinds the waters, and the warmth that ATOM-:MI-:\T cn.\<'Li'sioN SERVICE. KIT sets them free ; tin- wind tlial drives tin- storms to-day, and to-morrow lies hushed to see the snow-flake balance as it falls ; the light that glitters on the leaves and melts upon the colored clouds; the life of humble field-flowers and the sweep of flying worlds all are but the outcomings of His presence, and the stirring of His will. So methodic is that will, throughout the range of the physical creation, that we learn to know and anticipate its ways. No impulse ever disturbs them; no prayer ever arrests them; no affec- tion ever suspends them ; they proceed from age to age, through life and death, in their unaltered and uninter- rupted sway. It is strange to observe the callousness of men, before whom all the glories of heaven and earth pass in daily succession without touching their hearts or elevating their minds. How few are moved by the lustre of the rising or setting sun, the sparkling dome of the midnight sky, the mountain forest tossing in the roaring storm or warbling with all the melodies of a summer evening ; the sweet interchange of hill and dale, shade and sunshine, grove and lawn, which an extensive landscape offers to the view. How few ever ask the question : " Whence are all these blessings and beauties? What have we done to merit them ? What gratitude do we show to Him from whom all our mercies flow ?" Wherever we look we are amazed at the power of this exalted Being, who, with incomprehensible might and wis- dom, rules this vast Universe. Who can, at the break of morn, behold the heavens arrayed in the lustre of dawn and see the glorious orb of day beaming with unutterable majesty, and not be charmed into rapture or awed into worship ? What is all the gorgeous pomp of monarehs, what is all the splendor of imperial palaces, in comparison with this overwhelming brilliancy ? What seeing eye can 408 THE SERVICE MANUAL. at the close of day bathe in the sea of golden and purple light that flushes the deep of the Western sky, what hear- ing ear can listen to the joyous notes of the winged chor- isters as they seek their leafy nests, vi\\&tfcd!ng heart can be refreshed and soothed by the evening balm, what think- ing mind can ponder on the source of all these inexpressi- ble, inimitable beauties, and not turn worshipfully to the Dispenser of all ? Or who can think of the countless worlds moving with inconceivable speed through the vast abyss of space, and bow not his head in deep reverence before that Power that maintains harmony among them and prescribes to each its law and limit ? What eye can measure the boundless Uni- verse ? The strongest telescope fails to discover its limits. Beyond all the stars which we discern we behold faint gleams of light from still remoter systems of worlds. Ah ! what is the grandest masterpiece of human hand compared with the wonderful and boundless universe whereon God is enthroned ! What are the wisest contrivances of man com- pared with that profound workmanship that has joined the countless worlds into one grand unity, that has made of the infinite variety of solar systems one harmonious whole ! From inconceivable distances the one acts upon the other. The moon moves our seas to ebb and flood. The sun holds in dependence spheres floating in space at distances of hun- dreds of millions of miles from it. And when we reach beyond the limits of this mighty solar cluster with which we are allied, and pass from planet to planet, from sun to sun, and from system to system, and ask whence came this Universe, lo, world speaks unto world, and system re-echoes unto system : "It is the work of an Omnipotent Architect! Bow down, thou mote in the universe, and worship Him !'' ATONEMK\T CONCLUSION SERVICE. !<)! (To be rani allt rnittih/ hi/ Min/xtcr <tn<l C<>n<ir.lnU<>n.) Minister : Where wast thou when the earth's foundations were laid? Declare it' thou hast understanding. ( 'nnyreyatinn : \Yherenfnin UK the f&imdatfont thereof fastened ? Or ir/ut laid flic forner-stnin' thereof; Who shut up the sea with bars, When it issued out of the deep? And said : " Hitherto shaft thou come, but no further : And here shall thy proud leaves be stayed ? Hast thou commanded the morning, And caused the day spring to know its place? Hast thou entered into the springs of the sea, Or hast thou walked in the search of the depth ? Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth ? Declare if thou knowest it all. Where is the way where light dwetteth, And as for darkness, where is the place thereof? Knowest thou it, because thou wast then born ? Or hast thou seen the treasures of the hail? By what tnuf is the light parted, Which scatterefh the east wind upon the earth ? Who hath divided a course for the overflowing waters, Or a way for the lightning of thunder ; To satisfy the desolate and waste ground ; And to cause tin- Imd f the tender herb to spring forth ? 410 THE SERVICE MAXUAL. Hath the rain a father ? Or who hath begotten the drops of dew ? Kiimrrsf t/ion tin.' ordinances, of heaven? Canst set the domiition f /!<,<'/' in tin- irth? Canst thou lift up thy voice to the clouds, That abundance of waters may cover thee ? Cd/ixf tlioii xnid liylttninys //tot tltry m<u/ go. And say unto t/tfc. Here we are? Job xxxviii. HYMN. THE HEAVENS ARE TELLING THE GLORY OF GOD. The spacious firmament on high, With all the blue ethereal sky, And spangled Heavens, a shining frame, Their great Original proclaim. Th' unwearied sun from day to day Does his Creator's power display ; And publishes to every land, The work of an Almighty hand. Soon as the evening shades prevail, The moon takes up the wondrous tale ; And nightly, to the listening earth, Repeats the story of her birth : Whilst all the stars that round her burn, And all the planets in their turn, Confirm the tidings ;is they roll, And spread the truth from pole to pole. What thonuli. in solemn silence, all Move round the dark terrestrial bull j ATONEMENT CONCLUSION xi-.'RVICE. 411 What though no real voice, or sound Amidst their radiant orbs be found; In reason's ear they all rejoice, And utter forth a glorious voice ; For ever singing as they shine: " The hand that- made us is divine." J//// infer : Not the Heavens alone, but the earth also displays the marvellous grandeur and wisdom and goodness of God. " Not worlds on worlds, in phalanx deep, Need we to prove a God is here ; The daisy, fresh from winter's sleep, Tells of His hands in lines as clear." It is written on the sailing cloud and in the invisible wind ; it is stamped on the hills and dales of the earth, it is traceable where the shrubless mountain-top pierces the thin atmosphere of eternal winter, or where the mighty forest with its dark waves of green foliage bends before the strong wind, or where the sloping valley, beautiful with fragrant flowers, attunes its warbling lays. It is of the unsleeping ocean and on the placid surface of every crystal mountain-stream. The love of God meets us wherever we turn. Every leaf wafts in it, every planet lives in it. It^envelops the clouds, it rises and sinks in every wave. It pulsates in every living organism. It is active in every part of this vast whole. It moves every atom, expands every leaf, erects every tree, conducts every particle of vapor, every drop of rain, every flake of snow, ripens every seed, and nourishes every living creature. Wherever we turn our eyes God's blessings are there. 412 THE SERVICE VAXUAL. Hill and dale, forest and sea, minister to our sustenance and happiness. Wherever we look we see how all things have been ordered to lighten our hardships and to increase our joys. The earth is fertile in His goodness and in His gifts. He has created innumerable objects which have no other purpose than to afford solace to us. He causes bread to grow out of the earth, He loads the trees with fruit, He adorns the earth with verdure and flowers, He sends forth the crystal streams to quench the thirst of man and beast. The bloom which decks the trees, the the atmosphere exhales, the dew-drops that glisten on the grass, the plant that beautifies the garden, are glories and blessings which encompass us on all sides. And the purpose of all these things is as beneficent as their appearance is enchanting. The blossom which so delights us feeds the sprouting fruit, and constitutes the first promise of our nourishment. In the realm of animated nature everything is busy for our subsistence and pleas- ure ; the cattle assist us with their strength, and the birds of the heavens gladden our hearts with their melody. All nature serves us and waits upon us ; she brings the produce of her industry and pours it into our lap. Everywhere the agreeable is associated with the useful. All things are formed as beautiful as if ornament were their only design, and at the same time as beneficial as if utility were their sole intention. How greatly ought such blessings raise the conception of the Creator's infinite goodness toward the human race ! Yes, further still does God's goodness extend. His wisdom and love manifest themselves toward yet other creatures. The power which restrains the spheres within their orbits and supplies the food and joy of man provides nlso f'r the insect on the ^nmml. fr the cattle <n the field, A TONKMI-:.\ r < -<>.\< /. i 'sio\ S/-:R VICE. 1 1 :\ for the bird in the air. What beauty, what foresight, display themselves in the.M- lower creatures ! Who clothed them in all their beauty ? Who fitted them out with amazing- powers of instinct? Who taught the ant her industry, the bcc her skill? Who wafts the swallow over land and sea to wanner regions? who fixes for her the day of her departure? who is the director of her flight ? who shows her where to rest her foot? who guides her back to us again ? (To be read u'tcmatrli/ hi/ Jliiiixtn- and Coni/m/ation.) Who provideth for the raven his food, When his young cry unto God for lack of meat? Congregation : Ilsf f/ioit <jir<'n to tlir Jiorxc ///.s strength? Hast thou clothed It In neck iritli flnntderf Doth the hawk fly by wisdom, And stretch her wings toward the south ? Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, And make her next on high ? The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats ; And the rocks for the conies. The sparrow hath found a house ; The sicalloir ni-st ir/icre she may keep her young. Go to the ant, thou sluggard ; Consider her ways and be wise. II7//V7/ IniriiHj no f/in'dc. prornlt tli In r meat in the, summer, Am/ i/itf/in-ct/i IK i- fond in tin /nirrisf. God maketh darkness and it is night : Wherein all the beasts of the forest creep forth. 414 THE SERVICE MANUAL. The sun driseth, they gather themselves together, And lay them down in their dens. All these wait upon the Lord, That Thou mayest give them their food in due season. What Thou givest them they gatlu-r ; Thou openest Thy hand, they are filled with good. Thou hidest Thy face, they are troubled : Thou sendest forth Thy spirit, they are created : And Thou renewest the face of the earth. Job. Proverbs. Psalms. HYMN. FINDING GOD. Three things there are that to my eyes Proclaim Thy name in certain wise ; I see Thee there in various guise. I find Thee in the heaven blue That round the earth Thy witness true Doth wind about, for all to view. The earth itself, my dwelling-place, Calls to my spirit, in its face Thee, mighty Master, there to trace. And thou, my soul, praise joyously Thy God, whom, while beholding thee, I clearly there revealed see. Miuixtrr : Yea, further still does God's power and wisdom and goodness extend. We open the history of humankind. It is a voluminous work, written in many tongues and by CONCLUSION SERVICE. 415 many hands, and m.-uiy are the people of whom it speaks and the events and incidents which it records. What mighty crossing of purposes is there unfolded ! What clashing of interests! What jarring between discordant elements ! What maddening lusts and greeds ! What insatiable ambitions! What wrongs and crimes and cruelties ! But when we look beneath its chaotic surface a different aspect presents itself to our wondering gaze. We detect design and purpose where before all seemed chance and accident. We see virtue crowned, in the end, with its re- ward, where before we saw naught but the triumph of might or craft or intrigue. We see nations and peoples summoned before the judgment tribunal and hear their fearful doom pronounced. The mighty are lowered into the dust and the innocent are lifted high. The proud are humbled and forgotten. The oppressed and wronged are freed and vindicated. The names of those who suffered in the defense of right shine with immortal glory, while the names of those that wronged and tortured them are either forgotten or are preserved for immortal infamy. Through the entire history of mankind we observe a divine destiny shaping means to ends, and over it all we behold a divine justice which, though long- suffering, lets no guilty one escape. We enter the realm of mind. We are overawed in its presence. We search its meaning, but it eludes our grasp. It is neither visible nor material. It is a subtle sew//////// that manifests itself only in its results; its nature and essence it refuses to reveal. It is that subtle something that thinks, reasons, remembers, leaps into heights and depths into which the body can never enter, sees sights that eye can never see, hears sounds that ear can never hear, wrests secrets from the most distant stars, explores 416 THE SERVICE MANUAL. the remotest past, peers into the most distant future, pro- duces our works of genius, our masterpieces of art, our progress, our happiness, makes us the crown and glory of all creation. How wonderful is He from Whom it came, and of Whose unfathomable and inconceivable mind it is but the faintest ray! How gracious and loving is He who has deemed us worthy of such a priceless gift, aye, and of yet other blessings! Who can look within himself and not marvel over the countless wonders there visible a heart that, unbidden, sends the flood of life, day and night, through its myriads of channels, an eye, an ear, a brain, so intricate and so unfathomable, yet so grand in their functions? Who can gaze about him and not be overcome by a sense of his unworthiness when he thinks of the bless- ings of home, of the self-sacrificing love of parents, of the tender devotion of brother and sister, of the ardent attach- ment of husband and wife, of the sweet affection of chil- dren, of the loyalty of friends, of the charms of society, of the delights of peace and progress, all. all the gifts of that All-good and All-wise Creator and Sustainer of the heavens above and of the earth below, and of that which lives and moves therein ? What mind can grasp the amplitude of that divine goodness, or even faintly conceive the nature and essence of its author? The telescope by which we hold converse with the stars, the microscope which unveils the secrets of nature, the crucible of the chemist, the scalpel of the anatomist, the reflective faculties of the philosopher, avail naught when we seek to solve the great problems that surround us. ( )n the threshold of that impenetrable mystery a voice arrests our steps. From out the clouds and darkness conies the question, "Who can by searching find our God? Who can tell what the Almighty is?" A TONEMENT CONCL USION SER VICE. 4 1 7 feeble are words of ours to convey any idea of Him ! How weak and inadequate are our poor intellects to con- ceive of Him who is perfect in all his works perfect in the greatest as well as the smallest, perfect in appointing the days and hours in which the mightiest planet, with all its satellites, shall travel around the sun, perfect in form- ing the smallest insect that creeps over a few feet of our little globe! How feebly can our helplessness compre- hend a Being who is ever ruling all things in heaven and earth ! What is the .dwelling we can erect for the in- visible and infinite God? How the very insignificance of every earthly sanctuary adds to the force of these emotions ! How his immeasurable grandeur swells upon our thought when we remember that His power up- holds the worlds, and His glory outshines their suns, and His goodness makes their every atom instinct with blessing ! Thou Creator and Preserver of all that was and is and ever will be, inspired by Thy grandeur, overawed by Thy beneficence, we fain would lay our offerings before Thee. But what can we bring in return for all Thy mer- cies? What have we that is not Thine, even as we ourselves are but creatures that have their being from Thee, and exist only in and through Thee ? Humbled by our insignificance and unworthiness, we can but bow our heads and with profound reverence worship Thee. Choir: "0 Lord, how manifold are Thy works ! In wis- all ; the earth is full of Thy riches." Ps . civ . 2 4. 27 4J8 Ttf SERVICE MANUAL. 05 1 ? Congregation bend the knee before Thee, Creator and Ruler of the world, and praise Thy Holy Name." GOD'S MERCIES. Our Father, to Thy love we owe All that is fair and good below. Life, and the health that makes life sweet, Are blessings from Thy mercy-seat. O Giver of the quickening rain ! Ripener of the golden grain ! From Thee the cheerful dayspring flows ; Thy balmy evening brings repose. Thy frosts arrest, Thy tempests chase The plagues that waste our helpless race ; Thy softer breath, o'er land and deep, AVakes Nature from her winter sleep. Yet deem we not in this alone Thy bounty and Thy love are shown, For we have learned with higher praise And holier names to speak Thy ways. In woe's dark hour our kindest stay, Sole trust when life shall pass away, Teacher of hopes that light tin? gloom Of death and consecrate the tomb. I'atimt with headstrong guilt to bear. Slow to avcnuv and kind to spare, .r/Y>A7',M//;.\T ro.vr/.r.v/o.v SKUVICI:. 11!) Listening to ]>ra\(T. and reconciled Full soon to Thy repentant child. CONCLUDING PRAYER. (Min it< r fin inn Shrine.) Lord God, Infinite One, Life in all life, Cause in all causes, Love and Justice and Intelligence Supreme! What is man, Thy creature, dust-born, earth-bound, what is he, that he should utter Thy praises, or what is his knowledge, that he should so grasp Thy essence as even but faintly to give expression of it in words of adoration ? Whether we contemplate the spangled canopy of heaven or the tiniest blade of grass, whether we listen to the roaring cataracts or to the softest rustling among the leaves ; whether we see Thy presence in the lightning's flaming sword or in the infant's happy smile, Thou art so ineffably good, so incomprehensibly magnif- icent, that the finite mind is bewildered and the feeble heart is humiliated. What is the greatest achievement that human mind has yet wrought compared with even the simplest of Thy handiwork with the wondrous marvels visible in a drop of water, in a flake of snow, or in the wing of the smallest insect? Where, Lord, shall we begin to enumerate the proofs of Thy bounteous grace ? For us shine sun and moon and stars ; for us the firmament is robed in clouds. Air and wind, dew and rain, heat and frost, day and night, minister to our support and well-being. Hill and dale, field and meadow, forest and grove, brook and sea, and their multiplied kinds of living creatures and lifeless things, contribute to each day's sustenance and shelter and happiness. Inexpressibly great, God, have been the proofs of Thy benevolence. But has Thy kindness awakened within 420 THE SERVICE MANUAL. us a due sense of gratitude and reverence ? Every pleas- ure which we enjoyed was a voice that exhorted us to gratitude. Every deliverance from impending evil pro- duced for us an opportunity for praise. Did we delight to consider Thy blessings, and did we regard it our most sacred duty to proclaim them? All things declare Thy powerful love. But did Thy tenderness so prevail with us that we in return loved Thee with our whole hearts and our whole souls ? Was it the primary object of our solici- tude so to direct our lives that they might be approved in Thy all-seeing eyes ? Did we vow at Thy shrine the com- plete renunciation of our evil inclinations? Did we de- serve that Thou shouldst permit the earth to afford us nourishment, the sun to warm us, the whole universe to conduce to our service and our pleasure? How dismal would be the world, how lamentable life itself, hadst Thou dispensed Thy blessings in proportion to our merits ! No ray of light would cheer us, no rain would refresh us, no morsel of food would nourish us, wert Thou to deal with us according to our virtue. the gates of the Western sky are opened to receive the glowing orb of day. Let Thy portals also be opened to receive the supplications which we offer up before Thee. The most solemn day of the year approaches its conclu- sion, and in its closing hour we entreat Thee to let the sacred influence wherewith Thou hast clothed it have force to enlighten our hearts and to mend our ways. May it remove tin- burden of transgression from our oppressed bosoms, and plant in its stead an nn<\|iienelial>le hve of vir- tue. Many prayers. () Lord, have we addressed to Thee this day ; but for the consolation of our souls we here rim in one last supplication, all the fervor of our hearts. 1'anhm all the ini<\|iiiiy wherein we have erred or have led AT(>M:'M1-:.\T CONCLUSION xl'.RVICE. Vl\ others to err. Forgive us that we have neuleeted ti per- form our duties; pardon tin- sins we have committed, and remove every vestige of them, lest, like a poisonous weed, they entwine tlieinselves around the noble germ of good which this solemn day lias implanted in our hearts. God, who art and wast and ever shall be, in this solemn hour, after a day spent in self-examination, in humiliation of heart, and in contrition of spirit, we feel the comforting truth of what the Psalmist spake: " How beautiful are Thy tabernaeles, () Lord! l>lessed are they that dwell in Thy house." " Passing through the valley of weeping, they make it a place of springs." " For a day in Thy courts is butter than a thousand elsewhere spent." We now prepare to leave Thy sanctuary with our conscience relieved from the burden of guilt, our spirits loosened from the bonds of sin. Lord, Thou art our refuge and our only hope. On Thee alone we rest, for we find all else to be weak and insuf- ficient. Friends cannot assist, nor counsellors advise, nor books comfort, nor possession deliver, unless Thou thyself dost assist, instruct, console, and guard us. We have conjured up all the wonders of nature so that we might form some image of Thy glory ; yet we forget to seek Thee in the depths of our own soul, where Thou ever art. God, so glorious and yet so close unto us, so high above these heavens and yet stooping to the lowliness of Thv creatures, so vast and yet dwelling within our hearts, so awful and yet so worthy of love, when will Thy chil- dren cease to be ignorant of Thee? Oh for a voice loud enough to reproach the world with its blindness and to declare all that Thou art ! When shall we return love for love? Even while resting on Thy paternal bosom we are unmindful of Thee. The sweetness of Thy gifts make us forget the Giver. The blessings which every moment we 422 THE SERVICE MANUAL. receive from Thee touch not our hearts, but turn our thoughts away from Thee. Yet, whither can we flee from Thy presence ? The further we would stray from Thee, the nearer art Thou to us; and when our hearts cry out against us, Thou takest us up and blessest us with Thy love. O Lord, ere we leave Thy sanctuary, wherein we have so beneficially spent this day, and ere we disperse to resume our various vocations, put Thy spirit into all our hearts, that we may perform all that is good and acceptable in Thy sight. While we pursue the various duties of our calling, may we undertake no employment on which we cannot hope for Thy blessing. May no spirit of self-indulgence, no love of ease, no dread of opposition, prevent us from sacrificing our worldly interests in Thy service. Make us willing in all respects to deny ourselves that we may live unto Thee. Enlighten us that we may understand Thy whole will concerning us. Where we mistake, have pity on our errors, and when we wander from the right way, do Thou in mercy bring us back. And if in any measure we attain to the knowledge of Thy truth, may we bring that knowledge into active exercise. May we watch our hearts and bridle our tongues. May we be steadfast and immov- able in the cause of truth and in the labor of love. May we pattern after the godly conduct of others, and may others find our conduct safe to follow. In our prosperity keep our hearts from pride, and in our adversity restrain our lips from rebellious words ; in our joy guard us against forgetfulness of others, and in our sorrow shield our minds from despair ; at all times help us to live accord- ing to these our prayers, that not only we, but also all with whom we come in contact, may be blessed. May we love and forgive our fellow-men, and assist them in overcoming evil and in duin.ir irond. lu our intercourse AT<>M':MI-:.\T CONCLUSION \/-:/; via-:. !_>:; with thr world may we be upright in all our dealings, linnot in all our transactions, truthful in all our words, generous and charitable in all our deeds. (Jive us grace to subdue every anjrry passion, to <(ueneh every unholy flame, to stop every hasty word. May we overcome evil with good, and in our humble sphere imitate Thy peri'e.-t l.eneAolence, which bestows the blessings of a common Providence upon all the good and the bad, the just and the unjust. Then shall we cause our light to shine, and all those around us shall rejoice therein and be sanctified thereby. Quicken our benevolent affections. Give us a spirit to sympathize with the troubled, to help the needy, to re- store the wanderer, to strengthen the weak, to encourage the desponding, and to do good toward all men. Oh, may we keep our hearts open to Thy teaching, so that we may oppose the sinful and the wrong, and labor for the right, the pure, and the good. May we never trust in evil or build our hope upon the uncertain riches of the world. May we feel that life is given us for a high and sacred purpose, and may we be enabled through Thy grace so to use it that each day, as it brings us nearer to our end, will bring us nearer unto Thee. Like the sun, which, having completed its blessed course here, is now passing through the opening portals in the western horizon to illumine other lands and to bless other people, so may our immor- tal souls complete a blessed course here, and enter upon a new and glorious sphere of usefulness beyond the portals of the grave. Oh that we might henceforth live as we have this day resolved to live ! Oh that we might conclude our last days on earth with as serene a spirit as that with which we close this day ! Oh that in leaving this earth we may go hence even more resigned, more peaceful, more hopeful, 424 THE SERVICE MANUAL. more trustful, than we shall now leave this sanctuary ! Oh that we might end this life with the consciousness not only of sins repented, but also of noble deeds nobly done. Then, as the sun, though disappearing in the evening hour, leaves on the western horizon a lingering record of his glo- rious course, and, in the dark hour of night, shows by sil- very moon and glittering stars that her light still shines, still illumines the stellar bodies, still rejoices heaven and earrh with warmth and cheer, so, upon concluding a noble life, shall our memories linger among men long after we shall have passed away, and so shall our good deeds be reflected in the blessed and virtuous lives of our survivors long after the portals of everlasting night shall have opened to us and closed for ever behind us. (Congregation Rising.) And before leaving this sanctuary we consecrate our- selves once more to the realization of this blessed goal. For it we shall live, and toward it we shall strive. Neither wealth nor fame, neither suffering nor want, shall make us swerve from our path. Until all mankind's creed shall be our creed : ONE GOD OVER ALL; ONE BROTHERHOOD OF ALL; PEACE AND GOOD-WILL AMONG ALL; we shall never cease nor grow weary to proclaim at all times and in all places and to all men that God is One, that His is the Universe and all that is therein, that He is Holy, and holiness He asks of men. Holy! Holy! Holy! is tin Lord of hosts ; the whole earth is lull of His glory. Jsaiah vi. ::. A TOXEMENT CONCL USION SEE VICE. 425 Congregation : Hear, Israel : the Lord is our God, the Lord is One. Dent. iv. 4. Choir: High is Thy glory, Father Almighty ; Hear our petition while humbly we call. Great is Thy mercy, tender Thy pity, Wondrous the love that enfbldeth us all. Minuter: Ye shall not steal, neither deal falsely, neither lie one to another. Lev. xix. 11. Congregation And ye shall not swear falsely, neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God. Lev. xix. 12. Choir : Turn Thy face from my sins, And put out all my misdeeds. Make me a clean heart, God, And renew a right spirit within me. Thou shalt not curse the deaf, nor put a stumbling- block before the blind. Lev. xix. 14. p fnn 426 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Congregation Thou shalt not favor the poor, nor honor the mighty : but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbor. Lev. xix. 15. Choir : Father, hear Thy children From Thy throne above ; Grant to us Thy blessing, Fill us with Thy love. Minister: Thou shalt not be a tale- brother in thine heart. Lev. xix. 16, 17. Congregation Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge, but thou shalt love thy neighbor us thyself. Lev. xix. 18. njrf? fonw >-: !: T : - IT : Choir: In the hour of darkness be Thou our light ; And in strife with evil Gird Thou us with might. COM'L rsi<>.\ SKliVK'K. ll>7 BENEDICTION. Min inter : * own p D'arr \|- T - I -:!- .May God in mercy hear your prayer, With the opening of heaven's portals May He also open unto you The gates of light and of love, The gates of knowledge and of truth, The gates of atonement and of mercy, The gates of help and of support, The gates of peace and of plenty. May He remove from your midst Hatred and strife, envy and discord, And grant you the noble wishes of your heart, Now and for evermore. Amen. ^assober be g>erbtre. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) TOUCH NOT THE ANOINTED OF THE LORD. THE cycling year has brought us to the entrance of our beautiful Passover Festival. Joyful remembrances arise with the return of the anniversary of that eventful day which, in Egypt of old, brought unto our downtrodden fathers the blessings of civil and spiritual freedom. These remembrances, aided by nature's happy awaken- ing from its long winter's sleep, bring to us comforting assurances. They reaffirm the story of the deathless- ness of Israel. They retell the great historic truth, first witnessed in the land of the Pharaohs, and verified in the realms of other tyrants, that Israel is not destined for destruction, that he is under the special Providence of the Lord. Every blade of grass now shooting from the long-frozen soil, every leaf and blossom now smiling to us from the long-stripped trees, breathe into our hearts the prophecy that Israel's spring glory is at hand, that the cruel win- ter storms are passing away, that a bright and blessed summer is drawing nigh. As God's hand has traced on the face of nature the eternal decree that winter's storms and the elements' fury shall never prevent or even delay 1 spring's dawn, even so has the same Hand written in indelible and unmistakable letters on Israel's brow: "Touch not the Anointed of the Lord. Israel has been destined for a great and holy mission. No power on earth 428 can hinder him, no race, no nation, no people, shall attempt it and go unpunished." It' a special providence guards Israel, why did it tolerate this double suffering that of the persecuted on the one side, and that of the persecutor on the other? Why did it suffer nation upon nation and people upon people to make Israel a fugitive and an outcast upon the face of the earth ? It is an old question that is touched upon here, and one difficult to answer. We are dealing with a divine mys- tery. Not all the histories of all the world have such an unfathomable problem as has that of Israel. Though universally attacked, yet he has been overcome by none. Crushed to-day, he rises rejuvenated to-morrow. Pharaohs and shahs, emperors and czars, before whom giant nations humble themselves in the dust, stand powerless before this Anointed of the Lord. Had Israel been destined for annihilation, his destruc- tion would have been accomplished long ago. No task could have been easier, for he was, and is, one of the weakest and most defenceless of peoples. And attempts enough there were. Egypt, Babylon, Syria, Macedon, Rome, and many other powerful peoples tried it, and yet, though they had succeeded in erasing mighty nations from the face of the earth, in sweeping vast empires out of exist- ence, in dashing races of giants and heroes to destruction, their death-dealing sword rebounded blunted from Israel. Nature is as pitiless with peoples as she is with individuals. She gives them their periods of happy youth and of proud and conquering manhood, then she sinks them into the feebleness of old age. and ends all with the grave. Long since has she wrapped death's winding sheet about those hoary races that once played mighty roles on the world's stage, yet over Israel, their predecessor or contemporary, 430 THE SERVICE MANUAL. her power did not extend. While many of the others are now scarcely remembered, Israel is still a living reality. Every cruelty that human ingenuity could devise, every temptation that could win a people from disgrace to honor, was set in motion to annihilate Jehovah and His wor- shippers. But Israel preferred persecution, torture, loss of human rights, even death, to surrendering his faith. Baal and Moloch, Isis and Astarte, Jupiter and Woden, are dead. The name of Jehovah still resounds wherever Jewish soul wings itself in prayer. These facts establish the truth that Israel is not destined for destruction. He must live. And he must live for a purpose, else his providential preservation would have no meaning. He, against whom man and nature are powerless, must be the Anointed of the Lord, singled out and spared by Him for purposes divine. What those purposes may be we may conjecture from what Israel has accomplished in the past. He has drawn the plans of civilization, laid its foundations, started its superstructure ; he must finish the work he has begun. He has conceived the great religious truth : One God over all, One Brotherhood of all, Universal Peace among .all ; that religious truth he must make su- preme with all. With the conception of Israel's divine preservation for a holy purpose, the problem of his sufferings loses much of its mystery. Providence has singled him out for a great work, and without suffering he cannot achieve it. He that serves the highest must humble himself the lowest. He that toils for mankind's good must suffer most from mankind's evil. Whom Providence selects for trice, him it files and polishes on the rasp and irrindstone of misery, subjects to hard blows and heavy burdens, that lie iiiiirht be ever mindful of his duty and brave in its discharge. It hee<ls not his sighs and tears and moans. It knows that in the fulness of time he will attune a thanksgiving hymn for every tear, and that a bettered world will bless him who sufl'orod and achieved. Wo stand before some beautiful statue. We sing its praisos loud. It seems to tell us how proud it is to be BO masterly sculptured. Yet a time there was when it might have told a different story. When drill bored its heart, when the unsparing chisel cut its sides, no praise resounded, no joy was experienced. Like that statue, Israel is still in the quarry, the drill is still in his heart, the chisel lacerates him still. Yet the time will come when deathless Israel will stand more beautiful than that statue, a delight and inspiration to all the world. The time will come when he will thank Divinity's shaping hand for the pains it inflicted, for the heavy burdens it laid upon him, in having forced him to become the suf- fering Messiah of the world. These blessed thoughts the Passover Festival comes to revive in this season of nature's revival. Toward this beautiful goal it again attracts our attention. For its attainments it would have us live and, if needs be, suffer. Mindful of the joys this beautiful spring fes- tival brought our fathers in the days of sorrow ; mind- ful, too, of the sacrifices they made and of the suf- fering they endured for our present blessings and liberties, we also welcome this day with joy. And may we open our hearts to its sweet influences, and incline our ears to its instruction, so that our minds may be filled with enthusiasm for our mission, and may urge us onward and forward toward our goal, thus bringing ever nearer that blessed age when all mankind will live to- gether as a common Brotherhood, in the belief of the Fatherhood of God, and amidst Universal Peace and Good-will. 432 THE SERVICE MANUAL. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Minister: If thou dost set out to serve the Lord, Prepare thy soul for tribulation. Congregation : Set thy heart aright, and be steadfast, And despair not in time of visitation. Cleave unto Him, and withdraw not thyself, That thou niayest become great in thy last days. All that cometh upon thee accept, And be patient in thy humiliation. For gold is tried in the fire, And acceptable men in the furnace of affliction. Trust in Him and He will espouse thy cause ; Make thy way straight, and hope in Him. Look at the generation of old and see Who trusted in the Lord, and was made ashamed ? Or irho lxl<' in His fear, and was forsaken? Or who <-<tlll iifton Him, ami ll< on rl<x>k.l him? Better present trial and future joy Than a life of ease that ends in nothing. Woe lutf's /it in that is faint-heart c< I ! ll< that trusteth not shall not l< Woo unto them that have lost paticnco ! What will they <!<> when the Lord shall visit them? Tin')/ f/nif /cm- tin Lnnl in'// trust hi Him; For <i* Hi* y/v////'S.s, so alxn /s ///s Ben Sirach. ORISON. ^f^ni$f^ r : Thou, God, art great beyond our conception and wise beyond our grasp. Thy plans are unsearchable, Thy deeds marvellous. Infinite is Thy power, and boundless Thy will to do us good. No tongue can tell, no thought can fathom, the depths of Thy love. Thou humblest the mighty, and Thou raisest the lowly. Thou en- feeblest the strong, and Thou strengthenest the weak. None can move him who rests under Thy wing. All the power of the Universe cannot prevent that which Thou hast decreed. Thou art Lord of all of nations as of individuals, of tyrants as of slaves. Great, Lord, is our joy that Thou hast deigned to favor Israel with Thy love, that Thou hast redeemed him from mighty oppressors and hast prepared him in the school of trial and tribulation to be the proclaimer of Thy truth, the teacher of Thy law, and the messenger of peace and good-will unto all the nations of the earth. In this beautiful spring season, when Thy divine breath delivers the earth from winter's cruel bondage, we are re- minded of the deliverance of our fathers in the hoary past. Long had they fought against tyranny, and much had they suffered but not in vain. At the banks of the Red Sea they wrested liberty from a despot's hand and gave it unto all the world. On that momentous spring day when Israel broke its fetters liberty was born, destined never again to die, but to become the mightiest factor in shaping our destiny and that of all mankind. For liberty's sake Israel dared to defy mighty races, proud empires, cruel potentates, merciless peoples dared to invite and to endure bitter per- secutions, loss of country, of home, of human rights, of humane treatment. By thus voluntarily acting the part of the .suffering Messiah of the world he has become the 434 THE SERVICE MANUAL. designer and the builder of mankind's temple of Civil and Religious Liberty. Oh that these blessed memories might kindle within us the desire of cherishing liberty as sacredly as did our fathers ! Oh that they might inspire us, too, to take up the cause of justice wherever thwarted, the cause of right wherever wronged, the cause of peace wherever threatened, the cause of tolerance wherever denied, so that the sun might never shine on slave throughout his radiant course, nor the moon hear the groan of oppression in her silent watches of the night, but that, instead, every valley may resound with joyful songs of freedom, and every moun- tain re-echo them from earth to sky, and sky to skies, till world answer unto world, and the whole universe rever- berates the inspiring strain : Liberty reigns in the heavens above, liberty rules on the earth beneath, liberty holds sway among all the children of men. Amen. HYMN. PASSOVER. To Thee, above all creatures' gaze, To Thee, whom earth and heaven praise, Whose ever-watchful providence Proves daily Thine omnipotence To Thee our thanks in chorus rise. Thou didst redeem the captive band, Who were enslaved by tyrant's hand ; Their cries were heard, their groans were stilled, Their yearning hopes at last fulfilled, And freedom dawned on Israel. God, Thy children recognize With grateful hearts this precious prize; Thy people at this holy shrine I'rm-laini aloud Thy power divine: "TlIK LoKH WILL UKIiiN K\|{ K V KKM< H5 K !" (Return t jHornhtg >erbtce. MEDITATION. (To l>c redd in ,i!t>ic< : /// Congregation.) CIVIL LIBERTY. THE Festival which we celebrate to-day has a higher significance than that of remembering the emancipation of the children of Israel from the bondage of the Pharaohs. The exodus from Egypt marks the redemption of the whole human race from tyranny. From this event dates the rise of liberty for all men. On the banks of the Red Sea were uttered for the first time in the world's history the momentous words that have given the great- est impulse toward modern civilization. There the prin- ciples of the Declaration of Independence were first pro- claimed. There were first announced the far-reaching truths that all men have equal rights to the lawful exer- cise and development of their powers and faculties, to the promotion of their well-being, and to the employment of every rightful means for the enjoyment of God's blessings. There was founded the first representative form of gov- ernment. There was unfurled for the first time, unto all peoples and nations, the banner that bore the sublime in- scription : One God, One Brotherhood, One Law. This is the Festival of Liberty, not for Israel alone, but for all mankind. It is deserving of celebration by all those peoples who to-day enjoy the fruits of liberty. All men should enter joyfully into the celebration of this fes- tival, not only in grateful remembrance of the past hero- ism displayed by Israel in the struggle for human freedom 435 436 THE SERVICE MANUAL. and human rights, but also to be reminded of the bless- ings of liberty, of the importance of guarding it as the most sacred of our possessions, and of our duty to procure, it for those still pining in bondage. Liberty is a spark of heaven's fire; once kindled, it burns for ever. Human agency cannot extinguish it. Like the earth's central fire, it may be smothered for a time, the ocean may overwhelm it, mountains may press it down, but its inherent and unconquerable force will . heave both the ocean and the land, and at some time or another, in some place or another, the volcano will break out and flame to heaven. Men who have enjoyed the light and happiness of free- dom cannot be again restrained and shut up in the gloom of bondage. As well might we try to shut up the flowing of a mighty river ; the rolling and impetuous tide would burst through every impediment that man might throw in the way. and the only consequence of the impotent attempt would be, that, having collected new strength by its tem- porary suspension, forcing itself through new channels, it would spread devastation and ruin on every side. Free to flow unimpeded along its course, it is sure to fertilize the country through which it runs ; but no power can long arrest it in its passage, and short-sighted as well as sinful must be the heart of the projector that would strive to stop its course. It is liberty that all men worship. Its taste is grate- ful, and will be so till nature herself shall change. Xi tint of words can spot its snowy mantle, or chvmio power turn its irohlcn sceptre into iron. With liberty to smile upon him as In- cats his crust, the humblest swain is happier than tin- monarch from whose court it is exiled. Liberty is the first oseiitial of civili/ed society. It is to the collective body what health is to the individual. As PASSOVER M<H!M\<; .s/v7M7''/,'. 437 without health mi pleasure can l>e enjoyed l.y the indi- vidual, so without health no happiness can In- tasted by society. " Tis Liberty alone that jjivrs tin- flower Of fleet intf lilt- its lustre ;ui(l pert'iline, And we are weeds without it." That government is most perfect in which the supreme and constant aim is to secure the rights of every human being. The wisest institutions may become a dead letter, and may even for a time be converted into a shelter and in- strument of tyranny when the sense of justice and the love of liberty are weakened in the minds of the people. True liberty consists only in the power of doing what we ought to will, and in not being constrained to do what we ought not to will. Liberty is not a means to an end ; it is an end itself. To secure it, to enlarge and diffuse it, should be the main object of all social arrangements and of all political contrivances. He alone deserves freedom who daily strives to conquer it and to secure it for ever. We owe it to our ancestors to preserve entire these rights which they have delivered to our care ; we owe it to our posterity not to suffer their dearest inheritance to be destroyed. He is false who sur- renders to others this most blessed of human rights. The spiritual in humanity is degraded when it submits to have ends imposed upon it, and yields itself blindly to the dictates of men. Self-possession and self-direction are essential to virtue, and the obligation to take upon him- self the control of his own conduct and sustain his own spiritual worthiness is inseparable from man. The true dignity of his spiritual being can be sustained in no other manner than by proposing to himself his own ends, and resisting to the last extremity all interferences with 438 THE SEHVICE MANUAL. this right. There can be no question as to whether he may not live longer, or avoid more care, by allowing his spirit to be ruled by some agency other than himself, thereby giving up the authority of his own rationality, than which nothing can be more debasing. And if there is one lesson which this Festival of Liberty emphasizes more than another, it is the duty of freely sharing with others, or securing for others, the boon of freedom which is our own. Our Passover comes not only to awaken pleasant remembrances, but also to teach momentous duties. Not yet are all men free. Not yet do all men recognize that all people have equal rights lawfully to promote their own best interests. Spring's freedom has not yet entered every land. Many a heart still lies enchained in winter's cruel bondage. Our grati- tude to our ancestors for their heroic struggle for free- dom's sake, the fruit of which we reap and enjoy to-day, should show itself in our efforts toward the emancipation of those still pining in bondage. Humanity is one body of which every individual constitutes a part, and no man can call himself free as long as another still wears the shackles. Like heroes our fathers fought for our rights ; like heroes must we fight for the rights of others. RESPONSIVE READINGS. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Minister : Deliver the oppressed from the hand of the oppressor, And be not fainthearted when thou judgest. Congregation : linn i,n rcujH-ct i if JH-I-XHHS f<> flu- injury f tin- opprested, An<i l<-t not tiiniility CHUM tliee to do wrong. Kef rain not from speaking when thou mayest save, And hide not thy wisdom as a K-auty. rASSo\'l<:n MoRNING SERVICE. 431) 1'oiit< ml for tltf triitli unto </t//i, Ant/ th> Lora 1 (i lt ,/ irlll ji<jlit fur thc.e. A wise ruler will give peace unto his people, And tlu government of a sagacious man is well ordered. An intiiDifrin-fn/ L-imj <l- tmi/,-tlt ///x y>r^A . Hut t/irfiin//i a mujticinti* rnlrr (lie /<t/t</ iri// jlnuri&h. Pride is hateful before the Lord and before men, And against both does it commit iniquity. Becausi' of irrmnjn am/ rlnlntcr, IK! greed of gain, Dominion JIHW* from notion to nation. The Lord casts down the thrones of the haughty, And sets the meek in their stead. He takes the power from the great, and destroys them, Ami mukcx tli< ir nn'innrial to cease from the earth. All oppression and injustice shall be blotted out; But true dealing shall endure for ever. The goods of the unjust shall dry up like a stream, And shall die away like thunder in a rain. Ben Sirach. HYMN. THE HOPE OF NATIONS. The sullen ice has crept from many fields ; The conflict, though so turbulent, is past ; Again the spring its wealth of verdure yields : The probing sun has conquered cold at last. It is the Paschal of reviving earth, The longed-for resurrection of its charms ; Each bud, prophetic type of freedom's birth, A conquest each o'er winter's dread alarms. 440 THE SERVICE MANUAL. And all the sunny joys, till now concealed, Are emblems bright of freedom's blessed morn, When Israel's rescue first that truth revealed : " To free and equal rights all men are born !" Then let our festival to all proclaim Who yearn for liberty's enkindling sun, And let the nations join the glad acclaim, " Our God is One Humanity is one !" 9 EXHORTATION. RELIGIOUS LIBERTY. Minister : This beautiful Passover Festival, on which we com- memorate freedom's birth, reminds us that liberty has yet a broader meaning than that of mere civil freedom. It extends to the realm of religion. It includes freedom of conscience. It secures to each man the right to wor- ship his God according to the dictates of his own reason. The craving after religious liberty is even a stronger sentiment than the longing for civil freedom. Men will rather bear the shackles of political slavery than the fetters of spiritual bondage. For their mental independence they will perform deeds of heroism and endure martyrdom such as political tyranny seldom calls forth. And it is well that we have been endowed with this passionate yearning for fivi-ilom to think and to decide upon religious matters for ourselves. Here lies the root of mental and moral prog- md nature, by the strong impulse it has planted within us, has taken the precaution to prevent its being, stifled. Nature loathes sameness. Diversity is her robe and or- nament. Neither the constellations in the heavens above nor the flora or fauna <m the earth beneath, neither ADDITIONAL /M.s'xor/'/A' MUKMM; xr.nvicK. Ml tin- minerals in the earth's interior nor the aquatic life in the waters beneath the earth, resemble their kind in evrrv particular of form or composition. No two grains of sand, though washed up by the same ocean and on the same shore, no two leaves, though grown on the same tree, no two lilies, though raised from the same seed, no two plan- ets, though revolving in the same solar system and around the same central sun, are exactly alike. As in nature, so in the domain of mind and spirit ; here, too, absolute tlnison is not visible. No matter how far back we go in history, no matter what ancient or modern Bible we read, or what ancient or modern literature we consult, like thinking, like acting, like believing, we never find. We may go from clime to clime and from zone to zone, from sea to coast and from coast to highest moun- tain-peak everywhere we shall find diversity, variety, difference. Absolute unison was not, is not, shall not be, neither in the domain of nature nor in the realm of thought. What- ever progress there was and is in both of these depart- ments is due to a law which constantly forces variance and progression. It is this law that is at the root of man's constant striving after the better, the truer, the higher. To oppose it is to oppose the progress and happiness of man. To oppose it is to oppose the law of nature. To oppose it is to oppose the decree of God. To strive for complete and universal unison in all human thought and action and belief is to strive for what never was and never shall be. We shall sooner behold all the stars in the heavens revolve in the same orbit and at the same time, and all the different animals assume the same form and conform to the same mode of life, and all the vegetation of the earth assume the same shape, than we shall see all men assemble at the same hour of the same 442 THE XERVK'E MANUAL. day to chant the same hymn from the same hymn-book, in the same melody, or address the same prayer from the same prayer-book, in the same language, to the same God, and listen to the same doctrines, and conform to the same rites, and perform the same ceremonies. We will sooner build a sanctuary that will hold the whole population of the globe under one roof than ever have the whole of human- kind compose one denomination and under one head ; such never was the divine intent. Not unison, but concord in the midst of variety ; not ab- solute sameness, but harmony in midst of difference this is the .lesson that nature teaches in a thousand different languages and with a thousand different tongues. Planets of different size and different composition revolve in differ- ent orbits and with different speeds, and yet among them there is no clashing. Different streams course in different channels and with different currents, yet among them all there is no confusion. Different soils and climates and zones ripen different fruits, and nurture different animal species, and influence different social organizations and mental developments, yet even here, amidst this enormity of difference and variation, there is perfect harmony among all created things. There is division in shape and form, in mode and manner, but there is union in purpose, each obedient to its own laws, each true to its own environ- ments, each seeking the same end promoting its own good with its own power and in its own way. Differ- ent peoples have different forms of worship, yet, despite dm-rsJty, there is perfect harmony the same central thought, the same cardinal virtues, the same influence upon heart and soul and mind, everywhere the same fundamental principles. A man's creed is the result of his early training or en- vironment or mental predisposition that cannot he shaken AD1)ITI\.\L /MXXor/'.7J M(>1!\L\<; ,s/-.7M7r/-;. \ \:\ off at will or exchanged at a moment's notice. Tin 1 in itself is not the essential part, but the line of conduct which it ripens. If the end aimed at is right, it matters little what methods are employed for reaching it, as long as they are just and honorable. What society is most concerned in, and most benefited by, is deed. If that is right, the creed cannot be wrong. Mankind does not rep- resent an aggregation of individuals of whom every one stands upon the same mental and moral platform, and for whom all things are equally fit and proper. What is right for one may be wrong for the other. The creed conforms to the needs of the people the cruder belief for the cruder mind, the higher thought for the more developed intellect. Religion is but a means toward a certain definite end. That end is the attainment of spiritual development. Its doctrines are the stepping-stones leading to that goal. The doctrines and ceremonies differ with different people, yet the purposes they subserve are the same among them all. Almost every rational being believes that a proper care of self, a considerate regard for the just rights and needs of our fellow-men, a proper cultivation of the intel- lect, of the will, and of the emotions, a proper understand- ing of the real purposes of life, will soonest attain the ends of religion. So, too, is there a consensus of opinion among rational people as to what constitutes the necessary requi- sites for spiritual development, It is only in the authority which each advances as the basis for his search after per- fection, and in the doctrinal or ceremonial means each one applies in the attainment of it, that the difference lies. Whatever definition we give to religion, none is so nar- row or deficient as not to include every belief that was or is. All start with similar first principles of theology a belief in Supreme Power, in a hereafter and though their interpretations of them differ, they agree in their concep- 444 THE SERVICE MAX UAL. tion of the highest religious duty. Their theologies differ their religion is one. The virtue of returning good for evil, of rewarding hatred with love, of thinking and judg- ing and acting justly and charitably, the duty of being hospitable to the stranger, of sharing with the needy, of caring for the aged and infirm, of comforting the sorrow- ing and stricken, are rigorously enjoined as the highest duties in all civilized religions. This lesson of the oneness of religion despite differ- ences of theologies the Passover comes to teach. This truth that all men have, a right to worship according to the dictates of their own conscience the Passover Festi- val, which is commemorated in honor of Israel's struggle for, and triumph in, the cause of civil and religious lib- erty, comes to reaffirm and to strengthen in our mind. It enjoins upon each the duty so to live that the greatest religious harmony may prevail among all men despite theological differences, and so to strive that all mankind may yet constitute one religious brotherhood, with freedom to every man to worship according to the desires of his heart and the requirements of his mind. ANTIPHON. (Choir and Congregation chant and read alternate verses.) Choir : Praise ye the Lord ; for He is good : Sing praises unto His name ; for it is pleasant. /o/ tin ll> /ins rhnsi'/i //in i>,i>l< j'n Whatsoever the Lord pleased, that hath He done ; Hi- smntr many nations. and slrw many kings. ADDITlnXM. r.(sso\'l-:R MORNING SERVICE. 445 / '//// fv.s- li<tr< persecuted UK iritliout a lint our In nrls trusted, find the Lord inis our In /jt. 1 bringcth the oppressed into prosperity ; But for the oppressors He prepareth destruction. nnt t1i>/s<lf ftrrtnmr of < rit-<1<>< ,-. \>>f//<r In- thon , nrioiis of flu niir!(jlitcoiis. For they shall be cut down like gra And wither as the green herb. Trust in tJic I,or<], mid </o i/ood ; .ifi-ri/'ii/ on,! ,-njJi frniis. and follow <lffcrf<l!fjifnlli<sx. And He shall make thy righteousness shine as the light, And thy judgment as the noonday. F>,r i-rll-tlorrs shall cease their way, Y< f a little ichilc, and the notched shall not be. Psalms. PRAYER. Thou Infinite Power, we come unto Thee that we may lift up our souls and fill ourselves with exceeding comfort and surpassing strength. Father, we thank Thee that while heaven and the heaven of heavens cannot con- tain Thine all-transcendent being, yet Thou livest and movest and workest in all things that bless our earth. We thank Thee for the material world wherewith Thou environest us beneath and about and overhead. We bless Thee for the sun who pours out the golden day upon the waiting and expectant ground. We thank Thee for the new life which conies tingling in every blade and branch. in every blossom and sprout. We thank Thee for the seed which the farmer has cradled in the ground, or which thence lifts up its happy face of multitudinous prophecy, 446 THE SERVICE MANUAL. telling us of harvests that are to come. We thank Thee also for the garment of prophecy with which Thou gird- est the forests and adornest every tree. We bless Thee for the fresh life which teems in the waters that are about us, which warbles in the branches of the trees, and hums with new-born insects throughout the peopled land. O Lord, we thank Thee for a day so sweet as this, when the trees lift up their heads in a psalm of gratitude to Thee, and every little flower and every wandering bird seem filled by Thy spirit and grateful to Thee. We thank Thee for all Thine handwritings of revelation on the walls of the world, on the heavens above us, and the ground beneath, and all the testimonies recorded there of Thy presence, Thy power, Thy justice, and Thy love. We thank Thee for the joyous memories which this Spring Festival of to-day awakens in our hearts. We bless Thee for the good fruits which Israel's redemption from Egyptian bondage has ripened for the peoples of the earth, and shall yet ripen wherever tyranny still rules and humanity still suffers in bondage. AVe thank Thee not less for that perpetual spring-time with which Thou vi.sitest the human soul. We bless Thee for the sun of righteousness which never sets, nor allows any night, but, with healing in his beams, shakes down pe- rennial day on eyes that open and on hearts that lift them- selves up to Thee. We thank Thee for the great truths which shine on us the lesser light like the moon in the darkness of the night, and those great lights which pour out a continuous and never-ending day about us where'er we turn our weary feet. We thank Thee for the generous emotion^ which spring up anew in our hearts to-day, for the justice, that faints not nor is weary, for the truth which never fails, lor that philanthropy which goes out and bring- the wanderer home, which lifts up the fallen and ADDITIONAL /M.s-.svM7'.7J MoKMM," A7-.7; 17(7-:. 117 heals tin- sick, is eyes to the Mind and feet to the lame, and shares its bread with those that are hungry ; yea, we thank Tliee for tliat piety and courage which inspired Thy children in the hoary past, and we bless Thee that it springs anew in our hearts, drawing us unto Thee, and giving us a multitudinous prophecy of glories that are yet to eoine. Father, we pray Thee that we may live great and noble lives on the earth, unfolding our nature day by day, using our bodies for their purpose and the soul for its higher use, growing wiser and better as we change time into life and daily work into exalted character. So may we live that every day we may learn some new truth, practise some new virtue, and become dearer and more beautiful in Thine own sight. So may we live that every spring festival may find the sweet and fragrant blossoms and sprouts and flowers of virtue springing up brighter and richer, adorning our own lives and beautifying those of others, and making our earth a fair and fragrant paradise. So may we live that, in our own fulfilment of our earnest prayers, we may show the earnestness of our desires and behold Thy granting of our requests. Amen. HYMN. THE GROWING DAY. Oppressions shall not always reign ; There comes a brighter day, When freedom, burst from every chain, Shall have triumphant sway. Then right shall over might prevail, And truth's full-armed array The hosts of tyrant wrong assail, And hold eternal sway. 448 THE SERVICE MANUAL. What voice shall bid the progress stay Of truth's victorious car ? What arm arrest the growing day, Or quench the solar star ? What arm shall dare, tho' stout and strong, Restore the ancient wrong? Oppression's guilty might prolong, And freedom's morning bar? The hour of triumph comes apace, The fated, promised hour, When earth upon a ransom'd race Her bounteous gifts shall shower. (Return to page 27.) Conclusion. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.} MORAL* FREEDOM. "This year \vc arc yet slaves; may the next year see us free!" Tiirs reads a passage in our Passover services. It has a strange sound to a freeman's ear, yet it is a truth withal. One may enjoy civil freedom, and yet wear the chains of spiritual slavery. One may throw off the shackels of human tyranny, and yet endure mental despotism infi- nitely more cruel than any inflicted by human hand. Unless a man has freedom of spirit, all the benefits of a free government are of little avail to him. Without this inward spiritual freedom outward liberty is of little worth. What avails it that we are crushed by no foreign yoke if, through ignorance and vice and selfishness, we lack the command of our mind ? The worst tyrants are those that establish themselves in our own breast. The man who lacks force of principle and purpose is a slave, however free the air he breathes. What is that inward moral freedom that is not yet ours, and the want of which still stamps us as slaves ? Moral freedom is the attribute of a mind in which rea- son and conscience have begun to act, and which is free through its own energy, through fidelity to the truth, through resistance of temptation. It is moral energy, force of holy purpose, put forth against the senses, against the passions, against the world, thus liberating 28 449 450 THE SERVICE MANUAL. the intellect, conscience, and will so that they may act with strength and unfold themselves for ever. The es- sence of moral freedom is effort. He only is free who, through self-conflict and moral resolution, subdues the pas- sions which debase him. That mind alone is free which, look- ing to God as the inspirer and rewarder of virtue, adopts His law as its supreme rule, and which, in obedience to this, governs itself, reveres itself, exerts faithfully its best powers, and unfolds itself by well-doing in whatever sphere God's providence assigns. It has pleased the All-wise Disposer to encompass us from our birth by difficulty and allurement, to place us in a world where wrong-doing is often gainful and duty rough and perilous, where many vices oppose the dictates of the inward monitor, where the body presses as a weight on the mind, and matter, by its perpetual agency on the senses, becomes a barrier between us and the spiritual world. We are in the midst of influences which menace the intellect and heart, and to be free is to withstand and conquer these. That mind is free which masters the senses, which pro- tects itself against animal appetites, which penetrates be- neath the body and recognizes its own greatness, which passes life not in asking what it shall eat and drink, but in hungering, thirsting, and seeking after righteousness. That mind is free which escapes the bondage of matter, which, instead of stopping at the material universe and making it a prison wall, passes beyond it to the Infinite Spirit in which it finds help toward its own spiritual enlargement. That mind is free which jealously guards its intellectual rights and powers, which calls no man master, which does not content itself with a passive or hereditary faith, which opetlfl itself to liirht whence>.iever it may come, which. AT/-; whilst consulting others, inquires still more of tin- oracle within itself, and uses instructions from abroad not to supersede but to quicken and exalt its own energies. That mind is free which sets no bounds to its love, which is not imprisoned in itself or in a sect, which recogni/es in all human beings the image of God and the rights of His children, which delights in virtue and sympathizes with suffering wherever they are seen, which conquers pride, anger, and sloth, and offers itself up a willing victim to the cause of mankind. That mind is free which is not passively framed by out- ward circumstances, and is not swept away by a torrent of events, \\hich is not the creature of accidental impulse, but which bends events to its own improvement, and acts from an inward spring, from immutable principles which it has deliberately espoused. That mind is free which protects itself against the usur- pations of society, which does not cower to human opinion, which feels itself accountable to a higher tribunal than man's, which respects a higher law than fashion, which reveres itself too much to be the slave or tool of the many or the few. That mind is free which, through confidence in God and in the power of virtue, has cast off all fear but that of wrong-doing, which no menace or peril can enthrall, which is calm in the midst of tumults, which possesses itself though all else be lost. That mind is free which resists the bondage of habit, which does not mechanically repeat itself and copy the past, which does not live on its old virtues, but which listens for new and higher monitions of conscience, and rejoices to pour itself forth in fresh and higher exertions. That mind is free which is jealous of its own freedom, which guards itself from being merged in others, which 452 THE SERVICE MANUAL. cherishes its empire over itself as nobler than the empire of the world. That mind is free which clings only to those means and objects that aid freedom of mind ; that- give scope to man's faculties ; that throw him on his own resources, and sum- mon him to work out his own happiness ; that, by removing restraint from intellect, favor enlargement of thought ; that, by removing restraint from worship, favor the ascent of the soul to God ; that, by removing restraint from industry, stir up enterprise to explore and subdue the material world, and thus rescue the race from those sore physical wants and pains which narrow and blight the mind. That mind is free which, conscious of its affinity with God, devotes itself faithfully to the unfolding of all its powers; which passes the bounds of time and death; which hopes to advance for ever, and which finds inexhaustible power, both for action and suffering, in the prospect of immortality. Such is moral freedom. It consists in moral force, in self-control, in the enlargement of thought and affection, and in the unrestrained action of our best powers. Such blessings, however, are not yet ours. Though politically free, our souls are not yet emancipated. Our minds are still weighed down with slavery's chains. Sin still rules within us with a despot's hand, and finds us cringing and fawning at its feet. Not yet are we free men, though hu- man tyrants cease and human despotisms pass away. As long as sin's power prevails we still have occasion on the I-Vstival of Liberty to exclaim: This year we still are -laves, and to hope and pray: May the coming Passover find us free. Ai>i>m<>\M. PASSOVER i:'\'i- RESPONSIVE READINGS. <:<>ii<ini/<ititi)t find (ilttninti verses.) Minister: Winnow not with every wind, And walk not in every path. /!> sfrat/fust in tin/ conviction, And I>'t thy speech h- one inn! the same. Be swift to hear, But with deliberation give answer. If thon Jisf insight, <insirer thy neighbor } But if not, lay thy hand upon thy mouth. Sow not upon the furrows of unrighteousness, And thou shalt not reap them seven-fold. nut tin 1 , glory of a sinner, For thou knowest not what will be his end. Delight not in that which the ungodly delight in ; Remember that they will not go unpunished. He that toucheth pitch ivill be defiled ; lie that associates with a proud man will become like him. Prove thy soul by thy life ; See what is evil for it, and abstain from it. Sacrifice, thy will for the good of others, And f/ioii ir!lt JiuJ that others will yield to th. Make thyself beloved by man, And thou wilt be lovable in the sight of God. That ir Inch in hateful unto th.ee, That do not unto another. Ben Sirach. Talmud. 454 THE SERVICE MANUAL. ORISON. Minuter: Father of all, we draw nigh unto Thee, on the conclud- ing day of this beautiful Spring Festival of Liberty, to thank Thee for the blessings it has brought and for the truths it has taught. Grant, Lord, that the emotions we have experienced may be converted by us into deeds of mercy and into lives of holiness, may be turned into seeds of well-doing, and be scattered broadcast in the fields of humanity, there to ripen a glorious harvest of universal peace and mutual good-will. Heavenly Father, we now stand before Thee, the proud heirs of the liberty which Thou didst bestow upon our fathers. We offer Thee our thanks that the heavy yoke is taken from our necks, that we are citizens of a country where every man is free to follow the convictions of his heart ; and we pray unto Thee that Thou mayest grant liberty and redemption to those unfortunate brethren who are still suffering from hatred, persecution, and preju- dice. But most fervently we beseech of Thee that we may realize the grave duties which our more fortunate positions impose upon us ; that we may never forget that we have not only rights to enjoy, but also duties to per- form duties toward Thee, duties toward our fellow-men, duties toward ourselves. Grant that we may never lose our spiritual liberty, and never, fascinated by pleasures and earthly enjoyments, find our only gratification in material well-being. Grant that this beautiful day may teach us to discard all selfishness and to devote our power to the welfare of all. Guide our hearts that we may ac- cord to each of our fellow-men the right to his own opinion, and give us strength to banish- the baneful spirit of perse- cution. Let us recognize that there is no real freedom but for those who walk in the light of Thy knowledge .\rnnrio.\AL /Mxvoi '/:/; EVE SERVICE, 455 and practise the broadest charily, and that they are worse than slaves who wear the chains of ignorance and passion and evil inclinations. (I rant, we beseech Thee, Lord, at the conclusion of this beautiful Spring Festival of Liberty, that we, like our Fathers before us, may prove ourselves worthy builders on this great sanctuary, thereby fulfilling our mission, and bringing on that Festival of Liberty on which not only Israel but all mankind, freed from the shackles of civil, religious, moral slavery, shall celebrate a Universal Feast of Redemption. Amen. HYMN. MORAL FREEDOM. Freemen, we our chartered right Hold from men who fought with might, And like bulwarks on the height Of all countries stood. Tyrants' threats and bribes they spurned, Back the oppressor's hosts they turned, Freedom from their sons they earned By their toils and blood. Be their names immortalized Who their life-blood sacrificed, That a boon so dearly prized They for us might win. Yet in vain our freedom, Lord, Bought with blood in battle poured, If, unfranchised by Thy word, We are slaves to sin. 456 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Freedom without self-control Is but leave to wreck the soul, Passion-driven on pleasure's shoal, To the future blind. Freemen, then, by right of birth, Teach us, Lord, to prize the worth Of that richest gem of earth, Freedom of the mind. (Return to page 12.) Conclusion. ^Homing MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) THE BLESSINGS OF HOPE. " Lo, the winter is past, the rain is over and gone, The flowers appear on the earth ; the time of the singing of birds is come." Song of Songs ii. 11, 12. THUS sings the shepherdess Sulamith in that " Song of Songs " which the Rabbis of old have enjoined to be read during the Passover services. The reason for its choice for this festival is made manifest by the spirit which per- vades it. Throughout it breathes a yearning for liberty. It is a song of hope ; and as hope was one of Israel's great- est needs during their dark days of trial and tribulations, they derived from this Song a cheer and a comfort which no other book of the Bible could have afforded them at this season of the year. Perusing it in the early infancy of the year, when heart and soul were quickened and in- spired by the unfolding and blossoming and flowering vis- ible everywhere in nature, it infused into their hearts new life, new hope, new courage. Sulamith, the innocent shep- herdess, typified to them the people of Israel. Her capture by the mighty monarch, her faithfulness to her heart's first choice despite alluring temptations, despite threat and imprisonment, her final triumph and restoration, told to them their own past and prophesied their future, pict- ured to them their own capture by mighty monarchs, the alluring temptations held out to them to forsake God, 457 458 THE SERVICE MANUAL. their suffering for their loyalty, and their deathless hope in the final triumph and restoration of their liberty. But though times have changed and days have bright- ened, though we are no longer deprived of our rights and liberties, still we, too, feel the need of inhaling the sweet breath of hope in this promising season of the year. There are other hopes besides those of political and religious emancipation. In every human breast there are hopes slumbering and dreaming through the dreary winter days and long winter nights. But at this season of the year they awaken with an intense yearning for realization. Hope springs eternal in the human breast. Though all our heart's desire be granted, hope yet remains unsatisfied. Though all our heart's treasures be taken, hope still re- mains. Under its impulse all the grand activities of the world go on. No man ever did anything of lasting worth who was not buoyed up by hope's sweet and encouraging whisper that the goal for which he strove would yet be reached. Yet there are days when hope is utterly silent. There are long spells of discouragement and despair. Under re- peated failure, continued neglect, enduring persecution and suffering, the heart oft loses courage, and the mind, lashed on by fear or pain, loses its hold and is in danger of being swept down into the awful abyss of total annihilation. There is need, therefore, of a festival like this for clear- ing away the cobwebs of doubt, for sweeping away the accumulated rubbish of despair and despondency, for opening the choked-up well-springs of the heart and the fa>t -barred windows and doors of the mind to let in fresh air, new life, new hope, new ideals. \\'e need this I'assover festival in our brighter days as much as our fathers needed it in their days of sorrow. Now and then there passes over the hearts of men M>i>mu.\.iL /MNxor/vv; MORNING wnvn'i-:. i-V. ;iiid women a wave ol' doubt . of hopelessne.-s. of lack of faith. Take those of us who are old enough to have become a little disillusioned, to whom the world is not <\|iiitf as rosy in its color as it was in childhood and in the first flush of youth: we find that we cannot reach our ideals quite as easily as we expected we would; we find that as we attempt to realize our dreams, as we whisper to others our visions of the things that we and our friends will to accomplish, a smile of incredulity and pity passes over the face of our elders, who tell us that they have heard that story over and over again and we lose heart and hope. Or take those who, in the struggle to get on in this warfare in which only those survive who are the fittest, fall behind and drop out of the ranks, become discouraged, and are ready to give up the battle ; or take those -who loved only to be requited with hatred, who trusted only to be deceived, who conferred benefits only to be wronged ; or those from whose fond hearts death has torn the sweetest and dearest of all their lii'e's treasures, as they pass through experiences like these they are overwhelmed with despair and discouragement, and surrender the great hopes that have cheered and lead them on. Thus for the disillusioned, for the defeated, for the be- reaved, for the despondent, the Passover festival is of special need. With spring's beauteous and fragrant flow- ers of hope it twines a bridge over which mournful and despairing souls pass to regions bright and hopeful. Without hope there is no endurance, and without endur- ance there is no heroic toil, no true blessing. We may have will, capacity, industry, patience, zeal, but if we have not hope we lack everything. Without the expectation of a greater return by means of bold adventure, what mer- chant would risk his all to the thousand hazards that 4 GO THE SERVICE MANUAL. encompass it ? What makes the daring soldier rush into the furious battle, into the very mouth of death itself, but the hope of snatching honor and reward out of its jaws ? What makes the scholar burden his brains so hard, some- times with the hazard of overtaxing them, but the hope of discovering some new truth ? What makes the brave man toil on, struggle on, with naught but failure staring him in the face, but the unwavering hope that, though it comes late, success must come at last? Who would bear the miseries of poverty, of sickness, of bereavement, but for the hope that ;; somehow good will be the final goal of ill " ? Take hope from them and you take their all. The hope may be fallacious, its promises may never be realized, but " Hope, like the gleaming taper's light, Adorns and cheers our way, And still, as darker grows the night, Emits a brighter ray." Once upon a time, so runs an ancient parable, certain laborers were sent forth by a great king to level a primeval forest, to plow it, to sow it, and to bring to him the har- vest. To speed their work a number of encouragers were sent with them. One was named Industry. His brother Patience went with him. Zeal also was sent along, and with him came his kinsman Self-denial. These went forth with the laborers, but their work progressed not. They soon perceived that they had forgotten their well-beloved Bister Hope. Speedily they sent for her, and when she came there was cheer and music in the camp. The blows full harder, and the huge forest trees dropped i'ast and t'u-trr. Hope encouraged and cheered them, holding out to them sweet pictures of the future, singing them to sleep with " (tod will bless your work. The reward will come." MU>IT/<>.\M. r.ixsorn; M<n;M\t; .s/-.7M7r/-;. They felled the lofty trees to the music of that strain. They cleared the acres one by one, they sowed tin- am! waited for the harvest, held to their work by Hope s sweet music: "God will bless your work. The reward will come." That was the sweet service of the Passover in former times, and that is still its service in the present. When Israel was sent forth by its great King to level a primeval lon-st of ignorance, to plow and sow and ripen the har- vest of righteousness, when they encountered disheart- ening difficulties, when the storms raged fiercest, when wounds were deepest and tears flowed fastest, there came in the hope-inspiring spring the Passover with its sweet mes- sage : " Hope on, toil on ; God will bless your work. The reward will come/' And anew they started and toiled and struggled till hope turned into blessed reality. That was Passover's sweet service in days gone by; that must be its mission to-day. We still need this annual reviver of our hopes. Without them life were not en- durable nor our goals attainable. .Come then, thou Hope, thou well-beloved daughter of God, enter our hearts. What is cold within them warm ; what is dark within them illumine ; where thou findest sorrow or pain, exchange thou it for joy or comfort. Enter thou our minds and souls, point out to them their higher destinies, and fill them with unwavering courage for the highest ends of life, and with strength never to surrender to sin, be its allurements yet so tempting and its power yet so great. Enter thou our homes. Inspire peace where there is strife, love where there is hatred, contentment where there is dissatisfaction. Knter thou our communal and social and public lives. Though struggles for the right have not yet met with 462 THE SERVICE MANUAL. their rewards, though tyranny and injustice still inflict their wounds upon humanity, still let not hearts fail nor mjnds despair. Come, thou blessed Hope, and let us again hear thy sweet message : " Toil on ; despair not nor despond ; the glorious end thou strivest for thou wilt reach ; God will bless thy work. Soon life's winter storms shall have past, the rain of sorrow shall be over and gone. The flowers of peace and joy shall deck thy path, and thy hymns of praise and thanksgiving shall resound." ANTIPHON. (Choir and Congregation chant and read alternate verses.) Choir: Trust in the Lord with all thine heart, And lean not upon thine own understanding. Congregation : In oil thy ways acknowledge Him, And He shall direct thy paths. Be not wise in thine own eyes ; Fear the Lord, and depart from evil. /Jrsfn'w not f/if r/mx/V/////y of flic Lord; Neither he weary of I/ix ri'j>roof. For whom the Lord loveth He reproveth ; Even as a father, the son in whom he delightcth. Weeping /""// terry for fh<' nigkt } 1 1 nt ji/ conn tli in f/i< inn, -ii in </. In peace will I both lay me down and sleep ; For Thou, Lord, alone makost me dwell in safety. T/ioil irilt shoir nit ///' [mill of //'/' : /// Th>/ pretence / fii/m** <> IV of good courage, and lie shall strengthen your heart, All ye that hope in the Lord. HI shall cover thee n-itli ///'* //////o//s, Ami mnl> r //is irlmjn xlntlt tlinii ?<!/>< ,< /'/></< . I'salnis. HYMN. FAITH AND HOPE. The world may change from old to new, From new to old again, Yet hope and heaven, for ever true, Within man's heart remain. The dreams that bless the weary soul, The struggles of the strong, Are steps toward some happy goal, The story of hope's song. Hope leads the child to plant the flower, The man to sow the seed, Nor leaves fulfilment to the hour, But prompts again to deed ; And ere upon the old man's dust The grass is seen to wave, We look through falling tears to trust Hope's sunshine in the grave. Oh, no ! it is no flattering lure, No fancy weak or fond, When hope would bid us rest secure In the better life beyond. Nor love, nor shame, nor grief, nor sin His promise may gainsay ; The voice divine hath spoke within, And God cannot betray. 464 THE SERVICE MANUAL. EXHORTATION. FROM DEATH TO LIFE. Ezekiel xxxvii. Min ister : What wonders of nature go on all around us to-day ! Look on the fair mantle which nature has just cast on all the hills about us, and which falls with such enrapturing folds into every valley. It is a revival of nature whereof the sun is the preacher. All nature hears him and ex- pounds his word of life. The tuneful birds chant their morning and evening psalms ; the trees put on their bridal garments ; every bush burns and is not consumed, yea, greatens and multiplies in its bloom a.nd blossom, and the ground seems holy with new revelation. How grand and vigorously the new sprouts of golden grain come out of the earth ! Ere long these will be sheaves, and these again will be turned into bread. What a marvellous transfiguration first the seed, then the plant, then the harvest, and at last the bread ! No writer of legend could ever finish half so fair a miracle as this, wherein is no mir- acle, but constant law at every step. And no philosopher has ever been able to give so strong a proof of the deathlessness of life as that which nature now proclaims to us through myriads of tongues. Where autumn plants drooped and withered and formed a little mound of decaying herbage, now little flowers lift up their delicate forms and bend their slender necks and blush with that rich beauty that has sprung from a heap of moulder- ing leaves and fruit and roots. Thus from the graves of our dear ones there may spring forth spiritual flowers whose loveliness mortal eye can- not see, but which to other eyes may he as beautiful as spring's life out of autumn's death i> to ours. It is this thought that we may derive to-day from a perusal of the AI>I>mu.\AL /MNNOTA'A' .l/O/ 4 'A7.\v; XKKVICE. 465 prophet K/ekiel's vision of (lie /iVs///-/vr/Yo// of tin- whirh the Kabbis of old have enjoined for Passover read- ing. What once existed only as a vision in the imagina- tion of the prophet is in another form visible to-day to all of us in the realm of nature. Who that had never seen spring before would have believed, or could have believed, that the drooped and withered flowers and leaves of au- tumn and the skeleton trees and barren fields of winter would stand to-day attired in glorious raiment, radiant with beauty and full of most hopeful and promising life? Wherever we turn, in this beautiful spring season of the year, we read the lesson that in nature there is no death what seems so is only transition. In all things we find constant changes going on, and yet all remain ever the same. The mutable is ever comprised in the immutable, the fleeting in the enduring. It is only the human under- standing that separates and makes distinctions and applies different names. When the plant withers and its dust is dispersed by the wind the component parts of that which was a plant are not blown out of the universe, are not re- duced to absolute nothingness. Whether united in a plant or scattered as motes in a sunbeam, they are present and indestructible, irremovable from the universe of God. The hidden power of life which combined this dust into verdant, blooming plants also continues apart from the dust, and in winter as in summer works actively in other seeds planted somewhere in the universe. When the sun of spring reproduces the conditions according to which the vital force acts upon the elementary substances around it, growth recommences, and new plants germinate and put forth buds and leaves and blossoms. Thus every new thinjr is a reproduction of the old ever the same, how- ever new it may appear to the eye of man. 30 466 THE SERVICE MANUAL. In the universe nothing is new, and nothing old is annihilated. It is only the relations of things to one another that change. We must beware not to persuade ourselves into believ- ing that whatever we can see with our limited sight, measure with our small standard, and comprehend with our finite mind is in reality such as we conceive it to be. We make distinctions where in nature none exist. To us, that which is invisible and beyond the sphere of our com- prehension is as if it were not. There is nothing extant on earth of which the elementary substances did not previously exist in invisible form. All things are so closely bound together that the single links are often in- distinguishable. In the eternal universe there is no begin- ning and no ending. That which seems to us as bloom- ing and fading, as morning and evening, that which we call birth and death, is only the varying play of the relations of things in the universe. That which we call death is in itself a confirmation of life. Death is the first pulse of the new life shaking itself free from the old mouldy remnants of the earth-garments, that it may begin in freedom the higher life that grows out of the old. The caterpillar dies into the butterfly. With that intensified vital action which we call death an active process of dissolution and new growth takes place. As in autumn the vital force leaves a withering plant, so in death the spiritual part of our beings withdraws from the earthly part. That within us which we call soul enters into mm lunations with other substances and things in the life-teem- ing universe. What springs from earth dissolves to earth again, and heaven-born things fly to their native seat. The dust alone returns to dust, the spirit returns to Him who gave it. The human soul, that spark on the infinite ocean of di- \(\1 vine light, that sublime power which holds dominion over plants, minerals, and animals, that spirit whose thoughts fly across mountains and seas and penetrate to the throne of the Almighty, that human soul is a sell-dependent essence, As little as the raiment which we wear forms part of ourselves, so little does the body form part of the spirit which in death puts it off'. The same as has been while clad in the body, the >ame shall be after having en- tered into other combinations. The germ of this truth exists not only in external nature, but also in our spiritual life within and in the reason that beholds in the present an incomplete destiny, needing to be continued for the fulfil- ment of its end ; in the thirst for happiness, that is too deep to be satisfied on earth, but opens into aspirations toward an infinitely Blessed Being ; in the love of moral goodness and beauty, which, in proportion as it is cultivated, awakens the ideal of spotless virtue and a desire of com- munity with the All-perfect One. Indeed, the voice of our whole nature is a cry after higher existence. The restless activity of life is but a pressing forward toward a fulness of good not to be found on earth, and indicates our desti- nation for a state more brightly beautiful than we can now conceive. Heaven is revealed to us in every pure affection of the human heart and in every wise and benef- icent action that uplifts the soul in adoration and gratitude. For heaven is only purity, wisdom, benevolence, joy, peace, in their perfected form. Thus the immortal life may be said to surround us perpetually. Some beams of its glory shine upon us in whatever is lovely, heroic, and virtuously happy in ourselves or in others. The pure mind carries heaven within itself, and manifests that heaven to all around. In order that death may prove to us the gateway to that endless life, let us remember so to use and improve the 468 THE SERVICE MANUAL. life here that the sleep of death may be but a transition into a loftier stage, into a holier and happier sphere. Let us reflect on what a splendid inheritance this pres ent life may become, and let us try to rise to the grand ideal. Let our lives be pure and beautiful and noble. Let us put purpose into our existence, work into our purpose, heart into our work, and warmth into our heart. Let us sec that we build no falseness into the character of life. Let us think of the things that are true and honest and pure. Thought is a great sculptor of character. As a man thinks in his heart, so he is. The bent of the heart will deter- mine the character, and the character the destiny. Not only is it true that as the tree falls so it shall lie, but as it leans, so it falls. Let God be our guide in the building of the vessel in which we expect to cross the ocean of life and enter eternity without wreck. Let us use no timber that will not bear storm, nor sleep while we skirt the reefs. How vain to attempt to build or steer our bark without divine grace or guidance ! How sad if we were left sol- itary and alone to plough life's stormy ocean, or to drift hither and thither at the mercy of the warring elements, and not to know where our frail bark would beach, but rather to fear that, driven and tossed by the wind, it would be more likely to founder on the fatal reefs than find a safe anchorage on the golden shore! But why should it be so ? Only let us embark with God, and with Him at the helm we shall be piloted in safety, through all the tempests of time, to the haven of eternal peace. RESPONSIVE READINGS. l.-in- nnil <'<>/i(ir<'j<iti<iii nail <i/t<rn<i/> r< r > Mining i- : (in-.-it Ininlcn is created for every man, And a heavy yoke is upon the >oii> of Adam. ADDITIONAL VASsoVKi: .l/oA'.v/.v// SERVICE. -HJ! Conjugation : Till tin </"// "ftlxir </tt/i (/!</(, of t/i, Ti'tni(it-x tin ir tlioiKjIitx <nl nhirm* f/n-fr hearts. I'M- eoint'ortoil tor the dead, for there is no returning; Thou canst not aid him, and shalt hurt thyself. Tnht ii" lixiriin ^ to IK art ; /'tit if <nr<ty us mindful of tlic cnil. Let not hope forsake thee, Not even when the knil'e is at thy throat. Ilithr t<> /nire fifth- iritli jJrnfcfms hope T /in ii in itch iritli a luck of faith. Of the visible make the best ; For the invisible hope the most. In tin- (intinnn /IHJH' for tin' spring ; In the xii in UK r fn-rpnrc for tlic ir inter. When winter came the tree wailed a dirge, But when spring dawned it sang a song of redemption. Deem nothing impossible ; To the Creator of the Universe all things are possible. Praise the Lord for evil as well as for good, For the evil may be the greater good. >S7/"// //' /r/io nnxJi' life out of nothing Sot IK ulth- to turn ir/mf /i'n/ life into higher life? Ben Sirach. Talmud. PRAYER. Thou Father of Life and Death, we come before Thee to offer our thanks for the great favor Thou dost now vouchsafe unto us in permitting us to inhale from the spring the beauties which inspire w ithin us hope both for 470 THE SERVICE MANUAL. the here and the hereafter. When at the break of spring nature casts off her robe of death, when at the spring Fes- tival of Liberty religion invites us to the commemoration of Israel's freedom, our minds are carried to the contem- plation of another deliverance that in which the soul, freed from the bonds of the body, will burst immortal from the trammels of the grave and wing itself into a higher life. Sweet and soothing, Lord, is this hope to us ! Like an oasis to the weary wanderer in the wilderness, like a haven to the storm-tossed mariner, so does this thought come to us in our earthly pilgrimage, cheering our hearts, elevating our thoughts, ennobling our deeds, sanctifying our sorrows, illuminating our gloom, holding us hopeful and trustful above the wreck of time and the storms of ages. Grant, Lord, that we may be imbued with the full im- port of this greatest of all hopes. Knowing that our ad- vance in the yonder sphere must be in keeping with our progress here, may we not neglect to make this life a worthy preparation for the next. May every day mark a stepping-stone on that stairway that leads our souls from earth to heaven. Since our destiny is to become divine, may we begin to sanctify our lives here. May we employ our every faculty for life's highest end. May we make our every aspiration and idea subject to our spirit's perfec- tion. May we perform such deeds only as shall not freight our spirits down when the time for them winginjr them- selves Godward arrives as shall not make them to tremble in their parting hour. May wr, in enjoying the blessings of this life, never forget that they are not ends in them- selves, but only means toward fitting us for a higher and better spln-iv which we trust shall follow this. May we Itcar heroically every burden laid upon us. Be our suf- ferings yet .so painful and our trials yet so great, may we ADDITIONAL /MX.vor/-:/; MnKMM; ,s7-:/M 7(7-;. 471 hear tliciii \\itli patience and resignation in the belief that they are temporal auMirt inns for an eternal irood; that Thou who Divest lite and showereM hh-ssin^s upon us also per- inittest Buffering for purposes equally bcnelieent and equally holy : that Thou art perhaps only lessening our joys here to make them all the sweeter and longer in the life that is to be. We thank Thee, Lord, for these comforting as- surances which nature brings us at this resurrecting sea- son of the year. We thank Thee for this lesson which every shooting blade, every blossoming bush, every sprouting tree, now teaches us that not all is dead that seemeth dead. Anon comes spring, and breaks upon it with his reviv- ing breath, and it arises with rejuvenated strength, beam- ing with life and beauty. May we, Lord, profit by the lesson of life from death, and henceforth look more hopefully upon the end. May we regard the grave as but a temporary resting-place before entering into Thy presence, where light shines for ever and spring in never- fading glory blooms eternally. HYMN. IT IS NOT DEATH TO DIE. It is not death to die, To leave this weary road, And, 'midst the brotherhood on high, To be at home with God. It is not death to close The eye long dimmed with tears, And wake, in glorious repose, To spend eternal years. 472 THE SERVICE MANUAL. It is not death to bear The wrench that sets us free From dungeon chains, to breathe the air Of boundless liberty. It is not death to fling Aside this sinful dust, And rise on strong, exulting wing, To live among the just. (Return to page 27.) CJbe MEDITATION. (To be read in nili'in'i' / RELIGION HTI:I-:.\(;TIU-:\X AM> /-:A\VO /;/,/> MAN. ON this Festive Commemoration of the Birth of Israel's Religion we are again reminded that man is a spiritual being, that his destiny is to become God-like, and that, us an aid to his reaching this lofty goal, a religious instinct has been divinely implanted in his soul. Religion is the bridge that connects the spiritual with the material, God with man. It is religion that raises man above himself and places him, even while still in the flesh, in the realm of pure spirituality. The religious faculty is the greatest of all our spiritual talents, and as such has the most abiding power and con- trolling force. Its normal development has the most en- nobling influence on character ; naught else so strengthens and refines a man. The two truths necessary to the de- velopment of this faculty are the idea of immortal life and the idea of the infinite perfection of God. These are the grandest, the highest, the most valuable conceptions which mankind has ; these a.re the two greatest lights in the heaven of human consciousness ; they rule alike our day and night. They develop the individual character with a four- fold excellence that of tranquillity, of energy, of harmony, and of beauty. Religion affords a composure and a rest to which we cannot attain without it. We feel the Infinite God, and repose in His power and wisdom and justice and love and holiness. Reposing in God, we feel assured of our own immortal life, and are conscious of that divine 473 474 THE SERVICE MANUAL. nature which is in us and which shall never die, but unfold and grow into worlds of new excellence. Thus believing in our mortality and in God's perfection, we are full of trust; our absolute allegiance becomes absolute confidence, and we fear nothing. We know there is a Providence which works with us, for us, through us. watches over us, tends us by day and by night ; we know that He desires the best of all possible things for each and all : that He has the perfect justice to will the best, per- fect wisdom to devise the best, and perfect power to achieve the best. What then can we fear? Is not God the Father of all ? and if God is for us, who can be against us ? We may succeed in life, our plans may prosper, health and happiness may attend us ; or we may fail in our pur- suits, and have to bear with sickness, poverty, loss of friends ; but we know that what we suffer here will be compensated at the end, that what is discipline to-day shall be delight hereafter. Knowing this, we are composed and tranquil ; we can face the sorrow of disappointed earthly life and smile upon it all. With this tranquillity there comes new energy. As soon as we are certain of God and can rest in His causal prov- idence we have new confidence in our own faculties ; every power of the spirit calls for development, and every intellectual talent is greatened by the culture of the relig- ious emotions. " An undevout astronomer is mad," says a famous poet; he looks with but a fraction of his eye, he has cut off half of his faculty. But an undevout blacksmith, carpenter, jihv.-ician, is just as mad; his arm is the weaker and his faculty the less. The weakness which we see in so many able-minded men is owing to the fact that they tie up the ri-lit arm of human strength and put out the right eye of human light. What wonder that they go impotent and ADDITIONAL fMAIirOTH ATA .S'AAT/C'A'. -17o blind, and stumble by the way? How much clearer i> the conscience, with what greater certainty does it per- ceive tin 1 rule' of right, when it knows and trusts in Him \vho is The llight ! How much stronger, too, is the will to adhere to it! All history shows that nothing so con- firms the will of man as does the religious faculty ; the saints and martyrs of all lands and of every age are a witness to it. The power of love acquires also a similar increase of strength ; the quality of the aifectional feelings becomes more delicate, the quantity more abundant. Our love for those nearest and dearest expands to a wider circle ; we love our country ; nay, our love embraces all mankind, without distinction of tongue or nation. Religion is the deepest incentive to world-wide philanthropy. With this energy of each faculty there comes a harmony of all ; the various talents work together, and there is a certain equilibrium between the body and spirit. The in- stinctive passion of youth gives way to the counsels of the spirit. The ambitious calculations of manhood quicken the mind, conscience, and heart. Nothing so harmonizes the various talents of a man as does well-proportioned religious culture. Strong will and strong conscience are enough to make a martyr, but it is only this harmony of all the powers that makes a saint, who is happy while he bears the yoke, whose duty is his delight, whose energy of work is rounded off at last with the sweet tranquillity of rest. Then, as the crowning grace of this fourfold excellence, there comes the beauty of the spirit. There is an excel- lence of soul, a completion of the whole and perfection of. each part, a union of spiritual strength and health, which attracts the heavenly-minded and instinctively wins the reverence of every holy soul. There is as much difference 476 THE SERVICE MANUAL. in the beauty of spirits as in that of bodies. Covetousness, hatred, fraud, selfishness, irreverence, bigotry, revenge, superstition, fanaticism, these are the ugliness of the inner man, and no corporeal obliquity of limb or feature can ever compare with the ghastliness of this inner de- formity. But temperance, wisdom, courage, charity, rev- erence, trust, integrity, holiness, these are the beauty of the human soul. The harmony, energy, and tran- quillity, which are the special colors that complexion the soul's excellence, will all blend into one threefold arch of heavenly beauty, a rainbow of hope and promise spanning our human world. RESPONSIVE READINGS. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Minister : To have learning without piety Is to have a key to a palace, but not to the outer gate. Congregation : Unless others benefit by thy piety, Thy piety is no benefit to thee. When the pious die All mourn in them the loss of a relative. The pious are the builders of the world; Tlu-lr deed* endure for ever. If thou studiest the law for thy soul's sake, Thy heart will be comforted and thy mind illumined. IVif/ioiif jn'fty. no /on- of f/ir Lord; Without fro r of tin- Lord, no fc.ar of man. Were the fear of the Lord to cease among men, Men would have to look to another world for shelter. 1/>/>//'/o.v.!/. siiAiiwmi EVE SERVICE. 477 A// things m<ni run j/ f/lf /"X.s 1 /// ///< ln'Jirf in (ind. Should God take all save the knowledge of Him, Still would we possess the dearest treasures on earth. T In u that lii-hnlil Und'x trnrk and yi-t sri- not its Author, : " A//r.s tln-i/ hai:t\ <ni<l .svr not.' He that seeks to find God learns to find himself, And, finding himself, he discovers virtue. If tlioii hast (ind in'f/i f/n-r and all else opposed to thce, Even then all is for thce and nothing against thee. Talmud. ORISON. Gracious God, fervently we thank Thee that Thou hast so wonderfully ordained things that while all nature about us tells us of Thy existence, Thy Divine Presence within us teaches us Thy will. 'Deep in our hearts we feel that Thou alone art our God, and that there is none besides Thee, neither in the heaven above nor in the earth be- neath, nor in the waters under the earth. May we re- member to worship Thee for our own spiritual elevation. May we remember Thy sovereignty over us, and never bow down in worship before things which our hands or our fancies have made. Make us ever mindful that it is wrong to take Thy name in vain. Do thou enable us to make a holy and reverend use of all Thy ordinances and works, and prevent us from profaning or abusing anything whereby Thou makest Thy- self known. Oh, may the violators of this commandment know that, though they escape punishment from man, yet Thou wilt not suffer them to escape Thy righteous judg- ment. Help us, God, to remember one day in the week 478 THE SERVICE MANUAL. as a holy Sabbath Day. May we sanctify it by abstaining on that day from worldly employments and by spending the time in the public and private exercises of Thy wor- ship, in deeds of charity, and in healthful recreation. Lord, enable us to preserve the honor and perform the duties that belong to our several stations. Especially we pray that all sons and daughters may honor their fathers and mothers. Make every child fill its obligation to keep its father's commandment and to forsake not the law of its mother, but obey them in reverence and love. Keep us, we pray Thee, from anger and strife with our fellow-creatures. Teach us the duty of making every law- ful endeavor to preserve our own health and the health of others, and save us from the guilt of unlawfully taking our own lives or the lives of others, or whatsoever tendeth thereunto. Lord, give us grace to preserve in heart, speech, and action our own and our neighbor's chastity. And do thou keep us from all impure thoughts, words, and acts. Dispose us to procure honestly and to further justly our outward estate and that of others. Incline us to render to all their just dues. May we remember the woe of him that builds his house by unrighteousness and his fortunes by wrong, and the re- ward of him that walks uprightly and despises the gains of oppression and withholds his hand from taking bribes. Keep us from everything that is prejudicial to truth or injurious to our own or our neighbor's good name. Suf- fer us not to think or act or speak deceitfully in anything. Teach u> that none who speak or love a lie can prosper in Thy sight, and that the lip of truth shall be established tor ever. Preserve us from covetousness. (Irani us full content M>I)IT10.\M. ,s7/.t/>TO'/7/ ATA' ST.llV K ']:. 170 mcnt with our own condition, and a right and charitable IVaiiH 1 of spirit toward our neighbor and all that is his. Suffer us not to envy or grieve at the good of our neigh- bor, nor to cherish any inordinate affection toward any- thing that is his. ll.avcnly Father, let the law of Thy mouth be better unto us than countless gold and silver. Order our steps in Thy word, and let not iniquity have dominion over us. Makr Thy law a guide to lead us to Thee, in whom may we iiud peace and joy and grace and perseverance unto the end. Amen. HYMN. GOD'S LAW IS PERFECT. Unveil my eyes, that of Thy law The wonders I may see ; I am a pilgrim on this earth, Hide not Thy laws from me. Against me princes spoke with spite While they in council sate ; But I, Thy servant, did upon Thy statutes meditate. Of the perfect way of truth My choice I've freely made ; Thy judgments, that most righteous are, Before me I have laid. Great peace have they who love Thy law, Offence they shall have none ; I hope for Thy salvation. Lord, When Thy commands I've done. (Turn to page 12.) CONFIRMATION DAY. fEorntng j&erbtw. Confirmation Class, each holding six ivhite buds in hand, proceed, Organ accom- panying, to pulpit platform, and range themselves right and left of pulpit. One of the class offers an original opening prayer. After the prayer the members of the class approach the Ark, Organ accompanying, deposit the flowers in the Shrine, resume their former places, one remaining at the pul- pit, giving a brief explanation of the Floral Offering, after which the class, before taking the seats reserved for them in front of platform, sing the following HYMN. THE FLORAL OFFERING. YOUTH, when de voted to the Lord, Is pleasing in His eyes ; A flower, though offered in the bud, Is no vain sacrifice. 'Tis easier far if we begin To fear the Lord betimes ; For sinners who grow old in sin Are hardened by their crimes. It saves us from a thousand snares To mind religion young ; Grace shall preserve our following years, And make our virtue strong. To Thee, Almighty God, to Thee Our hearts we now resign : 'Twill please us to look back and see That our whole lives were Thine. 480 ADDITIONAL siIMiroTII MORNING SERVICE. -181 MEDITATION. (To be read in >//<<> ?// Cn<r>r(/ation.) We are assembled to-day in our sanctuary to celebrate / the anniversary of the birth of our religion. According to the Rabbis of old, it was at the expiration of seven times seven days after the emancipation from Egyptian bondage that Moses, at Mount Sinai, proclaimed unto the children of Israel those Eternal Laws, those First Princi- ples of Religion, that have wielded such a powerful influ- ence not only over the destiny of Israel, but also over that of the whole civilized world. The speedy sequence of the birth of religion after the birth of the first free nation reminds us of the importance of religion to human soci- ety, of the dependence of government upon religion for its welfare and perpetuation. Had not religion assumed its sway over the Children of Israel soon after their deliv- erance from Egyptian slavery, the work of emancipation would have come to naught; and had not religion aided the work of government, the greater part of mankind might to-day have still been sunk in political tyranny and moral degradation ; for without religion government is impossible, and without both these mighty factors civil- ization and progress cannot idrrmci^ i/ And as our fathers of old assembled in their sanctuary on this festive day and brought with them the first fruit of their spring harvest as a thanksgiving for their material blessing, so have we to-day, in gratitude for our spiritual blessings, brought our children here to consecrate them to the purest and holiest interests of religion. This we do for their good and for the good of all mankind. This we do to give expression to our appreciation of the benefits of religion. This w do to publicly deny the claim of 31 482 THE SERVICE MANUAL. those who hold that religion is needless and is losing its hold on civilized society. Like that man who seated himself by the rushing stream, thinking it must soon run itself out, so a number of people are watching and waiting for the stream of religion to run dry. False is the hope of those who think that man will soon be above the exacting demands of religion. Dogmas may disappear, but religion will flourish. Theology may change, but the attitude of man's heart toward God will remain constant. Religion is the tie that connects man with his Creator and holds him above despair. If that tie be sundered, he is set adrift and tossed to and fro on the boundless sea of existence without the compass of definite principles to guide him. Religion cannot pass away. The burning of a little straw may hide the stars at night, but the straw turns to ashes, while the stars remain for ever. - ReTigtoTTis moralitydeveloped by pure worship. Thus considered, it is imperishable. Thus considered, it is the root of civilization. Thus considered, it renders to human- kind a service than which none higher is known to man. Every reasoning being must readily acknowledge that the whole wheel-work of progress would come to a sudden standstill were violent hands laid upon religion. There are other noble institutions to maintain order and educa- tion, but there is none other which fosters a line of train- ing that shall form moral conduct and character in the community. True religion is the foundation of society, the basis on which all true civil government rests, and from which power derives its authority, law its eflicae and both their sanction. If this be shaken, fabric must fall. Now and then we hear tin- surest ion thnt civil law should take the place of religion. As the sky is over the ADDITIONAL SffABDOTB MORNING SERVICE. L83 earth, encompassing and enrlosini: it. BO i> religion above tin- law, overarching and enfolding it. The law has grown out of religion; its roots are deeply imbedded in spiiit- ualitv. From the well-spring of rational religion gushes the fountain of that righteous conduct which the law seeks to enforce. The best institutions of law and justice, the best fruits of learning, the richest discoveries every great thing the world has seen represents more or less directly the fruitfulness and creativeness of religion. A city may as well be built in the air as a commonwealth or kingdom be either constituted or preserved without the support of religion. The great comprehensive truths, written in letters of living light on every page of history, are these : Human happiness has no perfect security but freedom ; freedom, none but virtue ; virtue, none but knowledge j and neither freedom, virtue, nor. knowledge has any vigor or stay except in the principles and in the foundations of religion. Whatever good may be conceded to the influence of law on society, still reason and expe- rience forbid us to expect that national morality can pre- vail to the exclusion of religious principles. Moral habits cannot be trusted on any other foundation than that of religion, nor any government be secure which rests not on the pillar of God and His divine law implanted in the human heart. / It is religion that has given us the rule of duty and the law of right. The charity which cares for the unfortu- nate, which shelters the homeless, which provides for the aged and infirm, which fosters the love of husband and wife, of sons and daughters, the self-sacrificing devotion of parents these sacred duties did not originate in any legal code. The suppression of hypocrisy, avarice, envy, deception, ingratitude, and the elevation of honor, self-de- lial. reverence, benevolence, and the whole category of vir- 484 THE SERVICE MANUAL. tues ardently practised, day after day, by the countless hosts who know little or nothing of practical law these belong to a higher court than that over which human judges pre- side. They are the offspring of religion. Religion, and not law, consoles the despondent, gives hope to the sink- \ ing, light to the erring, peace to the troubled, arid balm to '^the wounded. From the pages of Scriptures, and not from the tomes of the law, are the avaricious taught charity, the powerful justice, and the proud humility. Science has been suggested to fill the place of religion. As an assistant, religion has none abler than science. Science does very much to strengthen the roots of re- ligion. It reveals the existence of God. It reveals the all-surpassing wonders of His handiwork. It reveals His marvellous power and wisdom and forethought. But fur- ther than the threshold of religion its power does not ex- tend. Science and religion subserve different missions the one broadens the intellect, the other matures the heart ; the one establishes facts, the other establishes conduct ; the one roots man in knowledge, the other roots him in morality. Moral culture, free from every reference to Divinity, has been offered as a substitute for religion. A morality that does not rest upon divine authority will never be binding upon the human heart. Only where reason is vivified by the emotion and the heart elevated by ration- ality, and both sanctified by spirituality, is the highest morality possible. The moral virtues without religion are cold, lifeless, and insipid ; it is only religion which opens the mind to great conceptions, fills it with the most sub- lime idea-, and warms the soul with more than earthly pleasure. .Man'.- morality cannot long survive his religion. Tlie cut flower may retain its f'rohiirss and beauty lor a little while, but without a root to feed it it is doomed. AI>I>ITI"\AL SllAlWuTH MORNlKd K II VICE. 485 Religion cannot cease ; it is not tin- creation of man nor (lie creature of time. It is eternal, and it exists because <lo<l exists. Tt exists because the human mind thinks and the human heart feels. It exists because the attain- ment of the highest morality is the goal of man, and with such a goal neither law nor science nor moral culture will or can take religion's place. As long as this is the aim of life, so long will mankind stand in need of an in- stitution which will afford the human soul an opportunity for frequent intercourse with the soul divine, so that, puritied and sanctified by such contact, it may be the better prepared for heeding the admonition of morality, for conquering sin. for living in the fullest harmony with God's eternal and immutable laws, for rising upward, and striving onward and ever forward till the God-like is reach &,< RESPONSIVE READINGS. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Mut i filer : He that instructeth his child shall have joy in him ; He shall have comfort in him in his old age. Congregation : HI flint indulges his child prepares him for sin ; .1 rhild that /.s neglected goes asti-ny. (live him not liberty in his youth, But instruct him while he can yet be trained. Tgnomnt /x the untaught c/i /'/</; Morr ijnorant in the /tamif irho in'// not have him taught. pive your child religious instruction. And if its heart is as hard as iron it will melt. Hi irlio //r/.s knowledge, am/ i/njtarfs it not to others, Treats his /nt ruing >rith contempt. 486 THE SERVICE MANUAL. By the breath of school-children is the world saved. A city without schools is doomed. Not even to assist in rebuilding the Sanctuary Should children be in terra ]>(<</ in thrir studies. Delight in instruction from thy youth up, And thou shalt find wisdom till old age. For thou shalt not be long wearied in her husbandry ; Yea, soon shalt fho/i vat of her fruits. For at last thou shalt find rest in her, And she will turn to thee as joy. And her fetters will be a strong defence for thee, And her yokes a splcitdul robe. Talmud. Ben Sirach. ANTHEM. EXHORTATION. IMPOST OF RELIGIOUS TRAINING IN CHILDHOOD. Min ister : Twice a day the sun seems nearest to the earth in his morning rising, and in his evening setting and in such nearness the earth enjoys the sweetest periods of her day's existence. When with rosy fingers the sun unbars the gates of light and softly tips the hills with gold, the flowers lift their jewelled heads, the birds carol their morning hymns, the diamond-studded verdure breathes forth its sweetest incense, and man is strengthened and refreshed. Life is astir everywhere. The busy wheel of industry is et in motion. The duties of the day begin. The day advances. Kairnly the sun climbs the heav- ens. With burning rays he smites the fields. The plow- M>l>ITluX.\L siiMiroril M<ti;\/\(; SERVICE. 187 man drops his plow and seeks a shady nook. (lone art- the morning jewels. The mountain top is hare. Tin; earth is dry and parehed. The song of bird has ceased ; and tin' flowers hang their withered heads. Older grows the day. Slowly the sun descends in his course. One by one he calls in his fiercely-burning rays. The evening shades begin to fall. The flowers again lift up their heads; the winged choristers tune their evening hymns; the lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea; the plowman homeward plods his weary way. The family circle again is full, the spirit revives, and cheer and hope gladden the heart of man. Twice in our life we are nearest to religion during the period of childhood, and during that of old age and at such times this intimate relationship forms the happiest period of our existence. When the child has not yet reached the portals of life's struggles, when its little hands have not yet opened the gate that bars the way to the undiscovered future, how firm is religion's hold upon its soul ! A truthful page is its beaming face, its heart a fountain of undefiled thought, its conscience a record over which innocence has had no need as yet to shed a tear. In love of God how pure, in love of man how sin- cere, in prayer how earnest, in faith how trusting, in sym- pathy how tender, in conduct how free from guile ! Childhood passes into youth, and youth into manhood. A cold, heartless world encompasses the busy struggle!-. In the heat of the combat duty is often neglected, and virtue is often forgotten. Ambition kindles his passions. and these lead in their train sin and guilt. As the noon- tide sun is farthest from the earth, so is the prime of life often farthest from religion. God is spurned; the voice of conscience is stifled ; right is unheeded ; self-respect is sacrificed. 488 THE SERVICE MANUAL. The prime of life sinks into old age, and as the evening sun again approaches the earth, so does old age again ap- proach religion. Gold has been acquired, yet it will not buy back the spring of life. Honors are abundant, yet they will not expunge a single wrong. Friends have become enemies. The associates of youth and the dear ones of later years have passed away. God alone remains a trusty stay, a faithful friend, a helpful comforter to the last. One joy alone is left to those who are weary of life, sick at heart, and bent low with age, and this joy they find in pouring out their hearts in adoration of Him who giveth strength to the feeble and hope to the sinking. In ascending the Alps the traveller passes through dif- ferent regions of vegetation. First comes the vine, then the fruit tree, then magnificent forests ; higher up the stunted pines, still higher up dwarf trees and mosses. But in the highest realm of all, almost on the very top of the mountain, where all other vegetation has disappeared, a tiny flower peeps through the perpetual snow. Such is the attitude of man to religion. In life's earliest stages there is a luxuriant growth of religious devotion ; this is followed by a stunted and dwarfed virtue, and this by a soul-freezing indifference to godly thoughts and virtuous deeds. But far up, when snowy whiteness rests upon the head of man, the warmth of religious fire melts the layers of ice that have formed about the heart. On his life's summit, despite the chilling atmosphere caused by years of estrangement from God, the flowers of faith sprout forth again, and, blooming in abundance and beauty cheer the weary pilgrim till he is at rest. A very solemn truth confronts us here. We see virtue most in (laiiLrcr at a period when it is of greatest need. AVlu'ii man is in the vigor of his years his godlessness, too, is often at its height. ADDITIONAL SHABUOTH MORNING SERVICE. 489 It is not a law of nature that we should harden the in-art in the prime of our life against those Holder im- pulses which flow spontaneously during innocent child- hood and experienced old age. We must seek the reason elsewhere, and we have not tar to seek. Trace individual careers, and see whether the virtues or the vices which characterize the prime of life are not commensurate with the pains taken in inscribing upon the clear white tablets of childhood's innocent heart the eter- nal lessons of righteousness. The plant into whose every leal' the early morning dew instills the refreshing balm of life, or whose tender rootlets the thoughtful gar- dener waters well before the fiercely-burning rays descend upon them, will face undismayed the sun's fiery chariot, and though the burning darts fly fast and ever faster, it will laugh them all to scorn. There is an invincible strength in its every rootlet, and a fountain of life in its every pore. Our success in life is largely dependent upon the relig- ious training we receive in childhood. Where a pure childhood goes before, there a pure manhood or woman- hood follows after. Childhood shows the man as morn- ing shows the day. The child's character is the nucleus of the man's ; all after-education is but superposition. Childhood is the spring of life ; by the care bestowed upon it will be determined the glory of the summer, the abun- dance of the autumn, the provision of the winter. Virtue is not a weed; it does not spring up in a night; it is a delicate plant ; its seed must be sown early ; it grows slowly ; it requires constant and careful attention. Plant within the child a predisposition to virtue and you will reap virtue for your harvest. Letters cut into the stem of the young tree grow up with the tree. Plant the good in those that are young, and neither time nor care 490 THE SERVICE MANUAL. will ever efface it. Xo after-scouring will entirely cleanse the steel when rust has once stained it, and no after- moralizing will wholly redeem the heart that has been accustomed to evil ways in childhood. It is in child- hood that the mind is most open to impressions and most ready, to be kindled by the first spark that falls upon it. In the great museums there are pieces of stone bear- ing the footprints of animals that passed across the beach in prehistoric times, before yet the sediments had hardened into rock. Thus is man's spirit : in child- hood days soft, susceptible to all impressions, treasuring them all, gathering them into itself, and retaining them for ever. To educate children's hearts forms one of the main objects of a congregation's existence. To lead its young into paths that are true and good, to train them for their duties of life, to fit them for honorable and useful careers, is a congregation's highest aim. Knowing the dangers that await youth and the temptations that beset the prime of life, it trains the heart and mind while they are yet teach- able. Before it sends forth the young into the world it solemnly consecrates them to virtue and godliness by means of the confirmation ceremony. The solemnity and impres- siveness of that ceremony, and the sacred promises then given with fervor and emotion, remain throughout life a warning, a help, and a guide. With such trust in the efficacy of the confirmation cere- mony, this congregation consecrates to-day those of its pupils who have boon found worthy. May God's blessing II-M upon these exercises, and grant unto the participants sincerity ul 1 heart, constancy of mind, steadfastness of soul now and for ever. ADDIT/a\AL SHABUOTll MOIZMXG SERVICE. 491 ANTIPHON. (Choir nnil <'o>njrt</nti<in dinnt nitil nnil ttlti rntili' r/mes.) Awe before the Lord is the beginning of knowledge ; The mouth of the righteous talketh of wisdom. Tin Ian- of (,'<,<l is in Jtix \<>/n i>/' /it's sftjix s/t/f sli<l<-. Forget not the law of God ; Let thy heart keep His commandments. /''"/ IfiHjth <>/'</<///, and years of life, Ant/ JH-IICI- slmll thri/ <i<ld t<> flit''. Let not the commandments of the Lord forsake thee : Bind them about thy neck, write them upon thy heart. So shall thou find favor and good understanding In the sight of God and man. Then shalt thou walk in thy way securely, And thy foot shall not stumble. Win ii thou liest down, thou shalt not l>e afraid: Thou shalt rest, and tliy sleep shall be sweet. Discretion shall watch over thee, Understanding shall keep thee: T<> ih'IIrrr thee from the way of evil, From the men who forsake the. jtafh of righteousness. Psalms. ASPIRATION. Turn to page 27, and continue to Scrii>tnrnl Reading on page 30 of Regular Morn in;/ Service. SCRIPTURAL READING. (Exod. xx. 2-17.) 492 THE SERVICE MANUAL. HYMN. RELIGION IN YOUTH. Happy who in earthly youth, While yet pure and innocent, Stores his mind with heav'nly truth Life's unfading ornament. Happy who in tender years Leans on God for his support ; Who life's bark by virtue steers, That it reach perfection's port. Guide, guide this hopeful band, Father, in Thy truth and light ! May these children, ever stand Firm in goodness and in right. Thine, God, these souls are Thine ; Undefiled they came from Thee : Guide them in Thy love divine, Heirs of immortality. Members oj the Class give from the Pulpit brief original explanations of the .Mem, ing i if Continuation, Keasons for Confirmation in Judaism, lienefitu of Religion, Attitude toward other Crted, ami other kindred subjects, the number of which is to be determined by the number of members in the Class. HYMN. THE MORN OF LIFE. Oh, in the morn of life, when youth With vital ardor i^lows, And shines in all tin- fairest charms That beauty can disci" ADDITIONAL SHABUOTH MOHMNG SERVICE. -l!:i Deep in thy soul, before its powers Are yet by vice enslaved, Be Thy Creator's glorious name And character engraved, Ere yet the shades of sorrow cloud The sunshine of thy days, And cares and toils, in endless round, Encompass all thy ways ; Ere yet thy heart the woes of age, With vain regret, deplore, And sadly muse on former joys, That now return no more. True wisdom, early sgught and gain'd, In age will give thee rest : Oh, then, improve the morn of life, To make its evening blest. Moitbrrn of the C/<i.w give from Pulpit brief orif/inal accounts of the HMory of Ixriict, diviilcd into as many epochs as the number of members in the Class will permit. HYMN. ISRAEL'S DUTY. Let Israel trust in God alone, And in His power confide, For He is faithful to His word If we in Him abide. His councils must for ever stand ; All nations bow to His command. Let Israel strive for truth alone In love tu bless mankind, 494 THE SERVICE MAXUAL. And in the bonds of brotherhood All nations soon to bind, So that they all, with one accord, Acknowledge and obey the Lord. Members of the Class give from the Pulpit brief original explanations of each of the Ten Commandnx nt.<, diridcd into as many parts as the number of mem- bers in the Class will permit. HYMN. GOD'S LAW IS PERFECT. (Psalm xix., Part ii.) The statutes of the Lord are just, And bring sincere delight ; His pure commands in search of truth Assist the feeblest sight. His perfect worship here is fix'd, On sure foundations laid ; His equal laws are in the scales Of truth and justice weigh'd ; Of more esteem than golden mines, Of gold refined with skill ; More sweet than honey, or the drops That from the comb distil. My trusty counsellors they are, And friendly warninus irive: Divine rewards attend on those Who by Thy precepts live. Let no presumptuous sin, O Lord, Dominion have o'er me, That, l.y Thy -race pivsiTvod, I may From all t rau--rcs>ioii flee. , suMirnni MOHM\<; Kl-HVICE. 495 So shall my jirayrr and praises IK- With Thy acceptance Mi-st. And I, secure on Thy defence, My strength and fortress rest. Minister d< fivers n brief address to class. I'pon concluding, lit: return* tit 'tch member the sijc buds deposited in tin 1 Shrine, charaimj tin Class to ninki inch. si/mholi:e a guiding virtue dcditcih'c front en/'h lettn- of tin ,,-ord " I SKA EL." The jirst hnd is to stand j'nr tfu letter " I," and is In symbottu I NNO< 'KN< 'K. This is to be deposited in the SniMNE, there to he preserved as a las/in;/ in'tnex* of (lie Hiernl i>roniive uh; n to tcail <i life of innocence. Tlie second bnd in tot/nndfor the letter " S," and /s to st/nihnli-;e S \('IJIFICK. 77//V /.s- to he ijiren to the I'AKKNTS f<x an e.cn region of <innre<-i<ition of all the. nieidr in I heir children'* hi ha/f, ami /x to he or/ Birred n.* <i of the promise yiren to >nal:i erenj sacrifice to laid noble and, lire. Tfie third bud i to. -fund for the. lettn- "H," and /x to Ki/mboiize RELKilOX. Tlii* i* to be f/irtn to the MINISTKH, bij him to he t , referred <t* n la1hnj u'H- nea of the ncred nromixe <jir< n hi/ each member to becomea faithful follower and vnoportn- of reliction. The fourth bud ix to stand for the letter "A," and i to vi/mbolize AFFECTION. Tfii* i* to be flirrntn xomc CHAIUTY INSTITUTION, there to be preserved as a lasting witness of the sacred promise i/iren to cultivate affectionate regard not on!;/ for those near and dear, but also for the nerdi/ and digressed. The .fifth bud ix to stand for the letter " E," and is to symbolize EDUCATION. This is to be given to a TEACHER or a SCHOOL, to be preserved as a fast in;; witness of the sacred promise given by each member to continue faithfully in the pursuit of knoirledge. The suth bud is to stand for the letter " L," and is to symbolize LABOR. Tin's is to be. preserved bij EACH MEMBER as a lustinii witness of the sacred promise given to consecrate life to honorable and useful toil for the good of self and mankind. DECLARATION. The members of the Class range themselves to (lie right and left of the pulpit while one of them makes the declaration of the acceptance of the Religion of Judaism, at the conclusion of irhich the entire Class joins in the fol- lowing : " I consecrate my life to the Religion of Israel. With all my heart, with all my soul, and with all my might, will I endeavor to further the lofty aims of Judaism. Unto the end of my life Israel's undying watchword shall be my -uide: J 1p^ UVf??* " ^^ ^0^ ' Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is One.' " 496 THE SERVICE MANUAL. HYMN. (To be sung by Confirmation Class.) THE SOLEMN VOW. Witness, ye men and women, now Before the Lord we speak ; To Him we make our solemn vow, With hearts devout and meek, That, long as life itself shall last, Ourselves to God we yield, That from His cause we'll ne'er depart, To Whom our vows are sealed. Lord, guide our faltering feet aright, And keep us in Thy ways, And while we turn our vows to prayers Turn Thou our prayers to praise. Thr .}fiiatn' t<ikrx hi* stand before the Ark, and, laying his hand* upon thr head of each member of the Class in turn, pronounces the following benedictions in successive sentences : THE MINISTER'S BLESSING. I consecrate your lives to all that is true and pure and holy. Be ye a blessing unto yourselves and unto all mankind. Unto the erring be ye knowledge ; unto the sorrowing, comfort. Unto the needy be ye help ; unto truth and justice, firm support. Wherever ye abide, may, through you, the name of Israel be hallowed and its teachings glorified. May thr furtherance nf Israel'.- cause be your un- swerving practice, now and lor ever. Amen. At thr i nd of th< hrnnlii'tion the Choir C/HIII/, I will make of thee a -real S^J nation, and I will bless thee, ! and make thy name great : and thou shalt be a blessing. Gen. xii.2. Knelt nifmlMi- nf t/,e rlnax, ttj'lrr nn h'iii'i tin Wi-axi'iin. (/ryjox//.-- o/ir of thr hud* in the Shrine. Our of the iei>ihfrx thru <Idirr>:< an ori'/iiKi/ ('fnxiii;/ I'nujr,-, after which the Clan* in<jx the J'lloii-iii<i hymn. HYMN. PRAYER FOR GOD'S BLESSING. Suppliant, low, Thy children bend, Father, for Thy blessing now ; Thou canst teach us, guide, defend ; We are weak, almighty Thou. With the peace Thy word imparts Be the taught and teachers blest; In our lives and in our hearts, Father, be Thy laws impressed. Shed abroad in every mind Light and pardon from above, Charity for all our kind, Trusting faith, and holy love. Grant us spirits lowly, pure, Errors pardoned, sins forgiven, Humble trust, obedience sure, Love to man, and faith in Heaven. (Return to page 27.) 32 THANKSGIVING FESTIVAL. Succotij be MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) THANKSGIVING FAIREST BLOSSOM OF THE SOUL. " Wlicu ye have gathered in the fruit of the land, ye shall keep IVast imto the Lord." Lev. xxiii. 39. GRATITUDE to God for His bountiful gifts is the spon- taneous feeling of every appreciative heart. It is the fairest blossom which springs from the soul, and the mind of man knows none more fragrant. It is the heart's homage rendered to God for His goodness. Whole days spent in contrition before God, whole hours spent in con- fession of sin, have not the merit of a single thanks-offer- ing. A grateful thought toward Heaven is of itself a prayer. The true man cannot receive a favor or hle>Mng even from his fellow-man without desiring in some man- ner to give expression to his gratefulness. Savages desti- tute of almost every other virtue possess this. We can read it on the face of the speechless infant ; we meet with frequent instances of it even among the lower animals; aye, even the humblest flower of tin- iield seems to breathe forth a thanks-offering when, after a season of drought, it is revived by dew or rain. The feeling of gratitude being >< widespread and >o spontaneous in almost everv form and stage of life, it is not strange that the Israelites, while Mill followin. cultural purMiit." in their bclu\ed Pali-Mine, ,-hould at this ADDITIONAL SUCCOTH ATA' .s'A'/M'/r/-;. 1!)!) harvest season of the year have felt a strong desire to as- semble in their sanctuary fur the purpose of joyfully ren- dering praise and thanks to Him from whom all their blessings eame. Nor is it strange that \ve ourselves, equally blessed with nature's choicest treasures, should, like them, be animated by a strong yearning to offer our most fervent thanks for the bountiful gifts with which God has blessed us. How can we now behold the year's vast produce, which God in His ^infinite goodness has ripened for our support and joy, and not be permeated with feel- ings of gratitude? How can we contemplate the abun- dance which surrounds us, or think of our fate had the earth refused her produce, had God withheld His bounty, and not be overcome by a longing to stammer forth words of praise and thanksgiving to the Author of our being and to the Provider of all our needs? It is unfortunately true that man is very prone to think of God's favors only after they have flown away. In the midst of the greatest blessings he often sees the least rea- son for being thankful ; only after they have vanished, does he begin to realize how much cause he had for grat- itude. Oh, how blessings brighten as they take their flight! Nothing raises the value of God's gifts like their removal. It is generally true that to make men unmindful of what they owe to God all that is required is that they should partake of His gifts often and regularly. And the richer the measure of their blessings, the more are men inclined to be filled with pride, and to think and speak of them- selves as the sole authors of all they possess. Pride slays thanksgiving. A selfish man is seldom grateful. Believ- ing that he never gets as much as he deserves, he is readier to lament over what he has not than to give thanks for what he has. His sorrows he magnifies into mountains; his blessings he contracts into mole-hills. 500 THE SERVICE MAXTAL. Were we first to pause and thank God for every pleasure, we would not have a moment's leisure for murmuring over our griefs. God showers enough of blessings on us during one day to make us forget the sorrows of a lifetime. But we choose to brood over the drop of bitterness that finds its way into the cup of sweetness, and we thus convert the whole into gall. The Israelites in the wilderness despised the manna because it was given them in great abundance. To satisfy their longing for Egyptian food they were ready to sacrifice the precious boon of liberty. An occa- sional sorrow or an unsatisfied longing makes many an one forget the blessings that are his makes him act like the child who, if any of its delights be taken away, casts aside all the rest and falls a-crying. Tf he has not all that he desires he thinks he has nothing. Because a single bless- ing is denied him he ignores the many which he still pos- sesses and which should serve him as a comfort to moder- ate his grief. It is well, therefore, that our fathers instituted this Day of Thanksgiving on which to be made conscious of the countless blessings that surrounded them and of their many obligations to render praise and thanks- giving to the Author of them all. And as they in former times, so are we to-day gathered around our shrine. We have decked it with the fruits of field and orchard, to be vividly reminded by them of all that God has given, of all that we have cause to be thankful for and to rejoice over. In return for God's mercy we >hould think of those in our midst not so blessed as we, and give them also opportunity for being thankful and for rejoicing. Gratitude to Gnd leads to humbleness of spirit, and hum- bleness loads to sympathy with our fellow-beings. The humble heart is mindful of the needs of others, and rateful heart is eager t<j share freely with them. Ai>i>rn<>.\AL srccoTii i-:vi-: ^I-RVICI:. 501 The truly grateful feels that (Jod dors nut l;ivisli His blessings upon the earth so that a few may enjoy a great abundance while others live in want. It is wrong for one to enjoy the least and lor another to endure the fa>t. The truest joy is that which springs from bringing joy to others; the truest gratitude is in that act which gives to others the opportunity for being grateful; the truest wealth is that which kindness stores up in the heart of the sorrowing and suffering. Our noblest ac- quisitions live only in our charity. To bestow our bless- ings and show such gratitude can alone make the Thanks- giving Festival equal in importance to the New Year Day and the Day of Atonement. A writer said, " The New Year Day carries us half-way to God ; the Atonement Day brings us to the door of His presence ; the Thanksgiving Day, on which we begin to share our blessings with those in need of them, ushers us into His very presence." RESPONSIVE READINGS. ( To be read alternately by Minister and Congregation.) Minister : Let thy mind think of God's goodness and bounty, And swiftly thy heart will render praise and thanks. Congregation : Help a poor man from thy blessings, A in/ xfHtrti him not because of his poverty. Shut up alms in thy storehouse, And it shall open to thee peace and joy. It shall fight for thee against thine enemy Better than a mighty shield and strong spear. Defer not a gift to one in need ; Refuse not a supplicant in distress. 502 THE SKIIVH'E MAX UAL. Turn nut niriii/ tin/ face from <( fioor n/'i/i. A'//' t/ti/H.' cur from him flint nx/sif/i. In time of plenty think of the time of hunger, And in the days of wealth, of poverty and need. Prosperity n<l adversity, I iff <t>l i/rnt/i. l^n'i'rtt/ IH/ r/V7/rx. conn f'roin tin Lori/. Let not thine hand be stretched out to receive, Ami held back in repaying. //' f/ioi( li'itdt'xt (tt/trrx to n'ill l>i' accounted to tltcc * tliim- Stretch forth thine hand unto a poor man. That thy blessings may be perfected. Hi /r/io /x linmhli' bi'f'ori- (inJ and clinrittiblc to man \\'ill tirici' < '(jot/ tln j blessings of Jifi-. Ben Sirach. Talmud. ORISON. Min isfer : Thou Giver of all good, we come to render praise to for Thine infinite goodness, revealed in bountiful har- and in the blessings of peace and health and pros- perity. We come to pay our tribute of joyful thanks for the many blessings, public and personal, temporal and spiritual, which Thou hast given and continued to us in the year past. Laden a.s \vo have been with Thy bounties, may it be found that our hearts are filled with Thy love and our lips tuned to Thy praise. We adore that goodness which glows in the sun. refreshes in the breeze, distils in the fruitful dew. descends in the copious showers, smiles on us by day and watcli-> over us by night, opens upon us in the joyous spring, and gladdens our hearts in the bounteous ADDITIONAL SUCCOTH KY1-: N/-.7M7r/:. 50:; autumn. O Lord, if we speak of Tliy merries, they aiv more tliau we can number. Our (luardian <!od. we thank Thee lor Thy gifts. We tliank Thee for tlic food that has nourished us, for the raiment that lias clothed us. and for the health that has eheered us. We thank Thee that \ve enjoy liberty, safety, and plenty. \Ve Mess Thee lor the comforts of sincere friends, for tin; labors of the wise, for the means of education, for the privilege of public worship, for the support of civil order, for the administration of justice, for every encouragement to well-doing and every manifestation of useful truth. Bountiful Supporter of the world's great family, while we ask the continuance of Thy blessings, we especially ask for wisdom to improve them aright. Let not our pros- perity destroy us. and Thy gifts become the means of nourishing pride and presumption, greed and intemperance, but do Thou dispose us to a grateful and prudent use of Thy bounties. Above all, guard us against excess in this season of abundance. Keep us from looking upon our- selves as the sole creators of our blessings. Breathe into us a spirit of humility. Open our eyes so that we may see that if Thou givest not, we are lost ; that, with all our wisdom, we cannot call forth a blade of grass ; that, with all our power, we cannot command a ray of sun to brighten nor a drop of dew to refresh the earth. And as our hearts feast upon the prosperity which abounds, guard them, God, from becoming callous. Let not our .eyes be blind to the tears of the suffering, nor our ears be deaf to the appeals of those who cry for bread, but may we be as lavish with our blessings as Thou, (iod. hast lavished them upon us, that in the season of plenty there may be no want, and at the time of jovous- ness there may be no mourning. In this spirit we would 504 THE SERVICE MANUAL. extend our good wishes to all beings capable of happiness. Bless, we pray Thee, all our rulers, judges, and officers in authority. May our land be the abode of truth and free- dom. Prosper the means of education; enlighten the ig- norant ; cheer the persecuted ; relieve the distressed ; speak peace to troubled consciences ; strengthen the weak ; confirm the strong ; deliver the oppressed from him who spoileth him, and aid the needy who hath no helper. Open in every land an asylum for distress, and erect in every heart an altar for Thy praise. Giver of every good, as we this day rejoice in the bless- ings of the harvest, we pray that we may make it a day of religious gladness. Let not our abundance become a snare to us, but may we honor Thee amid all our enjoy- ments, and may whatever we do be to the glory of Thy holy name. Amen. HYMN. THE OFFERING. Lord, what offering shall we bring As before Thee we bend low ? Hearts, the pure, unsullied spring Whence the kind affections flow ; Willing hands to lead the blind, Cheering words to soften woe. Charity to all mankind, Ever ready to bestow. Teach us. Thou heavenly King, Thus to .show our grateful mind, Thus our hearts ami souls to bring Into service to mankind. j&ucrotl) morning g>erbice. MEDITATION. (To lr ri(t<( in ni/cinr ! s /:/:]/: TIII-: LORD WITH GLADNESS. yi- have tfathrred in the fruits of the land, ye shall keep a tVast and rejoice before the Lord." Lev. xxiv. .'!!). OIK thoughts wander back this morning to happy days. The land of Palestine had been turned into an Eden of fruitfulness by the toil of our forefathers. The labor of the year was crowned with success, and the autumnal har- vest at last completed. What a glorious outburst of joy and gratitude this day witnessed in the ancient times ! The Rabbis have told us that he who was not present at the celebration of the Harvest Festival in Jerusalem failed to taste of the real enjoyments of. life. From far and wide the people gathered, bringing into the sanctu- ary the gifts of nature as their votive offering of thanks to the Creator. Hymns and praises were chanted by the Levites to the accompaniment of the harp, the cornet, the trumpet, and the flute. Exalted in spirit through this service of joy, the people, with their teachers and guides, gave themselves up freely to the enjoyment of the games and sports of those days in the very halls of the temple itself. It was the happiest time of all the year. Like water from a natural fountain, joy bubbled forth from pent-up hearts upon which the holy days of reflection and repentance just gone before had laid their sombre earnest- ness. Happiness is man's true and natural condition. Heaven and earth with their bounteous gifts quirkon his every ini- 505 500 Till: SKRVH'K MAXTAL. pulse to joy. What a universe of form and beauty and color is ours! What grandeur in a sunrise ! What sub- limity in a sunset ! What majesty in the marches of the starry hosts ! What rapture for the soul lies in the land- scape of hill and forest and river, in a sweep of the ocean, or on the mountains that seem like rugged stairways to the clouds! What unspeakable delight in the face <>f the flower radiant with beauty, in the odors and flavors that thrill the nerves with pleasure, in the hues and tints of nature's raiment, in the luscious fruits she holds in her hands, in the golden grain she 1 scatters in lavish abundance over the earth ! Every fibre of our being responds in thankfulness to the joy which the Creator has touched into life. With words and songs of gladness we yearn to praise Him. True religion does not cast a gloom over the present life. It lifts the veil of sadness from human eyes and makes them radiant with the light of love. Men have taught that it is sinful to enjoy one's self; that we are likely to be ensnared in the pleasant things about us so as to lose sight of, and cease to desire, those things that are higher and better. The model of the religious man of the past was, among most people, precisely the oppoMie of what the world to-day conceives a happy man to be. The saints that are represented in the writings and pictures of the world are all men with gloomy faces, who last, suffer, deny themselves, withdraw from ordinary pursuits, live in wilderne.-ses and caves, thrust away from them the donii-stie joys and the advantages of society, drama, literature, and all things that make up the rushing life of the composite world. This conception would be a logical <me if it were true that man has fallen if it wt-re true that humanity lies under the wrath of an angry Cod. Al)l>ITIo\AI. SUCCOTH MORNING sr.nVH'i-:. :>o7 By tlu' very conditions of tin- moral nature with which we arc endowed, and which makes us what we are, we arc compelled to believe that it' there is righteousness. it' there is love, on the throne of the universe, the grand end and outcome of life must )>e one of happiness and peace. There are several considerations which support and strengthen this statement that happiness is rightfully an object of human search and the destiny of human ex- istence. It is now ascertained as a scientific fact that those sen- sations which give us pleasure add to the sum total of life ; that every painful or disagreeable sensation takes something away from the fund of man's power and the duration of his being. There is therefore no proverb more true than that which declares that ' every sigh drives a nail into a man's coffin, and every laugh draws one out." It is likewise a fact, testified to by the experience and observation of mankind, that happiness is an element of all successful work. We are more apt to succeed in what we love to do than in that which we do with aversion. Then there is another truth, wider and broader even than this. It is this thirst for pleasure which is the very root of the world's civilization. Why does man go out into the wilderness, cut down trees, break up the soil, start a new settlement, plant the seed, lay out the gar- den-plot, build the home, and beautify it within ? It is simply the desire to satisfy the purest yearnings for pleasure. This one principle has been the mainspring and the motive force of progress. But, through our ignorance or carelessness, the most of us enjoy too little of the pleasure of good health to make the highest progress pos- sible. We do not keep ourselves in true accord with nature's laws. Take an instrument, attune it in perfect 508 THE SERVICE MANUAL. accord, and place it where the breeze will play over its strings, and there will come forth a dreamy strain of lull- ing music. So this human nature of ours, this plnsicul, mental, and moral life if it be attuned perfectly to the forces about us, it will render every breath of the world's life sweetest music. Another condition of happiness is the appreciation of the common things of the world. The most of us have within our reach abundant means for constant joy. The reason that we are not happy is because, overlooking what is at hand, we are reaching out and crying for something that we have not and really need not for our well-being. The most precious things are, after all, the commonest things. The very best gifts that it is possible for (Jod to bestow upon humanity He has already bestowed upon every man, woman, and child light, air, the necessities of life, mental and moral powers, the sympathy and en- couragement of friends, the affections and comforts of home, the protection of the law, the guardianship of the State, the blessings of peace, and the opportunities in a free land to develop all that is highest and best within us. These common things of the world fill to the brim the cup of life's best happiness. Yet men, for greed of gold, will throw away the vast fund of pleasure that comes to them from God's uni- versal gifts, trampling them under their feet, and then, in their blind wilfulness, question the wisdom and the love and bounty of God. If we look over the world in the light of this principle, we shall find that God is more equable in the distribution of His gifts than we are wont to imagine. If you wish to gain a happiness that is permanent, you must con- stantly seek to cultivate the higher and Holder side of your being. Cultivate tli<e things that are perma- AI>nirmXAL SUCCOni VOI;M\<; SERVICE. in-lit ; build yourself up in those that are divine. Seek li;i])jiiness lor its own sake, and you will not lind it ; heed duty, and happiness will follow as light, attends the day. It is an inevitable law that man cannot !) happy if he does not live for something higher than his own happiness. He cannot live in or for himself. Kvery desire he has links him with others. Play continually upon one string of a violin, and you will wear it and produce little musie. Thus if you play upon any one string of this marvellously attuned instrument of the body, of the mind, of the soul, you will find that you are destroying the very capacity for pleasure. Enjoy to the full the sweets of this present life. There is no harm in it ; there is good in it if you keep within the laws of right. And the highest happiness comes from freely sharing with others that which affords us joy and comfort. The grand essen- tials of happiness are something to do, something to love, and something for which to hope. A cheerful industry, pure and unselfish affections, and the effort to realize the standards of purity, self-command, and fortitude are needed to make our lasting happiness. These, the permanent things of life that fill up the measure of our satisfaction and reach out into the future, are those that link us to qualities divine. A worthy and fitting celebration, then, of the Harvest Festival would be that we garner new fruits of joy into the storehouse of our lives, and cast out the weeds of gloom that stifle our peace. We should gather in this day the vivid realization of the thousandfold sources of gladness which God has plant- ed and ripened for us in nature beauties in life, possibil- ities in work, in duty done to self and humankind. We would then erect for ourselves storehouses which will en- dure into eternity, and heap up in them treasures which years cannot diminish nor age rob us of their joys. 510 THE SERVICE MAS UAL. ANTIPHON. (Choir and Congregation <-lt<mt and rend <iit<rnatc rcrses.) Choir: Oh, come, let us sing unto the Lord : Let us come before His presence with thanksgiving. ( Congregation : It /x i/ixiil to f/irc tlinnhs unto the Lord, Ami to .s/y/y ^n tines unto the Most High. Oh, give thanks unt< the Lord, for He is good : For His mercy endureth for ever. The earth is the Lord's, and tin: fulness thereof; Tin 1 irortd. <md ///''// tluit dtrrfl therein. Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice ; Let the fields exult, and all that is therein. I'raixc (ind iii ///x x /'/V//V ///'/// /// the firmament of His power. Praise Him in His mighty acts: Praise Him according to His excellent greatness. 7 > /v//.sv //in/ irif/i flu' tindtr* I <nid flu- fnnnpit : /V///'sv Hint i'-itli tli< i>x<tlt<'ri/ Praise Him with stringi-d instruments and the Praise Him upon the loud cymbals. Jjft i ri n/tliiii'i flint hntli In-'iilli />m/x> f/n L F<>r flu Lrd /x ifnitd ; ///x nn rci/ i ndnri-fh f'<>r <></. ADDITIONAL srccoTll MollMNd SERVICE. "> 1 1 HYMN OF HARVEST. Lord of the harvest, Thee we hail ; Thy daily blessings do not fail ; Tin 1 varying seasons haste their round ; With u'ontluess all our yours are crowned: Our thanks we pay This holy day. Oh, let our hearts in tune be found ! When spring doth wake the song of mirth, When summer warms the fruitful earth, When winter sweeps the naked plain, When autumn yields its ripen'd grain, We ever sing To Thee, our King ; Through all their changes Thou dost reign. But chiefly when Thy bounteous hand New plenty scatters o'er the land, When sounds of music fill the air As homeward men earth's treasures bear, We too will raise Our hymn of praise, For we Thy common bounties share. Lord of the harvest, all is Thine The rains that fall, the suns that shine, The seed once hidden in the ground, The skill that makes our fruits abound. New every year Thy uif'ts appear; New praises from our lips shall sound. 512 THE SERVICE MAS UAL. EXHORTATION. PERSONAL INTEREST IN THE LOT OF THE POOR. ''Thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou and thy house; the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow that are within thy gates." Deut. xvi. 14. Minister : The festival which calls us together bids us rejoice before God. Let us learn from the Scripture that there is no true joy in whatever centres in self. To care for our households, to hear the cry of the widow, to heed the orphan's plaintive wail, to give ourselves in kindly deeds unto our fellow-men such is the service of joy which can alone be accounted godly and true. There is no music as sweet and tender as the thanksgiving songs of consoled widows and relieved orphans, of com- forted and thankful persons. Our forefathers on this festival took up their abode in frail booths as a reminder of the providence of God which guarded Israel's sojourn in the wilderness. They went out of their homes to dwell in lowly habitations that they might subject themselves to the trials of those who are without protection. So should we, in our days, go out as divine messengers to our brethren in need, and seek to know their condition, to understand their needs, and bring them the offerings of our friendship and our aid. Behold the thousands of the poor who dwell in the land bewailing their fate, in bitterness of heart crying out against the favored of the earth! Many are the causes which justify their lament. Living amidst the worshippers of wealth, they naturally feel degraded by the want of it. The looks, tones, and manners of the world tell them that they are considered inferiors. They hear the word respect- l>l< confined to other conditions, and the word Intr applied to their own. Habitual subjection to slight or contempt is ADDITIONAL SUCCOTH MOI!\f\<; ^K crushing to the spirit. It is exceedingly urd lor a human being to comprehend and appreciate himself amidst out- ward humiliation. Can we wonder that the poor, thus al>andoned. should identify thi'in.-elvrs with their lot that in their rags they should see the sign of inward as well as outward degradation ? Another evil of poverty is its disastrous influence on the domestic affections. The more delicate sentiments find much in the abodes of indigence to chill them. A family crowded into a cramped apartment, which must answer at once the ends of parlor, kitchen, bedroom, nursery, and hospital, must necessarily want neatness, order, and clean- liness. The decencies of life can be with difficulty observed. The young grow up without the modest reserve and deli- cacy of feeling in which purityfinds so much of its de- fence. Coarseness of manners and language corrupts childhood and becomes the fixed habit of older years. Another unhappy influence exerted on the poor is their living in the sight and in the midst of indulgences and gratifications which are placed beyond their reach. Their connection with the affluent, though not close enough for social communication, is near enough to inflame appetites, desires, wants, which cannot be satisfied. From their cheerless rooms they look out on the abodes of luxury. At their cold, coarse meal they hear the equipage con- veying others to tables groaning under plenty, crowned with sparkling wines, and fragrant with the delicacies of every clime. Fainting with toil, they meet others free from labor or care. They feel that all life's prizes have fallen to others ; hence burning desire, hence brooding discontent, hence envy and hatred, hence crime, justified, to their own minds, by what seems to them the unjust and cruel inequalities of social life. We little think of the gloom added to the poor by the contiguity of the 33 514 THE SERVICE MANUAL. rich. They are preyed on by artificial wants which can only be gratified by crime. They are surrounded by enjoyments which only fraud or violence can make their own. Unhappily, the grasping spirit of the rich increases t IK-SI- temptations of the poor. Very seldom does a distinct, authentic voice of wisdom come to them from the high places of society, telling them that riches are not happiness, and that a felicity which riches cannot buy is within reach of all. Wealth-worship is the idol of the prosperous, and this is the strongest in- culcation of discontent and crime in the poor. The rich satisfy themselves with giving alms to the needy. They think little of the more fatal gifts which they perpetually bestow. They think little that their self-indulgence and earthliness, their idolatry of outward prosperity and their contempt of inferior conditions, are perpetually teaching the destitute that there is but one good on earth, namely, wealth the very good in which the poor have no share. They little think that by these influences they do much to inflame, embitter, and degrade the minds of the poor, to fasten them to the earth, to cut off their communication with Heaven. Another sore trial of the poor is that, whilst their con- dition denies them many enjoyments which on every side meet their view and inflame desire, it places within their reach many debasing gratifications. Human nature has a strong thirst for pleasures which relieve the monotony of life. It drives the prosperous from their pleasant homes to scenes of novelty and stirring amusement. How Mroiidy must it act on those who are weighed down by anxieties and privations! How intensely must the poor desire to forget for a time the wearing realities of life ! And what means of escape does society afford or allow them '.' What present do civilization and science make to ADDlT/uXAL SUCCOTIf Mai;\L\(; .VA7J r/r/-;. the poor? Strong drink, liquid poison! In every poor man's neighborhood flows a Lethean stream which for a while carries into oblivion all his humiliations and sorrows. The power of this temptation can be little understood by those whose thirst for pleasure is regularly supplied by a Mil-cession of innocent pastimes, by those who meet sooth- ing and exciting objects everywhere. The uneducated poor, without recourse to books, to pleasant family life, to cheerful apartments, to places of resort, and pressed down by disappointment, debt, despondency, and exhausting toils, are driven by a strong impulse to the haunts of in- temperance, and there they plunge into a misery sorer than all the tortures invented by man. They quench the light of reason, blot out God's image as far as they have power, and take their place among the brutes. Such are a few of the evils of poverty. It is a con- dition which offers many obstructions to the development of intellect and affection, of self-respect and self-control. The poor are exposed to discouraging views of themselves, of human nature, of human life. The consciousness of their own intellect and moral power slumbers. Their faith in virtue is obscured by the darkness of their present lot. Often ignorant, ever desponding and sorely tempted, have they not solemn claims on their more privileged brethren for aid which they have not yet received ? It is evident that the evils of poverty are chiefly moral in their origin and character, and they ought therefore to awaken our concern. Their physical sufferings attract more or less of our pity. When shall the greater misery move our hearts? Is there nothing to startle us in the fact that in every city dwells a multitude of human beings, falling or fallen into extreme moral deg- radation, living in dark, filthy houses or in damp, unven- tilated cellars, where the eye lights on no beauty and the 516 THE SERVICE MANUAL. car is continually wounded with discord, where the out- ward gloom is a type of the darkened mind, where the name of God is heard only when profaned, where charity is known only as a resource for sloth, where the child is trained amidst coarse manners, impure words, and the fumes of intemperance, and is thence sent forth to vice and beggary ? From these abodes issues a louder cry for personal interest than physical want ever uttered. Hy this it is not intended that their physical condition demands no aid. Let chanty minister to want and suffer- ing. But let us bear in mind that no charity produces per- manent good but that which reaches the mind, which touches the inward springs of improvement and awakens some strength of purpose, some self-respect. That charity is most useful which removes from the way of the poor obstructions to well-doing and temptations to evil, and en- courages them to strive for their own true good. Some- thing, indeed, may be done for the moral benefit of the indigent by wise legislation by enactments intended to re- move, as far as possible, degrading circumstances from their condition. Our chief reliance, however, must be placed on mure direct and powerful means than legislation. The poor need, and must receive, personal interest. They need an elevating power to resist the depressing tendencies of their outward lot. Personal interest and spiritual culture are the only effectual services we can render them. Such aid -ives them force to bear up against all the ail verse circum- stances of their lot, inspires them with self-respect, reiino their manners, gives impulse to their intellectual powers. pens to thrni the springs of domestic peace, teaches them without murmuring the superior enjoyments of others, and rescues them from the . into which multitudes are driven by destitution and despair. It is such truths as these that our beautiful festival Al>l>in<L\AL SUCCOTH Mt>i;.\L\<; SERVICE. 517 come- to impress, hi thought and sympathy we dwell with the poor in their humble abodes, in heart we u" "lit to them through sorrow and distress. \Ve make real the sublime doetrine of our faith that all men are brothers. In ancient times the Israelites appeared before God on this day with the proud palm firmly bound to the humble wil- low and the lowly myrtle held in one hand, and in the other the fragrant citron. Let this beautiful reminder spur us on to labor for the incoming of that era when men of all ranks and stations, the proud and the humble, the rich and the poor, the strong and the weak, shall be firmly bound together in the bonds of a helpful and loving fraternity. RESPONSIVE READINGS. (To be read alternately by Miniatn- and Congregation.') Minister: A loan to the poor is preferable to charity ; But to help them to help themselves is best of all. ( 'ongreyation : Let tin/ gates be open to the needy, Ami let t tie poor feel at home in thy house. Riches are not comely for a miser; And of what use is money to an envious man? //.- f/mf stints gathers far other \Y!i<> iriU fuse sumptuously <m ///* <yoo/7x. There is none worse than he that envioth himself; Hut this is a recompense for his baseness. .1 penurious ei/e curie/// /Vx bread. And littilt irunt at //.s 1 t<ll>fe. According to what thou hast, do good to thyself, And give a proportionate share unto the poor. 518 THE SERVICE MANUAL. Ft til not to be with them that weep, Ant/ mourn with them that mourn. Be not slow to visit the sick, For through such things wilt thou be beloved. nut blxiiK iclth thy good deeds, n-lth any gift bitter words. Incline thine ear to a poor man ; Give him a friendly answer with mildness. Be as a father to the fatherless, And a counsellor unto their mother. Ben Sirach. Talmud. PRAYER. Minister : With all that dwell upon the earth and recognize Thy benignant hand, we desire to join in blessing Thy name, God, and in bearing witness to Thy kindness. We desire, O Lord, to recognize Thy service to us. We are gathered together, a whole people, spread abroad upon the bosom of this mighty continent, where the seasons are the almoners of Thy bounty, where the sea and the land have served them, where the mountains and the mountain-sides alike have ministered unto them, where Thou hast tempered the season to health, where Thou hast brought forth abun- dantly from the earth, where strangers have found cheer- ful welcome, and where all the people have dwelt together in unity and peace. ( ) Lord our God, when we remember the multitude of Thy mercies our hearts are drawn out to Thee in thanks- giving. It is of Thy goodness that we live and enjoy life's blessings. All the irifts of this world are from Thee health, competence, success in life, the happy home, the company of friends, and whatever else makes pleasant this M)f>mu\.\L SUCCOUR M<)i;\l\<; .sv-7M7c7v. earthly state <>!' bring. We tliank Thee, God, for blessings \yhieh Thou hast granted to us. May we enjoy them with that moderation of spirit which, gratefully reeogni/iim- Thee as tin- l>esto\ver. shall be prepared to submit it' at any time Thy gifts should be withdrawn. May we use Thy bounties not for our own advantage only, but for that of others, and thus for Thy glory. May we feel that it is a blessed privilege to make others partakers of our happiness. O God, we pray that Thou wouldst guard us, as against the trials of adversity, so also against the temptations that attend prosperity. Keep us from pride. Knowing that all we possess is Thine, may .we not glory as though we had it of ourselves, but rather be more truly humble as we contrast Thy goodness with our deficiencies. Keep us from indolence. If we are not excited to industry by the pressure of want, may we be by the sense of duty to others and to Thee. Keep us from selfishness. May we sympathize with others in their distress, and rejoice in their good fortune. Keep us from too great devotedness to this world. Let Thy love affect our hearts ; let us feel its reality, constancy, tenderness. To Thee we owe all. Thine is the health of our bodies, the light of our minds, the warmth of affection, the guiding voice of con- science. Whatever knowledge or virtuous impressions we have derived from the society of friends, the conversation of the wise and good, the care of instructors, the researches of past ages, we desire to trace gratefully to Thee. Lord, we thank Thee for the nation within whose borders our lot has been cast. We thank Thee for Thy protection vouchsafed unto the Pilgrim Fathers of this land, men of mighty faith, who came here and planted themselves in the wilderness, few in numbers, and yet not weak of heart, neither discouraged by untold hardships. 520 THE SERVICE MASVAL. We thank Thee for the truth they brought, and for all the noble heritage which is fallen to our hands. We bless Thee for every good institution in our inid-t. for the unbounded opportunity to develop the freedom of our minds and to enjoy the liberty of our souls, where- with Thou makest all men free. Guard Thou this great land. Continue those founda- tions on which our fathers stood to build this great fab- >ic, which is worthy of the name of the refuge of the poor and desolate. Hold back, we pray Thee, all sinister influences. Give great power -to all beneficent influences. May colleges and seminaries, academies and schools, of every name prosper. More and more may intelligence prevail among the people. Grant that all sources of knowledge, all influences that tend to feed the hunger of the soul, may be cleansed, purified, multiplied, and made more and more powerful. We pray that Thou wilt bless all administrations of our national affairs. We commend to Thee the President of the United States and those who are joined with him in authority. We pray that Thou wilt guide them in the ways of truth and purity and help them to walk in right- eousness. Remember all governors and legislators, all judges and magistrates. Grant that the whole framework of society may be maintained in integrity and in true virtue. Bless our neighbor nations. Unite us with them by the sweet cord of love and sympathy. We pray for Thy ig upon all nations. Remember the peoples that are pressing onward and seeking advancement in justice and knowledge. Grant that they may be prospered by Thee. May all the diverse influences throughout the Join- be clad iii the armor of righteousness, and may all the elements \vhioh t<Mid to beauty and virtue find Thee ADDITIONAL SUCCOTH MO&NING SERVICE. 521 giving them light in darkness, strength in weakness, and the knowledge and the desire to worship Thee as the Creator and Supporter of all. Amen. HYMN. SYMPATHY. Let such as feel oppression's load Thy tender pity share, And let the helpless, hopeless poor Be thy peculiar care. Go bid the hungry orphan be With thine abundance blessed ; Invite the wanderer to thy gate, And spread the couch of rest. Let him who pines with piercing cold By thee be warmed and clad ; Be thine the blissful task to make The downcast mourner glad. Then, pleasant as the morning light, In peace shall pass thy days, And heart-approving, conscious joy Illuminate thy ways. Otoncluston ISbe 5etbfce. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) CONCLUSION AND COMMENCEMENT. Minister : WE are assembled to celebrate the Festival of Conclu- sion. We have rounded a cycle of our holidays. The New Year Day with its introspection and its prospect awakened us to a consciousness of our past misdeeds and our future duties. The Atonement Day with its solemn service took fast hold upon our hearts, and stirred us to a vivid con- sciousness of our duties to ourselves, to our fellow-men, and to our God. The joyous Thanksgiving Festival, in pointing out the manifold causes of satisfaction and con- tent with which God has blessed us through the overflowing bounties of nature, forcibly reminded us of our dependence on these gifts, filled our hearts with gratitude and our lips with praise, and aroused within us helpful sympathy for those who have no share in the abundance of earth's products. In the spirit of all these sublime holy days we have come JHIW to this l-Vstival of Conclusion. Its real purport is, and should ever be, that of a Festival of Commencement. On this day we should commence those practical works by which we make religion a living force in the world. On this day we should commence to inaugurate those movements religious, moral, charitable, educational, and social that tend to elevate the people and improve the 522 CONCLUSION FESTIVAL. 523 lot of humankind. On this day we should commence to consecrate ourselves to the high ideals of purity, unself- ishness, and conscientious endeavor which these sacred days have set as our goal. Unless this day be dignified by such a meaning and such a high motive, making it the conclusion of indifference, selfishness, and sin, and the commencement of earnest, exalted, and helpful life in the community and in the individual, the observances of the holy days that are past will have been hollow, profitless a sinful mockery. To crowd this house of worship during a few days, to abstain from the customary occupations for a few hours, to do penance for misdeeds by some few sacrifices of per- sonal gain, convenience, and comfort this is not, has never been, can never become, the purpose of this sacred season. The sole object of a holy day is to create a holy life : and holiness is never wrought by empty lip-professions nor by ceremonial observances, however rightly performed, but by turning into realities the impulses, the emotions, the aspirations which these sacred days have quickened and the promises and resolves which they have aroused. What we ought to do has been impressed upon us by these solemn days. How we can do what we ought they have taught us. To do what we ought and what we can should be the purpose of which this day marks the com- mencement. This cycle of sacred days has taught us, by its medita- tions, reflections-, and admonitions, how false has often been the interpretation we have given to life ; how frequently we have degraded ourselves into mere machines only to gratify the cravings of an animal life to turn out so much work for the sake of so much gain. With this day we must conclude this false view of life, and commence henceforth to lead the life of a true manli- 524 THE SERVICE MANUAL. uid womanliness. We must cease making slavish toil the sole aim of existence, and commence to subject our work to the real purpose of life by giving time to the culture of our nobler powers to the elevation of the mind, the ennoblement of the heart, and the sanctification of the spirit, to the alleviation of distress by comforting tin- sorrowing, aiding the needy, leading back those who jone astray, bringing light to those who walk in dark- ness, disseminating the precepts of truth and justice where ignorance and superstition and tyranny still hold sway. The holy days have held up the mirror that reflected the failings and shortcomings of which we have been guilty in our communal and social intercourse, in our domestic relations, and in our abuse and neglect of self. With this day we must end our misdeeds, and must begin anew in every walk of life. As citizens, neighbors, and fellow-men we must labor to promote cverv interest of loyalty, faithfulness, and integrity. As kinsmen and friends we must labor to promote every interest of mutual affection, helpfulness, confidence, and harmony. As individuals we must close the record of personal vanities, petty ambitions, jealousies, envies, and distrusts by which we render ourselves and others miser- able, and commence a new career of self-sacrifice and honor, of charity and benevolence, of magnanimity and sympathy, and of all other virtues that make life noble, manly, and true. What is well begun and well continued must end well. A year's work earnestly commenced, earnestly pursued, will bring us to the threshold of the New Year with a con- seimee ].- burdened with sin ; to the Atonement Day with a soul less weighted with remorse: to the Festival of Joy with a heart freed from the oppression of that greed which eagerly gathers in. but sparingly expends. CONCLUSlf>\ FESTIVAL. 525 RESPONSIVE READINGS. (To be read (lUcrnaMij by Mi,ii,f< r ami < 'oiif/rtantion.) Mill inter : Do not evil and evil will not befall thee. Love thy fellow-men, and by them wilt thou be beloved. ( 'ongregcttion : Turn not It'/',' info ccascfcxn foil ; Sjiriid if "/''/>/, <in<{ ((Id other to do li/ccivise. He who craves for what is not his Will in the end lose what he has. I in /x rieli /r/io is satisfied irith ///x lot ; And he is icise irlio doefh much tcith little. Sweet language will multiply one's friends ; And a pleasant tongue will increase kind greetings. I'n if// of brethren <ind love of neighbor^ Are blessings of the Lord. Be very careful to meet men kindly, And keep thyself aloof from contention. ^1 i/ood ntn ir ill. Itf surety f of ///x neighbor; But lie that is shameless fill f!f him. The birds will resort unto their like ; So will truth return unto them that practise it. The fear of the. Lord /x in'xdom and instruction, And jidf/if// a nd humility (ire his delight. The fear of the Lord contents the heart, And uivctli joy and gladness and a long life. With him -/>o frtn-r.fh fht- Lord if aha/f or ire//. And lit x/ndf In- honored in life and in dcatli. Ben Sirach. Talmud. 526 THE SERVICE MANUAL. ORISON. We praise Thee, God, we acknowledge Thee to be the Lord. Heaven and earth are full of the majesty of Thy glory. The heart cannot conceive, much less the tongue utter, the greatness of Thy power, the depth of Thy wisdom, the inexhaustible riches of Thy love. We give thanks that Thou hast revealed unto us Thy glory, that Thou hast manifested to us Thy power and wisdom, and given us innumerable proofs of Thy loving kindness to us and to all men. We thank Thee for the beauty in which Thou hast clothed the earth, and the glory with which Thou hast filled the heavens. We thank Thee that all things minister to our needs and are adapted to our use. We thank Thee for all the ten- der ties of friendship and of kindred ; for all the privileges of our social state ; for the opportunities we have of gain- ing a knowledge of Thy truth. We thank Thee that Thou hast guided us in safety through another cycle of festivals, and hast brought us to its end full of gratitude for the benefits of the past, and with our prayers that Thou mayest graciously renew these blessings during the season before us. We know not what the future may bring forth. Strengthen and prepare us for all that awaits us. Keep us from distrust- ful thoughts. Give us cheerful and unfailing confidence in Thy fatherly and all-embracing love. Thou who hast given life, shall we doubt that Thou wilt give it Thy protection? Thou from whom we have received the greater gift, may we not trust Thee for the lesser? Gracious Father, may no temptation assail us. Turn away our eyes from vanity, and incline our hearts to Thy testimonies. Let us be lifted above all low and selfish pur- Let us lie filled with that divine resiirnation. that holy wisdom, that unconquerable strength, which in the CONCLU$r<)\ FESTIVAL. .VJ7 end surmounts every difficulty and triumphs over all the sorrows of life. .May our trials, both small and great. In- l>orm> with meekness, and effect for us sonic spiritual good. (Jive us calmness and soli -control under every disappoint- ment and provocation. Enable us to meet with gentleness and forbearance any opposition to our wishes, and to strive with patience against our intirniities and faults, believing that success shall ultimately attend our efforts if we per- severe in right-living and right-doing. Almighty God, may we seek not only our own but each other's welfare and enjoyment. May we be ready to deny ourselves every indulgence that would be, a disobedience to Thy laws. Give us right feelings toward one another and toward all men. May we come to the close of another cycle of festivals able to look back upon time well spent, opportunities faithfully improved, and progress conscien- tiously made. May we live in daily and thoughtful prep- aration for the future. May the thought of the hereafter cheer us onward in our earthly pilgrimage, giving purity to our motives and elevation to our aims, enabling us to bear with serene peace and trust all the allotments of Thy decrees. Having rendered faithful service dur- ing the brief term of our sojourn in these mortal bodies, and having been faithful helpers to one another in all the chances and changes of the world, may we at length, in Thine infinite grace, be permitted to take up, so let us trust, that higher work for which our earthly career may have been but a preparation. Amen. HYMN. LIVE FOR SOMETHING, Live for something, be not idle ; Look about thee for employ ; 528 77/7-: SEKVH'K MAXl'AL. Sit not down in useless dreaming : Labor is the sweetest joy. Folded hands are ever weary, Selfish hearts are never gay ; Life for thee hath many duties: Active be the livelong day. Scatter blessings in the. pathway (ientle words and cheering smiles ; Better they than gold and silver. With their strife-creating wiles. As the pleasant sunshine falleth Ever on the grateful earth. So let sympathy and kindness Hearts there are oppressed and weary Drop the tears of sympathy; Whisper words of hope and comfort ; (Jive, and thy reward shall be Joy unto thy soul returning Freely as thou freely givest Shall the grateful light be shed. : Iti-uiru to page 1-.) OTonclusion MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation,) THE CULTIVATION OF THE MIND. "Man doth not live by bread only.'' Deut. viii. ''. THE harvest of the fields has been garnered in. The storehouses are full to overflowing with the bounties which God's grace has bestowed. Grateful for the material blessings which sustain life and make possible its joys, we turn on this Festival Day to meditate upon the higher tasks which these blessings permit and impose. The win- ter, as well as the summer, has its harvest. The sum- mer yields sustenance for the body ; the winter should yield nutriment for the mind. There is a spiritual as well as a material harvest to be sown and reaped ; the harvest of the one should mark the seed-time of the other. Like the seeds in the earth, the mental powers with which God has endowed us lie latent until the forces and influences round about stimulate them to growth and flowering and fruitage. Some one has said that in the world there is nothing great but man, and in man there is nothing great but mind. If that be true, it necessarily follows that there can be no other subject so worthy of engaging our atten- tion as the cultivation of the mind. It is the one all-im- portant duty. The soil, however rich it may be, cannot be productive without cultivation,* so the mind, without culture, can produce no good fruit. The mind is susceptible of greater and more constant 34 529 530 THE SERVICE MANUAL. * improvement and expansion than the body. It is some- what later in coming to maturity, but it retains its vigor long after the body has drooped and withered. There seems to be no limit to its power. It stretches off toward infinity, passing far beyond the range of the senses. Kadi generation is crowned with mental achievements which lift it higher than the generations before it, With every age the number of known facts and natural laws becomes larger, and the mind, ever equal to the demands made upon it, uses these for the discovery of others. Nearly everything of importance has been accomplished by men of thought, by persons who have zealously cul- tivated their mental faculties to a very high degree. Knowledge is great riches riches which are not plun- dered by kinsmen, not carried off by thieves, not de- creased by giving. Win knowledge and it is yours for ever. What can be so delightful as culture of the mind ? The pleasures of a cultivated intellect are found among the most refined and noble that enter into and form a part of human happiness. To the man of thought there are a thousand voices that speak the rich language of instruc- tion and wisdom, to which the uncultivated ear is totally deaf. He possesses not only the common enjoyments of life home, friends, the bounties and beauties of munificent nature in a degree greatly intensified by his cultivation, but he also holds within his hands the keys that unlock the grandest treasures of the universe. To him the sun pours down his glory-wreathed beams of warmth and life laden with rich instruction. Each ray is a message from that -or^eous world of light, speaking of its vast magnitude. its revolutions, its mighty attractive powers, its myste- rious and almost (lo'llike influence upon our earth. Tlie stars bring to him intelligence from the re-ions they inhabit. The romets come to him on rapid winu:s CONCLUSION FESTIVAL. 5:',1 of light, with banners streaming lack, telling, by their inconceivable velocities, of (lie measureless depths they have penetrated. The moon pours down its floods of liiiht freighted with burdens of knowledge. The clouds that float above him tell the wonderful story of their birth and the mission they have to perform. The light- ning's Hash conveys to him instruction. The thunder's rattle is to him music. The rushing winds whistle in his ear the story of their lives and labors. The earth- quake's moan sends a voice of instruction from below; and the volcano flashes up its flame, a great torch by which to read earth's ancient history. The roar- ing ocean preaches its solemn sermon of grandeur, and the plains and mountains echo back their instructive responses. The Jittle flower beneath his feet opens its translates its mystic language for his pleasure ; and the delicate leaf breathes about him its silent words of wisdom. He finds instruction in the cattle in the fields, in the birds above him, and the fishes beneath. He finds books in the running brooks, sermons in stones, and music in the rhythmic swaying of the foliage. The man of much knowledge is shielded against tempta- ^ion. It is not often that the genuine scholar, the one who loves learning for its own sake, falls a victim to vice. His mind, by continual dwelling among pure and lofty thoughts, is filled with nobility and lifted above crime and its temptations. Knowledge is that which, next to virtue, raises one man above another. Most other distinctions are external and largely accidental. Wealth often comes by chance ; exalted station by right of birth. Such distinctions add nothing to the real, native dignity and inward worthiness of a man. Knowledge and cul- ture, on the other hand, are never accidents. They are 532 THE SERVICE MANUAL. always the result of high aspirations and hard work. They are proof of a mind unusually strong and pure. Moreover, they add to the power of the mind, and make the man con- tinually more worthy of respect. The cultivated intellect is a source of never-failing pleas- ure. It is a mine of wealth sparkling with instruction. It has an attractive force which draws around itself the minds of others. It gives delight by its companionship. Its words are replete with the magic of thought. It charms the ear with its varied harmony of rich and glow- ing language. It captivates the judgment by the justness of its opinions, the cogency of its reason, and the compre- hensiveness of its views. Who that has ever enjoyed the companionship of a truly cultivated intellect knows not its power to please and instruct the mind, .to fascinate and ravish the heart ? How full of interest is the conversation of a truly intelligent man or woman ! How eagerly do we seek the company of such, and faow great is our profit from such intercourse ! Again, the cultivation of intellect increases our ability to do good. Is a nation oppressed with tyranny? Are unjust laws grinding the face of the poor? Are existing institutions opposed to the well-being of the people? Are old errors blinding the public mind and veiling the soul of humanity from the light of truth ? Is ignorance palsying human energies and dwarfing human powers? Is war cursing the millions? Cultivated intellect must apply the lever of reform to these ruinous evils or they can never be removed. It is evidently the duty of every human being to secure all the knowledge possible. This truth our festival comes to emphasize. The claims of the intellect cannot be ig- nored nor denied. The harvest of our nobler powers, the gathering in of the achievements of human thought and ri-sTIVAL. 'li, are a lusher source of joy than even the in- gathering of the yearly produce of earth. There is in- spiration in the i'aet that man is not merely of the earth and allied to the clod, but that he can soar on the wings of fancy or the pinions of reflection into heavenly realms and prove his likeness to the Divine. (To be read alternately by Miiiixtrr <in<l Congregation.) Minister : Wisdom exalteth her sons, And helpeth them that seek her. Congregation : He that loveth her loveth life ; And he that seeketh her early shall be filled with joy. He that holdeth her fast shall inherit glory ; And where he entereth, the Lord blesseth him. /A /r/io giveth ear unto her shall judge nations ; And he that attendeth her shall dwell securely. He that trusteth in her shall inherit her ; And his generation shall have her in possession. Delight in instruction from thy youth up, Ami f/tntt shaft find wisdom till old age. Come unto her as one that ploweth and one that soweth, And await her good fruits. Acquire learning, for it is the highest glory j Y't (/t'xj,/<ty it not as kings do their crowns. If thou followest wisdom thou wilt obtain her, And she will be unto thee a glory and an ornament. \Yladfni) fumrs forth shill mtd practical knowledge, And heightens the honor of them that hold her fast. f>:U THE SERVICE MAX UAL. The root of wisdom is to fear the Lord, And the branches thereof are long life. //' thuii ih-nli-fnt tri^/o/H / t ->t j> tli< commandments, Am/ t/if Lur<l ic i// Ixxfoir lirr aim inln iitli/ upon f/trr. Ben Sirach. HYMN. BRIGHTER DAY. Oh, bright the day that dawneth now, And brighter still shall be. When gloom will vanish from our brow, And trammelled thought be free ; When truth shall gild our mental sky, Sure, knowledge fair most fervently Proclaims the coming day, When slaves no more shall walk the earth, Nor tyrants rule the hour, When man shall rise to greater worth In majesty and power, And Heaven's laws, as good supreme, Shall all his acts control, And virtue with its brightest beam Shall harmonize his soul. Then let our hearts in joyous strain Sing loudest notes of prai And knowledge seek be this our aim In all our walks and ways. In deepest cave or heavens high, In science or in art, Its treasures bright let mme decry, But chcri.xh in the heart. EXHORTATION. /Mroi;TA.\<'/: <>r /;/:/. i<;i<>.\ r<> A /<'/;/:/: PEOPLE. "The melancholy days arc come, the saddest in the year, Of \vailintr winds, and naked woods, and meadows brown and sere." Nature now wears a serious look. The days of adversity are upon her. Hushed is her music. (June is her beauty. Wrinkled is her once beautiful countenance. The hectic flush of death is on her cheeks. But a short time ago gentle zephyrs, fragrant odors, sweet melodies, radiant skies, vied with each other in courting her graces ; now there is none so poor to do her honor. The friends of her prosperity have deserted her have left her to the mercy of howling winds, of raging storms, of fierce blasts, of de- vastating tides. Tears are now her only relief, and these she pours forth almost incessantly amidst touching sobs and wails. us serious. We catch the contagion of her melancholy. The signs of death that are now upon her reflect them- selves within our souls, and involuntarily our hearts are heavy and our eyes tearful. We are in a pensive and prayerful mood. With decay and death surrounding us, with the sweet- ness of spring and the glory of summer passed away, with bleak and melancholy winter staring us in the face, with the days shortening and the nights lengthening, with the winds moaning through the stripped branches, it is dif- ficult for the thoughtful to be in any other than a contem- plative mood, or not to surrender themselves to introspec- tion and self-examination. There is not a season in all the year when man is more inclined to serious and solemn thought than at the advent 536 THE SERVICE MANUAL. of autumn. Man is never so true to himself or so near to God as when barren fields and skeleton trees and leaden skies and drenching storms and piercing blasts remind him of his weakness, of his dependence on higher power, and of the shortness of his life. There is less irreligion on earth in winter than in summer. Man sees more of God in the winter, when He is less apparent, than in the summer, when He gives the most abundant proof of His existence. As a babe feels the want of a mother's arm most in the dark, so does the skeptic reach out after a something posi- tive to lean upon, to trust in, when wind and storm puff into nothingness the soap-bubble conceits in which he has anchored his faith. Leafless trees and barren fields fur- nish the clearest vision of heaven. Every falling leaf, every dying flower, every hushed note of bird and insect, forces the questions, " How long yet?" "What then?" many a scoffer and brings many an unbeliever into com- munion with God. For such a communion have we assembled on this fes- tive morning, that we may be made profoundly conscious of the importance of religion to society. Few men suspect, perhaps no man comprehends, the ex- tent of the support given by religion to the virtues of ordi- nary life. No man, perhaps, is aware how much our moral and social sentiments are fed from this fountain ; how powerless our conscience would become without the be- lief in a God ; how palsied would be human benevolence were there not the sense of a higher benevolence to quicken and sustain it ; how suddenly the whole social fabric would quake, and with what a fearful crash it would sink into helpless ruin, were the ideas of a Supreme Being and of a future life to be utterly erased from every mind. Once let men thoroughly believe that they are the ri-:sTiv.\L. 537 work and sport of chance; that no superior intelligence concerns itself' with lininan a Hairs ; that all their improve- ments perish for ever at death ; that the weak have no guardian, and the injured no avenger; that there i,s no recompense for sacrifices for uprightness and for the public good; that secret crimes have no witness but the per- petrator ; that human existence has no purpose, and human virtue no unfailing friend; that this brief life is every thing to us, and death is total, everlasting extinction ; once let men thoroughly abandon religion, and who can conceive or describe the extent of the desolation which would follow? We hope, perhaps, that human laws arid natural sym- pathy would hold society together. As reasonably might we believe that, were the sun quenched in the heavens, our torches could illuminate and our fires quicken and fer- tilize the earth. Erase all thought and fear of God from a community, and selfishness and sensuality would absorb the whole man. Appetite, knowing no restraint, and pov- erty and suffering, having no solace or hope, would trample in scorn on the restraints of human laws. Virtue, duty, principle, would be mocked and spurned as unmeaning sounds. A sordid self-interest would supplant every other feeling, and man would become in fact what the theory of unbelievers declares him to be a companion for brutes. It is especially to be noted that religion is singularly important to free communities. We may doubt whether . civil freedom can subsist without it. Equal rights and an impartial administration of justice have never been en- joyed where religion has not been understood. It favors free institutions because its spirit is the very spirit of liberty. It recognizes the essential equality of man- kind, beats down with its whole might those rapacious cravings of our nature which have subjected the many 538 THE SERVICE MAX UAL. to the few, and by its refining influence, as well as by direct precept, renders to God that supreme homage which has been so impiously lavished on crowned and titl^jl fellow-creatures. It lays deeply the only founda- tions of liberty, which are the principles of benevolence, justice, and respect for human nature. The spirit of liberty is not merely a jealousy of our own particular rights, an unwillingness to be oppressed ourselves, but a respect for the rights of others, and an unwillingness that any man, whether high or low, should be wronged and trampled under foot. This is the spirit of religion, and without its aid and protection liberty has no security and no continuance. In yet another way religion befriends liberty. It dimin- ishes the necessity of public restraints, and supersedes in a great degree the use of force in administering the laws. This it does by making men a law to themselves, and by repressing the disposition to disturb and injure society. Take away the purifying and restraining influence of re- ligion, and selfishness, rapacity, and injustice will break out in excess, and, amidst increasing perils, government must be strengthened to defend society, must accumulate means of repressing disorder and crime. This strength and these means may be, and often have been, turned against the freedom of the state which they were meant to secure. Diminish principle, and you increase the need of force in a community. In this country government needs not the array of power which we meet in other na- tions great armies, hosts of spies, vast armories but accomplishes its beneficent purposes by a few unarmed judges and civil officers. This is the perfection of free- dom. And to what do we owe this condition? To those laws which religion writes on our hearts ; to those prin- ciplo which unite and concentrate public opinion against CONCLUSION FESTIVAL. injustice ami oppression, ;in<l spread a spirit of equity ami good-will through the community. .Religion is thu> the soul of freedom. Let us -o forth, then, into the year before us with he /e;il ami confidence of the husbandman to scatter seed for the harvest intellectual, moral, and spiritual. Let us resolve on this Conclusion Festival to sow the seeds of intellectual effort, of moral endeavor, of enlightened faith in (!od, so that intelligence, righteousness, and high prin- ciple may grow in abundance, gladdening the heart and sanctifying the soul of humankind. ANTIPHON. (Choir and Congregation chant and read alternate verses.) Choir: I will extol Thee, my God, King ; And I will bless Thy name for ever and ever. ( Congregation : Great is the Lord, and highly to be praised ; And His great iu'x* /.s unsearchable. One generation shall laud Thy works to another, And shall declare Thy mighty acts. On the glorious majesty of Thine honor, And on Thy wondrous works, will I meditate. And men shall speak of the might of Thy acts, And they shall declare Thy greatness. Tin i/ aliall utter the memory of Thy great goodness, Ami s/i>i// si/if/ of Tin/ righteousness. The Lord is gracious and full of compassion ; Slow to anger, and of great mercy. The Lord in g<xxl to all ; And ///s tcndf-r ///ov/V.s- nn <n-< r all His works. 540 THE SERVICE MANUAL. The Lord upholdeth all that fall, And raiseth up all those that are bowed down. T/ic Lord in righteous in <ifl Hi* irrtys, And' gracious in all ///* works. Psalm cxlv., abridged. PRAYER. Father of all Being, Source of all Blessing, Thou art untiring in Thy love for us ; Thy beneficence passes hu- man understanding. Thou lovest to do good and to make men good, and to make them happy by making them good. Thy pitying love and fatherly care are ever with us. When we are hungry Thou givest us our food. When we are faint Thou art our support. When we walk in dark- ness Thou art our guiding star. When storms pass o'er us Thou art as a sheltering rock. Whatever delights the eye. whatever cheers the heart, whatever comforts and quickens the soul, from Thee it comes and for our good Thou sendest it. When thus we contemplate Thy love, we ask our- selves. "What is man, God, that Thou thinkest of him?" "What can we weak mortals offer unto Thee in return for Thy unceasing kindness?" Thou art so in- effably great and good that there is nothing that we can say or do that might serve as even a feeble expression of our gratitude. Yet it is our heart that tells us that Thou askest neither praise nor gifts. It is in good deeds that Thou recognizest the noblest expression of human gratitude. If we deal justly, if we defend the wronged, enlighten the ignorant, help the helpless, comfort the comfortless, shelter the aged and infirm then will we give an acceptable re- turn for Thy bountiful irondncss. May Thy bU'.v-ini:s n->t upon all who labor in behalf CONCLUM<>\ I-'I-ISTIVAL. 511 of the unfortunate. May wo boar one another's burdens. May every cry of anguish, every appeal for help, awaken sympathy in our hearts, and may that sympathy be speedily followed by the aid of which our fellow-men stand in need. May tlne especially to whom Thou hast given much feel a sacred obligation to do much in return. May the evi- dence and token of Thy kindness be a motive for their per- forming a larger work for others. Send consolation to the sorrowing, strength to the feeble, hope to the sinking, light to the erring. Be a father to the fatherless, a deliverer to the oppressed, a friend to the neglected, a stay to the persecuted. We thank Thee for the great men whom Thou didst cause to spring up in the past flowers of humanity whose seeds have been scattered broadcast over the world, turn- ing deserts into gardens and wildernesses into fertile fields. We bless Thee for our instructors and inventors for those strong men of thought in whose hands the ark of knowledge has been borne ever onward from age to age, whose deep vision beheld the truth when other men per- ceiyed it not, and who were faithfully devoted to it even unto death. And we pray Thee, Lord, inspire us on this Conclusion Feast with a desire to follow the illustrious examples of these leaders. May we not merely be recipients of other men's toils, but, in their spirit, may we toil for those that shall be after us. May we, in the winter before us, devote ourselves especially to the cultivation of our intellects and to the elevation of our souls, so that in us knowledge and spirituality may find a lasting abiding-place, and through us truth and the love and worship of God may spread unto all the children of men. We pray for our country and its rulers. May those who are set over us prove themselves to be men of truth, 542 THE SERVICE MANUAL. hating covetousness, seeking the good of their country and the glory of Thy holy name. Under the protection of just and equal laws and a wise and righteous adminis- tration, may the people lead quiet and peaceable lives. May the blessings which we ask for ourselves and our country be extended to the whole human family, until all peoples shall unite in abscribing to Thee praise and glory for evermore. Amen. HYMN. WORTH OF RELIGION. Oh, happy is the man who hears * Religion's loving voice, And who celestial wisdom makes His early, only choice. For she has treasures greater far Than east or west unfold ; More precious are her bright rewards Than gems or stores of gold. Her right hand offers to the just Immortal, happy days ; Her left, imperishable wealth And heavenly crowns displays. And as her holy labors rise, So her rewards increase ; Her ways are ways of pleasantness, And all her paths are peace. FESTIVAL OF RE-DEDICATION. j&erbice. EXHORTATION. TRUE FREEDOM. Minister: "Kindle the taper like the steadfast star Ablaze on evening's forehead o'er the earth, An eight-fold splendor shine above thy hearth. Clash, Israel, the cymbals, touch the lyre; Blow the loud trumpet and the clear-tongued horn ; Chant psalms of victory till the heart takes fire, The Maccabean spirit leaps new-born !" Yea, kindle the lights, illumine your houses and sanc- the great deeds of valor wrought and of the heroic tri- umphs won in the days of the Maccabees. The Syrian enemy had desecrated the temple. Desolate stood the al- tar. The courts where formerly the people had gathered for the worship of the Lord were overgrown with thorns and thistles. In the sanctuary the heartless foe erected an idol and commanded Israel to worship it. The faithful refused to comply, and suffered the death of martyrs. Men and women and children were mercilessly slaughtered for re- fusing to sacrifice to a god of human make. Such cruel- ties and indignities aroused at last the valiant Maccabees. They arose in their might, gathered the faithful around their banner, and with God in their hearts and witli courage nerving their arms they went forth against the enemy and 543 544 THE SERVICE MANUAL. routed them. The weak overcame the strong, the few conquered the many. Into the temple the victorious people forthwith proceeded. They cleansed it of its pollu- tion, built the altar anew, and restored the sanctuary. Amidst songs and the music of harps and cymbals they illuminated and re-dedicated the House of God. There was great gladness among the people for eight days. Daily they brought sacrifices of deliverance and praise. And Judas the Maccabee, with his brothers and with the whole congregation of Israel, ordained that from year to year the days of the re-dedication should be kept with The events which this festival recalls are fraught with the deepest interest to all mankind, and the celebration is of profound significance as commemorating a most heroic struggle for religious liberty. Had the Maccabees sus- tained defeat, had their cause been vanquished, Judaism could never have survived and those other powerful re- ligions that have emanated from it could never have arisen. Truth might never have been disseminated among the children of men, and the higher civilization might never have been attained. The element of myth that plays so prominent a part in many religious festivals does not obscure the Feast of 'Hanukah. This festival stands forth under the full glare of the sunlight of authentic record. The heroes were have not been able to spin an obscuring web of doubt. As we recount the noble careers of the men and women of those trying times, frigid indeed must be that heart which is not melted to sympathy, callous that spirit which does not throb with loving pride. But we commemorate these events not to foster and stimulate a love of war, but only to rc-omjiha.-izc the 'UAM'KAII KV1-: sr.RVK'l-:. injustice of unholy domination and to reassert the truth tliat liberty is tin- natural right of man. \Ve do not immortalize the hero triumphant in battle, lint the temple re-dedicated through the righteous prompt- F his heart ; not the war successful, hut the religion restored; not the victory material, hut the triumph spirit- ual ; not the conquest of power, but the victory of light. N T ot for territorial gain, nor for increase of power, nor for personal fame did the heroic Maccabees draw their swords. They battled for liberty of conscience, for per- sonal freedom, for human rights granted by God but trampled upon by man. It is not the memory of mere physical bravery, of mere animal courage, which makes us rejoice to-day. Israel has never been a warlike people. He exhibited greater valor in endurance than in com- bat. He followed the precepts of his Rabbis, who bade him rather to be of the persecuted than of the perse- cutors. When he took up arms, it was solely in defense of what he regarded as his God-given rights. Military glory as an end in itself he regarded as crime. Through all the centuries whose black skies reflect the gleaming fire of persecution Israel evinced a moral heroism so sublime as to eclipse all the records of war. He endured with a hero's courage because in him dwelled a hero's spirit. He preferred spiritual freedom, even at the cost of his political liberty, to that political freedom which is enslaved by mental darkness and moral degradation. Xot all are free who have cast aside their chains, nor are they all slaves who wear the shackles. Slavery or freedom exists only in the mind, and true heroism is that alone which battles for the spirit's supremacy. That man is brave who counts all things as dross in comparison with the right to think and believe and act according to the righteous dictates of his own conscience. That man is 35 546 THE SERVICE MAXUAL. brave who will sooner surrender his life than be false to his reason. That man is brave who makes truth alone his guide and principle, and unswervingly adheres to it despite temptation, threat, or suffering. That man is brave who, in the face of overwhelming numbers and overawing power, dares to maintain his rights and to defend them at all haz- ards. That man is brave who patiently endures defeat, torture, loss of possessions, of home, of human rights, yet fights on undismayed, unshaken in the belief that what is of God cannot be crushed by man. Such was the bravery of Israel in the past, and of such spiritual freedom this Festival of Re-dedication comes as a reminder. Let us give it the joyous welcome it merits. Let us kindle the lights as symbols of refulgent truth, and aided by their brilliancy, let us go forth to illumine the dark spots of the earth, to scatter the mists that still envelop the minds of men, to disperse the prejudice that still beclouds the hearts of people, to shed new lustre upon Israel's glorious past, and strive for a still more glorious future. ANTIPHON. (Choir and Congregation chant and read alternate verses.) Choir : Had not the Lord been on our side When men rose up against us, Congregation : Th''ii tli<'>/ /nt(J xiriillutt'rd i/x <tlin \Y IK ii tln'ir irrath inis kimllril mjiiitist US. Then the waters had overwhelmed us, The stream had gone over our soul. - tin \Ylin /itif/i not '/in /i //,s //.s (t }'<>/ tn tin ir t<<fh. //.lAT/vM// EVE SERVK Our soul is rsraped as a bird from tin- fowler's snare : The snare is broken, ami we are tree. Tin i, () Loi-il, fur Thou hcut freed its, ll<tt lint HIIH/I- Hltr/'irx In njon-r OVT UK. Thou hast turned our mourning into rejoiein^ ; Hast loosed our sackcloth, and girded us with gladness. }V> iritl offer unto Tin i .sv;//yx of thanksgiving ', }\', n-ill ijiri- thanks unto Tine for ever. (livat is the Lord, and highly to be praised; His mercy extends unto the ends of the earth. Tin Loril /N oar ((></ for ever <ni</ <>>/ ; lit in'// l>c our ijuldc <;rcn unto drufh. Psalms. ORISON. Minister : Thou Preserver and Comforter of all who put their trust in Thee, through Thy gracious care of us we still sojourn upon Thy earth, and because of Thy loving kind- ness we still praise Thy glorious name. We thank Thee for the sweet remembrances which this day brings and for the great hopes which it inspires. We thank Thee for the heroic spirit which in times of great need Thou didst awaken among Thy persecuted followers, and for the deeds of valor which Thou didst permit them to perform. We see Thy hand, God, in the loyalty which this fes- tive day commemorates ; we hear Thy voice in the glad tidings of freedom which then resounded to a long-enslaved people, and we recognize therein Thy desire that man shall be free; we behold in the tyrant's defeat and in the Mae- cabcan victory Thy disapprobation of every course that would strip man of his divine birthright. 548 THE SERVICE MANUAL. And Thy sheltering arm was not only about our sires of old ; their children, too, feel Thy protecting love even at this present time. Each day gives us proof of Thy care. Each hour shows us the hand that guides us safely over rugged paths and along dangerous precipices. Thou hast delivered us from the hands of tyrants, hast permitted us to sojourn in peace among a free people. Thou hast built up among us free institutions, and hast caused the fountain of knowledge to spring forth. Thou hast given us the liberty of worshipping according to the dictates of our conscience, with none to molest us or to make us afraid. Lord, make us worthy of thy mercies. When we enjoy the rich measures of Thy grace may we not forget those to whom Thou in Thy unsearchable wisdom hast not yet vouchsafed the blessings that are ours. Incline us to think that because Thou hast given much Thou wouldst have us share our blessings the more freely with those in need of them. Deepen, we beseech Thee, our sense of Thy great bounty ; help us to see why we are so blest. May we know that these good things are given for great and generous uses. The poor live in want among us ; the stranger comes to our door; near us dwell friends whose lives will be more cheerful if they may freely enter with us into peaceful intercourse. Oh, grant that Thy spirit may so touch us that we may gladly give of our broad to them that hunger and of our shelter to those who know not where to lay their heads. Teach us, Father, to imitate Thine own boundles- beneficence. As freely as we have received, so freely may we give. We would not selfishly appropriate Thy favor, but would know the deeper lli<s of ministering to others' nerds. Quicken within us the fountains of o.-ity ; warm our sympathies toward the MifVenn- of every da.-.- and clime; let no unbrotherly prejudice ever do.-r // AT/-: si:'ii\'rcE. 549 our homes or hearts against any child of Thine. Thus living aiftl thus acting, may we continue to merit Thy favor and protection, and may we, by the virtues of a dis- tinguished posterity, add new lustre to a glorious ancestry. Amen. HYMN". THE LORD OUR PROTECTOR. I'salni cxxiv. Had not the Lord, may Israel say, On Israel's side engaged, The foe had quickly swallowed us, So furiously he raged. Had not the Lord Himself vouchsafed To check his fierce control, But praised be our eternal Lord, Who left us not his prey ! The snare is broke, his rage disarmed, And we again are free. Secure in God's almighty name Our confidence remains ; The God who made both heaven and earth Of both sole monarch reigns. FESTIVAL OF RE-DEDICATION? S>?tbice. MEDITATION. (To be read in silence by Congregation.) TRUTH ENDURES, BUT FALSEHOOD FLEES. TRUTH is indestructible. However violently men have struggled against it, they have never been able to crush it. Tt has ever risen above attack, and after repeated defeats has finally triumphed all the more gloriously for its com- bat, The spiritual cannot be destroyed with earthly weap- ons. Fear may for a time silence all tongues, but no power can stay the activity of the mind. No mortal, even were he invested with the sovereignty of all the nations, can rule the world of thought. There the mind alone wields the sceptre. The short-sightedness of men renders it impossible for them at all times to recognize the full value of what is right and good. As men differ in their experiences and views, they generally pronounce that false which does not harmonize with their previous notions. When to this prejudice there is added the tendency to believe evil of others, it is easy to understand how even the most riulitt-ous are misjudged, and how the innocent become objects of calumny and hatred. That which is of God can never perish. Defy all threats and tortures, ye who arc walking in a thorny but glitrinuN path. However bitterly the evil-disposed may rail against you, the purity of your purpose is a heavenly 550 MORNING SERVICE, r>:,i shield which will turn off every barb aimed at your hearts. Armed with your imiocenee, light tlie battle to the hist, and you will win the crown of eternal life and glory. It is the weak man who fears to be in the minority; the brave looks not to numbers, but to right. Me asks not, " What will men admire?" but "What will men approve ?" They who are genuine followers of truth keep their eye steadily upon their guide, indifferent whither they are led provided that she is the leader. Firmness of mind and strength of principle are proof against every fate. They are cowardly who, recognizing the truth, fear to proclaim it ; who, seeing the wrong, fear to expose it. They are weak who are honest to-day and base to-morrow ; who are ever vacillating between fear and duty ; who one day set virtue aside for fear of incurring the opposition of man, and another day pursue it because they think that honor is to be won without risk or loss. He who would be true to his convictions, who would be just and fair in all his dealings, truthful and zealous for the public weal, must be prepared to meet opposition. The envious assail every good which they have not themselves projected or accomplished ; the avaricious oppose every undertaking that runs counter to their selfish plans. The worthless, unable to perceive that others are better than themselves, attribute base sentiments even to the best of men, and believe that the most upright acts are dictated by selfish motives. But if your convictions are well founded, if you have tried them by the test of your conscience and conceive them to be in accordance with the will of God, if you firmly believe that you are in the right, or that what you undertake is for the benefit of the world, then do not hesitate to remain faithful to yourself. Every obstacle will but stimulate you to greater exertion, and 552 THE SERVICE MANUAL. will prevent you from relaxing in your efforts ; every contradiction, every objection, will make you reflect, and perhaps turn your attention to points on which you have erred. Such opposition will therefore tend to purify rious. And should the storms that assail you prove too violent and your courage and strength threaten to give way. iv~ member that God is with you still. If you fail, what do you lose ? Perhaps the fame of a moment, perhaps the accumulations of a life's toil. But these losses concern not the soul nor the truth for which we strive. Remain faithful until the end. Delusion may triumph, but the triumphs of delusion are but for a day. The good man may fail the good cause, never. (Minister and Congregation read alternate verses.) Min inter : Contend for the truth unto death, And the Lord will fight for thee. Congregation : Do not speak against the tritf/i ; And when thou lackest hmnrk-ilyi-. krrp xilfnt. Rely not on power unlawfully acquired : It will not avail thee in the day of calamity. Make not thy<(f mi innlrrl!,,<j In u fonlish man. And bow not <Ioim I fort- tin mighty. Devise not falsehood against thy brother ; Neither do the like against thy friend. Utter no falsehood > "//. F<n- tlir hul,!f nf If CO.net nnf In <jnn<l. MORNING SERVICE. 553 The birds will resort unto their like ; So will truth return unto them that praetise it. Truth /.s thi- hri<l<j<' that co/i/ix-fs xirth in'f/i limn n. In tin 1 croirn of rirtut 1 truth is tin- brightest Jewel, He who strives for truth and speaks it Is better than he who gives charity and does penance. 7 ' ////// of hint i/ ciimrs hi/ irnft-r ; jniriti/ of in! ml, l>y truth; Tin- lunij> of truth is a liyht to knmrlrilyr. Falsehood is common, truth is rare ; Yet truth endureth while falsehood must flee. Truth is the siyiiff of the Lord ; He that has (ruth in his heart has God for his guide. Ben Sirach. Talmud. FRIENDS OF FREEDOM. . (Slightly altered.) Friends of freedom ! ye who stand With no weapon in your hand Save a purpose stern and grand All men to set free, Welcome ! Freedom stands in need Of true men in thought and deed Men who have this only creed, That they will not flee. Though we are but two or three, Sure of triumph we should be ; We our promised land shall see, Though the way seems long ; Every fearless word we speak Makes sin's stronghold bend and creak Tyranny is always weak, Truth is always strong. 554 THE SERVICE MANUAL. All the hero-spirits vast Who have sanctified the past, Bearing witness to the last. Fight upon our part ; We can never be forlorn ; He who has a triumph borne From the Greek's and Syrian's scorn Gives us hope and heart. EXHORTATION. GET THEE ABROAD AND BE THOU A BLESSING, Minister : The true Jewish heart swells with pride at the recollec- tion of the heroic achievements which, in radiant hues, loom up to-day before our mental view. To-day all the people of Israel, whatever be the opinions and differences that divide them, send forth in unison their joyous notes of praise and thanksgiving in memory of that signal vic- tory which has made the occasion of this festival glorious and immortal. During this week homes are illuminated wherever worthy descendants of the Maccabees are found. Wherever the brave Maccabean spirit still pervades the heart, there is rejoicing to-day, and young and old sing their joyous hymns commemorative of that glorious tri- umph of which this festival marks an anniversary. On this day, more than two thousand years ago, Jerusalem resounded with songs of triumph. The name of Judas Maecabee lived in praise upon every lip. and the gorgeous temple, cleansed and purilinl and re-dedicated to the service of the one <!od, stood on its lofty mount as 11 proud \\it- D6Sa to a loyal people's valor. We hail with delight such days as the>e. for they are fraught with blessings. Before our mental view they lead in panoramic succession the wondrous history of our race our .-truuule- and our vie- '//.l.vr/vM// Mui;\L\<; MKVH'I:. lories. our sufferings and our rejoicings, our glory and our shame. And when the visions have passed there; ever re- mains the undying conviction that higher Will and Wisdnm guides our way and shapes our end. and decrees that as a people we shall he as indestructible as is truth and faith. Thrust into the lire, we emerge the better for our burn- ing. Cut asunder, each part becomes the stronger for the severanre. Heat cannot scorch us nor separation divide us. Age does not diminish the freshness of our bloom ; climate does not affect the hardiness of our strengjbh. The people that lives after a thousand struggles such as neither Home nor Sparta nor Athens nor Carthage ever faced, the people that lives after eighteen centuries of cruel suffer- ings and is more numerous to-day than ever before, that people lives because destiny has preserved it, because the world still has need of it, because it has been divinely entrusted with a great mission. What is the divinely-entrusted mission which has been the source of our sorrows yet the source of our joys, the cause of our defeats yet the cause of our triumphs ? To rightly answer this question we must retrace our steps to Abraham, the founder of our people to him who sojourned among the idolatrous Chaldeans of old, where he felt himself divinely called to leave his country, his home, and his people, and to go forth into the world as a servant of the true God and as a teacher of man. In the words u Get thee abroad and be thou a bless- ing " lies the secret of Israel's great achievements in the past, and in them, too, lies the possibility of yet greater achievements in the future. " Get thee abroad and become a blessing like Abraham of old." "Like the brave Maccabeans, go forth to cham- pion the cause of truth." " Thou hast been entrusted with a divine mission; thou hast survived under it; thou hast 556 THE SERVICE MANUAL. been spared for it ; therefore live it that thou mayest be worthy of it ; discharge it faithfully, that in thee and through thee mankind may be blessed." Such are the messages that this festival brings to us. Oh, that we might heed their bidding! There is as much demand for heroism of spirit now as in olden times, yet the task is not as difficult nor the risk as perilous. We are no longer required to leave home or country, nor to face mighty hosts in arms. There are sacred duties to be performed in our homes, even at our very doors. Where man's right to worship according to the dictates of his conscience is infringed upon, where vice sup- presses virtue, where error overrides truth, where might oppresses right, there are sacred duties to be done duties which, when faithfully performed, are as great and glorious as those achieved by Abraham or even by the valiant Maccabees. Not yet has the time of heroes passed. The days of valor are not yet over. Opportunities for per- forming glorious and immortal deeds are still at our beck. Not yet are realized all those ideals for which the brave Mae- cabeans fought and bled and died. Liberty of conscience is not yet the universal boon. Not yet is truth victorious everywhere. It is beautiful to hold the bravery of our an- cestors in grateful remembrance, but still more beautiful is it to add to their valorous deeds our own. The time has not yet come when we may idly surrender ourselves to the enjoyment of past achievements. Services equally as heroic and beneficial await our championship. When tin- flag of mental and moral freedom will fly from every capital dome, from every church spire and turret; when every sword shall have changed to plowshare, every armory to factory, every prison to school-house ; when the song of peace on earth and good-will among men will be intoned in every House of Worship; when every country will 'y/.i.vrAM// i/o/.'.v/.v,' ,s7-:/M7r/-;. 557 be cleansed from corruption and every home from sin ; when every heart and altar will he dedicated to truth and jnstiee. and in every mind the perpetual light of rea- son will he kindled, then, and not till then, will he the time to sheathe our spiritual weapons and sing songs of victory and hymns of praise for evermore. ANTIPHON. (Cfmir <i<l <'<>!ir<n<ttinii chnnt and mid (t/tmuiteverses). Choir: Oh. give thanks unto the Lord, for He is good, And His mercy endureth for ever. ( Congregation : I17/o ex/I itfft-r f/ir niiijlitij acts of the Lord, Or slmtr forth all His praise f Blessed are they that keep judgment, And they that do righteousness at all times. Blessed the man that walketli not in the counsel of the wicked, That standrth not iritli .s/'/f//o-x, nor sitteth with the scornful. But his delight is in the law of the Lord ; And in His law doth he meditate day and night. Tin n-ickrd (ire not so ; I tut are Ufa- the chaff which the iriiitl driveth away. Therefore the wicked shall not stand in judgment, Nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous. For the Lon/ knoircfh tin- inn/ of the righteous ; /inf tln> irni/ of il,< /riff,;,/ ,,//// f,rrish, He shall not be afraid of evil tidings : His heart is fixed, trusting in the Lord. ///N Inm-t /s i'stiiIi/ix/1,1/. Iir .s7/'/// not he afraid, I ut it he ,sv^ .s tl,, n furu of ///x nt/r, i Buries. Psalm. 558 THE SERVICE MANUAL. PRAYER. Min i.sfer : O God, fervently we pray Thee, incline all oppressors to remember Thy commandments, to do justly, and to love mercy. Oh, may they know what a blessed opportunity for well-doing is afforded them in Thy providence ! Deliver them from the slavery of selfishness and the blindm-s> of custom. Cause them to reverence Thy sacred image in the soul of man. Fill the hearts of all people with a sin- cere love of liberty. Upon all souls stamp the law which prohibits us from doing unto others what would be painful unto us. While we pursue our various duties, may we undertake no employment on which we cannot hope for Thy blessing. And give us such a portion of Thy grace, Lord, we beseech Thee, that we may desire to do not only that which is in some degree beneficial, but that which is most excellent and most useful. May no spirit of self-indul- gence, no love of ease, no dread of opposition, no fear of shame, prevent our laying out our lives heartily in Thy service. Make us willing in all respects to deny ourselves that we may live unto Thee. Teach us to enter into the spirit of those Maccabees of old, who feared not to lay down their lives when duty called them to serve their God, their country, and their fellow-men. When truth knocks at the door of our hearts, may no intolerance or prejudice forbid its entrance. Gladly may we hail every message of duty, however severe the toil or rn.-tly the sacrifice to which it calls us. To Thy mes- H-iiiivrs, whether of joy or urief, of life or death, may we lend attentive ear. Father. dispo>r u to a sincere sympathy with all men. Inspire us with aetive beiiel'irenec ; assist us in diffusing //.l.\TAM// MOI;M.\<; SERVICE. our affections so that we may embrace in kind iv-.ml all beings capable of happiness : and give us wisdom to and vigor to carry out works of puldic and private good, .May our sons.- o!' Thy presence be ever clearer and our conception of Thy goodness ever brighter. May our love of virtue become more intense, our gratitude more spon- taneous, our good-will more generous, than ever before. Amen. HYMN'. TRUTH IS VICTORIOUS. (Ireat Arbiter of human fate, Whose glory ne'er decays, To Thee alone we dedicate The song and soul of praise. Thy presence Judah's host inspired On danger's post to rush; By Thee the Maccabee was fired The despot foes to crush. Amid the ruins of their land, A Stood forth a brave but scanty band To battle for their Shrine. In bitterness of soul they wept Without the temple walls, For weeds around its courts had crept, And foes camped in its halls. Not long to vain regrets they yield, Hut for their cherished fame, Nerved by true faith, they take the field, And victory obtain. 560 THE SERVICE MANUAL. But whose the power, whose the hand, Wliii-h thus to triumph led That sh-mlrr but heroic band From which blasphemers fled ? 'Twas Thine, (.) everlasting King And universal Lord ! Whose wonder still Thy servants sing, And ever shall record. And thus shall Mercy's hand delight To cleanse the blemished heart, Rekindle heaven's waning light, And truth and peace impart. INDEX. SUBJECTS OF MEDITATIONS. PAfJK -As we Sow, so wo Reap ~~><> Better Failure in Right than Success- in Wrong 88 Bible 5(> Blessings <>f llu\> <Adavh-d,wUh<uldJti<m8rframM.J.Siway) . 457 Civil Lihrrty 435. Conclusion and Coin men cement 522 Cultivation of tlie Mind :.'! IVutli not yet the End 384 Destiny of Man (Adapt til frii-ni . J. //./>. Zch<&ke) 335, Divine Mind in the World of .Mutter Atlnptnl from Theo, Parker] 68 Duty 64 Education 7<? Fear of IVath (Adn it f,'tl from J. If. D. Zschokke\ 3^1 Give Liberally but Wisely 92 Grandeur of Man ( A<l<ij>fl, iritli additions, from Thecr. Partner) . 72* Life Measured by Virtue, not by Year* 15 Moral Freedom (Adapted fmm W. K Chanrring-) 449 Need of Atonement _ . . 276- New Year, New Era 264 Religion Strengthens and Ennobles 5fa 475 Religion the Basis of Morality 481 Retribution (Adapted from J. H. D. Zschokke) 52" S;U)buth 48 Self-denial a Source of Virtue (Adapted from W. E. Chant) nig) . 346 J. Snrnge-) .->()."> Sins of Omission (Adapted from Zstchokke) 209 Thanksgiving Fairest Blossom of the Soul 498 Touch Not the Anointed of the Lord 428 Truth Endures, but Falsehood Flees Worth of a Good Name 80 3d if, I INDEX. SUBJECTS OF EXHORTATIONS. PAGl All Things Work for Good (Adapted from M. J. Savage) .... 340 Call for Eeconciliation between Man and Man ... ... _>-;) Call for Kepentance o>-> Darkness before the Dawn 364 Day of Fast will become Day of Joy 398 Divinity Shapes our Ends 330 and J. H. D. Zschokke) 4(>1 Gain from Pain 352 Glorification of God 405 Import of Religious Training in Childhood 486 Importance of Eeligion to a Free People (Adapted from W. E. * Channimj) 535 Mystery of the Hereafter % 378 from W. E. Channing) . . 5 12 Power of Conscience (Adapted from J. H. D. Zschokke) . . . . 309 Religious Liberty 440 Trials of Life 359 True Freedom ~>n 562 INDEX. FIRST LINES OF HYMNS. Cherish fjiitli in one another 83 Come, O Sabbath day, and bring (<?. (JotttetJ) 51 Freemen, we our chartered righto (Jo. .Ffttti) r>.~> Friends of freedom, ye who stand (J. R. Lowell) 553 <iod, Thou art good ! Karh perfumed flower ( E. L. !<\>!lcn) . . 71 Gone anot lier year (Jos. KnniNkopf) 2o'3 Great Arbiter of human fate (Penina Mo'ise) 559 Had not the Lord, may Israel say ( I'snfm c.rj-ir., Scottish I 'crxion ;. ."">!!) Happy who in early youth (,/</. K. (inthcim) 19-J Heads tliat think and hearts that feel ' (i. \V. limn^tr, .... 87 Here is the spring where waters flow < Auou.) 59 I do not ask, O Lord, that life may be (A. A. Procter i ...... #5 I know not what the year may bring 275 In peace with all the world we'll live 404 Into the tomb of ages passed (I'cnina Mo'ixci 2b'H It is not death to die (('. Muliin, tr. by (i. \\\ lit'thum-) 471 Kindle the taper like the steadfast star (Emma Lazarus) . . . 543 Let Israel trust in God alone 493 Let such as feel oppression's load (Morrison)* 521 Live for something, be not idle 5:27 Look around thee! Say how long (R. C. Waterston) (i7 Lord of the harvest, Thee we hail (.7. //. (inrm-i/) 511 Lord, what offerings shall we bring (Thos. R. Taylor) 504 (lay of God ( ' Tran*l. from the (iennmn 297 Oh, bright the day that dawneth now S. IT. Krut) 5.", I Oh, happy is the man who hears I l>k. of Common /'/vn/v.s i ">\|-j Oh, in the morn of life, when youth (Bk. of Common Prayers) . 492 Oh, let the soul its slumber break (From the >>//.s7t) 91 Oli. what is man, Great Maker of mankind? (John /AjnV.M . . 75 Oh, what is man. Omnipotent .'{")! O Lord, Thy all-discerning eye (John Q. Adams) 5.~i < >ppression shall not always reign (Henry ]Vnn', Jr.) 117 Our Father, to Thy love we owe (W. C. Bryant) 1H 563 564 JSDEX. PAGE Soul, why art thou troubled so? ( TransL fr<rm German by Simms). 376. Suppliant, low, Thy children bend (Thos. Gray, Jr.) 4H7 The mind has no to-day. The present things (T. K Hervey) . 79 The spacious firmament on high (Jos. Addisou) 410 The statutes of the Lord are just (Bk. of Common Prayers) . . . 494 The sullen ice has crept from many fields (Tr. from Hebrew by Deb. Kl. Janowitz) 439 The world may change from old to new (S. F. Adams) 463 Three things there are that to my eyes (Sol. Ibn Gabirol, tr. by To Thee, above all creatures'" gaze (Mansell) 434 To Thee we give ourselves to-day (Q. Gottheil) 281 Thy faithful servant, Lord, doth yearn (/8W. Ibn Gabirol, tr. by Unveil my eyes, that of Thy law (Scottish Version) 479 Welcome, ye deep and silent shades (Sam' I Willard) 14 What is death ? Oh, what is death ? 389 When this song of praise shall cease ( W. C. Bryant) 39 While on this earth ye stay (C. Godfrey) 95 Who is the angel that cometh ? (L. A. Proctor) 369 Witness, ye men and women, now (Bk. of Common Prayers) . . 496 Words that stabbed and looks that smote (Cora Wilburn) ... 308 Youth, when devoted to the Lord (Bk. of Common Prayers) . . 480 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO \$1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. NOV 4 1931 'E: tJCT B u U OCT K 7,'37 / / I OH UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.22836068272590637, "perplexity": 24885.707557775484}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662705.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00285-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://slawekk.wordpress.com/2009/04/26/isarmathlin-version-168-released/	## IsarMathLib version 1.6.8 released This release is the first version of the IsarMathLib library for the new Isabelle2009. There is a little bit of new formalized mathematics as well. The new CommutativeSemigroup_ZF theory is another take on the subject of summing up elements of some finite subset of a semigroup. This is similar to what was done in the Semigroup theory, but this time the approach is more specific to the case when the semigroup operation is commutative and does not require a linear order on the elements that we are summing up. This formalizes the definition of $\sum_A a$ where $a: X \rightarrow G$ is an indexed family of elements of the semigroup $G$ and $A\subseteq X$ is some finite subset of the index set. I have written a bit about it that previously. I also added a couple of theorems on the notion of lifting an operation to subsets. This is just a name I came up with for the operation on subsets of $X$ that is defined naturally by any binary operation on $X$. I discussed this in the “Interval arithmetic in groups – pass 2” post.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 6, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7347606420516968, "perplexity": 243.15242174650808}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946256.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423223408-20180424003408-00231.warc.gz"}
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/664476	Format Choose Destination Vopr Med Khim. 1978 Jan-Feb;24(1):102-8. # [Effect of the nonspecific biogenic stimulators pentoxyl and mumie on metabolic processes]. [Article in Russian] ### Abstract Unspecific biogenic stimulants (pentoxyl and mummie) accelerated metabolism of nucleic acids and protein in rat liver tissue. After the treatment with the stimulants the rate of lipolysis exceeded that of lipogenesis. Increase in content of lactate was similar if glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate were used as substrates of glycolysis, but it was stimulated 2-3-fold, when glucose was used; the phenomenon appears to be due to activation of hexokinase. As shown by polarographic measurements mitochondrial respiration was increased in all the metabolic states, but increased doses caused an inhibition of phosphorylation apparently due to functional overstrain of mitochondria. Increased doses of the stimulants accelerated also some other metabolic processes studied, but the effects were not dose-dependent. Pentoxyl and mummie apparently increased processes of protein and nuclei acid metabolism and stimulated the energy-providing reactions. PMID: 664476 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Support Center	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8308449387550354, "perplexity": 26323.928736766637}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583795042.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121152218-20190121174218-00563.warc.gz"}
https://socratic.org/questions/a-number-is-3-more-than-4-times-the-sum-of-its-digits-if-the-digits-are-intercha	Algebra Topics # A number is 3 more than 4 times the sum of its digits. If the digits are interchanged, the resulting number is 9 more than the given number. How do you find the Number? Aug 31, 2016 $n = 23$ #### Explanation: Keeping a two digit number, let $n = 10 a + b$ then {(10a+b=4(a+b)+3), (10b+a=10a+b+9):} Solving for $a , b$ we obtain $a = 2$ and $b = 3$ so the number is $n = 23$ ##### Impact of this question 2223 views around the world	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 7, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.735423743724823, "perplexity": 673.9731080841274}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361064.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202024322-20211202054322-00586.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/notation-abuse.73091/	# Notation abuse? 1. Apr 25, 2005 ### quasar987 Is it generally acceptable to write the following: $$a_0 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_{-n} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_{n}$$ as $$\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}a_{n}$$ ? 2. Apr 25, 2005 ### T@P i would accept it. but i speak for myself :rofl: 3. Apr 25, 2005 ### HallsofIvy Staff Emeritus Seems reasonable to me! (I remember a classmate saying "by abuse of notation ... " and the professor say "lets not be that abusive!") 4. Apr 25, 2005 ### whozum Series can have negative values for n? I thought the 'n' just denoted the active term? 5. Apr 25, 2005 ### quasar987 Haha, good quote. 6. Apr 25, 2005 ### robert Ihnot Last edited: Apr 25, 2005 7. Apr 26, 2005 ### whozum $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_{-n}$$ I'm talking about that.. if you take a term from that sum, it is term 'a sub -1' for example, that doesnt really make sense.. you cant count -1 things.. 8. Apr 26, 2005 ### robert Ihnot whozum: you cant count -1 things.. If you see it that way, then you won't be writing it! But, no one said anything about counting -1 things. The subscript simply identifies the term. One might have used letters, say Greek letters like A sub Alpha. Again, if you will look through the reference I gave, you will see a sum that runs from -infinity to -1. Are you going to claim that is not possible? If so, argue with Wolfram Research! Last edited: Apr 26, 2005 9. Apr 26, 2005 ### Lonewolf Well, there is a one-to-one correspondence between positive and negative integers, so you can if you're willing to be flexible with your definition of counting. There's also a one-to-one correspondence between the positive integers and integers as a whole. So, for that reason, the notation makes sense. 10. Apr 26, 2005 ### master_coda Of course, the notation makes even more sense when you realize that the subscript has absolutely nothing to do with counting... 11. Apr 26, 2005 ### whozum The subscript in the series term a_n denotes the term number, The first term is a_1.. the second term a_2.. the nth term a_n.. It doesnt make sense to say "the negative first term in the sequence is a_{-1}".. To me atleast. 12. Apr 26, 2005 ### dextercioby But what do you if u wanna write $$\sum_{n=0}^{+\infty} a_{n}\frac{1}{n^{2}+7}$$ and u want to include the negative values too...? What's wring with $$\sum_{-\infty}^{+\infty} a_{n}\frac{1}{n^{2}+7}$$ ? Daniel. 13. Apr 26, 2005 ### Data I usually use the notation $$\sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} a_n$$ for this. Nothing wrong with writing out the indices explicitly though. 14. Apr 26, 2005 ### master_coda What makes you think that the $a_n$'s are supposed to form a sequence? In fact, even if they did form a sequence, there's no reason to assume that the subscripts have to equal the term number; that's just usually convenient. 15. Apr 26, 2005 ### whozum Well my experience with series and sequences terminates at Calc 2.. so I haven't dealt with them in a year.. but I was introduced with the explicit relationship that "The first term is a_1.. the second term a_2.. the nth term a_n." And in plain english having a 'negative xth something' doesnt make sense.. well essentially its a sum of a bunch of terms.. and with the abovep aragraph.. i guess im oging in circles. 16. Apr 26, 2005 ### master_coda I can see where you're saying...but that's not what subscripts mean. You can define a sequence $a_1,a_2,a_3,\dotsc$ where the first term is $a_1$, then second is $a_2$, and so on, but it's not necessary to define a sequence that way. I can define a sequence $a_1,b_1,a_2,b_2,\dotsc$ if that's more convenient. Or I can use any other labelling scheme I want. After all, they're just labels that I'm attaching to terms of the sequence. So there's nothing wrong with having a sequence $a_{-1},a_{-2},\dotsc$. Of course, the nth term won't be $a_n$, but that might not be important. Or it might be important; for example, if I have the sequence $a_1,b_1,a_2,b_2,\dotsc$ then I might want to relabel the terms as $c_1,c_2,c_3,c_4,\dotsc$. That doesn't change the sequence in any way, it just lets me use a more convenient notation. And just because you're using subscripts, it doesn't automatically mean you're refering to terms of a sequence anyway. For example, I can define a function as $f_c(x)=x+c$, where $c$ is any real number. Then $f_1$ and $f_2$ and $f_{-0.32}$ and $f_\pi$ are all functions; it's not important that it doesn't make sense for there to be a pi'th term in a sequence, because $f_\pi$ isn't supposed to be the pi'th term of a sequence. It's just a convenient label that I chose. 17. Apr 26, 2005 ### Hurkyl Staff Emeritus The general notion is of a sequence indexed by an index set I. In the usual case with which all of you are familiar, the index set is the natural numbers, N. The indices of your sequence are the elements of the index set. So, in a normal sequence, the indices are 0, 1, 2, ... (or 1, 2, 3, ..., depending on how you define N) The fact that we like to write sequences as an ordered list is not part of the concept of sequence. It comes from the fact we like to have an ordering on the natural numbers. We consider a0 is the first element of the sequence {a} precisely because we consider 0 to be the first element of the index set. We can always choose other orderings. For instance, I may choose to order N as: 1 < 0 < 3 < 2 < 5 < 4 < ... Then, using this ordering, the same sequence {a} would then be written: a1, a0, a3, a2, ... When using sequences in calculus, the chosen ordering on the index set is often important. I won't bore you with the details, but the fact we order the integers as: ... < -2 < -1 < 0 < 1 < 2 < ... is important to the meaning of the statement $$\sum_{n \ -\infty}^{\infty} a_n = \sum _{n \in \mathbb{Z}} a_n$$ because of where the "..."s occur. If we chose to order the integers differently, say: ... < -3 < -1 < 1 < 3 < ... < ... < -4 < -2 < 0 < 2 < 4 < ... Then the infinite sum over the integers would acquire a different meaning. (In particular, if the former is defined, the latter is the same, but the latter can be defined for more series) Now, so far I've only used countable sets -- that is mildly misleading. While sequences are most commonly used with countable index sets, that is not always the case. For example, sometimes it is useful to consider a sequence whose indices range over R, or even more complicated sets! Any set whatsoever is permitted to serve as the indices. I've also been misleading in a different way -- we don't always care about an ordering of the index set. As I mentioned, ordering is not part of the sequence concept, and there are, indeed, applications where we never bother to order the index set. 18. Apr 26, 2005 ### master_coda Actually, I've almost never seen anyone call something a sequence unless it was indexed on the natural numbers. And in fact the ordering is often considered to be relevant to the concept of a sequence; even the rare generalized definitions that I've seen used have required that the index set be well-ordered. However, I think we're basically making the same argument; most of the time, $a_n$ is just part of an indexed set, and our indicies don't have to be from the natural numbers. Whether or not we chose to call the indexed set a sequence isn't really important. Last edited: Apr 26, 2005 19. Apr 26, 2005 ### whozum This is probably why I'm having trouble accepting this. Hurkyl, I feel bad having made you type all that out ot prove such a trivial point. 20. Apr 26, 2005 ### master_coda I don't see what your point of view has to do with the remark I made. Even by the restricted definition I was using, $(a_{-n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ is still a sequence. You were arguing that it was not.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9072468280792236, "perplexity": 634.453353538718}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544672.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00390-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/CN/10.3866/PKU.WHXB19880504	### 苯胺在银和金电极上的表面增强拉曼光谱 1. 厦门大学化学系; 长春应用化学研究所 • 收稿日期:1988-04-11 修回日期:1988-06-17 发布日期:1988-10-15 • 通讯作者: 田中群 ### SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF ANILINE ON Ag AND Au ELECTRODES Tian Zhonqun*; Lei Liangcai; Jing Xiabin 1. Department of Chemistry; Xiamen University; Xiamen Changchun Insitute of Applied Chemistry; Changchun • Received:1988-04-11 Revised:1988-06-17 Published:1988-10-15 • Contact: Tian Zhonqun Abstract: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides a powerful means of obtaining information on adsorbate/surface interactions in view of its unique sensitivity~[4]. With SERS, we started a preliminary study of the adsorption and subsequent electropolymerization of aniline on Ag and Au electrodes respectively. A set of potential-dependent SER spectra of aniline adsorbed at Ag electrodes are shown in figure 1. The charateristic adsorbate-surface vibrations around 306 and 226 cm~(-1) indicate that aniline is adsorbed via its N atom and at more positive potentials Cl~- is coadsorbed with aniline on the surface. With increasingly negative potentials, the considerable changes of the SER spectra are mainly due to that adsorbed aniline changes its orientation from perpendicular to parallel to the surface, which is in contrast to the case of Ag/pyridine system~[7]. In another series of SERS experiments aniline was oxidized at Au electrodes as the potential was moved in positive direction (fig.2). The SER spectrum at +0.8 V is very similar to that of polyaniline at the same potential. It follows that the ppolymerization of aniline has taken place on the Au electrode. At less positive potentials (around +0.3 V) the distinct differences of the SER spectra with a high luminesence background are presumably due to the formation of oligomers of aniline at the surface.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4118169844150543, "perplexity": 7201.549663548367}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034877.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625065404-20220625095404-00594.warc.gz"}
https://lara.epfl.ch/w/sav08/sets_and_relations?rev=1267218189	# LARA This is an old revision of the document! # Sets and Relations ## Sets Sets are unordered collection of elements. We denote a finite set containing only elements , and by . The order and number of occurrences does not matter: . • iff Empty set: . For every we have . To denote large or infinite sets we can use set comprehensions: is set of all objects with property . $ y \in \{ x. P(x) \} \ \leftrightarrow\ P(y)$ Notation for set comprehension: Sometimes the binder can be inferred from context so we write simply . In general there is ambiguity in which variables are bound. (Example: what does the in refer to in the expression: $ \{a \} \cup \{ f(a,b) \mid P(a,b) \}$ does it refer to the outerone as in or is it a newly bound variable? The notation with dot and bar resolves this ambiguity. Subset: means $ A \cup B = \{ x. x \in A \lor x \in B \}$ $ A \cap B = \{ x. x \in A \land x \in B \}$ $ A \setminus B = \{ x. x \in A \land x \notin B \}$ Boolean algebra of subsets of some set (we define ): • are associative, commutative, idempotent • neutral and zero elements: , • absorption: , • deMorgan laws: , • complement as partition of universal set: , • double complement: Which axioms are sufficient? ### Infinte Unions and Intersections Note that sets can be nested. Consider, for example, the following set $ S = \{ \{ p, \{q, r\} \}, r \}$ This set has two elements. The first element is another set. We have . Note that it is not the case that Suppose that we have a set that contains other sets. We define union of the sets contained in as follows: $ \bigcup B = \{ x.\ \exists a. a \in B \land x \in a \}$ As a special case, we have $ \bigcup \{ a_1, a_2, a_3 \} = a_1 \cup a_2 \cup a_3$ Often the elements of the set are computed by a set comprehension of the form . We then write $ \bigcup_{i \in J} f(i)$ and the meaning is $ \bigcup \{ f(i).\ i \in J \}$ Therefore, is equivalent to . We analogously define intersection of elements in the set: $ \bigcap B = \{ x. \forall a. a \in B \rightarrow x \in a \}$ As a special case, we have $ \bigcap \{ a_1, a_2, a_3 \} = a_1 \cap a_2 \cap a_3$ We similarly define intersection of an infinite family $ \bigcap_{i \in J} f(i)$ and the meaning is $ \bigcap \{ f(i).\ i \in J \}$ Therefore, is equivalent to . ## Relations Pairs: $ (a,b) = (u,v) \iff (a = u \land b = v)$ Cartesian product: $ A \times B = \{ (x,y) \mid x \in A \land y \in B \}$ Relations is simply a subset of , that is . Note: $ A \times (B \cap C) = (A \times B) \cap (A \times C)$ $ A \times (B \cup C) = (A \times B) \cup (A \times C)$ #### Diagonal relation , is given by $ \Delta_A = \{(x,x) \mid x \in A\}$ ### Set operations Relations are sets of pairs, so operations apply. ### Relation Inverse $ r^{-1} = \{(y,x) \mid (x,y) \in r \}$ ### Relation Composition $ r_1 \circ r_2 = \{ (x,z) \mid \exists y. (x,y) \in r_1 \land (y,z) \in r_2\}$ Note: relations on a set together with relation composition and form a monoid structure: $\begin{array}{l} r_1 \circ (r_2 \circ r_3) = (r_1 \circ r_2) \circ r_3 \\ r \circ \Delta_A = r = \Delta_A \circ r \end{array}$ Moreover, $ \emptyset \circ r = \emptyset = r \circ \emptyset$ $ r_1 \subseteq r_2 \rightarrow r_1 \circ s \subseteq r_2 \circ s$ $ r_1 \subseteq r_2 \rightarrow s \circ r_1 \subseteq s \circ r_2$ ### Relation Image When and we define image of a set under relation as $ S\bullet r = \{ y.\ \exists x. x \in S \land (x,y) \in r \}$ ### Transitive Closure Iterated composition let . $\begin{array}{l} r^0 = \Delta_A \\ r^{n+1} = r \circ r^n \end{array}$ So, is n-fold composition of relation with itself. Transitive closure: $ r^* = \bigcup_{n \geq 0} r^n$ Equivalent statement: is equal to the least relation (with respect to ) that satisfies $ \Delta_A\ \cup\ (s \circ r)\ \subseteq\ s$ or, equivalently, the least relation (with respect to ) that satisfies $ \Delta_A\ \cup\ (r \circ s)\ \subseteq\ s$ or, equivalently, the least relation (with respect to ) that satisfies $ \Delta_A\ \cup\ r \cup (s \circ s)\ \subseteq\ s$ ### Some Laws in Algebra of Relations $ (r_1 \circ r_2)^{-1} = r_2^{-1} \circ r_1^{-1}$ $ r_1 \circ (r_2 \cup r_3) = (r_1 \circ r_2) \cup (r_1 \circ r_3)$ $ (r^{-1})^{} = (r^{})^{-1}$ Binary relation can be represented as a directed graph with nodes and edges • Graphical representation of , , and Equivalence relation is relation with these properties: • reflexive: • symmetric: • transitive: Equivalence classes are defined by $ x/r = \{y \mid (x,y) \in r$ The set is a partition: • each set non-empty • sets are disjoint • their union is Conversely: each collection of sets that is a partition defines equivalence class by $ r = \{ (x,y) \mid \exists c \in P. x \in c \land y \in c \}$ Congruence: equivalence that agrees with some set of operations. Partial orders: • reflexive • antisymmetric: • transitive ## Functions Example: an example function for , is $f = \{ (a,3), (b,2), (c,3) \}$ Definition of function, injectivity, surjectivity. - the set of all functions from to . For it is a strictly bigger set than . (think of exponentiation on numbers) Note that is isomorphic to , they are two ways of representing functions with two arguments. There is also isomorphism between • n-tuples and • functions , where ### Function update Function update operator takes a function and two values , and creates a new function that behaves like in all points except at , where it has value . Formally, $f[a_0 \mapsto b_0](x) = \left\{\begin{array}{l} b_0, \mbox{ if } x=a_0 \\ f(x), \mbox{ if } x \neq a_0$ ### Domain and Range of Relations and Functions For relation we define domain and range of : $ dom(r) = \{ x.\ \exists y. (x,y) \in r \}$ $ ran(r) = \{ y.\ \exists x. (x,y) \in r \}$ Clearly, and . ### Partial Function Notation: means . Partial function is relation such that $ \forall x \in A. \exists^{\le 1} y.\ (x,y)\in f$ Generalization of function update is override of partial functions, ### Range, Image, and Composition The following properties follow from the definitions: $ (S \bullet r_1) \bullet r_2 = S \bullet (r_1 \circ r_2)$ $ S \bullet r = ran(\Delta_S \circ r)$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9916890263557434, "perplexity": 1281.485231858503}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739177.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814040920-20200814070920-00245.warc.gz"}
https://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=435894	× INTELLIGENT WORK FORUMS FOR ENGINEERING PROFESSIONALS Are you an Engineering professional? Join Eng-Tips Forums! • Talk With Other Members • Be Notified Of Responses • Keyword Search Favorite Forums • Automated Signatures • Best Of All, It's Free! Eng-Tips's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail. By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. #### Posting Guidelines Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. # AN3 hole tolerance question3 ## AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) hi all, I'm working on the wing spars of a 2 seats light kit airplane. The spars are already drilled and assembled by the factory. Here an image of the root part: I found out that the thread-lock-paint on some AN3 bolts was broken, so I wanted to re-torque them. But I was surprised that the bolt had quite some play in the hole. The bolt has a dia of: 0.1870 inch The holes vary from 0.1900 to 0.1950 inch Is this too much? I though about going to a NAS6603-16 bolt because they are a bit thicker: 0.1885 to 0.1895 inch. But these are shear bolts and have a shorter thread, so it will be difficult to use a standard washer and AN365-1032 nut and still have 1 to 3 threads protruding. Are these joins in shear or tension? What would be the best solution? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question Do the measurements you are making match with the dimensions in the kit drawings? What do the drawings say about fit for bolts? Structural bolts are generally transition fit so there should be no "play". From the AN3 spec sheet the diametrical range is 0.186 to 0.189 so the holes are suspect to me. I would get in touch with the kit manufacturer and describe your problem. Do not change the fastener type or size without talking to them first. Keep em' Flying //Fight Corrosion! ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question to me the hole looks ok, like a usage 2 fit. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) @LiftDivergence I've asked the kit manufacturer and the reply was that the holes are "okay"... On the drawings, I have, no hole dimensions are written, so that I don't know. Based on the info I have, a 3/16 or #12 drill/reamer should be used for AN3: 0.1875 - 0.1890 inch So the pre-drilled holes 0.1895 - 0.1950 seem to have too much "play". That's why I'm concerned. I'm thinking about the forces on these bolts, these bolts hold the outside spar doublers (around 15 inch long) at the root of the spar. Are these only for thickening the spar at the root and are the forces primarily in tension, in that case I can imagine that the holes are okay. But when these bolts face shear forces I'm a bit worried. What could happen when the forces are in shear and the bolt has to much play? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question When the forces are in shear, the friction between the clamped parts takes up the load. This is how most bolted interfaces work. You're saying in this post: #### Quote: Based on the info I have, a 3/16 or #12 drill/reamer should be used for AN3: 0.1875 - 0.1890 inch So the pre-drilled holes 0.1895 - 0.1950 seem to have too much "play". That you'd be ok with 20 thousandths of clearance; you're not ok with 25 thousandths? For the purposes of handling shear load, clearance is unimportant. Sounds to me like this joint is designed not to have the bolts in bearing, and to use the clamp load to provide the required stiffness. At the end of the day, by far the best course of action is to do exactly what the manufacturer tells you. By changing the bolt size, you open yourself up to the possibility of unintended consequences. Maybe those parts can't handle the extra clamping load a larger bolt can provide; maybe that joint's level of stiffness or compliance is important to the function and fatigue life of other parts. You have no way to know. Don't change things unless the manufacturer tells you so. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question PJYDE, Maybe the drawing or a a picture showing more of the structure would help - you say we are looking at the wing root and I'm assuming the fasteners in question are shown with collars in the photo. If that is the case it looks to me that this tapered leg doubler is installed over the web of the spar and picks up the vertical flanges of both the upper and lower chords. If I'm oriented correctly those fasteners would definitely be in shear. But the bottom line is, if you have reported your question to the manufacturer and they confirm everything is correct, then clearly it is per design. So, you've done your due diligence. Keep em' Flying //Fight Corrosion! ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) Here an overview photo of the spar: ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question Looks to me like a great deal of shear loading will be picked up by the flanges top and bottom, especially since they look like they get bolted together. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question In your first photo, some of the bolts do not appear to show much protruding thread. Is there enough? The paint you see is not "thread lock paint" it is a "witness mark". It performs no locking function. It is there to "bear witness" to two things: the presence of an inspector who verified the torque on the bolt before it left the factory, and it reveals when the bolt is loosened because turning it breaks the paint. So in your case, it did its job. In general (not specifically to your aircraft) to make a shear-resistant bolted joint, you do not need the big AN365 nuts - those are known as "tension nuts". If you have a copy of AC 43.13-1b you can find the recommended application for these nuts. If you did want to replace the bolts, NAS6603 is a good choice but may be more expensive than necessary, and for this joint lower profile nuts suited to the NAS bolts will resist shear just fine and you may be able to put just as much torque on them. But that's not in the cards for this wing - you really shouldn't by changing the bolted joints from the one that passed the design and tests without approval from the holders of the design. Actually, I would never use #10 bolts in any spar root unless they were installed with controlled torque such as Hi-Loks or the like. AN3's are 1950's fasteners and the world has moved on. But I'm nit-picking. If all of the holes in question were drilled by the factory, then it's likely that the drill/ream procedure is detailed in a process specification, not on the drawing itself. The drawing may refer to the process somewhere, but since you mention it's a "2-seak kit" airplane, that's not very likely. The fastener installation data is not likely to be made available to you if it's on a proprietary spec. I do not see a reason for these holes to be of concern, even if it can be shown that the AN3 bolt/hole size combination leaves a clearance fit in a shear joint. Firstly, as many have pointed out, the torque of each bolt ensures the shear load transfer. Second, the deflections in a wing structure in day-to-day flying don't need to take up all the clearance but the bolt torque prevents the slip. Thirdly, if discussing ultimate loads, slippage of the bolts through the hole clearance will hardly matter. No, my only concern are the multiple moisture traps in the wing spar design. There are so many blind spaces between the shear ties and the (ahem) spar web, that I would be concerned about ever parking the aircraft outside. I can see the alodine / anodize finish but neither of these are a durable barrier to moisture if it collects long-term. The witness marks on the bolt assembly and riveting without fay sealant tells me that this spar is not coming apart again, and the best you will get is a spray-on primer of the final assembly. STF ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) #### Quote (SparWeb) In your first photo, some of the bolts do not appear to show much protruding thread. Is there enough? There is only a washer under the nut, not under the head; my technical counselor preferred to add a washer also under the head and use a longer bolt AN3-13 instead of AN3-12. I did a test fit and by adding an extra thin washer I have this situation, which is approved by the kit manufacturer: This respects these rules: - no thread in the structure (spar) - maximum 3 washers - 2 threads protruding (which is between 1 and 3) I'll torque them to 29 inch/lbs (4 friction drag + 25 max for AN3). #### Quote (SparWeb) I do not see a reason for these holes to be of concern... Thanks for explaining, I will leave the holes as they are and use the standard AN3 bolts according the design. So mainly due to the clamping force of these bolts the shear strength is given. #### Quote (SparWeb) No, my only concern are the multiple moisture traps in the wing spar design... The spars are indeed anodized, the ribs are bare 6061-T6. General practice at the factory is to use 2k-epoxy primer, but only on the mating surfaces and use Ardox AV30 for the skin overlap joins. But no primer or sealant is used between the several wing spar layers. I though anodized aluminium is quite corrosion resistant. What would you advise? I still have some options at this stage of the build: - leave the spar anodized aluminium only (fyi I protected the wing ribs with a 2k wash primer)? - shoot some 2k epoxy primer on the mating surfaces? - shoot the whole spar with 2k epoxy primer ? - and/or brush Ardox AV30 in the blind spots of the spar? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question Man, I've been working on commercial jets too long - I don't remember what's more common practice on light aircraft like I used to. You're right - anodizing is an excellent corrosion protection and in combination with a primer spray on the individual parts before final assembly, you can expect a very long-lived airframe. When assembling the components with only anodize the protection is there, but contaminants are not excluded. If the structure doesn't have moisture traps, you will still be fine, although an external application of primer will improve things. What you have is anodize-only parts, and an assembly with several moisture traps. Those spaces between the spar web and the shear cross-tie bother me. I can see a gap between them where the root rib is installed, so I don't understand the bolt clamp-up situation there. If there will be a shim in between, then its edges are hard to mate up against the curvy edges of the spar cap, and that forms another moisture trap. There are 101 other details in moisture ingress into your wing, especially around the wing root fairing, that could make this vulnerable or protect it well - I don't know from here. If you can remove that shear tie plate, apply primer to the root structure, and paint the shear tie separately before reassembling them (plus any other bits that surely must be in there) then you'll have put my mind at rest. I don't think the double-washer arrangement will help you. Putting washers under bolt heads comes from distributing the clamping pressure on the surface of the part, and keeping the fillet between the bolt head and its shank from being sliced on a sharp hole edge. I can see by your photos that you have deburred all your bolt holes and by using AN3 bolts you really don't have much clamping pressure. Still, I would rather just use the thin washer under the bolt head as long as you don't run out of thread. If that means using a longer bolt, then I agree with the other advice you received. STF ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question OK, I have worked on GA/Homebuilts [Thorp T-18], as well as antique military acft. This laminated construction and you comments do not feel comfortable to me. Few points of concern. Every BOLTED hole must have a nominal [optimum] diameter specified plus any allowable tolerances. IF NOT specified on the drawing, then there should be a master tolerance specification, IE a 'how-to-drawing or document' covering all assembly practices. This indicates the joints have been engineered... and that 'whatever' is not acceptable. AN3-to-20 spec bolts should be reserved for mechanical installations... not structural joints... in my opinion. It is standard for bolted structural assemblies to install close-tolerance-bolts in close-tolerance holes. Sloppy holes relative to bolts impose greater shear-tension loads on the heads and nuts; whereas tight hole-to-bolt fit has a more uniform shear that reduces need for thru tension joint clamp-up for shear strength. Suggest checking specs out for AN3-thru-20 VS the close tolerance version of the same bolt design AN173-thru-186. these bolts are identical in ever respect with two FUNDAMENTAL exceptions. The old AN specs can be down loaded at http://quicksearch.dla.mil/qsSearch.aspx 1. AN3-thu-20 bolts have shank tolerances ~0.0030; whereas AN173-thru-186 bolts have total shank [close/precision] tolerances less than 0.0008 [close-tolerance is denoted by the impressed triangle in the head markings for these bolts]. 2. AN3-thu-20 threads are left 'as rolled' [no further action required]... however, oddly, the thread-tip-diameter could easily be LARGER in diameter than the allowed bolt shank[!!]; whereas AN173-thru-186 have a specific annotation that thread-tip-diameter MUST be at least 0.0010 smaller than the [close-tolerance] bolt shanks [but not less than thread spec minimum thread-height]. In the evolution of fasteners: (a) structural fastener shank-diameter and thread tolerances have gotten tighter; (b) mechanical strengths of the steel, CRES and titanium alloys has gotten higher/tougher and more refined; (c) stress concentration details have been refined [fillet radii, thread transition run-out, etc]; (d) head dimensions and threads dimensions are more tailored for strength/durability performance and/or weight savings; etc. CAUTION: hole quality is defined by the hole creation process. Drill bits typically attain+/-0.0020 hole tolerance; whereas reamers attain +/-0.0003 hole tolerances. Also, to be consistent, holes must be finish-match-drilled thru to ensure the entire stack-up has dead-od hole alignment and diametrical consistency. One final comment... regarding the application of thread marking compound to the nuts/bolt-threads. The way the marking compound is applied in Your photos is NOT aircraft standard. Marking compound is intended to show relative movement between parts that is undesirable. Per Your photos: the marking compound was applied across the side/top of the nuts and onto the tip-top [end] of the bolt thread protrusion. This is inadequate, since this will only reveal whether the nut turns relative to the bolt. Thread marking compound should be applied between the tip-top of the bolt-thread protrusion, across the top and along-the-sides of the nut, along the side/shoulder of the washer(s) and onto the surface of the structure... in one long/smooth line. This procedure will positively indicate ANY relative movement between the structure-washer-nut-bolt [side-to side or rotational looseness], in-service. Regards, Wil Taylor o Trust - But Verify! o We believe to be true what we prefer to be true. [Unknown] o For those who believe, no proof is required; for those who cannot believe, no proof is possible. [variation,Stuart Chase] o Unfortunately, in science what You 'believe' is irrelevant. ["Orion", Homebuiltairplanes.com forum] ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) Thanks for all replies #### Quote (WKTaylor) Suggest checking specs out for AN3-thru-20 VS the close tolerance version of the same bolt design AN173-thru-186. Also with AN173 I would have sloppy holes: AN173: 0.1885 - 0.1895 inch Predrilled holes: 0.1900 - 0.1950 inch AN173 is not available as oversize (-X), but NAS6603 is: 0.2016 - 0.2026 inch. I could use a 0.2026 reamer and manual ream the holes. What would be the disadvantage by using a 0.2026 reamer, NAS6603-16X bolt, AN965-1032 (tension) nut and use the default torque value for AN3 10-32 (20 - 25 incl/lbs)? I appreciate your experience and help to find the best possible solution which I can present to the kit manufacturer and ask for final approval. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question Just out of curosity,and I am considering a kit build,who may I ask,without prejudice either way is the manufacture of the kit ? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question BTW... Your nut appears to have the wrong PN... AN965 ut spec does not exist. I suspect Your nut is probably an AN365 or MS20365. The 'nominal' replacement for both of these nuts is the all-metal MS21042-3 or L3 light weight low height shear-tension nut. IF You are serious about changing hardware... NAS6603-X requires the hole to be close reamed to 0.2031 [+/-0.0005]. Ensure the reamer has a 0.189-Dia pilot so You get a straight-ream thru the old holes. CAUTION. IF You ream hole to 0.2026 You might actually have trouble installing bolts... too-tight fit. Reamer size I cited [with good technique] will make holes VERY close-tolerance and close-in-size to each other for consistent/tight fastening. IF You went to protruding tension head Hi-Loks pins, I would ream the hole size to transition/net-fit 0.0201+/-0.0010 CAUTION: IF 1OS shank protrudes slightly thru the structure [as-it should, especially longer bolt grip], You WILL have to drill/ream-oversize the ID's of Your standard AN960 or NAS1148 washers. Also... don't forget to break the sharp edges of holes... especially where head will seat... to avoid the sharp edge of the hole conflicting with the bolt head-to-shank fillet radius. Regards, Wil Taylor o Trust - But Verify! o We believe to be true what we prefer to be true. [Unknown] o For those who believe, no proof is required; for those who cannot believe, no proof is possible. [variation,Stuart Chase] o Unfortunately, in science what You 'believe' is irrelevant. ["Orion", Homebuiltairplanes.com forum] ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) Thanks again #### Quote (WKTaylor) AN965 ut spec does not exist Sorry typo, should be AN365 #### Quote (WKTaylor) IF You went to protruding tension head Hi-Loks pins, I would ream the hole size to transition/net-fit 0.0201+/-0.0010 What would be better in my case: oversize NAS66XX or oversize Hi-Lok? Which reamer do you mean for Hi-Lok? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question I vote for HiLok. The installation guidance is available (very detailed) from Hi-Shear corporation (Now LISI) http://www.lisi-aerospace.com/products/Pages/Faste... Just an example, not a recommendation... I haven't sorted out the exact type that you actually need, so I'm attaching the link below just so you know what kind of information you can expect from a Hi-Lok/Hi-Lite datasheet: http://www.lisi-aerospace.com/_layouts/CentralDocC... Note 4: Hole preparation per NAS618. I don't have a copy of NAS618, but WKTaylor's numbers above look right. You can get the specific hole size requirements from LISI/Hi-Shear. STF ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question 2 I have a hard time understanding the amount of detail that this thread has accumulated .. I believe that we have lost sight of the forest due to the trees .. The original question was about .010 slop in a HOMEBUILT aircraft spar fasteners. I suspect this wing will not see more than 20 hours a year and never see any loads approaching yield. - yet we are ready to redesign this assembly for Mach 2. I have seen this same thought - process in the OEM repair office. Majority of the time - the damage had to be repaired 'above & beyond' the original design criteria. We had the loads .. a damaged stringer could withstand the loads 'as is' - but nope .. we had to cut it out & splice in a new segment. Fuselage scratch 'good as is' (blended & finished) nope! had to cut it out and install a repair Doubler - removing systems to gain access & drill over 100 new hole in damage tolerance structure. & this was acceptable! Sometime we should just slow down a bit and think about it .. just my 2 cents. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question #### Quote (edmeister) I have a hard time understanding the amount of detail that this thread has accumulated .. I believe that we have lost sight of the forest due to the trees .. The original question was about .010 slop in a HOMEBUILT aircraft spar fasteners. I suspect this wing will not see more than 20 hours a year and never see any loads approaching yield. this is the classic problem are the guys who designed this idiots or genius i.e is this my failure to understand or theirs to design adequately. How do you know its going to be only 20 hrs a year, you simply can't, it could just as easily do several hundred hrs a year overloaded (because they often are) in a region with worse than normal gust profiles (gusts in Oz are worse than the US etc etc). From a GA perspective AN3s in a spar is just a "No". Yes plenty of homebuilts get away with AN3 but with the costs of homebuilt aircraft why not put 50.00 worth of fasteners where it matters. The wing root will likely never be inspected, & 0.010 slop is just as likely break any surface protection before considering cracking. I look at at that first pic and the question that comes to mind is how did they cut the H plate because those other older homebuilts that do have AN3s in the spar probably didn't also put them though laser or abrasive jet cut parts (that may have not had the edge manage removed). OEM repair offices don't tend to be staffed by their best and brightest. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question edmeister, I sympathise. Someday I may build a homebuilt of my own and I'll be faced with a similar choice. To use the specified "just OK" bolts that are not much better than the ones at the hardware store, or to pay for "good bolts" that I know I can trust. This is the spar root (yes a shear joint but there are other issues) and I wouldn't scrimp here. If it were the bolts that hold the navigation lights on, then yeah, that's what AN3's are for. STF ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) #### Quote (edmeister) I suspect this wing will not see more than 20 hours a year and never see any loads approaching yield. - yet we are ready to redesign this assembly for Mach 2. To answer those questions about time: - 100 hours / year - 25 years in service About max loads: - 700 kg mtow - limit load factor: normal category -> 3.8 - safety margin: 1.5? - wing span 9.2 mtr - fuselage: 4 mtr wing span Very rough calculation: 700 kg * 3.8 * 1.5 = 3990 kg total / 2 => 1995 kg per wing Assume avg load half way on the wing = 2 mtr moment => 4000 kg on joint (8800 lbs) Wing spar is attached to fuselage with 8 AN6 and 2 AN5 bolts Wing spar H doublers are attached to the wing spar with 13 AN3 bolts Both the AN6 as the AN3 have around 0.004 - 0.008 inch slop. AN3 bolts have a yield tensile strength at root of 1690 lbs Multiplied with 13 bolts = 21.970 lbs But how does the slop impact this tensile strength??? Another thing I found out is that some AN3 holes are crooked. So reaming to a close tolerance bolt/hi-lok will not fix that problem, probably only make it worse; since now the bolt can settle straight due to the slop in the hole. I don't want to overthink this situation, sure no need to design this for mach 2. Although it should be airworthy and stay airworthy. And; I want to be proud of the result after spending quite some time and money on this project. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question #### Quote (PJYDE) But how does the slop impact this tensile strength??? It doesn't. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question jgKRI... it's a durability/fatigue issue. PJYDE... homebuilt construction quality is a personal issue to me. I helped my dad build his Thorp T-18 N455DT 1967-to-1971 under the oversight of John Thorp. JT was a very detail oriented engineer. I learned a lot about engineering and aircraft construction. He is the reason I changed course from wanting to be a professional pilot [like my dad] to becoming an aero-engineer. Here is why this is personal. http://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=423215 go to WKTaylor thread posted 31 May 17 19:34... and the very next thread-reply by itsmoked with a photo of T-18 N193N [which tied directly into my previous thread-post]. BTW off-90-deg angle holes can/should be straightened. Will require drilling/reaming using drill-guide block to re-establish [force] the hole to turn perpendicular... and maybe a 2OS [Y] hole/fastener install, too. From the photos, I would not be surprised if You have adequate margin to step-up the holes to 1/4-Dia nom for close-reamed install [NAS6604, NAS6204]. Regards, Wil Taylor o Trust - But Verify! o We believe to be true what we prefer to be true. [Unknown] o For those who believe, no proof is required; for those who cannot believe, no proof is possible. [variation,Stuart Chase] o Unfortunately, in science what You 'believe' is irrelevant. ["Orion", Homebuiltairplanes.com forum] ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question If this joint was designed as a friction joint, and not one relying on the shear capability of the fasteners, why do slightly oversize holes matter? As with most bolted joints, I have to imagine that any relative slip between these parts constitutes a failure of a joint; as a result, the tension applied by the bolts should be enough to prevent relative movement of the parts. Disclaimer.. not attempting to challenge the expertise of those more experienced with aerospace system design... just trying to find out if there's something to learn here (for me). From first principles of engineering, it looks to me like that joint was designed to be slip-critical and use fastener tension to maintain joint integrity, in which case the size of the holes doesn't matter much (within reason). ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) #### Quote (WKTaylor) Here is why this is personal. http://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=423215 go to WKTaylor thread posted 31 May 17 19:34... and the very next thread-reply by itsmoked with a photo of T-18 N193N [which tied directly into my previous thread-post]. Bizar story, thanks for sharing! I'm not gonna change anything on this kit before 100% approval of the kit manufacturer. They tell me not to worry "there was never a problem with this design", but I do worry and many posts in this thread confirm my worries. It feels like dead end. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question I'd be pretty annoyed if I designed a kit and then someone started tinkering with it thinking it wasn't up to the job. Especially if they were not even sure if the connection was designed to work as slip critical or bearing. All this talk of changing someone else's design makes me twitchy, especially on something as safety critical as a wing root! ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question #### Quote (RandomTaskkk) All this talk of changing someone else's design makes me twitchy, especially on something as safety critical as a wing root! Me too. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question that's why home-builts are owner-builder ... he who builds it takes responsibility (with very limited oversight) for it. back to the original question ... I don't think it is the end of the world; there are simple things to do to lessen the clearance. We aren't told about the entire joint ... maybe the other holes are "better" ? so it's hard (IMHO) to recommend action, other than possibly talking to the kit designer. another day in paradise, or is paradise one day closer ? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question RandomTaskkk, jgKRI... "All this talk of changing someone else's design makes me twitchy, especially on something as safety critical as a wing root!" Unfortunately, PJYDE, has already stated that there is no hole size/tolerance data on the plans or with the kit [info manual... or referenced-to... etc]... a glaring deficiency in any aircraft design/plans/kit. I would be astonished [in a bad-way] if the designer left these details to 'Joe-the-assembly-guy'. I could easily accept this element IF there was specific reference to authoritative established data such as AC43.13-1 and AC43.13-2 or FAA-H-8083-30 and -31V1 and -31V2, or any number of commercial or military structural maintenance/assembly manuals. Important details such as hole-sizes for various type fasteners, installation torque-values, cotter-pinning and safety wiring, etc should never be left to 'good judgment and experience'. But lets get back to basic data, such as the photos: I have remarked on a just a few of the [bigger] issues that are evident, or suggested, in the photos, which are inconsistent with good quality assembly. There are several other lesser quality issues in the photos that also bother me. A rule of thumb I developed years ago is this. Workmanship trumps design. A poor/marginal design can be made 'better' [good-enough] by good quality workmanship and careful attention to details. However, a highly competent design can be rendered marginal/unsafe by poor quality workmanship and inattention to details. My dad had a phrase for good workmanship... 'we're doing it the way John Thorp designed it... for 'MOM'. Regards, Wil Taylor o Trust - But Verify! o We believe to be true what we prefer to be true. [Unknown] o For those who believe, no proof is required; for those who cannot believe, no proof is possible. [variation,Stuart Chase] o Unfortunately, in science what You 'believe' is irrelevant. ["Orion", Homebuiltairplanes.com forum] ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question I understand that point of view, and it is sensible. What makes my eye twitch is what appears to me to be a lack of deeper thinking- the changes being discussed appear to me to make this interface much stronger and/or stiffer; on the face that's a good thing. But what unintended effects does that potential increase in stiffness in this joint impart to other parts of the airframe? What loads will now be transferred that wouldn't before? Again, I don't design aircraft.. but on the things I do design, I have spent a couple thousand hours of my career rolling back changes that other people, such as service technicians who "knew better than the pointy headed engineer", made without an eye to consequences on the rest of the system. These changes, in my experience, can often cause failures which are very predictable, and point to why things weren't done that way in the first place. The difference between what I do and what we're talking about here, is that a catastrophic failure for me usually results in some company losing a couple days of production as opposed to one or more people dying a grotesque death. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) #### Quote (rb1957) different question, what's happening at the four holes in the middle of the web (shown in the box) ? looks like the outer plate is not well supported ?? Here the first rib will be attached with 5 rivets, not through the whole spar but only through the outer plate. The upper and bottom hole of that rib will be attached with the same AN3 bolts through the the complete spar. Furthermore a tank-attach-bracket with be attached with 2 AN3 bolts. So in total there will be 15 AN3 bolts through the whole spar. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question Those holes are most likely for the root rib. The OP never did tell us what the aircraft was. B.E. You are judged not by what you know, but by what you can do. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question ok, a rib flange could sit on the outer surface, but there doesn't look to be enough room to install rivets/fasteners ? but NP ... we're not seeing the entire design and the questions being asked are sensible. another day in paradise, or is paradise one day closer ? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question Since we are still on this same subject. Here is another aspect yet to be mentioned (perspective of the Mfr). From the image - it appears that all the hole are pre-drilled in the factory & the home builder just installs the fasteners. -Typically (in critical situations) a hole would be inline-drilled thru the assembly layers - & not each part separately drilled. So one can see the manufacture's dilemma 1/ jig/assemble the unit / drill / separate parts & finish each individual hole (& maintain the grouping of the parts during finishing & shipping) .. or 2/ Drill all the holes separately while fab'ing the part + Finish the holes & alodine/anodize the parts ..or 3/ have the home-builder drill these 'critical' holes & have no control with the end result. -In summary - I believe the Mfr optimized the Kit Quality by allowing a minor tolerance so all the parts are 'interchangeable' and eliminating any error by the home-builder having to drill his own holes. (interchangeable => Mfr will fab numerous kits at the same time does not have to group 'custom' drilled assemblies) If all the holes were inline-drilled with a given tolerance - then yes .. I can see some 'play'. But given the number of fasteners & the holes not inline drilled a proportion of the 'play' will be eliminated - due that some number of fasteners will always be in bearing. -One last final note - if Mfr had holes drilled individually with no tolerance; 2 issues are foreseen. 1/ Bolt would never fit through the numerous layers (due to mfr error in machining) & 2/ if the bolt get 'hammered' in - we now have preload .. & also hole damage & the finish coating in the holes gets removed (by hammering the bolt or drilling the hole) ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question possibly mfr drilled the holes in one operation, with the spar assembled ? possibly the mfr drilled undersized holes, for the builder to expand. I'd've thought the mfr would have drilled mostly pilots (holes). another day in paradise, or is paradise one day closer ? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question All... RB... RE the initial thread photo. The 4-drilled-holes in-vertical line with gap in-between was a detail I also noted and was concerned about. I am also concerned RE the fit-up gap between the 2-flanges of the upper spar-cap: if the parts are as thick as they seem, may be impossible to hand-pull-up-the-gap... shimming should be required to prevent shanking or excessive pull-up forces. NOTE. I suspect there are matched-hole templates [or an equiv CAD/CNC set-up] that established the hole locations/size for each-of-these parts... which were then brought-together and fastened ‘as is’. NOTE. The unique matched-hole-tooling methods established by John Thorp [1960s] established the practice ~as follows: locate the hole centers [center-punch] from the flat-pattern templates [FPT]; then pilot drill the actual part one-size under [for 1/8 rivet, drill 3/32 or #40]; then Cleco together [3/32] the structural details [into a major Assy]; then mate drill to #30 and swap Clecos to 1/8 as-we-went; then dis-assemble & deburr and apply primer; then re-assemble with final size Clecos; then final assemble with rivets. The matched-hole Assy practice was ingeniously tooling/jig-free but always required finish-drill [and ream for bolt-holes] of the temp-fastened ‘self-jigged’ structure to ensure mate-drilled/located hole center thru the stack-up. Even then, we occasionally had to step-up a few ‘wild-holes’ OS to get clean alignment thru the stack. BTW, the master-tooling guy who worked for JT, Vaughn Parker, often had to repair FPTs when ham-fisted builders [not me] damaged edges or holes etc. This job kept him busy, when he wasn’t assisting builders coming/going from the Burbank CA shop. NOTE. I have posted several times on homebuiltairplanes.com forums, regarding fasteners, materials and metal fabrication/Assy procedures. It seems these topics often generates emotional responses because they are hands-on/personal to those doing the building/assembly... 'gitter-done-good-enough' is an underlying philosophy since$budgets and time are limited. I get it... Dad/I learned the hard way the true meaning of the [not-so-funny] John Thorp truism: "80% done! Only 50% more to go!!" My +40-year engineering and hands-on experience/opinions have not been well received there [maybe it’s just me/my style]... so I have decided to focus my energy into Eng-Tips. NOTE. Years ago I found an informal/funny/well presented ‘Shop Awareness Briefing’ handout that helped explain the implications of assy practices/workmanship to mechanics in-relationship to the real-world element of aircraft structural durability/life. See attached. This ‘document elegantly describes the implication of workmanship discussed here... pictures are worth thousands or words. http://files.engineering.com/getfile.aspx?folder=b... Regards, Wil Taylor o Trust - But Verify! o We believe to be true what we prefer to be true. [Unknown] o For those who believe, no proof is required; for those who cannot believe, no proof is possible. [variation,Stuart Chase] o Unfortunately, in science what You 'believe' is irrelevant. ["Orion", Homebuiltairplanes.com forum] ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question that doc looks like it comes from MD but that typeface looks like Boeing (as in their structures manuals) another day in paradise, or is paradise one day closer ? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question (OP) #### Quote (WKTaylor) See attached. This ‘document elegantly describes the implication of workmanship discussed here... pictures are worth thousands or words. Many thanks for sharing this document. #### Quote (WKTaylor) I am also concerned RE the fit-up gap between the 2-flanges of the upper spar-cap No shim is needed because the skins are riveted through the upper layer, the second layer has larger holes so that the tail of the rivet fits in and can be pulled. You stated in one of your previous replies that you don't like AN3 in a spar and prefer AN173.... or NAS66.... or even better Hi-Loks. Would you be so kind and briefly explain why Hi-Loks would be a better choice? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question "why Hi-Loks would be a better choice" ... hole fill "the skins are riveted through the upper layer, the second layer has larger holes" ... if the skins attach to the outer flange, what does the inner flange attach to ? another day in paradise, or is paradise one day closer ? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question No one has yet to reply to my earlier post.Perhaps my answer lies in the comments made,and speak for themselves.But tell me anyway,my kit money is burning a hole in my pocket. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question I appreciate that english is not your native language, but your question isn't clear. Maybe start your own thread ? (rather than hi-jacking someone else's) But if you want to build a kit plane, survey the available kitplanes, get active on kitplane sites (to get a feel for how specific kits are thought of), then take your choice and pay your money and have fun building your own plane. Maybe also talk to your local airworthiness authority to see how much involvement they have (should be very little). another day in paradise, or is paradise one day closer ? ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question #### Quote (rb1957) I appreciate that english is not your native language, but your question isn't clear. I believe he is asking for the name of the manufacturer of the kit being discussed in this thread. Seems pretty reasonable to me. ### RE: AN3 hole tolerance question RB... RE Your comment... "that doc looks like it comes from MD but that typeface looks like Boeing (as in their structures manuals)". See attached NAVWEPS 00-25-559 Tips on Fatigue circa 1963. You may recognize some of the illustrations that were plagiarized for the Shop Awareness Briefing of the 1980s [?]. http://files.engineering.com/getfile.aspx?folder=9... BTW... that 'NAVWEPS 00-25-559' [1963 document] illustrates a teaching style that is characteristic of the era: intermix formal figures, sketches, cartoons, wisdoms/quotes and 'special emphasis' interspersed within the body of the text [text was generally limited to 1-to-1.5 columns per 2-collumn per page... before something 'interesting/visual' was inserted]. Not only is this writing style interesting and compelling and motivating to the reader, it gives the mind a useful 'break' between critical thoughts that enhances learning. Sure, these documents are a LOT more intense to write... and somewhat longer in published form... but they challenging to the author to keep it interesting. SADLY current technical writing style is extraordinarily dry: Text up-front; data tables, figures, etc all neatly packaged at the back of a document/chapter. No wonder no one wants to read technical stuff anymore@$%&()(&^#\$#%^&*! BTW... that spar does NOT look lightly built... as I expect for a very light/simple aircraft. The spar looks like its intended for a high performance acft. BTW... I'm having a hard-time deciding if there is any primer on these parts... or if I'm [just] seeing [green-yellow tint] chromic acid anodize [CAA] finish W/O primer... Regards, Wil Taylor o Trust - But Verify! o We believe to be true what we prefer to be true. [Unknown] o For those who believe, no proof is required; for those who cannot believe, no proof is possible. [variation,Stuart Chase] o Unfortunately, in science what You 'believe' is irrelevant. ["Orion", Homebuiltairplanes.com forum] #### Red Flag This Post Please let us know here why this post is inappropriate. 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http://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/eect.2012.1.109	# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences June 2012, 1(1): 109-140. doi: 10.3934/eect.2012.1.109 ## Certain questions of feedback stabilization for Navier-Stokes equations 1 Department of Mechanics & Mathematics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 2 Department of Mechanics and Mathematics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation Received November 2011 Revised February 2012 Published March 2012 The authors study the stabilization problem for Navier-Stokes and Oseen equations near steady-state solution by feedback control. The cases of control in initial condition (start control) as well as impulse and distributed controls in right side supported in a fixed subdomain of the domain $G$ filled with a fluid are investigated. The cases of bounded and unbounded domain $G$ are considered. Citation: Andrei Fursikov, Alexey V. Gorshkov. Certain questions of feedback stabilization for Navier-Stokes equations. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2012, 1 (1) : 109-140. doi: 10.3934/eect.2012.1.109 ##### References: [1] M. S. Agranovich and M. I. Vishik, Elliptic boundary problems with parameter and parabolic problems of general type, (Russian),, Russian Math. Surveys, 19 (1964), 43. doi: 10.1070/RM1964v019n03ABEH001149. Google Scholar [2] A. V. Babin and M. I. Vishik, "Attractors of Evolution Equations,", Studies in Mathematics and its Applications, 25 (1992). Google Scholar [3] V. Barbu, Feedback stabilization of Navier-Stokes equations,, ESAIM Control, 9 (2003), 197. doi: 10.1051/cocv:2003009. Google Scholar [4] V. Barbu, I. Lasiecka and R. Triggiani, Abstract setting of tangential boundary stabilization of Navier-Stokes equations by high- and low-gain feedback controllers,, Nonlinear Analysis, 64 (2006), 2704. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2005.09.012. Google Scholar [5] V. Barbu, S. Rodrigues and A. Shirikyan, Internal exponential stabilization to a non-stationary solution for 3D Navier-Stokes equations,, 2010, (). Google Scholar [6] V. Barbu and R. Triggiani, Internal stabilization of Navier-Stokes equations with finite-dimentional controllers,, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 53 (2004), 1443. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2004.53.2445. Google Scholar [7] A. V. Fursikov, Stabilizability of quasilinear parabolic equation by feedback boundary control,, Sbornik: Mathematics, 192 (2001), 593. doi: 10.1070/SM2001v192n04ABEH000560. Google Scholar [8] A. V. Fursikov, Stabilizability of two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with help of boundary feedback control,, J. of Math. Fluid Mechanics, 3 (2001), 259. doi: 10.1007/PL00000972. Google Scholar [9] A. V. Fursikov, Feedback stabilization for the 2D Navier-Stokes equations,, in, 223 (2002), 179. Google Scholar [10] A. V. Fursikov, Feedback stabilization for the 2D Oseen equations: Additional remarks,, in, 143 (2002), 169. Google Scholar [11] A. V. Fursikov, Stabilization for the 3D Navier-Stokes system by feedback boundary control. Partial Differential Equations and Applications,, Discrete and Cont. Dyn. Syst., 10 (2004), 289. Google Scholar [12] A. V. Fursikov, Real process corresponding to 3D Navier-Stokes system, and its feedback stabilization from boundary,, in, 206 (2002), 95. Google Scholar [13] A. V. Fursikov, Real processes and realizability of a stabilization method for Navier-Stokes equations by boundary feedback control,, in, 2 (2002), 137. Google Scholar [14] A. V. Fursikov, "Optimal Control of Distributed Systems. Theory and Applications,", Transl. of Math. Mongraphs, 187 (2000). Google Scholar [15] A. V. Fursikov, Local existence theorems with unbounded set of input data and unboundedness of stable invariant manifolds for 3D Navier-Stokes equations,, Discrete and Continuous Dynamical System, 3 (2010), 269. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2010.3.269. Google Scholar [16] A. V. Fursikov and O. Yu. Imanuvilov, "Controllability of Evolution Equations,", Lecture Notes Ser., 34 (1996). Google Scholar [17] A. V. Fursikov and O. Yu. Imanuvilov, Exact controllability of Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations,, Russian Math. Surveys, 54 (1999), 565. doi: 10.1070/RM1999v054n03ABEH000153. Google Scholar [18] Th. Gallay and C. E. Wayne, Invariant manifolds and the long-time asymptotics of the Navier-Stokes and vorticity equations on $\mathbbR^2$,, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 163 (2002), 209. doi: 10.1007/s002050200200. Google Scholar [19] A. V. Gorshkov, Stabilization of the one-dimensional heat equation on a semibounded rod,, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 56 (2001), 213. doi: 10.1070/RM2001v056n02ABEH000388. Google Scholar [20] D. Henry, "Geometric Theory of Semilinear Parabolic Equations,", Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 840 (1981). Google Scholar [21] K. Iosida, "Functional Analysis,", Springer-Verlag, (1965). Google Scholar [22] A. A. Ivanchikov, On numerical stabilization of unstable Couette flow by the boundary conditions,, Russ. J. Numer. Anal. Math. Modelling, 21 (2006), 519. doi: 10.1515/rnam.2006.21.6.519. Google Scholar [23] O. A. Ladyzhenskaya, "The Mathematical Theory of Viscous Incompressible Flow,", Revised English edition, (1963). Google Scholar [24] O. A. Ladyžhenskaya and V. A. Solonnikov, On linearization principle and invariant manifolds for problems of magnetichydromechanics, (Russian), Boundary Value Problems of Mathematical Physics and Related Questions in the Theory of Functions, 38 (1973), 46. Google Scholar [25] J.-L. Lions and E. Magenes, Problémes aux Limites Non Homogénes et Applications,, Vol. 1, (1968). Google Scholar [26] J. E. Marsden and M. McCracken, "The Hopf Bifurcation and Its Applications,", Applied Mathematical Sciences, (1976). Google Scholar [27] J.-P. Raymond, Feedback boundary stabilization of the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations,, J. Math. Pures Appl. (9), 87 (2007), 627. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2007.04.002. Google Scholar [28] R. Temam, "Navier-Stokes Equations. Theory and Numerical Analysis,", Third editon, 2 (1984). Google Scholar [29] M. I. Vishik and A. V. Fursikov, "Mathematical Problems of Statistical Hydromechanics,", Kluwer Acad. Publ., (1988). Google Scholar show all references ##### References: [1] M. S. Agranovich and M. I. Vishik, Elliptic boundary problems with parameter and parabolic problems of general type, (Russian),, Russian Math. Surveys, 19 (1964), 43. doi: 10.1070/RM1964v019n03ABEH001149. Google Scholar [2] A. V. Babin and M. I. Vishik, "Attractors of Evolution Equations,", Studies in Mathematics and its Applications, 25 (1992). Google Scholar [3] V. Barbu, Feedback stabilization of Navier-Stokes equations,, ESAIM Control, 9 (2003), 197. doi: 10.1051/cocv:2003009. Google Scholar [4] V. Barbu, I. Lasiecka and R. Triggiani, Abstract setting of tangential boundary stabilization of Navier-Stokes equations by high- and low-gain feedback controllers,, Nonlinear Analysis, 64 (2006), 2704. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2005.09.012. Google Scholar [5] V. Barbu, S. Rodrigues and A. Shirikyan, Internal exponential stabilization to a non-stationary solution for 3D Navier-Stokes equations,, 2010, (). Google Scholar [6] V. Barbu and R. Triggiani, Internal stabilization of Navier-Stokes equations with finite-dimentional controllers,, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 53 (2004), 1443. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2004.53.2445. Google Scholar [7] A. V. Fursikov, Stabilizability of quasilinear parabolic equation by feedback boundary control,, Sbornik: Mathematics, 192 (2001), 593. doi: 10.1070/SM2001v192n04ABEH000560. Google Scholar [8] A. V. Fursikov, Stabilizability of two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with help of boundary feedback control,, J. of Math. Fluid Mechanics, 3 (2001), 259. doi: 10.1007/PL00000972. Google Scholar [9] A. V. Fursikov, Feedback stabilization for the 2D Navier-Stokes equations,, in, 223 (2002), 179. Google Scholar [10] A. V. Fursikov, Feedback stabilization for the 2D Oseen equations: Additional remarks,, in, 143 (2002), 169. Google Scholar [11] A. V. Fursikov, Stabilization for the 3D Navier-Stokes system by feedback boundary control. Partial Differential Equations and Applications,, Discrete and Cont. Dyn. Syst., 10 (2004), 289. Google Scholar [12] A. V. Fursikov, Real process corresponding to 3D Navier-Stokes system, and its feedback stabilization from boundary,, in, 206 (2002), 95. Google Scholar [13] A. V. Fursikov, Real processes and realizability of a stabilization method for Navier-Stokes equations by boundary feedback control,, in, 2 (2002), 137. Google Scholar [14] A. V. Fursikov, "Optimal Control of Distributed Systems. Theory and Applications,", Transl. of Math. Mongraphs, 187 (2000). Google Scholar [15] A. V. Fursikov, Local existence theorems with unbounded set of input data and unboundedness of stable invariant manifolds for 3D Navier-Stokes equations,, Discrete and Continuous Dynamical System, 3 (2010), 269. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2010.3.269. Google Scholar [16] A. V. Fursikov and O. Yu. Imanuvilov, "Controllability of Evolution Equations,", Lecture Notes Ser., 34 (1996). Google Scholar [17] A. V. Fursikov and O. Yu. Imanuvilov, Exact controllability of Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations,, Russian Math. Surveys, 54 (1999), 565. doi: 10.1070/RM1999v054n03ABEH000153. Google Scholar [18] Th. Gallay and C. E. Wayne, Invariant manifolds and the long-time asymptotics of the Navier-Stokes and vorticity equations on $\mathbbR^2$,, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 163 (2002), 209. doi: 10.1007/s002050200200. Google Scholar [19] A. V. Gorshkov, Stabilization of the one-dimensional heat equation on a semibounded rod,, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 56 (2001), 213. doi: 10.1070/RM2001v056n02ABEH000388. Google Scholar [20] D. Henry, "Geometric Theory of Semilinear Parabolic Equations,", Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 840 (1981). Google Scholar [21] K. Iosida, "Functional Analysis,", Springer-Verlag, (1965). Google Scholar [22] A. A. Ivanchikov, On numerical stabilization of unstable Couette flow by the boundary conditions,, Russ. J. Numer. Anal. Math. Modelling, 21 (2006), 519. doi: 10.1515/rnam.2006.21.6.519. Google Scholar [23] O. A. Ladyzhenskaya, "The Mathematical Theory of Viscous Incompressible Flow,", Revised English edition, (1963). Google Scholar [24] O. A. Ladyžhenskaya and V. A. Solonnikov, On linearization principle and invariant manifolds for problems of magnetichydromechanics, (Russian), Boundary Value Problems of Mathematical Physics and Related Questions in the Theory of Functions, 38 (1973), 46. Google Scholar [25] J.-L. Lions and E. Magenes, Problémes aux Limites Non Homogénes et Applications,, Vol. 1, (1968). Google Scholar [26] J. E. Marsden and M. McCracken, "The Hopf Bifurcation and Its Applications,", Applied Mathematical Sciences, (1976). Google Scholar [27] J.-P. Raymond, Feedback boundary stabilization of the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations,, J. Math. Pures Appl. (9), 87 (2007), 627. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2007.04.002. Google Scholar [28] R. Temam, "Navier-Stokes Equations. Theory and Numerical Analysis,", Third editon, 2 (1984). Google Scholar [29] M. I. Vishik and A. V. Fursikov, "Mathematical Problems of Statistical Hydromechanics,", Kluwer Acad. Publ., (1988). Google Scholar [1] A. V. Fursikov. Stabilization for the 3D Navier-Stokes system by feedback boundary control. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2004, 10 (1&2) : 289-314. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2004.10.289 [2] Evrad M. D. Ngom, Abdou Sène, Daniel Y. Le Roux. Global stabilization of the Navier-Stokes equations around an unstable equilibrium state with a boundary feedback controller. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2015, 4 (1) : 89-106. doi: 10.3934/eect.2015.4.89 [3] Evrad M. D. Ngom, Abdou Sène, Daniel Y. Le Roux. Boundary stabilization of the Navier-Stokes equations with feedback controller via a Galerkin method. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2014, 3 (1) : 147-166. doi: 10.3934/eect.2014.3.147 [4] Jean-Pierre Raymond, Laetitia Thevenet. Boundary feedback stabilization of the two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with finite dimensional controllers. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2010, 27 (3) : 1159-1187. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2010.27.1159 [5] Takayuki Kubo, Ranmaru Matsui. On pressure stabilization method for nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2018, 17 (6) : 2283-2307. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2018109 [6] Mehdi Badra. Abstract settings for stabilization of nonlinear parabolic system with a Riccati-based strategy. Application to Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations with Neumann or Dirichlet control. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2012, 32 (4) : 1169-1208. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2012.32.1169 [7] V. V. Chepyzhov, A. A. Ilyin. On the fractal dimension of invariant sets: Applications to Navier-Stokes equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2004, 10 (1&2) : 117-135. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2004.10.117 [8] Tomás Caraballo, Peter E. Kloeden, José Real. Invariant measures and Statistical solutions of the globally modified Navier-Stokes equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2008, 10 (4) : 761-781. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2008.10.761 [9] Fabio Ramos, Edriss S. Titi. Invariant measures for the $3$D Navier-Stokes-Voigt equations and their Navier-Stokes limit. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2010, 28 (1) : 375-403. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2010.28.375 [10] Enrique Fernández-Cara. Motivation, analysis and control of the variable density Navier-Stokes equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2012, 5 (6) : 1021-1090. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2012.5.1021 [11] Varga K. Kalantarov, Edriss S. Titi. Global stabilization of the Navier-Stokes-Voight and the damped nonlinear wave equations by finite number of feedback controllers. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2018, 23 (3) : 1325-1345. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018153 [12] Pavel I. Plotnikov, Jan Sokolowski. Compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Conference Publications, 2009, 2009 (Special) : 602-611. doi: 10.3934/proc.2009.2009.602 [13] Jan W. Cholewa, Tomasz Dlotko. Fractional Navier-Stokes equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2018, 23 (8) : 2967-2988. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2017149 [14] P.E. Kloeden, Pedro Marín-Rubio, José Real. Equivalence of invariant measures and stationary statistical solutions for the autonomous globally modified Navier-Stokes equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2009, 8 (3) : 785-802. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.785 [15] Elena Braverman, Alexandra Rodkina. Stabilization of difference equations with noisy proportional feedback control. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2017, 22 (6) : 2067-2088. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2017085 [16] G. M. de Araújo, S. B. de Menezes. On a variational inequality for the Navier-Stokes operator with variable viscosity. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2006, 5 (3) : 583-596. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2006.5.583 [17] Pavel I. Plotnikov, Jan Sokolowski. Optimal shape control of airfoil in compressible gas flow governed by Navier-Stokes equations. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2013, 2 (3) : 495-516. doi: 10.3934/eect.2013.2.495 [18] Hermenegildo Borges de Oliveira. Anisotropically diffused and damped Navier-Stokes equations. Conference Publications, 2015, 2015 (special) : 349-358. doi: 10.3934/proc.2015.0349 [19] Hyukjin Kwean. 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Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2012, 11 (2) : 747-761. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2012.11.747 2018 Impact Factor: 1.048	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5452619791030884, "perplexity": 4257.583662318653}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525974.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719032721-20190719054721-00539.warc.gz"}
http://www.chemicalforums.com/index.php?topic=16880.0	# Chemical Forums • April 17, 2015, 05:22:19 PM • Welcome, Guest • • ### Chemistry Books Pages: [1] Go Down ### AuthorTopic: Fehling's Solution- Strange results (Read 3379 times) !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() {var po = document.createElement("script"); po.type = "text/javascript"; po.async = true;po.src = "https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js";var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s);})(); 0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. #### Gius • Regular Member • Mole Snacks: +0/-0 • Offline • Posts: 10 ##### Fehling's Solution- Strange results « on: April 07, 2007, 05:37:40 PM » I was working with Fehling's solution in the lab today with several unknown compounds. One of them, which was aqueous, was clear and colourless....its structure is either that of formaldehyde or a 4 carbon ketone/aldehyde The results that baffled me was the fact that when the unknown was mixed with fehling's at room temperature, no reaction occurred. As soon as it was heated (after a minute), the cupric precipitate formed. I just don't understand why heat was needed for the reaction to occur. To my knowledge, heat would be needed to dissolve the unknown...but the unknown was already aqueous!! I was debating whether it had to do anything with the compound (specifically the 4 C compound) converting between a ring and a hemiacetal...with the hemiactal doing the reducing (I believe)...would this reaction be driven by heat? help me out guys. Thanks Logged #### Gius • Regular Member • Mole Snacks: +0/-0 • Offline • Posts: 10 ##### Re: Fehling's Solution- Strange results « Reply #1 on: April 07, 2007, 05:39:58 PM » Normally I would take an IR...but the solution was aqueous and would ruin the salt disks for the IR Logged #### Yggdrasil • Retired Staff • Sr. Member • Mole Snacks: +459/-20 • Offline • Gender: • Posts: 3081 • Physical Biochemist ##### Re: Fehling's Solution- Strange results « Reply #2 on: April 07, 2007, 08:33:15 PM » Many reactions won't occur at room temperature because the activation energy of the reaction is too high for the reaction to proceed at a significant rate. By increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture, you increase the number of molecule in the reaction with sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the activation energy barrier and react. This increases the rate of reaction and allows for the formation of an observable amount of product. Logged #### Gius • Regular Member • Mole Snacks: +0/-0 • Offline • Posts: 10 ##### Re: Fehling's Solution- Strange results « Reply #3 on: April 08, 2007, 07:23:20 AM » I'm not sure if it is as simple as that....but that is the best guess I've heard thus far. I thought Fehling's reactions had low activation energy...I could be wrong Logged #### Yggdrasil • Retired Staff • Sr. Member • Mole Snacks: +459/-20 • Offline • Gender: • Posts: 3081 • Physical Biochemist ##### Re: Fehling's Solution- Strange results « Reply #4 on: April 08, 2007, 08:22:50 AM » At least according to Wikipedia Fehling's test requires heating. Logged #### Gius • Regular Member • Mole Snacks: +0/-0 • Offline • Posts: 10 ##### Re: Fehling's Solution- Strange results « Reply #5 on: April 08, 2007, 04:35:03 PM » At least according to Wikipedia Fehling's test requires heating. Yeah, it usually does if the compound of interest is insoluable...especially aldehydes Logged #### Gius • Regular Member • Mole Snacks: +0/-0 • Offline • Posts: 10 ##### Re: Fehling's Solution- Strange results « Reply #6 on: April 08, 2007, 08:37:38 PM » Despite the fact that I said it is either formaldehyde or a 4 Carbon compound, I'm starting to think its actually glucose does it make sense that heat is needed to drive the equilibrium of glucose from cyclic form to straight chain...the straight chain is the reducing form...which is what's needed make sense? Logged Pages: [1] Go Up Mitch Andre Garcia's Chemical Forums 2003-Present. 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https://fomcon.net/forums/users/alexei/replies/page/5/	## Forum Replies Created Viewing 7 posts - 61 through 67 (of 67 total) • Author Posts • in reply to: Forum announcements #763 Aleksei Keymaster Due to an unprecedented abundance of automated spam messages, forum posts will usually go through manual premoderation. I am sorry for the inconvenience. I am looking into the issue of efficient spam rejection, but meanwhile the publication of your messages may be delayed. in reply to: Fractional PID Controller Design #761 Aleksei Keymaster Hi, No, there is no overloading function stepinfo() for the fractional-order transfer function object yet, but the CST version can be employed as well. Consider an example: loadsets [y,t]=step(oustapp(G2)); stepinfo(y,t,1) Here, I first load the example systems provided with FOMCON, then approximate a fractional-order system G2 by an integer-order one in the form of a refined Oustaloup recursive filter and obtain y and t vectors explicitly. Note, however, that approximation parameters for a particular system need to be thoroughly selected to obtain a feasible result. in reply to: Toolbox features #574 Aleksei Keymaster You may estimate the fractional-order transfer function by first creating a fidata() data structure from your y, u, and t vectors, containing output, input, and time instance values, respectively. Next, you could use either the graphical interface fotfid (more convenient) or the fid() function. It should also be possible, depending on the input/output time series data, to arrive at the frequency-domain representation of the system characteristics, but at the moment there are no tools in FOMCON that would do the conversion for you. in reply to: Toolbox features #522 Aleksei Keymaster At this point, the static gain cannot be explicitly set in the model structure. in reply to: Toolbox features #520 Aleksei Keymaster Hello, Thank you for contacting the FOMCON support forum! You may supply the FOTF object as fotf('s^alpha','s^alpha+p') However, both parameters alpha and p must have particular numerical values. The general structure of the model will be retained. in reply to: Fractional PID Controller Design #516 Aleksei Keymaster Hello, and thank you for your feedback! 1. In order to run the optimization procedure, the plant does not need to be stable per se; however, you will most likely run into problems with unstable plants. Careful initial inspection of unstable systems is advised. 2. Please check that your path is correctly set. Which version of MATLAB are you using? There is a backwards compatibility issue that appeared somewhere between R2010 and R2012 which is related to particular class methods and overloading thereof. This issue may need to be reported via the bug tracker. 3. Yes, there are several upcoming conference papers illustrating the use of the toolbox. Unfortunately, I cannot publish these on the site. I am, however, planning on creating several tutorials covering some basics of using the toolbox. A complete user manual is also planned. in reply to: Preliminary releases and patches #512 Aleksei Keymaster Here is a patch for an issue with simulation/optimization of fractional-order systems with input-output delays reported here. Download: 0.3-alpha-patch-2013-03-05.zip Put the folders inside the patch into the fomcon root directory and overwrite the two affected files. Viewing 7 posts - 61 through 67 (of 67 total)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.39622026681900024, "perplexity": 2288.1867973143217}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337307.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002083954-20221002113954-00120.warc.gz"}
http://openstudy.com/updates/53aac7f7e4b0a819ab127e7c	## Got Homework? ### Connect with other students for help. It's a free community. • across Online now • laura* Helped 1,000 students Online now • Hero College Math Guru Online now Here's the question you clicked on: 55 members online • 0 viewing ## quekyuxuan Group Title Hi all, I'm looking at Part II of Problem Set 7, on Double Integrals. In the 4th paragraph of the background introduction to problems 4 and 5, it states "The general change-of-variables formula says that if a region R goes to a region R' by a transformation (x,y) → (X,Y) with Jacobian ∂(X,Y)/∂(x,y), then the areas of R and R' are related by A(R') = ∬\|J(x,y)\| dA." Shouldn't it be "A(R') = ∬\|1/J(x,y)\| dA" instead? For example, let h=h(x,y); u=x+y; v=x-y. \|J(x,y)\|=\|∂(u,v)/∂(x,y)\|=1-(-1)=2; dudv=2dydx ∬dydx = ∬1/\|J(x,y)\| dudv = ∬0.5 dudv Thank you 4 months ago 4 months ago Edit Question Delete Cancel Submit • This Question is Closed 1. phi Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 1 I think dA= dx dy and they are saying $\int \int du\ dv = \int \int \| J(x,y) \|\ dx\ dy$ • 4 months ago 2. quekyuxuan Best Response You've already chosen the best response. 0 Oh, it makes perfect sense to me now. Thank you very much! • 4 months ago • Attachments: ## See more questions >>> ##### spraguer (Moderator) 5→ View Detailed Profile 23 • Teamwork 19 Teammate • Problem Solving 19 Hero • You have blocked this person. • ✔ You're a fan Checking fan status... Thanks for being so helpful in mathematics. If you are getting quality help, make sure you spread the word about OpenStudy.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9861376285552979, "perplexity": 9447.108742782666}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119662145.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030102-00261-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://docs.lokad.com/reference/abc/connected/	# connected ## connected(T.a : text, T.b : text) 🡒 T.c : text, process Considers the undirected graph described by all edges (T.a,T.b) and returns for each node T.a the name of the smallest node in T.a’s connected component. Here, smallest means having the smallest name, in terms of text value comparison. The group is optional. When the group is specified, the table is first partitioned against the specified groups. Example: table T = with [\| as Part, as CompatibleWith, as G \|] [\| "a", "b", 0 \|] [\| "b", "c", 0 \|] [\| "c", "a", 1 \|] [\| "d", "e", 1 \|] T.ComponentA = connected(T.Part, T.CompatibleWith) T.ComponentB = connected(T.Part, T.CompatibleWith) by T.G show table "" a1d4 with T.Part T.CompatibleWith T.CompatibleWith T.ComponentA T.ComponentB	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3343883752822876, "perplexity": 15111.01548084849}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703536556.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123063713-20210123093713-00587.warc.gz"}
http://export.arxiv.org/abs/1112.0071v2	cs.IT (what is this?) # Title: Robustly Stable Signal Recovery in Compressed Sensing with Structured Matrix Perturbation Abstract: The sparse signal recovery in the standard compressed sensing (CS) problem requires that the sensing matrix be known a priori. Such an ideal assumption may not be met in practical applications where various errors and fluctuations exist in the sensing instruments. This paper considers the problem of compressed sensing subject to a structured perturbation in the sensing matrix. Under mild conditions, it is shown that a sparse signal can be recovered by $\ell_1$ minimization and the recovery error is at most proportional to the measurement noise level, which is similar to the standard CS result. In the special noise free case, the recovery is exact provided that the signal is sufficiently sparse with respect to the perturbation level. The formulated structured sensing matrix perturbation is applicable to the direction of arrival estimation problem, so has practical relevance. Algorithms are proposed to implement the $\ell_1$ minimization problem and numerical simulations are carried out to verify the result obtained. Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures Subjects: Information Theory (cs.IT) Journal reference: IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 4658--4671, 2012 DOI: 10.1109/TSP.2012.2201152 Cite as: arXiv:1112.0071 [cs.IT] (or arXiv:1112.0071v2 [cs.IT] for this version) ## Submission history From: Zai Yang [view email] [v1] Thu, 1 Dec 2011 02:58:16 GMT (105kb,D) [v2] Wed, 14 Mar 2012 02:26:10 GMT (103kb,D) Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7403912544250488, "perplexity": 865.4348489443928}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671249.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122092537-20191122120537-00024.warc.gz"}
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/sj07/20070522.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 117th Session, 2007-2008 Journal of the Senate Tuesday, May 22, 2007 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: In Chapter 12 of the book of Daniel we read: "Those who are wise shall shine like the brightness of the sky, and those who lead many to righteousness, like the stars forever and ever." (Daniel 12:3) Bow in prayer with me, please: Gracious and Loving Lord, we give You thanksgiving and praise for all of our wise and caring leaders in this land-those from centuries past, those guiding us today-those serving at national, state and local levels-those gifted women and men who passionately encourage and direct us along our way. Especially do we give thanks for all of our committed and dedicated Senators here in this Chamber and for their talented staff members. We remind them all of the expectations held by those they serve here in this State--including our children and youth. For the benefit of all of our citizens, empower these leaders, O God. Allow them the full benefit of Your grace and mercy, now and always. We pray this in Your loving name, dear Lord. Amen. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR The following appointments were transmitted by the Honorable Mark C. Sanford: Statewide Appointments Initial Appointment, Board of Trustees of the Children's Trust Fund of South Carolina, with term to commence June 30, 2004, and to expire June 30, 2008 5th Congressional District: Amy L. Puchalski, 3 Puddle Lane, Camden, S.C. 29020 VICE J. Ann Lynch Referred to the Committee on Judiciary. Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Ethics Commission, with term to commence June 30, 2006, and to expire June 30, 2011 At-Large: Phillip Florence, Jr., 1201 Main St., 12th Floor, Columbia, S.C. 29201 VICE Kenneth Krawcheck Referred to the Committee on Judiciary. Reappointment, South Carolina Board of Juvenile Parole, with term to commence June 30, 2007, and to expire June 30, 2011 At-Large: Margaret E. Mackinem, 232 Rose Creek Lane, Columbia, S.C. 29229 Referred to the Committee on Judiciary. Initial Appointment, Advisory Panel for Massage/Bodywork, with term to commence June 30, 2005, and to expire June 30, 2009 Therapist: Charles V. Stricklin, Sr., 330 Cabrill Drive, Charleston, S.C. 29414 VICE April D. O'Shields Referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. Reappointment, South Carolina Advisory Council on Aging, with term to commence June 30, 2007, and to expire June 30, 2011 At-Large: Jean R. Bridges, 1101 Saluda Chase, West Columbia, S.C. 29169 Referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. Initial Appointment, South Carolina Panel for Dietetics, with term to commence May 30, 2007, and to expire May 30, 2009 Clinical - SCDA: Rona B. Wharton, 2007 Madden Lane, Florence, S.C. 29501 Referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. Reappointment, South Carolina Mental Health Commission, with term to commence March 21, 2007, and to expire March 21, 2012 2nd Congressional District: James Buxton Terry, 16 Quinine Hill, Columbia, S.C. 29204 Referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. Reappointment, South Carolina Mental Health Commission, with term to commence March 21, 2007, and to expire March 21, 2012 4th Congressional District: H. Lloyd Howard, Howard Law Firm, P. O. Box 578, Landrum, S.C. 29356 Referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. Initial Appointment, State Board of Pharmacy, with term coterminous with Governor Public: Charles L. Appleby, Jr., 2100 Twin Church Road - Unit 91, Florence, S.C. 29501 VICE Leo Richardson Referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. Doctor of the Day Senator SETZLER introduced Dr. Gregory Squires of Charleston, S.C., Doctor of the Day. His daughter, Grayson, accompanied Dr. Squires. On motion of Senator MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Senate agreed that, when the Senate adjourns today, it stand adjourned to convene tomorrow at 11:45 A.M., for the sole purpose of conducting the prayer, Pledge of Allegiance and attending the Joint Assembly at Noon; and, upon the conclusion of the Joint Assembly, the Senate would stand in recess until 2:30 P.M. INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 775 (Word version) -- Senator Scott: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO ESTABLISH THE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS HEALTHCARE ACCESS STUDY COMMITTEE, TO PROVIDE FOR ITS MEMBERS, POWERS, AND DUTIES, AND TO DIRECT THE COMMITTEE TO STUDY THE AVAILABILITY OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS IN THIS STATE AND REPORT ITS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BY JANUARY 1, 2008, AT WHICH TIME THE STUDY COMMITTEE IS ABOLISHED. l:\council\bills\nbd\11688ac07.doc Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. S. 776 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Cleary, Ritchie, McConnell and Martin: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ENACTING THE "SOUTH CAROLINA ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION IDENTITY FRAUD AND FRAUD PREVENTION ACT", BY ADDING CHAPTER 29 TO TITLE 8, RELATING TO THE VERIFICATION OF A PERSON'S LAWFUL PRESENCE IN THE UNITED STATES, SO AS TO REQUIRE THAT EVERY AGENCY OR POLITICAL SUBDIVISION OF THIS STATE VERIFY THE LAWFUL PRESENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF ANY NATURAL PERSON EIGHTEEN OR OLDER WHO HAS APPLIED FOR STATE OR LOCAL PUBLIC BENEFITS, AS DEFINED BY FEDERAL LAW, THAT ARE ADMINISTERED BY AN AGENCY OR POLITICAL SUBDIVISION OF THIS STATE, TO REQUIRE ENFORCEMENT OF THIS PROVISION WITHOUT REGARD TO RACE, RELIGION, GENDER, ETHNICITY, OR NATIONAL ORIGIN, TO PROVIDE EXCEPTIONS FOR VERIFICATION OF A PERSON'S LAWFUL PRESENCE IN THE UNITED STATES, TO PROVIDE A PROCEDURE FOR A PERSON TO VERIFY HIS LAWFUL PRESENCE IN THE UNITED STATES, INCLUDING EXECUTING AN AFFIDAVIT THAT THE PERSON IS A UNITED STATES CITIZEN OR LEGAL PERMANENT RESIDENT OR A QUALIFIED ALIEN OR NONIMMIGRANT UNDER THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION ACT, TO REQUIRE THAT ELIGIBILITY FOR BENEFITS SHALL BE MADE THROUGH THE FEDERAL SYSTEMATIC ALIEN VERIFICATION OF ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM MAINTAINED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, TO MAKE IT A FELONY IF A PERSON KNOWINGLY AND WILLFULLY MAKES A FALSE, FICTITIOUS, OR FRAUDULENT STATEMENT OR REPRESENTATION IN AN AFFIDAVIT OR AIDS OR ABETS ANOTHER PERSON IN KNOWINGLY AND WILLFULLY MAKING A FALSE, FICTITIOUS, OR FRAUDULENT STATEMENT OR REPRESENTATION IN AN AFFIDAVIT, OR SOLICITS OR CONSPIRES TO MAKE A FALSE, FICTITIOUS, OR FRAUDULENT STATEMENT IN A REPRESENTATION IN AN AFFIDAVIT AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR A VIOLATION, TO PROVIDE THAT PERSONS CONVICTED OF A VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION ARE JOINTLY AND SEVERABLY LIABLE FOR LOSSES SUFFERED AS A RESULT OF THEIR ACTIONS, AND TO REQUIRE THAT ANY PERSON CONVICTED OF A VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION MUST DISGORGE ANY BENEFIT RECEIVED OR MAKE RESTITUTION TO THE AGENCY OR POLITICAL SUBDIVISION THAT ADMINISTERED THE BENEFIT; TO ADD SECTION 16-13-525, SO AS TO REQUIRE THAT A PERSON CONVICTED OF FINANCIAL IDENTITY FRAUD OR IDENTITY FRAUD INVOLVING THE FALSE, FICTITIOUS, OR FRAUDULENT CREATION OR USE OF DOCUMENTS THAT ENABLE A PERSON WHO IS NOT AUTHORIZED TO LIVE OR WORK IN THE UNITED STATES TO RECEIVE BENEFITS ADMINISTERED BY AN AGENCY OR POLITICAL SUBDIVISION MUST DISGORGE ANY BENEFIT RECEIVED OR MAKE RESTITUTION TO THE AGENCY OR POLITICAL SUBDIVISION THAT ADMINISTERED THE BENEFIT, AND TO PERMIT THAT ANY PERSON WHO SUFFERS A LOSS OF MONEY OR OTHER PROPERTY AS A RESULT OF A PERSON'S FINANCIAL IDENTITY FRAUD OR IDENTITY FRAUD INVOLVING AN IMMIGRATION RELATED MATTER MAY BRING AN ACTION TO RECOVER DAMAGES AGAINST ANYONE CONVICTED OF THE VIOLATION, TO MAKE PERSONS WHO COMMIT FINANCIAL IDENTITY FRAUD AND IDENTITY FRAUD IN IMMIGRATION RELATED MATTERS JOINTLY AND SEVERABLY LIABLE, AND TO PERMIT THE AWARD OF ATTORNEY'S FEES AND COSTS IN CIVIL ACTIONS; TO ADD CHAPTER 83 TO TITLE 40 OF THE 1976 CODE SO AS TO REQUIRE THE REGISTRATION OF IMMIGRATION ASSISTANCE SERVICES, TO REQUIRE ALL IMMIGRATION ASSISTANCE SERVICES TO OBTAIN A LICENSE FROM THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION, TO PROVIDE DEFINITIONS, TO LIST THE SERVICES THAT IMMIGRATION ASSISTANCE SERVICES MAY PROVIDE, TO PROHIBIT IMMIGRATION ASSISTANCE SERVICES FROM ACCEPTING PAYMENT IN EXCHANGE FOR PROVIDING LEGAL ADVICE, FOR REFUSING TO RETURN DOCUMENTS SUPPLIED BY, PREPARED FOR, OR PAID FOR BY A CUSTOMER, FOR REPRESENTING OR ADVERTISING, IN CONNECTION WITH PROVIDING IMMIGRATION ASSISTANCE SERVICES, CERTAIN TITLES TO INCLUDE 'NOTARY PUBLIC', OR 'IMMIGRATION CONSULTANT', OR FOR PROVIDING LEGAL ADVICE, OR MAKING ANY MISREPRESENTATION OR FALSE STATEMENT TO INFLUENCE, PERSUADE, OR INDUCE PATRONAGE, TO PROVIDE FOR CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR ANYONE WHO KNOWINGLY AND WILLFULLY MAKES A FALSE, FICTITIOUS, OR FRAUDULENT STATEMENT OR REPRESENTATION IN ANY DOCUMENT PREPARED AS PART OF THE PROVISION OF IMMIGRATION ASSISTANCE SERVICES, OR WHO AIDS OR ABETS A PERSON IN KNOWINGLY AND WILLFULLY MAKING A FALSE, FICTITIOUS, OR FRAUDULENT STATEMENT OR REPRESENTATION IN ANY DOCUMENT PREPARED AS PART OF THE PROVISION OF IMMIGRATION ASSISTANCE SERVICES, OR WHO SOLICITS OR CONSPIRES WITH ANYONE TO MAKE A FALSE, FICTITIOUS, OR FRAUDULENT STATEMENT IN ANY DOCUMENT PREPARED AS PART OF THE PROVISION OF IMMIGRATION ASSISTANCE SERVICES, TO INCLUDE PRISON TIME, CRIMINAL PENALTIES, JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY, TREBLE DAMAGES, ATTORNEY'S FEES AND COSTS; TO AMEND SECTION 14-7-1630 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE STATE GRAND JURY, TO INCLUDE CRIMES INVOLVING THE KNOWING AND WILLFUL MAKING OR AIDING AND ABETTING IN THE MAKING, OR SOLICITING OR CONSPIRING IN THE MAKING OF FALSE, FICTITIOUS, OR FRAUDULENT STATEMENTS OR REPRESENTATIONS IN AFFIDAVITS OR DOCUMENTS RELATED TO IMMIGRATION RELATED MATTERS IF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS EXCEEDS TWENTY OR IF THE TOTAL BENEFIT RECEIVED OR TOTAL LOSS OF MONEY OR PROPERTY EXCEEDS TWENTY THOUSAND DOLLARS. l:\s-jud\bills\campsen\jud0089.spl.doc Senator CAMPSEN spoke on the Bill. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 777 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-39-220, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ASSESSMENT OF REAL PROPERTY THAT WAS OMITTED FROM THE DUPLICATE, SO AS TO LIMIT THE TIME A COUNTY AUDITOR IS ALLOWED TO CHARGE A PROPERTY OWNER WHO HAS NOT PAID THE PROPERTY TAXES DUE TO THE PRECEDING THREE YEARS FROM THE TIME THE OMISSION WAS DISCOVERED. l:\council\bills\ggs\22902ssp07.doc Senator KNOTTS spoke on the Bill. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 778 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-40, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE SURETY QUALIFICATIONS, SO AS TO DELETE THE LANGUAGE REGARDING AN INSURER REPRESENTED BY A SURETY BONDSMAN; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-50, RELATING TO A SURETY'S RELIEF FROM BOND, SURRENDER OF A DEFENDANT, AND THE FILING OF A NEW UNDERTAKING, SO AS TO DELETE THAT A SURETY MAY BE RELIEVED FOR NONPAYMENT OF FEES AND TO CREATE A TEN-DOLLAR FILING FEE WHEN RELIEF FROM BOND IS SOUGHT BY A SURETY; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-70, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ISSUANCE OF A BENCH WARRANT FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR, SO AS TO REQUIRE NOTIFICATION OF THE SURETY WITHIN A CERTAIN TIMEFRAME OF THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT AND TO INCREASE THE TIME PERIOD AFTER WHICH BOND IS FORFEITED FROM THIRTY DAYS TO NINETY DAYS AFTER THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-85, RELATING TO EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PROFESSIONAL BONDSMAN, SURETY BONDSMAN, AND RUNNERS, SO AS TO DELETE AN OBSOLETE REFERENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-170, RELATING TO PROHIBITIONS REGARDING A PROFESSIONAL BONDSMAN, SURETY BONDSMAN, OR RUNNER, SO AS TO REPLACE THE TERM "PRINCIPAL" WITH THE TERM "INDEMNITOR"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-260, RELATING TO REGISTRATION OF PROFESSIONAL BONDSMAN OR SURETY BONDSMAN'S LICENSE AND THE CURRENT POWER OF APPOINTMENT, SO AS TO MANDATE THAT ALL JAILS POST THE NAME AND TELEPHONE NUMBER OF EACH LICENSED BONDING OR SURETY COMPANY FOR A FIFTY-DOLLAR ANNUAL FEE. l:\council\bills\ms\7334ahb07.doc Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Banking and Insurance. S. 779 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE THE SPRING VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL BOYS SOCCER TEAM ON ITS IMPRESSIVE WIN OF THE 2007 CLASS AAAA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE, AND TO HONOR THE PLAYERS, HEAD COACH, DAVE CLARK, AND ASSISTANT COACH, JOHN POWELL, ON AN OUTSTANDING SEASON. l:\council\bills\rm\1244ssp07.doc The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 780 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE A.C. FLORA HIGH SCHOOL BASEBALL TEAM FOR ITS OUTSTANDING SEASON AND FOR CAPTURING THE 2007 CLASS AAA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE, AND TO HONOR THE TEAM'S EXCEPTIONAL PLAYERS, COACH, AND STAFF. l:\council\bills\rm\1246ab07.doc The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 781 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE A.C. FLORA HIGH SCHOOL BOYS GOLF TEAM FOR CAPTURING THE 2007 CLASS AAA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE, AND TO HONOR THE TEAM'S SUPERLATIVE PLAYERS, COACH, AND STAFF. l:\council\bills\rm\1247cm07.doc The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. H. 3008 (Word version) -- Reps. Ballentine, Haskins, Cotty and Lowe: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT REAL PROPERTY OWNED BY A CHARITABLE ORGANIZATION WHICH IS NOT USED FOR THE ORGANIZATION'S MEETINGS OR THE ORGANIZATION'S TAX EXEMPT PURPOSES BUT WHICH IS HELD FOR FUTURE USE BY THE ORGANIZATION IN PURSUIT OF ITS EXEMPT PURPOSES OR WHICH IS HELD BY THE ORGANIZATION FOR INVESTMENT IN PURSUIT OF THE ORGANIZATION'S EXEMPT PURPOSES IF THIS REAL PROPERTY WHILE HELD IS NOT RENTED OR LEASED FOR A PURPOSE UNRELATED TO THE ORGANIZATION'S EXEMPT PURPOSES AND THE USE OF THE REAL PROPERTY DOES NOT INURE TO THE BENEFIT OF ANY PRIVATE STOCKHOLDER OR INDIVIDUAL. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 3143 (Word version) -- Reps. Kirsh, Haskins, E. H. Pitts, Mulvaney, Gullick, Hayes, Huggins, M. A. Pitts, Miller, Bowen, Limehouse, G. Brown, Toole and Mahaffey: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM SALES TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE AN EXEMPTION FOR HOSPITAL BEDS, WALKERS, AND WHEELCHAIRS SOLD OR RENTED TO AN INDIVIDUAL UNDER THE WRITTEN PRESCRIPTION OF A HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 3390 (Word version) -- Reps. Merrill, Herbkersman, Funderburk, Mulvaney and Mahaffey: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3588 SO AS TO ALLOW A STATE INCOME TAX CREDIT EQUAL TO TWENTY PERCENT OF THE QUALIFIED EXPENDITURES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC, SOLAR, AND FUEL CELL PROPERTY CREDITS ALLOWED AGAINST A TAXPAYER'S FEDERAL INCOME TAX LIABILITY. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 3451 (Word version) -- Reps. Cotty, Agnew, Anderson, Ballentine, Barfield, Battle, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Breeland, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Chellis, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cooper, Davenport, Edge, Funderburk, Hagood, Haley, Harrell, Harrison, Harvin, Herbkersman, Hinson, Hiott, Hosey, Howard, Jennings, Kennedy, Kirsh, Limehouse, McLeod, Miller, Moss, J. H. Neal, Neilson, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scott, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, Stavrinakis, Talley, Toole, Viers, Weeks, Whipper, Young and Loftis: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 6 TO TITLE 30 SO AS TO ENACT "THE UNIFORM REAL PROPERTY RECORDING ACT", PROVIDING FOR THE AUTHORITY OF THE REGISTER OF MESNE CONVEYANCES IN A COUNTY TO RECEIVE AND RECORD DOCUMENTS AND INFORMATION IN ELECTRONIC FORM, SETTING FORTH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS IN ACCEPTANCE OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS BY A REGISTER, CHARGING THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE WITH THE RESPONSIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING THE ACT AND ADOPTING STANDARDS FOR THE RECEIPT, RECORDING, AND RETRIEVAL OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS, AND PROVIDING DEFINITIONS. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3496 (Word version) -- Reps. G. M. Smith, Harrison, Cotty, Shoopman, Duncan, Davenport, Leach, Haley, Huggins, McLeod, G. R. Smith, F. N. Smith, Allen, Bales, Ballentine, Barfield, Bingham, Bowen, Brady, Cato, Ceips, Chalk, Chellis, Clemmons, Cooper, Crawford, Edge, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harvin, Haskins, Herbkersman, Hinson, Hiott, Jefferson, Kirsh, Knight, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lucas, Merrill, Moss, Neilson, Ott, Parks, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, J. R. Smith, Spires, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Witherspoon and Young: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-10, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITION OF TERMS WITH REGARD TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERMS "OPERATOR", "MOTOR VEHICLE", AND "DRIVER"; TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-286, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SUSPENSION OF A DRIVER'S LICENSE OR PERMIT, OR THE DENIAL OF THE ISSUANCE OF A LICENSE OR A PERMIT TO A PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF TWENTY-ONE WHO HAS OPERATED A MOTOR VEHICLE WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "OPERATES" FOR THE TERM "DRIVES", THE TERM "REASONABLE SUSPICION" FOR THE TERM "PROBABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE", AND THE TERM "INFORMED" FOR THE TERM "NOTIFIED IN WRITING", TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO SECTION 56-5-2933, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT REQUIRES THE RECORDING OF THE PERIOD PRIOR TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF A BREATH TEST, TO REVISE THE PERIOD OF TIME A PERSON'S PRIVILEGE TO DRIVE MUST BE SUSPENDED WHEN HE REFUSES TO SUBMIT TO A CHEMICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER HE WAS OPERATING A VEHICLE WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR ANOTHER ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE OR SUBMITS TO THE TEST AND THE TEST RESULTS INDICATE CERTAIN LEVELS OF ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION, TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO REVISE THE CONTENT OF THE INFORMATION THAT MUST BE PROVIDED TO A PERSON BEFORE A BREATH TEST MAY BE ADMINISTERED, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT REQUIRES A PERSON'S PRIVILEGES TO OPERATE A VEHICLE BE REINSTATED WHEN THE DIVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLE HEARINGS DOES NOT ISSUE A WRITTEN ORDER OR FAILS TO NOTIFY A PERSON OF A NEW HEARING DATE, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT REQUIRES THE DIVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLE HEARINGS TO ISSUE ITS WRITTEN ORDERS WITHIN THIRTY DAYS AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING, AND TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "INFORMED"; TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-748, RELATING TO PERSONS WHO ARE INELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE A SPECIAL RESTRICTED DRIVER'S LICENSE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO IS ISSUED A RESTRICTED LICENSE PURSUANT TO SECTION 56-5-2951 MAY NOT OBTAIN A SPECIAL RESTRICTED DRIVER'S LICENSE UNDER THIS PROVISION, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "RESTRICTED DRIVER'S LICENSE" FOR THE TERM "SPECIAL RESTRICTED DRIVER'S LICENSE"; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2930, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL OPERATION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE BY A PERSON UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "OPERATE A MOTOR VEHICLE" FOR THE TERM "DRIVE A MOTOR VEHICLE", TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROSECUTION OF AND PENALTIES FOR PERSONS CONVICTED OF DRIVING WHILE IMPAIRED AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF ILLEGAL ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2934, RELATING TO THE RIGHT TO COMPULSORY PROCESS, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO SECTION 56-5-2933, TO DELETE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "DOCUMENTS", AND TO DELETE CERTAIN DUTIES THAT A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER MUST PERFORM WHEN HE ARRESTS A PERSON FOR DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR ANOTHER ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2942, RELATING TO THE IMMOBILIZATION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE OWNED BY A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR ANOTHER ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO SECTION 56-5-2933, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES MUST DETERMINE THE VEHICLES THAT MUST BE IMMOBILIZED INSTEAD OF THE COURT, TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO DELETE THE OFFENSE OF FALSIFYING A REPORT CONCERNING VEHICLES OWNED OR REGISTERED TO A PERSON, TO INCREASE THE FEE FOR REREGISTERING AN IMMOBILIZED MOTOR VEHICLE, AND TO PROVIDE A DEFINITION FOR THE TERM "PRIOR OFFENSE"; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2945, RELATING TO THE OFFENSE OF CAUSING GREAT BODILY INJURY OR DEATH BY OPERATING A VEHICLE WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS OR ALCOHOL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "OPERATING A MOTOR VEHICLE" FOR THE TERM "DRIVING A MOTOR VEHICLE", TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON CONVICTED UNDER THIS PROVISION IS GUILTY OF THE OFFENSE OF DRIVING WHILE IMPAIRED; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2950, RELATING TO A DRIVER'S IMPLIED CONSENT TO TESTING FOR ALCOHOL OR DRUGS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "OPERATES" FOR THE TERM "DRIVES", TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT PROHIBITS AN OFFICER FROM REQUIRING ADDITIONAL BREATH TESTS AND THE PROVISION THAT ALLOWS AN OFFICER TO ADMINISTER A BREATH TEST IF THE ARRESTEE'S CONDUCT DURING THE PRETEST PERIOD IS VIDEOTAPED, TO REVISE THE CONTENT OF THE INFORMATION THAT MUST BE PROVIDED TO A PERSON WHO IS SCHEDULED TO UNDERGO A BREATH TEST, TO PROVIDE THAT EVIDENCE REGARDING THE QUALIFICATION OF A PERSON WHO WITHDRAWS A BLOOD SAMPLE MAY BE PROVIDED AT TRAIL BY TESTIMONY OF THE OFFICER WHO HAS CHARGED A DEFENDANT OF DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS, TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO SECTION 56-5-2933, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "IMPAIRED BY ALCOHOL" FOR THE TERM "UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL", AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURE FOR THE EXCLUSION FROM EVIDENCE OF TEST RESULTS; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2951, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SUSPENSION OF A PERSON'S PRIVILEGE TO OPERATE A MOTOR VEHICLE, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "OPERATES" FOR THE TERM "DRIVES", TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO SECTION 56-5-2933, TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT CONTAINS THE DUTIES OF THE DIVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLE HEARINGS WHEN IT FAILS TO HOLD CERTAIN HEARINGS WITHIN A THIRTY-FIVE DAY PERIOD, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INFORMED" FOR THE TERM "ADVISED IN WRITING", TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT PROVIDES A DEADLINE FOR THE ISSUANCE OF AN ORDER BY THE DIVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLE HEARINGS, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT RESTRICTS THE CLASS OF PERSON WHOSE PRIVILEGE TO OPERATE A MOTOR VEHICLE MUST BE DENIED FOR REFUSING TO SUBMIT TO A BREATH TEST OR DRIVING WITH AN ILLEGAL ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION, TO INCREASE THE PERIOD OF TIME THE PERSON'S PRIVILEGE IS DENIED, AND TO REVISE THE LEVEL OF ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION WHICH IS CONSIDERED ILLEGAL; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2953, RELATING TO VIDEOTAPING OF A PERSON CHARGED WITH DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR ANOTHER ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE AT THE INCIDENT SITE AND THE BREATH TESTING SITE , SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO SECTION 56-5-2933, TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT PROVIDES WHEN THE VIDEO RECORDINGS MUST END AND BE COMPLETED, AND TO REVISE THE SUBJECT MATTER THAT MUST BE CONTAINED IN THE RECORDINGS; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2954, RELATING TO BREATH TESTING SITES, SO AS TO PROVIDE WHEN THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION ARE SATISFIED, AND TO PROVIDE WHEN CERTAIN MOTIONS RELATING TO MATTERS CONTAINED UNDER ARTICLE 23, CHAPTER 5, TITLE 56 MUST BE MADE; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 56-5-2933, 56-5-2940, AND 56-5-3000 RELATING TO DRIVING WITH AN UNLAWFUL ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION, PENALTIES FOR OPERATING A MOTOR VEHICLE WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR ANOTHER ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE, AND THE PUBLICATION OF THE NAMES OF DRIVER'S WHOSE LICENSES HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3528 (Word version) -- Reps. M. A. Pitts, Stewart, G. M. Smith, Merrill, Bedingfield, Perry, Davenport, Bingham, Brantley, Chellis, Delleney, Hinson, Jefferson, Knight, Lowe, Mulvaney, J. M. Neal, Ott, Owens, Stavrinakis, Toole, Vick, White, Williams, Young, Mahaffey and Umphlett: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-215, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF CONCEALABLE WEAPONS PERMITS, SO AS TO RESTRICT THE CIRCUMSTANCES UPON WHICH THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION MAY RELEASE ITS LIST OF PERMIT HOLDERS. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3649 (Word version) -- Reps. Witherspoon, Merrill, Agnew, Anthony, Brady, R. Brown, Duncan, Funderburk, Hagood, Hardwick, Herbkersman, Hiott, Kelly, Loftis, Moss, Ott, E. H. Pitts, Scott, Talley, Toole, Umphlett, Cobb-Hunter, Leach, Cato, Clemmons, Barfield, Ceips, Dantzler, Hamilton, Howard, Jefferson, Lowe, Phillips, G. R. Smith, J. R. Smith, Stavrinakis, Bannister, J. H. Neal, Stewart, Sellers, Mitchell, Williams, G. M. Smith and Mahaffey: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 63 TO TITLE 12 SO AS TO ENACT THE "ENERGY FREEDOM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ACT" TO ALLOW A SALES TAX REBATE FOR THE PURCHASE OF CERTAIN FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT USED TO CONVERT A HYBRID VEHICLE INTO A HYBRID PLUG-IN VEHICLE, TO ALLOW AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL PURCHASES, AND TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA RENEWABLE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FUND; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3376 SO AS TO ALLOW AN INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR THE PURCHASE OR LEASE OF A PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLE; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3630 SO AS TO ALLOW AN INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR QUALIFIED EXPENDITURES FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDSTOCKS AND PROCESSES FOR CELLULOSIC ETHANOL AND FOR ALGAE-DERIVED BIODIESEL; BY AMENDING SECTION 12-6-3587, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR SOLAR ENERGY HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS, SO AS TO ALLOW A TAX CREDIT EQUAL TO THREE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS FOR EACH BUILDING THAT IS INSTALLED WITH A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM; BY AMENDING SECTION 12-6-3600, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR AN ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL FACILITY, SO AS TO ALLOW A TAX CREDIT FOR A CORN-BASED ETHANOL AND SOY-BASED BIODIESEL FACILITY AND A NONCORN ETHANOL AND NONSOY OIL BIODIESEL FACILITY; BY AMENDING SECTION 12-6-3610, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR THE COST OF PURCHASING AND INSTALLING PROPERTY TO DISTRIBUTE AND DISPENSE RENEWABLE FUELS, SO AS TO LIMIT THE CREDIT TO ONE MILLION DOLLARS, TO DEFINE THE TERM "RENEWABLE FUEL", AND TO ADD CLARIFYING LANGUAGE; BY AMENDING SECTION 12-6-3620, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR THE COST OF METHANE GAS USE, SO AS TO ALLOW A TAX CREDIT FOR THE COST OF EQUIPMENT TO CREATE A FORM OF ENERGY FROM A BIOMASS RESOURCE AND TO LIMIT THE CREDIT TO ONE MILLION DOLLARS; AND BY AMENDING SECTION 12-28-110, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE MOTOR FUEL FEES, SO AS TO CHANGE THE DEFINITION OF "BIODIESEL". Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 3666 (Word version) -- Reps. Clyburn, Loftis, J. H. Neal, Bales, G. M. Smith, Harvin, Jennings, Ott, Sellers, Funderburk, Branham, R. Brown, Frye, Spires, Agnew, Alexander, Anthony, Battle, Bowers, Brady, Brantley, Breeland, Ceips, Cobb-Hunter, Delleney, Duncan, Gambrell, Hardwick, Harrison, Hart, Hayes, Hodges, Hosey, Huggins, Jefferson, Knight, Lowe, Lucas, McLeod, Miller, Moss, J. M. Neal, E. H. Pitts, Rice, Sandifer, Simrill, Stavrinakis, Taylor, Thompson, Vick, Weeks, Williams and Scott: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 11, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 50 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ACT", TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AUTHORITY, AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS GOVERNANCE, POWERS, AND DUTIES; TO AUTHORIZE THE AUTHORITY TO PROVIDE LOANS AND OTHER FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO A MUNICIPALITY, COUNTY, SPECIAL PURPOSE OR PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICT, AND A PUBLIC WORKS COMMISSION TO FINANCE RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES; TO ALLOW STATE APPROPRIATIONS, GRANTS, LOAN REPAYMENTS, AND OTHER AVAILABLE AMOUNTS TO BE CREDITED TO THE FUND OF THE AUTHORITY; TO AUTHORIZE LENDING TO AND BORROWING BY ELIGIBLE ENTITIES THROUGH THE AUTHORITY; AND TO PROVIDE DEFINITIONS. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 3858 (Word version) -- Reps. Ceips and Clemmons: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-13-190, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CONDUCTING SPECIAL ELECTIONS TO FILL VACANCIES IN OFFICE, SO AS TO SPECIFY THAT IF THERE IS A VACANCY REQUIRING A PRIMARY ELECTION TO FILL THE VACANCY, THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION APPLY. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3890 (Word version) -- Reps. Harvin and Kirsh: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 57-23-825 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE TOWN OF SUMMERTON MAY MOW BEYOND THIRTY FEET FROM THE PAVEMENT ROADSIDE VEGETATION ADJACENT TO THE INTERCHANGES OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 95 AND S14-102 (EXIT 108) IN CLARENDON COUNTY. Read the first time and, on motion of Senator GROOMS, with unanimous consent, H. 3890 was ordered placed on the Calendar without reference. H. 3890--Ordered to a Second and Third Reading On motion of Senator LAND, with unanimous consent, H. 3890 was ordered to receive a second and third reading on the next two consecutive legislative days. H. 4105 (Word version) -- Reps. W. D. Smith, Davenport, Kelly, Littlejohn, Talley and Walker: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE FOR AN ADVISORY REFERENDUM TO BE CONDUCTED AT THE SAME TIME AS THE NEXT PARTY PRIMARIES TO DETERMINE IF THE QUALIFIED ELECTORS OF SPARTANBURG COUNTY FAVOR LEGISLATION WHICH WOULD MAKE IT EASIER FOR MUNICIPALITIES TO ANNEX UNINCORPORATED AREAS. Read the first time and referred to the Spartanburg County Delegation. H. 4123 (Word version) -- Rep. Spires: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO HONOR THE PELION PEANUT FESTIVAL IN LEXINGTON COUNTY, AUGUST 9-11, 2007, AND RECOGNIZE THE FESTIVAL'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TOWN, COUNTY, AND STATE. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. H. 4126 (Word version) -- Rep. Huggins: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO HONOR DR. MARY TUCK KENNERLY, OF RICHLAND COUNTY, FOR TWENTY-THREE YEARS OF SERVICE AS PRINCIPAL OF NURSERY ROAD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL UPON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT, AND TO EXTEND BEST WISHES FOR MUCH SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. H. 4127 (Word version) -- Reps. Jennings, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Ceips, Chalk, Chellis, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hinson, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, F. N. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, W. D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO HONOR DR. BLAIR A. RUDES FOR HIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AS A MEMBER OF THE FIRST STATE RECOGNITION COMMITTEE AND THE INVALUABLE EXPERTISE HE PROVIDED TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA COMMISSION FOR MINORITY AFFAIRS AS IT SOUGHT TO OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZE THE ANCESTORS OF THE NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLE OF THIS STATE. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES Senator LEATHERMAN from the Committee on Finance submitted a favorable with amendment report on: S. 462 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman, Alexander, Verdin and Short: A BILL TO RETITLE ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 11, TITLE 1, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EMPLOYEES AND RETIREMENT INSURANCE AS "EMPLOYEES AND RETIREES INSURANCE-ACCOUNTING FOR POST-EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS", TO MAKE FINDINGS WITH RESPECT TO THE STATE'S COMPLIANCE WITH NEW REQUIREMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD FOR POST-EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS; BY ADDING SECTIONS 1-11-703, 1-11-705, AND 1-11-707 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA RETIREE HEALTH INSURANCE TRUST FUND (SCRHI TRUST FUND) AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA LONG TERM DISABILITY INSURANCE TRUST FUND AS THE METHOD OF PAYING AND ACCOUNTING FOR RETIREE HEALTH INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND BASIC LONG TERM DISABILITY INCOME BENEFIT PLAN PREMIUMS IN COMPLIANCE WITH NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE ACTUARIAL FUNDING AND INVESTMENT OF THE ASSETS OF THESE TRUST FUNDS, AND TO PROVIDE DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 1-11-710, RELATING TO THE STATE HEALTH AND DENTAL PLANS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FUNDING FOR THE SCRHI TRUST FUND BY MEANS OF INCREASED EMPLOYER CONTRIBUTION RATES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 1-11-730, RELATING TO PERSONS ELIGIBLE FOR POST-EMPLOYMENT PARTICIPATION IN THE STATE HEALTH AND DENTAL PLANS AND ELIGIBILITY FOR EMPLOYER PAID PREMIUMS FOR RETIREES, SO AS TO CONFORM THE PAYMENT OF EMPLOYER PREMIUMS FOR RETIREES TO THE REVISED METHOD PROVIDED IN THIS ACT, PROSPECTIVELY TO REVISE THE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR EMPLOYER PAID PREMIUMS FOR RETIREES; AND TO DELETE AN OBSOLETE PROVISION. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a favorable report on: H. 3795 (Word version) -- Reps. Govan, Hosey, Sellers, Howard and J.H. Neal: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO DIRECT THE SOUTH CAROLINA COMMISSION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA AFRICAN-AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION TO ASSIST AND ENHANCE THE DEPARTMENT'S EFFORTS TO PRESERVE AND PROMOTE HISTORIC PROPERTIES REFLECTING THE STATE'S AFRICAN-AMERICAN HERITAGE; AND TO AUTHORIZE THE DEPARTMENT TO PROVIDE STAFF ASSISTANCE AND FUNDING FOR THE COMMISSION. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. OBJECTION (R41, S348 (Word version)) -- Senators Hutto and Land: AN ACT TO AMEND TITLE 50, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO FISH, GAME, AND WATERCRAFT, SO AS TO ENACT "CHANDLER'S LAW" BY ADDING CHAPTER 26 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR REGULATION OF THE OPERATION OF ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES INCLUDING A REQUIREMENT THAT A PERSON FIFTEEN YEARS OLD OR YOUNGER WHO OPERATES AN ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE MUST POSSESS A SAFETY CERTIFICATE INDICATING SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF AN ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE SAFETY COURSE, AND MUST WEAR A SAFETY HELMET AND EYE PROTECTION WHEN OPERATING AN ATV, MAKING IT UNLAWFUL FOR A PARENT OR LEGAL GUARDIAN TO KNOWINGLY PERMIT HIS CHILD OR WARD UNDER AGE SIX TO OPERATE AN ATV, AND PROVIDING FURTHER RESTRICTIONS WHEN OPERATING AN ATV ON LANDS THAT ARE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC THAT ALLOW OPERATION OF AN ATV, TO PROVIDE THAT ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES ARE EXEMPT FROM AD VALOREM TAXES BEGINNING WITH CALENDAR YEAR 2007, AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR CERTAIN VIOLATIONS; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 3, TITLE 56, RELATING TO MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION AND LICENSING, BY ADDING ARTICLE 10A SO AS TO PROVIDE A PROCEDURE FOR THE TITLING OF ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES. Senator RITCHIE asked unanimous consent to take up the veto for immediate consideration. Senator HUTTO objected. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. ORDERED ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION The following Bills and Joint Resolution were read the third time and, having received three readings in both Houses, it was ordered that the titles be changed to that of Acts and enrolled for Ratification: H. 3428 (Word version) -- Rep. G.M. Smith: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 28 OF TITLE 23, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO RESERVE POLICE OFFICERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF THE STATE TO APPOINT RESERVE OFFICERS IN THE SAME MANNER AS MUNICIPAL AND COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES. H. 3960 (Word version) -- Reps. Viers, Barfield, Clemmons, Edge, Hardwick, Hayes, Witherspoon, Miller, Govan and Anderson: A JOINT RESOLUTION THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IS DIRECTED TO CHANGE ALL HIGHWAY DIRECTIONAL SIGNS IN THE HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY UNDER ITS JURISDICTION IN HORRY COUNTY FROM "WACCAMAW POTTERY", WHICH IS NOW CLOSED, TO "HARD ROCK PARK". H. 3290 (Word version) -- Reps. Breeland, R. Brown, Mack, Miller, Scarborough, Stavrinakis and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-140, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO VOTING PRECINCTS IN CHARLESTON COUNTY, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER FOR THE MAP ON WHICH LINES OF THESE PRECINCTS ARE DELINEATED AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD. H. 3409 (Word version) -- Reps. Scarborough and Limehouse: A BILL TO PROVIDE THAT THE CHARLESTON COUNTY AVIATION AUTHORITY'S MEMBERSHIP SHALL BE INCREASED BY TWO MEMBERS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THESE MEMBERS SHALL BE THE CHAIRMAN AND VICE CHAIRMAN OF THE CHARLESTON COUNTY LEGISLATIVE DELEGATION, OR THEIR DESIGNEES. HOUSE BILLS RETURNED The following House Bills were read the third time and ordered returned to the House with amendments: H. 3490 (Word version) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, E.H. Pitts, Delleney, Harrison, Hart, Lucas, Rutherford, Sandifer, Stavrinakis, Thompson, Weeks, Whitmire and McLeod: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 22, TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE PRETRIAL INTERVENTION PROGRAM BY DESIGNATING THE EXISTING SECTIONS AS ARTICLE 1 AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 5 SO AS TO CREATE THE "ALCOHOL EDUCATION PROGRAM ACT", TO PROVIDE THAT EACH SOLICITOR HAS THE AUTHORITY TO ESTABLISH A PROGRAM FOR PERSONS WHO COMMIT CERTAIN ALCOHOL-RELATED OFFENSES, AND TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR THE OPERATION OF A PROGRAM AND REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONS DESIRING TO ENTER A PROGRAM. H. 3525 (Word version) -- Reps. Bedingfield, G.R. Smith, Pinson, J.H. Neal, F.N. Smith, Allen, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Brantley, Cato, Frye, Funderburk, Gullick, Haley, Harrell, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hodges, Howard, Kelly, Knight, Littlejohn, Mahaffey, Moss, Mulvaney, Neilson, J.R. Smith, W.D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Walker and McLeod: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 20-7-950 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN RELEASED FROM THE CUSTODY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AND WHOSE DRIVER'S LICENSE HAS BEEN SUSPENDED FOR FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH AN ORDER FOR CHILD SUPPORT MAY OBTAIN A SPECIAL ROUTE-RESTRICTED DRIVER'S LICENSE FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES. The following Bills were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives: S. 493 (Word version) -- Senator Ryberg: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 3, TITLE 56 OF THE 1976 CODE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES MAY ISSUE OPERATION DESERT STORM-DESERT SHIELD VETERANS LICENSE PLATES, OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM VETERANS LICENSE PLATES, AND OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM VETERANS LICENSE PLATES. S. 691 (Word version) -- Senator Gregory: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 50 OF THE 1976 CODE, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL STATEWIDE TO BUY, SELL, OR DISPLAY FOR SALE CARCASSES OR PARTS OF WILD RABBITS AND TO INCREASE THE PENALTY TO A MAXIMUM OF FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS, TO DESIGNATE WHICH SPECIES CONSTITUTE BIG GAME, TO ALSO ENABLE THE DEPARTMENT TO SET OTHER OPEN AND CLOSED SEASONS FOR WILD TURKEYS, TO PROVIDE A DEFINITION OF ARCHERY EQUIPMENT, TO SET LIMITS ON THE SIZE OF LARGEMOUTH BASS THAT MAY BE TAKEN FROM LAKE WYLIE, TO PROVIDE THAT A LESSEE MAY USE ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS TO PROTECT HIS PROPERTY, TO ELIMINATE THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL ISSUE AND POST SIGNS IN THE NO WAKE ZONE INFORMING THE PUBLIC OF THE NO WAKE ZONE, TO MAKE IT UNLAWFUL STATEWIDE TO RIDE A SURFBOARD NEAR FISHING PIERS, AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 50-3-360, 50-11-30, 50-11-550, 50-13-20, 50-13-65, 50-13-90, 50-13-980, 50-13-1010, 50-13-1020, 50-19-2220, 50-19-2230, AND 50-19-3010. (ABBREVIATED TITLE) S. 377 (Word version) -- Senators Ritchie, McConnell, Leventis, Martin, Hayes, Gregory, Richardson, Malloy, Sheheen, Campsen, Cleary, Setzler and Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48 OF THE 1976 CODE BY ENACTING THE "ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENT ACT OF 2007" TO PROVIDE THAT A RESIDENT TAXPAYER WHO CONSTRUCTS A COMMERCIAL BUILDING THAT MEETS THE STANDARDS SET FORTH BY THE U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL SHALL RECEIVE A TAX CREDIT, TO PROVIDE THAT A TAXPAYER WHO APPLIES FOR THE TAX CREDIT MAY PARTICIPATE IN AN EXPEDITED PERMIT PROCESS UPON THE POSTING OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE BOND, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SHALL ADMINISTER THE ARTICLE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT ANNUALLY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL HONOR NOT MORE THAN FIVE TAXPAYERS WHO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS. S. 668 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-11-360, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE APPLICATION OF CHAPTER 11, TITLE 40 (CONTRACTORS LICENSING ACT), SO AS TO EXEMPT A PROJECT IF IT IS A METAL FARM BUILDING LESS THAN FIVE THOUSAND SQUARE FEET USED ONLY FOR LIVESTOCK OR STORAGE. The following Bills and Joint Resolutions, having been read the second time, were ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar: S. 771 (Word version) -- Senator Hutto: A BILL TO CREATE THE ALLENDALE COUNTY AERONAUTICS AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF MEMBERS, THEIR TERMS, POWERS, DUTIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES. H. 3232 (Word version) -- Reps. Breeland, Mack, Anderson, R. Brown, Clyburn, Hart, Hosey, Howard, Jefferson, Scott and Williams: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-7750, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF FRATERNITY AND SORORITY SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FEES COLLECTED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION MAY BE USED FOR ACADEMIC SCHOLARSHIPS, OR TO FUND PROGRAMS THAT SEND BOYS AND GIRLS WHO ARE AT LEAST EIGHT YEARS OLD AND NOT MORE THAN SIXTEEN YEARS OLD TO SUMMER CAMP, OR BOTH. H. 3289 (Word version) -- Rep. Vick: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SALES TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM SALES TAX THE GROSS PROCEEDS OF SALES OR SALES PRICE OF GOLD, SILVER, AND PLATINUM BULLION, LEGAL TENDER COINS, AND CURRENCY AND TO REQUIRE THE RETAILER TO MAINTAIN PROPER DOCUMENTATION AS REQUIRED BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE FOR EACH EXEMPT SALE. H. 3914 (Word version) -- Education and Public Works Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, RELATING TO DRIVER TRAINING SCHOOLS, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3093, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. H. 3923 (Word version) -- Reps. M.A. Pitts and Duncan: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 779 OF 1988, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO LAURENS COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICTS 55 AND 56, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE ELECTIONS FOR SCHOOL BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE DISTRICTS MUST BE HELD AT THE TIME OF THE GENERAL ELECTION INSTEAD OF THE SECOND TUESDAY OF MARCH, IN APPROPRIATE YEARS, BEGINNING IN 2010 AND 2012. H. 3915 (Word version) -- Education and Public Works Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, RELATING TO TRUCK DRIVER TRAINING SCHOOLS, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3094, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. H. 3659 (Word version) -- Reps. Kirsh, Simrill, Owens, Scott and McLeod: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-33-245, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE EXCISE TAX ON ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS FOR ON-PREMISES CONSUMPTION, SO AS TO REQUIRE THAT A STATE AGENCY OR LOCAL ENTITY THAT DOES NOT RECEIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF REVENUE FROM THE EXCISE TAX AS IT DID FROM THE MINIBOTTLE TAX IN FISCAL YEAR 2004-2005, IT IS TO RECEIVE THE DIFFERENCE FROM THE GENERAL FUND WITHIN THIRTY DAYS AFTER THE CLOSE OF EACH QUARTER IN A CALENDAR YEAR. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance. The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (3659R001.WHO), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1 in its entirety and inserting: / SECTION 1. Section 12-33-245(C) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(C) Those state agencies and local entities, including counties, which are allocated and receive by law minibottle tax revenues in fiscal year 2003-04 2004-2005 for education, prevention, and other purposes, shall receive at least the same amount of revenues from the new excise tax revenues beginning with the first full fiscal year after sales of liquor by the drink are authorized as they did from minibottle tax revenues during fiscal year 2003-04 2004-2005. If these state agencies and local entities do not, the difference must be made up from the general fund within sixty days after the close of each fiscal year. Payments will be distributed in four equal payments based on the total payments remitted to these state agencies and entities in fiscal year 2004-2005, including funds allocated pursuant to Section 6-27-40(B). At the end of each fiscal year, the State Treasurer, in consultation with the Department of Revenue, shall determine whether the tax collected pursuant to these sections exceed the total collection and remittance for fiscal year 2004-2005. If the tax collected exceeds the amount collected and allocated in fiscal year 2004-2005, a distribution of the difference will be remitted to the county treasurers within thirty days after the close of each fiscal year." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator O'DELL explained the committee amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. CARRIED OVER H. 3045 (Word version) -- Reps. Cooper, Cobb-Hunter, Umphlett, Mahaffey, Sandifer, G.R. Smith, Hamilton, Davenport, Mitchell, Miller, Battle, Thompson, J.R. Smith, J.H. Neal, M.A. Pitts, Cotty, Ballentine, Haley, Ceips, Funderburk, Brady, White, Kirsh, Jefferson, Vick, McLeod, Harrell, Littlejohn, Lucas, Branham, Delleney, Bowen, Gambrell, Gullick and Sellers: A BILL TO ENACT THE "VOLUNTEER STRATEGIC ASSISTANCE AND FIRE EQUIPMENT ACT OF 2007 (V-SAFE)" BY ADDING CHAPTER 51 TO TITLE 23, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO APPROPRIATE FUNDS ANNUALLY FOR GRANTS THAT MUST BE AWARDED TO CERTAIN VOLUNTEER AND COMBINATION FIRE DEPARTMENTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND REGIONAL RESPONSE AREAS FROM INCIDENTS OF FIRE, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, TERRORISM, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE SAFETY OF VOLUNTEER FIREFIGHTERS AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE GRANTS MUST BE ADMINISTERED BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FIREFIGHTERS' ASSOCIATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH A PEER REVIEW PANEL. On motion of Senator RYBERG, the Bill was carried over. H. 3783 (Word version) -- Reps. Limehouse, Crawford and Bales: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-33-210, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO BIENNIAL LICENSE TAXES GRANTED PURSUANT TO THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL ACT, SO AS TO REDUCE THE BIENNIAL FEE FOR THE MANUFACTURER'S LICENSE FROM FIFTY THOUSAND DOLLARS TO ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS. On motion of Senator MOORE, the Bill was carried over. H. 3749 (Word version) -- Reps. W.D. Smith, Mitchell, Kelly, Littlejohn, Mahaffey, Moss, Phillips, Talley and Walker: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-10-80, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JOB DEVELOPMENT CREDITS, SO AS TO ALLOW A TAXPAYER WHO QUALIFIES FOR THE JOB DEVELOPMENT CREDIT AND WHO IS LOCATED IN A MULTI-COUNTY BUSINESS OR INDUSTRIAL PARK TO RECEIVE A CREDIT EQUAL TO THE AMOUNT DESIGNATED TO THE COUNTY WITH THE LOWEST DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF THE COUNTIES CONTAINING THE PARK IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. On motion of Senator O'DELL, the Bill was carried over. THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD. H. 3567 (Word version) -- Reps. Rice, Gullick, Cotty and Agnew: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-21-620, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO TAXATION ON CIGARETTES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF TAX ON EACH CIGARETTE FROM THREE AND ONE-HALF MILLS TO TWO CENTS; TO ADD SECTION 44-6-157 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE REVENUE GENERATED FROM THE TAXATION ON CIGARETTES MUST BE USED TO EXPAND MEDICAID COVERAGE TO CHILDREN EIGHTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND YOUNGER WHOSE FAMILY INCOME DOES NOT EXCEED TWO HUNDRED PERCENT OF THE FEDERAL POVERTY LEVEL; AND TO CREATE THE HEALTH CARE TRUST FUND TO PROVIDE MEDICAID BENEFITS TO INDIVIDUALS WHOSE FAMILY INCOME DOES NOT EXCEED ONE HUNDRED PERCENT OF THE FEDERAL POVERTY LEVEL AND WHO ARE UNINSURED AND TO PROVIDE THAT REVENUE IN EXCESS OF THE CHILDREN'S MEDICAID COVERAGE FROM THE CIGARETTE TAX MUST BE CREDITED TO THE HEALTH CARE TRUST FUND; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-910, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES TAXES GENERALLY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT AS OF JULY 1, 2009, THE THREE PERCENT SALES TAX IS ELIMINATED ON UNPREPARED FOOD WHICH LAWFULLY MAY BE PURCHASED WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS, TO PROVIDE FOR CERTAIN GENERAL FUND TRANSFERS TO THE EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT ACT FUND FOR EACH FISCAL YEAR TO OFFSET EIA REVENUES LOST AS A RESULT OF THE LOSS OF SALES TAX ON THE SALE OF UNPREPARED FOOD, AND TO REDUCE THE SALES TAX ON UNPREPARED FOOD TO TWO PERCENT AS OF JULY 1, 2007, AND ONE PERCENT AS OF JULY 1, 2008. Senator MARTIN moved to make the Bill a Special Order. A roll call vote was ordered. Point of Order Senator VERDIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 32B that the motion made by the Chairman of the Rules Committee was out of order inasmuch as the Bill had not been on the Statewide Calendar for a minimum of six legislative days. Senator MARTIN spoke on the motion. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore overruled the Point of Order. Senator HAWKINS argued contra to the motion to make the Bill a Special Order. Senator MARTIN argued in favor of the motion to set the Bill as a Special Order. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 33; Nays 8 AYES Alexander Anderson Cleary Cromer Drummond Fair Ford Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Matthews McGill Moore O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie Scott Setzler Sheheen Short Thomas Williams Total--33 NAYS Bryant Courson Grooms Hawkins McConnell Ryberg Vaughn Verdin Total--8 The Bill was made a Special Order. On motion of Senator MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period. HAVING DISPENSED WITH THE MOTION PERIOD, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS RETURNED FROM THE HOUSE. CONCURRENCE S. 322 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes, Hawkins, Vaughn, Peeler, Leatherman, Leventis, O'Dell, McConnell, Cromer, Patterson, Knotts, Land, Mescher, Martin and Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 114, TITLE 59, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD TUITION ASSISTANCE ACT, SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD COLLEGE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ACT", TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS, TO PROVIDE FOR COLLEGE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM GRANTS TO BE ADMINISTERED BY THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, TO PROVIDE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS TO QUALIFY FOR THE GRANTS, TO PROVIDE FOR FUNDING TO BE APPROPRIATED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION SHALL PROMULGATE REGULATIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 59-111-75, RELATING TO THE LOAN REPAYMENT PROGRAM FOR MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD SERVING IN AREAS OF CRITICAL NEED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE LOAN REPAYMENT PROGRAM MAY NOT ACCEPT NEW PARTICIPANTS AND PROVIDE THAT MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD WHO HAVE RECEIVED LOANS BEFORE THE 2007-08 ACADEMIC YEAR MAY CONTINUE TO RECEIVE THEIR LOANS AND HAVE THEIR LOANS FORGIVEN PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS UNDER WHICH THE LOAN PROGRAM BEGAN; AND TO REPEAL ARTICLE 6, CHAPTER 111, TITLE 59, RELATING TO ONE-HALF TUITION FOR MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD. The House returned the Bill with amendments. On motion of Senator HAYES, the Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and the Act enrolled for Ratification. CONCURRENCE H. 3711 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer and Whitmire: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 25, TITLE 6, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY REDESIGNATING THE CHAPTER KNOWN AS THE "JOINT MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEMS ACT" AS THE "JOINT AUTHORITY WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF MEMBERS OF A JOINT AUTHORITY WATER AND SEWER SYSTEM COMMISSION, TO PROVIDE THAT A COMMISSION MAY CONSIST OF NO MORE THAN ELEVEN MEMBERS, TO PROVIDE THAT A CHANGE IN THE MEMBERSHIP OF A JOINT SYSTEM IS NOT FINAL UNTIL NOTICE OF THE CHANGE IS FILED WITH THE SECRETARY OF STATE, TO PROVIDE THAT A JOINT SYSTEM MAY ENTER A CONTRACT TO SELL WATER OR PROVIDE SEWER SERVICE, AMONG OTHER THINGS; AND TO MAKE CONFORMING AND TECHNICAL CHANGES THROUGHOUT THE CHAPTER. The House returned the Bill with amendments. On motion of Senator MARTIN, the Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and the Act enrolled for Ratification. NONCONCURRENCE S. 282 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman and Setzler: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 35, TITLE 11 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE CONSOLIDATED PROCUREMENT CODE, TO AUTHORIZE CERTAIN PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS, TO SPECIFY SOURCE SELECTION METHODS, TO PROVIDE FOR SUBCONTRACTOR SUBSTITUTION, TO PROVIDE FOR PREQUALIFICATION ON STATE CONSTRUCTION, TO PROVIDE FOR CONTENTS OF A REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF ERRORS AND OMISSIONS INSURANCE TO COVER CERTAIN SERVICES, TO ALLOW THE GOVERNING BODY TO APPROVE NONMATERIAL CHANGE ORDERS, TO REDEFINE "CONSTRUCTION", TO PROVIDE FOR SELECTION METHODS IN CONNECTION WITH PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS, TO REQUIRE COMPETITIVE SEALED PROPOSALS FOR CONTRACTS FOR CERTAIN PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS, TO INCLUDE DEFINITIONS PERTAINING TO THE VARIOUS AUTHORIZED PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS INCLUDING "DESIGN REQUIREMENTS", "INDEPENDENT PEER REVIEWER SERVICE", AND "INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITY", TO SUBSTITUTE PROJECT DELIVERY METHOD FOR THE PROCESS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE CONTRACT PRICE FOR PURPOSES OF A PAYMENT BOND OR PERFORMANCE BOND DOES NOT INCLUDE THE COST OF OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND FINANCE, AND TO ALLOW FOR NO SURETY DURING PRECONSTRUCTION OR DESIGN PHASES, TO SUBSTITUTE "GOVERNMENTAL BODY" FOR "USING AGENCY", AND TO REPEAL SECTION 11-35-1825. (ABBREVIATED TITLE) The House returned the Bill with amendments. On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Senate nonconcurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. HOUSE AMENDMENTS AMENDED RETURNED TO THE HOUSE WITH AMENDMENTS S. 327 (Word version) -- Senator Sheheen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 7-5-10, 7-5-35, AND 7-13-70, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL OF MEMBERS OF THE COUNTY BOARD OF REGISTRATION AND COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF ELECTION AND THE COMPOSITIONS OF THESE BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THAT THE CERTIFICATION BE ISSUED WHEN A MEMBER OR DESIGNATED STAFF PERSON HAS COMPLETED A TRAINING PROGRAM AND TO REQUIRE THE GOVERNOR TO REMOVE A MEMBER OF THESE BOARDS OR COMMISSIONS, APPOINTED ON OR AFTER THE ACT'S EFFECTIVE DATE, WHO HAS NOT FULFILLED THE TRAINING REQUIREMENT WITHIN EIGHTEEN MONTHS. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being concurrence in the House amendments. Senator MARTIN proposed the following amendment (JUD0327.003), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking the bill in its entirety and inserting therein the following: / A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 7-5-10, 7-5-35, AND 7-13-70, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL OF MEMBERS OF THE COUNTY BOARD OF REGISTRATION AND COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF ELECTION AND THE COMPOSITIONS OF THESE BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THAT THE CERTIFICATION BE ISSUED WHEN A MEMBER OR DESIGNATED STAFF PERSON HAS COMPLETED A TRAINING PROGRAM AND TO REQUIRE THE GOVERNOR TO REMOVE A MEMBER OF THESE BOARDS OR COMMISSIONS, APPOINTED ON OR AFTER THE ACT'S EFFECTIVE DATE, WHO HAS NOT FULFILLED THE TRAINING REQUIREMENT WITHIN EIGHTEEN MONTHS. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina: SECTION 1. Section 7-5-10 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 7-5-10. (A) Between the first day of January and the fifteenth day of March in every each even-numbered year the Governor shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, not less than three nor more than five competent and discreet persons in each county, who are qualified electors of that county and who must be known as the 'Board of Registration of __________ County'. The Governor shall notify the State Election Commission in writing of the appointments. The members appointed are subject to removal by the Governor for incapacity, misconduct, or neglect of duty. (B)(1) Members Each member, and such each staff as person designated by the board, must complete, within eighteen months after their a member's initial appointment or his reappointment following a break in service, or within eighteen months after a staff person's initial employment or reemployment following a break in service, a training and certification program conducted by the State Election Commission. When a member or staff person has successfully completed the training and certification program, the State Election Commission must issue the member or staff person a certification, whether or not the member or staff person applies for the certification. (2) If, except for an exceptional reason, a member appointed on or after the effective date of this item does not fulfill the training and certification program within eighteen months after his appointment, the Governor, upon notification, must remove that member from the board. (3) Following initial completion of the training and certification program required in item (1), each board member, and each staff person designated by the board or commission, must take at least one training course each year." SECTION 2. Section 7-5-35 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 7-5-35. (A) If a county operates its elections through a combined election and registration commission, the structure and composition are not affected or changed by the provisions of this section. However, the provisions for inclusion of majority and minority party representatives upon the combined commission and upon the expanded commission as constituted for primary elections and protests must be applied to the combined commission, mutatis mutandis. (B)(1) Commissioners Each commissioner, and such each staff as person designated by the commission, must complete, within eighteen months after their a commissioner's initial appointment or his reappointment after a break in service, or within eighteen months after a staff person's initial employment or reemployment following a break in service, a training and certification program conducted by the State Election Commission. When a commissioner or staff person has successfully completed the training and certification program, the State Election Commission must issue the commissioner or staff person a certification, whether or not the commissioner or staff person applies for the certification. (2) If, except for an exceptional reason, a commissioner appointed on or after the effective date of this item does not fulfill the training and certification program within eighteen months after his appointment, the Governor, upon notification, must remove that commissioner from the commission. (3) Following initial completion of the training and certification program required in item (1), each commission member, and staff person designated by the commission, must take at least one training course each year." SECTION 3. Section 7-13-70 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 7-13-70. (A) For the purpose of carrying on general or special elections provided for in Section 7-13-10, the Governor, at least ninety days before the election, must appoint for each county not less than three nor more than five commissioners of election upon the recommendation of the senatorial delegation and at least half of the members of the House of Representatives from the respective counties. The Governor must notify the State Election Commission in writing of the appointments. The State Election Commission must verify that at least one of the appointees represents the largest political party and one represents the second largest political party as determined by the composition of that county's delegation in the General Assembly or the makeup of the General Assembly as a whole if the county's delegation is composed of only one party's members. The commissioners shall continue in office until their successors are appointed and qualified. After their appointment, the commissioners must take and subscribe, before any officer authorized to administer oaths, the following oath of office prescribed by Section 26 of Article III of the Constitution: 'I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I am duly qualified, according to the Constitution of this State, to exercise the duties of the office to which I have been appointed, and that I will, to the best of my ability, discharge the duties thereof, and preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of this State and of the United States. So help me God'. (B) The oath must be immediately filed immediately in the office of the clerk of court of common pleas of the county in which the commissioners are appointed, or if there is no clerk of court, in the office of the Secretary of State. (C)(1) Commissioners Each commissioner, and such each staff person as designated by the commission, must complete, within eighteen months after their the commissioner's initial appointment or his reappointment after a break in service, or within eighteen months after a staff person's initial employment or reemployment following a break in service, a training and certification program conducted by the State Election Commission. When a commissioner or staff person has successfully completed the training and certification program, the State Election Commission must issue the commissioner or staff person a certification, whether or not the commissioner or staff person applies for the certification. (2) If, except for an exceptional reason, a commissioner does not fulfill this training requirement, the Governor, upon notification, must remove that commissioner from the commission. (3) Following initial completion of the training and certification program required in item (1), each commission member, and staff person designated by the commission, must take at least one training course each year." SECTION 4. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator MARTIN explained the amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments. HOUSE AMENDMENTS AMENDED RETURNED TO THE HOUSE WITH AMENDMENTS S. 367 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes, Setzler, Matthews, Short, Fair, Richardson and Vaughn: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 11-11-155 AND 11-11-156, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION FUND AND THE MANNER IN WHICH THE SCHOOL DISTRICTS OF THE STATE RECEIVE REVENUES FROM THE HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION FUND, SO AS TO CLARIFY THE METHOD OF DETERMINING AND CALCULATING THESE PAYMENTS, PROVIDING THE SCHEDULE OF THE PAYMENTS TO SCHOOL DISTRICTS, SPECIFYING THE SOURCE OF THE TWO AND ONE-HALF MILLION DOLLAR MINIMUM PAYMENT TO A COUNTY FOR SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN A COUNTY, AND SPECIFYING WHEN A REMAINING BALANCE IN THE HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION FUND IS REMITTED TO COUNTIES FOR PURPOSES OF THE COUNTY OPERATING MILLAGE PROPERTY TAX CREDIT FOR OWNER-OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE INCREASES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A REDUCTION IN POPULATION AND A DECLINE IN THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX DOES NOT DECREASE THE APPLICABLE LIMIT AND TO PROVIDE THAT THIS MILLAGE INCREASE LIMIT DOES NOT AMEND OR REPEAL ANY MORE RESTRICTIVE LIMIT APPLICABLE IN OTHER LAW. The House returned the Bill with amendments. Senator HAYES proposed the following amendment (367R001.RWH), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION ___. A. Section 6-1-50, as last amended by Act 388 of 2006, is further amended to read: "Section 6-1-50. Counties and municipalities receiving revenues from state aid, currently known as Aid to Subdivisions, shall submit annually to the State Budget and Control Board, Office of Research and Statistics, Economic Research Section, a financial report detailing their sources of revenue, expenditures by category, indebtedness, and other information as the State Budget and Control Board, Office of Research and Statistics, Economic Research Section, requires. The State Budget and Control Board, Office of Research and Statistics, Economic Research Section, shall determine the content and format of the annual financial report. The financial report for the most recently completed fiscal year must be submitted to the State Budget and Control Board, Office of Research and Statistics, Economic Research Section, by November January fifteenth of each year. If an entity fails to file the financial report by November January fifteenth, then the chief administrative officer of the entity shall be notified in writing that the entity has thirty days to comply with the requirements of this section. The Director of the Office of Research and Statistics may, for good cause, grant a local entity an extension of time to file the annual financial report. Notification by the Director of the Office of Research and Statistics to the Comptroller General that an entity has failed to file the annual financial report thirty days after written notification to the chief administrative officer of the entity must result in the withholding of ten percent of subsequent payments of state aid to the entity until the report is filed. The State Budget and Control Board, Office of Research and Statistics, Economic Research Section, is responsible for collecting, maintaining, and compiling the financial data provided by counties and municipalities in the annual financial report required by this section." B. Notwithstanding the general effective date provided in this act, this section takes effect upon approval of this act by the Governor./ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION ___. A. Items (4), (5), and (7) of Section 12-37-3130 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 388 of 2006, are amended to read: "(4) 'Assessable transfer of interest' means a transfer of an existing interest in real property that subjects the real property to appraisal. For purposes of this definition, an existing interest in real property includes life estate interests and the beneficial use of the property when the fair market value of that beneficial use is substantially equal to the fair market value of the real property or the fee interest. (5) 'Beneficial use' means the right to possession, use, and enjoyment of property, limited only by encumbrances, easements, and restrictions of record. RESERVED (7) 'Conveyance' means the date of the instrument of record transfer of an assessable transfer of interest in real property is recorded by the Clerk of Court or Register of Deeds in the county where the real property is located. Failure to record legal instruments evidencing a transfer of interest gives rise to no inference as to whether or not an assessable transfer of interest has occurred." B. Section 12-37-3140 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 388 of 2006, is amended to read: "Section 12-37-3140. (A)(1) For property tax years beginning after 2006, the fair market value of real property is its fair market value applicable for the later of: (a) the base year, as defined in subsection (C) of this section; (b) when December thirty-first of the year in which an assessable transfer of interest has occurred; (c) as determined on appeal; or (d) as it may be adjusted as determined in a countywide reassessment program conducted pursuant to Section 12-43-217, but limited to increases in such value as provided in subsection (B) of this section. (2) To the fair market value of real property as determined at the time provided in item (1) of this subsection, there must be added the fair market value of subsequent improvements and additions to the property. (B) Any increase in the fair market value of real property attributable to the periodic countywide appraisal and equalization program implemented pursuant to Section 12-43-217 is limited to fifteen percent within a five-year period to the otherwise applicable fair market value. However, this limit does not apply to the fair market value of additions or improvements to real property in the year those additions or improvements are first subject to property tax, nor do they apply to the fair market value of real property when an assessable transfer of interest occurred in the year that the transfer value is first subject to tax. (C) For purposes of determining a 'base year' fair market value pursuant to this section, the fair market value of real property is its appraised value applicable for property tax year 2007. (D) Real property valued by the unit valuation concept is excluded from the limits provided pursuant to subsection (B) of this section. (E) Value attributable to additions and improvements, and changes in value resulting from assessable transfers of interest occurring in a property tax year are first subject to property tax in the following tax year except as provided pursuant to Section 12-37-670(B)." C. 1. Section 12-37-3150(A) of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 388 of 2006, is amended by adding a new paragraph at the end to read: "An assessable transfer of interest resulting in the appraisal required pursuant to this article occurs at the time of execution of the instruments directly resulting in the transfer of interest and without regard as to whether or not the applicable instruments are recorded. Failure to record instruments resulting in a transfer of interest gives rise to no inference as to whether or not an assessable transfer of interest has occurred." 2. Items (7) and (8) of Section 12-37-3150(B) of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 388 of 2006, are amended to read: "(7) a transfer of real property or other ownership interests among members of an affiliated group. As used in this item, 'affiliated group' is as defined in Section 1504 of the Internal Revenue Code as defined in Section 12-6-40. Upon request of the applicable property tax assessor, a corporation shall furnish proof within forty-five days that a transfer meets the requirements of this item. A corporation that fails to comply with this request is subject to a civil penalty as provided in Section 12-37-3160(B); or (8) a transfer of real property or other ownership interests among corporations, partnerships, limited liability companies, limited liability partnerships, or other legal entities if the entities involved are commonly controlled. Upon request by the applicable property tax assessor, a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, limited liability partnership, or other legal entity shall furnish proof within forty-five days that a transfer meets the requirements of this item. A corporation, partnership, limited liability company, limited liability partnership, or other legal entity that fails to comply with this request is subject to a civil penalty as provided in Section 12-37-3160(B); or (9) a transfer of an interest in a timeshare unit by deed or lease." D. Notwithstanding the general effective date of this act this section takes effect upon ratification of an amendment to the Constitution of this State proposed pursuant to Joint Resolution 402 of 2006 and applies for property tax years beginning after 2006. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator HAYES explained the amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments. HOUSE AMENDMENTS AMENDED RETURNED TO THE HOUSE WITH AMENDMENTS S. 657 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler, Alexander, Lourie, Setzler, Matthews, Hayes, Land, Pinckney, Courson, Fair, McGill and Short: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 110 TO TITLE 59 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA CRITICAL NEEDS NURSING INITIATIVE ACT" INCLUDING PROVISIONS ESTABLISHING THE CRITICAL NEEDS NURSING INITIATIVE FUND, TO IMPROVE THE NUMBER OF QUALIFIED NURSES IN THIS STATE BY PROVIDING NURSING FACULTY SALARY ENHANCEMENTS, CREATING NEW FACULTY POSITIONS, PROVIDING FOR ADDITIONAL NURSING STUDENT SCHOLARSHIPS, LOANS, AND GRANTS, ESTABLISHING THE OFFICE FOR HEALTH CARE WORKFORCE RESEARCH TO ANALYZE HEALTH CARE WORKFORCE SUPPLY AND DEMAND, AND PROVIDING FOR THE USE OF SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT IN THE EDUCATION OF NURSES. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being concurrence in the House amendments. Senator PEELER proposed the following amendment (657R001.HSP), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION ___. A. Section 40-43-83 of the 1976 Code, is amended by adding an appropriately numbered subsection to read: "( ) The Department of Health and Environmental Control is exempt from the provisions of this section that require facilities distributing or dispensing prescription drugs to be permitted by the Board of Pharmacy and from the provisions of this section that require each pharmacy to have a pharmacist-in-charge; however, each health district in this State must have a permit to distribute or dispense prescription drugs." B. Section 40-43-86 of the 1976 Code, is amended by adding an appropriately numbered subsection at the end to read: ( ) The Department of Health and Environmental Control is exempt from the provisions of this section that prohibit a pharmacist from serving as a pharmacist-in-charge unless he is physically present in the pharmacy and that prohibits a pharmacist from serving as a pharmacist-in-charge for more than one pharmacy at a time, so that one pharmacist-in-charge may be designated by the department to serve more than one health district." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION ___. Chapter 1, Title 44 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 44-1-215. Notwithstanding Section 13-7-85, the Department of Health and Environmental Control may retain all funds generated in excess of those funds remitted to the general fund in fiscal year 2000-2001 from fees listed in regulation R61-64 Title B." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator PEELER explained the amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments. HOUSE AMENDMENTS AMENDED RETURNED TO THE HOUSE WITH AMENDMENTS S. 446 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy, McConnell, Ford, Rankin, Knotts, Cleary, Anderson, Vaughn, Hawkins, Scott, Williams, Drummond, Mescher, Thomas, Short, Hutto, Leatherman, Richardson, Leventis, Elliott, Patterson, Pinckney, Land, Lourie, Jackson, Peeler, Sheheen, Moore and McGill: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "INDIGENT DEFENSE ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 17-3-5 SO AS TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS FOR PURPOSES OF THE CHAPTER; BY ADDING ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 3, TITLE 17 SO AS TO ESTABLISH CIRCUIT PUBLIC DEFENDER SELECTION PANELS, PROVIDE FOR THEIR MEMBERSHIP AND RESPONSIBILITIES RELATED TO THE APPOINTMENT OF CIRCUIT PUBLIC DEFENDERS, PROVIDE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CIRCUIT PUBLIC DEFENDERS AND ESTABLISH THEIR DUTIES, AND AUTHORIZE THE CIRCUIT PUBLIC DEFENDERS TO EMPLOY CHIEF COUNTY PUBLIC DEFENDERS AND OTHER NECESSARY PERSONNEL; TO AMEND SECTION 17-3-30, RELATING TO THE AFFIDAVIT REGARDING A PERSON'S INABILITY TO EMPLOY COUNSEL AND PAYMENT OF AN INDIGENT PERSON'S ASSETS TO THE STATE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THOSE ASSETS ARE TO BE PAID TO THE GENERAL FUND OF THE STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 17-3-50, RELATING TO FEES FOR APPOINTED COUNSEL AND PUBLIC DEFENDERS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE REGARDING THE APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL IN ACCORDANCE WITH A PLAN PROMULGATED BY THE BAR OF EACH COUNTY; TO AMEND SECTION 17-3-90, RELATING TO PAYMENT VOUCHERS FOR PRIVATE, APPOINTED COUNSEL, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES AND TO AUTHORIZE THE OFFICE OF INDIGENT DEFENSE TO PRESENT THE VOUCHER TO THE TRIAL JUDGE FOR APPROVAL; BY REVISING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 3, TITLE 17, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES TO THE ARTICLE IN RELATION TO THE ADDITION OF ARTICLE 5; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 17-3-60 RELATING TO PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING PUBLIC DEFENDER SYSTEMS IN COUNTIES AND SECTION 17-3-70 RELATING TO APPROPRIATIONS FOR MAINTENANCE OF DEFENDER CORPORATIONS AND COMPENSATION OF APPOINTED COUNSEL. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being concurrence in the House amendments. Senator SETZLER proposed the following amendment (BBM\10105HTC07), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, in SECTION 8, page 27, by adding a new subsection at the end to read: / M. Section 9-1-2210(I) of the 1976 Code, as amended by Act 153 of 2005, is further amended to read: "(I) A member is not eligible to participate in the program if the member has participated previously in and received a benefit under this program or any other state retirement system. However, a member who has received a disability benefit, but who has been restored to active service and voided his optional benefit selection pursuant to Section 9-1-1590 and repaid any benefit received is eligible to participate in the program." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator SETZLER explained the amendment. Senators THOMAS, LEATHERMAN and MALLOY proposed the following amendment (446R001.DLT), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 9, by striking SECTION 4 in its entirety and inserting: / SECTION 4. Section 17-3-30(A) and (B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(A) A person to whom counsel has been provided shall execute an affidavit that he is financially unable to employ counsel and that affidavit shall must set forth all his assets. If it appears that the person has some assets but they are insufficient to employ private counsel, the court, in its discretion, may order the person to pay these assets to the defender corporation of the county or counties wherein he is being represented or, if a defender corporation does not exist therein, to the Office of Indigent Defense of the State of South Carolina general fund of the State. (B) A twenty-five forty dollar application fee for public defender services must be collected from every person who executes an affidavit that he is financially unable to employ counsel. The person may apply to the clerk of court or other appropriate official for a waiver or reduction in the application fee. If the clerk or other appropriate official determines that the person is unable to pay the application fee, the fee may be waived or reduced, provided that if the fee is waived or reduced, the clerk or appropriate official shall report the amount waived or reduced to the trial judge upon sentencing and the trial judge shall order the remainder of the fee paid during probation if the person is granted probation. The clerk of court or other appropriate official shall collect the application fee imposed by this section and remit the proceeds to the state fund on a monthly basis. The monies must be deposited in an interest-bearing account separate from the general fund and used only to provide for indigent defense services. The monies shall be administered by the Office of Indigent Defense. The clerk of court or other appropriate official shall maintain a record of all persons applying for representation and the disposition of the application and shall provide this information to the Office of Indigent Defense on a monthly basis as well as reporting the amount of funds collected or waived. " / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator THOMAS explained the amendment. Senator MALLOY proposed the following amendment (JUD0446.003), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 15, by striking lines 8-9 and inserting: / (B) Nine members shall be appointed by the Governor as follows:/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, pages 28-29, by striking SECTION 12 in its entirety. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator MALLOY explained the amendment. Senator SHEHEEN proposed the following amendment (BBM\10107HTC07), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, in SECTION 8, page 27, by adding an appropriately lettered subsection at the end to read: / __. Section 9-8-110(2) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 139 of 1995, is further amended to read: "(2) Unless a married member has designated a beneficiary other than his spouse in accordance with subsection (1), upon his death prior to in service before retirement an allowance equal to one-third of the allowance which would have been payable to him, assuming if he was then eligible to retire on his date of death notwithstanding the vesting requirement of Section 9-8-50(E)(1) and as if he had retired on the date of his death, shall must be paid to his surviving spouse until her death. This allowance is payable in lieu of the lump sum amount payable in accordance with subsection (1). Upon the death of a retired member who has not designated a beneficiary other than a spouse an allowance equal to one-third of the allowance which would have been payable to him, shall must be paid to the surviving spouse until death. For purposes of this subsection, 'retired member' shall include includes those former judges and solicitors who are beneficiaries pursuant to subsection (4) of Section 9-8-60." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator SHEHEEN explained the amendment. Senators LAND, McGILL, LEATHERMAN and ALEXANDER proposed the following amendment (446-SHORT), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 25, lines 1 and 2 by striking and inserting the following: / (a) attained the age of sixty-five two and completed at least twenty years of credited service; / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator LAND explained the amendment. Senator MOORE proposed the following amendment (446R003.TLM), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, on page 15, by deleting lines 41- 43. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator MOORE explained the amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments. Senator MALLOY, with unanimous consent, was recognized to speak on the Bill. Expression of Personal Interest Senator KNOTTS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Expression of Personal Interest Senator GROOMS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE SPECIAL ORDERS. DEBATE INTERRUPTED H. 3124 (Word version) -- Reps. Walker, Harrell, Harrison, Cotty, Bingham, Toole, D.C. Smith and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 62 TO TITLE 59 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE PUBLIC SCHOOL OPEN ENROLLMENT CHOICE PROGRAM IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM OF THIS STATE, TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS, TO PROVIDE FOR AN APPLICATION PROCESS FOR STUDENTS WISHING TO TRANSFER, TO PROVIDE RESPONSIBILITIES OF RECEIVING SCHOOL DISTRICTS, TO PROVIDE STANDARDS OF APPROVAL, PRIORITIES OF ACCEPTING STUDENTS, AND CRITERIA FOR DENYING STUDENTS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE PARENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSPORTING THE STUDENT TO SCHOOL, TO PROVIDE FOR THE FUNDING OF THE OPEN ENROLLMENT CHOICE PROGRAM, TO PROVIDE THAT A STUDENT MAY NOT PARTICIPATE IN INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC CONTESTS DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF ENROLLMENT, TO PROVIDE THAT A RECEIVING DISTRICT SHALL ACCEPT CERTAIN CREDITS TOWARD A STUDENT'S REQUIREMENTS FOR GRADUATION, TO PROVIDE THAT A SCHOOL DISTRICT MAY CONTRACT WITH CERTAIN ENTITIES FOR THE PROVISION OF SERVICES, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SHALL CONDUCT AN ANNUAL SURVEY AND REPORT THE RESULTS TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Education. Senator HAYES was recognized to explain the Bill. On motion of Senator MARTIN, with unanimous consent, debate was interrupted by adjournment, with Senator HAYES retaining the floor.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.33372655510902405, "perplexity": 8221.02358612553}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049288709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002128-00216-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://ringofbrodgar.com/wiki/Applejuice	# Applejuice Applejuice Vital statistics Size 2 x 2 Skill(s) Required None Object(s) Required Apple Produced By Extraction Press Required By Cider Go to Objects ## How to Acquire Put Apple into an Extraction Press, right-click it and press the Press button. This will put applejuice in the press (shown as a bar); one full pressing will fill the press with juice(Each Apple provide 0.40L). With an empty bucket selected, right-click the press to fill the bucket with juice. ## Use Applejuice is placed in demijohns to ferment into Cider. Applejuice will not ferment if placed in a barrel. If left in the press or any container (other than the demijohn) for ?? hours, it will turn into Vinegar. If you add more applejuice later, the fermentation doesn't reset but averages. ## Quality The quality of the Applejuice depends on the quality of the winepress and the averaged qualities of the pressed apples. ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Q_{applejuice}} ={\frac {3AvgQ_{apples}+Q_{winepress}}{4}}}$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 1, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15896253287792206, "perplexity": 12488.516110168299}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572516.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916080044-20190916102044-00196.warc.gz"}
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_musical_symbols	# List of musical symbols (Redirected from Modern musical symbols) For the use of musical symbols on Wikipedia, see Help:Musical symbols. Musical symbols are the marks and symbols, used since about the 13th century in the musical notation of musical scores, styles, and instruments to describe pitch, rhythm, tempo and, to some degree, its articulation (a composition in its fundamentals). ## Lines Staff The staff is the fundamental latticework of music notation, on which symbols are placed. The five staff lines and four intervening spaces correspond to pitches of the diatonic scale – which pitch is meant by a given line or space is defined by the clef. In British usage, the word "stave" is often used. Ledger or leger lines These extend the staff to pitches that fall above or below it. Such ledger lines are placed behind the note heads, and extend a small distance to each side. Multiple ledger lines can be used when necessary to notate pitches even farther above or below the staff. Bar line These separate measures (see time signatures below for an explanation of measures). Also used for changes in time signature. Bar lines are extended to connect multiple staves in certain types of music, such as keyboard, harp, and conductor scores, but are omitted for other types of music, such as vocal scores. Double bar line, Double barline These separate two sections of music or are placed before a change in key signature. Bold double bar line, Bold double barline These indicate the conclusion of a movement or an entire composition. Dotted bar line, Dotted barline Subdivides long measures of complex meter into shorter segments for ease of reading, usually according to natural rhythmic subdivisions. Bracket Connects two or more lines of music that sound simultaneously. In general contemporary usage the bracket usually connects the staves of separate instruments (e.g., flute and clarinet; 2 trumpets; etc.) or multiple vocal parts in a choir or ensemble, whereas the brace connects multiple parts for a single instrument (e.g., the right-hand and left-hand staves of a piano or harp part). Brace Connects two or more lines of music that are played simultaneously in keyboard, harp, or some pitched percussion music.[1] Depending on the instruments playing, the brace, (occasionally called an "accolade" in some old texts), varies in design and style. ## Clefs Main article: Clef Clefs define the pitch range, or tessitura, of the staff on which it is placed. A clef is usually the leftmost symbol on a staff. Additional clefs may appear in the middle of a staff to indicate a change in register for instruments with a wide range. In early music, clefs could be placed on any of several lines on a staff. G clef (Treble clef) The centre of the spiral defines the line or space[citation needed] on which it rests as the pitch G above middle C, or approximately 392 Hz. Positioned here, it assigns G above middle C to the second line from the bottom of the staff, and is referred to as the "treble clef". This is the most commonly encountered clef in modern notation, and is used for most modern vocal music. Middle C is the first ledger line below the staff here. The shape of the clef comes from a stylised upper-case-G. C clef (Alto, and Tenor clefs) These clefs point to the line (or space, rarely) representing middle C, or approximately 262 Hz. As illustrated here, it makes the center line on the staff middle C, and is referred to as the "alto clef". This clef is used in modern notation for the viola. While all clefs can be placed anywhere on the staff to indicate various tessitura, the C clef is most often considered a "movable" clef: it is frequently seen pointing instead to the fourth line and called a "tenor clef". This clef is used very often in music written for bassoon, cello, trombone, and double bass; it replaces the bass clef when the number of ledger lines above the bass staff hinders easy reading. Until the classical era, the C clef was also frequently seen pointing to other lines, mosly in vocal music, but today this has been supplanted by the universal use of the treble and bass clefs. Modern editions of music from such periods generally transpose the original C clef parts to either treble (female voices), octave treble (tenors), or bass clef (tenors and basses). It can be occasionally seen in modern music on the third space (between the third and fourth lines), in which case it has the same function as an octave treble clef. This unusual practice runs the risk of misreading, however, because the traditional function of all clefs is to identify staff lines, not spaces. F clef (Bass clef) The line or space[citation needed] between the dots in this clef denotes F below middle C, or approximately 175 Hz. Positioned here, it makes the second line from the top of the staff F below middle C, and is called a "bass clef". This clef appears nearly as often as the treble clef, especially in choral music, where it represents the bass and baritone voices. Middle C is the first ledger line above the staff here. In old music, particularly vocal scores, this clef is sometimes encountered centered on the third staff line, in which position it is referred to as a baritone clef; this usage has essentially become obsolete. The shape of the clef comes from a stylised upper-case-F (which used to be written the reverse of the modern F) Neutral clef Used for pitchless instruments, such as some of those used for percussion. Each line can represent a specific percussion instrument within a set, such as in a drum set. Two different styles of neutral clefs are pictured here. It may also be drawn with a separate single-line staff for each untuned percussion instrument. Octave clef Treble and bass clefs can also be modified by octave numbers. An eight or fifteen above a clef raises the intended pitch range by one or two octaves respectively. Similarly, an eight or fifteen below a clef lowers the pitch range by one or two octaves respectively. A treble clef with an eight below is the most commonly used, typically used for guitar and similar instruments, as well as for tenor parts in choral music. Tablature For stringed instruments it is possible to notate tablature in place of ordinary notes. In this case, a TAB sign is often written instead of a clef. The number of lines of the staff is not necessarily five: one line is used for each string of the instrument (so, for standard 6-stringed guitars, six lines would be used). Numbers on the lines show which fret to play the string on. This TAB sign, like the percussion clef, is not a clef in the true sense, but rather a symbol employed instead of a clef. Similarly, the horizontal lines do not constitute a staff in the usual sense, because the spaces between the lines in a tablature are never used. ## Notes and rests Main article: Note value Musical note and rest values are not absolutely defined, but are proportional in duration to all other note and rest values. The whole note is the reference value, and the other notes are named (in American usage) in comparison; i.e., a quarter note is a quarter of the length of a whole note. Note British name / American name Rest Large (Latin: Maxima) / Octuple whole note[2] Breve / Double whole note Semibreve / Whole note Minim / Half note Crotchet / Quarter note Quaver / Eighth note For notes of this length and shorter, the note has the same number of flags (or hooks) as the rest has branches. Semiquaver / Sixteenth note Demisemiquaver / Thirty-second note Hemidemisemiquaver / Sixty-fourth note Semihemidemisemiquaver / Hundred twenty-eighth note[3][4] Demisemihemidemisemiquaver / Two hundred fifty-sixth note[2] Beamed notes Beams connect eighth notes (quavers) and notes of shorter value, and are equivalent in value to flags. In metered music, beams reflect the rhythmic grouping of notes. They may also group short phrases of notes of the same value, regardless of the meter; this is more common in ametrical passages. In older printings of vocal music, beams are often only used when several notes are to be sung on one syllable of the text – melismatic singing; modern notation encourages the use of beaming in a consistent manner with instrumental engraving, and the presence of beams or flags no longer informs the singer. Today, due to the body of music in which traditional metric states are not always assumed, beaming is at the discretion of composers and arrangers, who often use irregular beams to emphasize a particular rhythmic pattern. Dotted note Placing a dot to the right of a notehead lengthens the note's duration by one-half. Additional dots lengthen the previous dot instead of the original note, thus a note with one dot is one and one half its original value, a note with two dots is one and three quarters, a note with three dots is one and seven eighths, and so on. Rests can be dotted in the same manner as notes. In other words, n dots lengthen the note's or rest's original d duration to ${\displaystyle d\times (2-2^{-n})}$. Ghost note A note with a rhythmic value, but no discernible pitch when played. It is represented by an "X" for a note head instead of an oval. Multi-measure rest Indicates the number of measures in a resting part without a change in meter to conserve space and to simplify notation. Also called gathered rest or multi-bar rest. Durations shorter than the 64th are rare but not unknown. 128th notes are used by many composers, including Mozart and Beethoven; 256th notes occur in works by Vivaldi, Mozart and Beethoven. An extreme case is the Toccata Grande Cromatica by early-19th-century American composer Anthony Philip Heinrich, which uses note values as short as 2,048ths; however, the context shows clearly that these notes have one beam more than intended, so they should really be 1,024th notes.[5] The name of very short notes can be found with this formula: ${\displaystyle {\text{Name}}=2^{n+2}{\text{th}}}$ note, where ${\displaystyle n}$ is the number of flags on the note. ## Breaks Breath mark In a score, this symbol tells the performer to take a breath (or make a slight pause for non-wind instruments). This pause usually does not affect the overall tempo. For bowed instruments, it indicates to lift the bow and play the next note with a downward (or upward, if marked) bow. Caesura Indicates a brief, silent pause, during which time is not counted. In ensemble playing, time resumes when the conductor or leader indicates. For piano this usually means that the player should release all keys and pedals. ## Accidentals and key signatures ### Common accidentals Accidentals modify the pitch of the notes that follow them on the same staff position within a measure, unless cancelled by an additional accidental. Flat Lowers the pitch of a note by one semitone. Sharp Raises the pitch of a note by one semitone. Natural Cancels a previous accidental, or modifies the pitch of a sharp or flat as defined by the prevailing key signature (such as F-sharp in the key of G major, for example). Double flat Lowers the pitch of a note by two chromatic semitones. Usually used when the note to modify is already flatted by the key signature. Double sharp Raises the pitch of a note by two chromatic semitones. Usually used when the note to modify is already sharpened by the key signature. ### Key signatures Key signatures define the prevailing key of the music that follows, thus avoiding the use of accidentals for many notes. If no key signature appears, the key is assumed to be C major/A minor, but can also signify a neutral key, employing individual accidentals as required for each note. The key signature examples shown here are described as they would appear on a treble staff. Flat key signature Lowers by a semitone the pitch of notes on the corresponding line or space, and all octaves thereof, thus defining the prevailing major or minor key. Different keys are defined by the number of flats in the key signature, starting with the leftmost, i.e., B♭, and proceeding to the right; for example, if only the first two flats are used, the key is B♭ major/G minor, and all B's and E's are "flatted" (US) or "flattened" (UK), i.e., lowered to B♭ and E♭.[6] Sharp key signature Raises by a semitone the pitch of notes on the corresponding line or space, and all octaves thereof, thus defining the prevailing major or minor key. Different keys are defined by the number of sharps in the key signature, also proceeding from left to right; for example, if only the first four sharps are used, the key is E major/C♯ minor, and the corresponding pitches are raised. ### Quarter tones The vast majority of Western music is written and played in 12 equal temperament; as such, there is no universally accepted notation for microtonal music, with varying systems being used depending on the situation. A common notation for quarter tones involves writing the fraction 1/4 next to an arrow pointing up or down. Below are other forms of notation: Demiflat Lowers the pitch of a note by one quarter tone. (Another notation for the demiflat is a flat with a diagonal slash through its stem. In systems where pitches are divided into intervals smaller than a quarter tone, the slashed flat represents a lower note than the reversed flat.) Flat-and-a-half (sesquiflat) Lowers the pitch of a note by three quarter tones. Demisharp Raises the pitch of a note by one quarter tone. Sharp-and-a-half (sesquisharp) Raises the pitch of a note by three quarter tones. Occasionally represented with two vertical and three diagonal bars instead. In 19 equal temperament, where a whole tone is divided into three steps instead of two, music is typically notated in a way that flats and sharps are not usually enharmonic (thus a C represents a third of a step lower than D); this has the advantage of not requiring any nonstandard notation. ## Time signatures Main article: Time signature Time signatures define the meter of the music. Music is "marked off" in uniform sections called bars or measures, and time signatures establish the number of beats in each. This does not necessarily indicate which beats to emphasize, however, so a time signature that conveys information about the way the piece actually sounds is thus chosen. Time signatures tend to suggest prevailing groupings of beats or pulses. Specific time – simple time signatures The bottom number represents the note value of the basic pulse of the music (in this case the 4 represents the crotchet or quarter-note). The top number indicates how many of these note values appear in each measure. This example announces that each measure is the equivalent length of three crotchets (quarter-notes). You would pronounce this as "Three-Four Time" or "Three-Quarter Time". Specific time – compound time signatures The bottom number represents the note value of the subdivisions of the basic pulse of the music (in this case the 8 represents the quaver or eighth-note). The top number indicates how many of these subdivisions appear in each measure. Usually each beat is composed of three subdivisions. To derive the unit of the basic pulse in compound meters, double this value and add a dot, and divide the top number by 3 to determine how many of these pulses there are each measure. This example announces that each measure is the equivalent length of two dotted crotchets (dotted quarter-notes). You would pronounce this as "Six-Eight Time". Common time This symbol represents 4/4 time. It derives from the broken circle that represented "imperfect" duple meter in fourteenth-century mensural time signatures. Alla breve or Cut time This symbol represents 2/2 time, indicating two minim (or half-note) beats per measure. Here, a crotchet (or quarter note) would get half a beat. Metronome mark Written at the start of a score, and at any significant change of tempo, this symbol precisely defines the tempo of the music by assigning absolute durations to all note values within the score. In this particular example, the performer is told that 120 crotchets, or quarter notes, fit into one minute of time. Many publishers precede the marking with letters "M.M.", referring to Maelzel's Metronome. ## Note relationships Tie Indicates that the two (or more) notes joined together are to be played as one note with the time values added together. To be a tie, the notes must be identical – that is, they must be on the same line or the same space. Otherwise, it is a slur (see below). Slur Indicates to play two or more notes in one physical stroke, one uninterrupted breath, or (on instruments with neither breath nor bow) connected into a phrase as if played in a single breath. In certain contexts, a slur may only indicate to play the notes legato. In this case, rearticulation is permitted. Slurs and ties are similar in appearance. A tie is distinguishable because it always joins two immediately adjacent notes of the same pitch, whereas a slur may join any number of notes of varying pitches. In vocal music a slur normally indicates that notes grouped together by the slur should be sung to a single syllable. A phrase mark (or less commonly, ligature) is a mark that is visually identical to a slur, but connects a passage of music over several measures. A phrase mark indicates a musical phrase and may not necessarily require that the music be slurred. Glissando or Portamento A continuous, unbroken glide from one note to the next that includes the pitches between. Some instruments, such as the trombone, timpani, non-fretted string instruments, electronic instruments, and the human voice can make this glide continuously (portamento), while other instruments such as the piano or mallet instruments blur the discrete pitches between the start and end notes to mimic a continuous slide (glissando). Tuplet A number of notes of irregular duration are performed within the duration of a given number of notes of regular time value; e.g., five notes played in the normal duration of four notes; seven notes played in the normal duration of two; three notes played in the normal duration of four. Tuplets are named according to the number of irregular notes; e.g., duplets, triplets, quadruplets, etc. Chord Several notes sounded simultaneously ("solid" or "block"), or in succession ("broken"). Two-note chords are called dyad; three-note chords are called triads. A chord may contain any number of notes. Arpeggiated chord A chord with notes played in rapid succession, usually ascending, each note being sustained as the others are played. It is also called a "broken chord". ## Dynamics Main article: Dynamics (music) Dynamics are indicators of the relative intensity or volume of a musical line. Pianississimo1 Extremely soft. Very infrequently does one see softer dynamics than this, which are specified with additional ps. Pianissimo Very soft. Usually the softest indication in a piece of music, though softer dynamics are often specified with additional ps. Piano Soft; louder than pianissimo. Mezzo piano Moderately soft; louder than piano. Mezzo forte Moderately loud; softer than forte. If no dynamic appears, mezzo-forte is assumed to be the prevailing dynamic level. Forte Loud. Used as often as piano to indicate contrast. Fortissimo Very loud. Usually the loudest indication in a piece, though louder dynamics are often specified with additional fs (such as fortississimo – seen below). Fortississimo1 Extremely loud. Very infrequently does one see louder dynamics than this, which are specified with additional fs. Sforzando Literally "forced", denotes an abrupt, fierce accent on a single sound or chord. When written out in full, it applies to the sequence of sounds or chords under or over which it is placed. Crescendo A gradual increase in volume. Can be extended under many notes to indicate that the volume steadily increases during the passage. Diminuendo Also decrescendo A gradual decrease in volume. Can be extended in the same manner as crescendo. Other commonly used dynamics build upon these values. For example, "pianississimo" (represented as ppp meaning so softly as to be almost inaudible, and fortississimo, (fff) meaning extremely loud. In some European countries, use of the loudest dynamics has been strongly discouraged as endangering the hearing of the performers.[7] A small "s" in front of the dynamic notations means "subito", and means that the dynamic is to change to the new notation rapidly. Subito is commonly used with sforzandos, but all other notations, most commonly as "sff" (subitofortissimo) or "spp" (subitopianissimo). Forte-piano A section of music in which the music should initially be played loudly (forte), then immediately softly (piano). Another value that rarely appears is niente, which means "nothing". This may be used at the end of a diminuendo to indicate "fade out to nothing". 1 Dynamics with 3 letters (i.e., ppp & fff) are often referred to by adding an extra "iss" (pianissimo to pianississimo). This is improper Italian and would translate literally to "softerer" in English, but acceptable as a musical term; such a dynamic can also be described as molto pianissimo or molto fortissimo in somewhat more proper Italian.[citation needed] ## Articulation marks Articulations (or accents) specify how to perform individual notes within a phrase or passage. They can be fine-tuned by combining more than one such symbol over or under a note. They may also appear in conjunction with phrasing marks listed above. Staccato This indicates the musician should play the note shorter than notated, usually half the value, the rest of the metric value is then silent. Staccato marks may appear on notes of any value, shortening their performed duration without speeding the music itself. Staccatissimo or Spiccato Indicates a longer silence after the note (as described above), making the note very short. Usually applied to quarter notes or shorter. (In the past, this marking’s meaning was more ambiguous: it sometimes was used interchangeably with staccato, and sometimes indicated an accent and not staccato. These usages are now almost defunct, but still appear in some scores.) In string instruments this indicates a bowing technique in which the bow bounces lightly upon the string. Accent Play the note louder, or with a harder attack than surrounding unaccented notes. May appear on notes of any duration. Tenuto This symbol indicates play the note at its full value, or slightly longer. It can also indicate a slight dynamic emphasis or be combined with a staccato dot to indicate a slight detachment (portato or mezzo staccato). Marcato Play the note somewhat louder or more forcefully than a note with a regular accent mark (open horizontal wedge). In organ notation, this means play a pedal note with the toe. Above the note, use the right foot; below the note, use the left foot. Left-hand pizzicato or Stopped note A note on a stringed instrument where the string is plucked with the left hand (the hand that usually stops the strings) rather than bowed. On the horn, this accent indicates a "stopped note" (a note played with the stopping hand shoved further into the bell of the horn). In percussion this notation denotes, among many other specific uses, to close the hi-hat by pressing the pedal, or that an instrument is to be "choked" (muted with the hand). Snap pizzicato On a stringed instrument, a note played by stretching a string away from the frame of the instrument and letting it go, making it "snap" against the frame. Also known as a Bartók pizzicato. Natural harmonic or Open note On a stringed instrument, means to play a natural harmonic (also called flageolet). On a valved brass instrument, means play the note"open" (without lowering any valve, or without mute). In organ notation, this means play a pedal note with the heel (above the note, use the right foot; below the note, use the left foot). In percussion notation this denotes, among many other specific uses, to open the hi-hat by releasing the pedal, or allow an instrument to ring. Fermata (Pause) A note, chord, or rest sustained longer than its customary value. Usually appears over all parts at the same metrical location in a piece, to show a halt in tempo. It can be placed above or below the note. The fermata is held for as long as the performer or conductor desires. Up bow or Sull'arco On a bowed string instrument, the note is played while drawing the bow upward. On a plucked string instrument played with a plectrum or pick (such as a guitar played pickstyle or a mandolin), the note is played with an upstroke. Down bow or Giù arco Like sull'arco, except the bow is drawn downward. On a plucked string instrument played with a plectrum or pick (such as a guitar played pickstyle or a mandolin), the note is played with a downstroke. ## Ornaments Ornaments modify the pitch pattern of individual notes. Trill A rapid alternation between the specified note and the next higher note (according to key signature) within its duration, also called a "shake". When followed by a wavy horizontal line, this symbol indicates an extended, or running, trill. Trills can begin on either the specified root note or the upper auxiliary note, though the latter is more prevalent in modern performances.[citation needed] In percussion notation, a trill is sometimes used to indicate a tremolo (q.v.). Mordent Rapidly play the principal note, the next higher note (according to key signature) then return to the principal note for the remaining duration. In most music, the mordent begins on the auxiliary note, and the alternation between the two notes may be extended. In handbells, this symbol is a "shake" and indicates the rapid shaking of the bells for the duration of the note. Mordent (inverted) Rapidly play the principal note, the note below it, then return to the principal note for the remaining duration. In much music, the mordent begins on the auxiliary note, and the alternation between the two notes may be extended. Turn When placed directly above the note, the turn (also known as a gruppetto) indicates a sequence of upper auxiliary note, principal note, lower auxiliary note, and a return to the principal note. When placed to the right of the note, the principal note is played first, followed by the above pattern. Placing a vertical line through the turn symbol or inverting it, it indicates an inverted turn, in which the order of the auxiliary notes is reversed. Appoggiatura The first half of the principal note's duration has the pitch of the grace note (the first two-thirds if the principal note is a dotted note). Acciaccatura The acciaccatura is of very brief duration, as though brushed on the way to the principal note, which receives virtually all of its notated duration. In percussion notation, the acciaccatura symbol denotes the flam rudiment, the miniature note still positioned behind the main note but on the same line or space of the staff. The flam note is usually played just before the natural durational subdivision the main note is played on, with the timing and duration of the main note remaining unchanged. Also known by the English translation of the Italian term, crushed note, and in German as Zusammenschlag (simultaneous stroke). ## Octave signs Ottava The 8va (pronounced ottava alta) sign is placed above the staff (as shown) to tell the musician to play the passage one octave higher. An 8va or, as alternative in modern music, an 8vb sign (both signs reading ottava bassa) is placed below the staff meaning play the passage one octave lower.[8][9] Quindicesima The 15ma sign is placed above the staff (as shown) to mean play the passage two octaves higher. A 15mb sign below the staff indicates play the passage two octaves lower. 8va and 15ma are sometimes abbreviated further to 8 and 15. When they appear below the staff, the word bassa is sometimes added. ## Repetition and codas Tremolo A rapidly repeated note. If the tremolo is between two notes, then they are played in rapid alternation. The number of slashes through the stem (or number of diagonal bars between two notes) indicates the frequency to repeat (or alternate) the note. As shown here, the note is to be repeated at a demisemiquaver (thirty-second note) rate, but it is a common convention for three slashes to be interpreted as "as fast as possible", or at any rate at a speed to be left to the player's judgment. In percussion notation, tremolos indicate rolls, diddles, and drags. Typically, a single tremolo line on a sufficiently short note (such as a sixteenth) is played as a drag, and a combination of three stem and tremolo lines indicates a double-stroke roll (or a single-stroke roll, in the case of timpani, mallet percussions and some untuned percussion instrument such as triangle and bass drum) for a period equivalent to the duration of the note. In other cases, the interpretation of tremolos is highly variable, and should be examined by the director and performers. The tremolo symbol also represents flutter-tonguing. Repeat signs Enclose a passage that is to be played more than once. If there is no left repeat sign, the right repeat sign sends the performer back to the start of the piece or the nearest double bar. Simile marks Denote that preceding groups of beats or measures are to be repeated. In the examples here, the first usually means to repeat the previous measure, and the second usually means to repeat the previous two measures. Volta brackets (1st and 2nd endings, or 1st- and 2nd-time bars) A repeated passage is to be played with different endings on different playings; it is possible to have more than two endings (1st, 2nd, 3rd ...). Da capo (lit. "From top") Tells the performer to repeat playing of the music from its beginning. This is usually followed by al fine (lit. "to the end"), which means to repeat to the word fine and stop, or al coda (lit. "to the coda (sign)"), which means repeat to the coda sign and then jump forward. Dal segno (lit. "From the sign") Tells the performer to repeat playing of the music starting at the nearest segno. This is followed by al fine or al coda just as with da capo. Segno Mark used with dal segno. Coda Indicates a forward jump in the music to its ending passage, marked with the same sign. Only used after playing through a D.S. al coda (Dal segno al coda) or D.C. al coda (Da capo al coda). ## Instrument-specific notation ### Guitar The guitar has a fingerpicking notation system derived from the names of the fingers in Spanish or Latin. They are written above, below, or beside the note to which they are attached. They read as follows: Symbol Spanish Latin English p pulgar pollex thumb i índice index index m medio media middle a anular anularis ring c, x, e, q meñique minimus little ### Piano #### Pedal marks Pedal marks appear in music for instruments with sustain pedals, such as the piano, vibraphone and chimes. Engage pedal Tells the player to put the sustaining pedal down. Release pedal Tells the player to let the sustain pedal up. Variable pedal mark More accurately indicates the precise use of the sustain pedal. The extended lower line tells the player to keep the sustain pedal depressed for all notes below which it appears. The inverted "V" shape (∧) indicates the pedal is to be momentarily released, then depressed again. Con sordino, Una corda Tells the player to put the soft pedal down or, in other instruments, apply the mute. Senza sordino, Tre corde Tells the player to let the soft pedal up or, in other instruments, remove the mute. #### Other piano notation left hand right hand English l.h. r.h. left hand right hand German l.H r.H French m.g. m.d. main gauche main droite Italian m.s. m.d. mano sinistra mano destra 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Finger identifications: 1 = thumb 2 = index 3 = middle 4 = ring 5 = little Old (pre-1940) tutors published in the UK may use "English fingering". + for thumb, then 1 (index), 2 (middle), 3 (ring) and 4 (little).[10] ### Stringed instruments (With the exception of harp) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Finger identifications: 0 = open string (no finger used) 1 = index 2 = middle 3 = ring 4 = little ### Four-mallet percussion 1, 2, 3, 4 Mallet identifications: 1 = Far left mallet 2 = Second to left mallet 3 = Second to right mallet 4 = Far right mallet Some systems reverse the numbers (e.g., 4 = Far left mallet, 3 = Second to left mallet, etc.) ### Six-mallet percussion 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Mallet identifications: 1 = Far-left mallet 2 = Middle-left mallet 3 = Third-to-left mallet 4 = Third-to-right mallet 5 = Middle-right mallet 6 = Far-right mallet Numbers for six-mallet percussion may be reversed as well.[11] ## References 1. ^ U+007B left curly bracket at decodeunicode.org; retrieved on May 3, 2009 2. ^ a b c http://csee.essex.ac.uk/camerata/unlp_asooja_long_14.pdf 3. ^ Miller, RJ (2015). Contemporary Orchestration: A Practical Guide to Instruments, Ensembles, and Musicians. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-415-74190-3. 4. ^ Haas, David (2011). "Shostakovich's Second Piano Sonata: A Composition Recital in Three Styles". In Fairclough, Pauline; Fanning, David. The Cambridge Companion to Shostakovich. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–114. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521842204.006. ISBN 978-1-139-00195-3. The listener is right to suspect a Baroque reference when a double-dotted rhythmic gesture and semihemidemisemiquaver triplets appear to ornament the theme.(p. 112) 5. ^ Byrd, Donald (16 December 2014). "Extremes of Conventional Music Notation". Retrieved 26 February 2015. 6. ^ Rudiments and Theory of Music Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, London 1958. I,24 "at least one note has to be sharpened or flattened" 7. ^ 8. ^ George Heussenstamm, The Norton Manual of Music Notation (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company), p.16 9. ^ Anthony Donato, Preparing Music Manuscript (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.), pp. 42-43 10. ^ "Scales-continental/ English Fingering". The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. 20 December 2004. Retrieved 3 September 2015. 11. ^ Paterson, Robert (2004). Sounds That Resonate: Selected Developments in Western Bar Percussion During the Twentieth Century. Cornell University: UMI Dissertation Services No. 3114502. p. 182.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 3, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6903546452522278, "perplexity": 3948.700736699121}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982968912.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200928-00152-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228291267_American_Option_Pricing_with_Discrete_and_Continuous_Time_Models_An_Empirical_Comparison	Article # American Option Pricing with Discrete and Continuous Time Models: An Empirical Comparison (Impact Factor: 0.84). 06/2011; 18(5). DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1875847 ABSTRACT This paper considers discrete time GARCH and continuous time SV models and uses these for American option pricing. We perform a Monte Carlo study to examine their differences in terms of option pricing, and we study the convergence of the discrete time option prices to their implied continuous time values. Finally, a large scale empirical analysis using individual stock options and options on an index is performed comparing the estimated prices from discrete time models to the corresponding continuous time model prices. The results indicate that, while the differences in performance are small overall, for in the money options the continuous time SV models do generally perform better than the discrete time GARCH specifications. ### Full-text Available from: Lars Stentoft • Source • "Among these models, Engle and Ng's (1993) nonlinear asymmetric GARCH model (NGARCH) has proven to be a strong contestant for tting stock returns, pricing options, and predicting volatility. Bollerslev and Mikkelsen (1996), Hsieh and Ritchken (2005), Christoersen et al. (2010), and Stentoft (2011), among others, all show that non ane GARCH models (such as the NGARCH) dominate ane models for both tting returns and option valuation. GARCH models also perform well in forecasting volatility. " ##### Article: This is How You Make a GARCH smile -An Improved Estimation and Calibration Method for a Family of GARCH Models [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: This paper proposes an improved estimation and calibration method to a family of GARCH models. The suggested method xes one parameter such that the unconditional kurtosis of the model matches the sample kurtosis. The method can be used to estimate the model on historical returns, or calibrate it on observed option prices. An empirical analysis using Engle and Ng's (1993) NGARCH(1,1) model shows that the method dominates previous estimation methods on multiple aspects. When estimating on historical returns, the processing time is cut in half, and the out of sample t is improved. When calibrating on observed option prices, the optimization is simplied and the processing time is reduced by 50%, without aecting the quality of the t. Results are robust to various samples and selection of initial values. Full-text · Article · Oct 2015 • Source ##### Article: American Option Pricing Using Simulation: An Introduction with an Application to the GARCH Option Pricing Model [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: It contains an introduction to how simulation methods can be used to price American options and a discussion of various existing methods. An application using one of these methods, the regression based method, to the GARCH option pricing model is also provided. Preview · Article · Mar 2012 • ##### Article: Non-Gaussian GARCH option pricing models and their diffusion limits [Hide abstract] ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the weak convergence of general non-Gaussian GARCH models together with an application to the pricing of European style options determined using an extended Girsanov principle and a conditional Esscher transform as the pricing kernel candidates. Applying these changes of measure to asymmetric GARCH models sampled at increasing frequencies, we obtain two risk neutral families of processes which converge to different bivariate diffusions, which are no longer standard Hull–White stochastic volatility models. Regardless of the innovations used, the GARCH implied diffusion limit based on the Esscher transform can be obtained by applying the minimal martingale measure under the physical measure. However, we further show that for skewed GARCH driving noise, the risk neutral diffusion limit of the extended Girsanov principle exhibits a non-zero market price of volatility risk which is proportional to the market price of the equity risk, where the constant of proportionality depends on the skewness and kurtosis of the underlying distribution. Our theoretical results are further supported by numerical simulations and a calibration exercise to observed market quotes. No preview · Article · Jun 2015 · European Journal of Operational Research	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.855060338973999, "perplexity": 1654.4146737723352}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159985.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00325-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://sarcasticresonance.wordpress.com/2009/11/07/perpetual-winter/	# Perpetual Winter Winter is my favorite season. Refreshing rain, cold, comfortable clothes, clouds, and much less sweat, all make it superior to the hot summer. Why, oh why, can’t it be winter forever? It turns out, that if Earth’s astronomical characteristics were a little different, we could have had an eternal winter (at least in some places of the world). It is more or less common knowledge, that the change of seasons and differences between the hemispheres is caused by Earth’s axial tilt, which is about 23.30 relative to the ecliptic (the plane of revolution around the sun). Generally, the further away from the equator a place on Earth is, the less energy it receives from the sun; this is because the ratio between its area and its cross section perpendicular to the ecliptic is larger than for lower latitudes. In the above picture, suppose that the sun is directly left of Earth. In this case, the southern hemisphere will occupy more of the area facing the sun, resulting in summer. Furthermore, parts of the northern half of the globe are continually hidden from the sun, creating a long night and a cold, harsh, winter. The problem is, that once Earth gets to the other side of the sun, the exact same phenomena happen, but with the hemispheres reversed; once the sun is to the right of Earth, its tilt makes the northern hemisphere face more towards the sun, getting more sunlight and causing an awful summer. What we want, therefore, is for the tilt to change along with time. If, after half a year, Earth changes its tilt, so that when it gets to the other side of the sun, the northern hemisphere will still be on the farther and darker side, facing away from the sun, then we will have achieved perpetual winter. Of course, this also means perpetual summer for the southern hemisphere, but I suppose they will get used to it. This phenomenon – the tilt changing its angle – is called axial precession. It is interesting to note that Earth does exhibit such movement, and its axis completes a single revolution once per about 25,800 years. Normally this is not noticeable, but be aware, that in several hundred years, Polaris will not be the Northern star any more. However, we want this effect to synchronize itself with Earth’s orbit around the sun. If this were so, then Earth’s orientation towards the sun would be “locked” – the same hemisphere would always point towards it. This claim may seem rather intuitive, but it helps to visualise it. Take a small ball in your hand and draw a mark on the ball. Move only your arm in a circular path around a fixed point in space – this is Earth’s orbit around the sun. Now, rotate your hand as you move your arm, so that the mark on the ball always faces that fixed point in space – this is how we would like Earth’s tilt to act – axial precession. We will now show mathematically that this effect generates the wanted result. This is a bit technical, but its worth it. Our main goal will be to see how much energy any given place on Earth receives when the axis undergoes precession. This will be done by looking at how much of the energy from the sun actually reaches a given location. We will use the following picture as our reference: With the x axis pointing at the sun, and the z axis pointing upwards, perpendicular to the ecliptic. Let us consider what an observer who is orbiting the sun sees. He stands in the center of the world, at the very core of the planet, and circles about the sun just like Earth does; however, he does not rotate about himself at all, but his axes stay in a fixed orientation, the same as given in the picture. From his point of view, he is stationary, and the sun revolves around him. The vector pointing in the direction of the sun, as a function of time, is: $\mathbf{\hat{r}_{patch} }= \left( \begin{array}{c}\cos{\omega_{y}t} \\ \sin{\omega_{y}t} \\ 0 \end{array} \right)$ where ωy is the angular velocity of Earth’s orbit around the sun (ωy = 2π / 1 year). Let us take take a certain “tile”, a “patch” on Earth, as shown in the picture, and calculate its position vector. We will start with an Earth that is not moving and is untilted, and slowly build up its astronomical characteristics. Any position on Earth can be described by two angles: latitude, and longitude. For our purposes, as you will see, we may choose any longitude we wish without losing generality, and so choose 00. Hence, for a given latitude φ, the position vector of a patch is: $\mathbf{\hat{r}_{patch} }= \left( \begin{array}{c}0 \\ \cos{\varphi} \\ \sin{\varphi} \end{array} \right)$ Now, let us consider Earth’s rotation around itself. We have assumed for now that it is untilted, so the axis of rotation and the z axis overlap. Thus, the rotation is simply around the z axis. Given our choice of axial orientation, as seen in the picture, a counter-clockwise rotation looks like: $\begin{array}{c} x_{new} = x_{old}\cos{\omega_{d}t} - y_{old}\sin{\omega_{d}t} \\ y_{new} = y_{old}\cos{\omega_{d}t} + x_{old}\sin{\omega_{d}t} \\ z_{new} = z_{old} \end{array}$ Where ωd is the angular velocity of Earth’s rotation around itself (ωd = 2π / 1 day). Applying this to our patch vector, we get $\mathbf{\hat{r}_{patch}} = \left( \begin{array}{c}-\cos{\varphi}\sin{\omega_{d}t} \\ \cos{\varphi} \cos{\omega_{d}t}\\ \sin{\varphi}\end{array} \right)$ This is the position of the patch, if Earth were untilted. Looking at our picture, we see that in order to tilt it, we have to rotate it an angle η around the observer’s y axis. This will give us the position of a path on Earth as it is today. Based on our axial orientation, the rotation is: $\begin{array}{c} x_{new} = x_{old}\cos{\eta} - z_{old}\sin{\eta} \\ y_{new} = y_{old} \\ z_{new} = z_{old}\cos{\eta} + x_{old}\sin{\eta} \end{array}$ Applying this to our patch vector, we get $\mathbf{\hat{r}_{patch}} = \left( \begin{array}{c} -\cos{\varphi}\sin{\omega_{d}t} - \sin{\varphi}\sin{\eta} \\ \cos{\varphi} \cos{\omega_{d}t} \\ \sin{\varphi}\cos{\eta} - \cos{\varphi} \sin{\omega_{d}t}\sin{\eta}\end{array} \right)$ Now all we have to do is add precession, and we know the final position of the patch as a function of time. Precession is once again, rotation around the z axis. You may be wondering, “wait, we rotated around the z axis when we considered Earth’s daily rotation around itself. Won’t these two just combine?” The answer is no; when rotating, the order in which you apply your operations matters. In this case, Earth’s axis and the observer’s z axis no longer align, because we already took into consideration Earth’s tilt. We will now apply the rotation, but around the observer’s z axis. The direction of rotation is the same as Earth’s rotation around the sun, so that later on we will be able to match it. We get (breathe deep): $\mathbf{\hat{r}_{patch}} = \left( \begin{array}{c} ( -\cos{\varphi}\sin{\omega_{d}t} - \sin{\varphi}\sin{\eta} ) \cos{\omega_{p}t} - \cos{\varphi}\cos{\omega_{d}t}\sin{\omega_{p}t} \\ \cos{\varphi} \cos{\omega_{d}t}\cos{\omega_{p}t} + ( -\cos{\varphi}\sin{\omega_{d}t} - \sin{\varphi}\sin{\eta} ) \sin{\omega_{p}t} \\ \sin{\varphi}\cos{\eta} - \cos{\varphi} \sin{\omega_{d}t}\sin{\eta}\end{array} \right)$ Where ωp is the angular velocity of the precession. We now have the precise position of a certain patch on Earth. As we have previously said, the amount of energy that a certain patch gets depends on the ratio between its surface area and its cross section. In other words, it depends on the angle between its normal and light coming in from the sun. Let j = S ⋅ rsun, where S is the solar constant – the energy density coming from the sun. Its current value is about 1368 [W/m2]. In this case, the total energy per square meter that a patch receives is dΦ = jrpatch. We note, however, that this dot product can generate negative results. This occurs when the cosine of the angle between the patch and the sun is negative. The physical interpretation, is that the patch is hidden, obscured from the sun – if the product is negative, then it is currently nighttime for that patch. In this case, it should receive no energy at all. We shall refine our equation then: $d\Phi = \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl} \mathbf{j}\cdot\mathbf{\hat{r}_{patch}} & \mbox{if} & \mathbf{j}\cdot\mathbf{\hat{r}_{patch}} > 0 \\ 0 & \mbox{if} & \mathbf{j}\cdot\mathbf{\hat{r}_{patch}} \leq 0 \end{array}\right.$ This gives the energy density for a given time, t. We want, however, to see the average density over a period of time. Then, we would be able to look at how much energy arrived every single day for a year, and compare the results for no precession, and for precession with a yearly period. This is also what lets us ignore the longitude, as mentioned earlier – if we take the average energy over time spans which are integer multiples of one day, there is no difference in longitude. Our final result to calculate, then, is: $\overline{\Phi} = \frac{1}{t_{2} - t_{1}}\int_{t_{1}}^{t_{2}} d\Phi dt$ I do not know of any way to calculate this integral analytically. However, it is very easy to calculate it with a rather cheap numerical integration method, say the Trapezoidal Rule. For this purpose, a small python script was written, attached below (not intended to be robust or extensible). So, how does the model fare? The graph given here depicts the energy density per day for a latitude of 31.50 (The Mediterranean’s latitude), with no precession. This reflects today’s status. The initial season, just like in the picture, is winter, hence the incident energy is very low. Half a year later, it is the peak of summer, and it is much hotter. The energy density almost reaches 500 [W/m2], which is quite impressive, as we might think the maximum is about 700 – half the time it is day, half the time it is night. Adding a precession period equal to exactly one year generates the following: Just as expected! We get an eternal winter, with very little energy coming from the sun, all year long! The script, although it is rather crude and simple, actually does a wonderful job of showing all sorts of nice effects. Reversing the latitude to -31.50 gives again a constant energy density, but at a value more than twice as large – meaning an eternal summer in the southern hemisphere. Other than that, one can check a myriad of cool things, and it is very fun to play around with the various graphs and results that can be achieved. For example, one can stop Earth’s rotation around itself, see what happens if it were tilted at 900, and compare the results for different latitudes. One final note: I have not yet researched what the implications of having such a short precession period are. Axial precession is caused by torque, and makes Earth’s motion rather odd. The effects of such a motion on Earth’s inhabitants might be rather strong. It is also interesting to try and think what would cause such a quick movement, and if it can last for a large amount of time. Perhaps I will make another post of it one day. The code, with default values simulating today’s Earth. For different values of parameters, just change the values given to the function “generateSolarFluxFunction”. All time units are in seconds, of course. from math import pi, cos, sin, radians def numericalIntegration(f, t0, t1, timestep): """ Numerically integrates the function f, returning the value of its definite integral from t0 to t1, using the trapezoidal rule. The parameter "timestep" determines the size of each trapezoid. @param f: A function of time. """ value1 = f(t0) currentTime = t0 + timestep total = 0 while (currentTime <= t1): value2 = f(currentTime) total = total + timestep * (value1 + value2) * 0.5 value1 = value2 currentTime += timestep def generateSolarFluxFunction(solarConstant = 1368.0, tiltDegrees = 23.3, latitudeDegrees = 0, dailyPeriod = 86400.0, yearlyPeriod = 365.25 * 86400.0, precessionPeriod = None): def solarFlux(t): if dailyPeriod is not None: wd = 2.0 * pi / dailyPeriod else: wd = 0 if yearlyPeriod is not None: wy = 2.0 * pi / yearlyPeriod else: wy = 0 if precessionPeriod is not None: wp = 2.0 * pi / precessionPeriod else: wp = 0 sinLat = sin(latitude) cosLat = cos(latitude) sinTilt = sin(tilt) cosTilt = cos(tilt) cosWd = cos(wd * t) sinWd = sin(wd * t) cosWp = cos(wp * t) sinWp = sin(wp * t) cosWy = cos(wy * t) sinWy = sin(wy * t) sunVector = [cosWy, sinWy, 0] patchVector = [ (-cosLat * sinWd * cosTilt - sinLat * sinTilt) * cosWp - cosLat * cosWd * sinWp, cosLat * cosWd * cosWp + (-cosLat * sinWd * cosTilt - sinLat * sinTilt) * sinWp, sinLat * cosTilt - cosLat * sinWd * sinTilt, ] res = sum(sunVector[i] * patchVector[i] for i in xrange(3)) if res < 0: return 0 return solarConstant * res return solarFlux def getDailyFluxResults(): day = 86400.0 time = 0 # Change parameters here in order to get different effects. mySolarFlux = generateSolarFluxFunction() results = [] while time < (366.0 * day): totalEnergyForThisDay = \ numericalIntegration(mySolarFlux, time, time + day, 100.0) meanEnergyForThisDay = totalEnergyForThisDay / day results.append(meanEnergyForThisDay) time += day return results	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 9, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8252848386764526, "perplexity": 685.2095668540823}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647475.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320130952-20180320150952-00362.warc.gz"}
http://koreascience.or.kr/search.page?keywords=reclaimed+land	• Title, Summary, Keyword: reclaimed land ### Assessment of Growth and Inulin for Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Cultivation in Saemangeum Reclaimed Land and Upland Soils (새만금 간척지와 일반밭 토양에서 뚱딴지(Helianthus tuberosus L.) 재배시 생육 및 이눌린 평가) • Oh, Yang-Yeol;Kim, Seung-Yeon;Lee, Kwang-Sik;Ryu, Jin-Hee;Lee, Su-Hwan;Ock, Hee-Kyoung;Jung, Kang-Ho;Kang, Bang-Hun;Kim, Kil-Yong • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture • / • v.39 no.3 • / • pp.188-196 • / • 2020 • BACKGROUND: In order to cultivate upland crops in reclaimed land, economically appropriate crops should be selected. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is one of the primary sources for inulin in higher plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare growth and inulin of H. tuberosus L. according to the cultivation region in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: 21 varieties of H. tuberosus L. were collected in Korea, and then 7 varieties of H. tuberosus L. were selected for this study. To compare growth and inulin, those varieties were cultivated in reclaimed land and upland soils. The growth of H. tuberosus L. significantly decreased when cultivated in reclaimed land. There was an increas at 17.8% in the content of white H. tuberosus L. tuber inulin in reclaimed land. CONCLUSION: The content of inulin in H. tuberosus L. tubers was found to be dependent on cultivation region and tuber color. There was a difference of the inulin content between the tubers with different colors in reclaimed land. Purple tubers of P20 were considered suitable varieties for cultivation in reclaimed land. White tubers of W1 and W8 were also considered suitable varieties for cultivation in reclaimed land. ### Status of soils in reclaimed land (개간지(開墾地) 토양(土壤)에 대(對)한 현황(現況) 조사(調査)) • Shin, Chun Soo;Rhee, Gyeong Soo;Kim, Jong Deog;Shin, Yong Hwa • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer • / • v.7 no.3 • / • pp.137-140 • / • 1974 • The present-state survey was carried out on reclaimed land of entire country to grasp the farming conditions, soil characteristics and productivities. The results was summarized as follows: 1) Among farmers participating in reclamation, small farmers, which hold land under cultivation less than 1 ha occupied 42 percent of total farmers; while big farmers, hold more than 3 ha, occupied only 11.1 percent. 2) The land use of reclaimed land by reclaimed year had such big variation that mulberry land was decreasing, however, grass land markedly increased. 3) Soils less than 15 percent slope in reclaimed land occupied 68.7 percent of total reclaimed land, and steep sloping land was reclaimed through bench-terraced method, while gently sloping land, through non terraced one. 4) The chemical properties of reclaimed land was very poor, except for phosphate, all element after 10 years of reclamation was under levels of land of cultivation. 5) Amount of fertilizer application to reclaimed land was under that of recommendation. 6) The yield of reclaimed land was 30 to 86 percent of average of land under cultivation. ### An Analysis of Farmers' Acceptability for Light-Weight Greenhouse Constructed on Reclaimed Land (간척지 경량형 온실의 농가 수용성 분석) • Lee, Hang-Ah;Hong, Na-Kyoung;Oh, Yun-Mi;Kim, Tae-Kyun • Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers • / • v.59 no.6 • / • pp.81-87 • / • 2017 • The total area of domestic reclaimed lands is 54,379 ha, and among these, 30,394 ha can be agriculturally available. To increase an agricultural availability of reclaimed land, controlled horticultural products that can be highly profitable have come to the fore. However, as being characteristically concerning, when original glasshouse is intactly applied in reclaimed land, it is unsafe on account of ground subsidence and, even if ground were reinforced, it has a problem by high cost. So a new greenhouse model would be necessary taking into account not only cost-efficiency but also safety with relatively light-weight one. Before this, this paper estimated acceptance rate of controlled horticultural complexes in reclaimed land and new greenhouse model for 414 farmers. The annual rental fee is 129,712,500 won/ha, considering the interest rate (2.5 %) of the investment, the depreciation cost of the facilities (straight line depreciation method, 20 years of service life estimated), and government subsidy rate (50 %) which resulted in a sufficient number of intended tenants with the acceptance rate of 0.33. The results of this paper may contribute to the government's policies for reclaimed land. ### Screening for Fittest Miscellaneous Cereals for Reclaimed Land and Functionality Improvement of Sorghum bicolor Cultivated in Reclaimed Land (간척지 적응성 잡곡 선발 및 간척지 재배 수수의 기능성 향상 효과) • Kang, Chan Ho;Lee, In Sok;Kwon, Suk Ju • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE • / • v.64 no.2 • / • pp.109-126 • / • 2019 • Genetic resources of 84 species of Setaria italica BEAUVOIS, Sorghum bicolor, and Panicum miliaceum were collected to select the adaptable miscellaneous cereals in Saemangeum reclaimed land. The adaptability of Sorghum bicolor in reclaimed land was the highest among the three cereals cultivated on reclaimed land. The ratio of the average height of Sorghum bicolor plants cultivated in reclaimed land/normal field was 0.82, that of Panicum miliaceum was 0.61, and that of Setaria italica BEAUVOIS was 0.51. Three species of Sorghum bicolor, Satangdajuk, Kkamansusu, and Nampungcharl, were selected as potential genetic resources as they had excellent adaptability to reclaimed land. The yield of Satandaejuk on reclaimed land was 229.4 kg/10a, and the yield ratio of reclaimed land/normal field was 89.3%. The yield of Kkamansusu was 227.4 kg/10a, with reclaimed land/normal field ratio of 87.8%, and yield of Nampungcharl was 239.6 kg/10a, and reclaimed land/normal field ratio of 86%. In order to study the salt tolerance of selected genetic resources, we conducted salinity test. Salinity tolerance of Sorghum bicolor species-Satangdajuk, Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl was excellent compared to that of the other cereals. Among these, Satandaejuk had to highest salt tolerance level. Polyphenols, flavonoids, and detoxification of free radical were also studied. The anti-diabetic property of the cereals was also analyzed by ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. We confirmed that the functionality of 3 lines in reclaimed land had improved in all the functional analysis categories when compared to that with yield in the normal field. Polyphenol, an antioxidant, increased in the range of 2~26% when cultivated in reclaimed land and the flavonoid content also increased from 8.5 to 55.6%. DPPH elimination capability, the ability to scavenge harmful reactive oxygen, also increased from 16.7 to 47% when cultivated in reclaimed land. The anti-diabetic activity and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity of selected Sorghum bicolor species-Satangdajuk, Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl also increased from 18.4 to 19.9% when cultivated on reclaimed land. ### Effect of Difference in Soil Salinity, Compost and Additional Fertilizer on the Grain Yield and Yield Components of Wheat in the Newly Reclaimed Tidal Lands in Korea (신간척지토양에서 토양염농도, 퇴비 및 추비량 차이가 밀의 수량 및 수량구성요소에 미치는 영향) • Sohn, Yong-Man;Song, Jae-Do;Jeon, Geon-Yeong;Kim, Doo-Hwan;Park, Moo-Eon • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer • / • v.44 no.5 • / • pp.752-761 • / • 2011 • Recently, upland crops cultivation instead of paddy crops are more popular and highlighted by increase of social demand in agricultural land use. Especially, wheat cultivation for replacing of import food grain are more interested by government, and it is urgently needed that possibility of wheat cultivation is evaluated in the reclaimed tidal land. Crop cultivation is closely related with soil salinity and cultivation method in the reclaimed tidal land. In order to evaluate possibility of wheat cultivation, effect of different application level of compost and nitrogen additional fertilizer, also soil salinity on the grain yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars was studied at the newly reclaimed Saemangeum and Hwanong tidal lands in Korea. $270-300kg\;10a^{-1}$ of grain yield were obtained at the experimental site in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land where soil salinity was less than $4dS\;m^{-1}$ during growing periods from December, 2009 to June, 2010. However, almost no grain yield was obtained at the experimental site in the Hwaong reclaimed tidal land, where soil salinity was more than average $8dS\;m^{-1}$ ranged from 2.0 to $25.9dS\;m^{-1}$ during growing period and then salt demage was severe. Yield was significantly different among application level of compost and nitrogen additional fertilizer in the newly reclaimed Saemangeum tidal land. However, it is considered that three cultivars such as Chopum, Chogyung and Geumgang, have similar sensibility to soil salinity and fertilizer level, because there is statistically no difference among ciltivars in Hwaong and Saemangeum, and also among cultivars in the different levels of compost and fertilizer. Finally, it is concluded that wheat can be possibly produced by reasonable fertilizer application in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land, but wheat cultivation is impossible because of high soil salinity in the Hwaong reclaimed tidal land. ### Effect of Capillary Barrier on Soil Salinity and Corn Growth at Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land • Lee, Sanghun;Lee, Su-Hwan;Bae, Hui-Su;Lee, Jang-Hee;Oh, Yang-Yul;Noh, Tae-Hwan;Lee, Geon-Hwi • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer • / • v.47 no.6 • / • pp.398-405 • / • 2014 • Salt accumulation at soil surface is one of the most detrimental factors for crop production in reclaimed tidal land. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of capillary barriers beneath the soil surface on dynamics of soil salts at coarse-textured reclaimed tidal land. A field experiment was conducted at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land for two years (2012-2013). Capillary barriers ($3.5{\times}12m$) were treated with crushed-stone, oyster shell waste, coal briquette ash, coal bottom ash, rice hull and woodchip at 40-60 cm depth from soil surface. Silage corn (Zea mays) was cultivated during the experimental period and soil salinity was monitored periodically. Soil salinity was significantly reduced with capillary barrier compared to that of control. Oyster shell waste was one of the most effective capillary barrier materials to control soil salinity at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. At the first growing season capillary barrier did not influence on corn growth regardless of types of the material, but plant biomass and withering rate of corn were significantly improved with capillary barrier at the second growing season. The results of this study showed that capillary barrier was effective on the control of soil salinity and improvement of corn growth, which indicated that capillary barrier treatment can be considered one of the best management practices for stable crop production at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. ### Discussion on Quality of Rice Produced at Reclaimed Tidal Land in Korea and its Soil Characteristics (간척지산 쌀의 미질에 대한 고찰 및 우리나라 간척지 토양의 특성 조사) • Lee Seung-Hun • KCID journal • / • v.10 no.1 • / • pp.33-43 • / • 2003 • This study was carried out to obtain the scientific data as high quality rice produced at reclaimed tidal land. Thus we reviewed related papers and reports and, collected and analyzed 90 soil samples at 9 reclaimed tidal lands in Korea. The results were s ### Constructed Wetland Design Method to Treat Agricultural Drainage from Tidal Reclaimed Paddy Areas (간척지 논 농업배수 처리에 적합한 인공습지 설계 기법) • Jang, Jeong-Ryeol;Shin, Yu-Ri;Jung, Ji-Yeon;Choi, Kang-Won • KCID journal • / • v.18 no.1 • / • pp.4-17 • / • 2011 • The standard design methodology was suggested to construct wetland system for reducing non-point source pollution from Saemangeum reclaimed paddy land. To set for the design flow and concentrations, runoff and water quality survey were conducted during the irrigation period in 2008 at Gyehwa reclaimed paddy land located at near Saemangeum lake. It is rational that 1ha is the optimum constructed wetland size. To meet this size, the moderate drainage area of reclaimed paddy field was 50ha under the conditions that rainfall is 30mm, average runoff coefficient is 0.83, and runoff capture ratio is 0.6. At these condition, the runoff volume from 50ha was 10,520 $m^3/d$ including base flow during irrigation period. To select the optimum wetland system, several case studies were conducted by focusing on the tidal reclaimed land areas having wetland systems in Seokmun. Pond-Wetland system was selected as the standard model because of showing the highest reduction efficiency. Single variable regression equation were delivered to estimate effluent water concentrations from the designed wetland by using long-term monitoring data from the Seokmun experiment site. The effluent concentration from the designed wetland using these equation were showed moderately range. ### Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth of Rape (Brassica napus L.) in Newly Reclaimed Land in Korea • Yang, Chang-Hyu;Kim, Taek-Kyum;Kim, Sun;Baek, Nam-Hyun;Choi, Weon-Young;Lee, Jang-Hee;Jung, Jae-Hyeok;Lee, Yong-Hwa;Kim, Si-Ju;Lee, Kyeong-Bo • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer • / • v.44 no.4 • / • pp.597-599 • / • 2011 • This study was conducted to find out the optimum nitrogen application rate for the stable production of rape in the newly reclaimed land located at Gangwhal region of Saemangum reclaimed land in which the soil is sandy loam (Munpo series). There were five treatments of nitrogen fertilization from zero to 60% increment based on the standard fertilization of $150kg\;ha^{-1}$. The growth of rape (Sunmang) was not affected by salt content while soil salinity was increased at blossoming season of rape. Compared to yield of standard fertilization the yield and the content of oleic acid of rape were increased by 4~26% with the increasing additional nitrogen fertilizer. The results obtained from the growth and yield of rape in this study indicated that it was possible to cultivate rape in a newly reclaimed land if soil salinity was kept below $3dS\;m^{-1}$. ### A Study on the Ground Improvement Effective Evaluation of Reclaimed Land Using Cone Penetration Test (CPT를 이용한 준설매립지반의 개량효과 평가에 관한 연구) • Kim, Jong-Kook;Chae, Young-Su;Kim, Myoung-Mo • Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference • / • / • pp.910-921 • / • 2004 • In this study, the pilot tests on the reclaimed land were performed in order to find the suitable construction method with dynamic compaction Type I, Type II at different dynamic energy and hydraulic hammer compaction. The estimation of the compaction through the various pilot tests was performed by the CPT-qc, SPT-N and field density tests. As the result of the pilot tests, it shows that the dynamic compaction method is better than the hydraulic hammer compaction method in the effect of the ground improvement, especially dynamic compaction Type I is much superior to others. When it comes to method for measuring the intensity of the ground, the value of the cone penetration test-resistance(qc) is much suitable for the ground. Besides, the standards for the compaction control, which showed that over 10Mpa at 0 through 5meters in the upper layer and 7Mpa at 5 through 8meters in the lower layer in the CPT-qc, could be found without discrimination of the upper road and lower road on the reclaimed land. And it also found that the intensity of the reclaimed land gets back to the original status in about 10 through 15 days.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5746952295303345, "perplexity": 18159.39453086217}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141202590.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129184455-20201129214455-00615.warc.gz"}
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/algebra/algebra-1/chapter-2-solving-equations-2-4-solving-equations-with-variables-on-both-sides-mixed-review-page-108/65	# Chapter 2 - Solving Equations - 2-4 Solving Equations with Variables on Both Sides - Mixed Review - Page 108: 65 $9$ #### Work Step by Step We start with the given expression: $3b\div c$ We plug in values for $b$ and $c$: $3(12)\div4$ All that we have to do to simplify is multiply and divide from left to right: $36\div4=9$ After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5333145260810852, "perplexity": 554.9975407299231}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988831.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508001259-20210508031259-00375.warc.gz"}
https://standards.globalspec.com/standards/detail?docId=618243	# IEC 61008-2-1 ## Residual current operated circuit-breakers without integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses (RCCB´S) Part 2-1: Applicability of the general rules to RCCB´s functionally independent of line voltage active, Most Current Organization: IEC Publication Date: 1 December 1990 Status: active Page Count: 12 ICS Code (Fuses and other overcurrent protection devices): 29.120.50 ##### scope: This clause of Part 1 is applicable, except as follows: Replace the first paragraph by the following: This International Standard applies to RCCB's functionally independent of line voltage, for househole and similar uses, not incorporating overcurrent protection, for rated voltages not exceeding 440 V a.c. and rated currents not exceeding 125 A, intended principally for protection against electric shock hazard. ### Document History IEC 61008-2-1 December 1, 1990 Residual current operated circuit-breakers without integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses (RCCB´S) Part 2-1: Applicability of the general rules to RCCB´s functionally independent of line voltage This clause of Part 1 is applicable, except as follows: Replace the first paragraph by the following: This International Standard applies to RCCB’s functionally independent of line voltage, for...	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9216307997703552, "perplexity": 12253.816852656764}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147154.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228104413-20200228134413-00141.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-come-nacl-is-not-poisonous.662047/	# How come Nacl is not poisonous? 1. ### Naveen345 19 Na is poisonous for us, so is Cl2 (chlorine). How come Nacl is not poisonous? ### Staff: Mentor Compounds have different properties than elements they are made from, period. 3. ### dacarls 23 Elements can be highly reactive- like sodium....It wants to give away one electron like crazy: It will donate this electron to almost any other element. Now it is sodium+1, an ion. A Chlorine atom is also reactive, but it wants an electron so badly that it usually shares one with another Chlorine atom and is found as Cl2. But this pair is still extremely reactive and will react with nearly any other atom to get more electrons: They then form 2 Chloride ions which are described as Cl single minus. These ions stay the same when dissolved in water, where the Na+ and Cl- disassociate from each other to make salt water. All animals need Na ions to make their bodies and nervous systems operate properly, also Potassium and Magnesium ions. 4. ### Naveen345 19 When Nacl is formed electrons are displaced by a very very small distance and new bonds are formed? Is such a small change responsible for such huge difference in properties of the new compound? ### Staff: Mentor See explanation by dacarls. Yes. 6. ### Studiot dacarls explanation goes deeper than you might think, so take heed of Borek's advice. When you ingest salt you are ingesting sodium and chloride ions. These have vastly different properties from the parent atoms or molecules of sodium or chlorine and are no longer bonded together. So that small shift of an electron does indeed have huge consequences. You may have heard of something similar but reversed with another substance. Oxygen. The normal molecule O2 is life giving but another form O3 (Ozone) is poisonous, except in very small quantities. Worse, the ions from oxygen (there are several types) can cause cancer. So it is the reverse since the molecule is beneficial and ion deadly in this case. 7. ### Ygggdrasil 1,755 The chemistry of a substance is essentially defined by its electron configuration. If you change the electron configuration, you completely change its reactivity with other substances. 8. ### Weissritter 36 The process of NaCl making is pretty much like that. Trust me, I saw it with a electroquantum microscope. (No, I didn't.) You can see how the chloride has one empty slot for another electron. It wants it so bad it decided to steal one from the first element in sight. Dialogue balloon are that size because that image wasn't intended for English. ^ Last edited: Jan 3, 2013 9. ### chill_factor 892 well... carbon monoxide and nitrogen are isoelectronic. its a bit more subtle; vibrational spectra, which determine thermal stability, depend also on masses. also there's stuff like the isotope effect in superconductors. all in all, its very messy but in general its correct =) 10. ### Ygggdrasil 1,755 Very good point. 11. ### DrDu 4,527 The point is that although the electrons are only moved over small distances, the electric fields working are enormous. The reason is Coulombs law stating that the electric field seen by an electron near an ionic core depends on ##1/r^2## where r is the distance of the electron and the center of the ion. As r is a small quantity, the fields are huge. 12. ### Naveen345 19 Force are much more stronger in the nucleus. Does it mean displacing a proton by a very-very-very-very small distance will produce dramatic effects? What about plank's scale. If sub atomic ( protons, quarks etc. ) particles move by only that much distance or even less distance than that? Will dramatic effects still occur? By dramatic I mean, a huge change in the erstwhile properties. 13. ### Studiot Careful how you put this for you are implying that one zone of space is different from any other. One of the most important underlying principles of all science is that primary laws are the same everywhere, ie in every zone of space. 14. ### Mandelbroth 613 I love when people say something isn't poisonous, because how lacking science can be in terms of rigorous definitions is amusing to me. One principle of toxicology is that the dose makes the poison. ANYTHING, in a certain concentration, can be said to be "poisonous." In fact, Wikipedia lists the median lethal dose between 3000 and 8000 mg/kg (for tested small rodents). This means that in a sample of small rodents, 50% of them will die when given sodium chloride in an amount between 3000 and 8000 milligrams for every kilogram of body mass. It becomes more of a question of biology, but it can be fairly simple to see how a large amount of NaCl might affect a biological system (exempli gratia the human body): Let's imagine, for simplicity, that the cytoplasm is an ideal solution. Cell membranes are semipermeable, so we can model the osmotic pressure using the equation $\Pi = i MRT$. Let's also assume that the LD50 of tested animals from Wikipedia translates decently well to humans. With a 70 kg person (and 8000 mg NaCl per kg body mass) and 5 liters of blood, we get a 1.916 M NaCl solution. Assuming an average internal body temperature of 310.15 K and NaCl to have a van't Hoff factor of 2, we get that the osmotic pressure is $\Pi = iMRT ≈ (2)(1.916)(0.082)(310.15) ≈ 97.57 atm$. This means that one needs to apply a pressure of 97.57 atm in order to negate osmosis. In essence, cells start to become drained of their internal fluids and begin losing functionality. In other words, death. 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http://opticaltweezers.org/chapter-10-photonic-force-microscope/	# Chapter 10 — Photonic Force Microscope One of the most successful applications of optical tweezers has been the measure- ment of small forces: since the optical restoring force is elastic, at least for most standard optical tweezers configurations, it is possible to measure the force acting on an optically trapped particle by multiplying its measured displacement from its equilibrium position and the optical trap stiffness. As shown in Fig. 10.1, the forces measurable by such a photonic force microscope (PFM) are typically in the range of tens of piconewtons down to few femtonewtons. Since these forces are comparable to most forces acting between biomolecules, the PFM has been extremely success- ful at measuring such forces. In this Chapter, we will review how the PFM can be employed to measure torques as well as forces, how the presence of surfaces or other particles affects the force measurement process and how much is the influence of non-conservative effects. Finally, we will describe how the optical force can be directly measured from the scattering associated with the trapping process. 10.1 Scanning probe techniques 10.2 Photonic torque microscope 10.3 Force measurement near surfaces 10.3.1 Equilibrium distribution method 10.3.2 Drift method 10.4 Relevance of non-conservative effects 10.5 Direct force measurement Problems References	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8417906761169434, "perplexity": 2011.6874539711728}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864957.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623093631-20180623113631-00593.warc.gz"}
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/w/word+lists+library.html	#### Sample records for word lists library 1. CRNL library serials list International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Alburger, T.P. 1982-04-01 A list of 1900 serial publications (periodicals, society transactions and proceedings, annuals and directories, indexes, newspapers, etc.) is presented with volumes and years held by the Main Library. This library is the largest in AECL as well as one of the largest scientific and technical libraries in North America, and functions as a Canadian resource for nuclear information. A main alphabetical list is followed by broad subject field lists representing research interests, and lists of abstract and index serials, general bibliographic serials, conference indexes, press releases, English translations, and original language journals 2. Recall of short word lists presented visually at fast rates: effects of phonological similarity and word length. Science.gov (United States) Coltheart, V; Langdon, R 1998-03-01 Phonological similarity of visually presented list items impairs short-term serial recall. Lists of long words are also recalled less accurately than are lists of short words. These results have been attributed to phonological recoding and rehearsal. If subjects articulate irrelevant words during list presentation, both phonological similarity and word length effects are abolished. Experiments 1 and 2 examined effects of phonological similarity and recall instructions on recall of lists shown at fast rates (from one item per 0.114-0.50 sec), which might not permit phonological encoding and rehearsal. In Experiment 3, recall instructions and word length were manipulated using fast presentation rates. Both phonological similarity and word length effects were observed, and they were not dependent on recall instructions. Experiments 4 and 5 investigated the effects of irrelevant concurrent articulation on lists shown at fast rates. Both phonological similarity and word length effects were removed by concurrent articulation, as they were with slow presentation rates. 3. Children's early reading vocabulary: description and word frequency lists. Science.gov (United States) Stuart, Morag; Dixon, Maureen; Masterson, Jackie; Gray, Bob 2003-12-01 4. Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL): the cultural adaptation of the Berlin Affective Word List-Reloaded (BAWL-R) for Polish. Science.gov (United States) Riegel, Monika; Wierzba, Małgorzata; Wypych, Marek; Żurawski, Łukasz; Jednoróg, Katarzyna; Grabowska, Anna; Marchewka, Artur 2015-12-01 In the present article, we introduce the Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL), created in order to provide researchers with a database of 2,902 Polish words, including nouns, verbs, and adjectives, with ratings of emotional valence, arousal, and imageability. Measures of several objective psycholinguistic features of the words (frequency, grammatical class, and number of letters) are also controlled. The database is a Polish adaptation of the Berlin Affective Word List-Reloaded (BAWL-R; Võ et al., Behavior Research Methods 41:534-538, 2009), commonly used to investigate the affective properties of German words. Affective normative ratings were collected from 266 Polish participants (136 women and 130 men). The emotional ratings and psycholinguistic indexes provided by NAWL can be used by researchers to better control the verbal materials they apply and to adjust them to specific experimental questions or issues of interest. The NAWL is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use as supplementary material to this article. 5. Compiling an OPEC Word List: A Corpus-Informed Lexical Analysis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ebtisam Saleh Aluthman 2017-01-01 Full Text Available The present study is conducted within the borders of lexicographic research, where corpora have increasingly become all-pervasive. The overall goal of this study is to compile an open-source OPEC[1] Word List (OWL that is available for lexicographic research and vocabulary learning related to English language learning for the purpose of oil marketing and oil industries. To achieve this goal, an OPEC Monthly Reports Corpus (OMRC comprising of 1,004,542 words was compiled. The OMRC consists of 40 OPEC monthly reports released between 2003 and 2015. Consideration was given to both range and frequency criteria when compiling the OWL which consists of 255 word types. Along with this basic goal, this study aims to investigate the coverage of the most well-recognised word lists, the General Service List of English Words (GSL (West ,1953 and the Academic Word List (AWL (Coxhead, 2000 in the OMRC corpus. The 255 word types included in the OWL are not overlapping with either the AWL or the GSL. Results suggest the necessity of making this discipline-specific word list for ESL students of oil marketing industries. The availability of the OWL has significant pedagogical contributions to curriculum design, learning activities and the overall process of vocabulary learning in the context of teaching English for specific purposes (ESP. OPEC stands for Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 6. Automatic generation of stop word lists for information retrieval and analysis Science.gov (United States) Rose, Stuart J 2013-01-08 Methods and systems for automatically generating lists of stop words for information retrieval and analysis. Generation of the stop words can include providing a corpus of documents and a plurality of keywords. From the corpus of documents, a term list of all terms is constructed and both a keyword adjacency frequency and a keyword frequency are determined. If a ratio of the keyword adjacency frequency to the keyword frequency for a particular term on the term list is less than a predetermined value, then that term is excluded from the term list. The resulting term list is truncated based on predetermined criteria to form a stop word list. 7. A new ANEW: Evaluation of a word list for sentiment analysis in microblogs DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Nielsen, Finn Årup 2011-01-01 Sentiment analysis of microblogs such as Twitter has recently gained a fair amount of attention. One of the simplest sentiment analysis approaches compares the words of a posting against a labeled word list, where each word has been scored for valence, — a “sentiment lexicon” or “affective word...... lists”. There exist several affective word lists, e.g., ANEW (Affective Norms for English Words) developed before the advent of microblogging and sentiment analysis. I wanted to examine how well ANEW and other word lists performs for the detection of sentiment strength in microblog posts in comparison...... with a new word list specifically constructed for microblogs. I used manually labeled postings from Twitter scored for sentiment. Using a simple word matching I show that the new word list may perform better than ANEW, though not as good as the more elaborate approach found in SentiStrength.... 8. Evaluation of academic library collection using a check-list method Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kornelija Petr Balog 2015-04-01 Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the quality of the ILS library collection of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (FHSS in Osijek, Croatia and its congruence with the curriculum. The quality of the collection is measured using the check-list method. The required and optional reading lists of the Department of Information Sciences at the FHSS (academic year 2011/2012 are used as standard lists that the library holdings are compared to. The results found that the library does not have 30.8 per cent of the titles on the reading lists. The remaining 33.9 per cent of the titles are accessible in the library, 28.5 per cent are free electronic resources, and 6.8 per cent of titles are accessible for students through the Department’s Moodle, Learning Management System. The study provides data about the titles available and not available in the FHSS library. However, it does not differentiate between the titles on the required and optional reading lists. This study provides the FHSS librarians with the list of titles that should be obtained in the near future. In Croatia, very few papers on collection assessment have been published so far, and this is the first study about the quality of a library collection at the University of Osijek. The paper attempts to fill that gap and contribute to a deeper understanding of the quality of library collections in the Croatian academic setting. 9. Word-Level Stress Patterns in the Academic Word List Science.gov (United States) Murphy, John; Kandil, Magdi 2004-01-01 This paper addresses teachers and researchers of English as a second or foreign language who are interested in speech intelligibility training and/or vocabulary acquisition. The study reports a stress-pattern analysis of the Academic Word List (AWL) as made available by Coxhead [TESOL Quarterly 34 (2000) 213]. To examine the AWL in a new way, we… 10. Serial recall, word frequency, and mixed lists: the influence of item arrangement. Science.gov (United States) Miller, Leonie M; Roodenrys, Steven 2012-11-01 Studies of the effect of word frequency in the serial recall task show that lists of high-frequency words are better recalled than lists of low-frequency words; however, when high- and low-frequency words are alternated within a list, there is no difference in the level of recall for the two types of words, and recall is intermediate between lists of pure frequency. This pattern has been argued to arise from the development of a network of activated long-term representations of list items that support the redintegration of all list items in a nondirectional and nonspecific way. More recently, it has been proposed that the frequency effect might be a product of the coarticulation of items at word boundaries and their influence on rehearsal rather than a consequence of memory representations. The current work examines recall performance in mixed lists of an equal number of high- and low-frequency items arranged in contiguous segments (i.e., HHHLLL and LLLHHH), under quiet and articulatory suppression conditions, to test whether the effect is (a) nondirectional and (b) dependent on articulatory processes. These experiments demonstrate that neither explanation is satisfactory, although the results suggest that the effect is mnemonic. A language-based approach to short-term memory is favored with emphasis on the role of speech production processes at output. 11. Union list of periodicals in medical libraries of Myanmar 1980-1993 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) U Kyyi-Thaung; U Aung-Myo-Min; Myunt-Nyunt-Swe, Daw. 1994-01-01 The abstract - the ''Union List of Periodicals in Medical Libraries of Myanmar: 1980-1993'' is published by the Department of Medical Research, Central Biomedical Library which is the National Focal Point library of Health Literature, Library and Information Services (HELLIS) network which was established since 1979 by WHO, S.E. Asia Regional Office. Other seven libraries which participate in this union list are: 1. Institute of Medicine 1, Library, Yangon; 2. Institute of Medicine 2, Library, Yangon; 3. Institute of Medicine, Library, Mandalay; 4. Institute of Dental Medicine, Library, Yangon; 5. Department of Health, Central Health Science Library, Yangon; 6. Institute of Nursing, Library, Yangon; 7. Department of Health Manpower, Library, Yangon 12. Union list of periodicals in medical libraries of Myanmar 1980-1993 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kyyi-Thaung, U; Aung-Myo-Min, U; Myunt-Nyunt-Swe, Daw 1994-12-31 The abstract - the Union List of Periodicals in Medical Libraries of Myanmar: 1980-1993 is published by the Department of Medical Research, Central Biomedical Library which is the National Focal Point library of Health Literature, Library and Information Services (HELLIS) network which was established since 1979 by WHO, S.E. Asia Regional Office. Other seven libraries which participate in this union list are: 1. Institute of Medicine 1, Library, Yangon; 2. Institute of Medicine 2, Library, Yangon; 3. Institute of Medicine, Library, Mandalay; 4. Institute of Dental Medicine, Library, Yangon; 5. Department of Health, Central Health Science Library, Yangon; 6. Institute of Nursing, Library, Yangon; 7. Department of Health Manpower, Library, Yangon. 13. The effect of mood on false memory for emotional DRM word lists. Science.gov (United States) Zhang, Weiwei; Gross, Julien; Hayne, Harlene 2017-04-01 In the present study, we investigated the effect of participants' mood on true and false memories of emotional word lists in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In Experiment 1, we constructed DRM word lists in which all the studied words and corresponding critical lures reflected a specified emotional valence. In Experiment 2, we used these lists to assess mood-congruent true and false memory. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three induced-mood conditions (positive, negative, or neutral) and were presented with word lists comprised of positive, negative, or neutral words. For both true and false memory, there was a mood-congruent effect in the negative mood condition; this effect was due to a decrease in true and false recognition of the positive and neutral words. These findings are consistent with both spreading-activation and fuzzy-trace theories of DRM performance and have practical implications for our understanding of the effect of mood on memory. 14. Word list recall in youngsters and older adults Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sogol Gerami 2011-01-01 Full Text Available A word-list recall is an experiment examines the effect of age on the change in memory. The ability to understand or use language is more or less dependent on the memory capacity. Any person may know what s/he wants to say but may not be able to say it if the memory does not help. We use some form of memory in all aspects of language processing. Whatever we have in our mind is stored whether for seconds, hours, or years. By short-term memory, a person can remember different things for a period of seconds or minutes only. By rehearsal, the duration and the quantity of storage will increase. Therefore, rehearsal transforms the short-term memory into the long-term memory. This experiment, which examines the number of words recalled by different age groups after presenting a word list, reveals that the younger a person the more are the words he or she recalls. The experiment also reveals that semantically related words have greater chance to be remembered when they are compared with unrelated words. 15. Word List Recall in Youngsters and Older Adults Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sogol Gerami 2011-01-01 Full Text Available A word-list recall is an experiment examines the effect of age on the change in memory. The ability to understand or use language is more or less dependent on the memory capacity. Any person may know what s/he wants to say but may not be able to say it if the memory does not help. We use some form of memory in all aspects of language processing. Whatever we have in our mind is stored whether for seconds, hours, or years. By short-term memory, a person can remember different things for a period of seconds or minutes only. By rehearsal, the duration and the quantity of storage will increase. Therefore, rehearsal transforms the short-term memory into the long-term memory. This experiment, which examines the number of words recalled by different age groups after presenting a word list, reveals that the younger a person the more are the words he or she recalls. The experiment also reveals that semantically related words have greater chance to be remembered when they are compared with unrelated words. 16. Position list word aligned hybrid DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Deliege, Francois; Pedersen, Torben Bach 2010-01-01 Compressed bitmap indexes are increasingly used for efficiently querying very large and complex databases. The Word Aligned Hybrid (WAH) bitmap compression scheme is commonly recognized as the most efficient compression scheme in terms of CPU efficiency. However, WAH compressed bitmaps use a lot...... of storage space. This paper presents the Position List Word Aligned Hybrid (PLWAH) compression scheme that improves significantly over WAH compression by better utilizing the available bits and new CPU instructions. For typical bit distributions, PLWAH compressed bitmaps are often half the size of WAH...... bitmaps and, at the same time, offer an even better CPU efficiency. The results are verified by theoretical estimates and extensive experiments on large amounts of both synthetic and real-world data.... 17. Can false memory for critical lures occur without conscious awareness of list words? Science.gov (United States) Sadler, Daniel D; Sodmont, Sharon M; Keefer, Lucas A 2018-02-01 We examined whether the DRM false memory effect can occur when list words are presented below the perceptual identification threshold. In four experiments, subjects showed robust veridical memory for studied words and false memory for critical lures when masked list words were presented at exposure durations of 43 ms per word. Shortening the exposure duration to 29 ms virtually eliminated veridical recognition of studied words and completely eliminated false recognition of critical lures. Subjective visibility ratings in Experiments 3a and 3b support the assumption that words presented at 29 ms were subliminal for most participants, but were occasionally experienced with partial awareness by participants with higher perceptual awareness. Our results indicate that a false memory effect does not occur in the absence of conscious awareness of list words, but it does occur when word stimuli are presented at an intermediate level of visibility. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18. The role of backward associative strength in false recognition of DRM lists with multiple critical words. Science.gov (United States) Beato, María S; Arndt, Jason 2017-08-01 Memory is a reconstruction of the past and is prone to errors. One of the most widely-used paradigms to examine false memory is the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In this paradigm, participants studied words associatively related to a non-presented critical word. In a subsequent memory test critical words are often falsely recalled and/or recognized. In the present study, we examined the influence of backward associative strength (BAS) on false recognition using DRM lists with multiple critical words. In forty-eight English DRM lists, we manipulated BAS while controlling forward associative strength (FAS). Lists included four words (e.g., prison, convict, suspect, fugitive) simultaneously associated with two critical words (e.g., CRIMINAL, JAIL). The results indicated that true recognition was similar in high-BAS and low-BAS lists, while false recognition was greater in high-BAS lists than in low-BAS lists. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between false recognition and the probability of a resonant connection between the studied words and their associates. These findings suggest that BAS and resonant connections influence false recognition, and extend prior research using DRM lists associated with a single critical word to studies of DRM lists associated with multiple critical words. 19. Frequency Analysis of the Words in the Academic Word List (AWL) and Non-AWL Content Words in Applied Linguistics Research Papers Science.gov (United States) Vongpumivitch, Viphavee; Huang, Ju-yu; Chang, Yu-Chia 2009-01-01 This study is a corpus-based lexical study that aims to explore the use of words in Coxhead's (2000) Academic Word List (AWL) in journal articles in the field of applied linguistics. A 1.5 million-word corpus called the Applied Linguistics Research Articles Corpus (ALC) was created for this study. The corpus consists of 200 research articles that… 20. Understanding Medical Words: A Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine Science.gov (United States) ... page: https://medlineplus.gov/medicalwords.html Understanding Medical Words: A Tutorial from the National Library of Medicine ... enable JavaScript. This tutorial teaches you about medical words. You'll learn about how to put together ... 1. From HTML to List of Words (part 2 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) William J. Turkel 2012-07-01 Full Text Available In this lesson, you will learn the Python commands needed to implement the second part of the algorithm begun in the From HTML to a List of Words (part 1. The first half of the algorithm gets the content of an HTML page and saves only the content that follows the tags. The second half of the algorithm does the following: Look at every character in the pageContents string, one character at a time If the character is a left angle bracket ( we are now leaving the tag; ignore the current character, but look at each following character If we’re not inside a tag, append the current character to a new variable: text Split the text string into a list of individual words that can later be manipulated further. 2. The case for testing memory with both stories and word lists prior to dbs surgery for Parkinson's Disease. Science.gov (United States) Zahodne, Laura B; Bowers, Dawn; Price, Catherine C; Bauer, Russell M; Nisenzon, Anne; Foote, Kelly D; Okun, Michael S 2011-04-01 Patients seeking deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery for Parkinson's disease (PD) typically undergo neuropsychological assessment to determine candidacy for surgery, with poor memory performance interpreted as a contraindication. Patients with PD may exhibit worse memory for word lists than for stories due to the lack of inherent organization in a list of unrelated words. Unfortunately, word list and story tasks are typically developed from different normative datasets, and the existence of a memory performance discrepancy in PD has been challenged. We compared recall of stories and word lists in 35 non-demented PD candidates for DBS. We administered commonly used neuropsychological measures of word list and story memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Logical Memory), along with a second word list task that was co-normed with the story task. Age-corrected scores were higher for the story task than for both word list tasks. Compared to story recall, word list recall correlated more consistently with motor severity and composite measures of processing speed, working memory, and executive functioning. These results support the classic view of fronto-subcortical contributions to memory in PD and suggest that executive deficits may influence word list recall more than story recall. We recommend a multi-componential memory battery in the neuropsychological assessment of DBS candidates to characterize both mesial temporal and frontal-executive memory processes. One should not rely solely on a word list task because patients exhibiting poor memory for word lists may perform better with stories and therefore deserve an interdisciplinary discussion for DBS surgery. 3. Library Information System Time-Sharing (LISTS) Project. Final Report. Science.gov (United States) Black, Donald V. The Library Information System Time-Sharing (LISTS) experiment was based on three innovations in data processing technology: (1) the advent of computer time-sharing on third-generation machines, (2) the development of general-purpose file-management software and (3) the introduction of large, library-oriented data bases. The main body of the… 4. Word frequency effects in immediate serial recall of pure and mixed lists: tests of the associative link hypothesis. Science.gov (United States) Saint-Aubin, Jean; LeBlanc, Jacinthe 2005-12-01 In immediate serial recall, high-frequency words are better recalled than low-frequency words. Recently, it has been suggested that high-frequency words are better recalled because of their better long-term associative links, and not because of the intrinsic properties of their long-term representations. In the experiment reported here, recall performance was compared for pure lists of high- and low-frequency words, and for mixed lists composed of either one low- and five high-frequency words or the reverse. The usual advantage of high-frequency words was found with pure lists and this advantage was reduced, but still significant with mixed lists composed of five low-frequency words. However, the low-frequency word included in a high-frequency list was recalled just as well as high-frequency words. Results are challenging for the associative link hypothesis and are best interpreted within an item-based reconstruction hypothesis, along with a distinctiveness account. 5. Rethinking the core list of journals for libraries that serve schools and colleges of pharmacy. Science.gov (United States) Beckett, Robert D; Cole, Sabrina W; Rogers, Hannah K; Bickett, Skye; Seeger, Christina; McDaniel, Jennifer A 2014-10-01 The Core List of Journals for Libraries that Serve Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy is a guide for developing and maintaining pharmacy-affiliated library collections. A work group was created to update the list and design a process for updating that will streamline future revisions. Work group members searched the National Library of Medicine catalog for an initial list of journals and then applied inclusion criteria to narrow the list. The work group finalized the fifth edition of the list with 225 diverse publications and produced a sustainable set of criteria for journal inclusion, providing a structured, objective process for future updates. 6. Free recall of word lists under total sleep deprivation and after recovery sleep. Science.gov (United States) de Almeida Valverde Zanini, Gislaine; Tufik, Sérgio; Andersen, Monica Levy; da Silva, Raquel Cristina Martins; Bueno, Orlando Francisco Amodeo; Rodrigues, Camila Cruz; Pompéia, Sabine 2012-02-01 One task that has been used to assess memory effects of prior total sleep deprivation (TSD) is the immediate free recall of word lists; however, results have been mixed. A possible explanation for this is task impurity, since recall of words from different serial positions reflects use of distinct types of memory (last words: short-term memory; first and intermediate words: episodic memory). Here we studied the effects of 2 nights of TSD on immediate free recall of semantically unrelated word lists considering the serial position curve. Random allocation to a 2-night TSD protocol followed by one night of recovery sleep or to a control group. Study conducted under continuous behavioral monitoring. 24 young, healthy male volunteers. 2 nights of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and one night of recovery sleep. Participants were shown five 15 unrelated word-lists at baseline, after one and 2 nights of TSD, and after one night of recovery sleep. We also investigated the development of recall strategies (learning) and susceptibility to interference from previous lists. No free recall impairment occurred during TSD, irrespective of serial position. Interference was unchanged. Both groups developed recall strategies, but task learning occurred earlier in controls and was evident in the TSD group only after sleep recovery. Prior TSD spared episodic memory, short-term phonological memory, and interference, allowed the development of recall strategies, but may have decreased the advantage of using these strategies, which returned to normal after recovery sleep. 7. Rethinking the Core List of Journals for Libraries that Serve Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy Science.gov (United States) Beckett, Robert D.; Rogers, Hannah K.; Bickett, Skye; Seeger, Christina; McDaniel, Jennifer A. 2014-01-01 The Core List of Journals for Libraries that Serve Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy is a guide for developing and maintaining pharmacy-affiliated library collections. A work group was created to update the list and design a process for updating that will streamline future revisions. Work group members searched the National Library of Medicine catalog for an initial list of journals and then applied inclusion criteria to narrow the list. The work group finalized the fifth edition of the list with 225 diverse publications and produced a sustainable set of criteria for journal inclusion, providing a structured, objective process for future updates. PMID:25349548 8. Our words, our story: a textual analysis of articles published in the Bulletin of the Medical Library Association/Journal of the Medical Library Association from 1961 to 2010. Science.gov (United States) Funk, Mark E 2013-01-01 This lecture explores changes in the medical library profession over the last fifty years, as revealed by individual word usage in a body of literature. I downloaded articles published in the Bulletin of the Medical Library Association and Journal of the Medical Library Association between 1961 and 2000 to create an electronic corpus and tracked annual frequency of individual word usage. I used frequency sparklines of words, matching one of four archetypal shapes (level, rise, fall, and rise-and-fall) to identify significant words. Most significant words fell into the categories of environment, management, technology, and research. Based on word usage changes, the following trends are revealed: Compared to 1961, today's medical librarians are more concerned with digital information, not physical packages. We prefer information to be evidence-based. We focus more on health than medicine. We are reaching out to new constituents, sometimes leaving our building to do so. Teaching has become important for us. We run our libraries more like businesses, using constantly changing technology. We are publishing more research articles. Although these words were chosen by individual authors to tell their particular stories, in the aggregate, our words reveal our story of change in our profession. 9. Word frequency influences on the list length effect and associative memory in young and older adults. Science.gov (United States) Badham, Stephen P; Whitney, Cora; Sanghera, Sumeet; Maylor, Elizabeth A 2017-07-01 Many studies show that age deficits in memory are smaller for information supported by pre-experimental experience. Many studies also find dissociations in memory tasks between words that occur with high and low frequencies in language, but the literature is mixed regarding the extent of word frequency effects in normal ageing. We examined whether age deficits in episodic memory could be influenced by manipulations of word frequency. In Experiment 1, young and older adults studied short and long lists of high- and low-frequency words for free recall. The list length effect (the drop in proportion recalled for longer lists) was larger in young compared to older adults and for high- compared to low-frequency words. In Experiment 2, young and older adults completed item and associative recognition memory tests with high- and low-frequency words. Age deficits were greater for associative memory than for item memory, demonstrating an age-related associative deficit. High-frequency words led to better associative memory performance whilst low-frequency words resulted in better item memory performance. In neither experiment was there any evidence for age deficits to be smaller for high- relative to low-frequency words, suggesting that word frequency effects on memory operate independently from effects due to cognitive ageing. 10. The Effects of Caffeine on Memory for Word Lists. Science.gov (United States) Erikson, George; And Others Research has suggested that behavioral differences may account for the effects of caffeine on information processing. To investigate the effects of caffeine on memory for supraspan word lists, 107 college students (47 males, 60 females), divided into 12 groups by high and low impulsivity scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, participated in… 11. Selected List of Books and Journals for the Small Medical Library Science.gov (United States) Brandon, Alfred N. 2012-01-01 This list of 358 books and 123 journals is intended as a selection aid for the small library of a hospital, medical society, clinic, or similar organization. Books and journals are arranged by subject, with the books followed by an author index, and the journals by an alphabetical title listing. PMID:23509428 12. Stemming of Slovenian library science texts Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Polona Vilar 2002-01-01 Full Text Available The theme of the article is the preparation of a stemming algorithm for Slovenian library science texts. The procedure consisted of three phases: learning, testing and evaluation.The preparation of the optimal stemmer for Slovenian texts from the field of library science is presented, its testing and comparison with two other stemmers for the Slovenian language: the Popovič stemmer and the Generic stemmer. A corpus of 790.000 words from the field of library science was used for learning. Lists of stems, word endings and stop-words were built. In the testing phase, the component parts of the algorithm were tested on an additional corpus of 167.000 words. In the evaluation phase, a comparison of the three stemmers processing the same word corpus was made. The results of each stemmer were compared with an intellectually prepared control result of the stemming of the corpus. It consisted of groups of semantically connected words with no errors. Understemming was especially monitored – the number of stems for semantically connected words, produced by an algorithm. The results were statistically processed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Optimal stemmer produced the best results.It matched best with the reference results and also gave the smallest number of stems for one semantic meaning. The Popovič stemmer followed closely. The Generic stemmer proved to be the least accurate. The procedures described in the thesis can represent a platform for the development of the tools for automatic indexing and retrieval for library science texts in Slovenian language. 13. Telephone word-list recall tested in the rural aging and memory study: two parallel versions for the TICS-M. Science.gov (United States) Hogervorst, Eva; Bandelow, Stephan; Hart, John; Henderson, Victor W 2004-09-01 Parallel versions of memory tasks are useful in clinical and research settings to reduce practice effects engendered by multiple administrations. We aimed to investigate the usefulness of three parallel versions of ten-item word list recall tasks administered by telephone. A population based telephone survey of middle-aged and elderly residents of Bradley County, Arkansas was carried out as part of the Rural Aging and Memory Study (RAMS). Participants in the study were 1845 persons aged 40 to 95 years. Word lists included that used in the telephone interview of cognitive status (TICS) as a criterion standard and two newly developed lists. The mean age of participants was 61.05 (SD 12.44) years; 39.5% were over age 65. 78% of the participants had completed high school, 66% were women and 21% were African-American. There was no difference in demographic characteristics between groups receiving different word list versions, and performances on the three versions were equivalent for both immediate (mean 4.22, SD 1.53) and delayed (mean 2.35 SD 1.75) recall trials. The total memory score (immediate+delayed recall) was negatively associated with older age (beta = -0.41, 95%CI=-0.11 to -0.04), lower education (beta = 0.24, 95%CI = 0.36 to 0.51), male gender (beta = -0.18, 95%CI = -1.39 to -0.90) and African-American race (beta = -0.15, 95%CI = -1.41 to -0.82). The two RAMS word recall lists and the TICS word recall list can be used interchangeably in telephone assessment of memory of middle-aged and elderly persons. This finding is important for future studies where parallel versions of a word-list memory task are needed. (250 words). 14. Why do participants initiate free recall of short lists of words with the first list item? Toward a general episodic memory explanation. Science.gov (United States) Spurgeon, Jessica; Ward, Geoff; Matthews, William J 2014-11-01 Participants who are presented with a short list of words for immediate free recall (IFR) show a strong tendency to initiate their recall with the 1st list item and then proceed in forward serial order. We report 2 experiments that examined whether this tendency was underpinned by a short-term memory store, of the type that is argued by some to underpin recency effects in IFR. In Experiment 1, we presented 3 groups of participants with lists of between 2 and 12 words for IFR, delayed free recall, and continuous-distractor free recall. The to-be-remembered words were simultaneously spoken and presented visually, and the distractor task involved silently solving a series of self-paced, visually presented mathematical equations (e.g., 3 + 2 + 4 = ?). The tendency to initiate recall at the start of short lists was greatest in IFR but was also present in the 2 other recall conditions. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2, where the to-be-remembered items were presented visually in silence and the participants spoke aloud their answers to computer-paced mathematical equations. Our results necessitate that a short-term buffer cannot be fully responsible for the tendency to initiate recall from the beginning of a short list; rather, they suggest that the tendency represents a general property of episodic memory that occurs across a range of time scales. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved. 15. Marketing of Academic Library Services through Social Networking Sites: Implications of Electronic Word-of-Mouth Science.gov (United States) Siddike, Md. Abul Kalam; Kiran, K. 2015-01-01 The main objective of this study is to investigate the perceptions of academic librarians towards the marketing of library services through social networking sites (SNSs) and their understanding of using electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) as a marketing tool in academic libraries. This study follows a qualitative data-gathering approach of structured… 16. An English-French-German-Spanish Word Frequency Dictionary: A Correlation of the First Six Thousand Words in Four Single-Language Frequency Lists. Science.gov (United States) Eaton, Helen S., Comp. This semantic frequency list for English, French, German, and Spanish correlates 6,474 concepts represented by individual words in an order of diminishing occurrence. Designed as a research tool, the work is segmented into seven comparative "Thousand Concepts" lists with 115 sectional subdivisions, each of which begins with the key English word… 17. Dictionary of christian words: setting up the list of entries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dobrushina Ekaterina 2012-09-01 Full Text Available The paper discusses the issues of compiling the entry list for the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Russian Christian Words. It presents a fragment of the classifi cation of the terminology in the domain and suggests to use the frequency of a lexical item in relevant texts as a criterion of its terminologization. The paper also considers whether proper names should be included in the Dictionary. 18. List of key words with classification for a standard safety report for nuclear power plants with PWR or BWR International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1976-01-01 Under the efforts of improving the licensing procedure for nuclear power plants, the Federal Minister of the Interior set up a task group of experts of the manufacturers and operators of nuclear power plants, the assessors (Technische Ueberwachungsvereine, TUeVs), the Institute for Reactor Safety of the TUeVs, the licensing authorities of the Laender, and the Federal Ministry of the Interior which worked out a list of key words for writing the safety report for nuclear power plants with PWRs and BWRs. This list of key words is published herewith in order to encourage its application when writing or assessing safety reports for nuclear power plants and in order to present the opportunity to make proposals for improvement to a group as large as possible. At a later date, it is intended to incorporate the list of key words as soon as sufficient experience from the practical application will justify this, it is intended to incorporate the list of key words in a general administrative regulation. (orig.) [de 19. The Next Generation Online Public Access Catalog in Academic Libraries OpenAIRE Wallis, Kim 2009-01-01 "Make it more like Google" is a refrain that is often heard by students at academic libraries when asked how library catalogs can be improved. According to the annual Beloit College Mindset list for the class of 2010, the word Google has always been a verb. It is not surprising students today turn to the web when conducting research as it is what they are familiar with and what they know. How can academic libraries handle the challenge of changing user expectations? Can open source software b... 20. Why Do Participants Initiate Free Recall of Short Lists of Words with the First List Item? Toward a General Episodic Memory Explanation Science.gov (United States) Spurgeon, Jessica; Ward, Geoff; Matthews, William J. 2014-01-01 Participants who are presented with a short list of words for immediate free recall (IFR) show a strong tendency to initiate their recall with the 1st list item and then proceed in forward serial order. We report 2 experiments that examined whether this tendency was underpinned by a short-term memory store, of the type that is argued by some to… 1. Executive dysfunction can explain word-list learning disability in very mild Alzheimer's disease: the Tajiri project. Science.gov (United States) Hashimoto, Ryusaku; Meguro, Kenichi; Yamaguchi, Satoshi; Ishizaki, Junichi; Ishii, Hiroshi; Meguro, Mitsue; Sekita, Yasuyoshi 2004-02-01 Elderly people with questionable dementia (i.e. a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0.5) have been focused on as representing the borderline zone condition between healthy people and dementia patients. Many of them are known to have pathologic traits of very mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although they present mild memory disorder, the underlying mechanism has not been fully investigated. Herein is reported the mechanism of learning disability in very mild AD. Eighty-six CDR 0.5 participants and 101 age- and education-matched healthy controls (CDR 0) were randomly selected from a community in the town of Tajiri, Miyagi Prefecture. The word-recall task of the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Japanese (i.e. learning and recall of 10 words) was administered. The numbers of words recalled in each trial and those never recalled throughout the trials were compared for the two CDR groups. The serial-position function was depicted for three parts (i.e. primary, middle, and recency). The CDR 0.5 group recalled significantly fewer words than the CDR 0 group. The number of never-recalled words was greater in the CDR 0.5 group. A remarkable difference was found in the middle part of the word list. The number of never-recalled words of the CDR 0.5 group was greater in the middle part. The large number of never-recalled words accounted for the poor learning performance of very mild AD participants. The results suggested that very mild AD participants have difficulty in learning and retaining words in the middle part of the word-list because of a functional decline of the central executive system. 2. Acoustic Masking Disrupts Time-Dependent Mechanisms of Memory Encoding in Word-List Recall Science.gov (United States) Cousins, Katheryn A.Q.; Dar, Jonathan; Wingfield, Arthur; Miller, Paul 2013-01-01 Recall of recently heard words is affected by the clarity of presentation: even if all words are presented with sufficient clarity for successful recognition, those that are more difficult to hear are less likely to be recalled. Such a result demonstrates that memory processing depends on more than whether a word is simply “recognized” versus “not-recognized”. More surprising is that when a single item in a list of spoken words is acoustically masked, prior words that were heard with full clarity are also less likely to be recalled. To account for such a phenomenon, we developed the Linking by Active Maintenance Model (LAMM). This computational model of perception and encoding predicts that these effects are time dependent. Here we challenge our model by investigating whether and how the impact of acoustic masking on memory depends on presentation rate. We find that a slower presentation rate causes a more disruptive impact of stimulus degradation on prior, clearly heard words than does a fast rate. These results are unexpected according to prior theories of effortful listening, but we demonstrate that they can be accounted for by LAMM. PMID:24838269 3. BRAIN Journal - Word-list Recall in Youngsters and Older Adults OpenAIRE Parvaneh Khosravizadeh; Sogol Gerami 2011-01-01 ABSTRACT A word-list recall is an experiment examines the effect of age on the change in memory. The ability to understand or use language is more or less dependent on the memory capacity. Any person may know what s/he wants to say but may not be able to say it if the memory does not help. We use some form of memory in all aspects of language processing. Whatever we have in our mind is stored whether for seconds, hours, or years. By short-term memory, a person can remember different thing... 4. The problem of polysemy in the first thousand words of the General Service List: A corpus study of secondary chemistry texts Science.gov (United States) Clemmons, Karina Vocabulary in a second language is an indispensable building block of all comprehension (Folse, 2006; Nation, 2006). Teachers in content area classes such as science, math, and social studies frequently teach content specific vocabulary, but are not aware of the obstacles that can occur when students do not know the basic words. Word lists such as the General Service List (GSL) were created to assist students and teachers (West, 1953). The GSL does not adequately take into account the high level of polysemy of many common English words, nor has it been updated by genre to reflect specific content domains encountered by secondary science students in today's high stakes classes such as chemistry. This study examines how many words of the first 1000 words of the GSL occurred in the secondary chemistry textbooks sampled, how often the first 1000 words of the GSL were polysemous, and specifically which multiple meanings occurred. A discussion of results includes word tables that list multiple meanings present, example phrases that illustrate the context surrounding the target words, suggestions for a GSL that is genre specific to secondary chemistry textbooks and that is ranked by meaning as well as type, and implications for both vocabulary materials and classroom instruction for ELLs in secondary chemistry classes. Findings are essential to second language (L2) researchers, materials developers, publishers, and teachers. 5. BRBN-T validation: adaptation of the Selective Reminding Test and Word List Generation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mariana Rigueiro Neves 2015-10-01 Full Text Available Objective This study aims to present the Selective Reminding Test(SRT and Word List Generation (WLG adaptation to the Portuguese population, within the validation of the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRBN-Tfor multiple sclerosis (MS patients.Method 66 healthy participants (54.5% female recruited from the community volunteered to participate in this study.Results A combination of procedures from Classical Test Theory (CTT and Item Response Theory (ITR were applied to item analysis and selection. For each SRT list, 12 words were selected and 3 letters were chosen for WLG to constitute the final versions of these tests for the Portuguese population.Conclusion The combination of CTT and ITR maximized the decision making process in the adaptation of the SRT and WLG to a different culture and language (Portuguese. The relevance of this study lies on the production of reliable standardized neuropsychological tests, so that they can be used to facilitate a more rigorous monitoring of the evolution of MS, as well as any therapeutic effects and cognitive rehabilitation. 6. Auditory word recognition: extrinsic and intrinsic effects of word frequency. Science.gov (United States) Connine, C M; Titone, D; Wang, J 1993-01-01 Two experiments investigated the influence of word frequency in a phoneme identification task. Speech voicing continua were constructed so that one endpoint was a high-frequency word and the other endpoint was a low-frequency word (e.g., best-pest). Experiment 1 demonstrated that ambiguous tokens were labeled such that a high-frequency word was formed (intrinsic frequency effect). Experiment 2 manipulated the frequency composition of the list (extrinsic frequency effect). A high-frequency list bias produced an exaggerated influence of frequency; a low-frequency list bias showed a reverse frequency effect. Reaction time effects were discussed in terms of activation and postaccess decision models of frequency coding. The results support a late use of frequency in auditory word recognition. 7. Basic Emotions in the Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL BE): New Method of Classifying Emotional Stimuli. Science.gov (United States) Wierzba, Małgorzata; Riegel, Monika; Wypych, Marek; Jednoróg, Katarzyna; Turnau, Paweł; Grabowska, Anna; Marchewka, Artur 2015-01-01 The Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL) has recently been introduced as a standardized database of Polish words suitable for studying various aspects of language and emotions. Though the NAWL was originally based on the most commonly used dimensional approach, it is not the only way of studying emotions. Another framework is based on discrete emotional categories. Since the two perspectives are recognized as complementary, the aim of the present study was to supplement the NAWL database by the addition of categories corresponding to basic emotions. Thus, 2902 Polish words from the NAWL were presented to 265 subjects, who were instructed to rate them according to the intensity of each of the five basic emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, fear and disgust. The general characteristics of the present word database, as well as the relationships between the studied variables are shown to be consistent with typical patterns found in previous studies using similar databases for different languages. Here we present the Basic Emotions in the Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL BE) as a database of verbal material suitable for highly controlled experimental research. To make the NAWL more convenient to use, we introduce a comprehensive method of classifying stimuli to basic emotion categories. We discuss the advantages of our method in comparison to other methods of classification. Additionally, we provide an interactive online tool (http://exp.lobi.nencki.gov.pl/nawl-analysis) to help researchers browse and interactively generate classes of stimuli to meet their specific requirements. 8. Searching for the right word: Hybrid visual and memory search for words. Science.gov (United States) Boettcher, Sage E P; Wolfe, Jeremy M 2015-05-01 In "hybrid search" (Wolfe Psychological Science, 23(7), 698-703, 2012), observers search through visual space for any of multiple targets held in memory. With photorealistic objects as the stimuli, response times (RTs) increase linearly with the visual set size and logarithmically with the memory set size, even when over 100 items are committed to memory. It is well-established that pictures of objects are particularly easy to memorize (Brady, Konkle, Alvarez, & Oliva Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 14325-14329, 2008). Would hybrid-search performance be similar if the targets were words or phrases, in which word order can be important, so that the processes of memorization might be different? In Experiment 1, observers memorized 2, 4, 8, or 16 words in four different blocks. After passing a memory test, confirming their memorization of the list, the observers searched for these words in visual displays containing two to 16 words. Replicating Wolfe (Psychological Science, 23(7), 698-703, 2012), the RTs increased linearly with the visual set size and logarithmically with the length of the word list. The word lists of Experiment 1 were random. In Experiment 2, words were drawn from phrases that observers reported knowing by heart (e.g., "London Bridge is falling down"). Observers were asked to provide four phrases, ranging in length from two words to no less than 20 words (range 21-86). All words longer than two characters from the phrase, constituted the target list. Distractor words were matched for length and frequency. Even with these strongly ordered lists, the results again replicated the curvilinear function of memory set size seen in hybrid search. One might expect to find serial position effects, perhaps reducing the RTs for the first (primacy) and/or the last (recency) members of a list (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968; Murdock Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 482-488, 1962). Surprisingly, we showed no reliable effects of word order 9. Extracting semantic representations from word co-occurrence statistics: stop-lists, stemming, and SVD. Science.gov (United States) Bullinaria, John A; Levy, Joseph P 2012-09-01 In a previous article, we presented a systematic computational study of the extraction of semantic representations from the word-word co-occurrence statistics of large text corpora. The conclusion was that semantic vectors of pointwise mutual information values from very small co-occurrence windows, together with a cosine distance measure, consistently resulted in the best representations across a range of psychologically relevant semantic tasks. This article extends that study by investigating the use of three further factors--namely, the application of stop-lists, word stemming, and dimensionality reduction using singular value decomposition (SVD)--that have been used to provide improved performance elsewhere. It also introduces an additional semantic task and explores the advantages of using a much larger corpus. This leads to the discovery and analysis of improved SVD-based methods for generating semantic representations (that provide new state-of-the-art performance on a standard TOEFL task) and the identification and discussion of problems and misleading results that can arise without a full systematic study. 10. Data-driven methodology illustrating mechanisms underlying word list recall: applications to clinical research. Science.gov (United States) Longenecker, Julia; Kohn, Philip; Liu, Stanley; Zoltick, Brad; Weinberger, Daniel R; Elvevåg, Brita 2010-09-01 Word list learning tasks such as the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1987) are widely used to investigate recall strategies. Participants who recall the most words generally employ semantic techniques, whereas those with poor recall (e.g., patients with schizophrenia) rely on serial techniques. However, these conclusions are based on formulas that assume that categories reflect semantic associations, bind strategy to overall performance, and neglect strategy changes over 5 trials. Therefore, we derived novel measures-independent of recall performance-to compute strategies across trials and identify whether diagnosis predicts recall strategy. Participants were included on the basis of performance on the CVLT (i.e., total words recalled over 5 trials). The 50 highest and 50 lowest performers among healthy volunteers (n = 100) and patients with schizophrenia (n = 100) were selected. Novel measures of recall and transition probability were calculated and analyzed by permutation tests. Recall patterns and strategies of patients resembled those of controls with similar performance levels: Regardless of diagnosis, low performers were more likely to recall the first 2 and last 4 items from the list; high performers increased engagement of semantically based transitions across the 5 trials, whereas low performers did not. Cognitive strategy must be considered independent of overall performance before attributing poor performance to degraded learning processes. Our results demonstrate the importance of departing from global scoring techniques, especially when working with clinical populations such as patients with schizophrenia for whom episodic memory deficits are a hallmark feature. Copyright 2010 APA, all rights reserved. 11. Basic Emotions in the Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL BE: New Method of Classifying Emotional Stimuli. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Małgorzata Wierzba Full Text Available The Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL has recently been introduced as a standardized database of Polish words suitable for studying various aspects of language and emotions. Though the NAWL was originally based on the most commonly used dimensional approach, it is not the only way of studying emotions. Another framework is based on discrete emotional categories. Since the two perspectives are recognized as complementary, the aim of the present study was to supplement the NAWL database by the addition of categories corresponding to basic emotions. Thus, 2902 Polish words from the NAWL were presented to 265 subjects, who were instructed to rate them according to the intensity of each of the five basic emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, fear and disgust. The general characteristics of the present word database, as well as the relationships between the studied variables are shown to be consistent with typical patterns found in previous studies using similar databases for different languages. Here we present the Basic Emotions in the Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL BE as a database of verbal material suitable for highly controlled experimental research. To make the NAWL more convenient to use, we introduce a comprehensive method of classifying stimuli to basic emotion categories. We discuss the advantages of our method in comparison to other methods of classification. Additionally, we provide an interactive online tool (http://exp.lobi.nencki.gov.pl/nawl-analysis to help researchers browse and interactively generate classes of stimuli to meet their specific requirements. 12. Word type effects in false recall: concrete, abstract, and emotion word critical lures. Science.gov (United States) Bauer, Lisa M; Olheiser, Erik L; Altarriba, Jeanette; Landi, Nicole 2009-01-01 Previous research has demonstrated that definable qualities of verbal stimuli have implications for memory. For example, the distinction between concrete and abstract words has led to the finding that concrete words have an advantage in memory tasks (i.e., the concreteness effect). However, other word types, such as words that label specific human emotions, may also affect memory processes. This study examined the effects of word type on the production of false memories by using a list-learning false memory paradigm. Participants heard lists of words that were highly associated to nonpresented concrete, abstract, or emotion words (i.e., the critical lures) and then engaged in list recall. Emotion word critical lures were falsely recalled at a significantly higher rate (with the effect carried by the positively valenced critical lures) than concrete and abstract critical lures. These findings suggest that the word type variable has implications for our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie recall and false recall. 13. Performance of Ruecking's Word-compression Method When Applied to Machine Retrieval from a Library Catalog Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ben-Ami Lipetz 1969-12-01 Full Text Available F. H. Ruecking's word-compression algorithm for retrieval of bibliographic data from computer stores was tested for performance in matching user-supplied, unedited bibliographic data to the bibliographic data contained in a library catalog. The algorithm was tested by manual simulation, using data derived from 126 case studies of successful manual searches of the card catalog at Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University. The algorithm achieved 70% recall in comparison to conventional searching. Its accepta- bility as a substitute for conventional catalog searching methods is ques- tioned unless recall performance can be improved, either by use of the algorithm alone or in combination with other algorithms. 14. Clinical Strategies for Sampling Word Recognition Performance. Science.gov (United States) Schlauch, Robert S; Carney, Edward 2018-04-17 Computer simulation was used to estimate the statistical properties of searches for maximum word recognition ability (PB max). These involve presenting multiple lists and discarding all scores but that of the 1 list that produced the highest score. The simulations, which model limitations inherent in the precision of word recognition scores, were done to inform clinical protocols. A secondary consideration was a derivation of 95% confidence intervals for significant changes in score from phonemic scoring of a 50-word list. The PB max simulations were conducted on a "client" with flat performance intensity functions. The client's performance was assumed to be 60% initially and 40% for a second assessment. Thousands of estimates were obtained to examine the precision of (a) single lists and (b) multiple lists using a PB max procedure. This method permitted summarizing the precision for assessing a 20% drop in performance. A single 25-word list could identify only 58.4% of the cases in which performance fell from 60% to 40%. A single 125-word list identified 99.8% of the declines correctly. Presenting 3 or 5 lists to find PB max produced an undesirable finding: an increase in the word recognition score. A 25-word list produces unacceptably low precision for making clinical decisions. This finding holds in both single and multiple 25-word lists, as in a search for PB max. A table is provided, giving estimates of 95% critical ranges for successive presentations of a 50-word list analyzed by the number of phonemes correctly identified. 15. The word-length effect and disyllabic words. Science.gov (United States) Lovatt, P; Avons, S E; Masterson, J 2000-02-01 Three experiments compared immediate serial recall of disyllabic words that differed on spoken duration. Two sets of long- and short-duration words were selected, in each case maximizing duration differences but matching for frequency, familiarity, phonological similarity, and number of phonemes, and controlling for semantic associations. Serial recall measures were obtained using auditory and visual presentation and spoken and picture-pointing recall. In Experiments 1a and 1b, using the first set of items, long words were better recalled than short words. In Experiments 2a and 2b, using the second set of items, no difference was found between long and short disyllabic words. Experiment 3 confirmed the large advantage for short-duration words in the word set originally selected by Baddeley, Thomson, and Buchanan (1975). These findings suggest that there is no reliable advantage for short-duration disyllables in span tasks, and that previous accounts of a word-length effect in disyllables are based on accidental differences between list items. The failure to find an effect of word duration casts doubt on theories that propose that the capacity of memory span is determined by the duration of list items or the decay rate of phonological information in short-term memory. 16. The Personal Virtual Library CERN Document Server Le Meur, Jean-Yves 1998-01-01 Looking for "library" in the usual search engines of the World Wide Web gives: "Infoseek found 3,593,126 pages containing the word library" and it nicely proposes: "Search only within these 3,59 3,126 pages ?" "Yahoo! Found 1299 categories and 8669 sites for library" "LycOs: 1-10 von 512354 relevanten Ergebnissen" "AltaVista: About 14830527 documents match your query" and at the botto m: "Word count: library: 15466897" ! Excite: Top 10 matches and it does not say how many can be browsed... "Library" on the World Wide Web is really popular. At least fiveteen million pages ar e supposed to contain this word. Half of them may have disappeared by now but one more hit will be added once the search robots will have indexed this document ! The notion of Personal Library i s a modest attempt, in a small environment like a library, to give poor users lost in cyber-libraries the opportunity to keep their own private little shelves - virtually. In this paper, we will l ook at the usual functionalities of library systems... 17. Using SemanticScuttle for managing lists of recommended resources on a library website Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tomasz Neugebauer 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Concordia University Libraries has adopted SemanticScuttle, an open source and locally-hosted PHP/MySQL application for social bookmarking, as an alternative to Delicious for managing lists of recommended resources on the library’s website. Two implementations for displaying feed content from SemanticScuttle were developed: (1 using the Google Feed API and (2 using direct SQL access to SemanticScuttle’s database. 18. The first list of Malayalam words at the end of 15th century by a Portuguese seaman Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gonçalo Fernandes Full Text Available Abstract MS-804 from the Municipal Library of Porto, Portugal, is a unique copy of the journal of the first voyage to India under Vasco da Gama’s (ca. 1460–1524 command. It describes the voyage subsequent to the departure from the Tagus River, Portugal, on 8 July 1497 until the return up the shallows of the Grande River de Buba, Guinea, on 25 April 1499. The author of the original of this account is probably Álvaro Velho (fl. 1497/1507, born in Barreiro, but the arguments are still weak, being only achieved by deduction. The copyist is also probably John Theotonius, CRSA. The great merit of this document is the fact that the author was a direct eyewitness of all events. In the last appendix, at folio 45, it has a list of 122 useful daily words and expressions in Portuguese and their translation into Malayalam, a provincial Dravidian language spoken in Kerala State, India. It is a relevant testimony of a variety of Malayalam at the end of the 15th century, despite certain transcription mistakes and the scribe’s censorship of some vulgarisms. In this new semi-diplomatic edition, I applied rigorous transcription criteria and corrected earlier editions, adding English translations and Malayalam equivalences. 19. How many items from a word list can Alzheimer's disease patients and normal controls recall? Do they recall in a similar way? Science.gov (United States) Chaves, Marcia Lorena Fagundes; Camozzato, Ana Luiza 2007-01-01 The serial position effect occurs when individuals are asked to recall a list of information that exceeds normal attention span. Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients show lower scores on word span recall tests when compared to healthy aging subjects, younger individuals or depressed patients. To evaluate the immediate free recall and the serial position effect of a 10-word list, emotionally neutral in tone, in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and two age-groups of healthy controls. The free word recall test was applied in a sample of 44 mild AD outpatients and 168 >50 year and 173 =50 year-old healthy controls. The span of recalled words and order of recollection of each item was recorded. Scores for serial position effect were analyzed.MMSE scores were recorded for all participants. Descriptive statistics and the ANOVA with Tukey test were performed. The controls scored significantly better than AD patients on the MMSE and word span (p=0.0001). Older controls word span mean ±SD was 5.65±1.75, younger controls was 5.99±1.27, and AD patients was 2.86±1.42. The best recalled item in all groups was the first item of the list. Primacy was observed across the three groups, although AD patients presented lower scores. Recency was diminished among AD patients compared to control groups. Primacy effect was observed in AD patients as well as in both normal control groups. Recency effect was presented by the normal control groups but was extremely poor among AD patients. The first item was universally best retrieved. 20. Known-Item Online Searches Employed by Scholars Using Surname Plus First, or Last, or First and Last Title Words. Science.gov (United States) Kilgour, Frederick G. 2001-01-01 This experiment explores the effectiveness of retrieving the listing of a known-item book from the 3.6 million entry online catalog at the library of the University of Michigan using various combinations of author's name plus first and last title words. Discusses implications for the design of OPAC (online public access catalog) screens.… 1. Genes2WordCloud: a quick way to identify biological themes from gene lists and free text. Science.gov (United States) Baroukh, Caroline; Jenkins, Sherry L; Dannenfelser, Ruth; Ma'ayan, Avi 2011-10-13 Word-clouds recently emerged on the web as a solution for quickly summarizing text by maximizing the display of most relevant terms about a specific topic in the minimum amount of space. As biologists are faced with the daunting amount of new research data commonly presented in textual formats, word-clouds can be used to summarize and represent biological and/or biomedical content for various applications. Genes2WordCloud is a web application that enables users to quickly identify biological themes from gene lists and research relevant text by constructing and displaying word-clouds. It provides users with several different options and ideas for the sources that can be used to generate a word-cloud. Different options for rendering and coloring the word-clouds give users the flexibility to quickly generate customized word-clouds of their choice. Genes2WordCloud is a word-cloud generator and a word-cloud viewer that is based on WordCram implemented using Java, Processing, AJAX, mySQL, and PHP. Text is fetched from several sources and then processed to extract the most relevant terms with their computed weights based on word frequencies. Genes2WordCloud is freely available for use online; it is open source software and is available for installation on any web-site along with supporting documentation at http://www.maayanlab.net/G2W. Genes2WordCloud provides a useful way to summarize and visualize large amounts of textual biological data or to find biological themes from several different sources. The open source availability of the software enables users to implement customized word-clouds on their own web-sites and desktop applications. 2. Implementation of a Detailed List of Subject Headings on Mormons and Mormonism within the Library of Congress Subject Heading System. Science.gov (United States) Birkinshaw, Scott B.; Chang, Stella Libraries in Utah have collected large numbers of materials on Mormonism and related topics and have a need to provide more detailed subject headings for these materials which the Library of Congress has lumped together under "Mormons and Mormonism." A list of subject headings which was developed for this purpose by a Committee of the… 3. Attention training normalises combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder effects on emotional Stroop performance using lexically matched word lists. Science.gov (United States) Khanna, Maya M; Badura-Brack, Amy S; McDermott, Timothy J; Shepherd, Alex; Heinrichs-Graham, Elizabeth; Pine, Daniel S; Bar-Haim, Yair; Wilson, Tony W 2015-08-26 We examined two groups of combat veterans, one with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 27) and another without PTSD (n = 16), using an emotional Stroop task (EST) with word lists matched across a series of lexical variables (e.g. length, frequency, neighbourhood size, etc.). Participants with PTSD exhibited a strong EST effect (longer colour-naming latencies for combat-relevant words as compared to neutral words). Veterans without PTSD produced no such effect, t .37. Participants with PTSD then completed eight sessions of attention training (Attention Control Training or Attention Bias Modification Training) with a dot-probe task utilising threatening and neutral faces. After training, participants-especially those undergoing Attention Control Training-no longer produced longer colour-naming latencies for combat-related words as compared to other words, indicating normalised attention allocation processes after treatment. 4. Word list and story recall elicit different patterns of memory deficit in patients with Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, subcortical ischemic vascular disease, and Lewy body dementia. Science.gov (United States) Perri, Roberta; Fadda, Lucia; Caltagirone, Carlo; Carlesimo, Giovanni Augusto 2013-01-01 Different roles have been attributed to mesio-temporal areas and frontal lobes in declarative memory functioning, and qualitative differences have been observed in the amnesic symptoms due to pathological damage of these two portions of the central nervous system. The aim of the present study was to look for memory profiles related to pathological involvement in the temporal and frontal structures in patients with different dementia syndromes on word-list and prose memory tasks. 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 20 with frontal variant of FTD (fvFTD), 20 with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD), and 20 with Lewy body dementia (LBD) and 34 healthy subjects (NCs) were submitted to word-list and prose memory tasks. All groups performed similarly on both the immediate and delayed recall of the word-list. Conversely, AD patients performed worse than all the other dementia groups on the immediate prose recall. On delayed prose recall, AD patients performed worse than fvFTD and SIVD patients but similar to LBD patients. Differential scores between word-list and prose tests were minimal in the AD group and very pronounced in fvFTD and SIVD groups. The combined use of the prose and word-list tasks evidenced a "mesio-temporal" memory profile in AD patients as opposed to a "frontal" one in fvFTD and SIVD patients and a mixed profile in the LBD patients. In particular, a differential score between the two tests can be useful in differentiating AD patients from patients with other forms of dementia. 5. Genes2WordCloud: a quick way to identify biological themes from gene lists and free text Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ma'ayan Avi 2011-10-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Word-clouds recently emerged on the web as a solution for quickly summarizing text by maximizing the display of most relevant terms about a specific topic in the minimum amount of space. As biologists are faced with the daunting amount of new research data commonly presented in textual formats, word-clouds can be used to summarize and represent biological and/or biomedical content for various applications. Results Genes2WordCloud is a web application that enables users to quickly identify biological themes from gene lists and research relevant text by constructing and displaying word-clouds. It provides users with several different options and ideas for the sources that can be used to generate a word-cloud. Different options for rendering and coloring the word-clouds give users the flexibility to quickly generate customized word-clouds of their choice. Methods Genes2WordCloud is a word-cloud generator and a word-cloud viewer that is based on WordCram implemented using Java, Processing, AJAX, mySQL, and PHP. Text is fetched from several sources and then processed to extract the most relevant terms with their computed weights based on word frequencies. Genes2WordCloud is freely available for use online; it is open source software and is available for installation on any web-site along with supporting documentation at http://www.maayanlab.net/G2W. Conclusions Genes2WordCloud provides a useful way to summarize and visualize large amounts of textual biological data or to find biological themes from several different sources. The open source availability of the software enables users to implement customized word-clouds on their own web-sites and desktop applications. 6. Wordpress for libraries CERN Document Server 2015-01-01 WordPress is not only the most popular blogging software in the world, but it is also a powerful content management system that runs more than 23 percent of all websites. The current version alone has been downloaded almost 20 million times, and the WordPress community has built more than 38,000 plugins to extend and enhance the system. Libraries are using this technology to create community-oriented websites, blogs, subject guides, digital archives, and more. This hands-on, practical book walks readers through the entire process of setting up a WordPress website for their library, 7. Learning word order at birth: A NIRS study Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Silvia Benavides-Varela 2017-06-01 Full Text Available In language, the relative order of words in sentences carries important grammatical functions. However, the developmental origins and the neural correlates of the ability to track word order are to date poorly understood. The current study therefore investigates the origins of infants’ ability to learn about the sequential order of words, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS with newborn infants. We have conducted two experiments: one in which a word order change was implemented in 4-word sequences recorded with a list intonation (as if each word was a separate item in a list; list prosody condition, Experiment 1 and one in which the same 4-word sequences were recorded with a well-formed utterance-level prosodic contour (utterance prosody condition, Experiment 2. We found that newborns could detect the violation of the word order in the list prosody condition, but not in the utterance prosody condition. These results suggest that while newborns are already sensitive to word order in linguistic sequences, prosody appears to be a stronger cue than word order for the identification of linguistic units at birth. 8. Right word making sense of the words that confuse CERN Document Server Morrison, Elizabeth 2012-01-01 'Affect' or 'effect'? 'Right', 'write' or 'rite'? English can certainly be a confusing language, whether you're a native speaker or learning it as a second language. 'The Right Word' is the essential reference to help people master its subtleties and avoid making mistakes. Divided into three sections, it first examines homophones - those tricky words that sound the same but are spelled differently - then looks at words that often confuse before providing a list of commonly misspelled words. 9. The Effect of Theme Preference on Academic Word List Use: A Case for Smartphone Video Recording Feature Science.gov (United States) Gromik, Nicolas A. 2017-01-01 Sixty-seven Japanese English as a Second Language undergraduate learners completed one smartphone video production per week for 12 weeks, based on a teacher-selected theme. Designed as a case study for this specific context, data from students' oral performances was analyzed on a weekly basis for their use of the Academic Word List (AWL). A… 10. DisLexList DEFF Research Database (Denmark) 2013-01-01 DisLexList is a simple analysis script for the generation of lists of lexemes in discourses, and may be used as a tool in discourse analysis (critical and otherwise). DisLexList is, in its current state, able to generate simple word lists and lexeme list based on output from VISL's flat structure... 11. Learning word order at birth: A NIRS study. Science.gov (United States) Benavides-Varela, Silvia; Gervain, Judit 2017-06-01 In language, the relative order of words in sentences carries important grammatical functions. However, the developmental origins and the neural correlates of the ability to track word order are to date poorly understood. The current study therefore investigates the origins of infants' ability to learn about the sequential order of words, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with newborn infants. We have conducted two experiments: one in which a word order change was implemented in 4-word sequences recorded with a list intonation (as if each word was a separate item in a list; list prosody condition, Experiment 1) and one in which the same 4-word sequences were recorded with a well-formed utterance-level prosodic contour (utterance prosody condition, Experiment 2). We found that newborns could detect the violation of the word order in the list prosody condition, but not in the utterance prosody condition. These results suggest that while newborns are already sensitive to word order in linguistic sequences, prosody appears to be a stronger cue than word order for the identification of linguistic units at birth. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 12. The blocked-random effect in pictures and words. Science.gov (United States) Toglia, M P; Hinman, P J; Dayton, B S; Catalano, J F 1997-06-01 Picture and word recall was examined in conjunction with list organization. 60 subjects studied a list of 30 items, either words or their pictorial equivalents. The 30 words/pictures, members of five conceptual categories, each represented by six exemplars, were presented either blocked by category or in a random order. While pictures were recalled better than words and a standard blocked-random effect was observed, the interaction indicated that the recall advantage of a blocked presentation was restricted to the word lists. A similar pattern emerged for clustering. These findings are discussed in terms of limitations upon the pictorial superiority effect. 13. Creating Tomorrow's Technologists: Contrasting Information Technology Curriculum in North American Library and Information Science Graduate Programs against Code4lib Job Listings Science.gov (United States) Maceli, Monica 2015-01-01 This research study explores technology-related course offerings in ALA-accredited library and information science (LIS) graduate programs in North America. These data are juxtaposed against a text analysis of several thousand LIS-specific technology job listings from the Code4lib jobs website. Starting in 2003, as a popular library technology… 14. Improvement of MARS code through the removal of bit-packed words and multiple use of DLLs (Dynamic Link Library) Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jung, B. D.; Jung, J. J.; Ha, K. S.; Hwang, M. K.; Lee, Y. S.; Lee, W. J. [KAERI, Taejon (Korea, Republic of) 1999-10-01 The readability of MARS code has been enhanced greatly by replacing the bit-packed word with several logical words and integer words and recoding the related subroutines, which have the complicated bit operations and packed words. Functional improvements of code has been achieved through the multiple uses of dynamic link libraries(DLL) for containment analysis module CONTEMPT4 and multidimensional kinetics analysis module MASTER. The establishment of integrated analysis system, MARS/CONTEMPT/MASTER, was validated through the verification calculation for a postulated problem. MARS user-friendly features are also improved by displaying the 2D contour map of 3 D module data on-line. In addition to the on-line-graphics, the MARS windows menus were upgraded to include the on-line-manual, pre-view of input and output, and link to MARS web site. As a result, the readability, applicability, and user-friendly features of MARS code has been greatly enhanced. 15. Improvement of MARS code through the removal of bit-packed words and multiple use of DLLs (Dynamic Link Library) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jung, B. D.; Jung, J. J.; Ha, K. S.; Hwang, M. K.; Lee, Y. S.; Lee, W. J. 1999-01-01 The readability of MARS code has been enhanced greatly by replacing the bit-packed word with several logical words and integer words and recoding the related subroutines, which have the complicated bit operations and packed words. Functional improvements of code has been achieved through the multiple uses of dynamic link libraries(DLL) for containment analysis module CONTEMPT4 and multidimensional kinetics analysis module MASTER. The establishment of integrated analysis system, MARS/CONTEMPT/MASTER, was validated through the verification calculation for a postulated problem. MARS user-friendly features are also improved by displaying the 2D contour map of 3 D module data on-line. In addition to the on-line-graphics, the MARS windows menus were upgraded to include the on-line-manual, pre-view of input and output, and link to MARS web site. As a result, the readability, applicability, and user-friendly features of MARS code has been greatly enhanced 16. The Effects of Linguistic Context on Word Recognition in Noise by Elderly Listeners Using Spanish Sentence Lists (SSL) Science.gov (United States) Cervera, Teresa; Rosell, Vicente 2015-01-01 This study evaluated the effects of the linguistic context on the recognition of words in noise in older listeners using the Spanish Sentence Lists. These sentences were developed based on the approach of the SPIN test for the English language, which contains high and low predictability (HP and LP) sentences. In addition, the relative contribution… 17. Library Standards: Evidence of Library Effectiveness and Accreditation. Science.gov (United States) Ebbinghouse, Carol 1999-01-01 Discusses accreditation standards for libraries based on experiences in an academic law library. Highlights include the accreditation process; the impact of distance education and remote technologies on accreditation; and a list of Internet sources of standards and information. (LRW) 18. A Word Count of Modern Arabic Prose. Science.gov (United States) Landau, Jacob M. This book presents a word count of Arabic prose based on 60 twentieth-century Egyptian books. The text is divided into an alphabetical list and a word frequency list. This word count is intended as an aid in the: (1) writing of primers and the compilation of graded readers, (2) examination of the vocabulary selection of primers and readers… 19. Benchmarked Library Websites Comparative Study KAUST Repository Ramli, Rindra M.; Tyhurst, Janis 2015-01-01 This presentation provides an analysis of services provided by the benchmarked library websites. The exploratory study includes comparison of these websites against a list of criterion and presents a list of services that are most commonly deployed by the selected websites. In addition to that, the investigators proposed a list of services that could be provided via the KAUST library website. 20. Essential words for the TOEFL CERN Document Server Matthiesen, Steven J 2017-01-01 This revised book is specifically designed for ESL students preparing to take the TOEFL. Includes new words and phrases, a section on purpose words, a list of vocabulary words with definitions, sample sentences, practice exercises for 500 need-to-know words, practice test with answer key, and more. 1. The Fallacy of Word-Counts. Science.gov (United States) Engels, L.K. 1968-01-01 The greatest fallacy of word counts, the author maintains, lies in the fact that advocates of frequency lists stress the high percentage without telling the whole truth. It has become common to pretend that a frequency list of 3,000 words covers 95 percent of the language, that it enables a person to speak and understand a foreign language by… 2. Factors Affecting the Full Use of Library and Information Management Systems by Library Personnel Science.gov (United States) Skretas, Georgios 2005-01-01 Purpose: To provide a general list of factors that affects and determines the full use of library information management systems (LIMS) by library staff. Design/methodology/approach: The factors, which were identified mainly during participation in the implementation of automation projects in Greece, are listed and briefly analysed in categories… 3. 1100 words you must know CERN Document Server Bromberg, Murray 2018-01-01 A Barron's best-seller for more than four decades! This brand-new edition has been expanded and updated with word lists and definitions, analogy exercises, words-in-context exercises, idiom indexes, a pronunciation guide, and more. It's the ideal way to strengthen word power!. 4. Maltreated and non-maltreated children's true and false memories of neutral and emotional word lists in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott task. Science.gov (United States) Baugerud, Gunn Astrid; Howe, Mark L; Magnussen, Svein; Melinder, Annika 2016-03-01 Maltreated (n=26) and non-maltreated (n=31) 7- to 12-year-old children were tested on the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory task using emotional and neutral word lists. True recall was significantly better for non-maltreated than maltreated children regardless of list valence. The proportion of false recall for neutral lists was comparable regardless of maltreatment status. However, maltreated children showed a significantly higher false recall rate for the emotional lists than non-maltreated children. Together, these results provide new evidence that maltreated children could be more prone to false memory illusions for negatively valenced information than their non-maltreated counterparts. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5. Phonological inconsistency in word naming: Determinants of the interference effect between languages OpenAIRE Smits, E.M.G.; Sandra, D.M.J.; Martensen, H.E.; Dijkstra, A.F.J. 2009-01-01 Dutch-English participants named words and nonwords having a between-language phonologically inconsistent rime, e.g., GREED and PREED, and control words with a language-typical rime, e.g., GROAN, in a monolingual stimulus list or in a mixed list containing Dutch words. Inconsistent items had longer latencies and more errors than typical items in the mixed lists but not in the pure list. The consistency effect depended on word frequency, but not on language membership, lexicality, or instructi... 6. The role of grammatical category information in spoken word retrieval. Science.gov (United States) Duràn, Carolina Palma; Pillon, Agnesa 2011-01-01 We investigated the role of lexical syntactic information such as grammatical gender and category in spoken word retrieval processes by using a blocking paradigm in picture and written word naming experiments. In Experiments 1, 3, and 4, we found that the naming of target words (nouns) from pictures or written words was faster when these target words were named within a list where only words from the same grammatical category had to be produced (homogeneous category list: all nouns) than when they had to be produced within a list comprising also words from another grammatical category (heterogeneous category list: nouns and verbs). On the other hand, we detected no significant facilitation effect when the target words had to be named within a homogeneous gender list (all masculine nouns) compared to a heterogeneous gender list (both masculine and feminine nouns). In Experiment 2, using the same blocking paradigm by manipulating the semantic category of the items, we found that naming latencies were significantly slower in the semantic category homogeneous in comparison with the semantic category heterogeneous condition. Thus semantic category homogeneity caused an interference, not a facilitation effect like grammatical category homogeneity. Finally, in Experiment 5, nouns in the heterogeneous category condition had to be named just after a verb (category-switching position) or a noun (same-category position). We found a facilitation effect of category homogeneity but no significant effect of position, which showed that the effect of category homogeneity found in Experiments 1, 3, and 4 was not due to a cost of switching between grammatical categories in the heterogeneous grammatical category list. These findings supported the hypothesis that grammatical category information impacts word retrieval processes in speech production, even when words are to be produced in isolation. They are discussed within the context of extant theories of lexical production. 7. Visual distraction during word-list retrieval does not consistently disrupt memory: no evidence for a finite cognitive resource theory Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Pamela Jayne Louise Rae 2014-04-01 Full Text Available Glenberg, Schroeder and Robertson (1998 reported that episodic memory is impaired by visual distraction and argued that this effect is consistent with a trade-off between internal and external attentional focus. However, their demonstration that visual distraction impairs memory for lists used 15 consecutive word lists, with analysis only of mid-list items, and has never been replicated. Experiment 1 (N=37 replicated their study, and found no overall effect of distraction on recall for the entire lists. However it did replicate the impairment for mid-list recall. Experiment 2 (N=64 explored whether this pattern arises because the mid-list items are poorly encoded (by manipulating presentation rate or because of interference. Experiment 3 (N=36 also looked at the role of interference whilst controlling for potential item effects. Neither study replicated the pattern seen in Experiment 1, despite reliable effects of presentation rate (Experiment 2 and interference (Experiments 2 and 3. Experiment 2 found no effect of distraction for mid-list items, but distraction did increase both correct and incorrect recall of all items suggestive of a shift in willingness to report. Experiment 3 found no effects of distraction whatsoever. Thus, there is no clear evidence that distraction consistently impairs retrieval of items from lists, contrary to the embodied cognition account used to explain the original finding. 8. The production effect in long-list recall: In no particular order? Science.gov (United States) Lambert, Angela M; Bodner, Glen E; Taikh, Alexander 2016-06-01 The production effect reflects a memory advantage for words read aloud versus silently. We investigated how production influences free recall of a single long list of words. In each of 4 experiments, a production effect occurred in a mixed-list group but not across pure-list groups. When compared to the pure-list groups, the mixed-list effects typically reflected a cost to silent words rather than a benefit to aloud words. This cost persisted when participants had to perform a generation or imagery task for the silent items, ruling out a lazy reading explanation. This recall pattern challenges both distinctiveness and strength accounts, but is consistent with an item-order account. By this account, the aloud words in a mixed list disrupt the encoding of item-order information for the silent words, thus impairing silent word recall. However, item-order measures and a forced-choice order test did not provide much evidence that recall was guided by retrieval of item-order information. We discuss our pattern of results in light of another recent study of the effects of production on long-list recall. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). 9. THERMLIB, Generator and Edit of Program THERMOS-OTA Library. THERLIB, Library Generated for THERMOS from FACEL Library International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Rastas, A. 1985-01-01 1 - Description of problem or function: THERMLIB is a code that generates, revises and expands the input data library to the lattice cell code THERMOS-OTA. It can be used to: - create an entirely new library; - modify the data of library materials, remove materials, add materials; - list the library. 2 - Restrictions on the complexity of the problem: Max. of 30 materials may be modified or removed. Max. of 30 new materials may be created. Max. of 50 velocity groups 10. What Technology Skills Do Developers Need? A Text Analysis of Job Listings in Library and Information Science (LIS from Jobs.code4lib.org Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Monica Maceli 2015-09-01 Full Text Available Technology plays an indisputably vital role in library and information science (LIS work; this rapidly moving landscape can create challenges for practitioners and educators seeking to keep pace with such change. In pursuit of building our understanding of currently sought technology competencies in developer-oriented positions within LIS, this paper reports the results of a text analysis of a large collection of job listings culled from the Code4lib jobs website. Beginning over a decade ago as a popular mailing list covering the intersection of technology and library work, the Code4lib organization's current offerings include a website that collects and organizes LIS-related technology job listings. The results of the text analysis of this dataset suggest the currently vital technology skills and concepts that existing and aspiring practitioners may target in their continuing education as developers. 11. FENDL multigroup libraries International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ganesan, S.; Muir, D.W. 1992-01-01 Selected neutron reaction nuclear data libraries and photon-atomic interaction cross section libraries for elements of interest to the IAEA's program on Fusion Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (FENDL) have been processed into MATXSR format using the NJOY system on the VAX4000 computer of the IAEA. This document lists the resulting multigroup data libraries. All the multigroup data generated are available cost-free upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section. (author). 9 refs 12. Word Processing for All. Science.gov (United States) Abbott, Chris 1991-01-01 Pupils with special educational needs are finding that the use of word processors can give them a new confidence and pride in their own abilities. This article describes the use of such devices as the "mouse," on-screen word lists, spell checkers, and overlay keyboards. (JDD) African Journals Online (AJOL) Information Impact: Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Information Impact: Journal of Information and Knowledge Management ... Key words: academic libraries, open access, research, researchers, technology ... European commission (2012) reports that affordable and easy access to the results ... 14. Strong and long: effects of word length on phonological binding in verbal short-term memory. Science.gov (United States) Jefferies, Elizabeth; Frankish, Clive; Noble, Katie 2011-02-01 This study examined the effects of item length on the contribution of linguistic knowledge to immediate serial recall (ISR). Long words are typically recalled more poorly than short words, reflecting the greater demands that they place on phonological encoding, rehearsal, and production. However, reverse word length effects--that is, better recall of long than short words--can also occur in situations in which phonological maintenance is difficult, suggesting that long words derive greater support from long-term lexical knowledge. In this study, long and short words and nonwords (containing one vs. three syllables) were presented for immediate serial recall in (a) pure lists and (b) unpredictable mixed lists of words and nonwords. The mixed-list paradigm is known to disrupt the phonological stability of words, encouraging their phonemes to recombine with the elements of other list items. In this situation, standard length effects were seen for nonwords, while length effects for words were absent or reversed. A detailed error analysis revealed that long words were more robust to the mixed-list manipulation than short words: Their phonemes were less likely to be omitted and to recombine with phonemes from other list items. These findings support an interactive view of short-term memory, in which long words derive greater benefits from lexical knowledge than short words-especially when their phonological integrity is challenged by the inclusion of nonwords in mixed lists. 15. Acoustic and semantic interference effects in words and pictures. Science.gov (United States) Dhawan, M; Pellegrino, J W 1977-05-01 Interference effects for pictures and words were investigated using a probe-recall task. Word stimuli showed acoustic interference effects for items at the end of the list and semantic interference effects for items at the beginning of the list, similar to results of Kintsch and Buschke (1969). Picture stimuli showed large semantic interference effects at all list positions with smaller acoustic interference effects. The results were related to latency data on picture-word processing and interpreted in terms of the differential order, probability, and/or speed of access to acoustic and semantic levels of processing. A levels of processing explanation of picture-word retention differences was related to dual coding theory. Both theoretical positions converge on an explanation of picture-word retention differences as a function of the relative capacity for semantic or associative processing. 16. On the roles of distinctiveness and semantic expectancies in episodic encoding of emotional words. Science.gov (United States) Kamp, Siri-Maria; Potts, Geoffrey F; Donchin, Emanuel 2015-12-01 We examined the factors that contribute to enhanced recall for emotionally arousing words by analyzing behavioral performance, the P300 as an index of distinctiveness, and the N400 as an index of semantic expectancy violation in a modified Von Restorff paradigm. While their EEG was recorded, participants studied three list types (1) neutral words including one emotionally arousing isolate (either positive or negative), (2) arousing, negative words including one neutral isolate, or (3) arousing, positive words including one neutral isolate. Immediately after each list, free recall was tested. Negative, but not positive, words exhibited enhanced recall when presented as isolates in lists of neutral words and elicited a larger P300 for subsequently recalled than not-recalled words. This suggests that arousing, negative words stand out and that their distinctiveness contributes to their superior recall. Positive valence had an enhancing effect on recall only when the list contained mostly other positive words. Neutral isolates placed in either positive or negative lists elicited an N400, suggesting that semantic expectations developed in emotional word lists regardless of valence. However, semantic relatedness appeared to more strongly contribute to recall for positive than negative words. Our results suggest that distinctiveness and semantic relatedness contribute to episodic encoding of arousing words, but the impact of each factor depends on both a word's valence and its context. © 2015 Society for Psychophysiological Research. 17. The effect of word length in short-term memory: Is rehearsal necessary? Science.gov (United States) Campoy, Guillermo 2008-05-01 Three experiments investigated the effect of word length on a serial recognition task when rehearsal was prevented by a high presentation rate with no delay between study and test lists. Results showed that lists of short four-phoneme words were better recognized than lists of long six-phoneme words. Moreover, this effect was equivalent to that observed in conditions in which there was a delay between lists, thereby making rehearsal possible in the interval. These findings imply that rehearsal does not play a central role in the origin of the word length effect. An alternative explanation based on differences in the degree of retroactive interference generated by long and short words is proposed. 18. Don’t words come easy?A psychophysical exploration of word superiority Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Randi eStarrfelt 2013-09-01 Full Text Available Words are made of letters, and yet sometimes it is easier to identify a word than a single letter. This word superiority effect (WSE has been observed when written stimuli are presented very briefly or degraded by visual noise. We compare performance with letters and words in three experiments, to explore the extents and limits of the WSE. Using a carefully controlled list of three letter words, we show that a word superiority effect can be revealed in vocal reaction times even to undegraded stimuli. With a novel combination of psychophysics and mathematical modelling, we further show that the typical WSE is specifically reflected in perceptual processing speed: single words are simply processed faster than single letters. Intriguingly, when multiple stimuli are presented simultaneously, letters are perceived more easily than words, and this is reflected both in perceptual processing speed and visual short term memory capacity. So, even if single words come easy, there is a limit to the word superiority effect. 19. Comparative Study between the "Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia" by Gloria Escamilla and the "Library of Congress Subject Heading" List. Science.gov (United States) Alvarez, Fernando This study shows to what extent Gloria Escamilla's "Lista de Encabezamientos de Materia," the only published Mexican subject heading list, is equivalent to the Library of Congress subject headings (LCSH). A LCSH heading sample is obtained from OCLC's Online Union Catalog. Using the EPIC search from OCLC, 1947 bibliographic records were… 20. 2012 School Libraries Count! National Longitudinal Survey of School Library Programs Science.gov (United States) American Association of School Librarians (NJ1), 2012 2012-01-01 AASL's School Libraries Count! annual longitudinal survey is an online survey that is open to all primary and secondary school library programs to participate. The 2012 survey was launched on January 24th and closed on March 20th. The survey was publicized through various professional organizations and events and through word of mouth. Data… 1. Ten Indicators of Vitality in Smaller Academic Libraries Science.gov (United States) Pappas, David 2009-01-01 This paper provides a means of quickly ascertaining the relative health of smaller academic libraries by presenting a top ten list of vitality indicators. The list is based on an observational convenience sampling of thirty smaller academic libraries across the United States. The indicators making the list were those which appeared most often in… 2. CERN Library - Scientific journal cancellations CERN Multimedia 2004-01-01 Due to the constant increase of the subscription costs of scientific journals and the current budget restrictions, the Scientific Information Policy Board has mandated the Working Group for Acquisitions (WGA) together with the Library to propose a list of titles to be cancelled at the end of 2004. As a first step, the WGA has identified the scientific journals listed at the web site below as candidates for cancellation. The choice has been guided by the personal experience of the WGA members, consultation of other expert CERN staff for highly specialized titles, and by criteria such as subscription price, impact factor, and - where available - access statistics for electronic journals. The list also accounts for the fact that many titles are subscribed to in 'packages' such that a cancellation of individual titles would not lead to any cost savings. We invite users to carefully check the list on the Library homepage (http://library.cern.ch/). If you find any title that you consider critically important for y... 3. Lexical association and false memory for words in two cultures. Science.gov (United States) Lee, Yuh-shiow; Chiang, Wen-Chi; Hung, Hsu-Ching 2008-01-01 This study examined the relationship between language experience and false memory produced by the DRM paradigm. The word lists used in Stadler, et al. (Memory & Cognition, 27, 494-500, 1999) were first translated into Chinese. False recall and false recognition for critical non-presented targets were then tested on a group of Chinese users. The average co-occurrence rate of the list word and the critical word was calculated based on two large Chinese corpuses. List-level analyses revealed that the correlation between the American and Taiwanese participants was significant only in false recognition. More importantly, the co-occurrence rate was significantly correlated with false recall and recognition of Taiwanese participants, and not of American participants. In addition, the backward association strength based on Nelson et al. (The University of South Florida word association, rhyme and word fragment norms, 1999) was significantly correlated with false recall of American participants and not of Taiwanese participants. Results are discussed in terms of the relationship between language experiences and lexical association in creating false memory for word lists. 4. E-library Implementation in Library University of Riau Science.gov (United States) Yuhelmi; Rismayeti 2017-12-01 This research aims to see how the e-book implementation in Library University of Riau and the obstacle in its implementation. In the Globalization era, digital libraries should be developed or else it will decrease the readers’ interest, with the recent advanced technology, digital libraries are one of the learning tools that can be used to finding an information through the internet access, hence digital libraries or commonly known as E-Library is really helping the students and academic community in finding information. The methods that used in this research is Observation, Interview, and Literature Study. The respondents in this research are the staff who involved in the process of digitization in Library University of Riau. The result of this research shows that implementation of e-library in Library University of Riau is already filled the user needs for now, although there is obstacle faced just like technical problems for example the internet connection speed and the technical problem to convert the format from Microsoft Word .doc to Adobe.pdf 5. Library Employment Sources on the Internet Science.gov (United States) Barr, Catherine 2012-01-01 This article presents a list of online resources for library job seekers. This includes general sites/portals like American Library Association (ALA): Education & Careers and Canadian Library Association: Library Careers. It also includes sites by sector, employment agencies/commercial services, listservs and networking sites. 6. California Library Statistics, 2009: Fiscal Year 2007-2008 from Public, Academic, Special and County Law Libraries Science.gov (United States) Bray, Ira, Ed. 2009-01-01 Each year the State Library sends annual report forms to California's public, academic, special, state agency, and county law libraries. Statistical data from those reports are tabulated in this publication, with directory listings published in the companion volume, "California Library Directory." For this fiscal year, 389 libraries of… 7. Medical Terminology: Root Words. Health Occupations Education Module. Science.gov (United States) Temple Univ., Philadelphia, PA. Div. of Vocational Education. This module on medical terminology (root words) is one of 17 modules designed for individualized instruction in health occupations education programs at both the secondary and postsecondary levels. This module consists of an introduction to root words, a list of resources needed, procedures for using the module, a list of terminology used in the… 8. Parametric effects of word frequency effect in memory for mixed frequency lists OpenAIRE Lohnas, Lynn J.; Kahana, Michael J. 2013-01-01 The word frequency paradox refers to the finding that low frequency words are better recognized than high frequency words yet high frequency words are better recalled than low frequency words. Rather than comparing separate groups of low and high frequency words, we sought to quantify the functional relation between word frequency and memory performance across the broad range of frequencies typically used in episodic memory experiments. Here we report that both low frequency and high frequenc... 9. Contents Development of Library Signage Manual in Korea Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) In-Ja Ahn 2011-12-01 Full Text Available There is an increase in the need of an unified manual for library signage system, due to recent increase in library construction or remodeling. This paper, therefore, can be a basic research to develop library signage system manual. Based on an anual released from KLA and the sum of opinions of expert groups, this research proposes a concrete list of contents for library signage system manual as follows. First, there is a need of theoretical basis of library signage system. Second, for the actual practices of signage system, planning, check list, and standard terms shall be necessary. 10. The STAPL pList KAUST Repository Tanase, Gabriel 2010-01-01 We present the design and implementation of the stapl pList, a parallel container that has the properties of a sequential list, but allows for scalable concurrent access when used in a parallel program. The Standard Template Adaptive Parallel Library (stapl) is a parallel programming library that extends C++ with support for parallelism. stapl provides a collection of distributed data structures (pContainers) and parallel algorithms (pAlgorithms) and a generic methodology for extending them to provide customized functionality. stapl pContainers are thread-safe, concurrent objects, providing appropriate interfaces (e.g., views) that can be used by generic pAlgorithms. The pList provides stl equivalent methods, such as insert, erase, and splice, additional methods such as split, and efficient asynchronous (non-blocking) variants of some methods for improved parallel performance. We evaluate the performance of the stapl pList on an IBM Power 5 cluster and on a CRAY XT4 massively parallel processing system. Although lists are generally not considered good data structures for parallel processing, we show that pList methods and pAlgorithms (p-generate and p-partial-sum) operating on pLists provide good scalability on more than 103 processors and that pList compares favorably with other dynamic data structures such as the pVector. © 2010 Springer-Verlag. 11. Library leadership as an issue in Norwegian Library and Information Science education OpenAIRE Landøy, Ane 2016-01-01 In this review of library leadership education given by the two main library schools in Norway, the Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences (HiOA) and University of Tromsø (UiT), the focus is on the perspective from the library school: Is library leadership something special, or is it similar to other kinds of leadership of public organisations. To what extent is it possible to infer something about the perspective from the course descriptions and the required reading lists? 12. Memory transfer for emotionally valenced words between identities in dissociative identity disorder. Science.gov (United States) Huntjens, Rafaële J C; Peters, Madelon L; Woertman, Liesbeth; van der Hart, Onno; Postma, Albert 2007-04-01 The present study aimed to determine interidentity retrieval of emotionally valenced words in dissociative identity disorder (DID). Twenty-two DID patients participated together with 25 normal controls and 25 controls instructed to simulate DID. Two wordlists A and B were constructed including neutral, positive and negative material. List A was shown to one identity, while list B was shown to another identity claiming total amnesia for the words learned by the first identity. The identity claiming amnesia was tested for intrusions from list A words into the recall of words from list B and recognition of the words learned by both identities. Test results indicated no evidence of total interidentity amnesia for emotionally valenced material in DID. It is argued that dissociative amnesia in DID may more adequately be described as a disturbance in meta-memory functioning instead of an actual retrieval inability. 13. The core health science library in Canada. Science.gov (United States) Huntley, J L 1974-04-01 Core lists in Canada are characterized by regional differences. The lists of current importance are: (1) the British Columbia acquisitions guide for hospital libraries, (2) three Saskatchewan lists for hospitals of different sizes, (3) a core list recommended for Ontario hospitals, (4) Quebec core lists, including French language lists. 14. Library and Information Science Journal Prestige as Assessed by Library and Information Science Faculty Science.gov (United States) Manzari, Laura 2013-01-01 This prestige study surveyed full-time faculty of American Library Association (ALA)-accredited programs in library and information studies regarding library and information science (LIS) journals. Faculty were asked to rate a list of eighty-nine LIS journals on a scale from 1 to 5 based on each journal's importance to their research and teaching.… 15. An associative account of the development of word learning. Science.gov (United States) Sloutsky, Vladimir M; Yim, Hyungwook; Yao, Xin; Dennis, Simon 2017-09-01 Word learning is a notoriously difficult induction problem because meaning is underdetermined by positive examples. How do children solve this problem? Some have argued that word learning is achieved by means of inference: young word learners rely on a number of assumptions that reduce the overall hypothesis space by favoring some meanings over others. However, these approaches have difficulty explaining how words are learned from conversations or text, without pointing or explicit instruction. In this research, we propose an associative mechanism that can account for such learning. In a series of experiments, 4-year-olds and adults were presented with sets of words that included a single nonsense word (e.g. dax). Some lists were taxonomic (i.,e., all items were members of a given category), some were associative (i.e., all items were associates of a given category, but not members), and some were mixed. Participants were asked to indicate whether the nonsense word was an animal or an artifact. Adults exhibited evidence of learning when lists consisted of either associatively or taxonomically related items. In contrast, children exhibited evidence of word learning only when lists consisted of associatively related items. These results present challenges to several extant models of word learning, and a new model based on the distinction between syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations is proposed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16. IYDP: One Library's Lasting Achievement. Science.gov (United States) Johnston-Brown, Norma 1982-01-01 Describes outreach services at the Calgary Public Library, Canada which are designed to meet the needs of disabled and elderly patrons. Space requirements, library equipment, staffing, and services offered are discussed. Five references are listed. (EJS) 17. Words that Pop! Science.gov (United States) Russell, Shirley 1988-01-01 To excite students' appreciation of language, comic book words--onomatopoeia--are a useful tool. Exercises and books are suggested. A list of books for adults and children is recommended, and a reproducible page is provided. (JL) 18. The word concreteness effect occurs for positive, but not negative, emotion words in immediate serial recall. Science.gov (United States) Tse, Chi-Shing; Altarriba, Jeanette 2009-02-01 The present study examined the roles of word concreteness and word valence in the immediate serial recall task. Emotion words (e.g. happy) were used to investigate these effects. Participants completed study-test trials with seven-item study lists consisting of positive or negative words with either high or low concreteness (Experiments 1 and 2) and neutral (i.e. non-emotion) words with either high or low concreteness (Experiment 2). For neutral words, the typical word concreteness effect (concrete words are better recalled than abstract words) was replicated. For emotion words, the effect occurred for positive words, but not for negative words. While the word concreteness effect was stronger for neutral words than for negative words, it was not different for the neutral words and the positive words. We conclude that both word valence and word concreteness simultaneously contribute to the item and order retention of emotion words and discuss how Hulme et al.'s (1997) item redintegration account can be modified to explain these findings. 19. California Library Statistics, 2005: Fiscal Year 2003-2004 from Public, Academic, Special and County Law Libraries Science.gov (United States) Bray, Ira, Ed. 2005-01-01 Each year the State Library sends annual report forms to California's academic, public, special, state agency, and county law libraries. Statistical data from those reports are tabulated in this publication, with directory listings published in the companion volume, California Library Directory. For this fiscal year four hundred and eight… 20. NDS multigroup cross section libraries International Nuclear Information System (INIS) DayDay, N. 1981-12-01 A summary description and documentation of the multigroup cross section libraries which exist at the IAEA Nuclear Data Section are given in this report. The libraries listed are available either on tape or in printed form. (author) 1. Counting Word Frequencies with Python Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) William J. Turkel 2012-07-01 Full Text Available Your list is now clean enough that you can begin analyzing its contents in meaningful ways. Counting the frequency of specific words in the list can provide illustrative data. Python has an easy way to count frequencies, but it requires the use of a new type of variable: the dictionary. Before you begin working with a dictionary, consider the processes used to calculate frequencies in a list. 2. Female Public Library Patrons Value the Library for Services, Programs, and Technology. A Review of: Fidishun, Dolores. “Women and the Public Library: Using Technology, Using the Library.” Library Trends 56.2 (2007: 328-43. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Virginia Wilson 2009-03-01 Full Text Available Objective – This study attempts to give insight into why and how women use the public library and information technology, and how they learned to use the technology.Design – Qualitative survey.Setting – The research took place at the Chester County Library in Exton, Pennsylvania, USA.Subjects – One hundred and eighty-four female library patrons 18 years and older.Methods – An anonymous qualitative survey was handed out to all patrons at the ChesterCounty Library 18 years of age and older who came into the library on four separate days and times. Times were chosen to obtain a good representation of library patrons, and included daytime, evening, and weekend hours. The survey consisted of questions about library use, information sought, information seeking behaviour, technology used, and how the respondents learned to use the technology. The surveys were collated and spreadsheets were created that reported answers to yes/no and other data questions. Word documents facilitated the listing of more qualitative answers. The data were analyzed using a thematic content analysis to find themes and patterns that emerged to create grounded theory. In thematic content analysis, “the coding scheme is based on categories designed to capture the dominant themes in a text (Franzosi 184. There is no universal coding scheme, and this method requires extensive pre-testing of the scheme (Franzosi 184. Grounded theory “uses a prescribed set of procedures for analyzing data and constructing a theoretical model” from the data (Leedy and Ormrod 154.Main Results – The survey asked questions about library use, reasons for library use, using technology, finding information, and learning to use online resources. A total of 465 surveys were distributed and 329 were returned. From the surveys returned, 184 were from female patrons, 127 from male patrons, and 18 did not report gender. The data for this article are primarily taken from the 184 female 3. Automatic Text Analysis Based on Transition Phenomena of Word Occurrences Science.gov (United States) Pao, Miranda Lee 1978-01-01 Describes a method of selecting index terms directly from a word frequency list, an idea originally suggested by Goffman. Results of the analysis of word frequencies of two articles seem to indicate that the automated selection of index terms from a frequency list holds some promise for automatic indexing. (Author/MBR) 4. Zur Wortbildung in wissenschaftlichen Texten (Word Formation in Scientific Texts) Science.gov (United States) Rogalla, Hanna; Rogalla, Willy 1976-01-01 Discusses a German frequency list of 1,500 to 2,000 scientific words, which is being developed, and the importance of learning word-building principles. Substantive and adjective suffixes are listed according to frequency, followed by remarks on copulative compounds, with examples and frequency ranking, and, finally, prefixes. (Text is in German.)… 5. What Do We Mean by Library Leadership? Leadership in LIS Education Science.gov (United States) Phillips, Abigail L. 2014-01-01 Leadership is an often-misunderstood word, especially in the context of libraries. With multiple definitions for the word "leadership" and vast numbers of leadership styles, it can be difficult to identity what exactly is meant when discussing library leadership. This literature review brings together 10 years of scholarly research on… 6. Advantages of the mailing lists as source of personal and professional information Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Paula Böhmerwald 2003-01-01 Full Text Available This paper addresses the characteristics and functionality of mailing lists, aiming at filling a gap in the literature of library and information science in Portuguese and disseminating their use among information professionals. It presents the commands for three list management software (Listserv, Listproc and Majordomo, compares and contrasts mailing lists, Usenet groups and chats, lists some Netiquette rules and presents several examples of Brazilian and foreign mailing lists in the area of library and information science. 7. The Gap in Standards for Special Libraries. Science.gov (United States) Dodd, James Beaupre 1982-01-01 The issue of standards for special libraries is discussed, highlighting surveys conducted concerning the diversity of special libraries and salaries of members of the Special Libraries Association (SLA). Efforts of SLA's Standards and Statistics Committee are noted. Twenty references are listed. (EJS) 8. Affective orientation influences memory for emotional and neutral words. Science.gov (United States) Greenberg, Seth N; Tokarev, Julian; Estes, Zachary 2012-01-01 Memory is better for emotional words than for neutral words, but the conditions contributing to emotional memory improvement are not entirely understood. Elsewhere, it has been observed that retrieval of a word is easier when its attributes are congruent with a property assessed during an earlier judgment task. The present study examined whether affective assessment of a word matters to its remembrance. Two experiments were run, one in which only valence assessment was performed, and another in which valence assessment was combined with a running recognition for list words. In both experiments, some participants judged whether each word in a randomized list was negative (negative monitoring), and others judged whether each was positive (positive monitoring). We then tested their explicit memory for the words via both free recall and delayed recognition. Both experiments revealed an affective congruence effect, such that negative words were more likely to be recalled and recognized after negative monitoring, whereas positive words likewise benefited from positive monitoring. Memory for neutral words was better after negative monitoring than positive monitoring.Thus, memory for both emotional and neutral words is contingent on one's affective orientation during encoding. 9. Library resources on the Internet Science.gov (United States) Buchanan, Nancy L. 1995-07-01 Library resources are prevalent on the Internet. Library catalogs, electronic books, electronic periodicals, periodical indexes, reference sources, and U.S. Government documents are available by telnet, Gopher, World Wide Web, and FTP. Comparatively few copyrighted library resources are available freely on the Internet. Internet implementations of library resources can add useful features, such as full-text searching. There are discussion lists, Gophers, and World Wide Web pages to help users keep up with new resources and changes to existing ones. The future will bring more library resources, more types of library resources, and more integrated implementations of such resources to the Internet. 10. SUBTLEX-ESP: Spanish Word Frequencies Based on Film Subtitles Science.gov (United States) Cuetos, Fernando; Glez-Nosti, Maria; Barbon, Analia; Brysbaert, Marc 2011-01-01 Recent studies have shown that word frequency estimates obtained from films and television subtitles are better to predict performance in word recognition experiments than the traditional word frequency estimates based on books and newspapers. In this study, we present a subtitle-based word frequency list for Spanish, one of the most widely spoken… 11. Contributions to the History of Library Terminology. Science.gov (United States) Shapiro, Fred R. 1989-01-01 Discusses the historical method in lexicography, the general characteristics of library terminology, and the current state of library lexicography. Presents a glossary which lists quotations supplementing the coverage of library-related vocabulary in the "Oxford English Dictionary" (OED) and the "Dictionary of Americanisms"… 12. Cost Accounting and Analysis for University Libraries. Science.gov (United States) Leimkuhler, Ferdinand F.; Cooper, Michael D. The approach to library planning studied in this report is the use of accounting models to measure library costs and implement program budgets. A cost-flow model for a university library is developed and listed with historical data from the Berkeley General Library. Various comparisons of an exploratory nature are made of the unit costs for… 13. Word Processing Job Descriptions and Duties. Science.gov (United States) Gajewski-Johnson, Marlyce In order to develop a word processing career file at Milwaukee Area Technical College, employment managers at 124 Milwaukee-area businesses were asked to provide job descriptions for all word processing positions in the company; skill and knowledge requirements necessary to obtain these positions; employee appraisal forms; wage scales; a list of… 14. Priming effect on word reading and recall OpenAIRE Faria, Isabel Hub; Luegi, Paula 2008-01-01 This study focuses on priming as a function of exposure to bimodal stimuli of European Portuguese screen centred single words and isolated pictures inserted at the screen’s right upper corner, with four kinds of word-picture relation. The eye movements of 18 Portuguese native university students were registered while reading four sets of ten word-picture pairs, and their respective oral recall lists of words or pictures were kept. The results reveal a higher phonological primin... 15. Large-corpus phoneme and word recognition and the generality of lexical context in CVC word perception. Science.gov (United States) Gelfand, Jessica T; Christie, Robert E; Gelfand, Stanley A 2014-02-01 Speech recognition may be analyzed in terms of recognition probabilities for perceptual wholes (e.g., words) and parts (e.g., phonemes), where j or the j-factor reveals the number of independent perceptual units required for recognition of the whole (Boothroyd, 1968b; Boothroyd & Nittrouer, 1988; Nittrouer & Boothroyd, 1990). For consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) nonsense syllables, j ∼ 3 because all 3 phonemes are needed to identify the syllable, but j ∼ 2.5 for real-word CVCs (revealing ∼2.5 independent perceptual units) because higher level contributions such as lexical knowledge enable word recognition even if less than 3 phonemes are accurately received. These findings were almost exclusively determined with the 120-word corpus of the isophonemic word lists (Boothroyd, 1968a; Boothroyd & Nittrouer, 1988), presented one word at a time. It is therefore possible that its generality or applicability may be limited. This study thus determined j by using a much larger and less restricted corpus of real-word CVCs presented in 3-word groups as well as whether j is influenced by test size. The j-factor for real-word CVCs was derived from the recognition performance of 223 individuals with a broad range of hearing sensitivity by using the Tri-Word Test (Gelfand, 1998), which involves 50 three-word presentations and a corpus of 450 words. The influence of test size was determined from a subsample of 96 participants with separate scores for the first 10, 20, and 25 (and all 50) presentation sets of the full test. The mean value of j was 2.48 with a 95% confidence interval of 2.44-2.53, which is in good agreement with values obtained with isophonemic word lists, although its value varies among individuals. A significant correlation was found between percent-correct scores and j, but it was small and accounted for only 12.4% of the variance in j for phoneme scores ≥60%. Mean j-factors for the 10-, 20-, 25-, and 50-set test sizes were between 2.49 and 2.53 and were not 16. 2000 Honor List: A Hopeful Bunch. Science.gov (United States) Nilsen, Alleen Pace; Donelson, Ken; Blasingame, James, Jr. 2001-01-01 Presents 11 titles selected for the 2000 Honor List for young adult literature. Notes that the books were selected by combining their favorites with the best-book list compiled by the editors of such publications as "School Library Journal,""Booklist," and "Horn Book." (SG) 17. The Picture Complexity Effect: Another List Composition Paradox Science.gov (United States) Nguyen, Khuyen; McDaniel, Mark A. 2015-01-01 "List composition effects" refer to the findings in which a given memory phenomenon shows discrepant patterns across different list designs (i.e., mixed or pure lists). These effects have typically been reported with verbal materials (e.g., word lists, paired associates, sentences); much less research has examined whether these effects… 18. Pop-up Library Makerspace: academic libraries provide flexible, supportive space to explore emerging technologies. OpenAIRE Groves, Antony 2016-01-01 The word Makerspace is a general term for a place where people get together to make things, create things and\\ud learn together. Antony Groves presents a look at a recent university library experiment hosting a pop-up makerspace. Working with local edtech leaders MakerClub and colleagues the library organised a two-hour workshop which offered the opportunity for students and staff to explore emerging technologies. 19. Executive dysfunction affects word list recall performance: Evidence from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases. Science.gov (United States) Consonni, Monica; Rossi, Stefania; Cerami, Chiara; Marcone, Alessandra; Iannaccone, Sandro; Francesco Cappa, Stefano; Perani, Daniela 2017-03-01 The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is widely used in clinical practice to evaluate verbal episodic memory. While there is evidence that RAVLT performance can be influenced by executive dysfunction, the way executive disorders affect the serial position curve (SPC) has not been yet explored. To this aim, we analysed immediate and delayed recall performances of 13 non-demented amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with a specific mild executive dysfunction (ALSci) and compared their performances to those of 48 healthy controls (HC) and 13 cognitively normal patients with ALS. Moreover, to control for the impact of a severe dysexecutive syndrome and a genuine episodic memory deficit on the SPC, we enrolled 15 patients with a diagnosis of behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and 18 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Results documented that, compared to cognitively normal subjects, ALSci patients had a selective mid-list impairment for immediate recall scores. The bvFTD group obtained low performances with a selectively increased forgetting rate for terminal items, whereas the AD group showed a disproportionately large memory loss on the primary and middle part of the SPC for immediate recall scores and were severely impaired in the delayed recall trial. These results suggested that subtle executive dysfunctions might influence the recall of mid-list items, possibly reflecting deficiency in control strategies at retrieval of word lists, whereas severer dysexecutive syndrome might also affect the recall of terminal items possibly due to attention deficit or retroactive interference. © 2015 The British Psychological Society. 20. The effect of post-learning presentation of music on long-term word-list retention. Science.gov (United States) Judde, Sarah; Rickard, Nikki 2010-07-01 Memory consolidation processes occur slowly over time, allowing recently formed memories to be altered soon after acquisition. Although post-learning arousal treatments have been found to modulate memory consolidation, examination of the temporal parameters of these effects in humans has been limited. In the current study, 127 participants learned a neutral word list and were exposed to either a positively or negatively arousing musical piece following delays of 0, 20 or 45min. One-week later, participants completed a long-term memory recognition test, followed by Carver and White's (1994) approach/avoidance personality scales. Retention was significantly enhanced, regardless of valence, when the emotion manipulation occurred at 20min, but not immediately or 45min, post-learning. Further, the 20min interval effect was found to be moderated by high 'drive' approach sensitivity. The selective facilitatory conditions of music identified in the current study (timing and personality) offer valuable insights for future development of more specified memory intervention strategies. 1. OpenBook WordPress Plugin: Open Source Access to Bibliographic Data Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) John Miedema 2008-09-01 Full Text Available OpenBook is a WordPress PHP plugin that implements the Open Library APIs to insert book covers, titles, authors and publishers into web pages. The motive behind the development was to provide an easy alternative to the common practice of linking to Amazon. Open Library was selected as a data source because it is both open source and open data.The plugin is useful for book reviewers, library webmasters, anyone who wants to put book covers and data on their WordPress blog or website. The plugin also allows users to add links to publisher websites, a feature that was considered significant to independent publishers. 2. The Development of Word Frequency Lists Prior to the 1944 Thorndike-Lorge List. Science.gov (United States) Bontrager, Terry 1991-01-01 Examines the word frequency studies that preceded the 1944 Thorndike-Lorge count and places those investigations in their broad, cultural perspective. Draws attention to the impact of the studies on knowledge about language and its development, educational curriculum and assessment, and methods of research. (MG) 3. Memory for emotional words in sentences: the importance of emotional contrast. Science.gov (United States) Schmidt, Stephen R 2012-01-01 Numerous researchers have demonstrated that emotional words are remembered better than neutral words. However, the effect has been attributed to factors other than emotion because it is somewhat fragile and influenced by variables such as the experimental designs employed. To investigate the role of emotion per se in memory for emotional words, negative-affect but low arousal emotional words were placed in sentence contexts that either activated high emotional meanings of the words (Shane died in his car last night.), or low emotional meanings of the words (Shane's old car died last night). The high-emotional contexts led to better memory than the low-emotional contexts, but only in mixed lists of emotional and neutral words. Additionally, the traditional emotional memory effect was also limited to mixed lists. The results are consistent with the idea that an emotional contrast is responsible for the emotional memory effect with low arousal emotional words. 4. The word-frequency paradox for recall/recognition occurs for pictures. Science.gov (United States) Karlsen, Paul Johan; Snodgrass, Joan Gay 2004-08-01 A yes-no recognition task and two recall tasks were conducted using pictures of high and low familiarity ratings. Picture familiarity had analogous effects to word frequency, and replicated the word-frequency paradox in recall and recognition. Low-familiarity pictures were more recognizable than high-familiarity pictures, pure lists of high-familiarity pictures were more recallable than pure lists of low-familiarity pictures, and there was no effect of familiarity for mixed lists. These results are consistent with the predictions of the Search of Associative Memory (SAM) model. 5. Towards A New Approach For Arabic Root Extraction:Exploit Relations Between The Word Letters And Their Placement In The Word For Arabic Root Extraction Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Fatma Abu Hawas 2013-01-01 Full Text Available In this paper we present a new root-extraction approach for Arabic words. The approach tries to assign for Arabic word a unique root without having a database of word roots, a list of words patterns or even a list of all the prefixes and the suffixes of the Arabic words. Unlike most of Arabic rule-based stemmers, it tries to predict the letters positions that may form the word root one by one using some rules based on the relations among the Arabic word letters and their placement in the word. This paper will focus on two parts of the approach. The first one deals with the rules that distinguish between the Arabic definite article “ال -AL” and the permanent component “ال -AL” that may found in any Arabic word. The second part of the approach adopts the segmentation of the word into three parts and classifies Arabic letters in to groups according to their positions in each segment. The proposed approach is a system composed of several modules that corporate together to extract the word root. The approach has been tested and evaluated using the Holy Quran words. The results of the evaluation show a promising root extraction algorithm. 6. List memory in young adults with language learning disability. Science.gov (United States) Sheng, Li; Byrd, Courtney T; McGregor, Karla K; Zimmerman, Hannah; Bludau, Kadee 2015-04-01 The purpose of this study was to characterize the verbal memory limitations of young adults with language learning disability (LLD). Sixteen young adults with LLD and 34 age- and education-matched controls with typical language participated in a Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM; Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) list recall experiment. Participants listened to 12-item word lists that converged on a nonpresented critical item (e.g., rain) semantically (umbrella, drench, weather, hail), phonologically (train, main, ran, wren), or dually in a hybrid list (umbrella, train, drench, main) and recalled words in no particular order. Group comparisons were made on veridical recall (i.e., words that were presented) and false recall of nonpresented critical items. Recall performance was analyzed by list type and list position to examine potential differences in the quality of memorial processes. The LLD group produced fewer veridical recalls than the controls. Both groups demonstrated list type and list position effects in veridical recall. False recall of the critical items was comparable in the 2 groups and varied by list type in predictable ways. Young adults with LLD have verbal memory limitations characterized by quantitatively low levels of accurate recall. Qualitative patterns of recall are similar to those of unaffected peers. Therefore, the memory problem is characterized by limited capacity; memorial processes appear to be intact. 7. Health sciences libraries building survey, 1999-2009. Science.gov (United States) Ludwig, Logan 2010-04-01 A survey was conducted of health sciences libraries to obtain information about newer buildings, additions, remodeling, and renovations. An online survey was developed, and announcements of survey availability posted to three major email discussion lists: Medical Library Association (MLA), Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries (AAHSL), and MEDLIB-L. Previous discussions of library building projects on email discussion lists, a literature review, personal communications, and the author's consulting experiences identified additional projects. Seventy-eight health sciences library building projects at seventy-three institutions are reported. Twenty-two are newer facilities built within the last ten years; two are space expansions; forty-five are renovation projects; and nine are combinations of new and renovated space. Six institutions report multiple or ongoing renovation projects during the last ten years. The survey results confirm a continuing migration from print-based to digitally based collections and reveal trends in library space design. Some health sciences libraries report loss of space as they move toward creating space for "community" building. Libraries are becoming more proactive in using or retooling space for concentration, collaboration, contemplation, communication, and socialization. All are moving toward a clearer operational vision of the library as the institution's information nexus and not merely as a physical location with print collections. 8. Myanmar Library Association Newsletter No. 2 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1995-04-01 The news and articles related to the Myanmar Library Association (MLA) are contained in this issue in English language namely. 1. National library statistics, activities of the Sarpay Beikman public library and the list of books translated from English to Myanmar in the year 1994. Compiled by Daw Nu-Nu. 2. The Myanmar Library Association by U Tin - Maung - Lwin. 3. Librarians conference to be huge (extract from China Daily November 18, 1994). 4. Magic of computers in libraries by U Maung - Maung. 5. The two union catalogues of Myanmar by Hla-Win (MSTRD) 9. Recent Developments in Cambridge College Libraries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alison Wilson 2006-07-01 Full Text Available Cambridge University has three tiers of libraries available to students: the University Library, departmental (subject libraries and college libraries. Over the past thirty years there has been increasing pressure on the colleges to provide more books, reader places and technical resources in their libraries, with the result that a number of new library buildings, of very different styles, have been opened. Other colleges have opted for refurbishment and extension of existing libraries. These libraries are small (30-100,000 books and intimate, often open 24 hours a day and with generous provision for lending books. Great importance is placed on keeping them at the heart of the college. Challenges for architects are the sensitive sites, restrictions on changes to listed buildings, and the limited space available. The constricted sites cause difficulties for the builders too. I will consider some solutions to these problems with reference to projects in four colleges: Pembroke, Peterhouse, Corpus Christi and Newnham. At Pembroke architects Freeland Rees Roberts have built an extension to a listed building and at Peterhouse they have adapted an adjoining room. Corpus Christi is moving its library to a Victorian building which has been internally redesigned by Wright + Wright. Newnham demolished a 1960s extension in order to develop the plot more efficiently to a design by John Miller + Partners. All the architects have shown sensitivity to the needs of their clients and ingenuity in making intensive use of limited space. 10. The Role of Rehearsal on the Output Order of Immediate Free Recall of Short and Long Lists Science.gov (United States) Grenfell-Essam, Rachel; Ward, Geoff; Tan, Lydia 2013-01-01 Participants tend to initiate immediate free recall (IFR) of short lists of words with the very first word on the list. Three experiments examined whether rehearsal is necessary for this recent finding. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with lists of between 2 and 12 words for IFR at a fast, medium, or slow rate, with and without… 11. A Dictionary of Basic Pashto Frequency List I, Project Description and Samples, and Frequency List II. Science.gov (United States) Heston, Wilma The three-volume set of materials describes and presents the results to date of a federally-funded project to develop Pashto-English and English-Pashto dictionaries. The goal was to produce a list of 12,000 basic Pashto words for English-speaking users. Words were selected based on frequency in various kinds of oral and written materials, and were… 12. Libraries, Patrons, and E-Books Science.gov (United States) Zickuhr, Kathryn; Rainie, Lee; Purcell, Kristen; Madden, Mary; Brenner, Joanna 2012-01-01 This report explores the world of e-books and libraries, where libraries fit into these book-consumption patterns of Americans, when people choose to borrow their books and when they choose to buy books. It examines the potential frustrations e-book borrowers can encounter when checking out digital titles, such as long wait lists and compatibility… 13. Introducing a Romanian Frequency List and the Romanian Vocabulary Levels Test OpenAIRE Szabo, Cz. 2015-01-01 Vocabulary is considered essential to language learning, thus English word lists and tests based on frequency information have become the centre of attention for researchers, teachers and learners alike. As a result, it is argued hereby that frequency based word lists and tests should be adapted and regarded as key elements for teaching and learning Romanian as an additional language as well. \\ud Since there are currently no reliable frequency lists and lexical tests in Romanian, this paper a... 14. COURSES OF MISRECALL OVER LONG-TERM RETENTION INTERVALS AS RELATED TO STRENGTH OF PRE-EXPERIMENTAL HABITS OF WORD ASSOCIATION. Science.gov (United States) BILODEAU, EDWARD A.; BLICK, KENNETH A. THIS STUDY WAS MADE TO COMPARE THE EFFECTS OF STIMULATION AND NONSTIMULATION ON RECALL OF WORDS FOLLOWING TIME-DELAY PERIODS. THE SUBJECTS (670 AIRMEN) WERE TRAINED WITH AN EXAMPLE WORD LIST AND TWO WORD LISTS CONTAINING FIVE OF THE SECONDARY WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH RUSSELL-JENKINS STIMULUS WORDS. AFTER TIME DELAYS OF 2 MINUTES, 20 MINUTES, 2 DAYS,… 15. Connecting Libraries and Schools with CLASP. Science.gov (United States) Del Vecchio, Stephen 1993-01-01 Describes the Dewitt Wallace-Reader's Digest Connecting Libraries and Schools Project (CLASP) of the New York Public Library, a cooperative pilot project to encourage reading among children and youth. Sample projects described include summer reading lists, open school night outreach, and outreach to parents. The importance of materials support is… 16. Nigerian Libraries: Submissions African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Guidelines. Contributions to the Nigerian Libraries for publication should not be more than 5,0000 words. They should be double-spaced typed in A4 paper size. Foot notes should be avoided ... Magazine: Fatima, G (date of publication) article title, magazine title, volume(issue), page(s). Website: Uchenna, O. (date ... 17. Weak evidence for increased motivated forgetting of trauma-related words in dissociated or traumatised individuals in a directed forgetting experiment. Science.gov (United States) Patihis, Lawrence; Place, Patricia J 2018-05-01 Motivated forgetting is the idea that people can block out, or forget, upsetting or traumatic memories, because there is a motivation to do so. Some researchers have cited directed forgetting studies using trauma-related words as evidence for the theory of motivated forgetting of trauma. In the current article subjects used the list method directed forgetting paradigm with both trauma-related words and positive words. After one list of words was presented subjects were directed to forget the words previously learned, and they then received another list of words. Each list was a mix of positive and trauma-related words, and the lists were counterbalanced. Later, subjects recalled as many of the words as they could, including the ones they were told to forget. Based on the theory that motivated forgetting would lead to recall deficits of trauma-related material, we created eight hypotheses. High dissociators, trauma-exposed, sexual trauma-exposed, and high dissociators with trauma-exposure participants were hypothesised to show enhanced forgetting of trauma words. Results indicated only one of eight hypotheses was supported: those higher on dissociation and trauma recalled fewer trauma words in the to-be-forgotten condition, compared to those low on dissociation and trauma. These results provide weak support for differential motivated forgetting. 18. How to Evaluate Integrated Library Automation Systems. Science.gov (United States) Powell, James R.; Slach, June E. 1985-01-01 This paper describes methodology used in compiling a list of candidate integrated library automation systems at a corporate technical library. Priorities for automation, identification of candidate systems, the filtering process, information for suppliers, software and hardware considerations, on-site evaluations, and final system selection are… 19. THE SPECIAL STATUS OF EXOGENOUS WORD-FORMATION WITHIN THE GERMAN WORD-FORMATION SYSTEM Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Zhilyuk Sergey Aleksandrovich 2014-06-01 Full Text Available The article presents the properties of exogenous word-formation system taking into account the existence of two word-formation systems in modern German. On the basis of foreign research which reveal modern trends in German word-formation connected with the internationalization and the development of new European Latin language. The author defines key features of exogenous word-formation, i.e. foreign origin of wordformation units, unmotivated units, unmotivated interchange in base and affixes as well as limited distribution rules in combination with German word-formation. The article analyzes various approaches to word-division, as well as motivated and unmotivated interchange of consonants in bases and in affixes. Unmotivated interchange showcases a special status of the exogenous word-formation within German. Another item covered by the article is the issue of confix. The article has opinions of researchers about correctness of its separation and a list of its features. The author presents his definition of confix: a confix is a bound exogenous word-formation unit with a certain lexical and semantic meaning and joining other units directly or indirectly (through linking morpheme -o-, which is able to make a base. Moreover, some confixes are able to participate at word-combination and have unlimited distribution. So far, confix showcases the integration of exogenous word-formation and traditional German word-formation. The research proves the special status of exogenous word-formation in German. Its results can be used as a base for further analysis of co-existing word-formation systems in German and determination of their characteristic features. 20. Words as "Lexical Units" in Learning/Teaching Vocabulary Science.gov (United States) Almela, Moisés; Sanchez, Aquilino 2007-01-01 One of the genuine contributions of theoretical linguistics to the interdisciplinary field of applied linguistics is to elucidate the nature of "what should be taught" and "how it should be taught". Traditionally, the input supplied in vocabulary teaching has consisted either of word lists (most often) or of words-in-context… 1. Word length, set size, and lexical factors: Re-examining what causes the word length effect. Science.gov (United States) Guitard, Dominic; Gabel, Andrew J; Saint-Aubin, Jean; Surprenant, Aimée M; Neath, Ian 2018-04-19 The word length effect, better recall of lists of short (fewer syllables) than long (more syllables) words has been termed a benchmark effect of working memory. Despite this, experiments on the word length effect can yield quite different results depending on set size and stimulus properties. Seven experiments are reported that address these 2 issues. Experiment 1 replicated the finding of a preserved word length effect under concurrent articulation for large stimulus sets, which contrasts with the abolition of the word length effect by concurrent articulation for small stimulus sets. Experiment 2, however, demonstrated that when the short and long words are equated on more dimensions, concurrent articulation abolishes the word length effect for large stimulus sets. Experiment 3 shows a standard word length effect when output time is equated, but Experiments 4-6 show no word length effect when short and long words are equated on increasingly more dimensions that previous demonstrations have overlooked. Finally, Experiment 7 compared recall of a small and large neighborhood words that were equated on all the dimensions used in Experiment 6 (except for those directly related to neighborhood size) and a neighborhood size effect was still observed. We conclude that lexical factors, rather than word length per se, are better predictors of when the word length effect will occur. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved). 2. Psychometrically equivalent bisyllabic words for speech recognition threshold testing in Vietnamese. Science.gov (United States) Harris, Richard W; McPherson, David L; Hanson, Claire M; Eggett, Dennis L 2017-08-01 This study identified, digitally recorded, edited and evaluated 89 bisyllabic Vietnamese words with the goal of identifying homogeneous words that could be used to measure the speech recognition threshold (SRT) in native talkers of Vietnamese. Native male and female talker productions of 89 Vietnamese bisyllabic words were recorded, edited and then presented at intensities ranging from -10 to 20 dBHL. Logistic regression was used to identify the best words for measuring the SRT. Forty-eight words were selected and digitally edited to have 50% intelligibility at a level equal to the mean pure-tone average (PTA) for normally hearing participants (5.2 dBHL). Twenty normally hearing native Vietnamese participants listened to and repeated bisyllabic Vietnamese words at intensities ranging from -10 to 20 dBHL. A total of 48 male and female talker recordings of bisyllabic words with steep psychometric functions (>9.0%/dB) were chosen for the final bisyllabic SRT list. Only words homogeneous with respect to threshold audibility with steep psychometric function slopes were chosen for the final list. Digital recordings of bisyllabic Vietnamese words are now available for use in measuring the SRT for patients whose native language is Vietnamese. 3. Accessibility of public libraries by rural dwellers in rural areas of ... African Journals Online (AJOL) In conclusion, public libraries are essential to rural dwellers; therefore it is recommended that all types of information be made available to public libraries. Sensitization programmes should be encouraged. This will in turn bring about positive impact on the rural dwellers. Key words: Accessibility, Public, Library, rural, ... 4. Programming list processes. SLIP: symmetric list processor - applications International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Broudin, Y. 1966-06-01 Modern aspects of programming languages are essentially turned towards list processing. The ordinary methods of sequential treatment become inadequate and we must substitute list processes for them, where the cells of a group have no neighbourhood connection, but where the address of one cell is contained in the preceding one. These methods are required in 'time sharing' solving problems. They also allow us to treat new problems and to solve others in the shortest time. Many examples are presented after an abstract of the most usual list languages and a detailed study of one of them : SLIP. Among these examples one should note: locating of words in a dictionary or in a card index, treatment of non numerical symbols, formal derivation. The problems are treated in Fortran II on an IBM 7094 machine. The subroutines which make up the language are presented in an appendix. (author) [fr 5. Controlling hospital library theft. Science.gov (United States) Cuddy, Theresa M; Marchok, Catherine 2003-04-01 At Capital Health System/Fuld Campus (formerly Helene Fuld Medical Center), the Health Sciences Library lost many books and videocassettes. These materials were listed in the catalog but were missing when staff went to the shelves. The hospital had experienced a downsizing of staff, a reorganization, and a merger. When the library staff did an inventory, $10,000 worth of materials were found to be missing. We corrected the situation through a series of steps that we believe will help other libraries control their theft. Through regularly scheduling inventories, monitoring items, advertising, and using specific security measures, we have successfully controlled the library theft. The January 2002 inventory resulted in meeting our goal of zero missing books and videocassettes. We work to maintain that goal. 6. Boost.Unicode : a Unicode library for C++ OpenAIRE Wien, Erik; Gigstad, Lars Erik 2005-01-01 The project has resulted in a Unicode string library for C++ that abstracts away the complexity of working with Unicode text. The idea behind the project originated from the Boost community's developer mailings lists, and is developed with inclusion into the Boost library collection in mind. 7. Effects of Sleep on Word Pair Memory in Children – Separating Item and Source Memory Aspects Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jing-Yi Wang 2017-09-01 Full Text Available Word paired-associate learning is a well-established task to demonstrate sleep-dependent memory consolidation in adults as well as children. Sleep has also been proposed to benefit episodic features of memory, i.e., a memory for an event (item bound into the spatiotemporal context it has been experienced in (source. We aimed to explore if sleep enhances word pair memory in children by strengthening the episodic features of the memory, in particular. Sixty-one children (8–12 years studied two lists of word pairs with 1 h in between. Retrieval testing comprised cued recall of the target word of each word pair (item memory and recalling in which list the word pair had appeared in (source memory. Retrieval was tested either after 1 h (short retention interval or after 11 h, with this long retention interval covering either nocturnal sleep or daytime wakefulness. Compared with the wake interval, sleep enhanced separate recall of both word pairs and the lists per se, while recall of the combination of the word pair and the list it had appeared in remained unaffected by sleep. An additional comparison with adult controls (n = 37 suggested that item-source bound memory (combined recall of word pair and list is generally diminished in children. Our results argue against the view that the sleep-induced enhancement in paired-associate learning in children is a consequence of sleep specifically enhancing the episodic features of the memory representation. On the contrary, sleep in children might strengthen item and source representations in isolation, while leaving the episodic memory representations (item-source binding unaffected. 8. A cross-linguistic study of real-word and non-word repetition as predictors of grammatical competence in children with typical language development Science.gov (United States) Dispaldro, Marco; Deevy, Patricia; Altoe, Gianmarco; Benelli, Beatrice; Leonard Purdue, Laurence B. 2013-01-01 Background Although relationships among non-word repetition, real-word repetition and grammatical ability have been documented, it is important to study whether the specific nature of these relationships is tied to the characteristics of a given language. Aims The aim of this study is to explore the potential cross-linguistic differences (Italian and English) in the relationship among non-word repetition, real-word repetition, and grammatical ability in three- and four-year-old children with typical language development. Methods & Procedures To reach this goal, two repetition tasks (one real-word list and one non-word list for each language) were used. In Italian the grammatical categories were the third person plural inflection and the direct-object clitic pronouns, while in English they were the third person singular present tense inflection and the past tense in regular and irregular forms. Outcomes & Results A cross-linguistic comparison showed that in both Italian and English, non-word repetition was a significant predictor of grammatical ability. However, performance on real-word repetition explained children’s grammatical ability in Italian but not in English. Conclusions & Implications Abilities underlying non-word repetition performance (e.g., the processing and/or storage of phonological material) play an important role in the development of children’s grammatical abilities in both languages. Lexical ability (indexed by real-word repetition) showed a close relationship to grammatical ability in Italian but not in English. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of cross-linguistic differences, genetic research, clinical intervention and methodological issues. PMID:21899673 9. A cross-linguistic study of real-word and non-word repetition as predictors of grammatical competence in children with typical language development. Science.gov (United States) Dispaldro, Marco; Deevy, Patricia; Altoé, Gianmarco; Benelli, Beatrice; Leonard, Laurence B 2011-01-01 Although relationships among non-word repetition, real-word repetition and grammatical ability have been documented, it is important to study whether the specific nature of these relationships is tied to the characteristics of a given language. The aim of this study is to explore the potential cross-linguistic differences (Italian and English) in the relationship among non-word repetition, real-word repetition, and grammatical ability in three-and four-year-old children with typical language development. To reach this goal, two repetition tasks (one real-word list and one non-word list for each language) were used. In Italian the grammatical categories were the third person plural inflection and the direct-object clitic pronouns, while in English they were the third person singular present tense inflection and the past tense in regular and irregular forms. A cross-linguistic comparison showed that in both Italian and English, non-word repetition was a significant predictor of grammatical ability. However, performance on real-word repetition explained children's grammatical ability in Italian but not in English. Abilities underlying non-word repetition performance (e.g., the processing and/or storage of phonological material) play an important role in the development of children's grammatical abilities in both languages. Lexical ability (indexed by real-word repetition) showed a close relationship to grammatical ability in Italian but not in English. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of cross-linguistic differences, genetic research, clinical intervention and methodological issues. © 2011 Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 10. Contents Development of Library Signage Manual in Korea OpenAIRE In-Ja Ahn 2011-01-01 There is an increase in the need of an unified manual for library signage system, due to recent increase in library construction or remodeling. This paper, therefore, can be a basic research to develop library signage system manual. Based on an anual released from KLA and the sum of opinions of expert groups, this research proposes a concrete list of contents for library signage system manual as follows. First, there is a need of theoretical basis of library signage system. Second, for the ac... 11. Information resources and access in Delta State University library ... African Journals Online (AJOL) It was revealed in the study that due to various internet hiccups and financial problems affecting library services the use of ICTs in information retrieval has not fully gain ed ground. Based on the findings, pertinent recommendations were made. Key Words: Information , Resources, Access, Library, University, Abraka , Nigeria ... 12. Hemispheric asymmetries in discourse processing: evidence from false memories for lists and texts. Science.gov (United States) Ben-Artzi, Elisheva; Faust, Miriam; Moeller, Edna 2009-01-01 Previous research suggests that the right hemisphere (RH) may contribute uniquely to discourse and text processing by activating and maintaining a wide range of meanings, including more distantly related meanings. The present study used the word-lists false memory paradigm [Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814.] to examine the hypothesis that difference between the two cerebral hemispheres in discourse processing may be due, at least partly, to memory representations for implicit text-related semantic information. Specifically, we tested the susceptibility of the left hemisphere (LH) and RH to unpresented target words following the presentation of semantically related words appearing in either word lists or short texts. Findings showed that the RH produced more false alarms than the LH for unpresented target words following either word lists or texts. These findings reveal hemispheric differences in memory for semantically related information and suggest that RH advantage in long-term maintenance of a wide range of text-related word meanings may be one aspect of its unique contribution to the construction of a discourse model. The results support the RH coarse semantic coding theory [Beeman, M. (1998). Coarse semantic coding and discourse comprehension. In M. Beeman & C. Chiarello (Eds.), Right hemisphere language comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience (pp. 255-284). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.] and suggest that hemispheric differences in semantic processing during language comprehension extend also to verbal memory. 13. An Affordable Microcomputer Library Information System Developed by Georgetown University. Science.gov (United States) Broering, Naomi C. 1984-01-01 Discusses development of a library information system by Georgetown University Medical Center's Dahlgren Memorial Library; describes its components, including online catalog and OCLC interface, circulation, serials control, acquisitions, networking/interlibrary loans, word processing and mini-Medline system; and discusses user reaction, staff… 14. Selling library services and skills in Nigeria: the prospect for library ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The paper proffered a model for the domestication of entrepreneurial education in library and information science, while it listed skills for LIS graduates such as Independent and self-employment, Reliable information provision, Effective customers' relation, etc as prospects for entrepreneurship education vis-a-vis tools ... 15. BOUND PERIODICAL HOLDINGS BATTELLE - NORTHWEST LIBRARY Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) None 1967-05-01 This report lists the bound periodicals in the Technical Library at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory, operated by Battelle Memorial Institute. It was prepared from a computer program and is arranged in two parts. Part one is an alphabetical list of journals by title; part two is an arrangement of the journals by subject. The list headings are self-explanatory, with the exception of the title code, which is necessary in the machine processing. The listing is complete through June, 1966 and updates an earlier publication issued in March, 1965. 16. Developing a Specialized Vocabulary Word List in a Composition Culinary Course through Lecture Notes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M.Nordin N. R. 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Learning to write in a composition culinary course is very challenging for L2 learners. The main barrier in writing proficiency within this discipline is the lack of vocabulary, specifically the lack of exposure towards specialized vocabulary. This study aims to provide a corpus of specialized vocabulary within a food writing course. By providing students with a word list of specialized vocabulary in the course, students may benefit by familiarizing with the language discourse which will aid in better comprehension of the course, and subsequently facilitate in their writing development. A compilation of all PowerPoint slides from one writing course was assembled and analyzed using the range and frequency program to identify the specialized vocabularies in a food writing course. The corpus was categorized using a four step rating scale, which identified 113 specialized vocabularies in food writing. The learning of specialized vocabulary specialized vocabulary is an important issue at the tertiary level in Malaysia, with educators’ realization of the importance of discourse proficiency in ESP programs, thus many more research is yielded on the many new issues on the teaching and learning of specialized vocabulary particularly within the academic and professional context. 17. How to Mobilize your Library at Low Cost Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Marta Abarca Villoldo 2012-09-01 Full Text Available The W3C defines the mobile web as a web in which users are able to access information from any location, regardless of the type of device used. In recent years, Internet access from mobile devices has grown considerably. This is due to many factors such as technological improvements of these devices, faster data transmission and lower connection costs. This new context has led to the creation of various mobile web tools which offer a variety of features, such as adaptability of web websites, use of QR codes (Quick Response, geolocation tools, augmented reality and RFID technology just to name a few. Technological advances give rise to new challenges. We should face this situation not as a threat or added workload, but as an opportunity to adapt the library to the new demands or needs of our users. This means that some of the services currently offered by the library will have to evolve, for example, with the creation of a mobile website or a mOPAC (mobile OPAC. New services could be offered, such as QR codes embedded in the catalog with bibliographical information, virtual reference through the mobile or geolocation of libraries. This paper will first provide some basic and introductory information on the mobile web. It will then go on to describe some tools used in this area. In some cases, different options will be shown taking into account factors such as cost, for example. The aim here will be provide an overview that will allow a given library to select the best tool according to their functions and their budgets. Finally, a list of library applications will be given, as well as their associated implementation processes in the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV library. The ultimate goal of this paper is to encourage the creation and adaptation of services offered in libraries, placing special emphasis on the idea that a variety of services can be offered with just basic computer skills and a small staff, since in many cases these 18. CERN Library - Reduction of subscriptions to scientific journals CERN Multimedia 2005-01-01 The Library Working Group for Acquisitions has identified some scientific journal subscriptions as candidates for cancellation. Although the 2005 budget is unchanged with respect to 2004 thanks to the efforts of the Management, it does not take account of inflation, which for many years has been much higher for scientific literature than the normal cost-of-living index. For 2006, the inflation rate is estimated to be 7-8%. Moreover, the Library does not only intend to compensate for the loss of purchasing power but also to make available some funds to promote new Open Access publishing models. (See Bulletin No.15/2005) The list of candidates can be found on the Library homepage (http://library.cern.ch/). In addition, some subscriptions will be converted to online-only, i.e. CERN will no longer order the print version of certain journals. We invite users to carefully check the list (http://library.cern.ch/). Comments on this proposal should be sent to the WGA Chairman, Rudiger Voss, with a copy to the Hea... 19. Memory for pictures and words as a function of level of processing: Depth or dual coding? Science.gov (United States) D'Agostino, P R; O'Neill, B J; Paivio, A 1977-03-01 The experiment was designed to test differential predictions derived from dual-coding and depth-of-processing hypotheses. Subjects under incidental memory instructions free recalled a list of 36 test events, each presented twice. Within the list, an equal number of events were assigned to structural, phonemic, and semantic processing conditions. Separate groups of subjects were tested with a list of pictures, concrete words, or abstract words. Results indicated that retention of concrete words increased as a direct function of the processing-task variable (structural memory performance. These data provided strong support for the dual-coding model. 20. Apps and Mobile Support Services in Canadian Academic Medical Libraries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tess Grynoch 2016-12-01 Full Text Available Objective: To examine how Canadian academic medical libraries are supporting mobile apps, what apps are currently being provided by these libraries, and what types of promotion are being used. Methods: A survey of the library websites for the 17 medical schools in Canada was completed. For each library website surveyed, the medical apps listed on the website, any services mentioned through this medium, and any type of app promotion events were noted. When Facebook and Twitter accounts were evident, the tweets were searched and the past two years of Facebook posts scanned for mention of medical apps or mobile services/events. Results: All seventeen academic medical libraries had lists of mobile medical apps with a large range in the number of medical relevant apps (average=31, median= 23. A total of 275 different apps were noted and the apps covered a wide range of subjects. Five of the 14 Facebook accounts scanned had posts about medical apps in the past two years while 11 of the 15 Twitter accounts had tweets about medical apps. Social media was only one of the many promotional methods noted. Outside of the app lists and mobile resources guides, Canadian academic medical libraries are providing workshops, presentations, and drop-in sessions for mobile medical apps. Conclusion: While librarians cannot simply compare mobile services and resources between academic medical libraries without factoring in a number of other circumstances, librarians can learn from mobile resources strategies employed at other libraries, such as using research guides to increase medical app literacy. 1. Complaining Behavior of Academic Library Users in South Korea Science.gov (United States) Oh, Dong-Geun 2004-01-01 This study investigates the influences of the antecedent factors on the complaints and resulting behaviors of 582 university library users in South Korea. There were statistically significant relationships between personal norms and negative word of mouth and indirect voice behaviors, between service importance and negative word-of-mouth behavior,… 2. Learning the preferences of physicians for the organization of result lists of medical evidence articles. Science.gov (United States) O'Sullivan, D; Wilk, S; Michalowski, W; Slowinski, R; Thomas, R; Kadzinski, M; Farion, K 2014-01-01 Online medical knowledge repositories such as MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library are increasingly used by physicians to retrieve articles to aid with clinical decision making. The prevailing approach for organizing retrieved articles is in the form of a rank-ordered list, with the assumption that the higher an article is presented on a list, the more relevant it is. Despite this common list-based organization, it is seldom studied how physicians perceive the association between the relevance of articles and the order in which articles are presented. In this paper we describe a case study that captured physician preferences for 3-element lists of medical articles in order to learn how to organize medical knowledge for decision-making. Comprehensive relevance evaluations were developed to represent 3-element lists of hypothetical articles that may be retrieved from an online medical knowledge source such as MEDLINE or The Cochrane Library. Comprehensive relevance evaluations asses not only an article's relevance for a query, but also whether it has been placed on the correct list position. In other words an article may be relevant and correctly placed on a result list (e.g. the most relevant article appears first in the result list), an article may be relevant for a query but placed on an incorrect list position (e.g. the most relevant article appears second in a result list), or an article may be irrelevant for a query yet still appear in the result list. The relevance evaluations were presented to six senior physicians who were asked to express their preferences for an article's relevance and its position on a list by pairwise comparisons representing different combinations of 3-element lists. The elicited preferences were assessed using a novel GRIP (Generalized Regression with Intensities of Preference) method and represented as an additive value function. Value functions were derived for individual physicians as well as the group of physicians. The results show 3. Conference Proceedings in the IAEA Library (Received Up To May 1969) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1970-01-01 This is the IAEA's first computer-produced list of proceedings of conferences. It identifies all volumes received in the IAEA Library up to May 1969. The purpose of the list is to assist members of the IAEA staff and co-operating libraries to identify conferences, congresses, meetings, symposia and training courses relating to nuclear science and technology and to locate the proceedings 4. Word Inventory and Frequency Analysis of French Conversations. Science.gov (United States) Malecot, Andre This word frequency list was extracted from a corpus of fifty half-hour conversations recorded in Paris during the academic year 1967-68. The speakers, who did not know that they were being recorded, were all well-educated professionals and all speakers of the most standard dialect of French. The list is made up of all phonetically discrete words… 5. Macro-assembler technique for generating control words for a micro-programmed processor International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lesny, D.D.; Wray, J.J. 1981-01-01 To produce microcode for an experimental system, such as FASTBUS interfaces, with wide control words and many micro-fields, one needs a micro-assembler which (1) allows wide flexibility in defining defaults for microcode fields, (2) does a significant amount of error checking to prevent multiple or inconsistant definitions of fields, (3) allows macro expansions which define several microcode words for frequently used sequences, and (4) is easily modified as hardware definitions are refined. Using MACRO-11 on DEC PDP-11 computers, a library of macros has been created, which can be used to generate the 80-bit microcode words needed for a Unibus to FASTBUS micro-programmed interface and which meets the above requirements. The same technique could easily be used to develop libraries appropriate for other microcoded devices 6. The Christmas list CERN Multimedia James Gillies 2010-01-01 List making seems to be among mankind’s favourite activities, particularly as the old year draws to a close and the new one begins. It seems that we all want to know what the top 100 annoying pop songs are, who are the world’s most embarrassing people and what everyone’s been watching on TV. The transition from 2009 to 2010 was no different, but some of the latest batch of lists have a few surprising entries. According to the Global Language Monitor, ‘twitter’ was the top word of 2009. No surprises there, but ‘hadron’ came in at number 8 on the list. ‘King of pop’ was top phrase, according to the same source, but ‘god particle’ came in at number 10. And while ‘Barack Obama’ was the name of the year, ‘Large Hadron Collider’ came in at number four. The Global Language Monitor was not the only organization whose lists included particle physics references. &ls... 7. Errorless discrimination and picture fading as techniques for teaching sight words to TMR students. Science.gov (United States) Walsh, B F; Lamberts, F 1979-03-01 The effectiveness of two approaches for teaching beginning sight words to 30 TMR students was compared. In Dorry and Zeaman's picture-fading technique, words are taught through association with pictures that are faded out over a series of trials, while in the Edmark program errorless-discrimination technique, words are taught through shaped sequences of visual and auditory--visual matching-to-sample, with the target word first appearing alone and eventually appearing with orthographically similar words. Students were instructed on two lists of 10 words each, one list in the picture-fading and one in the discrimination method, in a double counter-balanced, repeated-measures design. Covariance analysis on three measures (word identification, word recognition, and picture--word matching) showed highly significant differences between the two methods. Students' performance was better after instruction with the errorless-discrimination method than after instruction with the picture-fading method. The findings on picture fading were interpreted as indicating a possible failure of the shifting of control from picture to printed word that earlier researchers have hypothesized as occurring. 8. The Case of Loan-words in "Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele" African Journals Online (AJOL) In selecting headwords for ISN, the Ndebele Lexicographic Unit used the frequency-list method, lemmatising words mostly found in the corpus. This method inevitably allowed the adoption of loan-words in the ISN with resultant public protest. The article is divided into two broad sections. The first section gives a gen-eral ... 9. Domain-specific and domain-general constraints on word and sequence learning. Science.gov (United States) Archibald, Lisa M D; Joanisse, Marc F 2013-02-01 The relative influences of language-related and memory-related constraints on the learning of novel words and sequences were examined by comparing individual differences in performance of children with and without specific deficits in either language or working memory. Children recalled lists of words in a Hebbian learning protocol in which occasional lists repeated, yielding improved recall over the course of the task on the repeated lists. The task involved presentation of pictures of common nouns followed immediately by equivalent presentations of the spoken names. The same participants also completed a paired-associate learning task involving word-picture and nonword-picture pairs. Hebbian learning was observed for all groups. Domain-general working memory constrained immediate recall, whereas language abilities impacted recall in the auditory modality only. In addition, working memory constrained paired-associate learning generally, whereas language abilities disproportionately impacted novel word learning. Overall, all of the learning tasks were highly correlated with domain-general working memory. The learning of nonwords was additionally related to general intelligence, phonological short-term memory, language abilities, and implicit learning. The results suggest that distinct associations between language- and memory-related mechanisms support learning of familiar and unfamiliar phonological forms and sequences. 10. Why do pictures, but not visual words, reduce older adults' false memories? Science.gov (United States) Smith, Rebekah E; Hunt, R Reed; Dunlap, Kathryn R 2015-09-01 Prior work shows that false memories resulting from the study of associatively related lists are reduced for both young and older adults when the auditory presentation of study list words is accompanied by related pictures relative to when auditory word presentation is combined with visual presentation of the word. In contrast, young adults, but not older adults, show a reduction in false memories when presented with the visual word along with the auditory word relative to hearing the word only. In both cases of pictures relative to visual words and visual words relative to auditory words alone, the benefit of picture and visual words in reducing false memories has been explained in terms of monitoring for perceptual information. In our first experiment, we provide the first simultaneous comparison of all 3 study presentation modalities (auditory only, auditory plus visual word, and auditory plus picture). Young and older adults show a reduction in false memories in the auditory plus picture condition, but only young adults show a reduction in the visual word condition relative to the auditory only condition. A second experiment investigates whether older adults fail to show a reduction in false memory in the visual word condition because they do not encode perceptual information in the visual word condition. In addition, the second experiment provides evidence that the failure of older adults to show the benefits of visual word presentation is related to reduced cognitive resources. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved). 11. Macrostructural Treatment of Multi-word Lexical Items Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alenka Vrbinc 2011-05-01 Full Text Available The paper discusses the macrostructural treatment of multi-word lexical items in mono- and bilingual dictionaries. First, the classification of multi-word lexical items is presented, and special attention is paid to the discussion of compounds – a specific group of multi-word lexical items that is most commonly afforded headword status but whose inclusion in the headword list may also depend on spelling. Then the inclusion of multi-word lexical items in monolingual dictionaries is dealt with in greater detail, while the results of a short survey on the inclusion of five randomly chosen multi-word lexical items in seven English monolingual dictionaries are presented. The proposals as to how to treat these five multi-word lexical items in bilingual dictionaries are presented in the section about the inclusion of multi-word lexical items in bilingual dictionaries. The conclusion is that it is most important to take the users’ needs into consideration and to make any dictionary as user friendly as possible. 12. SUBTLEX- AL: Albanian word frequencies based on film subtitles Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dr.Sc. Rrezarta Avdyli 2013-06-01 Full Text Available Recently several studies have shown that word frequency estimation based on subtitle files explains better the variance in word recognition performance than traditional words frequency estimates did. The present study aims to show this frequency estimate in Albanian from more than 2M words coming from film subtitles. Our results show high correlation between the RT from a LD study (120 stimuli and the SUBTLEX- AL, as well as, high correlation between this and the unique existing frequency list of a hundred more frequent Albanian words. These findings suggest that SUBTLEX-AL it is good frequency estimation, furthermore, this is the first database of frequency estimation in Albanian larger than 100 words. 13. AUTOMATION BASED LIBRARY MANAGEMENT IN DEPOK PUBLIC LIBRARY IN THE CONTEXT OF RITUAL PERFORMANCE Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Rafiqa Maulidia 2017-06-01 Full Text Available Library management using manual system is no longer adequate to handle the workload in the library routines, librarians must use application of library automation. To provide a good working performance, librarians use strategy, competences and certain habits, which are referred to as a ritual performance. The performance of the ritual is the demonstration of competence spontaneously by individuals in dealing with individuals, groups and organizations, which contains elements of personal ritual, the work ritual, social ritual, and organization ritual. The research focuses in the automation based library management in the context of the performance of the ritual. This study used a qualitative approach with case study method. The findings suggest that the personal ritual shows the personal habits of librarians to do their tasks, ritual librarian's work show responsibility towards their duties, social rituals strengthen the emotional connection between librarians and leaders, as well as ritual organizations suggest the involvement of librarians in giving their contribution in decision making. Conclusions of this study shows that the performance of rituals librarian at Depok Public Library gives librarians the skills to implement automation systems in the library management, and reflect the values of responsibility, mutual trust, and mutual respect. Key words : Library Management, Library Automation, Ritual Performance, Ritual Performance Value 14. Core List of Astronomy and Physics Journals Science.gov (United States) Bryson, Liz; Fortner, Diane; Yorks, Pamela This is a list of highly-used and highly-cited physics and astronomy journals. "Use" is measured largely on paper-journal counts from selective academic research-level libraries. Citation count titles are drawn from Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) data. Recognition is given to entrepreneurial electronic-only or new-style electronic journals. Selective news, magazine, and general science journals are omitted. The compilers welcome questions, suggestions for additions, or other advice. Comments may be sent c/o Diane Fortner, Physics Library, University of California, Berkeley. [email protected] 15. Correction of false memory for associated word lists by collaborating groups. Science.gov (United States) Weigold, Arne; Russell, Elizabeth J; Natera, Sara N 2014-01-01 Collaborative inhibition is often observed for both correct and false memories. However, research examining the mechanisms by which collaborative inhibition occurs, such as retrieval disruption, reality monitoring, or group filtering, is lacking. In addition, the creation of the nominal groups (i.e., groups artificially developed by combining individuals' recall) necessary for examining collaborative inhibition do not use statistical best practices. Using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, we examined percentages of correct and false memories in individuals, collaborative interactive groups, and correctly created nominal groups, as well as the processes that the collaborative interactive groups used to determine which memories to report. Results showed evidence of the collaborative inhibition effect. In addition, analyses of the collaborative interactive groups' discussions found that these groups wrote down almost all presented words but less than half of nonpresented critical words, after discussing them, with nonpresented critical words being stated to the group with lower confidence and rejected by other group members more often. Overall, our findings indicated support for the group filtering hypothesis. 16. Longer Opening Hours for the Library CERN Multimedia 2001-01-01 The scientific information service. The CERN library is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. So how, you might be wondering, can they improve on that? The answer is in the detail. Although you can already use the library whenever you want, items can only be checked out when the front desk is staffed. A decision taken last week by the Scientific Information Policy Board now means that there will someone at the desk through out CERN's official working hours, with an extra 90 minutes at the end of the day so that people can check out material on their way home. In other words, the library will be open from 8:30 to 19:00, Monday to Friday. The library continues, of course, to be open 24 hours a day, all year round, and services provided via the digital library remain at your disposal day and night: http://library.cern.ch 17. Practical Microform Materials for Libraries: Silver, Diazo, Vesicular. Science.gov (United States) Veaner, Allen B. 1982-01-01 Remarks on the relative permanence and durability of three types of film in use in library microform reproduction (silver, diazo, and vesicular) and points out some technical and economic facts that govern the choice of microform materials for libraries. A 6-item reference list is included. (Author/JL) 18. Library Services Funding Assessment Science.gov (United States) Lorig, Jonathan A. 2004-01-01 collect as much of the relevant data as possible. Hopefully this dataset will permit the research units at the GRC, and library administration as well, to make informed decisions about future library funding. Prior to the creation of the actual dataset, I established a comprehensive list of the library s print and online journal subscriptions. This list will be useful outside the context of the cost analysis project, as an addition to the library website. The cost analysis dataset s primary fields are: journal name, vendor, publisher, ISSN (International Standard Serial Number, to uniquely identify the titles), stand-alone price, and indication as to the presence of the journal in current GRC Technical Library consortium membership subscriptions. The dataset will hopefully facilitate comparisons between the stand-alone journal prices and the cost of shared journal subscriptions for groups of titles. 19. Development and Validation of a Persian Version of Dichotic Emotional Word Test Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Atefe Davudazde 2016-03-01 Full Text Available Introduction: Emotional words in comparison with neutral words have different hemispheric specialization. It is assumed that the right hemisphere has a role in processing every kind of emotional word. The objective of the present study was the development of a Persian version of the dichotic emotional word test and evaluate its validation among adult Persian speakers. Materials and Methods: The present study was done on 60 adults, with the age ranging from 18-30 years for both genders, who had no history of neurological disorders with normal hearing. The developed test included eight main lists; each had several dichotic emotional/ neutral pairs of words. Participants were asked to recall as many words in each list as they could after they listened to them. A content validity index was used to analyze the validity of the test. Results: The mean content validity index score was 0.94. The findings showed that in the left ear, emotional words were remembered more than neutral ones (P=0.007. While in the right ear, neutral words were remembered more (P=0.009. There were no significant differences in male and female scores. Conclusion: Dichotic emotional word test has a high content validity. The ability to remember emotional words better in the left ear supports the dominant role of the right hemisphere in emotional word perception. 20. ALA glossary of library and information science CERN Document Server Levine-Clark, Michael 2013-01-01 This fourth edition of ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science presents a thorough yet concise guide to the specific words that describe the materials, processes and systems relevant to the field of librarianship. 1. DELIVERing Library Resources to the Virtual Learning Environment Science.gov (United States) Secker, Jane 2005-01-01 Purpose: Examines a project to integrate digital libraries and virtual learning environments (VLE) focusing on requirements for online reading list systems. Design/methodology/approach: Conducted a user needs analysis using interviews and focus groups and evaluated three reading or resource list management systems. Findings: Provides a technical… 2. Iterative List Decoding DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Justesen, Jørn; Høholdt, Tom; Hjaltason, Johan 2005-01-01 We analyze the relation between iterative decoding and the extended parity check matrix. By considering a modified version of bit flipping, which produces a list of decoded words, we derive several relations between decodable error patterns and the parameters of the code. By developing a tree...... of codewords at minimal distance from the received vector, we also obtain new information about the code.... 3. NJOY and libraries: complementary information collecting International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Caldeira, A.D.; Chalhoub, E.S.; Ono, S. 1987-06-01 This report contains a list of incompatibilities between NJOY code and evaluate nuclear data libraries, necessary information not included in the user's manual, and errors found in the program. (author) 4. Getting to Know Library Users' Needs DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Harbo, Karen; Hansen, Thomas Erlandson V. 2012-01-01 'Meeting the User' is a programme committee under the Danish Electronic Research Library. As a development group at a national level we see our role as facilitating an innovative culture within academic libraries, focusing on users' needs and the way libraries meet them. In collaboration...... a description of the above-mentioned methods, valuable experiences from the workshop, a presentation of the concept and concrete tools, discussion of the concept of user logic and library services, and the seven principles for human-centered innovation in relation to libraries, a short list of studies carried...... with a consultancy firm, the commitee organized a travelling workshop in four cities in 2010. The workshop introduced practical ways for library staff to get to know their users' needs for services and was based on anthropological methods. The travelling workshop was part of a larger project called 'A Journey... 5. Comparative difficulty and the strategic regulation of accuracy: the impact of test-list context on monitoring and meta-metacognition. Science.gov (United States) Arnold, Michelle M; Prike, Toby 2015-05-01 A growing body of research has shown that context manipulations can have little or no impact on accuracy performance, yet still significantly influence metacognitive performance. For example, participants in a test-list context paradigm study one list of words with a medium levels-of-processing task and a second word list with either a shallow or deep task: Recognition for medium words does not differ across conditions, however medium words are significantly more likely to be labeled as "remembered" (vs. merely familiar) if they had been studied with a shallow word list (Bodner & Lindsay, 2003). The goal of the current studies was to extend the test-list context paradigm to strategic regulation (report/withhold recognition test), and broaden it to incorporate different types of stimuli (i.e., face stimuli in place of a medium word list). The paradigm also was modified to include separate answer (studied/new) confidence and decision (report/withhold) confidence ratings at test. Results showed that context did not impact recognition accuracy for faces across the context conditions, however participants were more likely to report (i.e., volunteer) their face responses if they had studied the shallow word list. The results also demonstrated a difference between answer confidence and decision confidence, and the pattern of this difference depended on whether responses were reported or withheld (Experiment 1). Overall, the data are presented as support for the functional account of memory, which views memory states as inferential and attributional rather than static categories. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 6. Effectiveness of Acoustic and Conceptual Retrieval Cues in Memory for Words at Two Grade Levels. Technical Report No. 220. Science.gov (United States) Ghatala, Elizabeth S.; Hurlbut, Nancy L. The effectiveness of two types of retrieval cues was assessed with second- and sixth-grade children. After a single presentation of a list of words, the children first recalled as many of the words as they could. Following free recall, children in each grade were given either conceptual (category names for words on the input lists) or acoustic… 7. Signs of the Times: Signage in the Library. Science.gov (United States) Johnson, Carolyn 1993-01-01 Discusses the use of signs in libraries and lists 12 steps to create successful signage. Highlights include consistency, location, color, size, lettering, types of material, user needs, signage policy, planning, in-house fabrication versus vendors, and evaluation, A selected bibliography of 24 sources of information on library signage is included.… 8. International Dimensions of Library History: Leadership and Scholarship, 1978-1998. Science.gov (United States) Maack, Mary Niles 2000-01-01 Outlines the growth of internationalism in library history since 1978, when the American Library History Round Table dropped the word American from its name in acknowledgement of the growing importance of international scholarship. Discusses major conferences and publications on international themes and considers the role of the round table. (LRW) 9. Enrichr: interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Edward Y; Tan, Christopher M; Kou, Yan; Duan, Qiaonan; Wang, Zichen; Meirelles, Gabriela Vaz; Clark, Neil R; Ma'ayan, Avi 2013-04-15 System-wide profiling of genes and proteins in mammalian cells produce lists of differentially expressed genes/proteins that need to be further analyzed for their collective functions in order to extract new knowledge. Once unbiased lists of genes or proteins are generated from such experiments, these lists are used as input for computing enrichment with existing lists created from prior knowledge organized into gene-set libraries. While many enrichment analysis tools and gene-set libraries databases have been developed, there is still room for improvement. Here, we present Enrichr, an integrative web-based and mobile software application that includes new gene-set libraries, an alternative approach to rank enriched terms, and various interactive visualization approaches to display enrichment results using the JavaScript library, Data Driven Documents (D3). The software can also be embedded into any tool that performs gene list analysis. We applied Enrichr to analyze nine cancer cell lines by comparing their enrichment signatures to the enrichment signatures of matched normal tissues. We observed a common pattern of up regulation of the polycomb group PRC2 and enrichment for the histone mark H3K27me3 in many cancer cell lines, as well as alterations in Toll-like receptor and interlukin signaling in K562 cells when compared with normal myeloid CD33+ cells. Such analyses provide global visualization of critical differences between normal tissues and cancer cell lines but can be applied to many other scenarios. Enrichr is an easy to use intuitive enrichment analysis web-based tool providing various types of visualization summaries of collective functions of gene lists. Enrichr is open source and freely available online at: http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr. 10. Template-based combinatorial enumeration of virtual compound libraries for lipids. Science.gov (United States) Sud, Manish; Fahy, Eoin; Subramaniam, Shankar 2012-09-25 A variety of software packages are available for the combinatorial enumeration of virtual libraries for small molecules, starting from specifications of core scaffolds with attachments points and lists of R-groups as SMILES or SD files. Although SD files include atomic coordinates for core scaffolds and R-groups, it is not possible to control 2-dimensional (2D) layout of the enumerated structures generated for virtual compound libraries because different packages generate different 2D representations for the same structure. We have developed a software package called LipidMapsTools for the template-based combinatorial enumeration of virtual compound libraries for lipids. Virtual libraries are enumerated for the specified lipid abbreviations using matching lists of pre-defined templates and chain abbreviations, instead of core scaffolds and lists of R-groups provided by the user. 2D structures of the enumerated lipids are drawn in a specific and consistent fashion adhering to the framework for representing lipid structures proposed by the LIPID MAPS consortium. LipidMapsTools is lightweight, relatively fast and contains no external dependencies. It is an open source package and freely available under the terms of the modified BSD license. 11. Y2K Resources for Public Libraries. Science.gov (United States) Foster, Janet 1999-01-01 Presents information for public libraries on computer-related vulnerabilities as the century turns from 1999 to 2000. Highlights include: general Y2K information; the Y2K Bug and PCs; Y2K sites for librarians; Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) and USMARC; technological developments in cyberspace; and a list of Web sites and Y2K resources. (AEF) 12. Information Sources on U. S. Radio Regulations in the Law Library. Science.gov (United States) Lockwood, James D. An annotated bibliography gives the radio regulations in the U.S., using sources available in the University of Michigan Law Library as well as the University of Michigan Libraries. Information is applicable to other law, university and public libraries. Relevant material on television regulations is included. Listings cover federal agencies, card… 13. Intentional forgetting of emotional words after trauma: a study with victims of sexual assault. Science.gov (United States) Blix, Ines; Brennen, Tim 2011-01-01 Following exposure to a trauma, people tend to experience intrusive thoughts and memories about the event. In order to investigate whether intrusive memories in the aftermath of trauma might be accounted for by an impaired ability to intentionally forget disturbing material, the present study used a modified Directed Forgetting task to examine intentional forgetting and intrusive recall of words in sexual assault victims and controls. By including words related to the trauma in addition to neutral, positive, and threat-related stimuli it was possible to test for trauma-specific effects. No difference between the Trauma and the Control group was found for correct recall of to-be-forgotten (F) words or to-be-remembered (R) words. However, when recalling words from R-list, the Trauma group mistakenly recalled significantly more trauma-specific words from F-list. "Intrusive" recall of F-trauma words when asked to recall R-words was related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder reported on the Impact of Event Scale and the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale. The results are discussed in term of a source-monitoring account. 14. The Effect of the Length of To-Be-Remembered Lists and Intervening Lists on Free Recall: A Reexamination Using Overt Rehearsal Science.gov (United States) Ward, Geoff; Tan, Lydia 2004-01-01 In 3 experiments, the authors investigated the effects of to-be-remembered (TBR) and intervening list length on free recall to determine whether selective rehearsal could explain the previous finding that recall was affected only by TBR list length. In Experiments 1 (covert rehearsal) and 2 (overt rehearsal), participants saw 5- and 20-word lists… 15. The WIMS 69-group library tape 166259 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Taubman, C.J. 1975-07-01 This note describes the contents of the WIMS 69-group library, and includes a list of nuclides with details of data file or other source of data, resonance tabulations and thermal scattering models, and a list and details of resonance tabulations. Also included are condensation spectra used to obtain group cross-sections in fast energy range, group energy boundaries, and burn-up details, including fuel and fission product burn-up chains, fission product yields and energy release data. A fission spectrum for the 69-group library is given together with a lambda and sigma p values used in the calculation of resonance cross-sections, and 2200 m/sec absorption cross-sections and resonance absorption integrals. (U.K.) 16. A new taxonomy of Dutch personality traits based on a comprehensive and unrestricted list of descriptors NARCIS (Netherlands) De Raad, B.; Barelds, D.P.H. A list of 2,365 personality descriptive items was selected from a computerized database of the Dutch language. The list included terms from various word classes, such as trait adjectives, trait nouns, and trait verbs, and from expressions in which the meaning was drawn from a combination of words. 17. Adding part-of-speech information to the SUBTLEX-US word frequencies. Science.gov (United States) Brysbaert, Marc; New, Boris; Keuleers, Emmanuel 2012-12-01 The SUBTLEX-US corpus has been parsed with the CLAWS tagger, so that researchers have information about the possible word classes (parts-of-speech, or PoSs) of the entries. Five new columns have been added to the SUBTLEX-US word frequency list: the dominant (most frequent) PoS for the entry, the frequency of the dominant PoS, the frequency of the dominant PoS relative to the entry's total frequency, all PoSs observed for the entry, and the respective frequencies of these PoSs. Because the current definition of lemma frequency does not seem to provide word recognition researchers with useful information (as illustrated by a comparison of the lemma frequencies and the word form frequencies from the Corpus of Contemporary American English), we have not provided a column with this variable. Instead, we hope that the full list of PoS frequencies will help researchers to collectively determine which combination of frequencies is the most informative. 18. Enhancing a Core Journal Collection for Digital Libraries Science.gov (United States) Kovacevic, Ana; Devedzic, Vladan; Pocajt, Viktor 2010-01-01 Purpose: This paper aims to address the problem of enhancing the selection of titles offered by a digital library, by analysing the differences in these titles when they are cited by local authors in their publications and when they are listed in the digital library offer. Design/methodology/approach: Text mining techniques were used to identify… 19. Effect of Direction Type, Emotional Valence of Words And Gender on Directed Forgetting OpenAIRE Sayar, Filiz 2018-01-01 In the present study, the effects of emotional valence of words and gender on directed forgettingwere investigated. The directed forgetting effect was investigated by requiring from participants toforget the words that they have to recall and at the same time, to recall the words that they have toforget. The study was composed of two experiments. In the first experiment, the participants werepresented with a list of words consisting of neutral and emotional words once, while the participantsw... 20. Developing and Evaluating Validity and Reliability of Persian Version of “Dichotic Fused Rhymed Word Test” Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nasrin Ghanbari 2015-10-01 Full Text Available Objective: The aim of the present study is to develope and evaluate validity and reliability of Persian version of Dichotic Fused Rhymed Words Test in 18-25 years old normal population. Materials & Methods: The Persian version of Dichotic Fused Rhymed Words Test consisted of 15 pairs of monosyllable rhymed words. These paired words are set in 4 lists of 30 items that simultaneously were presented one to the left and another to the right ear so that they lead to perception of a single fusion concept. After selecting the test material from Moin Persian dictionary according to the intended criteria and pairing the rhymed words, content validity was assessed through lawshe method by 10 expert persons, words with high validity were selected and lists were set. Then, the words of each list were recorded on CD in a dichotic mode. Thereafter, the study was performed in 124 normal individuals (68 females and 56 males within ages ranging from 18 to 25 years and the scores were recorded on a designed scoring form. To examine reliability of test, the test was performed on 15 individuals again two weeks after the initial test and the Pearson correlation was assessed. Results: There are significant differences between mean scores of right and left ears (P<0.001. Content Validity Ratio was 0.8-1 for every item. Pearson correlation was 0.83 for test-retest (P<0.001. Cronbach’s alpha and Intra Class Correlation (ICC was 0.81 and 0.84 for internal correlation between scores of lists of test. The result showed that there is significant correlation between the lists. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the Persian version of Dichotic Fused Rhymed Words Test has a good content validity and reliability. It can be used in detecting function of corpus callosum, lateralization of the cerebral hemispheres and assessment of central auditory processing. 1. Analysis of words to development of augmentative and alternative communication boards for disabled student Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Andréa Carla Paura 2011-12-01 Full Text Available Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of the words used in language assessment instruments and/or the vocabulary used in Brazil for the development of alternative communication boards. Methods: word lists from the selected assessment instruments were analyzed through a protocol designed for this purpose. The frequency of occurrence of each word was verified considering four word lists from the instruments and the frequency of occurrence of these words according to the classification proposed by Comunication Pictu Symbols system - PCS. Results: Results showed that the frequency words occurred only once was of 67.88% and the frequency of occurrence of concrete and abstract nouns in the instruments was 60.04%. The instrument that presented words with more than one occurrence was the Vocabulary Test-PPVT Peabody Picture. Conclusions: The use of tool that are already used and standardized may contribute to the process of evaluation, selection and deployment of augmentative and alternative communication resources for children and youth with disabilities. 2. All Things Being Equal: Pay Equity for Library Workers. Science.gov (United States) Josephine, Helen 1982-01-01 Stating that women workers generally earn less than their male colleagues, this article examines these inequities as experienced by library employees, noting job evaluation studies, library-based comparable worth studies, and federal response in Canada and the United States. Organizations to contact for help are listed and two footnotes are… 3. Age Differences in Adults' Free Recall of Pictures and Words. Science.gov (United States) Gounard, Beverley Roberts; Keitz, Suzanne M. This study was designed to determine whether adults' memory for pictorial and word stimuli might be differentially affected by age. Twenty female secretaries, median age 22.1, and 20 female members of a senior citizens' center, median age 69.4, were asked to learn lists of pictorial and word stimuli under free recall conditions. Eight trials were… 4. Modular Verification of Linked Lists with Views via Separation Logic DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jensen, Jonas Braband; Birkedal, Lars; Sestoft, Peter 2011-01-01 We present a separation logic specification and verification of linked lists with views, a data structure from the C5 collection library for .NET. A view is a generalization of the well-known concept of an iterator. Linked lists with views form an interesting case study for verification since... 5. Legal Information Resources: A Guide for Maryland Libraries. Science.gov (United States) Miller, Michael S., Ed. This guidebook and annotated bibliography is designed to provide a basic listing of sources of state (Maryland), federal, and some general law for the non-law library community, and to offer some insight into the suggested approaches for dealing with legal reference inquiries. Listings of contributors and members of the Task Force on Improving… 6. Como encontrar as palavras-chave mais importantes de um corpus com WordSmith tools How to find the most important keywords in a corpus with WordSmith tools Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tony Berber-Sardinha 2005-12-01 Full Text Available Um dos procedimentos mais delicados envolvidos numa análise de corpus via palavras-chave com WordSmith Tools KeyWords é a seleção de um sub-conjunto de palavras para serem investigadas em detalhe. A seleção se faz necessária, via de regra, porque o tamanho do léxico chave de um corpus de estudo é em geral muito grande, em geral em torno de 1500 palavras ou até mais. Uma maneira de fazer esse recorte consiste na extração de palavras-chave exclusivas. O léxico chave exclusivo é composto das palavras-chave que ocorrem somente no corpus de estudo em questão em comparação com palavras-chave de outros corpora de estudo. Contudo, comparar a lista de palavras-chave com várias outras é um procedimento custoso e complicado, que não pode ser exigido da maioria dos usuários de WordSmith Tools KeyWords. Uma alternativa para este cenário seria a aplicação de um ponto de corte generalizado baseado em tendências de retorno de palavras-chave observadas através da aplicação do banco de palavras-chave existente. Tal ponto de corte indicaria a região da lista de palavras-chave na qual há maior probabilidade de ocorrência do léxico chave exclusivo. Os resultados obtidos aqui indicam um ponto de corte entre 31% a 53% das palavras da lista, a partir da primeira de uma lista ordenada por chavicidade.One of the most sensitive issues surrounding a keywords analysis with WordSmith Tools is the selection of a subset of words in a corpus that deserve being looked at in greater detail. This selection is normally needed because the size of the key word list can reach several hundred, up to 1,500 or more. One way to extract a selection consists of the pulling out 'exclusive key words'. This key lexis is made up of keywords that only in a single corpus only, in comparison with a bank of keyword lists. Nevertheless, comparing several keyword lists together is a demanding task, which most users of WordSmith Tools are not expected to cope with. An 7. Environmental Protection Agency Library System Book Catalog. Holdings from August 1973 to December 1974 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1975-01-01 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Library System Book Catalog of holdings from August 1973 to December 1974 has been published in a single volume. The full catalog lists alphabetically by title the complete entry for each book owned by the individual EPA libraries. The indexes to the Book Catalog are in two parts. Part 1, the Author Index, lists each author in alphabetical order. The Subject Index (Part 2) lists, in alphabetical order, the subject headings assigned to the books in the catalog 8. Comparison of Iranian National Medical Library with digital libraries of selected countries. Science.gov (United States) Zare-Farashbandi, Firoozeh; Najafi, Nayere Sadat Soleimanzade; Atashpour, Bahare 2014-01-01 The important role of information and communication technologies and their influence on methods of storing, retrieving information in digital libraries, has not only changed the meanings behind classic library activates but has also created great changes in their services. However, it seems that not all digital libraries provide their users with similar services and only some of them are successful in fulfilling their role in digital environment. The Iranian National Medical library is among those that appear to come short compared to other digital libraries around the world. By knowing the different services provided by digital libraries worldwide, one can evaluate the services provided by Iranian National Medical library. The goal of this study is a comparison between Iranian National Medical library and digital libraries of selected countries. This is an applied study and uses descriptive - survey method. The statistical population is the digital libraries around the world which were actively providing library services between October and December 2011 and were selected by using the key word "Digital Library" in Google search engine. The data-gathering tool was direct access to the websites of these digital libraries. The statistical study is descriptive and Excel software was used for data analysis and plotting of the charts. The findings showed that among the 33 digital libraries investigated worldwide, most of them provided Browse (87.87%), Search (84.84%), and Electronic information retrieval (57.57%) services. The "Help" in public services (48/48%) and "Interlibrary Loan" in traditional services (27/27%) had the highest frequency. The Iranian National Medical library provides more digital services compared to other libraries but has less classic and public services and has less than half of possible public services. Other than Iranian National Medical library, among the 33 libraries investigated, the leaders in providing different services are Library of 9. The Effect of Word Meaning on Speech DysFluency in Adults with Developmental Stuttering Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Elham Masumi 2013-10-01 Full Text Available Objectives: Stuttering is one of the most prevalent speech and language disorders. Symptomology of stuttering has been surveyed from different aspects such as biological, developmental, environmental, emotional, learning and linguistic. Previous researches in English-speaking people have suggested that some linguistic features such as word meanings may play a role in the frequency of speech non-fluency in people who stutter. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of word meanings on the frequency of dysfluency in Persian-speaking adults with developmental stuttering. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on 14 adults who stuttered. Their average age was 25 years. The frequency of non-fluency instances was evaluated upon reading two lists containing 60 words and 60 non-words. The words were selected on the basis of common Persian syllable structures. ‘Kolmogoro-Smirnov one sample test’ and paired t-test was used to analyze data the significance level was set at P<0.05. Results:There was a significant difference between the dysfluency in word and non-word lists (P<0.05. Discussion: The findings of this study indicate a significant increase in the frequency of dysfluency on non-words than on real words. It seems that the phonological encodingprocess of non-word reading is much more complex than for word reading, because, in non-word reading, the component of semantic content retrieval (word meaning is missing when compared to word reading. 10. Twitter for Libraries (and Librarians) Science.gov (United States) Milstein, Sarah 2009-01-01 For many people, the word "twitter" brings to mind birds rather than humans. But information professionals know that Twitter (www.twitter.com) is a fast-growing, free messaging service for people, and it's one that libraries (and librarians) can make good use of--without spending much time or effort. This article discusses the many potential uses… 11. The UNIX/XENIX Advantage: Applications in Libraries. Science.gov (United States) Gordon, Kelly L. 1988-01-01 Discusses the application of the UNIX/XENIX operating system to support administrative office automation functions--word processing, spreadsheets, database management systems, electronic mail, and communications--at the Central Michigan University Libraries. Advantages and disadvantages of the XENIX operating system and system configuration are… 12. Picture-Word Differences in Discrimination Learning: II. Effects of Conceptual Categories. Science.gov (United States) Bourne, Lyle E., Jr.; And Others A well established finding in the discrimination learning literature is that pictures are learned more rapidly than their associated verbal labels. It was hypothesized in this study that the usual superiority of pictures over words in a discrimination list containing same-instance repetitions would disappear in a discrimination list containing… 13. Multicultural E-Resources: An Exploratory Study of Resources Held by ARL Libraries Science.gov (United States) Maxey-Harris, Charlene 2010-01-01 The purpose of this study was to discover what libraries belonging to the Association of Research Libraries are subscribing to in support of multicultural and diversity research. A list of bibliographic and digital collections was created and searched for in the online public access catalogs of academic and research libraries in 2005 and 2008. A… 14. Index of nuclear data libraries available from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1982-02-01 This document lists more than 50 nuclear data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. All data and documentation references are available, free of charge, from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section. (author) 15. Index of nuclear data libraries available from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1984-12-01 This document lists more than 50 nuclear data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. All data and documentation references are available, free of charge, from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section. (author) 16. CRAYFISH AND ITS CULTURE IN UKRAINE. THEMATIC REFERENCES LIST Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) I. Hrytsyniak 2014-09-01 Full Text Available Purpose. To compile a thematic references list on the problems of biology, physiology, pathology and crayfish breeding in Ukraine. Methodology. As the search base for the realization of the purpose was the scientific library stock of the Institute of Fisheries NAAS. The methods that have been preferred were both integrated and selective. Findings. We prepared a thematic reference list of the main scientific works, such as collections of scientific papers, proceedings of international scientific conferences, articles and candidate’s thesis abstracts on the biology of crustaceans and their cultivation in Ukraine, including the literature sources since 1958. The bibliography contains 37 publications of the Institute of Fisheries NAAS scientific library stock, in alphabetical order, and described according to DSTU GOST 7.1:2006 «System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliographic entry. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules». Practical value. The list may be helpful for experts, scientists, students, who are interested in problems of crayfish biology and culture. 17. List of publications: April 1982 to March 1983 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1983-06-01 All scientific and technical publications of Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. issued from April 1982 to March 1983 are listed in ten broad categories. Each entry includes the AECL report series number, author(s), title, journal citation (if a reprint), pagination, issue date, and price. There are indexes by AECL and other report numbers, and authors. Directions for ordering AECL reports and a list of depository libraries are appended 18. Programming list processes. SLIP: symmetric list processor - applications; Le traitement de listes en programmation. SLIP: langage de listes symetrique - applications Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Broudin, Y [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique, Centre d' Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France) 1966-06-01 Modern aspects of programming languages are essentially turned towards list processing. The ordinary methods of sequential treatment become inadequate and we must substitute list processes for them, where the cells of a group have no neighbourhood connection, but where the address of one cell is contained in the preceding one. These methods are required in 'time sharing' solving problems. They also allow us to treat new problems and to solve others in the shortest time. Many examples are presented after an abstract of the most usual list languages and a detailed study of one of them : SLIP. Among these examples one should note: locating of words in a dictionary or in a card index, treatment of non numerical symbols, formal derivation. The problems are treated in Fortran II on an IBM 7094 machine. The subroutines which make up the language are presented in an appendix. (author) [French] La programmation moderne ne se satisfait plus des methodes classiques de traitement sequentiel ni des tableaux a positions de memoire contigues. Elle tend a generaliser les methodes de listes ou les cellules d'un groupe n'ont pas de relation de voisinage, mais sont enchainees en listes, l'une donnant l'adresse machine de l'autre. Ces methodes sont indispensables en 'partage de temps' et dans les traitements en 'temps reel'. De plus, elles permettent de traiter des problemes nouveaux et d'optimiser le temps de traitement de nombreux autres. De nombreux exemples sont traites, apres un resume des langages les plus utilises et une etude plus precise d'un langage de listes: SLIP. Parmi les exemples traites signalons la recherche lexicographique, le traitement de symboles alphanumeriques, la derivation formelle. Probleme traite en Fortran II sur IBM 7094. Les sous-programmes constitutifs du langage sont fournis en annexe. (auteur) 19. Index of data libraries available on magnetic tape from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1990-01-01 This document lists more than 80 nuclear data libraries and some atomic data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. All data and documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge. (author) 20. Index of data libraries available on magnetic tape from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1991-05-01 This document lists more than 80 nuclear data libraries and some atomic data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. All data and documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge. (author) 1. Index of data libraries available on magnetic tape from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1986-07-01 This document lists more than 80 nuclear data libraries and some atomic data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. All data and documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge. (author) 2. Bibliography of mass spectroscopy literature for 1972 compiled by a computer method. Volume II. Key Word Out of Context (KWOC) Index International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Capellen, J.; Svec, H.J.; Sage, C.R.; Sun, R. 1975-08-01 This report covers the year 1972, and lists approximately 10,000 articles of interest to mass spectroscopists. This two-volume report consists of three sections. Vol. II contains the Key Word Out of Context Index (KWOC Index) section. The KWOC Index lists the key words, the reference numbers of the articles in which the key word appears, and the first 100 characters of the title 3. Analysis of Ingredient Lists to Quantitatively Characterize ... Science.gov (United States) The EPA’s ExpoCast program is developing high throughput (HT) approaches to generate the needed exposure estimates to compare against HT bioactivity data generated from the US inter-agency Tox21 and the US EPA ToxCast programs. Assessing such exposures for the thousands of chemicals in consumer products requires data on product composition. This is a challenge since quantitative product composition data are rarely available. We developed methods to predict the weight fractions of chemicals in consumer products from weight fraction-ordered chemical ingredient lists, and curated a library of such lists from online manufacturer and retailer sites. The probabilistic model predicts weight fraction as a function of the total number of reported ingredients, the rank of the ingredient in the list, the minimum weight fraction for which ingredients were reported, and the total weight fraction of unreported ingredients. Weight fractions predicted by the model compared very well to available quantitative weight fraction data obtained from Material Safety Data Sheets for products with 3-8 ingredients. Lists were located from the online sources for 5148 products containing 8422 unique ingredient names. A total of 1100 of these names could be located in EPA’s HT chemical database (DSSTox), and linked to 864 unique Chemical Abstract Service Registration Numbers (392 of which were in the Tox21 chemical library). Weight fractions were estimated for these 864 CASRN. Using a 4. Tagging for Subject Access: A Glimpse into Current Practice by Vendors, Libraries, and Users Science.gov (United States) Yang, Sharon Q. 2012-01-01 The study looked into the 307 Koha libraries listed in Breeding's Library Technology Guides. Since all the tag clouds in Koha are user-contributed, their adoption and usage can shed light on the extent to which libraries are supporting user tagging. The research also revealed that public library users are more actively involved in tagging than… 5. Hemispheric Asymmetries in Semantic Processing: Evidence from False Memories for Ambiguous Words Science.gov (United States) Faust, Miriam; Ben-Artzi, Elisheva; Harel, Itay 2008-01-01 Previous research suggests that the left hemisphere (LH) focuses on strongly related word meanings; the right hemisphere (RH) may contribute uniquely to the processing of lexical ambiguity by activating and maintaining a wide range of meanings, including subordinate meanings. The present study used the word-lists false memory paradigm [Roediger,… 6. "My Library Was Dukedom Large Enough": Academic Libraries Mediating the Shakespeare Authorship Debate Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Michael Quinn Dudley 2013-11-01 Full Text Available The "Shakespeare Authorship Question" regarding the identity of the poet-playwright has been debated for over 150 years. Now, with the growing list of signatories to the "Declaration of Reasonable Doubt", the creation of a Master's Degree program in Authorship Studies at Brunel University in London, the opening of the Shakespeare Authorship Research Studies Center at the Library of Concordia University in Portland, and the release of two competing high profile books both entitled Shakespeare Beyond Doubt, academic libraries are being presented with a unique and timely opportunity to participate in and encourage this debate, which has long been considered a taboo subject in the academy. 7. Index of Nuclear Data Libraries available from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1993-01-01 This document lists more than 80 nuclear data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. All data and documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge. (author) 8. Index of nuclear data libraries available from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1992-01-01 This document lists more than 80 nuclear data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. All data and documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge. (author) 9. Words in Sheep’s Clothing Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dušan Gabrovšek 2006-06-01 Full Text Available The paper focuses on various types of dictionary words, i.e. infrequent and rather uncommon words often listed in comprehensive monolingual English dictionaries but virtually nonexistent in actual usage. These are typically learned derivatives of Greek or Latin origin that are given as unlabeled synonyms of everyday vocabulary items. Their inclusion seems to stem from the application of two different bits of lexicographic philosophy: great respect for matters classical and the principle of comprehensiveness. Seen from this perspective, descriptive corpus-based lexicography is still too weak. While in large native-speaker-oriented dictionaries of English such entries do not seem to cause any harm, they can be positively dangerous in EFL/ESL environments, because using them can easily lead to strange or downright incomprehensible lexical items. Learners are advised to be careful and check the status of such “dubious” items also in English monolingual learners’ dictionaries, in which dictionary words are virtually nonexistent. 10. Cataloguing In Special Libraries In The 1990s Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Elizabeth Makin 1996-01-01 Full Text Available Cataloguing in special libraries has been virtually ignored in the literature since the turn of the century, although there are many books and papers on cataloguing in general. It is not clear why this should be so, since it can be argued that the needs of special libraries are different from those of public, academic and national libraries. Special libraries are primarily interested in the information content of documents in the sense that they have little or no interest in documents except as "packages" in which information may be encapsulated. It is therefore reasonable to assume, a priori, that special libraries would undertake detailed indexing and light cataloguing, perhaps reducing the catalogue to the status of a finding list. This paper reports the results of a survey of current cataloguing practice in special libraries. 11. Newborn infants' sensitivity to perceptual cues to lexical and grammatical words. Science.gov (United States) Shi, R; Werker, J F; Morgan, J L 1999-09-30 In our study newborn infants were presented with lists of lexical and grammatical words prepared from natural maternal speech. The results show that newborns are able to categorically discriminate these sets of words based on a constellation of perceptual cues that distinguish them. This general ability to detect and categorically discriminate sets of words on the basis of multiple acoustic and phonological cues may provide a perceptual base that can help older infants bootstrap into the acquisition of grammatical categories and syntactic structure. 12. The development of the University of Jordan word recognition test. Science.gov (United States) Garadat, Soha N; Abdulbaqi, Khader J; Haj-Tas, Maisa A 2017-06-01 To develop and validate a digitally recorded speech test battery to assess speech perception in Jordanian Arabic-speaking adults. Selected stimuli were digitally recorded and were divided into four lists of 25 words each. Speech audiometry was completed for all listeners. Participants were divided into two equal groups of 30 listeners each with equal male to female ratio. The first group of participants completed speech reception thresholds (SRTs) and word recognition testing on each of the four lists using a fixed intensity. The second group of listeners was tested on each of the four lists at different intensity levels in order to obtain the performance-intensity function. Sixty normal-hearing listeners in the age range of 19-25 years. All participants were native speakers of Jordanian Arabic. Results revealed that there were no significant differences between SRTs and pure tone average. Additionally, there were no differences across lists at multiple intensity levels. In general, the current study was successful in producing recorded speech materials for Jordanian Arabic population. This suggests that the speech stimuli generated by this study are suitable for measuring speech recognition in Jordanian Arabic-speaking listeners. 13. Collection-based analysis of selected medical libraries in the Philippines using Doody's Core Titles. Science.gov (United States) Torres, Efren 2017-01-01 This study assessed the book collection of five selected medical libraries in the Philippines, based on Doodys' Essential Purchase List for basic sciences and clinical medicine, to compare the match and non-match titles among libraries, to determine the strong and weak disciplines of each library, and to explore the factors that contributed to the percentage of match and non-match titles. List checking was employed as the method of research. Among the medical libraries, De La Salle Health Sciences Institute and University of Santo Tomas had the highest percentage of match titles, whereas Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health had the lowest percentage of match titles. University of the Philippines Manila had the highest percentage of near-match titles. De La Salle Health Sciences Institute and University of Santo Tomas had sound medical collections based on Doody's Core Titles. Collectively, the medical libraries shared common collection development priorities, as evidenced by similarities in strong areas. Library budget and the role of the library director in book selection were among the factors that could contribute to a high percentage of match titles. 14. The New York City Subways: The First Ten Years. A Library Research Exercise Using a Computer. Science.gov (United States) Machalow, Robert This document presents a library research exercise developed at York College which uses the Apple IIe microcomputer and word processing software--the Applewriter--to teach library research skills. Unlike some other library research exercises on disk, this program allows the student to decide on alternative approaches to solving the given problem:… 15. Effects of lexical characteristics and demographic factors on mandarin chinese open-set word recognition in children with cochlear implants. Science.gov (United States) Liu, Haihong; Liu, Sha; Wang, Suju; Liu, Chang; Kong, Ying; Zhang, Ning; Li, Shujing; Yang, Yilin; Han, Demin; Zhang, Luo 2013-01-01 The purpose of this study was to examine the open-set word recognition performance of Mandarin Chinese-speaking children who had received a multichannel cochlear implant (CI) and examine the effects of lexical characteristics and demographic factors (i.e., age at implantation and duration of implant use) on Mandarin Chinese open-set word recognition in these children. Participants were 230 prelingually deafened children with CIs. Age at implantation ranged from 0.9 to 16.0 years, with a mean of 3.9 years. The Standard-Chinese version of the Monosyllabic Lexical Neighborhood test and the Multisyllabic Lexical Neighborhood test were used to evaluate the open-set word identification abilities of the children. A two-way analysis of variance was performed to delineate the lexical effects on the open-set word identification, with word difficulty and syllable length as the two main factors. The effects of age at implantation and duration of implant use on open-set, word-recognition performance were examined using correlational/regressional models. First, the average percent-correct scores for the disyllabic "easy" list, disyllabic "hard" list, monosyllabic "easy" list, and monosyllabic "hard" list were 65.0%, 51.3%, 58.9%, and 46.2%, respectively. For both the easy and hard lists, the percentage of words correctly identified was higher for disyllabic words than for monosyllabic words, Second, the CI group scored 26.3%, 31.3%, and 18.8 % points lower than their hearing-age-matched normal-hearing peers for 4, 5, and 6 years of hearing age, respectively. The corresponding gaps between the CI group and the chronological-age-matched normal-hearing group were 47.6, 49.6, and 42.4, respectively. The individual variations in performance were much greater in the CI group than in the normal-hearing group, Third, the children exhibited steady improvements in performance as the duration of implant use increased, especially 1 to 6 years postimplantation. Last, age at implantation had 16. Seven words you can never say at HHS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Robbins RA 2017-12-01 Full Text Available No abstract available. Article truncated at 150 words. The recent announcement of the seven words you can never say at Health & Human Services (HHS reminded me of the late George Carlin’s routine, “Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television” (1. Policy analysts at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC in Atlanta were told of the list of forbidden words at a meeting last Thursday, December 14, with senior CDC officials who oversee the budget, according to an analyst who took part in the 90-minute briefing (2. The forbidden words are "vulnerable," "entitlement," "diversity," "transgender," "fetus," "evidence-based" and "science-based." In some instances, the analysts were given alternative phrases. Instead of “science-based” or “evidence-based,” the suggested phrase is “CDC bases its recommendations on science in consideration with community standards and wishes,” the person said. In other cases, no replacement words were immediately offered. This is the latest attempt by government departments to distort fact. As an example, the … 17. cDNA library Table - KAIKOcDNA \| LSDB Archive [Life Science Database Archive metadata Lifescience Database Archive (English) Full Text Available c00951-005 Description of data contents List of Bombyx mori cDNA libraries. Data file File name: kaiko_cdna_...library.zip File URL: ftp://ftp.biosciencedbc.jp/archive/kaiko-cdna/LATEST/kaiko_cdna_library.zip File size:... 4.8 KB Simple search URL http://togodb.biosciencedbc.jp/togodb/view/kaiko_cdna_l 18. Enterprise Reference Library Science.gov (United States) Bickham, Grandin; Saile, Lynn; Havelka, Jacque; Fitts, Mary 2011-01-01 duplication costs. Most importantly, increasing collaboration across research groups provides unprecedented access to information relevant to NASA s mission. Conclusion: This project is an expansion and cost-effective leveraging of the existing JSC centralized library. Adding key word and author search capabilities and an alert function for notifications about new articles, based on users profiles, represent examples of future enhancements. 19. Adapting the Freiburg monosyllabic word test for Slovenian Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tatjana Marvin 2017-12-01 Full Text Available Speech audiometry is one of the standard methods used to diagnose the type of hearing loss and to assess the communication function of the patient by determining the level of the patient’s ability to understand and repeat words presented to him or her in a hearing test. For this purpose, the Slovenian adaptation of the German tests developed by Hahlbrock (1953, 1960 – the Freiburg Monosyllabic Word Test and the Freiburg Number Test – are used in Slovenia (adapted in 1968 by Pompe. In this paper we focus on the Freiburg Monosyllabic Word Test for Slovenian, which has been criticized by patients as well as in the literature for the unequal difficulty and frequency of the words, with many of these being extremely rare or even obsolete. As part of the patient’s communication function is retrieving the meaning of individual words by guessing, the less frequent and consequently less familiar words do not contribute to reliable testing results. We therefore adapt the test by identifying and removing such words and supplement them with phonetically similar words to preserve the phonetic balance of the list. The words used for replacement are extracted from the written corpus of Slovenian Gigafida and the spoken corpus of Slovenian GOS, while the optimal combinations of words are established by using computational algorithms. 20. an assessment of information brokerage in academic libraries African Journals Online (AJOL) windows xp professional setup GLOBAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH VOL 11, NO. ... information brokerage activities in the different units of the library through ... KEY WORDS: Information Brokerage; Information Products and Services; ... it can broker either on the demand or supply of ..... course brokers are business agents specializing in ... 1. Automating the Technical Library at Los Angeles' Department of Information Systems. Science.gov (United States) Gillette, Robert 1992-01-01 Description of the automation of the technical library of the City of Los Angeles Department of Information Services provides background information on the department and its library; lists the automation project goals and objectives; and describes the two software programs--ObjectVision and Paradox Engine--used as applications development tools… 2. The Library Automation Market: Why Do Vendors Fail? A History of Vendors and Their Characteristics. Science.gov (United States) Rush, James E. 1988-01-01 Documents the history of library automation from a business perspective, examining several topics relating to characteristics of vendors, the library automation marketplace, and the measurement of vendor performance and success. Tables list library automation system vendors and outline quantitative measures of vendor performance. (138 references)… 3. An Information Analysis of 2-, 3-, and 4-Word Verbal Discrimination Learning. Science.gov (United States) Arima, James K.; Gray, Francis D. Information theory was used to qualify the difficulty of verbal discrimination (VD) learning tasks and to measure VD performance. Words for VD items were selected with high background frequency and equal a priori probabilities of being selected as a first response. Three VD lists containing only 2-, 3-, or 4-word items were created and equated for… 4. Affective Norms for 362 Persian Words Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mahdi Bagheri 2016-10-01 Full Text Available Background: During the past two decades, a great deal of research has been conducted on developing affective norms for words in various languages, showing that there is an urgent need to create such norms in Persian language, too. The present study intended to develop a set of 362 Persian words rated according to their emotional valence, arousal, imageability, and familiarity so as to prepare the ground for further research on emotional word processing. This was the first attempt to set affective norms for Persian words in the realm of emotion. Methods: Prior to the study, a multitude of words were selected from Persian dictionary and academic books in Persian literature. Secondly, three independent proficient experts in the Persian literature were asked to extract the suitable words from the list and to choose the best (defined as grammatically correct and most often used. The database normalization process was based on the ratings by a total of 88 participants using a 9-point Likert scale. Each participant evaluated about 120 words on four different scales. Results: There were significant relationships between affective dimensions and some psycholinguistic variables. Also, further analyses were carried out to investigate the possible relationship between different features of valences (positive, negative, and neutral and other variables included in the dataset. Conclusion: These affective norms for Persian words create a useful and valid dataset which will provide researchers with applying standard verbal materials as well as materials applied in other languages, e.g. English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc. 5. Endf/B-VII.0 Based Library for Paragon - 313 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Huria, H.C.; Kucukboyaci, V.N.; Ouisloumen, M. 2010-01-01 A new 70-group library has been generated for the Westinghouse lattice physics code PARAGON using the ENDF/B-VII.0 nuclear data files. The new library retains the major features of the current library, including the number of energy groups and the reduction in the U-238 resonance integral. The upper bound for the up-scattering effects in the new library, however, has been moved to 4.0 eV from 2.1 eV for better MOX fuel predictions. The new library has been used to analyze standard benchmarks and also to compare the measured and predicted parameters for different types of Westinghouse and Combustion Engineering (CE) type operating reactor cores. Results indicate that the new library will not impact the reactivity, power distribution and the temperature coefficient predictions over a wide range of physics design parameters; however, will improve the MOX core predictions. In other words, the ENDF/B-VI.3 and ENDF/B-VII.0 produce similar results for reactor core calculations. (authors) 6. Sci-Tech Books of 1977: One Hundred Outstanding Titles for General Library Collections Science.gov (United States) Mount, Ellis; Crockett, Edith S. 1978-01-01 This annotated bibliography is intended for public library collections, although many selections are worthy of inclusion in college or special libraries. Subdivisions listed are: animal life, anthropology, biology, earth sciences, energy, environmental sciences, health, natural history, plants, psychology, and transportation. (JAB) 7. Health sciences libraries' subscriptions to journals: expectations of general practice departments and collection-based analysis. Science.gov (United States) Barreau, David; Bouton, Céline; Renard, Vincent; Fournier, Jean-Pascal 2018-04-01 The aims of this study were to (i) assess the expectations of general practice departments regarding health sciences libraries' subscriptions to journals and (ii) describe the current general practice journal collections of health sciences libraries. A cross-sectional survey was distributed electronically to the thirty-five university general practice departments in France. General practice departments were asked to list ten journals to which they expected access via the subscriptions of their health sciences libraries. A ranked reference list of journals was then developed. Access to these journals was assessed through a survey sent to all health sciences libraries in France. Adequacy ratios (access/need) were calculated for each journal. All general practice departments completed the survey. The total reference list included 44 journals. This list was heterogeneous in terms of indexation/impact factor, language of publication, and scope (e.g., patient care, research, or medical education). Among the first 10 journals listed, La Revue Prescrire (96.6%), La Revue du Praticien-Médecine Générale (90.9%), the British Medical Journal (85.0%), Pédagogie Médicale (70.0%), Exercer (69.7%), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (62.5%) had the highest adequacy ratios, whereas Family Practice (4.2%), the British Journal of General Practice (16.7%), Médecine (29.4%), and the European Journal of General Practice (33.3%) had the lowest adequacy ratios. General practice departments have heterogeneous expectations in terms of health sciences libraries' subscriptions to journals. It is important for librarians to understand the heterogeneity of these expectations, as well as local priorities, so that journal access meets users' needs. 8. cDNA library information - Dicty_cDB \| LSDB Archive [Life Science Database Archive metadata Lifescience Database Archive (English) Full Text Available List Contact us Dicty_cDB cDNA library information Data detail Data name cDNA library information DOI 10.189...s Data item Description cDNA library name Names of cDNA libraries (AF, AH, CF, CH, FC, FC-IC, FCL, SF, SH, S...(C) 5) sexually fusion-competent KAX3 cells (Gamete phase) (F) cDNA library construction method How to construct cDNA library...dir) 2) Full-length cDNA libraries (oligocapped method)(fl) 3) Gamete-specific subtraction library (sub) cDNA library... construction protocol Link to the webpage describing the protocol for generating cDNA library Size 9. Union Listing via OCLC's Serials Control Subsystem. Science.gov (United States) O'Malley, Terrence J. 1984-01-01 Describes library use of Conversion of Serials Project's (CONSER) online national machine-readable database for serials to create online union lists of serials via OCLC's Serial Control Subsystem. Problems in selection of appropriate, accurate, and authenticated records and prospects for the future are discussed. Twenty sources and sample records… 10. Evaluating the Pedagogic Value of Multi-word Expressions Based on EFL Teachers' and Advanced Learners' Value Judgments Science.gov (United States) Omidian, Taha; Shahriari, Hesamoddin; Ghonsooly, Behzad 2017-01-01 Multi-word expressions play an important role in second language acquisition, comprehension, and production. Therefore, there is great need for a list of frequent, useful multi-word expressions in language teaching classrooms. Despite multiple attempts at defining multi-word sequences, researchers and teaching experts are divided over the nature… 11. ORIGEN-S Decay Data Library and Half-Life Uncertainties International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hermann, O.W. 1998-01-01 The results of an extensive update of the decay data of the ORIGEN-S library are presented in this report. The updated decay data were provided for both the ORIGEN-S and ORIGEN2 libraries in the same project. A complete edit of the decay data plus the available half-life uncertainties are included in Appendix A. A detailed description of the types of data contained in the library, the format of the library, and the data sources are also presented. Approximately 24% of the library nuclides are stable, 66% were updated from ENDF/B-VI, about 8% were updated from ENSDF, and the remaining 2% were not updated. Appendix B presents a listing of percentage changes in decay heat from the old to the updated library for all nuclides containing a difference exceeding 1% in any parameter 12. Mojibake - The rehearsal of word fragments in verbal recall. Science.gov (United States) Lange-Küttner, Christiane; Sykorova, Eva 2015-01-01 Theories of verbal rehearsal usually assume that whole words are being rehearsed. However, words consist of letter sequences, or syllables, or word onset-vowel-coda, amongst many other conceptualizations of word structure. A more general term is the 'grain size' of word units (Ziegler and Goswami, 2005). In the current study, a new method measured the quantitative percentage of correctly remembered word structure. The amount of letters in the correct letter sequence as per cent of word length was calculated, disregarding missing or added letters. A forced rehearsal was tested by repeating each memory list four times. We tested low frequency (LF) English words versus geographical (UK) town names to control for content. We also tested unfamiliar international (INT) non-words and names of international (INT) European towns to control for familiarity. An immediate versus distributed repetition was tested with a between-subject design. Participants responded with word fragments in their written recall especially when they had to remember unfamiliar words. While memory of whole words was sensitive to content, presentation distribution and individual sex and language differences, recall of word fragments was not. There was no trade-off between memory of word fragments with whole word recall during the repetition, instead also word fragments significantly increased. Moreover, while whole word responses correlated with each other during repetition, and word fragment responses correlated with each other during repetition, these two types of word recall responses were not correlated with each other. Thus there may be a lower layer consisting of free, sparse word fragments and an upper layer that consists of language-specific, orthographically and semantically constrained words. 13. Retrieval of long and short lists from long term memory: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with human subjects. Science.gov (United States) Zysset, S; Müller, K; Lehmann, C; Thöne-Otto, A I; von Cramon, D Y 2001-11-13 Previous studies have shown that reaction time in an item-recognition task with both short and long lists is a quadratic function of list length. This suggests that either different memory retrieval processes are implied for short and long lists or an adaptive process is involved. An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study with nine subjects and list lengths varying between 3 and 18 words was conducted to identify the underlying neuronal structures of retrieval from long and short lists. For the retrieval and processing of word-lists a single fronto-parietal network, including premotor, left prefrontal, left precuneal and left parietal regions, was activated. With increasing list length, no additional regions became involved in retrieving information from long-term memory, suggesting that not necessarily different, but highly adaptive retrieval processes are involved. 14. Integrating Digital Humanities into the Library and Information Science Curriculum Science.gov (United States) Moazeni, Sarah Leila 2015-01-01 Digital Humanities (DH) is a hot topic, in demand and on the rise. This article begins with excerpts from job listings that were posted to the American Library Association's job list in a two-month span in spring 2015 and they seem to indicate that DH is an increasingly important competency and interest for academic librarians who perform… 15. Words, Words, Words: English, Vocabulary. Science.gov (United States) Lamb, Barbara The Quinmester course on words gives the student the opportunity to increase his proficiency by investigating word origins, word histories, morphology, and phonology. The course includes the following: dictionary skills and familiarity with the "Oxford,""Webster's Third," and "American Heritage" dictionaries; word… 16. Investigations into Library Web-Scale Discovery Services Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jason Vaughan 2008-03-01 Full Text Available Web-scale discovery services for libraries provide deep discovery to a library’s local and licensed content, and represent an evolution, perhaps a revolution, for end user information discovery as pertains to library collections. This article frames the topic of web-scale discovery, and begins by illuminating web-scale discovery from an academic library’s perspective – that is, the internal perspective seeking widespread staff participation in the discovery conversation. This included the creation of a discovery task force, a group which educated library staff, conducted internal staff surveys, and gathered observations from early adopters. The article next addresses the substantial research conducted with library vendors which have developed these services. Such work included drafting of multiple comprehensive question lists distributed to the vendors, onsite vendor visits, and continual tracking of service enhancements. Together, feedback gained from library staff, insights arrived at by the Discovery Task Force, and information gathered from vendors collectively informed the recommendation of a service for the UNLV Libraries. 17. A Corpus-Based Lexical Study on Frequency and Distribution of Coxhead's Awl Word Families in Medical Research Articles (RAs) Science.gov (United States) Chen, Qi; Guang-Chun, Ge 2007-01-01 We conducted a lexical study on the word frequency and the text coverage of the 570 word families from Coxhead's Academic Word List (AWL) in medical research articles (RAs) based on a corpus of 50 medical RAs written in English with 190425 running words. By computer analysis, we found that the text coverage of the AWL words accounted for around… 18. IAEA Library Catalogue of Books 1968-1970 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1971-01-01 This is the first cumulative volume of the IAEA library new acquisitions. It lists new material received during the period March 1968 - December 1970. The catalogue is divided into four major sections. The first contains the full bibliographic listing for each entry. It is arranged by broad subjects, and within each subject by the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) number. Each entry was then assigned a consecutive item number. The other three sections contain the personal author, title and corporate entry indexes, respectively 19. Memory bias for negative emotional words in recognition memory is driven by effects of category membership. Science.gov (United States) White, Corey N; Kapucu, Aycan; Bruno, Davide; Rotello, Caren M; Ratcliff, Roger 2014-01-01 Recognition memory studies often find that emotional items are more likely than neutral items to be labelled as studied. Previous work suggests this bias is driven by increased memory strength/familiarity for emotional items. We explored strength and bias interpretations of this effect with the conjecture that emotional stimuli might seem more familiar because they share features with studied items from the same category. Categorical effects were manipulated in a recognition task by presenting lists with a small, medium or large proportion of emotional words. The liberal memory bias for emotional words was only observed when a medium or large proportion of categorised words were presented in the lists. Similar, though weaker, effects were observed with categorised words that were not emotional (animal names). These results suggest that liberal memory bias for emotional items may be largely driven by effects of category membership. 20. A Japanese logographic character frequency list for cognitive science research. Science.gov (United States) Chikamatsu, N; Yokoyama, S; Nozaki, H; Long, E; Fukuda, S 2000-08-01 This paper describes a Japanese logographic character (kanji) frequency list, which is based on an analysis of the largest recently available corpus of Japanese words and characters. This corpus comprised a full year of morning and evening editions of a major newspaper, containing more than 23 million kanji characters and more than 4,000 different kanji characters. This paper lists the 3,000 most frequent kanji characters, as well as an analysis of kanji usage and correlations between the present list and previous Japanese frequency lists. The authors believe that the present list will help researchers more accurately and efficiently control the selection of kanji characters in cognitive science research and interpret related psycholinguistic data. 1. Modular verification of linked lists with views via separation logic DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jensen, Jonas Braband; Birkedal, Lars; Sestoft, Peter 2010-01-01 We present a separation logic specification and verification of linked lists with views, a data structure from the C5 collection library for C#. A view is a generalization of the well-known concept of an iterator. Linked lists with views form an interesting case study for verification since...... mathematical model of lists with views, and formulate succinct modular abstract specifications of the operations on the data structure. To show that the concrete implementation realizes the specification, we use fractional permissions in a novel way to capture the sharing of data between views... 2. Increases in individualistic words and phrases in American books, 1960-2008. Science.gov (United States) Twenge, Jean M; Campbell, W Keith; Gentile, Brittany 2012-01-01 Cultural products such as song lyrics, television shows, and books reveal cultural differences, including cultural change over time. Two studies examine changes in the use of individualistic words (Study 1) and phrases (Study 2) in the Google Books Ngram corpus of millions of books in American English. Current samples from the general population generated and rated lists of individualistic words and phrases (e.g., "unique," "personalize," "self," "all about me," "I am special," "I'm the best"). Individualistic words and phrases increased in use between 1960 and 2008, even when controlling for changes in communal words and phrases. Language in American books has become increasingly focused on the self and uniqueness in the decades since 1960. 3. Reading Slovenian Novels in Selected Branches of Ljubljana City Library Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Katja Šikonja 2015-09-01 Full Text Available Purpose: The article presents a research paper trying to identify the reasons for the assumption, widely accepted by Slovenian library profession that Slovenians do not read novels written by domestic authors.Methodology/approach: The research was conducted in 2014 in the Ljubljana City Library. A small sample of fifty adult users in five branches of Ljubljana City Library was selected. Data were gathered by semi-structured interview (questions were prepared in advance but could be tailored to the needs of the interview. Annual list of the most popular book titles was used.Results: Answers were classified in the following groups: (1 Problems of Slovenian novel (2 Insufficiently known (3 Foreign is better (4 Mandatory school reading lists (5 Other.Originality/practical implications: The research is the first attempt to thoroughly deal with the question of reading modern Slovenian novels in the region of Central Slovenia. Due to insufficient sample size, the results could not be generalized and applied to the entire Slovenian population. However, they could represent a starting point for the planning of future library activities enhancing the reading of Slovenian literature in the region of Central Slovenia. 4. Effects of script types of Japanese loan words on priming performance. Science.gov (United States) Hayashi, Chiyoko 2005-04-01 23 female undergraduate students (M=20 yr., 10 mo., SD=15 mo.) were given a word-fragment completion task, containing a study and nonstudy list. In the present study, the effect of orthographic familiarity (e.g., script type) of a test item on a word-fragment completion task was examined. The script types of word stimuli (Katakana and Hiragana) were manipulated between a study and test phase. Priming effect was greater when the script type was the same between a study and test phase than in the cross-script condition. Further, even if the script type of word stimulus was different between study and test phases, a significant priming effect was obtained when the test fragment was orthographically familiar. These results suggested that not only the consistency of the perceptual feature of the stimulus word between study and test phases, but also orthographic familiarity of the stimulus word in the test phase facilitated priming effect in a word-fragment completion test. 5. Where and how morphologically complex words interplay with naming pictures. Science.gov (United States) Zwitserlood, Pienie; Bölte, Jens; Dohmes, Petra 2002-01-01 Two picture-word experiments are reported in which a delay of 7 to 10 was introduced between distractor and picture. Distractor words were either derived words (Experiment 1) or compounds (Experiment 2), morphologically related to the picture name. In both experiments, the position of morphological overlap between distractor (e.g., rosebud vs tea-rose) and picture name (rose) was manipulated. Clear facilitation of picture naming latencies was obtained when pictures were paired with morphological distractors, and effects were independent of distractor type and position of overlap. The results are evaluated against "full listing" and "decomposition" approaches of morphological representation. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). 6. Library Mechanization at Auburn Community College Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Eloise F. Hilbert 1970-03-01 Full Text Available Use of an IBM 1401 computer and a single keypunch operation for changing a college book collection from Dewey decimal to Library of Congress classification; for acquisitions, accounting and circulation procedures; and for production of a list of periodical holdings. A mark-sense reproducer is used for the circulation system. 7. Modifier words in the financial press and investor expectations NARCIS (Netherlands) Bosman, Ronald; Kräussl, Roman; Mirgorodskaya, Elizaveta 2017-01-01 We experimentally investigate the priming effect of modifier words in the news media by looking at how different formulation of news affects investor expectations and beliefs. We asked subjects to estimate the future stock price for twelve real (anonymous) listed companies. They received information 8. Word frequency influences on the list length effect and associative memory in young and older adults OpenAIRE Badham, SP; Whitney, C; Sanghera, S; Maylor, EA 2016-01-01 Many studies show that age deficits in memory are smaller for information supported by pre-experimental experience. Many studies also find dissociations in memory tasks between words that occur with high and low frequencies in language, but the literature is mixed regarding the extent of word frequency effects in normal ageing. We examined whether age deficits in episodic memory could be influenced by manipulations of word frequency. In Experiment 1, young and older adults studied short and l... 9. Reference List About Implicit and Unconscious Bias DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Munar, Ana Maria; Villeseche, Florence; Wiedemann, Cecilie Dam to publications accessible through the CBS library website and/or specifications of where and how to access each publication. In addition, as part of this effort and in line with the task list of the Council for Diversity and Inclusion, the report “Gender and Leadership Practices at Copenhagen Business School......The compilation of this reference list is one of the initiatives of the action plan developed by the Council for Diversity and Inclusion at Copenhagen Business School (CBS). This reference list is the first in a series of efforts initiated by this Council to develop an academic resource pool......, everyday human thought and activity” (Hardin and Banaji, 2013, pp. 13-14). Research also indicates that it is possible to implement procedures and strategic actions that help reduce implicit biases (Devine, Forscher, Austin, & Cox, 2012). Although extensive, this list does not include all existing academic... 10. Usability Testing for e-Resource Discovery: How Students Find and Choose e-Resources Using Library Web Sites Science.gov (United States) Fry, Amy; Rich, Linda 2011-01-01 In early 2010, library staff at Bowling Green State University (BGSU) in Ohio designed and conducted a usability study of key parts of the library web site, focusing on the web pages generated by the library's electronic resources management system (ERM) that list and describe the library's databases. The goal was to discover how users find and… 11. Optimization of search algorithms for a mass spectra library International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Domokos, L.; Henneberg, D.; Weimann, B. 1983-01-01 The SISCOM mass spectra library search is mainly an interpretative system producing a ''hit list'' of similar spectra based on six comparison factors. This paper deals with extension of the system; the aim is exact identification (retrieval) of those reference spectra in the SISCOM hit list that correspond to the unknown compounds or components of the mixture. Thus, instead of a similarity measure, a decision (retrieval) function is needed to establish the identity of reference and unknown compounds by comparison of their spectra. To facilitate estimation of the weightings of the different variables in the retrieval function, pattern recognition algorithms were applied. Numerous statistical evaluations of three different library collections were made to check the quality of data bases and to derive appropriate variables for the retrieval function. (Auth.) 12. School Library Journal's Best Books 2008 Science.gov (United States) Jones, Trevelyn; Toth, Luann; Charnizon, Marlene; Grabarek, Daryl; Fleishhacker, Joy 2008-01-01 Of the more than 5000 books reviewed in "School Library Journal's" ("SLJ's") pages in 2008, the 67 books listed in this article stood out as having distinctive voices, singular vision, and/or innovative approaches. They include books for toddlers and preschoolers, terrific picture books and easy readers, and some highly original novels. Fantasy,… 13. Organization of a library of standard relocatible programmes, or a processing measurement data module based on computers of the TRA types International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dadi, K.; Dadi, L.; Mateeva, A.; Salamatin, I.M. 1976-01-01 The paper describes the organization of a library of standard programs with binary cade. The library was developed for a measurement module on the basis of a TRA-1001-i computer (Elektronika-100, PDP-8). The library is placed on a external memory (magnetic disk) and has a module structure. The external memory assigned for the library is divided into pages. When loaded into the computer internal memory, several pages are taken as one whole to represent the loading module. The magnetic disk storage capacity being 1.25 million words, the library has a total of ca. 50 10 thousand words (eight cylinders). The work provides regulations for compiling standard programs in SLANG. The library is characterized by the following main features: possibility of being used in memory dynamic distribution mode; possibility of being used for computers with internal memory capacity 4K; no need for intermediary-language coding of displaced program; and possibility of autonomous shift of standard program. The above library is compared with a comprising DES programs library 14. Relations among Metamemory, Rehearsal Activity and Word Recall of Learning Disabled and Non-Disabled Readers. Science.gov (United States) Swanson, H.L. 1983-01-01 In free recall of word lists involving different rehearsal strategies, more words were recalled by older (as against younger) children and by nondisabled (as against learning disabled) readers. Disabled readers tended to be nonstrategic recallers and less accurate estimators of their memory capacity. Recall differences were attributed to semantic… 15. Data Input for Libraries: State-of-the-Art Report. Science.gov (United States) Buckland, Lawrence F. This brief overview of new manuscript preparation methods which allow authors and editors to set their own type discusses the advantages and disadvantages of optical character recognition (OCR), microcomputers and personal computers, minicomputers, and word processors for editing and database entry. Potential library applications are also… 16. PR for Pennies: Low-Cost Library Public Relations. Science.gov (United States) Baeckler, Virginia Van Wynen This manual is designed to demystify a number of public relations techniques for those who wish to start producing their own materials with a minimum of time and money. Chapters focus on public relations; the library stereotype; words, ideas, and pictures; offset printing; creative print distribution; exhibits and posters; public speaking; and the… 17. MOJIBAKE – The Rehearsal of Word Fragments In Verbal Recall Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dr. Christiane eLange-Küttner 2015-04-01 Full Text Available Theories of verbal rehearsal usually assume that whole words are being rehearsed. However, words consist of letter sequences, or syllables, or word onset-vowel-coda, amongst many other conceptualizations of word structure. A more general term is the ‘grain size’ of word units (Ziegler & Goswami, 2005. In the current study, a new method measured the quantitative percentage of correctly remembered word structure. The amount of letters in the correct letter sequence as per cent of word length was calculated, disregarding missing or added letters. A forced rehearsal was tested by repeating each memory list four times. We tested low frequency (LF English words versus geographical UK town names to control for content. We also tested unfamiliar international (INT non-words and names of international (INT European towns to control for familiarity. An immediate versus distributed repetition was tested with a between-subject design. Participants responded with word fragments in their written recall especially when they had to remember unfamiliar words. While memory of whole words was sensitive to content, presentation distribution and individual sex and language differences, recall of word fragments was not. There was no trade-off between memory of word fragments with whole word recall during the repetition, instead also word fragments significantly increased. Moreover, while whole word responses correlated with each other during repetition, and word fragment responses correlated with each other during repetition, these two types of word recall responses were not correlated with each other. Thus there may be a lower layer consisting of free, sparse word fragments and an upper layer that consists of language-specific, orthographically and semantically constrained words. 18. Mojibake – The rehearsal of word fragments in verbal recall Science.gov (United States) Lange-Küttner, Christiane; Sykorova, Eva 2015-01-01 Theories of verbal rehearsal usually assume that whole words are being rehearsed. However, words consist of letter sequences, or syllables, or word onset-vowel-coda, amongst many other conceptualizations of word structure. A more general term is the ‘grain size’ of word units (Ziegler and Goswami, 2005). In the current study, a new method measured the quantitative percentage of correctly remembered word structure. The amount of letters in the correct letter sequence as per cent of word length was calculated, disregarding missing or added letters. A forced rehearsal was tested by repeating each memory list four times. We tested low frequency (LF) English words versus geographical (UK) town names to control for content. We also tested unfamiliar international (INT) non-words and names of international (INT) European towns to control for familiarity. An immediate versus distributed repetition was tested with a between-subject design. Participants responded with word fragments in their written recall especially when they had to remember unfamiliar words. While memory of whole words was sensitive to content, presentation distribution and individual sex and language differences, recall of word fragments was not. There was no trade-off between memory of word fragments with whole word recall during the repetition, instead also word fragments significantly increased. Moreover, while whole word responses correlated with each other during repetition, and word fragment responses correlated with each other during repetition, these two types of word recall responses were not correlated with each other. Thus there may be a lower layer consisting of free, sparse word fragments and an upper layer that consists of language-specific, orthographically and semantically constrained words. PMID:25941500 19. CERN Library - Journal cancellations in 2008 CERN Multimedia 2007-01-01 In 2007, the CERN Library has been allocated a smaller budget than in 2006. Since subscriptions must be paid in advance, the current budget is being used to pay the journal collection for the year 2008 and is unfortunately not sufficient to maintain the information resources at the 2007 level. Consequently, the Working Group for Acquisitions (WGA) was obliged to identify candidates for cancellation for 2008. The list of candidates is shown here. As in the past, readers will be able to order articles from journals not available in the CERN Library through the Interlibrary Loan (ILL) service; generally articles are sent within 24h. Library users are invited to send comments on this proposal not later than 4 August 2007 to the WGA Chairman, Rudiger Voss, with a copy to the Head Librarian, Jens Vigen. 20. Program Transformation to Identify List-Based Parallel Skeletons Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Venkatesh Kannan 2016-07-01 Full Text Available Algorithmic skeletons are used as building-blocks to ease the task of parallel programming by abstracting the details of parallel implementation from the developer. Most existing libraries provide implementations of skeletons that are defined over flat data types such as lists or arrays. However, skeleton-based parallel programming is still very challenging as it requires intricate analysis of the underlying algorithm and often uses inefficient intermediate data structures. Further, the algorithmic structure of a given program may not match those of list-based skeletons. In this paper, we present a method to automatically transform any given program to one that is defined over a list and is more likely to contain instances of list-based skeletons. This facilitates the parallel execution of a transformed program using existing implementations of list-based parallel skeletons. Further, by using an existing transformation called distillation in conjunction with our method, we produce transformed programs that contain fewer inefficient intermediate data structures. 1. Listing of Available ACE Data Tables Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Conlin, Jeremy Lloyd [Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States) 2017-01-31 This document is divided into multiple sections. Section 2 lists some of the more frequently used ENDF/B reaction types that can be used with the FM input card. The remaining sections (described below) contain tables showing the available ACE data tables for various types of data. These ACE data libraries are distributed by the Radiation Safety Information Computational Center (RSICC) with MCNP6. 2. Word form Encoding in Chinese Word Naming and Word Typing Science.gov (United States) Chen, Jenn-Yeu; Li, Cheng-Yi 2011-01-01 The process of word form encoding was investigated in primed word naming and word typing with Chinese monosyllabic words. The target words shared or did not share the onset consonants with the prime words. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was 100 ms or 300 ms. Typing required the participants to enter the phonetic letters of the target word,… 3. Library Program Evaluation: The AASL Planning Guide Science.gov (United States) Hardin, Rebecca M. 2012-01-01 The word "evaluation" often strikes fear in people, but the author is different. She has always been a person who thought of evaluation, in any form, as a way to make her better and help her strive for excellence. So naturally when her library supervisor announced at a meeting that they were going to do the American Association of School… 4. Bibliography on moving boundary problems with key word index International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wilson, D.G.; Solomon, A.D.; Trent, J.S. 1979-10-01 This bibliography concentrates mainly on time-dependent moving-boundary problems of heat and mass transfer. The bibliography is in two parts, a list of the references ordered by last name of the first author and a key word index to the titles. Few references from before 1965 are included 5. Visualizing Library Statistics using Open Flash Chart 2 and Drupal Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Laura K. Wiegand 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Libraries continue to need to demonstrate their value to stakeholders, and while statistics alone do not represent value, they are an important element. We found ourselves, and our stakeholders, uninspired by our infrequently updated bulleted list of statistics on our website and so set out to create a more dynamic and visually appealing look at our statistics. This article outlines how we used our content management system, Drupal, Open Flash Chart and custom programming to convert library statistics into Flash charts, including how to populate the graphs with dynamic data from external sources. The end result is our Library Statistics Dashboard (http://library.uncw.edu/facts_planning/dashboard that visually demonstrates the use, activity and resources in the library via interactive and visually interesting graphs. 6. Comparative Costs of Converting Shelf List Records to Machine Readable Form Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Richard E. Chapin 1968-03-01 Full Text Available A study at Michigan State University Library compared the costs of three different methods of conversion: keypunching, paper-tape typewriting, and optical scanning by a service bureau. The record converted included call number, copy number, first 39 letters of the author's name, first 43 letters of the title, and date of publication. Source documents were all of the shelf list cards at the Library. The end products were a master book tape of the library collections and a machine readable book card for each volume to be used in an automated circulation system. 7. Building Component Library: An Online Repository to Facilitate Building Energy Model Creation; Preprint Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Fleming, K.; Long, N.; Swindler, A. 2012-05-01 This paper describes the Building Component Library (BCL), the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) online repository of building components that can be directly used to create energy models. This comprehensive, searchable library consists of components and measures as well as the metadata which describes them. The library is also designed to allow contributors to easily add new components, providing a continuously growing, standardized list of components for users to draw upon. 8. School Library Media Certification Requirements: 1990 Update. Science.gov (United States) Perritt, Patsy H. 1990-01-01 Presents a compilation of school library media certification requirements taken from responses to a national survey. For each state, existing certificates or endorsements are listed, along with credit hours and/or experience required, whether it is an accredited or approved program, and required subject areas or competencies. A directory of… 9. INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1992-01-01 This is the nineteenth revision of the INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles (IAEA-INIS-11). It lists 10,797 journal titles which have contained articles within the scope of INIS. The purpose of this Authority List is to provide descriptive cataloguers with a standard abbreviation for journal titles and to assist users of INIS products with a tool for verifying the full title of a journal. A journal, or periodical, is generally published within a defined, fixed interval between issues, which usually has more than one issue a year, and which usually includes a mixture of articles, letters, summaries, etc. Within this definition, annuals such as Annual Review of Nuclear Science are included. Series titles as, for example the McGraw-Hill Series in Nuclear Engineering, are not included in this Authority. Entries: Each entry consists of: - the full journal title (highlighted); - the abbreviated title; - ISSN, if available; - CODEN, if available; - additional information related to the journal title. Arrangement: In Part I, the full journal titles are grouped by country or international organization name and ordered alphabetically, followed by the ISSN, the CODEN in square brackets if available, and then the abbreviated title. The abbreviated title is based on the rules of ISO 4: Documentation - International Code for the Abbreviation of Titles of Periodicals. The abbreviations of the words are taken from the ISDS List of Periodical Title Word Abbreviation. In Part II, the order of the citations is reversed: the abbreviated journal titles are arranged alphabetically, followed by country code. Then the full journal titles are followed by the country of publication, and if available, ISSN and CODEN. Additional Information: There is important information related to the journal titles which are fundamental for tracing the history of the title and the present status. They are listed below and are entered whenever applicable: - Ceased publication; - Superseded by 10. Emotional Valence, Arousal, and Threat Ratings of 160 Chinese Words among Adolescents. Science.gov (United States) Ho, Samuel M Y; Mak, Christine W Y; Yeung, Dannii; Duan, Wenjie; Tang, Sandy; Yeung, June C; Ching, Rita 2015-01-01 This study was conducted to provide ratings of valence/pleasantness, arousal/excitement, and threat/potential harm for 160 Chinese words. The emotional valence classification (positive, negative, or neutral) of all of the words corresponded to that of the equivalent English language words. More than 90% of the participants, junior high school students aged between 12 and 17 years, understood the words. The participants were from both mainland China and Hong Kong, thus the words can be applied to adolescents familiar with either simplified (e.g. in mainland China) or traditional Chinese (e.g. in Hong Kong) with a junior secondary school education or higher. We also established eight words with negative valence, high threat, and high arousal ratings to facilitate future research, especially on attentional and memory biases among individuals prone to anxiety. Thus, the new emotional word list provides a useful source of information for affective research in the Chinese language. 11. Examining the relationship between free recall and immediate serial recall: the effects of list length and output order. Science.gov (United States) Ward, Geoff; Tan, Lydia; Grenfell-Essam, Rachel 2010-09-01 In 4 experiments, participants were presented with lists of between 1 and 15 words for tests of immediate memory. For all tasks, participants tended to initiate recall with the first word on the list for short lists. As the list length was increased, so there was a decreased tendency to start with the first list item; and, when free to do so, participants showed an increased tendency to start with one of the last 4 list items. In all tasks, the start position strongly influenced the shape of the resultant serial position curves: When recall started at Serial Position 1, elevated recall of early list items was observed; when recall started toward the end of the list, there were extended recency effects. These results occurred under immediate free recall (IFR) and different variants of immediate serial recall (ISR) and reconstruction of order (RoO) tasks. We argue that these findings have implications for the relationship between IFR and ISR and between rehearsal and recall. (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). 12. The Effects of Semantic Transparency and Base Frequency on the Recognition of English Complex Words Science.gov (United States) Xu, Joe; Taft, Marcus 2015-01-01 A visual lexical decision task was used to examine the interaction between base frequency (i.e., the cumulative frequencies of morphologically related forms) and semantic transparency for a list of derived words. Linear mixed effects models revealed that high base frequency facilitates the recognition of the complex word (i.e., a "base… 13. Application of RSS in Special Libraries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shima Moradi 2007-07-01 Full Text Available Despite of ever increasing scope and volume of online information content and the constant need for easy accessibility to these contents, experts in various subject matters always face time constraints when searching for information or looking up their intended resource. Meanwhile, special libraries are faced with diminishing resources, time and human resource needed for providing services and meeting the information need of the said experts. Nowadays Push Technologies, in form of RSS could be used to speed up on-time information dissemination. RSS feeds could spontaneously deliver information to the users. These could be posted on webpages or read by RSS readers. RSS has numerous applications such as web page content update, reading lists, table of contents, current awareness, guides etc. The present paper while outlining RSS as one of the next generation web tools, would point out its various advantages and applications in the new generation of libraries (Lib 2.0,particularly the special libraries. It would also offer pointers to its application in meeting the information needs of experts and users in such libraries. 14. Systematic reviews in Library and Information Science: analysis and evaluation of the search process Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) José Antonio Salvador-Oliván 2018-05-01 Full Text Available Objective: An essential component of a systematic review is the development and execution of a literature search to identify all available and relevant published studies. The main objective of this study is to analyse and evaluate whether the systematic reviews in Library and Information Science (LIS provide complete information on all the elements that make up the search process. Methods: A search was launched in WOS, Scopus, LISTA, Library Science Database, Medline databases and a wiki published from 2000 to February 2017, in order to find and identify systematic reviews. The search was designed to find those records whose titles included the words “systematic review” and/or “meta-analysis”. A list was created with the twelve items recommended from of the main publication guides, to assess the information degree on each of them. Results and conclusions: Most of the reviews in LIS are created by information professionals. From the 94 systematic reviews selected for analysis, it was found that only a 4.3% provided the complete reporting on the search method. The most frequently included item is the name of the database (95.6% and the least one is the name of the host (35.8%. It is necessary to improve and complete the information about the search processes in the complete reports from LIS systematic reviews for reproducibility, updating and quality assessment improvement. 15. Providing Information about Reading Lists via a Dashboard Interface Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dr Jason Cooper 2013-01-01 Full Text Available As developers of the open source LORLS Resource/Reading List Management System we have developed a dashboard to better support academic staffs’ understanding of how their students use reading lists. This dashboard provides both graphical and tabulated information drawn from LORLS and the Aleph Integrated Library System. Development of the dashboard required changes to back-end functionality of LORLS such as logging views of reading lists and caching of loan data. Changes to the front end included the use of HTML5 canvas elements to generate pie charts and line graphs. Recently launched to academic staff at Loughborough University, the dashboard has already garnered much praise. It is hoped that further development of the dashboard will provide even more support for academics in the compilation of their reading lists. 16. Content and Design Features of Academic Health Sciences Libraries' Home Pages. Science.gov (United States) McConnaughy, Rozalynd P; Wilson, Steven P 2018-01-01 The goal of this content analysis was to identify commonly used content and design features of academic health sciences library home pages. After developing a checklist, data were collected from 135 academic health sciences library home pages. The core components of these library home pages included a contact phone number, a contact email address, an Ask-a-Librarian feature, the physical address listed, a feedback/suggestions link, subject guides, a discovery tool or database-specific search box, multimedia, social media, a site search option, a responsive web design, and a copyright year or update date. 17. Bibliography on moving boundary problems with key word index Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wilson, D.G.; Solomon, A.D.; Trent, J.S. 1979-10-01 This bibliography concentrates mainly on time-dependent moving-boundary problems of heat and mass transfer. The bibliography is in two parts, a list of the references ordered by last name of the first author and a key word index to the titles. Few references from before 1965 are included. (RWR) 18. From Libraries to ‘Libratories’ Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Leo Waaijers 2006-04-01 Full Text Available While the eighties of the last century were a time of local automation for libraries and the nineties the decade in which libraries embraced the internet and the WWW, now is the age in which the big search engines and institutional repositories are gaining a firm footing. This heralds a new era in both the evolution of scholarly communication and its agencies themselves, i.e. the libraries. Until now libraries and publishers have developed a digital variant of existing processes and products, i.e. catalogues posted on the Web, scanned copies of articles, e-mail notification about acquisitions or expired lending periods, or traditional journals in a digital jacket. However, the new OAI repositories and services based upon them have given rise to entirely new processes and products, libraries transforming themselves into partners in setting up virtual learning environments, building an institution’s digital showcase, maintaining academics’ personal websites, designing refereed portals and – further into the future – taking part in organising virtual research environments or collaboratories. Libraries are set to metamorphose into ‘libratories’, an imaginary word to express their combined functions of library, repository and collaboratory. In such environments scholarly communication will be liberated from its current copyright bridle while its coverage will be both broader - including primary data, audiovisuals and dynamic models - and deeper, with cross-disciplinary analyses of methodologies and applications of instruments. Universities will make it compulsory to store in their institutional repositories the results of research conducted within their walls for purposes of academic reporting, review committees, and other modes of clarification and explanation. Big search engines will provide access to this profusion of information and organise its mass customisation. 19. WORDS AS “LEXICAL UNITS” IN LEARNING/TEACHING VOCABULARY Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Moisés Almela 2007-12-01 Full Text Available One of the genuine contributions of theoretical linguistics to the interdisciplinary field of applied linguistics is to elucidate the nature of what should be taught and how it should be taught. Traditionally, the input supplied in vocabulary teaching has consisted either of word lists (most often or of words-in-context (more recently. In the first case, words are treated as self-contained receptacles of meaning, and in the second case, they are considered as nodes of semantic relationships. However, recent directions in corpus-driven lexicology are exploring the gulf between the concept of a “word” and that of a “semantic unit”. The main purpose of this paper is to update some implications of this discussion for one of the applied disciplines, namely FL/L2 vocabulary teaching and learning. 20. The library of Modulef subroutines International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kritz, M.V. 1981-07-01 The structure and contents of the MTS implementation of Modulef Software, are presented. It contains a short description of the general structure and data flux among Modulef routines, a list of chief-routines (or modules) in each library and a procedure concerning their use. This procedure tells how to concatenate, compile and run some Modulef modules. More information about each module can be found on especific bibliography. (Author) [pt 1. [Primary care resources available in digital libraries in Spanish Autonomous Regions]. Science.gov (United States) Juan-Quilis, Verónica 2013-03-01 The Statement by the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (SemFYC) on access to scientific information, highlights the need for providing digital libraries with certain resources in Autonomous Regions. The primary goal is to study the evidence-based medicine (EBM) coverage that SemFYC recommends regional virtual libraries. The regional health virtual libraries were identified and the access provided to health professionals, Internet presence, remote access and resources were studied. The results suggest there is ample coverage in 8 Autonomous Regions. At the top of the list was, Health Sciences Virtual Library of Navarre, the Balearic Islands Health Sciences Virtual Library, and Virtual Library of the Andalusian Public Health System. The present study needs to be extended to the other biomedical sciences, in order to obtain more accurate results. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved. 2. E-Hitz: a word frequency list and a program for deriving psycholinguistic statistics in an agglutinative language (Basque). Science.gov (United States) Perea, Manuel; Urkia, Miriam; Davis, Colin J; Agirre, Ainhoa; Laseka, Edurne; Carreiras, Manuel 2006-11-01 We describe a Windows program that enables users to obtain a broad range of statistics concerning the properties of word and nonword stimuli in an agglutinative language (Basque), including measures of word frequency (at the whole-word and lemma levels), bigram and biphone frequency, orthographic similarity, orthographic and phonological structure, and syllable-based measures. It is designed for use by researchers in psycholinguistics, particularly those concerned with recognition of isolated words and morphology. In addition to providing standard orthographic and phonological neighborhood measures, the program can be used to obtain information about other forms of orthographic similarity, such as transposed-letter similarity and embedded-word similarity. It is available free of charge from www .uv.es/mperea/E-Hitz.zip. 3. CPL: Common Pipeline Library Science.gov (United States) ESO CPL Development Team 2014-02-01 The Common Pipeline Library (CPL) is a set of ISO-C libraries that provide a comprehensive, efficient and robust software toolkit to create automated astronomical data reduction pipelines. Though initially developed as a standardized way to build VLT instrument pipelines, the CPL may be more generally applied to any similar application. The code also provides a variety of general purpose image- and signal-processing functions, making it an excellent framework for the creation of more generic data handling packages. The CPL handles low-level data types (images, tables, matrices, strings, property lists, etc.) and medium-level data access methods (a simple data abstraction layer for FITS files). It also provides table organization and manipulation, keyword/value handling and management, and support for dynamic loading of recipe modules using programs such as EsoRex (ascl:1504.003). 4. "Hack" Is Not A Dirty Word--The Tenth Anniversary of Patron Access Microcomputer Centers in Libraries. Science.gov (United States) Dewey, Patrick R. 1986-01-01 The history of patron access microcomputers in libraries is described as carrying on a tradition that information and computer power should be shared. Questions that all types of libraries need to ask in planning microcomputer centers are considered and several model centers are described. (EM) 5. Discrete versus multiple word displays: A re-analysis of studies comparing dyslexic and typically developing children Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Pierluigi eZoccolotti 2015-10-01 Full Text Available The study examines whether impairments in reading a text can be explained by a deficit in word decoding or an additional deficit in the processes governing the integration of reading subcomponents (including eye movement programming and pronunciation should also be postulated. We report a re-analysis of data from eleven previous experiments conducted in our lab where the reading performance on single, discrete word displays as well multiple displays (texts, and in few cases also word lists was investigated in groups of dyslexic children and typically developing readers. The analysis focuses on measures of time and not accuracy.Across experiments, dyslexic children are slower and more variable than typically developing readers in reading texts as well as vocal RTs to singly presented words; the dis-homogeneity in variability between groups points to the inappropriateness of standard measures of size effect (such as Cohen’s d, and suggests the use of the ratio between groups’ performance. The mean ratio for text reading is 1.95 across experiments. Mean ratio for vocal RTs for singly presented words is considerably smaller (1.52. Furthermore, this latter value is probably an overestimation as considering total reading times (i.e., a measure including also the pronunciation component considerably reduces the group difference in vocal RTs (1.19 according to Martelli et al., 2014. The ratio difference between single and multiple displays does not depend upon the presence of a semantic context in the case of texts as large ratios are also observed with lists of unrelated words (though studies testing this aspect were few.We conclude that, if care is taken in using appropriate comparisons, the deficit in reading texts or lists of words is appreciably greater than that revealed with discrete word presentations. Thus, reading multiple stimuli present a specific, additional challenge to dyslexic children indicating that models of reading should 6. The Role of Libraries in the Search for Educational Excellence. Science.gov (United States) Breivik, Patricia Senn 1987-01-01 Discusses ways in which libraries can make a major contribution to the search for educational excellence and urges librarians to make a concerted effort to capture the attention of educational leaders. Four references are listed. (MES) 7. Library and Information Science (LIS Transferable Competencies Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Melissa Fraser-Arnott 2013-09-01 Full Text Available This article uses data obtained from a content analysis of job advertisements to explore the questions of (1 what types of non-traditional jobs are available for library and information science (LIS professionals and (2 how can LIS students and professionals take advantage of non-traditional job opportunities. Two groups of job advertisements were used in this investigation: advertisements from LIS-targeted job boards (two library school job boards and two library association job boards and Government of Canada internal job postings. These two sets of job postings were selected to compare the competencies in job postings targeted to LIS graduates (the LIS job board advertisements and job postings that were not targeted to the LIS community (the Government of Canada job advertisements. An analysis of these groups of job advertisements demonstrated that both samples focused mainly on transferable competencies. Due to the emphasis on transferable competencies, the analysis of job postings from the Government of Canada job list revealed that there are many non-traditional opportunities for LIS graduates. A typical LIS professional could apply for 51 (or 25.8% of the job advertisements in this set, having met all of the listed criteria. This individual may be able to apply for an additional 40 (or 21.2% of the jobs listed if they had certain additional competencies or knowledge obtained through prior experience working in the Government of Canada but not necessarily obtained by the average LIS professional. This supports the argument that there are numerous opportunities for LIS professionals in non-traditional jobs. The exploration of commonly requested competencies can be used to guide LIS job seekers to craft their resumes and CVs to address the competencies requested by potential employers. 8. 220 Names/Faces 220 Dolch Words Are Too Many for Students with Memories Like Mine. AVKO "Great Idea" Reprint Series No. 601. Science.gov (United States) McCabe, Don This booklet discusses a procedure to assist students experiencing difficulty in learning the "Dolch Basic Sight Vocabulary of 220 Words" and rearranges a list of 220 words to make it easier for students to learn. The procedure discussed in the booklet is based on the "word family" approach, in which words like "all call,… 9. Performance Improvement with Web Based Database on Library Information System of Smk Yadika 5 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Pualam Dipa Nusantara 2015-12-01 Full Text Available The difficulty in managing the data of books collection in the library is a problem that is often faced by the librarian that effect the quality of service. Arrangement and recording a collection of books in the file system of separate applications Word and Excel, as well as transaction handling borrowing and returning books, therehas been no integrated records. Library system can manage the book collection. This system can reduce the problems often experienced by library staff when serving students in borrowing books. There so frequent difficulty in managing the books that still in borrowed state. This system will also record a collection of late fees or lost library conducted by students (borrowers. The conclusion of this study is library performance can be better with the library system using web database. 10. Influence of the Number of Predicted Words on Text Input Speed in Participants With Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Science.gov (United States) Pouplin, Samuel; Roche, Nicolas; Vaugier, Isabelle; Jacob, Antoine; Figere, Marjorie; Pottier, Sandra; Antoine, Jean-Yves; Bensmail, Djamel 2016-02-01 To determine whether the number of words displayed in the word prediction software (WPS) list affects text input speed (TIS) in people with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), and whether any influence is dependent on the level of the lesion. A cross-sectional trial. A rehabilitation center. Persons with cervical SCI (N=45). Lesion level was high (C4 and C5, American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] grade A or B) for 15 participants (high-lesion group) and low (between C6 and C8, ASIA grade A or B) for 30 participants (low-lesion group). TIS was evaluated during four 10-minute copying tasks: (1) without WPS (Without); (2) with a display of 3 predicted words (3Words); (3) with a display of 6 predicted words (6Words); and (4) with a display of 8 predicted words (8Words). During the 4 copying tasks, TIS was measured objectively (characters per minute, number of errors) and subjectively through subject report (fatigue, perception of speed, cognitive load, satisfaction). For participants with low-cervical SCI, TIS without WPS was faster than with WPS, regardless of the number of words displayed (Pwords displayed in a word prediction list on TIS; however, perception of TIS differed according to lesion level. For persons with low-cervical SCI, a small number of words should be displayed, or WPS should not be used at all. For persons with high-cervical SCI, a larger number of words displayed increases the comfort of use of WPS. Copyright © 2016 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11. Opportunities and Challenges for Technology Development and Adoption in Public Libraries DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Serholt, Sofia; Eriksson, Eva; Dalsgaard, Peter 2018-01-01 In this paper, we discuss opportunities and challenges for technology development and adoption in public libraries. The results are based on a multi-site comparative study and thematic analysis of six months of extensive ethnographic work in libraries in three different European countries....... The results explore the socio-technical practices, understandings, and perspectives of library staff and patrons when it comes to the role(s) and function(s) of libraries today. The contribution of this paper is two fold. Firstly, the results from the analysis of rich ethnographic data presented under six...... themes. Secondly, we offer a list of identified key opportunities and challenges focusing on 1) media and technology literacy, 2) institutional transformation and technical infrastructures, 3) resource constraints among library staff, and 4) a shift in focus towards supporting activities.... 12. Test-based age-of-acquisition norms for 44 thousand English word meanings. Science.gov (United States) Brysbaert, Marc; Biemiller, Andrew 2017-08-01 Age of acquisition (AoA) is an important variable in word recognition research. Up to now, nearly all psychology researchers examining the AoA effect have used ratings obtained from adult participants. An alternative basis for determining AoA is directly testing children's knowledge of word meanings at various ages. In educational research, scholars and teachers have tried to establish the grade at which particular words should be taught by examining the ages at which children know various word meanings. Such a list is available from Dale and O'Rourke's (1981) Living Word Vocabulary for nearly 44 thousand meanings coming from over 31 thousand unique word forms and multiword expressions. The present article relates these test-based AoA estimates to lexical decision times as well as to AoA adult ratings, and reports strong correlations between all of the measures. Therefore, test-based estimates of AoA can be used as an alternative measure. 13. The effects of divided attention at study and test on false recognition: a comparison of DRM and categorized lists. Science.gov (United States) Knott, Lauren M; Dewhurst, Stephen A 2007-12-01 Three experiments investigated the effects of divided attention at encoding and retrieval on false recognition. In Experiment 1, participants studied word lists in either full or divided attention (random number generation) conditions and then took part in a recognition test with full attention. In Experiment 2, after studying word lists with full attention, participants carried out a recognition test with either full or divided attention. Experiment 3 manipulated attention at both study and test. We also compared Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) and categorized lists, due to recent claims regarding the locus of false memories produced by such lists (Smith, Gerkens, Pierce, & Choi, 2002). With both list types, false "remember" responses were reduced by divided attention at encoding and increased by divided attention at retrieval. The findings suggest that the production of false memories occurs as a result of the generation of associates at encoding and failures of source monitoring retrieval. Crucially, this is true for both DRM and categorized lists. 14. Neural pattern similarity underlies the mnemonic advantages for living words. Science.gov (United States) Xiao, Xiaoqian; Dong, Qi; Chen, Chuansheng; Xue, Gui 2016-06-01 It has been consistently shown that words representing living things are better remembered than words representing nonliving things, yet the underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. The present study used both univariate and multivariate pattern analyses to examine the hypotheses that living words are better remembered because (1) they draw more attention and/or (2) they share more overlapping semantic features. Subjects were asked to study a list of living and nonliving words during a semantic judgment task. An unexpected recognition test was administered 30 min later. We found that subjects recognized significantly more living words than nonliving words. Results supported the overlapping semantic feature hypothesis by showing that (a) semantic ratings showed greater semantic similarity for living words than for nonliving words, (b) there was also significantly greater neural global pattern similarity (nGPS) for living words than for nonliving words in the posterior portion of left parahippocampus (LpPHG), (c) the nGPS in the LpPHG reflected the rated semantic similarity, and also mediated the memory differences between two semantic categories, and (d) greater univariate activation was found for living words than for nonliving words in the left hippocampus (LHIP), which mediated the better memory performance for living words and might reflect greater semantic context binding. In contrast, although living words were processed faster and elicited a stronger activity in the dorsal attention network, these differences did not mediate the animacy effect in memory. Taken together, our results provide strong support to the overlapping semantic features hypothesis, and emphasize the important role of semantic organization in episodic memory encoding. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 15. Developing a virtual community for health sciences library book selection: Doody's Core Titles. Science.gov (United States) Shedlock, James; Walton, Linda J 2006-01-01 The purpose of this article is to describe Doody's Core Titles in the Health Sciences as a new selection guide and a virtual community based on an effective use of online systems and to describe its potential impact on library collection development. The setting is the availability of health sciences selection guides. Participants include Doody Enterprise staff, Doody's Library Board of Advisors, content specialists, and library selectors. Resources include the online system used to create Doody's Core Titles along with references to complementary databases. Doody's Core Titles is described and discussed in relation to the literature of selection guides, especially in comparison to the Brandon/Hill selected lists that were published from 1965 to 2003. Doody's Core Titles seeks to fill the vacuum created when the Brandon/Hill lists ceased publication. Doody's Core Titles is a unique selection guide based on its method of creating an online community of experts to identify and score a core list of titles in 119 health sciences specialties and disciplines. The result is a new selection guide, now available annually, that will aid health sciences librarians in identifying core titles for local collections. Doody's Core Titles organizes the evaluation of core titles that are identified and recommended by content specialists associated with Doody's Book Review Service and library selectors. A scoring mechanism is used to create the selection of core titles, similar to the star rating system employed in other Doody Enterprise products and services. 16. Handwriting versus Keyboard Writing: Effect on Word Recall Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Anne Mangen 2015-10-01 Full Text Available The objective of this study was to explore effects of writing modality on word recall and recognition. The following three writing modalities were used: handwriting with pen on paper; typewriting on a conventional laptop keyboard; and typewriting on an iPad touch keyboard. Thirty-six females aged 19-54 years participated in a fully counterbalanced within-subjects experimental design. Using a wordlist paradigm, participants were instructed to write down words (one list per writing modality read out loud to them, in the three writing modalities. Memory for words written using handwriting, a conventional keyboard and a virtual iPad keyboard was assessed using oral free recall and recognition. The data was analyzed using non-parametric statistics. Results show that there was an omnibus effect of writing modality and follow-up analyses showed that, for the free recall measure, participants had significantly better free recall of words written in the handwriting condition, compared to both keyboard writing conditions. There was no effect of writing modality in the recognition condition. This indicates that, with respect to aspects of word recall, there may be certain cognitive benefits to handwriting which may not be fully retained in keyboard writing. Cognitive and educational implications of this finding are discussed. 17. Environmental Control for Regional Library Facilities. RR-80-3. Science.gov (United States) King, Richard G., Jr. This report presents an overview of the damage to library materials caused by uncontrollable environmental variables. The control of atmospheric pollutants, temperature, and humidity are discussed with regard to damage, standards, and the costs of deterioration due to these factors. Twelve references are listed. (FM) 18. Analysis on the Word-formation of English Netspeak Neologism Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Wei Liu 2014-12-01 Full Text Available The emergence of computer-mediated communication provides a resourceful database for language researchers as well as learners. This study focuses on the Internet neologisms, a derivative of new media age, which in many ways affects the netizens in terms of communication. The collected data are examined empirically to figure out the characteristics of netspeak neologisms and their patterns of formation. It suggests that the most frequently occurring word-formation process of netspeak neologisms is compounding, subsequently, blending, affixation, old words with new meaning, acronyms, conversion, and clipping. Through probing into each process, the examples are illustrated and sub-categories are listed in terms of blending for further understanding. This study has proven that the diversity of word-formation processes of English netspeak neologism and may shed light on the creativity of language in the online context. 19. Automated words stability and languages phylogeny OpenAIRE Petroni, Filippo; Serva, Maurizio 2009-01-01 The idea of measuring distance between languages seems to have its roots in the work of the French explorer Dumont D'Urville (D'Urville 1832). He collected comparative words lists of various languages during his voyages aboard the Astrolabe from 1826 to1829 and, in his work about the geographical division of the Pacific, he proposed a method to measure the degree of relation among languages. The method used by modern glottochronology, developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1950s (Swadesh 1952), m... 20. Denver Public Library Western History/Genealogy Digital Collections Science.gov (United States) box. Results will be a list of records that contain those words anywhere in the record. Refine your Henry Jackson Photos William Henry Jackson: American West Mining Photos Mining Louis Charles McClure Photos Louis Charles McClure: Colorado Otto Perry Photos Otto Perry: Railroads Robert W. Richardson 1. Diccionario de palabras equivocas o malsonantes en Espana, Hispanoamerica y Filipinas: Continuacion. (Dictionary of Ambiguous or Offensive Words in Spain, Spanish America and the Philippines: Continued) Science.gov (United States) Criado de Val, Manuel 1976-01-01 This list of obscene, ambiguous, or offensive Spanish words indicates their off-color meaning in various Spanish-speaking countries. The list comprises words beginning with letters H-M, and is intended to protect the traveller or non-native speaker from embarrassment. It is a continuation of a previous article. (Text is in Spanish.) (CHK) 2. OMICRON, LLNL ENDL Charged Particle Data Library Processing International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mengoni, A.; Panini, G.C. 2002-01-01 1 - Description of program or function: The program has been designed to read the Evaluated Charged Particle Library (ECPL) of the LLNL Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (ENDL) and generate output in various forms: interpreted listing, ENDF format and graphs. 2 - Method of solution: A file containing ECPL in card image transmittal format is scanned to retrieve the requested reactions from the requested materials; in addition selections can be made by data type or incident particle. 3 - Restrictions on the complexity of the problem: The Reaction Property Designator I determines the type of data in the ENDL library (e.g. cross sections, angular distributions, Maxwellian averages, etc.); the program does not take into account the data for I=3,4 (energy-angle-distributions) since there are no data in the current ECPL version 3. Slovene specialized text corpus of Library and Information Science – An advanced lexicographic tool for library terminology research OpenAIRE Kanič, Ivan 2013-01-01 To support the research in the field of library and information science terminology and dictionary construction in Slovene language a specialized text corpus has been designed and constructed. The corpus has reached 3,6 million words extracted from 625 Slovene technical and scientific texts of the field. It supports a variety of specialized search methods, display of search results, and their statistic computation. The web based application is in open public access. 4. Intellectual Freedom and Privacy: Comments on a National Program for Library and Information Services. Related Paper No. 10. Science.gov (United States) Molz, R. Kathleen The civil libertarian aspects of the National Program for Library and Information Science are analyzed. The five assumptions on which the program is based are closely examined for their references to the word "right." Details are given of the historic development of the library profession's increasing concern for the protection of… 5. Selected DOE Headquarters publications received by the Energy Library International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1978-07-01 This bibliography provides listings of (mainly policy and programmatic) publications issued from the U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. The listings are arranged by the ''report code'' assigned to the major organizations at DOE Headquarters, followed by the three categories of environmental reports issued from DOE Headquarters. All of the publications listed, except for those shown as still ''in preparation,'' may be seen in the Energy Library. A title index arranged by title keywords follows the listings. Certain publications have been omitted. They include such items as pamphlets, ''fact sheets,'' bulletins and weekly/monthly issuances of DOE's Energy Information Administration and Economic Regulatory Administration, and employee bulletins and newsletters. Omitted from the bibliography altogether are headquarters publications assigned other types of report codes--e.g., ''HCP'' (Headquarters Contractor Publication) and ''CONF'' 6. Increases in Individualistic Words and Phrases in American Books, 1960–2008 Science.gov (United States) Twenge, Jean M.; Campbell, W. Keith; Gentile, Brittany 2012-01-01 Cultural products such as song lyrics, television shows, and books reveal cultural differences, including cultural change over time. Two studies examine changes in the use of individualistic words (Study 1) and phrases (Study 2) in the Google Books Ngram corpus of millions of books in American English. Current samples from the general population generated and rated lists of individualistic words and phrases (e.g., “unique,” “personalize,” “self,” “all about me,” “I am special,” “I’m the best”). Individualistic words and phrases increased in use between 1960 and 2008, even when controlling for changes in communal words and phrases. Language in American books has become increasingly focused on the self and uniqueness in the decades since 1960. PMID:22808113 7. Improving the Library Homepage through User Research — Without a Total Redesign OpenAIRE Amy Deschenes 2014-01-01 Conducting user research doesn't have to be difficult, time consuming, or expensive. Your Library website can be improved through user research even if you have design restrictions because of a prescribed branding scheme, content management system, or any other reason. At Simmons College in Boston, we recently performed a user research study that took an in-depth look at the content organization and wording of links on the Library homepage. We conducted an in-person paper survey using paper p... 8. New international dictionary of acronyms in library and information science and related fields CERN Document Server Sawoniak, Henryk 1994-01-01 This enlarged and expanded edition is designed to be a valuable resource for librarians and users of information sources, clarifying the bewidering number of new acronyms that appear every year in the information science field. Nearly 30,000 acronyms in 35 languages are listed. As libraries are to a large extent interdisciplinary, the dictionary covers language forms used in computers, publishing, printing, archive management, journalism and reprography, as well as in the library and information science fields Acronyms reproduced here represent institutions, library and information systems, pr 9. Exposition concerning small windmills. List of relevant publications International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Aurvig, D. 1992-09-01 In connection with the publication of the report entitled ''Exposition Concerning Small Windmills'', it was decided that searching in databases should also be used in relation to the collection of relevant information, and that the results of these searches should be published in the form of a reading list. This is presented here. The subject areas covered are technology, research and development, marketing, developing countries and agricultural areas - all relevant to small windmills. Risoe Library, Roskilde, Denmark (Telephone no. (45) 42371212) will be helpful in acquiring any publication(s) referenced in the reading list. The report number J.No. 51171/92-0019 should also be quoted. (AB) 10. Strumenti informatici per indici dei nomi. Come creare un indice analitico con MS-WORD Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Cerino, Ruggero 2011-12-01 Full Text Available [Computer tools for indexes of names. How to realize an analytical index with MS-WORD]. The article proposes computer tools useful to set up indexes of names for texts of any measure, in an automatic or semi-automatic way. Macros for Microsoft Word successfully experimented by the ISPF in dealing with philosophical journals and books are submitted. The article includes listings that can be copied for implementation. 11. [The virtual library in equity, health, and human development]. Science.gov (United States) Valdés, América 2002-01-01 This article attempts to describe the rationale that has led to the development of information sources dealing with equity, health, and human development in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean within the context of the Virtual Health Library (Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, BVS). Such information sources include the scientific literature, databases in printed and electronic format, institutional directories and lists of specialists, lists of events and courses, distance education programs, specialty journals and bulletins, as well as other means of disseminating health information. The pages that follow deal with the development of a Virtual Library in Equity, Health, and Human Development, an effort rooted in the conviction that decision-making and policy geared toward achieving greater equity in health must, of necessity, be based on coherent, well-organized, and readily accessible first-rate scientific information. Information is useless unless it is converted into knowledge that benefits society. The Virtual Library in Equity, Health, and Human Development is a coordinated effort to develop a decentralized regional network of scientific information sources, with strict quality control, from which public officials can draw data and practical examples that can help them set health and development policies geared toward achieving greater equity for all. 12. Adding Archival Finding Aids to the Library Catalogue: Simple Crosswalk or Data Traffic Jam? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Geoff Brown 2007-03-01 Full Text Available Dalhousie University Archives and Special Collections (DUASC has been producing Encoded Archival Description (EAD finding aids to describe its archival collections since 2003. The EAD descriptions started as a way to convert the collection of print and electronic (Microsoft Word and WordPerfect finding aids into a stable, software neutral format. As the collection of finding aids grew, it became apparent that we needed a way to search these documents beyond what was possible via a basic browse on the DUASC website. As a result, we embarked on a systematic crosswalk of the EAD finding aids into MARC 21 format for inclusion in the Novanet library catalogue. This has facilitated searching and discovery of the materials by a much broader audience of Dalhousie University Library users as well as users from all of the other Novanet member libraries in Nova Scotia and the general public. This article describes the primary motivation for the project and the technical aspects of converting the EAD finding aids into MARC 21 format for inclusion in the Novanet catalogue. 13. Adding Archival Finding Aids to the Library Catalogue: Simple Crosswalk or Data Traffic Jam? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Geoff Brown 2007-12-01 Full Text Available Dalhousie University Archives and Special Collections (DUASCSC has been producing Encoded Archival Description (EAD finding aids to describe its archival collections since 2003. The EAD descriptions started as a way to convert the collection of print and electronic (MS Word and WordPerfect finding aids into a stable, software neutral format. As the collection of finding aids grew it became apparent that we needed a way to search these documents beyond what was possible via a basic browse on the DUASC website. As a result, we embarked on a systematic crosswalk of the EAD finding aids into MARC format for inclusion in the Novanet library catalogue. This has facilitated searching and discovery of the materials by a much broader audience of Dalhousie University Library users as well as users from all of the other Novanet member libraries in Nova Scotia and the general public. This article describes the primary motivation for the project and the technical aspects of converting the EAD finding aids into MARC format for inclusion in the Novanet catalogue. 14. Examining Differences in the Levels of False Memories in Children and Adults Using Child-Normed Lists Science.gov (United States) Anastasi, Jeffrey S.; Rhodes, Matthew G. 2008-01-01 Several previous studies have demonstrated that children, when compared with adults, exhibit both lower levels of veridical memory and fewer intrusions when given semantically associated lists. However, researchers have drawn these conclusions using semantically associated word lists that were normed with adults, which may not lead to the same… 15. The Effect of Sign Language Rehearsal on Deaf Subjects' Immediate and Delayed Recall of English Word Lists. Science.gov (United States) Bonvillian, John D.; And Others 1987-01-01 The relationship between sign language rehearsal and written free recall was examined by having deaf college students rehearse the sign language equivalents of printed English words. Studies of both immediate and delayed memory suggested that word recall increased as a function of total rehearsal frequency and frequency of appearance in rehearsal… 16. Short communication Assessing the Library Collection of the ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The purpose of this study was to ascertain the currency of the science and technology titles acquired by the at the University of Nigeria Library, Nsukka. Systematic random sampling was used to select and evaluate titles from the shelf list. The evaluation study showed that majority of books in the sciences were obsolete ... 17. New Publications for Planning Libraries (List No. 20). Exchange Bibliography 928. Science.gov (United States) Vance, Mary, Comp. This partially annotated bibliography contains current listings on a variety of topics including architecture, economics, energy, environmental education, geography, housing, land use, politics, urban planning, recreation, and transportation. The bulk of the documents are project reports, commercially published books, and studies. Most date from… 18. A Demonstration of Improved Precision of Word Recognition Scores Science.gov (United States) Schlauch, Robert S.; Anderson, Elizabeth S.; Micheyl, Christophe 2014-01-01 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate improved precision of word recognition scores (WRSs) by increasing list length and analyzing phonemic errors. Method: Pure-tone thresholds (frequencies between 0.25 and 8.0 kHz) and WRSs were measured in 3 levels of speech-shaped noise (50, 52, and 54 dB HL) for 24 listeners with normal… 19. COVFILS: 30-group covariance library based on ENDF/B-V International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Muir, D.W.; LaBauve, R.J. 1981-03-01 A library of 30-group cross sections and covariances called COVFILS has been prepared from ENDF/B-V data using the NJOY code system. COVFILS includes data on the total cross section, scattering cross sections, and the most important absorption cross sections for 1 H, 10 B, C, 16 O, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Pb. This report contains detailed descriptions of various features of the library, a listing of a FORTRAN retrieval program, and 143 plots of the multigroup cross-section uncertainties and their correlations 20. Information Seeking Behaviours of Business Students and the Development of Academic Digital Libraries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kelli WooShue 2006-12-01 Full Text Available Objectives ‐ To gain insight into the extent to which user information‐seeking behaviours should inform the design and development of Digital Libraries in an academic setting, a study was carried out at Dalhousie University, Canada to explore the information‐seeking behaviours of business students.Methods ‐ The students studied were drawn from the School of Business Administration at Dalhousie University, Canada. The study was based on qualitative and quantitative data collected through a survey, in‐depth semi‐structured interviews, observational study and document analysis. Qualitative case study data was coded using QSR N6 qualitative data analysis software. The data was categorized using Atkinson’s “Model of BusinessInformation Users’ Expectations” and Renda and Straccia‘s personalized collaborative DL model. Atkinson’s model defines the expectations of business students in terms of cost, time,effort required, pleasure and the avoidance of pain. Renda and Straccia’s model of a personalized and collaborative digital library centres around three concepts: actors, objects, and functionality. The survey data was analysed using the Zoomerang software.Results ‐ The study results revealed that students tend to select resources based on cost(free or for fee, accessibility, ease of use, speed of delivery (of results, and convenience. The results showed that similar to Atkinson’s findings, the business students’ information seeking behaviour is influenced by the concepts of cost‐benefit and break‐even analyses that underlie business education. Concerning speed of delivery and convenience, the organization of the resources was paramount. Students preferred user‐defined resource lists, alert services, and expert‐created business resource collections. When asked about the usefulness of potential digital library functionalities, students valued a personalized user interface and communal virtual spaces to share 1. Index of Nuclear Data Libraries available from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1994-01-01 This document lists more than 100 nuclear data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. The data libraries include neutron cross-sections, resonance parameters, fission-product yields, nuclear structure and decay data, gamma-rays from radionuclides, data of nuclear reactions induced by charged particles or heavy ions, photonuclear data, photoatomic interaction data, and many others, partly with related data processing computer codes. All data and documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge on magnetic tape, PC diskettes, or through the online Nuclear Data Information System (NDIS). (author) 2. Monte Carlo Particle Lists: MCPL DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Kittelmann, Thomas; Klinkby, Esben Bryndt; Bergbäck Knudsen, Erik 2017-01-01 A binary format with lists of particle state information, for interchanging particles between various Monte Carlo simulation applications, is presented. Portable C code for file manipulation is made available to the scientific community, along with converters and plugins for several popular...... simulation packages. Program summary: Program Title: MCPL. Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/cby92vsv5g.1 Licensing provisions: CC0 for core MCPL, see LICENSE file for details. Programming language: C and C++ External routines/libraries: Geant4, MCNP, McStas, McXtrace Nature of problem: Saving... 3. School libraries Pathfinders Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Shideh Taleban 2009-01-01 Full Text Available School library represents one of the important locations suited for offering reference services. The skill set necessary in order to use information resources, is called information literacy. When discussing information literacy and means of enhancing it, the first thing that comes to mind is the classroom for it is in schools that the foundation for learning skills is laid. Pathfinders have been used by libraries and librarians for guiding patrons to the required sources and answering their research questions since 1970’s. It is far different from a bibliography in as much as it does not necessarily include a complete list of available resources on a given topic. Nevertheless it provides sufficient basic resources for research for the patrons. Nowadays pathfinders are prepared by teacher-librarian or with the help of teachers at school so as to assist students in searching their prescribed assignments. The present paper offers definition of pathfinder, creation of pathfinders in schools, type of pathfinders, pathfinders characteristics, pathfinder elements as well as how to design pathfinders for children and teenagers. 4. Lexical Association and False Memory for Words in Two Cultures Science.gov (United States) Lee, Yuh-Shiow; Chiang, Wen-Chi; Hung, Hsu-Ching 2008-01-01 This study examined the relationship between language experience and false memory produced by the DRM paradigm. The word lists used in Stadler, et al. (Memory & Cognition, 27, 494-500, 1999) were first translated into Chinese. False recall and false recognition for critical non-presented targets were then tested on a group of Chinese users.… 5. News from the Library : Citation counts: Web of Science @ CERN CERN Multimedia CERN Library 2010-01-01 The online information resources available to the CERN Community have recently increased by an additional database: Web of Science. WoS is a collection of several databases, among them the Science Citation Index, the Conference Proceedings Index and the Journal Citation Reports. The first two products allow you to perform subject, author and title searches, and most importantly you can obtain a list of papers citing a specific article, or navigate to the articles cited by the same article. Besides the retrieval and navigation features, analytical tools allow you to produce statistics and graphs describing the impact of a publication. Finally, the Journal Citation Reports database provides you with the well known – and often disputed – Impact Factor. Access to Web of Science: http://library.web.cern.ch/library/Library/wos.html Please provide feedback to [email protected]. 6. The standards and norms for the Slovenian academic libraries between theory and practice Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mojca Dolgan-Petrič 1998-01-01 Full Text Available Based on statistical data, contemporary trends within academic libraries in the Republic of Slovenia are presented. The substantially slow increase of library materials, along with lesser increase of staff, contradicts the growing number of library visits and circulation. The paper elaborates on outstanding differences regarding personnel, financial, and spatial issues of the libraries concerned. The comparison between the professional and govemmental standards and norms is presented. At a time when academic libraries are faced with the dilemma of growing demand from users at the same time as budgetary constraint there is an urgent need to develop a list of performance indicators and to modernize professional standards and norms for academic libraries.The elaboration of new standards must be based on empirical studies. Only realistic and clearly defined norms would enable the implementation of standards and improve the quality and efficiency of academic libraries. 7. My Own Private Public Library Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Julia Rone 2014-11-01 Full Text Available The present paper analyzes the emergence of Bulgarian digital libraries with pirated literature as a form of compensation for the failure of both the state and the market to provide easy access to electronic books in Bulgarian. These grass-roots digital libraries can be understood best through an analysis of the dichotomies between formal and informal economy, law and ethics, commercial and non-commercial interest, bricolage and engineering. Sharing of books online in Bulgaria has its historical precedent in the sharing of cultural objects during socialism and is part of the larger logic of informal economy as a form of independence from/resistance to the state. While many of the books in these electronic libraries are uploaded in infringement of copyright, the creators and users of the sites defend them on the basis of what is ethically right and claim that they contribute to the spread of knowledge. The paper emphasizes the rhetorical force of the word ‘library’ which is being appropriated by both commercial and non-commercial actors. Without underestimating the value provided by many of the grass-roots digital libraries discussed, the analysis leads to the question whether the bottom-up collaborative strategy for digitizing books is the optimal one in terms of the variety of titles offered and the overall coherence of digital archives. In short, should sharing replace more traditional state policies in the field of culture? 8. FPGA-Based Implementation of Lithuanian Isolated Word Recognition Algorithm Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tomyslav Sledevič 2013-05-01 Full Text Available The paper describes the FPGA-based implementation of Lithuanian isolated word recognition algorithm. FPGA is selected for parallel process implementation using VHDL to ensure fast signal processing at low rate clock signal. Cepstrum analysis was applied to features extraction in voice. The dynamic time warping algorithm was used to compare the vectors of cepstrum coefficients. A library of 100 words features was created and stored in the internal FPGA BRAM memory. Experimental testing with speaker dependent records demonstrated the recognition rate of 94%. The recognition rate of 58% was achieved for speaker-independent records. Calculation of cepstrum coefficients lasted for 8.52 ms at 50 MHz clock, while 100 DTWs took 66.56 ms at 25 MHz clock.Article in Lithuanian 9. On national flags and language tags: Effects of flag-language congruency in bilingual word recognition. Science.gov (United States) Grainger, Jonathan; Declerck, Mathieu; Marzouki, Yousri 2017-07-01 French-English bilinguals performed a generalized lexical decision experiment with mixed lists of French and English words and pseudo-words. In Experiment 1, each word/pseudo-word was superimposed on the picture of the French or UK flag, and flag-word congruency was manipulated. The flag was not informative with respect to either the lexical decision response or the language of the word. Nevertheless, lexical decisions to word stimuli were faster following the congruent flag compared with the incongruent flag, but only for French (L1) words. Experiment 2 replicated this flag-language congruency effect in a priming paradigm, where the word and pseudo-word targets followed the brief presentation of the flag prime, and this time effects were seen in both languages. We take these findings as evidence for a mechanism that automatically processes linguistic and non-linguistic information concerning the presence or not of a given language. Language membership information can then modulate lexical processing, in line with the architecture of the BIA model, but not the BIA+ model. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 10. KVK - a Meta Catalog of Libraries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Michael W. Mönnich 2001-07-01 Full Text Available Over the past years, the majority of libraries worldwide implemented interfaces to allow users to access to their bibliographic databases through the WWW. Usually these interfaces consist of HTML-pages with an embedded FORMS template where the search terms are entered. Thus for the first time it was made possible for the user to access almost every library using only one software: the WWW browser. However, if the user has to search more than one library catalog, e.g. when searching literature for a PhD thesis, he has to access a multitude of catalogs deal with different search forms, different search syntaxes, wildcards etc. This is the case especially for users in Germany. Faced with this situation in 1996, our team at the university library of Karlsruhe came up with the idea to create a virtual catalog enabling our library patrons to search several catalogs simultaneously. The idea was inspired by the successful introduction of meta search engines like metacrawler which perform the same function with internet search engines. So why not try to do it with library catalogs? The idea was discussed, and with support from the faculty of computer science, a prototype was built in July 1996. It proved surprisingly easy to do, so we included not only union catalogs but also bookshops. The meta catalog showed so much potential that we decided not to limit access to our local library patrons but to offer it as a service to the internet community as Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog (KVK, Karlsruhe Virtual Catalog. Once the KVK was announced in several mailing list, the usage peaked within a few weeks and has continued to do so. 11. Using an iPad® App to Improve Sight Word Reading Fluency for At-Risk First Graders Science.gov (United States) Musti-Rao, Shobana; Lo, Ya-yu; Plati, Erin 2015-01-01 We used a multiple baseline across word lists design nested within a multiple baseline across participants design to examine the effects of instruction delivered using an iPad® app on sight word fluency and oral reading fluency of six first graders identified as at risk for reading failure. In Study 1, three students participated in… 12. Combinatorics on words Christoffel words and repetitions in words CERN Document Server Berstel, Jean; Reutenauer, Christophe; Saliola, Franco V 2008-01-01 The two parts of this text are based on two series of lectures delivered by Jean Berstel and Christophe Reutenauer in March 2007 at the Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Montréal, Canada. Part I represents the first modern and comprehensive exposition of the theory of Christoffel words. Part II presents numerous combinatorial and algorithmic aspects of repetition-free words stemming from the work of Axel Thue-a pioneer in the theory of combinatorics on words. A beginner to the theory of combinatorics on words will be motivated by the numerous examples, and the large variety of exercises, which make the book unique at this level of exposition. The clean and streamlined exposition and the extensive bibliography will also be appreciated. After reading this book, beginners should be ready to read modern research papers in this rapidly growing field and contribute their own research to its development. Experienced readers will be interested in the finitary approach to Sturmian words that Christoffel words offe... 13. Research into the Impact of Facebook as a Library Marketing Tool is Inconclusive. A Review of: Xia, D. Z. (2009. Marketing library services through Facebook groups. Library Management 30(6/7, 469-477. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) David Herron 2010-09-01 Full Text Available Objective – To investigate whether Facebook Groups are useful for library marketing.Design – Content analysis of membership and activity of university library-related Facebook Groups.Setting – Two global Facebook Groups, and the Facebook Groups of two academic libraries in the US (Rutgers University and Indiana University, both with populations in excess of 30 000 students.Subjects – A total of 28 Facebook Groups were analyzed.Methods – Facebook global Groups are open to all users, while Groups based in a network (e.g., a university only allow access for those in the network. Therefore, to collect data, theauthor used personal connections to log on to members’ profiles within university networks.The 26 university Groups were selected by searching Facebook for Groups belonging to the two university networks, using the wordlibrary.‛ Groups unrelated to library business were discarded. A total of 11 Groups within the Rutgers network were analyzed. Of these, only one was organized by a librarian; the rest were organized by students. From Indiana, 15 Groups were identified, three of which were organized by librarians.In Table 1 (p. 474, all Groups are listed: 2 global Groups and 26 Groups within the two university networks. The author then visited all Groups, read all posts, and recorded the total number of members; status of each member, divided into faculty, staff and students; dates of first and last post; and discussion activity. The author analyzed group activity by keeping a tally of how often each member participated in discussions, as there was no way to see the number of times a member returned. The author also paid special attention to Groups with a large number of staff and faculty members, to gain information about the efforts of librarians to support or start new Groups.Main Results – There were a total of 652 members in the 26 university Groups (mean number of members was 25, ranging from 2 - 176. The two global 14. List of HMI-reports 1958-1984 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1985-01-01 The Hahn-Meitner-Institute of Nuclear Research in Berlin issues a series of reports informing on the institute's research and development results. These reports can be obtained from the central library provided they are not marked 'out of print'. The list includes an alphabetic index of authors in which the annual reports of the institute, scientific reports from the sectors nuclear and radiation physics, radiation chemistry, nuclear chemistry and reactors as well as data processing and electronics are also pointed out. (orig.) [de 15. New Information Technologies: Some Observations on What Is in Store for Libraries. Science.gov (United States) Black, John B. This outline of new technological developments and their applications in the library and information world considers innovations in three areas: automation, telecommunications, and the publishing industry. There is mention of the growth of online systems, minicomputers, microcomputers, and word processing; the falling costs of automation; the… 16. The Relationships among Cognitive Correlates and Irregular Word, Non-Word, and Word Reading Science.gov (United States) Abu-Hamour, Bashir; University, Mu'tah; Urso, Annmarie; Mather, Nancy 2012-01-01 This study explored four hypotheses: (a) the relationships among rapid automatized naming (RAN) and processing speed (PS) to irregular word, non-word, and word reading; (b) the predictive power of various RAN and PS measures, (c) the cognitive correlates that best predicted irregular word, non-word, and word reading, and (d) reading performance of… 17. Early Mandarin Literacy in a Class-created Reading Library Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Reed Riggs 2017-06-01 Full Text Available This article explores methods for creating an extensive reading (ER library during the first weeks of language instruction, illustrated here in a college Mandarin course. Data include student-created texts, video transcripts of students reading in groups, field notes, and a student perceptions survey. Taken together the data provide a snapshot of how students in a beginning-level university Mandarin course can utilize Internet resources to create and use a personalized ER library. ER has been shown in previous research to enrich known words (Waring & Takaki, 2003, and provide opportunities for early literacy in languages that use nonalphabetic scripts like Japanese (Hitosugi & Day, 2004. Mandarin texts feature Chinese characters, which exhibit a low reliability in sound-meaning-visual associations, effectively blocking learners from sounding out unfamiliar words and clearly identifying meaning (Everson et al., 2016. The data here show how learners were able to connect prior knowledge from their own culture to new communicative situations in the form of printed comic books to read in class in small groups. Learners were found to connect understandings between their own culture and the target culture, focusing particularly on cultural similarities. 18. Word Domain Disambiguation via Word Sense Disambiguation Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sanfilippo, Antonio P.; Tratz, Stephen C.; Gregory, Michelle L. 2006-06-04 Word subject domains have been widely used to improve the perform-ance of word sense disambiguation al-gorithms. However, comparatively little effort has been devoted so far to the disambiguation of word subject do-mains. The few existing approaches have focused on the development of al-gorithms specific to word domain dis-ambiguation. In this paper we explore an alternative approach where word domain disambiguation is achieved via word sense disambiguation. Our study shows that this approach yields very strong results, suggesting that word domain disambiguation can be ad-dressed in terms of word sense disam-biguation with no need for special purpose algorithms. 19. News from the library : Working with words? The Chicago Manual of Style is there to help CERN Multimedia CERN Library 2010-01-01 Among the many useful resources the Library can offer you, the style manuals occupy a central role. According to Wikipedia, "a style guide or style manual is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization or field. The implementation of a style guide provides uniformity in style and formatting of a document." The 16th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style is now available online to the CERN community. It will provide you with general guidelines for preparing electronic manuscripts for books, along with citation, spelling, punctuation and abbreviations guidelines. You can access it here. Don't hesitate to send us your suggestions for any other style manuals that could be added to the Library collection. The contact email address for feedback is [email protected]. 20. News from the Library: Stay connected and informed, try Mendeley! CERN Multimedia CERN Library 2012-01-01 Mendeley is a free bibliographic reference manager and academic social network. This online platform enables researchers to discover scientific publications and to collaborate with others online. Mendeley helps you to organize the papers you read, share them with colleagues, and create bibliographies and reference lists. These papers can be accessed anywhere and on any electronic device. Mendeley currently has over 1.7 million active users in the world. It contains, therefore, a large crowd-sourced information library, with over 242 million documents. Recently, the software has opened up new pathways for collaboration and interaction between individual students and researchers and their institutions' libraries. The fee-based institutional edition of Mendeley not only allows access to the Library's online resources, but also facilitates communication and collaboration within your group on the platform. The CERN Library has now opened a free trial to the Me... 1. Online Professional Profiles: Health Care and Library Researchers Show Off Their Work. Science.gov (United States) Brigham, Tara J 2016-01-01 In an increasingly digital world, online profiles can help health care and library professionals showcase their research and scholarly work. By sharing information about their investigations, studies, and projects, health care and library researchers can elevate their personal brand and connect with like-minded individuals. This column explores different types of online professional profiles and addresses some of the concerns that come with using them. A list of online professional profile and platform examples is also provided. 2. Bye-bye mummy - Word comprehension in 9-month-old infants. Science.gov (United States) Syrnyk, Corinne; Meints, Kerstin 2017-06-01 From the little research that exists on the onset of word learning in infants under the age of 1 year, the evidence suggests an idiosyncratic comprehensive vocabulary is developing. To further this field, we tested 49 nine-month-old infants by pre-assessing their vocabularies using a UK version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Inventory. Intermodal preferential looking (IPL) was then used to examine word comprehension including: (a) words parents reported as understood, (b) words infants are expected to understand according to age-related frequency data, and (c) words parents had reported infants not to understand. Assuming parents are good assessors of their infant's early word knowledge, we expected a naming effect with IPL in condition (a), but not condition (c). As language research uses standard samples of words, we expected a discernible naming effect in condition (b). Results show clear IPL evidence of word comprehension for those words that parents reported their infants to understand (condition a). This agreement between methods demonstrates the usefulness of parental communicative developmental inventory in conjunction with IPL to assess infant's individual word knowledge. No naming effects were found for condition (c) and the lack of naming effects in (b) shows that pre-established word lists may not give a sufficiently clear picture of infant's true vocabulary - an important insight for researchers and practitioners alike. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Most word comprehension research is mainly based on older infants (12, 15, or 18 months of age to 2-3 years and older). Some evidence of word comprehension for common and novel nouns in 6- to 10-month-olds. Existing evidence uses either only specific word groups or nouns combined with specific training and/or repetition procedures. What does this study add? Nine-month-olds display word knowledge independent of context and without repetitions of words 3. Methodological fragments for the planning and decision making related to library utomation projects Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Wanda Maria Maia da Rocha Paranhos 2004-01-01 Full Text Available Library automation processes depend in part in taking decisions on aspects of information and communications technologies (ICTs such as operational software, application software, data base management systems, hardware and communication network. The process depend also on decisions taken on Library Science aspects, specially in relation to the creation and management of bibliographic data which support services provision, such as the funcionalities included in applications software and how software implement desirable standards. The more important standards are AACR2, MARC/XML, ISO2709 and z39.50 communication protocol. Commitment to those standards tend to impact favorably on projects final costs. The cost of construction bibliographic data base may be the more expensive element item in the whole project; that can be minimized with use of cited standards and free bibliographic information available in Internet. The bigger the library holding, the more expressive the economy on this item with this methodology, which allows for full observation of local guidelines for the database construction. A synthetic list of the variety of product solutions available in Brazil is presented appended to the article, as well as an example of a basic request list of items to observe or evaluate in integrated library systems. 4. Abused, confused, and misused words a writer's guide to usage, spelling, grammar, and sentence structure CERN Document Server Embree, Mary 2012-01-01 Have you been putting bullion in your soup? Is incorrect spelling starting to have a negative affect on your term papers? Do you wonder what someone is inferring when they tell you to pick up a dictionary? These are just a few of the commonly misunderstood words discussed and explained in Abused, Confused, and Misused Words, an entertaining and informative look at the ever-changing nature of the English language. An alphabetical list of words that are frequently misspelled or misused is accompanied by a style guide to usage rules that tells you how and why 5. Is adaptation of the word accentuation test of premorbid intelligence necessary for use among older, Spanish-speaking immigrants in the United States? Science.gov (United States) Schrauf, Robert W; Weintraub, Sandra; Navarro, Ellen 2006-05-01 Adaptations of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) for assessing premorbid intelligence in languages other than English requires (a) generating word-items that are rare and do not follow grapheme-to-phoneme mappings common in that language, and (b) subsequent validation against a cognitive battery normed on the population of interest. Such tests exist for Italy, France, Spain, and Argentina, all normed against national versions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Given the varieties of Spanish spoken in the United States, the adaptation of the Spanish Word Accentuation Test (WAT) requires re-validating the original word list, plus possible new items, against a cognitive battery that has been normed on Spanish-speakers from many countries. This study reports the generation of 55 additional words and revalidation in a sample of 80 older, Spanish-dominant immigrants. The Batería Woodcock-Muñoz Revisada (BWM-R), normed on Spanish speakers from six countries and five U.S. states, was used to establish criterion validity. The original WAT word list accounted for 77% of the variance in the BWM-R and 58% of the variance in Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices, suggesting that the unmodified list possesses adequate predictive validity as an indicator of intelligence. Regression equations are provided for estimating BWM-R and Ravens scores from WAT scores. 6. Defining the Medical Intensive Care Unit in the Words of Patients and Their Family Members: A Freelisting Analysis. Science.gov (United States) Auriemma, Catherine L; Lyon, Sarah M; Strelec, Lauren E; Kent, Saida; Barg, Frances K; Halpern, Scott D 2015-07-01 No validated conceptual framework exists for understanding the outcomes of patient- and family-centered care in critical care. To explore the meaning of intensive care unit among patients and their families by using freelisting. The phrase intensive care unit was used to prompt freelisting among intensive care unit patients and patients' family members. Freelisting is an anthropological technique in which individuals define a domain by listing all words that come to mind in response to a topic. Salience scores, derived from the frequency with which a word was mentioned, the order in which it was mentioned, and the length of each list, were calculated and analyzed. Among the 45 participants, many words were salient to both patients and patients' family members. Words salient solely for patients included consciousness, getting better, noisy, and personal care. Words salient solely for family members included sadness, busy, professional, and hope. The words suffering, busy, and team were salient solely for family members of patients who lived, whereas sadness, professionals, and hope were salient solely for family members of patients who died. The words caring and death were salient for both groups. Intensive care unit patients and their families define intensive care unit by using words to describe sickness, caring, medical staff, emotional states, and physical qualities of the unit. The results validate the importance of these topics among patients and their families in the intensive care unit and illustrate the usefulness of freelisting in critical care research. ©2015 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 7. Ead McTaggart: Using VBA to Automate EAD Container List Tagging Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Randall Miles 2009-11-01 Full Text Available Faced with the prospect of converting 200-page container lists to Encoded Archival Description (EAD, the author programmed a Microsoft Access® database using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA to automatically insert the necessary EAD tags and their attributes. Some work is still required to ensure that the container list is properly formatted before importing into the database. Once formatted, the database, named Ead McTaggart, will convert a 7,000 line Microsoft Excel® container list, where each line represents a series, sub-series, or folder title, into a properly tagged EAD container list in about five minutes. As written, Ead McTaggart will handle up to six component levels, but can be modified to handle more. Although many institutions use Archivists' Toolkit or Archon for this functionality, many libraries and archives who have not implemented those tools will find that EAD McTaggert minimizes the work of converting existing container lists to EAD finding aids with a low time investment for implementation. 8. Forehearing words: Pre-activation of word endings at word onset. Science.gov (United States) Roll, Mikael; Söderström, Pelle; Frid, Johan; Mannfolk, Peter; Horne, Merle 2017-09-29 Occurring at rates up to 6-7 syllables per second, speech perception and understanding involves rapid identification of speech sounds and pre-activation of morphemes and words. Using event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the time-course and neural sources of pre-activation of word endings as participants heard the beginning of unfolding words. ERPs showed a pre-activation negativity (PrAN) for word beginnings (first two segmental phonemes) with few possible completions. PrAN increased gradually as the number of possible completions of word onsets decreased and the lexical frequency of the completions increased. The early brain potential effect for few possible word completions was associated with a blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast increase in Broca's area (pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus) and angular gyrus of the left parietal lobe. We suggest early involvement of the left prefrontal cortex in inhibiting irrelevant left parietal activation during lexical selection. The results further our understanding of the importance of Broca's area in rapid online pre-activation of words. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 9. Directory of Library Automation Software, Systems, and Services. 1998 Edition. Science.gov (United States) Cibbarelli, Pamela R., Ed.; Cibbarelli, Shawn E., Ed. This book includes basic information to locate and compare available options for library automation based on various criteria such as hardware requirements, operating systems, components and applications, and price, and provides the necessary contact information to allow further investigation. The major part of the directory lists 211 software… 10. CATALOG OF LIBRARY ACCESSIONS. SPEECH DEFECTS AND RELATED READINGS. Science.gov (United States) FEARON, ROSS E. PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO SPEECH PATHOLOGY AND AUDIOLOGY ARE LISTED SEQUENTIALLY BY DEWEY DECIMAL SYSTEM NUMBER OR VERTICAL FILE NUMBER. THE 266 BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, AND JOURNAL REPRINTS RANGE IN PUBLICATION DATE FROM 1892 TO 1966 AND ARE FROM THE MANTOR LIBRARY AT FARMINGTON STATE COLLEGE. THIS CATALOG IS PART OF A SERIES OF SUBJECT CATALOGS LISTING… 11. Lotka’s Law and the Literature of Library and Information Science in Turkey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Murat Yılmaz 2006-03-01 Full Text Available The aim of the study is to test the applicability of Lotka’s Law for the literature of library and information science in Turkey. The database of the study is 1399 papers published in The Bibliography of Articles in Turkish Periodicals between 1952 and 2000, by 604 researchers in the field of library and information science. The results of the study present the distribution of productivity of Lotka’s inverse square law does not fit the distribution of the data constituted by the researchers in the field of library and information science in Turkey. In other words it was determined that Lotka’s inverse square law does not apply the literature of library and information science in Turkey. Furthermore it was determined that Lotka’s inverse power law fits the value of n (2,1128 calculated for the literature of library and information science in Turkey. 12. Online medical books: their availability and an assessment of how health sciences libraries provide access on their public Websites. Science.gov (United States) MacCall, Steven L 2006-01-01 The objective of this study was to determine the number and topical range of available online medical books and to assess how health sciences libraries were providing access to these resources on their public Websites. The collection-based evaluative technique of list checking was used to assess the number and topical range of online medical books of the six largest publishers. Publisher inventory lists were downloaded over a two-day period (May 16-17, 2004). Titles were counted and compared with the 2003 Brandon/Hill list. A sample of health sciences libraries was subsequently derived by consulting the 2004 "Top Medical Schools-Research" in U.S. News & World Report. Bibliographic and bibliothecal access methods were evaluated based on an inspection of the publicly available Websites of the sample libraries. Of 318 currently published online medical books, 151 (47%) were Brandon/Hill titles covering 42 of 59 Brandon/Hill topics (71%). These 151 titles represented 22% (N = 672) of the Brandon/Hill list, which further broke down as 52 minimal core, 41 initial purchase, and 58 other recommended Brandon/Hill titles. These numbers represented 50%, 28%, and 12%, respectively, of all Brandon/Hill titles corresponding to those categories. In terms of bibliographic access, 20 of 21 of sampled libraries created catalog records for their online medical books, 1 of which also provided analytical access at the chapter level, and none provided access at the chapter section level. Of the 21 libraries, 19 had library Website search engines that provided title-level access and 4 provided access at the chapter level and none that at the chapter section level. For bibliothecal access, 19 of 21 libraries provided title-level access to medical books, 8 of which provided classified and alphabetic arrangements, 1 provided a classified arrangement only, and 10 provided an alphabetic arrangement only. No library provided a bibliothecal arrangement for medical book chapters or chapter 13. AER working group A on improvement extension and validation of parametrized few-group libraries for VVER-440 and VVER-1000 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Svarny, J. 1998-01-01 The AER Working Groups A and B held its sixth meeting at SKODA JS, Plzen in April 28 and 29, 1998. There were altogether 13 participants from 6 member organizations. The list of participants and the list of papers are attached. Main topics of the meeting were: A few-group cross-section library preparation methodology (standard few-group libraries, kinetics parameters, SPND signal interpretation parametrization) and its validation; Participation on intercomparisons of spectral codes (spectral codes benchmark); of kinetics parameters calculations (kinetics parameters benchmark). (author) 14. Selecting for health sciences library collections when budgets falter. Science.gov (United States) Truelson, S D 1976-01-01 The economic plight of the 1970s often limits the librarian, who should be the final selector, to insufficient funds for acquiring essential publications. The librarian, in addition to making every effort to acquire the best possible collection, must provide access from other libraries, within and outside one's parent institution, to materials not acquired; for this purpose, an effective document delivery network has proved more significant than formal plans for shared acquisitions. Too much is published, but the choices become more manageable with selection criteria that include limiting subject scope and keeping within the English language. In regard to journals, new titles should be added only reluctantly; cancellation lists compiled with the help of selective lists, the librarians' judgment, and users' responses; and newsletters and state journals pruned to a mimimum. As to books, selective lists should be consulted; congress proceedings generally ignored; and reprinted collections, multiple copies, and gifts considered with care. Book reviews are more useful selection aids now that lack of funds causes delays in purchasing than when new titles were acquired promptly with less discrimination. Audiovisual media, although widely pushed, do not replace printed materials, are not of central importance to many faculties, are expensive, and thus comprise a bandwagon which the impoverished library cannot afford to board without extra funding. The less money there is, the more need for a librarian's selection skills. PMID:58691 15. Methods library of embedded R functions at Statistics Norway Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Øyvind Langsrud 2017-11-01 Full Text Available Statistics Norway is modernising the production processes. An important element in this work is a library of functions for statistical computations. In principle, the functions in such a methods library can be programmed in several languages. A modernised production environment demand that these functions can be reused for different statistics products, and that they are embedded within a common IT system. The embedding should be done in such a way that the users of the methods do not need to know the underlying programming language. As a proof of concept, Statistics Norway soon has established a methods library offering a limited number of methods for macro-editing, imputation and confidentiality. This is done within an area of municipal statistics with R as the only programming language. This paper presents the details and experiences from this work. The problem of fitting real word applications to simple and strict standards is discussed and exemplified by the development of solutions to regression imputation and table suppression. 16. Periodic words connected with the Fibonacci words Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) G. M. Barabash 2016-06-01 Full Text Available In this paper we introduce two families of periodic words (FLP-words of type 1 and FLP-words of type 2 that are connected with the Fibonacci words and investigated their properties. 17. Older and Wiser: Older Adults’ Episodic Word Memory Benefits from Sentence Study Contexts Science.gov (United States) Matzen, Laura E.; Benjamin, Aaron S. 2013-01-01 A hallmark of adaptive cognition is the ability to modulate learning in response to the demands posed by different types of tests and different types of materials. Here we evaluate how older adults process words and sentences differently by examining patterns of memory errors. In two experiments, we explored younger and older adults’ sensitivity to lures on a recognition test following study of words in these two types of contexts. Among the studied words were compound words such as “blackmail” and “jailbird” that were related to conjunction lures (e.g. “blackbird”) and semantic lures (e.g. “criminal”). Participants engaged in a recognition test that included old items, conjunction lures, semantic lures, and unrelated new items. In both experiments, younger and older adults had the same general pattern of memory errors: more incorrect endorsements of semantic than conjunction lures following sentence study and more incorrect endorsements of conjunction than semantic lures following list study. The similar pattern reveals that older and younger adults responded to the constraints of the two different study contexts in similar ways. However, while younger and older adults showed similar levels of memory performance for the list study context, the sentence study context elicited superior memory performance in the older participants. It appears as though memory tasks that take advantage of greater expertise in older adults--in this case, greater experience with sentence processing--can reveal superior memory performance in the elderly. PMID:23834493 18. A Computer-Aided Bibliometrics System for Journal Citation Analysis and Departmental Core Journal Ranking List Generation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yih-Chearng Shiue 2004-12-01 Full Text Available Due to the tremendous increase and variation in serial publications, faculties in department of university are finding it difficult to generate and update their departmental core journal list regularly and accurately, and libraries are finding it difficult to maintain their current serial collection for different departments. Therefore, the evaluation of a departmental core journal list is an important task for departmental faculties and librarians. A departmental core journal list not only helps departments understand research performances of faculties and students, but also helps librarians make decisions about which journals to retain and which to cancel. In this study, a Computer-Aided Bibliometrics System was implemented and two methodologies (JCDF and LibJF were proposed in order to generate a departmental core journal ranking list and make the journal citation analysis. Six departments were taken as examples, with MIS as the major one. One journal citation pattern was found and the ratio of Turning point-to-No. journal was always around 0.07 among the 10 journals and 6 departments. After comparing with four methodologies via overlapping rate and standard deviation distances, the two proposed methodologies were shown to be better than questionnaire and library subscription method. 19. TRADOC Library and Information Network (TRALINET). Union List of Periodicals (TULIP) (6th Edition) Science.gov (United States) 1993-12-01 LIST OF PERIODICALS PAGE 87 DECEMBER 1993 AUSTRALIAN OUTLOOK TRC (0004-9913] paper 1963-1989. AUTO WEEK TRW paper Current issue only. AUTOBODY AND...LIST OF PERIODICALS PAGE 100 DECEMBER 1993 BOLETIN DEL FMI TTY paper 1989+ BON APPETIT APF [0006-6990] paper Current two years only TSS paper Jan 1988...Current month only EL DIARIO/LA PRENSA TTY (0742-9428] paper Current month only EL MERCURIO (CHILE) TTY paper Current month only EL MUNDO TTX paper 20. A library of georeferenced photos from the field Science.gov (United States) Xiao, Xiangming; Dorovskoy, Pavel; Biradar, Chandrashekhar; Bridge, Eli 2011-12-01 A picture is worth a thousand of words, and every day hundreds of scientists, students, and environmentally aware citizens are taking field photos to document their observations of rocks, glaciers, soils, forests, wetlands, croplands, rangelands, livestock, and birds and mammals, as well as important events such as droughts, floods, wildfires, insect emergences, and infectious disease outbreaks. Where are those field photos stored? Can they be shared in a timely fashion to support education, research, and the leisure activities of citizens across the world? What are the financial and intellectual costs if those field photos are lost or not shared? Recently, researchers at the University of Oklahoma developed and released the Global Geo-Referenced Field Photo Library (hereinafter referred to as the Field Photo Library; http://www.eomf.ou.edu/photos/), a Web-based data portal designed for researchers and educators who wish to archive and share field photos from across the world, each tagged with exact positioning data (Figure 1). The data portal has a simple user interface that allows people to upload, query, and download georeferenced field photos in the library. 1. Priority of the genus name Clostridium Prazmowski 1880 (Approved Lists 1980) vs Sarcina Goodsir 1842 (Approved Lists 1980) and the creation of the illegitimate combinations Clostridium maximum (Lindner 1888) Lawson and Rainey 2016 and Clostridium ventriculi (Goodsir 1842) Lawson and Rainey 2016 that may not be used. Science.gov (United States) Tindall, B J 2016-11-01 In a recent publication that attempts to deal with the growing problem of taxa being added to the genus Clostridium that are outside of Clostridium (16S rRNA) group I, a solution is proposed that seeks to limit the genus Clostridium Prazmowski 1880 (Approved Lists 1980) to a small number of species 'related' to the type species, Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski 1880 (Approved Lists 1980). It has been proposed that this genus should also include members of the genus Sarcina Goodsir 1842 (Approved Lists 1980), Sarcinamaxima Lindner 1888 (Approved Lists 1980) and Sarcinaventriculi Goodsir 1842 (Approved Lists 1980), the latter being the nomenclatural type of the genus Sarcina Goodsir 1842 (Approved Lists 1980). In making proposals to treat the genus name Sarcina Goodsir 1842 (Approved Lists 1980) as a synonym of ClostridiumPrazmowski 1880 (Approved Lists 1980), reference is made to the wording of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. However, while that wording is factually correct, other parts of the Code are relevant to this issue and clearly indicate that the proposed course of action is not sanctioned by texts that have not been directly made reference to. Rather than avoiding confusion it has been contributed to, and it is necessary to document where the problems lie. 2. Tracking the Eye Movement of Four Years Old Children Learning Chinese Words Science.gov (United States) Lin, Dan; Chen, Guangyao; Liu, Yingyi; Liu, Jiaxin; Pan, Jue; Mo, Lei 2018-01-01 Storybook reading is the major source of literacy exposure for beginning readers. The present study tracked 4-year-old Chinese children's eye movements while they were reading simulated storybook pages. Their eye-movement patterns were examined in relation to their word learning gains. The same reading list, consisting of 20 two-character Chinese… 3. Index of nuclear data libraries available from the IAEA nuclear data section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1996-11-01 This document lists more than 100 nuclear data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. The data libraries include neutron cross-sections, resonance parameters, fission-product yields, nuclear structure and decay data, gamma-rays from radionuclides, data of nuclear reactions induced by charged particles or heavy ions, photonuclear data, photoatomic interaction data, and many others, partly with related data processing computer codes. All data and documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge on magnetic tape, PC diskettes, or online through www or INTERNET: either menu driven within the Nuclear Data Information System (NDIS), or through FTP file transfer. (author) 4. Index of nuclear data libraries available from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1996-01-01 This document lists more than 100 nuclear data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. The data libraries include neutron cross-sections, resonance parameters, fission-product yields, nuclear structure and decay data, gamma-rays from radionuclides, data of nuclear reactions induced by charged particles or heavy ions, photonuclear data, photoatomic interaction data, and many others, partly with related data processing computer codes. All data documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge on magnetic tape, PC diskettes, or online through the INTERNET computer network: either menu driven within the Nuclear Data Information System (NDIS), or through FTP file transfer. (author) 5. Index of nuclear data libraries available from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D.; Schwerer, O. 1997-01-01 This document lists more than 100 nuclear data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. The data libraries include neutron cross-sections, resonance parameters, fission-product yields, nuclear structure and decay data, gamma-rays from radionuclides, data of nuclear reactions induced by charged particles or heavy ions, photonuclear data, photoatomic interaction data, and many others, partly with related data processing computer codes. All data and documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge on magnetic tape, PC diskettes, CD-ROM or online through WWW, Telnet (menu driven within the Nuclear Data Information System NDIS), or through FTP file transfer. (author) 6. Index of nuclear data libraries available from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lemmel, H.D. 1994-01-01 This document lists more than 100 nuclear data libraries together with references that give more detailed information about these libraries. The data libraries include neutron cross-sections, resonance parameters, fission-product yields, nuclear structure and decay data, gamma-rays from radionuclides, data of nuclear reactions induced by charged particles or heavy ions, photonuclear data, photoatomic interaction data, and many others, partly with related data processing computer codes. All data and documentation references are available upon request from the IAEA Nuclear Data Section, free of charge on magnetic tape, PC diskettes, or online through the INTERNET computer network: either menu driven within the Nuclear Data Information System (NDIS), or through FTP file transfer. (author) 7. Open Source Opens Doors: Repurposing Library Software to Facilitate Faculty Research and Collaboration Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sandra L. Stump 2013-10-01 Full Text Available Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Asked to convert a faculty-created Microsoft Word document of biblical references found within popular films into a searchable database for scholars, the Albright College library staff helped create a multi-access database called Bible in the Reel World. The database relied on student workers for inputting data, used MARC standard formatting for future portability, and encouraged interactive feedback, enabling scholars to submit comments and suggest additional films and references. Using the open source integrated library system Koha, MarcEdit software, and free record exporting from IMDb, library staff created a fully-searchable database for researchers and scholars to examine the use of scripture in popular film. 8. Age differences in the focus of retrieval: Evidence from dual-list free recall. Science.gov (United States) Wahlheim, Christopher N; Huff, Mark J 2015-12-01 In the present experiment, we examined age differences in the focus of retrieval using a dual-list free recall paradigm. Younger and older adults studied 2 lists of unrelated words and recalled from the first list, the second list, or both lists. Older adults showed impaired use of control processes to recall items correctly from a target list and prevent intrusions. This pattern reflected a deficit in recollection verified using a process dissociation procedure. We examined the consequences of an age-related deficit in control processes on the focus of retrieval using measures of temporal organization. Evidence that older adults engaged a broader focus of retrieval than younger adults was shown clearly when participants were instructed to recall from both lists. First-recalled items originated from more distant positions across lists for older adults. We interpret older adults' broader retrieval orientation as consistent with their impaired ability to elaborate cues to constrain retrieval. These findings show that age-related deficits in control processes impair context reinstatement and the subsequent focus of retrieval to target episodes. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved). 9. Stopping power for particle therapy: the generic library libdEdx and clinically relevant stopping-power ratios for light ions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Lühr, Armin Christian; Toftegaard, Jakob; Kantemiris, Ioannis 2012-01-01 to be known accurately for dosimetry. Methods: An open-source computer library called libdEdx (library for energy loss per unit path length, dE/dx, calculations) is developed, providing stopping-power data from data tables and computer programs as well as a stopping-power formula comprising a large list... 10. Academic Libraries Should Consider a Strategic Approach to Promotion and Marketing of e-Books. A Review of: Vasileiou, M. & Rowley, J. (2011. Marketing and promotion of e-books in academic libraries. Journal of Documentation, 67(4, 624-643. doi: 10.1108/00220411111145025 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nazi Torabi 2011-01-01 strategic plan across all the cases, some of the participants were practicing e-book marketing and promotion to some extent. The interviewees mentioned a total of 20 different promotional tools. The most frequently used promotional tools were library websites, information literacy sessions, OPACs, and e-mails. Participants also noted marketing using online help tutorials and various events. The least frequently mentioned promotional tools were announcement boards, a library representative, blogs, bulletins, the display screen, and a marketing campaign. The marketing campaign was only mentioned by librarians from one library.According to some respondents, there are faculty and course instructors who contribute in promotion of e-books dependently or independently from the library. Some recommend e-books as course reading materials, some add links to e-books on the virtual learning environment (VLE reading lists, and some even go beyond that and provide instructions on how to use e-books. Not all librarians were aware of the use of e-books by faculty.The authors also investigated the future plans anticipated by the participants. There was only one library that has appointed a marketing officer and intends to develop a marketing strategy. All other cases plan to improve on current marketing practices or expressed innovative approaches in marketing by “development of an information literacy project, use of online chat, promotion of e-books in course committee meetings, provision of a paper guide for e-books,” CD case display of available e-books, and other strategies (p. 633.Marketing a new service comes with its own issues and challenges. The most frequently mentioned issues and challenges that librarians were facing were time constraints, raising users’ expectations, and e-book availability in the library. Also, accessibility was of concern to some participants. Conclusion – This study underlines the importance of marketing a library’s new resources, particularly e 11. Copies of editions from V. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine Old Printed and Rare Editions Department fonds, not mentioned in «Svodnyi catalog knig na inostrannyh yazykah, izdannyh v Rossii v XVIII veke» Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Rudakova Y. 2014-01-01 Full Text Available «Svodnyi catalog knig na inostrannyh yazykah, izdannyh v Rossii v XVIII veke (1701-1800» is the first and currently the only bibliographic index of books in foreign languages, printed in Russian Empire typographies in the 18th century. The catalogue was arranged on the basis of fonds of 14 major libraries of former USSR, including the contemporary V. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. However, a number of books, not mentioned in the catalogue in question, were found in the fonds of Old Printed and Rare Editions Department of V. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. Also a list of editions, which descriptions in the catalogue need to be completed or corrected, was composed. This information will be reflected in the fifth volume of the catalogue that is being prepared for publication in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article intends to inform about these additions. They are displayed by two lists. The first list contains numbers of editions, which descriptions in the catalogue are to be improved. The second list contains editions from the fonds of V. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine Old Printed and Rare Editions Department, which are not mentioned in the catalogue. The lists of additions are supplemented with brief characteristics of the catalogue. 12. Research data services in veterinary medicine libraries. Science.gov (United States) Kerby, Erin E 2016-10-01 The study investigated veterinary medicine librarians' experience with and perceptions of research data services. Many academic libraries have begun to offer research data services in response to researchers' increased need for data management support. To date, such services have typically been generic, rather than discipline-specific, to appeal to a wide variety of researchers. An online survey was deployed to identify trends regarding research data services in veterinary medicine libraries. Participants were identified from a list of contacts from the MLA Veterinary Medical Libraries Section. Although many respondents indicated that they have a professional interest in research data services, the majority of veterinary medicine librarians only rarely or occasionally provide data management support as part of their regular job responsibilities. There was little consensus as to whether research data services should be core to a library's mission despite their perceived importance to the advancement of veterinary research. Furthermore, most respondents stated that research data services are just as or somewhat less important than the other services that they provide and feel only slightly or somewhat prepared to offer such services. Lacking a standard definition of "research data" and a common understanding of precisely what research data services encompass, it is difficult for veterinary medicine librarians and libraries to define and understand their roles in research data services. Nonetheless, they appear to have an interest in learning more about and providing research data services. 13. WordPress as a Content Management System for a Library Web Site: How to Create a Dynamically Generated Subject Guide OpenAIRE Joshua Dodson 2008-01-01 This article explains a method of generating dynamic subject guides through the WordPress content management system. This method includes the use of the Exec-PHP WordPress plugin and additional PHP code to create a new category-based loop within the preexisting WordPress loop. Example code and screenshots are provided. 14. News from the library: CERN Bookshop christmas sales CERN Multimedia CERN Library 2010-01-01 If you are looking for an idea for your Christmas gifts, the Bookshop of the Central Library offers you a wide choice of titles in Physics, Mathematics and Computing. It will have a stall in the Ground Floor of the Main Building (Bldg 500) from 7 to 8 December 2010. You are welcome to come, browse and buy books at very interesting prices! The title list of the Bookshop is available here. This Bookshop is located in the Central Library, Building 52 1-052 and is open on weekdays from 8.30 a.m. to 7.00 p.m. It can be contacted by e-mail at [email protected]. CERN Users can buy books and CDs at discount prices. 15. Examining the relationship between free recall and immediate serial recall: Similar patterns of rehearsal and similar effects of word length, presentation rate, and articulatory suppression. Science.gov (United States) Bhatarah, Parveen; Ward, Geoff; Smith, Jessica; Hayes, Louise 2009-07-01 In five experiments, rehearsal and recall phenomena were examined using the free recall and immediate serial recall (ISR) tasks. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with lists of eight words, were precued or postcued to respond using free recall or ISR, and rehearsed out loud during presentation. The patterns of rehearsal were similar in all the conditions, and there was little difference between recall in the precued and postcued conditions. In Experiment 2, both free recall and ISR were sensitive to word length and presentation rate and showed similar patterns of rehearsal. In Experiment 3, both tasks were sensitive to word length and articulatory suppression. The word length effects generalized to 6-item (Experiment 4) and 12-item (Experiment 5) lists. These findings suggest that the two tasks are underpinned by highly similar rehearsal and recall processes. 16. Do handwritten words magnify lexical effects in visual word recognition? Science.gov (United States) Perea, Manuel; Gil-López, Cristina; Beléndez, Victoria; Carreiras, Manuel 2016-01-01 An examination of how the word recognition system is able to process handwritten words is fundamental to formulate a comprehensive model of visual word recognition. Previous research has revealed that the magnitude of lexical effects (e.g., the word-frequency effect) is greater with handwritten words than with printed words. In the present lexical decision experiments, we examined whether the quality of handwritten words moderates the recruitment of top-down feedback, as reflected in word-frequency effects. Results showed a reading cost for difficult-to-read and easy-to-read handwritten words relative to printed words. But the critical finding was that difficult-to-read handwritten words, but not easy-to-read handwritten words, showed a greater word-frequency effect than printed words. Therefore, the inherent physical variability of handwritten words does not necessarily boost the magnitude of lexical effects. 17. Medical Terminology: Latin Words/Abbreviations; Special Signs and Symbols. Health Occupations Education Module. Science.gov (United States) Temple Univ., Philadelphia, PA. Div. of Vocational Education. This module on medical terminology (using Latin words/abbreviations; special signs and symbols) is one of 17 modules designed for individualized instruction in health occupations education programs at both the secondary and postsecondary levels. This module consists of an introduction to the module topic, a list of resources needed, and three… 18. Statistical Laws Governing Fluctuations in Word Use from Word Birth to Word Death Science.gov (United States) Petersen, Alexander M.; Tenenbaum, Joel; Havlin, Shlomo; Stanley, H. Eugene 2012-03-01 We analyze the dynamic properties of 107 words recorded in English, Spanish and Hebrew over the period 1800-2008 in order to gain insight into the coevolution of language and culture. We report language independent patterns useful as benchmarks for theoretical models of language evolution. A significantly decreasing (increasing) trend in the birth (death) rate of words indicates a recent shift in the selection laws governing word use. For new words, we observe a peak in the growth-rate fluctuations around 40 years after introduction, consistent with the typical entry time into standard dictionaries and the human generational timescale. Pronounced changes in the dynamics of language during periods of war shows that word correlations, occurring across time and between words, are largely influenced by coevolutionary social, technological, and political factors. We quantify cultural memory by analyzing the long-term correlations in the use of individual words using detrended fluctuation analysis. 19. Segmentation Techniques for Expanding a Library Instruction Market: Evaluating and Brainstorming. Science.gov (United States) Warren, Rebecca; Hayes, Sherman; Gunter, Donna 2001-01-01 Describes a two-part segmentation technique applied to an instruction program for an academic library during a strategic planning process. Discusses a brainstorming technique used to create a list of existing and potential audiences, and then describes a follow-up review session that evaluated the past years' efforts. (Author/LRW) 20. Adding Delicious Data to Your Library Website Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Andrew Darby 2009-06-01 Full Text Available Social bookmarking services such as Delicious offer a simple way of developing lists of library resources. This paper outlines various methods of incorporating data from a Delicious account into a webpage. We begin with a description of Delicious Linkrolls and Tagrolls, the simplest but least flexible method of displaying Delicious results. We then describe three more advanced methods of manipulating Delicious data using RSS, JSON, and XML. Code samples using PHP and JavaScript are provided. 1. The Effects of Transfer in Teaching Vocabulary to School Children: An Analysis of the Dependencies between Lists of Trained and Non-Trained Words Science.gov (United States) Frost, Jørgen; Ottem, Ernst; Hagtvet, Bente E.; Snow, Catherine E. 2016-01-01 In the present study, 81 Norwegian students were taught the meaning of words by the Word Generation (WG) method and 51 Norwegian students were taught by an approach inspired by the Thinking Schools (TS) concept. Two sets of words were used: a set of words to be trained and a set of non-trained control words. The two teaching methods yielded no… 2. False memory in aging: effects of emotional valence on word recognition accuracy. Science.gov (United States) Piguet, Olivier; Connally, Emily; Krendl, Anne C; Huot, Jessica R; Corkin, Suzanne 2008-06-01 Memory is susceptible to distortions. Valence and increasing age are variables known to affect memory accuracy and may increase false alarm production. Interaction between these variables and their impact on false memory was investigated in 36 young (18-28 years) and 36 older (61-83 years) healthy adults. At study, participants viewed lists of neutral words orthographically related to negative, neutral, or positive critical lures (not presented). Memory for these words was subsequently tested with a remember-know procedure. At test, items included the words seen at study and their associated critical lures, as well as sets of orthographically related neutral words not seen at study and their associated unstudied lures. Positive valence was shown to have two opposite effects on older adults' discrimination of the lures: It improved correct rejection of unstudied lures but increased false memory for critical lures (i.e., lures associated with words studied previously). Thus, increased salience triggered by positive valence may disrupt memory accuracy in older adults when discriminating among similar events. These findings likely reflect a source memory deficit due to decreased efficiency in cognitive control processes with aging. 3. 20 old and rare books from the library of Paul Gore Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Liviu Papuc 2014-12-01 Full Text Available As is well known, most of the large library of Paul Gore, nearly 5,000 volumes, as evidenced by preserved inventory list, is currently kept in the “M. Eminescu” Central University Library in Iaşi. Based on dozens of specimens found in the storages and on the notes made by Paul Gore in the inventory-catalog, the paper presents their bibliographic description. It is made in the continuation of a communication that is to be printed in the Magazine of the Museum of the “Al.I. Cuza” University of Iaşi and in order to complete a full catalog of the library of the great scientist, the work on which was begun with great success by other researchers in the field. 4. Cultural Diversity in the Workplace: A Look at the Library Science Literature. Science.gov (United States) Gilton, Donna 1996-01-01 Lists books, articles, videos, studies, and other information in library science related to workplace recruitment and retention of people of African, Hispanic or Latino, Asian/Pacific, or Native American identification, descent, or heritage. Includes materials examining workplace problems for racial minorities and the inclusive organization.… 5. Orthographic Transparency Enhances Morphological Segmentation in Children Reading Hebrew Words Science.gov (United States) Haddad, Laurice; Weiss, Yael; Katzir, Tami; Bitan, Tali 2018-01-01 Morphological processing of derived words develops simultaneously with reading acquisition. However, the reader’s engagement in morphological segmentation may depend on the language morphological richness and orthographic transparency, and the readers’ reading skills. The current study tested the common idea that morphological segmentation is enhanced in non-transparent orthographies to compensate for the absence of phonological information. Hebrew’s rich morphology and the dual version of the Hebrew script (with and without diacritic marks) provides an opportunity to study the interaction of orthographic transparency and morphological segmentation on the development of reading skills in a within-language design. Hebrew speaking 2nd (N = 27) and 5th (N = 29) grade children read aloud 96 noun words. Half of the words were simple mono-morphemic words and half were bi-morphemic derivations composed of a productive root and a morphemic pattern. In each list half of the words were presented in the transparent version of the script (with diacritic marks), and half in the non-transparent version (without diacritic marks). Our results show that in both groups, derived bi-morphemic words were identified more accurately than mono-morphemic words, but only for the transparent, pointed, script. For the un-pointed script the reverse was found, namely, that bi-morphemic words were read less accurately than mono-morphemic words, especially in second grade. Second grade children also read mono-morphemic words faster than bi-morphemic words. Finally, correlations with a standardized measure of morphological awareness were found only for second grade children, and only in bi-morphemic words. These results, showing greater morphological effects in second grade compared to fifth grade children suggest that for children raised in a language with a rich morphology, common and easily segmented morphemic units may be more beneficial for younger compared to older readers. Moreover 6. Orthographic Transparency Enhances Morphological Segmentation in Children Reading Hebrew Words Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Laurice Haddad 2018-01-01 Full Text Available Morphological processing of derived words develops simultaneously with reading acquisition. However, the reader’s engagement in morphological segmentation may depend on the language morphological richness and orthographic transparency, and the readers’ reading skills. The current study tested the common idea that morphological segmentation is enhanced in non-transparent orthographies to compensate for the absence of phonological information. Hebrew’s rich morphology and the dual version of the Hebrew script (with and without diacritic marks provides an opportunity to study the interaction of orthographic transparency and morphological segmentation on the development of reading skills in a within-language design. Hebrew speaking 2nd (N = 27 and 5th (N = 29 grade children read aloud 96 noun words. Half of the words were simple mono-morphemic words and half were bi-morphemic derivations composed of a productive root and a morphemic pattern. In each list half of the words were presented in the transparent version of the script (with diacritic marks, and half in the non-transparent version (without diacritic marks. Our results show that in both groups, derived bi-morphemic words were identified more accurately than mono-morphemic words, but only for the transparent, pointed, script. For the un-pointed script the reverse was found, namely, that bi-morphemic words were read less accurately than mono-morphemic words, especially in second grade. Second grade children also read mono-morphemic words faster than bi-morphemic words. Finally, correlations with a standardized measure of morphological awareness were found only for second grade children, and only in bi-morphemic words. These results, showing greater morphological effects in second grade compared to fifth grade children suggest that for children raised in a language with a rich morphology, common and easily segmented morphemic units may be more beneficial for younger compared to older 7. The Activation of Embedded Words in Spoken Word Recognition. Science.gov (United States) Zhang, Xujin; Samuel, Arthur G 2015-01-01 The current study investigated how listeners understand English words that have shorter words embedded in them. A series of auditory-auditory priming experiments assessed the activation of six types of embedded words (2 embedded positions × 3 embedded proportions) under different listening conditions. Facilitation of lexical decision responses to targets (e.g., pig) associated with words embedded in primes (e.g., hamster ) indexed activation of the embedded words (e.g., ham ). When the listening conditions were optimal, isolated embedded words (e.g., ham ) primed their targets in all six conditions (Experiment 1a). Within carrier words (e.g., hamster ), the same set of embedded words produced priming only when they were at the beginning or comprised a large proportion of the carrier word (Experiment 1b). When the listening conditions were made suboptimal by expanding or compressing the primes, significant priming was found for isolated embedded words (Experiment 2a), but no priming was produced when the carrier words were compressed/expanded (Experiment 2b). Similarly, priming was eliminated when the carrier words were presented with one segment replaced by noise (Experiment 3). When cognitive load was imposed, priming for embedded words was again found when they were presented in isolation (Experiment 4a), but not when they were embedded in the carrier words (Experiment 4b). The results suggest that both embedded position and proportion play important roles in the activation of embedded words, but that such activation only occurs under unusually good listening conditions. 8. WORD LEVEL DISCRIMINATIVE TRAINING FOR HANDWRITTEN WORD RECOGNITION NARCIS (Netherlands) Chen, W.; Gader, P. 2004-01-01 Word level training refers to the process of learning the parameters of a word recognition system based on word level criteria functions. Previously, researchers trained lexicondriven handwritten word recognition systems at the character level individually. These systems generally use statistical 9. About the Library - Betty Petersen Memorial Library Science.gov (United States) branch library of the NOAA Central Library. The library serves the NOAA Science Center in Camp Springs , Maryland. History and Mission: Betty Petersen Memorial Library began as a reading room in the NOAA Science Science Center staff and advises the library on all aspects of the library program. Library Newsletters 10. Context affects L1 but not L2 during bilingual word recognition: an MEG study. Science.gov (United States) Pellikka, Janne; Helenius, Päivi; Mäkelä, Jyrki P; Lehtonen, Minna 2015-03-01 How do bilinguals manage the activation levels of the two languages and prevent interference from the irrelevant language? Using magnetoencephalography, we studied the effect of context on the activation levels of languages by manipulating the composition of word lists (the probability of the languages) presented auditorily to late Finnish-English bilinguals. We first determined the upper limit time-window for semantic access, and then focused on the preceding responses during which the actual word recognition processes were assumedly ongoing. Between 300 and 500 ms in the temporal cortices (in the N400 m response) we found an asymmetric language switching effect: the responses to L1 Finnish words were affected by the presentation context unlike the responses to L2 English words. This finding suggests that the stronger language is suppressed in an L2 context, supporting models that allow auditory word recognition to be affected by contextual factors and the language system to be subject to inhibitory influence. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11. Vienna International Centre Library Film and Video Catalogue: Peaceful applications of nuclear energy 1928-1998 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 1999-12-31 The catalogue lists films and videos which are available on free loan from Vienna International Centre Library for educational, non-commercial, non-profit showings involving no admission charges or appeals for funds. Much of the material listed has been donated to the IAEA by the Governments of Member States. The items are arranged in the catalogue by number. The catalogue also includes a title index and a subject index 12. Vienna International Centre Library Film and Video Catalogue: Peaceful applications of nuclear energy 1928-1998 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1998-01-01 The catalogue lists films and videos which are available on free loan from Vienna International Centre Library for educational, non-commercial, non-profit showings involving no admission charges or appeals for funds. Much of the material listed has been donated to the IAEA by the Governments of Member States. The items are arranged in the catalogue by number. The catalogue also includes a title index and a subject index 13. The x-word and its usage : Taboo words and swearwords in general, and x-words in newspapers OpenAIRE Lindahl, Katarina 2008-01-01 All languages have words that are considered taboo – words that are not supposed to be said or used. Taboo words, or swearwords, can be used in many different ways and they can have different meanings depending on what context they appear in. Another aspect of taboo words is the euphemisms that are used in order to avoid obscene speech. This paper will focus on x-words, words like the f-word or the c-word, which replace the words fuck or cunt, but as the study will show they also have other m... 14. E-READING II: words database for reading by students from Basic Education II. Science.gov (United States) Oliveira, Adriana Marques de; Capellini, Simone Aparecida 2016-01-01 To develop a database of words of high, medium and low frequency in reading for Basic Education II. The words were taken from the teaching material for Portuguese Language, used by the teaching network of the State of São Paulo in the 6th to the 9th year of Basic Education. Only nouns were selected. The frequency with which each word occurred was recorded and a single database was created. In order to classify the words as of high, medium and low frequency, the decision was taken to work with the distribution terciles, mean frequency and the cutoff point of the terciles. In order to ascertain whether the words of high, medium and low frequency corresponded to this classification, 224 students were assessed: G1 (6th year, n= 61); G2 (7th year, n= 44); G3 (8th year, n= 65); and G4 (9th year, n= 54). The lists of words were presented to the students for reading out loud, in two sessions: 1st) words of high and medium frequency and 2nd) words of low-frequency. Words which encompassed the exclusion criteria, or which caused discomfort or joking on the part of the students, were excluded. The word database was made up of 1659 words and was titled 'E - LEITURA II' ('E-READING II', in English). The E-LEITURA II database is a useful resource for the professionals, as it provides a database which can be used for research, educational and clinical purposes among students of Basic Education II. The professional can choose the words according to her objectives and criteria for elaborating evaluation or intervention procedures involving reading. 15. Interlibrary loan in primary access libraries: challenging the traditional view. Science.gov (United States) Dudden, R F; Coldren, S; Condon, J E; Katsh, S; Reiter, C M; Roth, P L 2000-10-01 Primary access libraries serve as the foundation of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) interlibrary loan (ILL) hierarchy, yet few published reports directly address the important role these libraries play in the ILL system. This may reflect the traditional view that small, primary access libraries are largely users of ILL, rather than important contributors to the effectiveness and efficiency of the national ILL system. This study was undertaken to test several commonly held beliefs regarding ILL system use by primary access libraries. Three hypotheses were developed. HI: Colorado and Wyoming primary access libraries comply with the recommended ILL guideline of adhering to a hierarchical structure, emphasizing local borrowing. H2: The closures of two Colorado Council of Medical Librarians (CCML) primary access libraries in 1996 resulted in twenty-three Colorado primary access libraries' borrowing more from their state resource library in 1997. H3: The number of subscriptions held by Colorado and Wyoming primary access libraries is positively correlated with the number of items they loan and negatively correlated with the number of items they borrow. The hypotheses were tested using the 1992 and 1997 DOCLINE and OCLC data of fifty-four health sciences libraries, including fifty primary access libraries, two state resource libraries, and two general academic libraries in Colorado and Wyoming. The ILL data were obtained electronically and analyzed using Microsoft Word 98, Microsoft Excel 98, and JMP 3.2.2. CCML primary access libraries comply with the recommended guideline to emphasize local borrowing by supplying each other with the majority of their ILLs, instead of overburdening libraries located at higher levels in the ILL hierarchy (H1). The closures of two CCML primary access libraries appear to have affected the entire ILL system, resulting in a greater volume of ILL activity for the state resource library and other DOCLINE libraries higher 16. The Activation of Embedded Words in Spoken Word Recognition Science.gov (United States) Zhang, Xujin; Samuel, Arthur G. 2015-01-01 The current study investigated how listeners understand English words that have shorter words embedded in them. A series of auditory-auditory priming experiments assessed the activation of six types of embedded words (2 embedded positions × 3 embedded proportions) under different listening conditions. Facilitation of lexical decision responses to targets (e.g., pig) associated with words embedded in primes (e.g., hamster) indexed activation of the embedded words (e.g., ham). When the listening conditions were optimal, isolated embedded words (e.g., ham) primed their targets in all six conditions (Experiment 1a). Within carrier words (e.g., hamster), the same set of embedded words produced priming only when they were at the beginning or comprised a large proportion of the carrier word (Experiment 1b). When the listening conditions were made suboptimal by expanding or compressing the primes, significant priming was found for isolated embedded words (Experiment 2a), but no priming was produced when the carrier words were compressed/expanded (Experiment 2b). Similarly, priming was eliminated when the carrier words were presented with one segment replaced by noise (Experiment 3). When cognitive load was imposed, priming for embedded words was again found when they were presented in isolation (Experiment 4a), but not when they were embedded in the carrier words (Experiment 4b). The results suggest that both embedded position and proportion play important roles in the activation of embedded words, but that such activation only occurs under unusually good listening conditions. PMID:25593407 17. America's Star Libraries, 2010: Top-Rated Libraries Science.gov (United States) Lyons, Ray; Lance, Keith Curry 2010-01-01 The "LJ" Index of Public Library Service 2010, "Library Journal"'s national rating of public libraries, identifies 258 "star" libraries. Created by Ray Lyons and Keith Curry Lance, and based on 2008 data from the IMLS, it rates 7,407 public libraries. The top libraries in each group get five, four, or three stars. All included libraries, stars or… 18. Some words on Word NARCIS (Netherlands) Janssen, Maarten; Visser, A. In many disciplines, the notion of a word is of central importance. For instance, morphology studies le mot comme tel, pris isol´ement (Mel’ˇcuk, 1993 [74]). In the philosophy of language the word was often considered to be the primary bearer of meaning. Lexicography has as its fundamental role 19. List of scientific publications of the Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe in 1976 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1977-03-01 The report KFK 2425 contains the titles of all publications printed in 1976. Lectures are included if the Central Library has the written text at its disposal. With regard to patents, only 'Ersterteilungen', 'Auslegeschriften' (DAS) or 'Offenlegungsschriften' (OS) are listed. The list of publications is arranged according to institutes. Under projects, only published project reports and publications by members of the project staff in question are named. Included, too, are publications, printed on the premises, concerning R+D activities within the projects 'Process control by data processing systems' (PDV)' and 'Computer-aided design and development' (CAD), projects which are carried out under the auspices of the Gesellschaft fuer Kernforschung in cooperation with firms and institutes. (orig./HK) [de 20. Collections in university libraries: manifestations of scientific production Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sayonara Lizton Nascimento-Andre 2012-08-01 Full Text Available This research addresses the issue of collections in university libraries regarding the building and development of collections. The main objective is to analyze the characteristics of scientific production related to such topic by developing a documental, exploratory, descriptive and both qualitative and quantitative research. The analyzed corpus consists of several international magazines which supply papers with the topic aforementioned, and which were previously indexed on the Wilson Library Literature and Information Science Full Text from 1998 to 2008. The journals are characterized by containing a large number of papers that deals with the issue of collections in university libraries, as well as by the year of highest production in regard to such issue - in other words, the year with the highest number of publications. The authors who have published papers in those journals are characterized according to: professional formation and action, institution connections, gender, and type of authorship. Also, the authors’ approach to the central issue is categorized, and a qualitative analysis of the content is made based on diverging and/or converging arguments. Through the analysis of the selected journals, it was possible to delineate the authors’ characteristics as well as that of their approach on the issue of university library collections, who, in this sense, have participated on the construction of Knowledge Engineering and Information Sciences concepts throughout the world. 1. Featured Library: Parrish Library OpenAIRE Kirkwood, Hal P, Jr 2015-01-01 The Roland G. Parrish Library of Management & Economics is located within the Krannert School of Management at Purdue University. Between 2005 - 2007 work was completed on a white paper that focused on a student-centered vision for the Management & Economics Library. The next step was a massive collection reduction and a re-envisioning of both the services and space of the library. Thus began a 3 phase renovation from a 2 floor standard, collection-focused library into a single floor, 18,000s... 2. Guide to LIBXSIF, a Library for Parsing the Extended Standard Input Format of Accelerated Beamlines(LCC-0060) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Tenenbaum, P 2003-01-01 We describe LIBXSIF, a standalone library for parsing the Extended Standard Input Format of accelerator beamlines. Included in the description are: documentation of user commands; full description of permitted accelerator elements and their attributes; the construction of beamline lists; the mechanics of adding LIBXSIF to an existing program; and ''under the hood'' details for users who wish to modify the library or are merely morbidly curious 3. Converging Evidence for Control of Color-Word Stroop Interference at the Item Level Science.gov (United States) Bugg, Julie M.; Hutchison, Keith A. 2013-01-01 Prior studies have shown that cognitive control is implemented at the list and context levels in the color-word Stroop task. At first blush, the finding that Stroop interference is reduced for mostly incongruent items as compared with mostly congruent items (i.e., the item-specific proportion congruence [ISPC] effect) appears to provide evidence… 4. Finding words in a language that allows words without vowels. Science.gov (United States) El Aissati, Abder; McQueen, James M; Cutler, Anne 2012-07-01 Across many languages from unrelated families, spoken-word recognition is subject to a constraint whereby potential word candidates must contain a vowel. This constraint minimizes competition from embedded words (e.g., in English, disfavoring win in twin because t cannot be a word). However, the constraint would be counter-productive in certain languages that allow stand-alone vowelless open-class words. One such language is Berber (where t is indeed a word). Berber listeners here detected words affixed to nonsense contexts with or without vowels. Length effects seen in other languages replicated in Berber, but in contrast to prior findings, word detection was not hindered by vowelless contexts. When words can be vowelless, otherwise universal constraints disfavoring vowelless words do not feature in spoken-word recognition. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 5. Multigroup cross section library; WIMS library International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kannan, Umasankari 2000-01-01 The WIMS library has been extensively used in thermal reactor calculations. This multigroup constants library was originally developed from the UKNDL in the late 60's and has been updated in 1986. This library has been distributed with the WIMS-D code by NEA data bank. The references to WIMS library in literature are the 'old' which is the original as developed by the AEA Winfrith and the 'new' which is the current 1986 WIMS library. IAEA has organised a CRP where a new and fully updated WIMS library will soon be available. This paper gives an overview of the definitions of the group constants that go into any basic nuclear data library used for reactor calculations. This paper also outlines the contents of the WIMS library and some of its shortcomings 6. Effects of age and hearing loss on recognition of unaccented and accented multisyllabic words Science.gov (United States) Gordon-Salant, Sandra; Yeni-Komshian, Grace H.; Fitzgibbons, Peter J.; Cohen, Julie I. 2015-01-01 The effects of age and hearing loss on recognition of unaccented and accented words of varying syllable length were investigated. It was hypothesized that with increments in length of syllables, there would be atypical alterations in syllable stress in accented compared to native English, and that these altered stress patterns would be sensitive to auditory temporal processing deficits with aging. Sets of one-, two-, three-, and four-syllable words with the same initial syllable were recorded by one native English and two Spanish-accented talkers. Lists of these words were presented in isolation and in sentence contexts to younger and older normal-hearing listeners and to older hearing-impaired listeners. Hearing loss effects were apparent for unaccented and accented monosyllabic words, whereas age effects were observed for recognition of accented multisyllabic words, consistent with the notion that altered syllable stress patterns with accent are sensitive for revealing effects of age. Older listeners also exhibited lower recognition scores for moderately accented words in sentence contexts than in isolation, suggesting that the added demands on working memory for words in sentence contexts impact recognition of accented speech. The general pattern of results suggests that hearing loss, age, and cognitive factors limit the ability to recognize Spanish-accented speech. PMID:25698021 7. New evaluated neutron cross section libraries for the GEANT4 code International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mendoza, E.; Cano-Ott, D.; Guerrero, C.; Capote, R. 2012-04-01 The so-called High Precision neutron physics model implemented in the GEANT4 simulation package allows simulating the transport of neutrons with energies up to 20 MeV. It relies on the G4NDL cross section libraries, prepared by the GEANT4 collaboration from evaluated cross section files and distributed freely together with the code. Even though the performance of the G4NDL library has been improved over the time, users running complex simulations which involve the transport of neutrons do need more flexibility, in particular when assessing the uncertainties in the simulation results due to the neutron (and hence the nuclear) data library used. For this reason, a software tool has been developed for transforming any evaluated neutron cross section library in the ENDF-6 format into the G4NDL format. Furthermore, eight different releases of ENDF-B, JEFF, JENDL, CENDL and BROND national libraries have been translated into the G4NDL format and are distributed by the IAEA nuclear data service at www-nds.iaea.org/geant4. In this way, GEANT4 users have access to the complete list of standard evaluated neutron data libraries when performing Monte Carlo simulations with GEANT4. Consistency checks and a first validation of the libraries have been made following the methods described in this report. (author) 8. Sex, age, and sex hormones affect recall of words in a directed forgetting paradigm. Science.gov (United States) Kerschbaum, Hubert H; Hofbauer, Ildiko; Gföllner, Anna; Ebner, Birgit; Bresgen, Nikolaus; Bäuml, Karl-Heinz T 2017-01-02 During the course of serious discussion, an unexpected interruption may induce forgetting of the original topic of a conversation. Sex, age, and sex hormone levels may affect frequency and extension of forgetting. In a list-method directed forgetting paradigm, subjects have to learn two word lists. After learning list 1, subjects receive either a forget or a remember list 1 cue. When the participants had learned list 2 and completed a distraction task, they were asked to write down as many recalled items as possible, starting either with list 1 or list 2 items. In the present study, 96 naturally cycling women, 60 oral contraceptive users, 56 postmenopausal women, and 41 young men were assigned to one of these different experimental conditions. Forget-cued young subjects recall fewer list 1 items (list 1 forgetting) but more list 2 items (list 2 enhancement) compared with remember-cued subjects. However, forget-cued postmenopausal women showed reduced list 1 forgetting but enhanced list 2 retention. Remember-cued naturally cycling women recalled more list 1 items than oral contraceptive users, young men, and postmenopausal women. In forget-cued follicular women, salivary progesterone correlated positively with recalled list 2 items. Salivary 17β-estradiol did not correlate with recalled list 1 or list 2 items in either remember- or forget-cued young women. However, salivary 17β-estradiol correlated with item recall in remember-cued postmenopausal women. Our findings suggest that sex hormones do not globally modulate verbal memory or forgetting, but selectively affect cue-specific processing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 9. Social interaction facilitates word learning in preverbal infants: Word-object mapping and word segmentation. Science.gov (United States) Hakuno, Yoko; Omori, Takahide; Yamamoto, Jun-Ichi; Minagawa, Yasuyo 2017-08-01 In natural settings, infants learn spoken language with the aid of a caregiver who explicitly provides social signals. Although previous studies have demonstrated that young infants are sensitive to these signals that facilitate language development, the impact of real-life interactions on early word segmentation and word-object mapping remains elusive. We tested whether infants aged 5-6 months and 9-10 months could segment a word from continuous speech and acquire a word-object relation in an ecologically valid setting. In Experiment 1, infants were exposed to a live tutor, while in Experiment 2, another group of infants were exposed to a televised tutor. Results indicate that both younger and older infants were capable of segmenting a word and learning a word-object association only when the stimuli were derived from a live tutor in a natural manner, suggesting that real-life interaction enhances the learning of spoken words in preverbal infants. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10. The Language of Energy: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Used in the Energy Industry. Science.gov (United States) American Petroleum Inst., Washington, DC. Provided is an alphabetical list or words and phrases commonly used in the energy industry. Entries range from such general terms as biomass, fossil fuels, and wetlands to such highly specific terms as Arab oil embargo of 1973-74 and Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) Process. (JN) 11. OLIVER: an online library of images for veterinary education and research. Science.gov (United States) McGreevy, Paul; Shaw, Tim; Burn, Daniel; Miller, Nick 2007-01-01 As part of a strategic move by the University of Sydney toward increased flexibility in learning, the Faculty of Veterinary Science undertook a number of developments involving Web-based teaching and assessment. OLIVER underpins them by providing a rich, durable repository for learning objects. To integrate Web-based learning, case studies, and didactic presentations for veterinary and animal science students, we established an online library of images and other learning objects for use by academics in the Faculties of Veterinary Science and Agriculture. The objectives of OLIVER were to maximize the use of the faculty's teaching resources by providing a stable archiving facility for graphic images and other multimedia learning objects that allows flexible and precise searching, integrating indexing standards, thesauri, pull-down lists of preferred terms, and linking of objects within cases. OLIVER offers a portable and expandable Web-based shell that facilitates ongoing storage of learning objects in a range of media. Learning objects can be downloaded in common, standardized formats so that they can be easily imported for use in a range of applications, including Microsoft PowerPoint, WebCT, and Microsoft Word. OLIVER now contains more than 9,000 images relating to many facets of veterinary science; these are annotated and supported by search engines that allow rapid access to both images and relevant information. The Web site is easily updated and adapted as required. 12. A Simple and Practical Linear Algebra Library Interface with Static Size Checking Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Akinori Abe 2015-12-01 Full Text Available Linear algebra is a major field of numerical computation and is widely applied. Most linear algebra libraries (in most programming languages do not statically guarantee consistency of the dimensions of vectors and matrices, causing runtime errors. While advanced type systems—specifically, dependent types on natural numbers—can ensure consistency among the sizes of collections such as lists and arrays, such type systems generally require non-trivial changes to existing languages and application programs, or tricky type-level programming. We have developed a linear algebra library interface that verifies the consistency (with respect to dimensions of matrix operations by means of generative phantom types, implemented via fairly standard ML types and module system. To evaluate its usability, we ported to it a practical machine learning library from a traditional linear algebra library. We found that most of the changes required for the porting could be made mechanically, and changes that needed human thought are minor. 13. Models for predicting the inflectional paradigm of Croatian words Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jan Šnajder 2013-12-01 Full Text Available Morphological analysis is a prerequisite for many natural language processing tasks. For inflectionally rich languages such as Croatian, morphological analysis typically relies on a morphological lexicon, which lists the lemmas and their paradigms. However, a real-life morphological analyzer must also be able to handle properly the out-of-vocabulary words. We address the task of predicting the correct inflectional paradigm of unknown Croatian words. We frame this as a supervised machine learning problem: we train a classifier to predict whether a candidate lemma-paradigm pair is correct based on a number of string- and corpus-based features. The candidate lemma-paradigm pairs are generated using a handcrafted morphology grammar. Our aim is to examine the machine learning aspect of the problem: we test a comprehensive set of features and evaluate the classification accuracy using different feature subsets. We show that satisfactory classification accuracy (92% can be achieved with SVM using a combination of string- and corpus-based features. On a per word basis, the F1-score is 53% and accuracy is 70%, which outperforms a frequency-based baseline by a wide margin. We discuss a number of possible directions for future research. 14. Software Library for Bruker TopSpin NMR Data Files Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2016-10-14 A software library for parsing and manipulating frequency-domain data files that have been processed using the Bruker TopSpin NMR software package. In the context of NMR, the term "processed" indicates that the end-user of the Bruker TopSpin NMR software package has (a) Fourier transformed the raw, time-domain data (the Free Induction Decay) into the frequency-domain and (b) has extracted the list of NMR peaks. 15. Library 3.0 intelligent libraries and apomediation CERN Document Server Kwanya, Tom; Underwood, Peter 2015-01-01 The emerging generation of research and academic library users expect the delivery of user-centered information services. 'Apomediation' refers to the supporting role librarians can give users by stepping in when users need help. Library 3.0 explores the ongoing debates on the "point oh” phenomenon and its impact on service delivery in libraries. This title analyses Library 3.0 and its potential in creating intelligent libraries capable of meeting contemporary needs, and the growing role of librarians as apomediators. Library 3.0 is divided into four chapters. The first chapter introduces and places the topic in context. The second chapter considers "point oh” libraries. The third chapter covers library 3.0 librarianship, while the final chapter explores ways libraries can move towards '3.0'. 16. A Few Words about Words \| Poster Science.gov (United States) By Ken Michaels, Guest Writer In Shakepeare’s play “Hamlet,” Polonius inquires of the prince, “What do you read, my lord?” Not at all pleased with what he’s reading, Hamlet replies, “Words, words, words.”1 I have previously described the communication model in which a sender encodes a message and then sends it via some channel (or medium) to a receiver, who decodes the message 17. Comparing Explicit and Implicit Learning of Emotional and Non-Emotional Words in Autistic Children Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Vahid Nejati 2013-02-01 Full Text Available Background: Explicit and implicit memories have different cerebral origins and learning approaches. Defective emotional words processing in children with autism may affect the memory allocated to such words. The aim of this study was comparing two types of (explicit and implicit memories during processing the two types of (emotional and non-emotional words in autistic children and their healthy counterparts. Materials and Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted on 14 autistic children, who had referred to Autism Medical Treatment Center on Tehran, and 14 healthy children in kindergartens and schools across Tehran. For the explicit memory, a list of words was presented to the subjects of our study and they were asked to repeat the words they heard one time immediately and one time with delay. For implicit memory, the subjects were asked to identify the heard words among the presented words. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that the normal children have higher efficiency in explicit and implicit memory than the children with autism (p<0.01. The two-way analysis of memory type and word type showed that the former affects memory significantly (p<0.05 while word type had no significant effect. Conclusion: Autistic children suffer from impaired memory. This defect is higher in implicit memory than in the explicit memory. It is recommended to apply rehabilitation, training, learning approaches and also explicit memory for interventions of autistic children. 18. Croatian library leaders’ views on (their library quality Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kornelija Petr Balog 2014-04-01 Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to determine and describe the library culture in Croatian public libraries. Semi-structured interviews with 14 library directors (ten public and four academic were conducted. The tentative discussion topics were: definition of quality, responsibility for quality, satisfaction with library services, familiarization with user perspective of library and librarians, monitoring of user expectations and opinions. These interviews incorporate some of the findings of the project Evaluation of library and information services: public and academic libraries. The project investigates library culture in Croatian public and academic libraries and their preparedness for activities of performance measurement. The interviews reveal that library culture has changed positively in the past few years and that library leaders have positive attitude towards quality and evaluation activities. Library culture in Croatian libraries is a relatively new concept and as such was not actively developed and/or created. This article looks into the library culture of Croatian libraries, but at the same time investigates whether there is any trace of culture of assessment in them. Also, this article brings the latest update on views, opinions and atmosphere in Croatian public and academic libraries. 19. Investigating the issue of copyright and security measures in digital libraries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sedigheh Ahmadi Fasih 2013-11-01 Full Text Available During the past few years, digital libraries have been the primary source of retrieving necessary information. IT helps many scholars have the access to recently published value added researches around the world. However, information security and copyright concerns are among the most important issues and there must be good rules and regulation to protect authors against any sort of copyright violation. In this paper, we present an empirical investigation to find out about the status of copyright issues in one of Iranian libraries. The proposed study of this paper designs a questionnaire in Likert scale and distributes it among 96 librarian experts. Cronbach alpha is equal to 0.76, which is well above the minimum acceptable level. The results of our investigation indicate that although expert believe the status of copyright is in desirable level when the level of significance is five percent, there are some concerns on some issues. In other words, experts believed that all copyrights are not well protected and digital libraries do not follow governmental rules and regulation on fully protecting authors’ rights. In addition, experts believed that the security of sources available on digital libraries is not well protected. 20. Words and possible words in early language acquisition. Science.gov (United States) Marchetto, Erika; Bonatti, Luca L 2013-11-01 In order to acquire language, infants must extract its building blocks-words-and master the rules governing their legal combinations from speech. These two problems are not independent, however: words also have internal structure. Thus, infants must extract two kinds of information from the same speech input. They must find the actual words of their language. Furthermore, they must identify its possible words, that is, the sequences of sounds that, being morphologically well formed, could be words. Here, we show that infants' sensitivity to possible words appears to be more primitive and fundamental than their ability to find actual words. We expose 12- and 18-month-old infants to an artificial language containing a conflict between statistically coherent and structurally coherent items. We show that 18-month-olds can extract possible words when the familiarization stream contains marks of segmentation, but cannot do so when the stream is continuous. Yet, they can find actual words from a continuous stream by computing statistical relationships among syllables. By contrast, 12-month-olds can find possible words when familiarized with a segmented stream, but seem unable to extract statistically coherent items from a continuous stream that contains minimal conflicts between statistical and structural information. These results suggest that sensitivity to word structure is in place earlier than the ability to analyze distributional information. The ability to compute nontrivial statistical relationships becomes fully effective relatively late in development, when infants have already acquired a considerable amount of linguistic knowledge. Thus, mechanisms for structure extraction that do not rely on extensive sampling of the input are likely to have a much larger role in language acquisition than general-purpose statistical abilities. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Inc. 1. Interfering with free recall of words: Detrimental effects of phonological competition. Science.gov (United States) Fernandes, Myra A; Wammes, Jeffrey D; Priselac, Sandra; Moscovitch, Morris 2016-09-01 We examined the effect of different distracting tasks, performed concurrently during memory retrieval, on recall of a list of words. By manipulating the type of material and processing (semantic, orthographic, and phonological) required in the distracting task, and comparing the magnitude of memory interference produced, we aimed to infer the kind of representation upon which retrieval of words depends. In Experiment 1, identifying odd digits concurrently during free recall disrupted memory, relative to a full attention condition, when the numbers were presented orthographically (e.g. nineteen), but not numerically (e.g. 19). In Experiment 2, a distracting task that required phonological-based decisions to either word or picture material produced large, but equivalent effects on recall of words. In Experiment 3, phonological-based decisions to pictures in a distracting task disrupted recall more than when the same pictures required semantically-based size estimations. In Experiment 4, a distracting task that required syllable decisions to line drawings interfered significantly with recall, while an equally difficult semantically-based color-decision task about the same line drawings, did not. Together, these experiments demonstrate that the degree of memory interference experienced during recall of words depends primarily on whether the distracting task competes for phonological representations or processes, and less on competition for semantic or orthographic or material-specific representations or processes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2. Development of equally intelligible Telugu sentence-lists to test speech recognition in noise. Science.gov (United States) Tanniru, Kishore; Narne, Vijaya Kumar; Jain, Chandni; Konadath, Sreeraj; Singh, Niraj Kumar; Sreenivas, K J Ramadevi; K, Anusha 2017-09-01 To develop sentence lists in the Telugu language for the assessment of speech recognition threshold (SRT) in the presence of background noise through identification of the mean signal-to-noise ratio required to attain a 50% sentence recognition score (SRTn). This study was conducted in three phases. The first phase involved the selection and recording of Telugu sentences. In the second phase, 20 lists, each consisting of 10 sentences with equal intelligibility, were formulated using a numerical optimisation procedure. In the third phase, the SRTn of the developed lists was estimated using adaptive procedures on individuals with normal hearing. A total of 68 native Telugu speakers with normal hearing participated in the study. Of these, 18 (including the speakers) performed on various subjective measures in first phase, 20 performed on sentence/word recognition in noise for second phase and 30 participated in the list equivalency procedures in third phase. In all, 15 lists of comparable difficulty were formulated as test material. The mean SRTn across these lists corresponded to -2.74 (SD = 0.21). The developed sentence lists provided a valid and reliable tool to measure SRTn in Telugu native speakers. 3. Hemispheric Asymmetries in Discourse Processing: Evidence from False Memories for Lists and Texts Science.gov (United States) Ben-Artzi, Elisheva; Faust, Miriam; Moeller, Edna 2009-01-01 Previous research suggests that the right hemisphere (RH) may contribute uniquely to discourse and text processing by activating and maintaining a wide range of meanings, including more distantly related meanings. The present study used the word-lists false memory paradigm [Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1995). "Creating false memories:… 4. Total Quality Management in Libraries: A Short Review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Erol Yılmaz 2013-11-01 Full Text Available Total Quality Management (TQM, is a management style that aimed at customer satisfaction. In the organisations in which TQM is applied customer is in the centre of the organization. In other words, in this kind of organisations the customer comes before everything else. Reaching the highest level of the customer satisfaction is among the targets of the mentioned organizations. In this study, primarily, definition of the TQM is going to be made together with its definition, short history, purpose, benefits and factors; besides descriptive information is going to be given about internal customer, external customer, customer centered process and customer satisfaction. In the second part of the study, TQM subject is going to be discussed within the scope of the libraries widely. In this context, after explanation of customer centeredness (placing the customer at the centre, customer satisfaction and benefits of the TQM to the libraries, the subject is going to be discussed in the context of our country. 5. A Study on Librarian Service Providers' Awareness and Perceptions of Library Services for the Disabled Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Younghee Noh 2011-12-01 Full Text Available The purpose of this study is to improve library promotional marketing for the disabled by identifying requirements of public library disability services. This study aimed to investigate librarian service providers' awareness of library programs for the disabled in order to prepare a systematic plan for promoting such library services. Research methods used are a literature analysis and survey. First, the ratio of respondents with experience promoting activities and services for the disabled was less than 50%. Second, regarding methods for promoting library disability services, the respondents used library homepages, press releases, library user guides, library newsletters, and library pamphlets in that order. Third, when asked what kind of PR media the library disability service providers had experience with and how often they use it, library boards and banners were the most common response. Fourth, suggested improvements to the current design and content of PR materials included: clearer word choice (or greater understandability, more detailed descriptions, simpler layouts, and more interesting or eye-catching content in that order. Fifth, the library disability services which are in the most need of public relations were guide information for library disability services, Library and Information Service (DOI services and search services, using alternative materials and the library collection, and aiding the information search. Overall, when evaluating the promotion of disability services in Korea, the library's public relations for disabled services needs to improve because currently neither librarians nor the disabled community they are targeting has frequent or quality experience with it. Thus, the policy department for the library disability services must develop a variety of promotional strategies adjusted for each type of the disability and distribute PR materials to service providers individually, making sure to utilize effective PR 6. Recurrent Partial Words Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Francine Blanchet-Sadri 2011-08-01 Full Text Available Partial words are sequences over a finite alphabet that may contain wildcard symbols, called holes, which match or are compatible with all letters; partial words without holes are said to be full words (or simply words. Given an infinite partial word w, the number of distinct full words over the alphabet that are compatible with factors of w of length n, called subwords of w, refers to a measure of complexity of infinite partial words so-called subword complexity. This measure is of particular interest because we can construct partial words with subword complexities not achievable by full words. In this paper, we consider the notion of recurrence over infinite partial words, that is, we study whether all of the finite subwords of a given infinite partial word appear infinitely often, and we establish connections between subword complexity and recurrence in this more general framework. 7. Effects of Word Width and Word Length on Optimal Character Size for Reading of Horizontally Scrolling Japanese Words. Science.gov (United States) Teramoto, Wataru; Nakazaki, Takuyuki; Sekiyama, Kaoru; Mori, Shuji 2016-01-01 The present study investigated, whether word width and length affect the optimal character size for reading of horizontally scrolling Japanese words, using reading speed as a measure. In Experiment 1, three Japanese words, each consisting of four Hiragana characters, sequentially scrolled on a display screen from right to left. Participants, all Japanese native speakers, were instructed to read the words aloud as accurately as possible, irrespective of their order within the sequence. To quantitatively measure their reading performance, we used rapid serial visual presentation paradigm, where the scrolling rate was increased until the participants began to make mistakes. Thus, the highest scrolling rate at which the participants' performance exceeded 88.9% correct rate was calculated for each character size (0.3°, 0.6°, 1.0°, and 3.0°) and scroll window size (5 or 10 character spaces). Results showed that the reading performance was highest in the range of 0.6° to 1.0°, irrespective of the scroll window size. Experiment 2 investigated whether the optimal character size observed in Experiment 1 was applicable for any word width and word length (i.e., the number of characters in a word). Results showed that reading speeds were slower for longer than shorter words and the word width of 3.6° was optimal among the word lengths tested (three, four, and six character words). Considering that character size varied depending on word width and word length in the present study, this means that the optimal character size can be changed by word width and word length in scrolling Japanese words. 8. Abelian primitive words OpenAIRE Domaratzki, Michael; Rampersad, Narad 2011-01-01 We investigate Abelian primitive words, which are words that are not Abelian powers. We show that unlike classical primitive words, the set of Abelian primitive words is not context-free. We can determine whether a word is Abelian primitive in linear time. Also different from classical primitive words, we find that a word may have more than one Abelian root. We also consider enumeration problems and the relation to the theory of codes. Peer reviewed 9. Effects of word width and word length on optimal character size for reading of horizontally scrolling Japanese words Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Wataru eTeramoto 2016-02-01 Full Text Available The present study investigated whether word width and length affect the optimal character size for reading of horizontally scrolling Japanese words, using reading speed as a measure. In Experiment 1, three Japanese words, each consisting of 4 Hiragana characters, sequentially scrolled on a display screen from right to left. Participants, all Japanese native speakers, were instructed to read the words aloud as accurately as possible, irrespective of their order within the sequence. To quantitatively measure their reading performance, we used rapid serial visual presentation paradigm, where the scrolling rate was increased until the participants began to make mistakes. Thus, the highest scrolling rate at which the participants’ performance exceeded 88.9% correct rate was calculated for each character size (0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 3.0° and scroll window size (5 or 10 character spaces. Results showed that the reading performance was highest in the range of 0.6° to 1.0°, irrespective of the scroll window size. Experiment 2 investigated whether the optimal character size observed in Experiment 1 was applicable for any word width and word length (i.e., the number of characters in a word. Results showed that reading speeds were slower for longer than shorter words and the word width of 3.6° was optimal among the word lengths tested (3, 4, and 6 character words. Considering that character size varied depending on word width and word length in the present study, this means that the optimal character size can be changed by word width and word length. 10. Spelling Instruction through Etymology--A Method of Developing Spelling Lists for Older Students Science.gov (United States) Hutcheon, Greg; Campbell, Marilyn; Stewart, Judith 2012-01-01 The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an approach to developing word lists centred on etymological roots would improve the spelling performance of older primary school students. Participants were 46 students in the last year of primary school in south-east Queensland (31 girls and 15 boys) across three classes, with two classes… 11. Effects of lexical competition on immediate memory span for spoken words. Science.gov (United States) Goh, Winston D; Pisoni, David B 2003-08-01 Current theories and models of the structural organization of verbal short-term memory are primarily based on evidence obtained from manipulations of features inherent in the short-term traces of the presented stimuli, such as phonological similarity. In the present study, we investigated whether properties of the stimuli that are not inherent in the short-term traces of spoken words would affect performance in an immediate memory span task. We studied the lexical neighbourhood properties of the stimulus items, which are based on the structure and organization of words in the mental lexicon. The experiments manipulated lexical competition by varying the phonological neighbourhood structure (i.e., neighbourhood density and neighbourhood frequency) of the words on a test list while controlling for word frequency and intra-set phonological similarity (family size). Immediate memory span for spoken words was measured under repeated and nonrepeated sampling procedures. The results demonstrated that lexical competition only emerged when a nonrepeated sampling procedure was used and the participants had to access new words from their lexicons. These findings were not dependent on individual differences in short-term memory capacity. Additional results showed that the lexical competition effects did not interact with proactive interference. Analyses of error patterns indicated that item-type errors, but not positional errors, were influenced by the lexical attributes of the stimulus items. These results complement and extend previous findings that have argued for separate contributions of long-term knowledge and short-term memory rehearsal processes in immediate verbal serial recall tasks. 12. The usability issues of faceted navigation in digital libraries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Eliane Blumer 2014-05-01 For more than five years, the project ACCEPT, a subproject of a Swiss national project called e-lib.ch, analyzes the usability and usefulness of digital libraries, by using user oriented methods. Experience has shown that filters provided through faceted navigation are considered as positive and very useful by end users. Nevertheless, based on different test results, several returning mistakes have been detected and it turns out that there are some ‘unwritten standards’ concerning e.g. position, labelling or ranking which should be respected to fulfil the aim of a good usability which users do expect of such web services. In this poster we will first give an introduction to faceted navigation, actual design issues and their use in digital libraries and then present testing methods, which can be easily applied in a digital library context. Together with a list of best practices concerning faceted navigation drawn out of different test experiences, the paper should give the reader all important information to evaluate its current faceted navigation and see where improvements could be made. 13. INTRIGOSS: A new Library of High Resolution Synthetic Spectra Science.gov (United States) Franchini, Mariagrazia; Morossi, Carlo; Di Marcancantonio, Paolo; Chavez, Miguel; GES-Builders 2018-01-01 INTRIGOSS (INaf Trieste Grid Of Synthetic Spectra) is a new High Resolution (HiRes) synthetic spectral library designed for studying F, G, and K stars. The library is based on atmosphere models computed with specified individual element abundances via ATLAS12 code. Normalized SPectra (NSP) and surface Flux SPectra (FSP), in the 4800-5400 Å wavelength range, were computed by means of the SPECTRUM code. The synthetic spectra are computed with an atomic and bi-atomic molecular line list including "bona fide" Predicted Lines (PLs) built by tuning loggf to reproduce very high SNR Solar spectrum and the UVES-U580 spectra of five cool giants extracted from the Gaia-ESO survey (GES). The astrophysical gf-values were then assessed by using more than 2000 stars with homogenous and accurate atmosphere parameters and detailed chemical composition from GES. The validity and greater accuracy of INTRIGOSS NSPs and FSPs with respect to other available spectral libraries is discussed. INTRIGOSS will be available on the web and will be a valuable tool for both stellar atmospheric parameters and stellar population studies. 14. The Keyword Bank as a tool for finding exclusive keywords in WordSmith Tools Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tony Berber Sardinha 2008-12-01 Full Text Available KeyWords is a very useful program for computer text analysis found in WordSmith Tools. A problem with KeyWords, though, is the large number of keywords returned by the program, which can be at least 500. This paper proposes a procedure for making reductions in lists of keywords based on the concept of exclusive keywords. These are words that are key in the study corpus only, in comparison to lots of others. This procedure draws on the existence of a keyword bank, which is a collection of keywords from several corpora. When contrasted to a study corpus, the keyword bank brings up keywords that are found in the study corpus only, leaving out those that are key in other corpora. This enables the researcher to focus on words that are most typical of his/her own corpus. The analysis reported here, carried out with a large multi-register keyword bank, suggests that the keyword bank achieved its goal, by allowing for a 77% reduction in the total keywords, and by selecting keywords that are most representative of the study corpus in question. 15. FY11 Report on Metagenome Analysis using Pathogen Marker Libraries Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gardner, Shea N. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Allen, Jonathan E. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); McLoughlin, Kevin S. [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Slezak, Tom [Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States) 2011-06-02 A method, sequence library, and software suite was invented to rapidly assess whether any member of a pre-specified list of threat organisms or their near neighbors is present in a metagenome. The system was designed to handle mega- to giga-bases of FASTA-formatted raw sequence reads from short or long read next generation sequencing platforms. The approach is to pre-calculate a viral and a bacterial "Pathogen Marker Library" (PML) containing sub-sequences specific to pathogens or their near neighbors. A list of expected matches comparing every bacterial or viral genome against the PML sequences is also pre-calculated. To analyze a metagenome, reads are compared to the PML, and observed PML-metagenome matches are compared to the expected PML-genome matches, and the ratio of observed relative to expected matches is reported. In other words, a 3-way comparison among the PML, metagenome, and existing genome sequences is used to quickly assess which (if any) species included in the PML is likely to be present in the metagenome, based on available sequence data. Our tests showed that the species with the most PML matches correctly indicated the organism sequenced for empirical metagenomes consisting of a cultured, relatively pure isolate. These runs completed in 1 minute to 3 hours on 12 CPU (1 thread/CPU), depending on the metagenome and PML. Using more threads on the same number of CPU resulted in speed improvements roughly proportional to the number of threads. Simulations indicated that detection sensitivity depends on both sequencing coverage levels for a species and the size of the PML: species were correctly detected even at ~0.003x coverage by the large PMLs, and at ~0.03x coverage by the smaller PMLs. Matches to true positive species were 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than to false positives. Simulations with short reads (36 nt and ~260 nt) showed that species were usually detected for metagenome coverage above 0.005x and coverage in the PML above 0.05x, and 16. Lexical and age effects on word recognition in noise in normal-hearing children. Science.gov (United States) Ren, Cuncun; Liu, Sha; Liu, Haihong; Kong, Ying; Liu, Xin; Li, Shujing 2015-12-01 The purposes of the present study were (1) to examine the lexical and age effects on word recognition of normal-hearing (NH) children in noise, and (2) to compare the word-recognition performance in noise to that in quiet listening conditions. Participants were 213 NH children (age ranged between 3 and 6 years old). Eighty-nine and 124 of the participants were tested in noise and quiet listening conditions, respectively. The Standard-Chinese Lexical Neighborhood Test, which contains lists of words in four lexical categories (i.e., dissyllablic easy (DE), dissyllablic hard (DH), monosyllable easy (ME), and monosyllable hard (MH)) was used to evaluate the Mandarin Chinese word recognition in speech spectrum-shaped noise (SSN) with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 0dB. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to examine the lexical effects with syllable length and difficulty level as the main factors on word recognition in the quiet and noise listening conditions. The effects of age on word-recognition performance were examined using a regression model. The word-recognition performance in noise was significantly poorer than that in quiet and the individual variations in performance in noise were much greater than those in quiet. Word recognition scores showed that the lexical effects were significant in the SSN. Children scored higher with dissyllabic words than with monosyllabic words; "easy" words scored higher than "hard" words in the noise condition. The scores of the NH children in the SSN (SNR=0dB) for the DE, DH, ME, and MH words were 85.4, 65.9, 71.7, and 46.2% correct, respectively. The word-recognition performance also increased with age in each lexical category for the NH children tested in noise. Both age and lexical characteristics of words had significant influences on the performance of Mandarin-Chinese word recognition in noise. The lexical effects were more obvious under noise listening conditions than in quiet. The word 17. Arranging the Pieces: A Survey of Library Practices Related to a Tabletop Game Collection Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Teresa Slobuski 2017-03-01 Full Text Available Objective – The purpose of this study is to explore collection development, cataloguing, processing, and circulation practices for tabletop game collections in libraries. This study used the term “tabletop games” to refer to the array of game styles that are played in real-world, social settings, such as board games, dice and card games, collectible card games, and role-playing games. Methods – An online survey regarding tabletop games in libraries was developed with input from academic, public, and school librarians. Participants were recruited utilizing a snowball sampling technique involving electronic outlets and discussion lists used by librarians in school, public, and academic libraries. Results – One hundred nineteen libraries answered the survey. The results show that tabletop games have a presence in libraries, but practices vary in regard to collection development, cataloguing, processing, and circulation. Conclusion – Results indicate that libraries are somewhat fragmented in their procedures for tabletop collections. Libraries can benefit from better understanding how others acquire, process, and use these collections. Although they are different to other library collections, tabletop games do not suffer from extensive loss and bibliographic records are becoming more available. Best practices and guidance are still needed to fully integrate games into libraries and to help librarians feel comfortable piloting their own tabletop collections. 18. Romanian Words of Arabic Origin: Scientific and Technical Vocabulary Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Georgeta Rata 2016-10-01 Full Text Available There are 141 Romanian words of Arabic origin acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into Romanian. Most entered one or more of the Romance languages before entering Romanian. To qualify for this list, a word must be reported in etymology dictionaries as having descended from Arabic. Words associated with the Islamic religion are omitted. Archaic and rare words are also omitted. Given the nature of the journal in which the paper is to be published, the author selected for analysis only about 126 terms belonging to the scientific and technical vocabulary: Adobe, alambic, albatros, alcalin, alchimie, alcool, alfalfa, algebră, algoritm, alidadă, alizarină, amalgam, ambră, anil, antimoniu, azimuth, azur, benjoin, bezoar, bor, cafea, calibre, camfor, carat, carciofoi, caric, cârmâz, carob, chimie, cifru, coton, curcuma, cuşcuş, erg, falafel, fanfară, felucă, fenec, gazelă, gerbil, girafă, halva, hamada, humus, iasomie, jar, julep, kaliu, lac, lămâie, lazurit, liliac, lime, marcasit, masicot, mizenă, muson, nadir, natriu, papagal, rachetă, realgar, sabkha, safari, şah, sandarac, şaorma, şerbet, sirop, sodium, şofran, sorbet, spanac, sumac, tabac, tahân, taifun, talc, tamarin(d, tangerină, tar, tară, tarhon, tarif, tasă, ţechin, ton, varan, zahăr, zenith, zero, zircon, etc. Some of them are obsolescent, but a large number are in everyday use and have been so well assimilated into Romanian that they have produced other words through derivation and composition, or they have acquired new meanings. 19. ZZ COVFILS, 30-Group Covariance Library from ENDF/B-5 for Sensitivity Studies International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Muir, D.W. 1997-01-01 1 - Description of program or function: Format: ENDB/F; Number of groups: 30-Group Covariance Library; Nuclides: H-1, B-10, C, O-16, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Pb. Origin: ENDF/B-V. COVFILS is a 30-Group Covariance Library. It contains neutron cross sections, and their uncertainties and correlation in multigroup form. These data can be used, in conjunction with sensitivity information, to estimate the data-related uncertainty in calculated integral quantities such as radiation-damage or heating. 2 - Method of solution: COVFILS was obtained by processing evaluations from ENDF/B-V with ERRORR module of the NJOY nuclear data processing system (LA-9303-M, Vols. 1).The group structure is the Los Alamos 30-group structure which is listed in 'File 1' of each multigroup data set in the library 20. [The effect of encoding on false memory: examination on levels of processing and list presentation format]. Science.gov (United States) Hamajima, Hideki 2004-04-01 Using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm, the effects of lists presentation format (blocked/random) and levels of processing of critical nonpresented lures were examined. A levels-of-processing effect in a blocked presentation order was not observed for lures. Rates of false recognition and remember judgments for lures in a shallow level of processing were significantly lower than those in a deep level of processing when items from various themes were inter-mixed instead of blocked. Results showed an interaction between levels of processing and list presentation format. It is thus concluded that encoding of each word and whole list should be both considered in understanding false memory. 1. Less Words, More Action: Using On-the-Fly Videos and Screenshots in Your Library's IM/Chat and Email Reference Transactions Science.gov (United States) Sekyere, Kwabena 2010-01-01 Email and chat/IM reference services have become a convenient and easily accessible option for the online community and libraries, particularly with increasing amounts of library resources now available electronically. This article gives an overview of Jing, which can be used to produce videos and screenshots on-the-fly, and demonstrates how to… 2. Pinterest as a Tool: Applications in Academic Libraries and Higher Education Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kirsten Hansen 2012-12-01 Full Text Available Pinterest, a pinboard-style social photo-sharing website, has become a popular site for many individuals who collect images that help them plan, organize, and explore any topic of interest. Launched in March 2010, Pinterest now has over 10 million users and is continuing to grow. Libraries and educators are starting to explore this new type of social media and how it can be used to connect with and inspire their patrons and students. This article will look at how the University of Regina Library is currently using Pinterest to engage and interact with the University community. This social tool has appealed not only to librarians but educators as well. Pinterest is starting to have an impact on the way educators teach and present information and ideas to their students. The popularity of Pinterest has even inspired other image-based social media sites such as Learnist. After developing a Pinterest account for the library, a list of best practices were created. The library looked at copyright considerations and developed a series of questions to help us determine whether to pin or repin an image. This article will look at how Pinterest can be used in libraries and higher education, and some of the copyright considerations involved in using this image-driven site. 3. Universal Lyndon Words OpenAIRE Carpi, Arturo; Fici, Gabriele; Holub, Stepan; Oprsal, Jakub; Sciortino, Marinella 2014-01-01 A word$w$over an alphabet$\\Sigma$is a Lyndon word if there exists an order defined on$\\Sigma$for which$w$is lexicographically smaller than all of its conjugates (other than itself). We introduce and study \\emph{universal Lyndon words}, which are words over an$n$-letter alphabet that have length$n!$and such that all the conjugates are Lyndon words. We show that universal Lyndon words exist for every$n\$ and exhibit combinatorial and structural properties of these words. We then defi... 4. Word skipping: effects of word length, predictability, spelling and reading skill. Science.gov (United States) Slattery, Timothy J; Yates, Mark 2017-08-31 5. Comparing different kinds of words and word-word relations to test an habituation model of priming. Science.gov (United States) Rieth, Cory A; Huber, David E 2017-06-01 Huber and O'Reilly (2003) proposed that neural habituation exists to solve a temporal parsing problem, minimizing blending between one word and the next when words are visually presented in rapid succession. They developed a neural dynamics habituation model, explaining the finding that short duration primes produce positive priming whereas long duration primes produce negative repetition priming. The model contains three layers of processing, including a visual input layer, an orthographic layer, and a lexical-semantic layer. The predicted effect of prime duration depends both on this assumed representational hierarchy and the assumption that synaptic depression underlies habituation. The current study tested these assumptions by comparing different kinds of words (e.g., words versus non-words) and different kinds of word-word relations (e.g., associative versus repetition). For each experiment, the predictions of the original model were compared to an alternative model with different representational assumptions. Experiment 1 confirmed the prediction that non-words and inverted words require longer prime durations to eliminate positive repetition priming (i.e., a slower transition from positive to negative priming). Experiment 2 confirmed the prediction that associative priming increases and then decreases with increasing prime duration, but remains positive even with long duration primes. Experiment 3 replicated the effects of repetition and associative priming using a within-subjects design and combined these effects by examining target words that were expected to repeat (e.g., viewing the target word 'BACK' after the prime phrase 'back to'). These results support the originally assumed representational hierarchy and more generally the role of habituation in temporal parsing and priming. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6. Pre-learning stress differentially affects long-term memory for emotional words, depending on temporal proximity to the learning experience. Science.gov (United States) Zoladz, Phillip R; Clark, Brianne; Warnecke, Ashlee; Smith, Lindsay; Tabar, Jennifer; Talbot, Jeffery N 2011-07-06 Stress exerts a profound, yet complex, influence on learning and memory and can enhance, impair or have no effect on these processes. Here, we have examined how the administration of stress at different times before learning affects long-term (24-hr) memory for neutral and emotional information. Participants submerged their dominant hand into a bath of ice cold water (Stress) or into a bath of warm water (No stress) for 3 min. Either immediately (Exp. 1) or 30 min (Exp. 2) after the water bath manipulation, participants were presented with a list of 30 words varying in emotional valence. The next day, participants' memory for the word list was assessed via free recall and recognition tests. In both experiments, stressed participants exhibited greater blood pressure, salivary cortisol levels, and subjective pain and stress ratings than non-stressed participants in response to the water bath manipulation. Stress applied immediately prior to learning (Exp. 1) enhanced the recognition of positive words, while stress applied 30 min prior to learning (Exp. 2) impaired free recall of negative words. Participants' recognition of positive words in Experiment 1 was positively associated with their heart rate responses to the water bath manipulation, while participants' free recall of negative words in Experiment 2 was negatively associated with their blood pressure and cortisol responses to the water bath manipulation. These findings indicate that the differential effects of pre-learning stress on long-term memory may depend on the temporal proximity of the stressor to the learning experience and the emotional nature of the to-be-learned information. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc. 7. Normative Emotional Responses to Behavior Analysis Jargon or How Not to Use Words to Win Friends and Influence People OpenAIRE Critchfield, Thomas S.; Doepke, Karla J.; Kimberly Epting, L.; Becirevic, Amel; Reed, Derek D.; Fienup, Daniel M.; Kremsreiter, Jamie L.; Ecott, Cheryl L. 2017-01-01 It has been suggested that non-experts regard the jargon of behavior analysis as abrasive, harsh, and unpleasant. If this is true, excessive reliance on jargon could interfere with the dissemination of effective services. To address this often discussed but rarely studied issue, we consulted a large, public domain list of English words that have been rated by members of the general public for the emotional reactions they evoke. Selected words that behavior analysts use as technical terms were... 8. Libraries for users services in academic libraries CERN Document Server Alvite, Luisa 2010-01-01 This book reviews the quality and evolution of academic library services. It revises service trends offered by academic libraries and the challenge of enhancing traditional ones such as: catalogues, repositories and digital collections, learning resources centres, virtual reference services, information literacy and 2.0 tools.studies the role of the university library in the new educational environment of higher educationrethinks libraries in academic contextredefines roles for academic libraries 9. Signal Words Science.gov (United States) SIGNAL WORDS TOPIC FACT SHEET NPIC fact sheets are designed to answer questions that are commonly asked by the ... making decisions about pesticide use. What are Signal Words? Signal words are found on pesticide product labels, ... 10. compomics-utilities: an open-source Java library for computational proteomics. Science.gov (United States) Barsnes, Harald; Vaudel, Marc; Colaert, Niklaas; Helsens, Kenny; Sickmann, Albert; Berven, Frode S; Martens, Lennart 2011-03-08 The growing interest in the field of proteomics has increased the demand for software tools and applications that process and analyze the resulting data. And even though the purpose of these tools can vary significantly, they usually share a basic set of features, including the handling of protein and peptide sequences, the visualization of (and interaction with) spectra and chromatograms, and the parsing of results from various proteomics search engines. Developers typically spend considerable time and effort implementing these support structures, which detracts from working on the novel aspects of their tool. In order to simplify the development of proteomics tools, we have implemented an open-source support library for computational proteomics, called compomics-utilities. The library contains a broad set of features required for reading, parsing, and analyzing proteomics data. compomics-utilities is already used by a long list of existing software, ensuring library stability and continued support and development. As a user-friendly, well-documented and open-source library, compomics-utilities greatly simplifies the implementation of the basic features needed in most proteomics tools. Implemented in 100% Java, compomics-utilities is fully portable across platforms and architectures. Our library thus allows the developers to focus on the novel aspects of their tools, rather than on the basic functions, which can contribute substantially to faster development, and better tools for proteomics. 11. compomics-utilities: an open-source Java library for computational proteomics Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Helsens Kenny 2011-03-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background The growing interest in the field of proteomics has increased the demand for software tools and applications that process and analyze the resulting data. And even though the purpose of these tools can vary significantly, they usually share a basic set of features, including the handling of protein and peptide sequences, the visualization of (and interaction with spectra and chromatograms, and the parsing of results from various proteomics search engines. Developers typically spend considerable time and effort implementing these support structures, which detracts from working on the novel aspects of their tool. Results In order to simplify the development of proteomics tools, we have implemented an open-source support library for computational proteomics, called compomics-utilities. The library contains a broad set of features required for reading, parsing, and analyzing proteomics data. compomics-utilities is already used by a long list of existing software, ensuring library stability and continued support and development. Conclusions As a user-friendly, well-documented and open-source library, compomics-utilities greatly simplifies the implementation of the basic features needed in most proteomics tools. Implemented in 100% Java, compomics-utilities is fully portable across platforms and architectures. Our library thus allows the developers to focus on the novel aspects of their tools, rather than on the basic functions, which can contribute substantially to faster development, and better tools for proteomics. 12. List of research reports with reportnumbers from RCN-1 to RCN-249 published by RCN between 1960 and 1976 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Graaf, C. de 1982-11-01 The Stichting Reactor Centrum Nederland (RCN) was founded on 6 July 1955.On 20 July 1976, the name was changed to Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN. Before, research reports were published with the reportcode RCN-. After, a new series of reports was started commencing with reportnumber ECN-1. This list constitutes all research reports with reportcode RCN- published between 1960 and 1976. In addition to the compilation of bibliographic descriptions, an author list and a KWOC list on all significant words in the report titles have been given 13. Defense Technical Information Center Free Text Experiment - Technical Report File. Science.gov (United States) 1981-10-01 but also to minimize "no hits." For the purpose of this test the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Stop Word List (appendix D) was used as a basis for...Search @SRTAB@ black cats end 8. Synonyms should be considered as part of the search strategy: Example: MARIJUANA, MARIHUANA , POT, GRASS, WEED, MARY 14. Processing negative valence of word pairs that include a positive word. Science.gov (United States) Itkes, Oksana; Mashal, Nira 2016-09-01 Previous research has suggested that cognitive performance is interrupted by negative relative to neutral or positive stimuli. We examined whether negative valence affects performance at the word or phrase level. Participants performed a semantic decision task on word pairs that included either a negative or a positive target word. In Experiment 1, the valence of the target word was congruent with the overall valence conveyed by the word pair (e.g., fat kid). As expected, response times were slower in the negative condition relative to the positive condition. Experiment 2 included target words that were incongruent with the overall valence of the word pair (e.g., fat salary). Response times were longer for word pairs whose overall valence was negative relative to positive, even though these word pairs included a positive word. Our findings support the Cognitive Primacy Hypothesis, according to which emotional valence is extracted after conceptual processing is complete. 15. SCHOOL COMMUNITY PERCEPTION OF LIBRARY APPS AGAINTS LIBRARY EMPOWERMENT Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2017-07-01 Full Text Available Abstract. This research is motivated by the development of information and communication technology (ICT in the library world so rapidly that allows libraries in the present to develop its services into digital-based services. This study aims to find out the school community’s perception of library apps developed by Riche Cynthia Johan, Hana Silvana, and Holin Sulistyo and its influence on library empowerment at the library of SD Laboratorium Percontohan UPI Bandung. Library apps in this research belong to the context of m-libraries, which is a library that meets the needs of its users by using mobile platforms such as smartphones,computers, and other mobile devices. Empowerment of library is the utilization of all aspects of the implementation of libraries to the best in order to achieve the expected goals. An analysis of the schoolcommunity’s perception of library apps using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM includes: ease of use, usefulness, usability, usage trends, and real-use conditions. While the empowerment of the library includes aspects: information empowerment, empowerment of learning resources, empowerment of human resources, empowerment of library facilities, and library promotion. The research method used in this research is descriptive method with quantitative approach. Population and sample in this research is school community at SD Laboratorium Percontohan UPI Bandung. Determination of sample criteria by using disproportionate stratified random sampling with the number of samples of 83 respondents. Data analysis using simple linear regression to measure the influence of school community perception about library apps to library empowerment. The result of data analysis shows that there is influence between school community perception about library apps to library empowerment at library of SD Laboratorium Percontohan UPI Bandung which is proved by library acceptance level and library empowerment improvement. 16. Effect of an unrelated fluent action on word recognition: A case of motor discrepancy. Science.gov (United States) Brouillet, Denis; Milhau, Audrey; Brouillet, Thibaut; Servajean, Philippe 2017-06-01 It is now well established that motor fluency affects cognitive processes, including memory. In two experiments participants learned a list of words and then performed a recognition task. The original feature of our procedure is that before judging the words they had to perform a fluent gesture (i.e., typing a letter dyad). The dyads comprised letters located on either the right or left side of the keyboard. Participants typed dyads with their right or left index finger; the required movement was either very small (dyad composed of adjacent letters, Experiment 1) or slightly larger (dyad composed of letters separated by one key, experiment 2). The results show that when the gesture was performed in the ipsilateral space the probability of recognizing a word increased (to a lesser extent it is the same with the dominant hand, experiment 2). Moreover, a binary regression logistic highlighted that the probability of recognizing a word was proportional to the speed by which the gesture was performed. These results are discussed in terms of a feeling of familiarity emerging from motor discrepancy. 17. Finding words in a language that allows words without vowels NARCIS (Netherlands) El Aissati, A.; McQueen, J.M.; Cutler, A. 2012-01-01 Across many languages from unrelated families, spoken-word recognition is subject to a constraint whereby potential word candidates must contain a vowel. This constraint minimizes competition from embedded words (e.g., in English, disfavoring win in twin because t cannot be a word). However, the 18. News from the Library: CERN Bookshop Christmas sales CERN Multimedia CERN Library 2012-01-01 If you are looking for an idea for your Christmas gifts, CERN's Central Library Bookshop offers a wide choice of titles in physics, mathematics, computing and popular science. The Bookshop will have a stand on the Ground Floor of the Main Building (Building 500) from 4 to 5 December 2012. You are welcome to come by, and browse and buy books at very competitive prices! The title list of the Bookshop is available here. This Bookshop is located in the Central Library, Building 52 1-052, and is open on weekdays from 8.30 a.m. to 7.00 p.m. You can contact the Bookshop by e-mail. Accepted forms of payment in the Bookshop are: cash, credit card and budget code. You can also purchase books using your budget code via the CERN Stores: "Catalogue - CERN Stores" > "BOOKS - PUBLICATIONS" (category 90). 19. The Astrophysics Source Code Library by the numbers Science.gov (United States) Allen, Alice; Teuben, Peter; Berriman, G. Bruce; DuPrie, Kimberly; Mink, Jessica; Nemiroff, Robert; Ryan, PW; Schmidt, Judy; Shamir, Lior; Shortridge, Keith; Wallin, John; Warmels, Rein 2018-01-01 The Astrophysics Source Code Library (ASCL, ascl.net) was founded in 1999 by Robert Nemiroff and John Wallin. ASCL editors seek both new and old peer-reviewed papers that describe methods or experiments that involve the development or use of source code, and add entries for the found codes to the library. Software authors can submit their codes to the ASCL as well. This ensures a comprehensive listing covering a significant number of the astrophysics source codes used in peer-reviewed studies. The ASCL is indexed by both NASA’s Astrophysics Data System (ADS) and Web of Science, making software used in research more discoverable. This presentation covers the growth in the ASCL’s number of entries, the number of citations to its entries, and in which journals those citations appear. It also discusses what changes have been made to the ASCL recently, and what its plans are for the future. 20. Don't words come easy? A psychophysical exploration of word superiority DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Starrfelt, Randi; Petersen, Anders; Vangkilde, Signe Allerup 2013-01-01 Words are made of letters, and yet sometimes it is easier to identify a word than a single letter. This word superiority effect (WSE) has been observed when written stimuli are presented very briefly or degraded by visual noise. We compare performance with letters and words in three experiments, ...... and visual short term memory capacity. So, even if single words come easy, there is a limit to the word superiority effect....	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2936399281024933, "perplexity": 5409.063786755114}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00461.warc.gz"}
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/135946/classes-of-non-continuous-functions-with-the-fixed-point-property	Classes of (non-continuous) functions with the fixed point property Let $K$ be a convex body in $R^d$. (Say, a ball, say a cube...) For which classes $\cal C$ of functions, every function $f \in {\cal C}$ which takes $K$ into itself admits a fixed point in $K$. motivation: Of course this holds for continuous functions so we want more general classes of functions. For $d=1$ we ask for extensions of the intermediate value function, and the first such extension known to me is a theorem of Darboux which gives the intermediate value function for differentials of continuous functions. I asked about extensions for Darboux theorem in this post, and Marton Elekes proved it for high dimensional cubes.I recalled the question again after hearing a lecture by Haim Brezis, where he described three classes of functions that satisfy the intermediate valye theorem for $d=1$. He has other results about when you can "hear" the degree of a (non-contiuous) map which seems very relevant. (See Haim's publication list for some relevant papers with Nirenberg, Bourgain, Mironescu, Nguyen, and others.) Warning: The answer may depend on $K$. Related question: Fixed point theorems - Another class comes from defining a complete lattice on K and taking a function that is monotone w/r/t this lattice. This has a fixed point as shown by the Knaster–Tarski theorem. Many functions can be obtained this way, but e.g. rotations cannot be. – domotorp Nov 10 '13 at 22:49	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9138495326042175, "perplexity": 477.45771175038044}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701171770.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193931-00069-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/644342/why-do-we-treat-the-whole-capacitor-as-if-it-would-be-a-single-conductor	# Why do we treat the whole capacitor as if it would be a single conductor? I am a high school and I am very confused about redistribution of charges when we connect 2 capacitors, my problems are: 1. why are we treating the whole capacitor as if it would be a single conductor and say that charge will distribute equally in both plates (which doesn't make sense to me) unless the potential/better to say a potential difference of both plates becomes equal so, if that's the case let's take the scenario of what I have shown in the image. why the charge redistribution doesn't occur here? there is a potential difference between both the plates connected, so the charges should flow? 1. why is always the charge redistribution occurs symmetrically on both plates? say the potential of the right plate of below capacitor be "V/2" instead of 0 then the potential difference between both plates connected is different so the charge redistribution should be asymmetrical I,e both plates doesn't necessarily have equal and opposite charges? 2. In my textbook, for series combination it is written that the capacitors must have equal and opposite charges on both plates because if they wouldn't then there will be an electric field inside the conductor connecting both capacitors and that would redistribute the charges until they acquire equal and opposite charge because as the plates as very close the electric field due to positive plate and negative plate are almost equal and opposite at any point inside the conductor, which seems to be logical but there is a problem in it. if we go by this explanation then when two capacitors having equal and opposite charges on both plates are connected then the charge redistribution should never occur because the net electric field inside the conductors connecting the two is 0 always, isn't it? EDIT-since my people are confused with what I am thinking I am adding one more image with what I meant by 0 electric field due to equal and opposite charges on the plates, • Your question as it stands requires a heavy amount of editing as it isn't clear. Try to be concise. Label the plates and capacitors in your diagrams. Think about how a stranger reading your description would infer its meaning. This lack of clarity may be discouraging potential 'answerers'. Jun 13 '21 at 15:11 • I think ill add that there is an insulator between the two plates that prevent the flow of electrons from one plate to another. This should answer your first question(maybe?), Could you also elaborate on what you mean by why are we treating the whole capacitor as if it would be a single conductor? which property are you talking about? Jun 13 '21 at 18:01 • This question should have been closed as "needs more focus" for asking so many questions. Jun 14 '21 at 3:39 In my second statement I am asking why do always the plates of capacitor gets an equal and opposite charge no matter how we connect it in any circuit Allow me to show that this is in general (and in general I mean not in a circuit) not the case. ### The isolated capacitor The plates of an isolated capacitor can host different amounts of charge, if the net charge of the system is not zero to begin with. Using parallel plate capacitors makes it easy to see that what is equal (and opposite in sign) is the charge on the facing sides of each plate. This should actually represent portions of infinite facing planes, to the electric field lines should all be vertical They must have taught you the phenomenon of electrostatic induction. So try to think what happens when - in the distant voids of sidereal space, far from any other conductors - you bring a charged conducting plate with positive net charge Q near another identical, but neutral, plate. Let's say we just materialize it there, at a distance d, like so: The positive charge on the first plate will attract the negative charge on the nearest face of the neutral plate, leaving the opposite face positively charged. At equilibrium (we need a little bit of time for the electric field to propagate - say d/c - and the charge to rearrange - say a multiple of the relaxation time of the conductor's material), only half of the total charge Q will be present (with opposite sign) on the inner sides of the newly formed capacitor. If I understand you right, you have a problem in accepting the fact that the 'inner' charges are equal (and opposite). Well, mathematically this results from solving a system of equations that relate voltage and charge in a multi-conductor system. This might be above the level taught in high school (but you can find a lucid description in Pollack and Stump's "Electromagnetism" textbook, if you wish), so let's try to see it in a more intuitive way. Faraday Lines and Tubes of Flux Are you familiar with the concept of Faraday's lines? They should be taught in a high school course. Basically, they are a way to represent the electric field orientation and strength in space. Electric field lines emerge from positive charges and sink into negative charges. The more lines are present in a region of space, the stronger is the electric field. A better way to see this is through the concept of tubes of flux. If you have been introduced to such a concept, then you should know that 1. The charges Q1 and Q2 on the conductor's areas that are at the extremes of a tube of flux are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. $$Q1= Q, Q2 = -Q$$ 1. The electric flux through an arbitrary cross section of the tube of flux is given by $$flux = Q/{\epsilon}_0$$ The relevant consequences are summarized in this quote from Branko Popovic's "Introductory Engineering Electromagnetism" textbook (p. 49): "The entire region in which the electric flux exists can be divided into tubes of equal flux. Each tube can then be represented by a single line of force (say, the line of force along its axis). Since the tube are supposed to be of equal flux, the charges on which they end are also equal. We can represent these charges by a single plus or minus sign. If these conventions are adopted, the magnitude of the electric field intensity is proportional to the density of the lines of force at a point, and the charge density is proportional to the density of the plus and minus signs." Now, try to imagine the field lines leaving the inner side of the first plate originating from a given fraction of charge there, they will have to end on the the inner side of the second plate on the same amount of charge there. If it can help you, imagine that each charge represented by a single plus or minus sign can only shoot out (if positive) or sink (if negative) one field line, do you see now why you need to have the same amount of charge facing in the interior of the capacitor? You can't have dangling electric field lines starting from a charge and not ending in another charge. Likewise, the field lines reaching a negative charge cannot come from an empty point in space. ### The connected capacitor Now, when you connect one plate to Earth - i.e. a reservoir of charge that can supply and balance any charge you need without changing its potential, you end up losing the extra charge on the outer sides of the plates and all you are left with is the equal and opposing charges on the inner faces. The rationale behind this is that the Earth is so big (i.e. it has a humongous self-capacitance) that whatever charge resides on its surface (if you are curios follow this link) ends up so diluted that it appears to have none on the small partial surfaces offered by everyday objects and electronic components connected to it. It just appears that earthing a conducting object drives away any excess charge on it, leaving only the charge that is electrostatically induced by the nearby non-grounded objects. When we connect a capacitor in a circuit, even if it is not grounded, there is another mechanism that ensures that there won't be excess charge on the outer sides of the plates. Batteries are inherently neutral, so when they offer a charge +Q at the plus terminal, they will have a charge -Q at the minus terminal. If the capacitor you connect is neutral to begin with, you will necessarily reach an equilibrium where positive and negative plates of the capacitor will have identical but opposite charge - charge that once equilibrium is established will end up on the internal facing plates. The plates ends up as being an extension of the battery contacts. That's why in a circuit context we say that capacitors do NOT store charge, but instead they displace it. In the following I will only consider neutral capacitors, meaning that each capacitor is 'charged' with equal and opposite charges on its facing plates and no residual charge is to be found (in the approximation of negligible fringe effects or of infinite parallel plated capacitor) on the exterior surfaces of the plates. ### Multiple connected capacitors I believe part of your confusion stems from the fact that much depends on how the connection happens: are the capacitors isolated and already charged? Are they connected in a (possibly but not necessarily earthed) circuit and then 'charged'? Let's see what happens in the parallel and series configuration when isolated, pre-charged capacitors are connected and then when the same 'uncharged' configuration is connected to a battery (with a convenient internal resistance to avoid un-physical behavior). Let's start with two isolated capacitors, each charged independently with charges Q1 for the first one, and Q2>Q1 for the second one. The caps are overall neutral, so the charge will be on the opposing internal faces of the plates. For the intensity of the electric field I am using the number of lines per unit area (the caps are flat and since we neglect fringe effects the field lines are perpendicuar to the plates' surface, ie the flux is the product of the field strenght with the area - if you want to know the voltage, integrate the field or just multiply by the distance, with the correct sign, I do not want to be bothered by these details) Parallel capacitors Now, let's see what happens when we connect them in parallel with the same polarity. The left plate of the first cap, which carried charge +Q1, and the left plate of the second cap, which carried charge +Q2 are now basically a single plate with total charge +(Q1+Q2). The charge cannot go anywhere, and all you have by connecting the plate with a piece of conductor is another conductor. So, in this sense you consider each couple of plates as a single conductor. The charge will in general redistribute in order to give a uniform electric field between the newly formed plates and zero field inside the conductor. If the caps have the same area, and we do not mess with the distance d between plates, we end up with a two-plates structure with charge Q1+Q2 on a plate of double area on one side, and the opposite charge on the other side. What would the field be in our units of lines per unit area? Correct, the average of the field of the two isolated caps. I have added two more pictures where the area of the capacitors are different (with the same overall amount of total charge Q1+Q2) to show that the field inside is the same, and so is the potential difference across the distance d. That's what you would expect from a parallel connection: both devices are subject to the same voltage which, for identical capacitors, happens to be the average of the voltages of the separated charged caps. If we connect the isolated caps with reverse polarity, we get a partial cancellation of charge on each plate (the total charge on each newly formed plate would be Q2-Q1 (if we invert the first one wrt to the previous configuration) and the field inside the newly formed cap will be considerably weakened (zero, if the separated charges were identical). In this case the total field witl be only 2 lines per unit area and the resulting voltage will be half the difference of the voltages of the separated caps. Now, when you connect the parallel to a battery you won't see anything particularly different because the bottom line of the situation is that of having identical opposite charge on the two plates of the parallel configuration. Of course, now it's the battery that imposes the voltage, so the charge will follow from that. Things can be different though when we consider a series configuration, as your instinct told you (so, here is my +1 to your question) Series capacitors Again, let's start with two isolated charged capacitor, one with charge Q1 (meaning +Q1 on one plate and -Q1 on the other) and the other with charge Q2 > Q1. We bring them together putting one after another, but still as an isolated system. When we put them in series with the same polarity we get something like this (I added vectors that represent the field generated by the sheets of charge) Note that we have different charges on the end plates: its Q1 on the leftmost plate and -Q2 on the rightmost plate. It has to be this way because the plates are isolated and they cannot change their charge (this is an ideal system without any leakages). The middle section, composed of two joined plates now is a single piece of conductor with charge Q2-Q1. In the case of Q1=Q2 the net charge on this section would be zero, but charge will still be separated due to the electrostatic induction effect of the charged exterior plates. So, in this case I would say that there is no charge redistribution, but you could see charge separation if you assembled this capacitor by bringing close to each other the two outermost charged plates and the neutral middle section. Whether or not charge will be distributed will depend on how you assemble the final configuration. Now, something different happens when we have a series capacitor connected to a battery. In this case the charge on the outermost plates is imposed by the battery connection and we can no longer have different charges on the outer plates. We start from +Q on the leftmost plate and -Q on the rightmost one, and the inner section responds by polarizing itself via electrostatic induction. fig series of two caps - connected to battery At equilibrium, the neutral section will see its charge displaced so that -Q faces the +Q on the left, while a charge +Q faces the -Q charge on the right. This will also happen with any series of capacitors: the charge is the same (sign apart) on all the plates: what changes when the capacity is different, is the electric field between plates, hence the voltage drop across each capacitor. One more thing: What happens in the isolated case when we place the series capacitors in opposition? If we place the caps in series with opposite polarity, we will have a new structure with +Q1 on the first plate, -Q1+Q2 on the central section, and +Q2 on the rightmost plate. If Q2>Q1, we have a central section that has a negative overall charge, while both exterior plates carry a positive charge. The system is overall neutral, as were the two separated capacitors before connection, but the new isolated structure will show a field like this fig isolated series of two caps - opposite polarity As you can see, the final result depends on how the constituent parts are put together, and on the connections - or more generally, interactions - with the rest of the world. If we bring a non-neutral isolated capacitor (or even a neutral real capacitor with fringe effects) near a bigger conducting body connected to the Earth - something we could call a ground plane - even if we do not connect any part of it to the body, electrostatic induction will displace charges in the bigger body producing a different configuration in the distribution of charge and the values of the potentials. When you have several conductors, it is best to approach the problem by writing a system of equations in the coefficients of potential or in the coefficients of electrostatic induction (or, as some call them, coefficients of capacity). Trying to solve such problems with intuition could easily lead to the wrong solution (and this post is no exception!). • but the statement, hat charge should be conserved in a circuit, can be fulfilled even if all the plates are not charges equally and opposite, but the sum overall charge on all capacitors is 0 Jun 16 '21 at 7:22 • also please see my added image If u wanna know Why I am saying that there is a contradiction between the 3rd statement and 1st statement Jun 16 '21 at 7:39 • @ArunBhardwaj I came here yesterday to complete my answer, but then I saw it could be closed so I gave up. But maybe you can answer this before it gets closed: do you know how to compute the electrostatic field of an infinite sheet of charge? Do you know that the field is the same in every point of each halfspace? Do you know how to apply Gauss' Law (this is just a bonus question) - ALSO: do you know why the electrostatic charge on a conductor can only be on its surface? (now, think at the first charged plate - how can the charge distribute on the two opposite faces?) Jun 16 '21 at 7:40 • yes I know , how to use gauss law and what is the electric field at any point due to infinte sheet, Jun 16 '21 at 7:42 • Ok, then tomorrow, if the question is still open I will complete my answer. For the time being I suggest you draw the electric field due to each sheet of charge in the three capacitors in my first picture and convince yourself that you need to have the charge in that way if you want to have zero field inside the conductors (just apply superposition). Jun 16 '21 at 7:44 Excellent questions for a student at your level. Here's an attempt at answering them. 1. The situation you've drawn can't occur. The potential difference is determined by the electric field, which in turn is determined by the charge distribution. In the absence of external charges, you're not free to set the potential any way you want, and then also set the charge distribution independently. In addition, if $$Q_1 \neq Q_2$$, then you have a net charge on each disconnected component of your circuit, so you'd expect that in the steady state there would be a net potential difference between these two components. 2. I'm not sure I understand this question. "the potential difference between both plates connected is different"; the potential difference between which plates and which plates? From your wording, it sounds like you're associating a potential difference to each plate, but a potential difference, as the name suggests, is a property defined between two points. 3. I assume you mean when you connect the two capacitor plates with a wire going around the outside of the capacitor. In that case, we're no longer at a steady state: the wire is able to propagate an electric field from one plate to the other. There will be a field inside the conducting plates. • In my 1st statement , I am asking that say that we have charged any capacitor with a battery of potential difference say potential at its positive terminal is 3V(reference w.r.t infinite) and potential at negative terminal is 2V and after charging we disconnect it and say we charge an another identical capacitor with a battery of potential difference V (say V at its positive terminal and 0 at its negative terminal) then we disconnect it and connect it with the capacitor we have charged before, then will the charge redistribution will occur or not? if not why not? Jun 12 '21 at 6:11 • it should occur because there is potential difference between both the plates connected via a conducting wire Jun 12 '21 at 6:12 • In my second statement I am asking why do always the plates of capacitor gets an equal and opposite charge no matter how we connect it in any circuit and also when we connect it with another capacitor like I have shown above? I am saying that if the potential of the plate was" v/2" instead of 0( reference is w.r.t infinite) and we then connect it like I have shown above then the potential difference between positive plates of both capacitor is not same as the potential difference between negative plates of both capacitors connected then why still the charge redistribution occurs symmetrically? Jun 12 '21 at 6:18 • In my third statement I am saying that in my textbook and my logic it is saying that if capacitors are connected in series charge will pass from one capacitor to the other by induction/polarization and it will occur until the net charge on each capacitor becomes 0 because then electric field at any point inside the conducting wire connecting them will be 0 because as both are very near electric field due to one plate at any point is equal and opposite to the other, ,,it seems logical and true....but there lies a contradiction in it,, Jun 12 '21 at 6:23 • continuing: if that's the case then if any two capacitors are connected then charge redistribution should never occur between them because both plates of both capacitor have equal and opposite charge in starting the field inside the conductor connecting them will be 0 then why would the charges flow? Jun 12 '21 at 6:25 Question 3: If two caps, each one's plates possessing equal and opposite charge, are connected in series, then this supposed redistribution of charges should never occur. This follows from the last point above, doesn't it? First and foremost is the answer to the third question. Your understanding that unbalanced charges within the capacitors lead to an electric field in the connecting conductor, causing charges to flow till balancing occurs - is correct and in line with your textbook's. The source of your confusion is that you have taken the explanation provided in the book about what would have happened if the charges within had been unbalanced and concluded that this is what always happens. Not at all. If you connect capacitors whose charges are already balanced within they, will stay so. The books argues in the manner of a counterfactual. In fact, it is impossible to get an ideal capacitor charged in such a way that its plates have different charges. That violates charge conservation as the total charge before, during and at the end of charging must remain same. If a cap is uncharged initially, it stays uncharged on the whole.$$^1$$ (Also see answer to Question 2.2 below) Question 1.1 Why do we treat a whole capacitor as if it is a single conductor and say that charge will distribute equally on both plates? This doesn't makes sense to me. The fact that charge redistributes equally on both plates of a parallel plate cap. doen't imply that we are treating the whole cap. as a single conductor. What makes you think that? The charges (be careful here, counterfactual alert) if were different on the two plates won't need the cap. to be a single conductor to redistribute. They would instead utilise the external circuit in which they are connected to physically redistribute themselves. Question 1.2 Unless the potential, or should I say potential difference, of both plates becomes equal. Does it? It isn't clear what you are trying to say here. First of all it would be either "potential of both plates"(relative to what?) or "potential difference between the plates" but not both in same sentence. Refrain from such careless language. Are you trying to say that charges will redistribute till the potential of the two plates of a cap becomes (their potential difference becomes $$0$$)? If so, that is not the case. After balancing of charges within a cap., it has a potential given by its defining property $$CV$$ Question 2.1 Why doesn't charge redistribution occur here? There is a potential difference between both the plates connected, so the charges should flow, shouldn't they? The labeling of your circuit diagram without any explanation is hard to interpret. Is there some external field keeping the plates at the potentials they are at? Even so how are to two conductors connected by a wire but aren't equipotential? Refering to your comment (even though you say its regarding your first statement) In my 1st statement , I am asking that say that we have charged any capacitor with a battery of potential difference say potential at its positive terminal is 3V(reference w.r.t infinite) and potential at negative terminal is 2V and after charging we disconnect it and say we charge an another identical capacitor with a battery of potential difference V (say V at its positive terminal and 0 at its negative terminal) then we disconnect it and connect it with the capacitor we have charged before, then will the charge redistribution will occur or not? if not why not? I think you simply meant two caps both charged to potential V. There shall be no charge flow in this case. (By using explicit potential values without any explanation, you made it quite difficult understand your question.) Keep in mind that after disconnecting the caps from their charger batteries, their ends have no memory of what the absolute potentials were wrt. infinity. All that matters is the difference be $$V$$. This is because potential everywhere is only defined upto addition of a constant. And so There is a potential difference between both the plates connected... isn't true as there is no potential difference between the plates on the left (or right). Question 2.2: Why does the charge redistribution occur symmetrically on both the plates of a capacitor in the circuit above? Say the potential of the plate with potential $$0$$ be changed to $$V/2$$. Now the potential difference between the bottom capacitor's plates is different than the top one's, so why is the charge redistribution not asymmetric within each cap i.e. why are each cap's plates still exhibiting equal and opposite charge? I take it you meant In my second statement I am asking why do always the plates of capacitor gets an equal and opposite charge no matter how we connect it in any circuit and also when we connect it with another capacitor like I have shown above? I am saying that if the potential of the plate was" v/2" instead of 0( reference is w.r.t infinite) and we then connect it like I have shown above then the potential difference between positive plates of both capacitor is not same as the potential difference between negative plates of both capacitors connected then why still the charge redistribution occurs symmetrically? First of all, since one cap. is charged to $$V$$ while the other to $$V/2$$ charge redistribution will occur as there is now relative potential difference between the plates on the left (or right). While you may understand why the capacitors still stay neutral on the whole by using the answer above to question 3, there is another way to look at it. There is charging/discharging current created during charge redistribution. This current is same throughout the circuit. This current deposits a charge $$Idt$$ on one plate of the capacitor and extracts the same from the other. Thus both increasing the charge while keeping net charge zero. The reverse happens at the other cap. In this way though chrges are moving across the caps. within each net neutrality is maintained. $$^1$$ Note that this argument doesn't depend on the geometry of the capacitor. Though you mayn't realize this know, the electrical properties of a capacitor that you study may study like its $$IV$$ relation, its energy content, its $$AC$$ response, its behaviour in circuits - its all independent of the geometry of the circuit. • please read to my comments below, the edit was not upto the point of what I am asking,, I am very confused in this and trying to understand just from logical way, like what is happening physically.. Jun 16 '21 at 7:20 This configuration is an example of a more general case of the behaviour of a material under an electric field. If between the plate of the left side of C1 and the plate of the right side of C2 in the fig 2.26, there was an isolant, the result would be an electric field in the region. Because it is a conductor, any electric field results in a displacement of charges. So the electric field in the region is zero. This effect is produced by the displaced charges. For E be zero in the region, the charges of the right plate of C1 and left plate of C2 must be such to generate an E-field that exactly opposes the original. So, the charges are respectively -Q and Q. The charge equalization does occur in your first picture. You've drawn an unbalanced situation that can't exist at steady-state (i.e. equilibrium). The charges between the plates will redistribute so that the net electric field between the plates is zero. This occurs even when the voltage supply is 0V. As long as there is a net electric field between the plates, the forces are unbalanced and will work to redistribute the charges until the electric field is zero. It doesn't matter whether this field is being produced by the charges themselves or by the voltage supply. So even if the voltage supply was 0V, if you had an initial charge distribution producing 3V and 2V on the plates, the charges (either positive or negative depend on which you want to look at) would still redistribute because the charges themselves are producing a net electric field between the plates that repels them away from each other. They'll keep repelling until an equal number of charges ends up on both plates so that the net electric field is zero at which points there is no more net force and the charges stop moving. If the voltage supply is not 0V, everything still behaves the same except now there is also a second electric field being applied across the plates by the voltage source which also acts on the charges. The charges still have to redistribute until the net electric field between the plates is zero, because as long as it is non-zero there is a force acting to move the charges. It doesn't matter whether this field is externally applied or whether it is from the unbalanced charges themselves. When the supply was 0V the only fields being produced anywhere in the circuit were from the charges themselves, so in order to produce a net electric field of zero between the plates the charges just had to cancel their own fields out which means an equal number of charges on both plates. When the voltage supply is non-zero, a second electric field is introduced in the circuit and produces an "offset" or asymmetry. So in order to cancel out the electric field between the plates, the number of charges now has to be different on each plate in order to compensate for the voltage supply's electric field. Q1 To begin, we are not treating "the whole capacitor as if it would be a single conductor". A capacitor consists of two separate conductors (plates) separated by an insulating medium. The upper and lower capacitors are connected in parallel. Therefore the voltage across each capacitor has to be the same (3-2=1v), not different as you have shown, and the potential on the plates connected by the wires must also be the same. If you assign a potential of zero on the lower right plate (which is theoretically a purely arbitrary decision) the potential of the upper right plate also has to be zero and the potential everywhere else is measured with respect to the assigned point of zero potential. Then the voltage on the left plate of each capacitor would have to be 1 volt for a potential difference of 1 volt. Since the charge is different on the pairs of plates, their capacitances also have to be different because $$C=\frac{Q}{V}$$ Then, if $$C_1$$ and $$C_2$$ are the capacitances of the upper and lower pairs of plates, respectively, $$C_{1}=\frac{Q_1}{V}$$ $$C_{2}=\frac{Q_2}{V}$$ Where, in this case, $$V$$ = 1 volt. The charge will not redistribute because there is no potential difference between the plates connected by the wires and the electric field of each capacitor will hold the charge in place. Q2 why is always the charge redistribution occurs symmetrically on both the plates? To understand why the charge has to be symmetric on both plates of a capacitor you need to understand how a capacitor gets "charged" in the first place. Consider the charging of a capacitor by a battery in series with a resistor (to limit the current). Assume the capacitor is not initially charged. Then before it is connected to the battery each metal plate has an equal amount of protons (positive charge) and highly mobile electrons (negative charge) so that each plate is electrically neutral and there is no voltage (potential difference) between the plates. When the capacitor is connected to a battery, the positive terminal of the battery attracts electrons off of the plate connected to it moving them to the positive terminal of the battery. This leaves a deficit of electrons on that plate making it positively charged. Simultaneously, the negative terminal of the battery supplies an equal amount of electrons to the plate connected to it giving it a surplus of electrons making the plate negatively charged. In effect, there is no change in the total charge of the capacitor. Charge has simply been moved from one plate to another. Now let's say the capacitor we just charged is your upper capacitor, but it is not yet connected in parallel to the lower capacitor. What will happen if we connect them in parallel? Well, that will depend on the capacitance of the two capacitors and whether or not the lower capacitor has been charged. Let's assume the lower capacitor is initially uncharged. Here's what we know will happen: 1. The upper capacitor will charge the lower capacitor until the potential difference for each capacitor is the same. (Generally the charging is through a resistor to limit potentially damaging high currents). 2. Because total charge has to be conserved, the sum of the charges on the two capacitors will have to equal $$Q_1$$, the initial charge of the upper capacitor. So, if $$Q_U$$ and $$Q_L$$ are the final charge on the upper and lower capacitors, respectively, $$Q_{U}+Q_{L}=Q_1$$ 3. Since the final voltage on the two capacitors has to be the same, lets call it $$V_f$$, we have the final conditions of $$Q_{U}=C_{U}V_f$$ $$Q_{L}=C_{L}V_f$$ $$Q_{U}+Q_{L}=Q1$$ And $$Q_{1}=C_{U}V$$ Where $$V=$$ 1 volt and $$C_U$$ is the capacitance of your upper capacitor. Q3 Your textbook is correct that series capacitors must always have the same charge. But a simpler explanation is as follows: Capacitors in series all have the same total current flowing through them, or $$I_{T}=I_{1}+I_{2}=I_{3}=$$etc. Therefore each capacitor will accumulate the same amount of electrical charge, $$Q$$, on its plates regardless of its capacitance. This is because the charge accumulated by a plate of any one capacitor must have come from the plate of its adjacent capacitor. Consequently, $$Q_{1}=Q_{2}=Q_{3}=$$ etc.. ..if we go by this explanation then when two capacitors having equal and opposite charges on both plates are connected together then the charge redistribution should never occur because the net electric field inside the conductors connecting the two is 0 always ,isn't it? When you say "connected together" I assume you mean taking two of those series capacitors and connecting them in parallel. If that's the case, if the two capacitors have different capacitance but the same charge, then their voltages will be different before being connected together because $$V=\frac{Q}{C}$$ In which case the capacitor having the higher voltage will charge the capacitor of lower voltage, redistributing the charge until the voltages become the same. Hope this helps. • I am not very clear with what u are saying, please read to my comments above to understand what I am actually thinking, Jun 16 '21 at 7:29 Key concepts when dealing with capacitors in a DC circuit: 1. Charge is conserved, so the battery does NOT create or destroy any electrons. 2. The battery acts as a "pump" for electrons, and moves electrons around in the circuit. This means that for one capacitor in the circuit, the battery removes electrons from the positive plate and pushes them onto the negative plate, until the potential difference across the capacitor equals the emf of the battery. It also means that the net charge on the capacitor is zero. For capacitors in series, this means that the total number of electrons pushed onto the negative plate of each capacitor (aka the charge) must be equal. 3. For capacitors connected in parallel with no battery in the circuit (your drawing in question 1.2) charge will redistribute until the the negative plates are at the same voltage (usually arbitrarily assigned a value of zero volts) and the positive plates are at the same voltage. The amount of charge on each of the parallel plates will depend on plate area, spacing between plates, the dielectric between the plates, etc.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 36, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.813612699508667, "perplexity": 326.6593975355196}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303356.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121101528-20220121131528-00287.warc.gz"}
https://web2.0calc.com/questions/helpp-please-i-need-this-done-by-today-please	+0 0 64 1 What is the value of x? ?cm http://prntscr.com/i1bhk7 (I just added the pic - Melody) Guest Jan 16, 2018 edited by Guest Jan 16, 2018 edited by Melody Jan 16, 2018 #1 +1720 +1 $$\triangle MNP\sim\triangle MAB$$ because a segment located in the interior of the triangle is parallel to a side. You could also prove similarity by Angle-Angle Similarity Theorem. Using the above similarity statement, one can create a proportion because each side is proportional. The one I will use is $$\frac{MA}{MB}=\frac{MN}{MP}$$. This comes from the similarity statement. Although we do not know the length of $$\overline{MA}$$ directly, we can find it by subtracting the length of $$\overline{AN}$$ from the length of $$\overline{MN}$$. When we plug in these numbers, we can then solve for the unknown side length. $$\frac{MA}{MB}=\frac{MN}{MP}$$ Plug in the known information and solve for the unknown. $$\frac{46.2-14}{x}=\frac{46.2}{72.6}$$ Let's simplify the numerator of the left hand side of the equation first. $$\frac{32.2}{x}=\frac{46.2}{72.6}$$ Before proceeding, it may be wise to multiply the fractions by 10/10 so that the numbers are whole numbers. $$\frac{322}{10x}=\frac{462}{726}$$ Some simplification can occur here. The numerator and denominator of the right hand side happen to have a greatest common factor of 66. That's something you don't see every day! $$\frac{161}{5x}=\frac{7}{11}$$ Now, let's do the cross multiplication with simplified numbers. $$1771=35x$$ Divide by 35 from both sides. $$x=\frac{1771}{35}=\frac{253}{5}=50.6$$ TheXSquaredFactor Jan 17, 2018 Sort: #1 +1720 +1 $$\triangle MNP\sim\triangle MAB$$ because a segment located in the interior of the triangle is parallel to a side. You could also prove similarity by Angle-Angle Similarity Theorem. Using the above similarity statement, one can create a proportion because each side is proportional. The one I will use is $$\frac{MA}{MB}=\frac{MN}{MP}$$. This comes from the similarity statement. Although we do not know the length of $$\overline{MA}$$ directly, we can find it by subtracting the length of $$\overline{AN}$$ from the length of $$\overline{MN}$$. When we plug in these numbers, we can then solve for the unknown side length. $$\frac{MA}{MB}=\frac{MN}{MP}$$ Plug in the known information and solve for the unknown. $$\frac{46.2-14}{x}=\frac{46.2}{72.6}$$ Let's simplify the numerator of the left hand side of the equation first. $$\frac{32.2}{x}=\frac{46.2}{72.6}$$ Before proceeding, it may be wise to multiply the fractions by 10/10 so that the numbers are whole numbers. $$\frac{322}{10x}=\frac{462}{726}$$ Some simplification can occur here. The numerator and denominator of the right hand side happen to have a greatest common factor of 66. That's something you don't see every day! $$\frac{161}{5x}=\frac{7}{11}$$ Now, let's do the cross multiplication with simplified numbers. $$1771=35x$$ Divide by 35 from both sides. $$x=\frac{1771}{35}=\frac{253}{5}=50.6$$ TheXSquaredFactor Jan 17, 2018 ### 5 Online Users We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners. See details	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9049229621887207, "perplexity": 406.1100063121692}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816083.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225011315-20180225031315-00521.warc.gz"}
https://www.numerade.com/questions/find-the-most-general-antiderivative-of-the-function-check-your-answers-by-differentiation-fx-3sqrtx/	💬 👋 We’re always here. Join our Discord to connect with other students 24/7, any time, night or day.Join Here! # Find the most general antiderivative of the function. (Check your answers by differentiation.)$f(x) = 3\sqrt{x} - 2\sqrt[3]{x}$ ## $2 x^{3 / 2}-\frac{3 x^{4 / 3}}{2}+C$ Derivatives Differentiation Volume ### Discussion You must be signed in to discuss. ##### Kristen K. University of Michigan - Ann Arbor ##### Michael J. Idaho State University Lectures Join Bootcamp ### Video Transcript Okay, so we've been asked to find e jet move journal, Anti derivative of the function and the functions after Mexico. Story would X managed to our time to the Cube of X, Uh, before everyone. I'm just going to write down the how to express a square in terms of exponent in terms, in case you didn't know. So this is for General. So? So if you have any experimento or expert and the form ext to this group to the power em over end, you can rewrite this the end route of eggs to the empower. So with that guideline, we could ask you go ahead and rewrite FX. The aftereffects will be real enough. Three x to the one have minus two X to the one third. Now we take the integral of aftereffects DX. So the internal, um, has he let me just write the integral three act to the one have minus two ax one third and in a de eggs and now it's going to be now we applied. The experimentalist owes me one half plus one over one half plus one minus two act to the one third plus one over one third it was fun. So then this gives us three X to the three half associates to the next page. So three x to the three. Half over to third. Now over three have said sorry on then. This is going to be minus Ah, two acts to the fourth, third over for third. And then when you have a fraction at the bottom ah, you take the reciprocal of its and multiply it. So it's going to become two times three extra three half this is over three. It's in the minus three point to extend for third and Plus, even though he doesn't see you three and three cancels this, give this to accident. We have. And then this simplifies to sixth fourth, except for third. And you could ask me rewrite six fourth, um, as ah as we have. And then you push it plus Carson and then you are done #### Topics Derivatives Differentiation Volume ##### Kristen K. University of Michigan - Ann Arbor ##### Michael J. Idaho State University Lectures Join Bootcamp	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.752756655216217, "perplexity": 1945.6556866576616}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585353.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020214358-20211021004358-00224.warc.gz"}
http://www.ck12.org/algebra/Graphs-of-Inequalities-in-One-Variable/studyguide/user:bWVlcmFjYXQ5OUB5YWhvby5jb20./Graphs-of-Absolute-Value-Equations-and-Inequalities/	<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1; url=/nojavascript/"> # Graphs of Inequalities in One Variable ## Graph inequalities like y>4 and x<6 on the coordinate plane 0% Progress Practice Graphs of Inequalities in One Variable Progress 0% Graphs of Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities ### Graphs of Absolute Value Equations Almost all absolute value equations have a "V" shape. The absolute value $y=\|x\|$ is a V shape centered at the origin with a slope of 1 become there is no coefficient. All absolute value equations are essentially variations of this "V" shape. The location and the slope of the "V" change depending on the equation. If the absolute value equation has a y-intercept at the end of it, you must implement the y-intercept when graphing the "V" shape. All you have to do is shift the V up by whatever number the y-intercept is. Absolute value equations will often have other numbers/terms inside the absolute value brackets that you need to consider when graphing an absolute value equation. If you have the equation $y=\|x-1\|$ , for exaple, you would have to shift the "V" over 1 to the right. A negative sign means shift to the right and a positive sign means shift to the left; this is important to note because it can seem counterintuitive. If you had the equation $y=\|x+4\|$ ,you would shift the "V" 4 to the left. It is important to know how to integrate the two rules stated above. Practice integrating the rules above by graphing the following absolute value equations: 1. $y=\|x-4\|+7$ 2. $y=\|x+9\|-3$ 3. $y=\|x+3\|-2$ Also know that the slopes in these types of problems won't always be 1. If there is a coefficient symbolizing the slope in an absolute value equation, be sure to change the slant of the "V" accordingly. Say your slope is x. On the right side of the "V", make your slope x. However, on the left side of the "V", your slope will be negative x. $y=\|4x+2\|$ Practice integrating graphing absolute value equations with more complicated slopes. 1. $y=4\|x\|-2$ 2. $y=\left \|\frac{1}{2} x\right \|+6$ Finally, note that sometimes you will have to graph an upsidedown "V" shape. This will happen if there is a negative sign right before the absolute value term. For example, in the absolute value equation$-\|x-2\|=y$, the graph would still have its origin at (2,0), but it would be an upsidedown "V". However, if the negative sign is in the absolute value brackets, you don't need to graph the "V" upsidedown. TIP: Explain why the following two graphs are shaped the way they are to a family member or friend. If you can successfully explain why to somebody else, you have a strong understanding yourself. $-\|x-2\|=y$ $y=\|-x-2\|$ ### Overall Practice Use all the principles described above to graph the following graphs. 1. $y=\|x+3\|$ 2. $y=\|x-6\|$ 3. $y=\|4x+2\|$ 4. $y=\left \|\frac{x}{3}-4\right \|$ 5. $\|x-4\|=y$ 6. $-\|x-2\|=y$ 7. $y=\|x\|-2$ 8. $y=\|x\|+3$ 9. $y=\frac{1}{2} \|x\|$ 10. $y=4\|x\|-2$ 11. $y=\left \|\frac{1}{2} x\right \|+6$ ### Graphs of Inequalities in One & Two Variables Review of graphing inequalities in two variables: Graphing inequalities is fairly simple as long as you know how to graph lines. First graph the line that you are given changing the inequality sign to an equal sign for now. Once you have graphed your line (this applies to two variables as well as one variable), you will notice that you have divided the Cartesian plane into two pieces/halves. Inequality graphs require that you shade in one half/piece that you have created. To figure out which half you need to shade, pick an arbitrary point in one of the halfs. Plug the point into you picked into the inequality (with the equals sign changed back into the greater than/less than sign). Then see if the inequality is still true. If it is, shade in the section of the graph where the point you arbitrarily picked was in. If not, shade in the other side. Review of graphing inequalities in one variable Now that you know how to graph inequalities with two variables, graphing inequalities with one variable is extremely simple. If you had to graph the inequality $x>6$ on the Cartesian plane, for example, you would use the same process as graphing on a number line; simply shade in all the area on the graph where x is greater than 6. Note that these areas will extend indefinitely in the y direction. If you are graphing a simple absolute value inequality, all you have to do is rewrite the inequality with 2 "caps" that will define where you start and stop shading in. For the absolute value inequality $\|y\| < 5$, for example, you would solve for $y$ to find your caps. Your caps would be: $y > -5 \quad \text{and} \quad y < 5$ Now all you have to do is shade in the area between your two caps, in this case between the y values of -5 and 5. 1. [1]^ License: CC BY-NC 3.0 2. [2]^ License: CC BY-NC 3.0 3. [3]^ License: CC BY-NC 3.0 4. [4]^ License: CC BY-NC 3.0 5. [5]^ License: CC BY-NC 3.0 6. [6]^ License: CC BY-NC 3.0 7. [7]^ License: CC BY-NC 3.0	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 29, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6683447957038879, "perplexity": 762.9814311338542}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042992543.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002312-00185-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://russbishop.net/	Cross-process Rendering Surfaces save us November 05, 2019 The proper way to render across processes on Apple platforms is to use an IOSurface. Though the headers don't declare it, IOSurface and IOSurfaceRef are toll-free bridged. If calling an API that takes IOSurfaceRef from Swift, use unsafeBitCast(surface, to: IOSurfaceRef.self) An IOSurface is a kernel-managed . . . The Law Atomics are hard February 25, 2019 Swift 5 turns on exclusivity checking by default. This has some interesting interactions with atomics, especially when running under the Thread Sanitizer (TSAN). If you've ever seen a TSAN report on some simple Swift code that looks obviously correct then you're probably running into this issue: // Incorrect! Do not use this! . . . Take Delight in Small Joys Extensions everywhere November 08, 2018 This is a small post about a small joy. I really enjoy how natural extensions can feel in Swift. I consider it quite unfortunate that UnsafeMutableRawBufferPointer.baseAddress is optional. It makes that type so ugly to use in practice. I also dislike having to specify alignment on allocation; a sensible default is Int.bitWidth / 8 on . . . Fixed-sized Arrays Who doesn't like a tuple with 1024 elements? October 30, 2018 Let's say we want to statfs() a mount point to determine which BSD device name it belongs to. In english, that means discover that /Volumes/MyDisk comes from /dev/disk6s2. struct statfs fsinfo; if (statfs(path, &fsinfo) != 0) { //error } The equivalent Swift code, along with a POSIX error helper: func . . . SingleValueCodable A simple exercise in leverage October 24, 2017 The new Codable protocol is flexible enough to allow a different encoded representation from the in-memory representation which is a nice property to have in a serialization mechanism. Today I'm going to build SingleValueCodable to automate that work when dealing with RawRepresentable types. The Setup I want to encode . . . AMD System V ABI Reference July 18, 2017 An ABI reference for quick lookup. If you crash or just want to step through disassembly, check the contents of the registers to see where parameters are being passed. Arg Register Notes 1 RDI Usually self or address to hold return value 2 RSI Usually _cmd but may . . . MemoryLayout Size & Stride June 16, 2017 A quick word of warning to those of you using UnsafePointer and MemoryLayout. • The size of a type tells you how many bytes it takes to hold that type in memory. • The stride of a type tells you how far apart each instance of the type is in memory. If you are doing pointer arithmetic on UnsafePointer then Swift . . .	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2948560118675232, "perplexity": 6292.482351923449}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363598.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208205849-20211208235849-00304.warc.gz"}
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01287143	# The comb representation of compact ultrametric spaces Abstract : We call a \emph{comb} a map $f:I\to [0,\infty)$, where $I$ is a compact interval, such that $\{f\ge \varepsilon\}$ is finite for any $\varepsilon$. A comb induces a (pseudo)-distance $d_f$ on $\{f=0\}$ defined by $d_f(s,t) = \max_{(s\wedge t, s\vee t)} f$. We describe the completion $\bar I$ of $\{f=0\}$ for this metric, which is a compact ultrametric space called \emph{comb metric space}. Conversely, we prove that any compact, ultrametric space $(U,d)$ without isolated points is isometric to a comb metric space. We show various examples of the comb representation of well-known ultrametric spaces: the Kingman coalescent, infinite sequences of a finite alphabet, the $p$-adic field and spheres of locally compact real trees. In particular, for a rooted, locally compact real tree defined from its contour process $h$, the comb isometric to the sphere of radius $T$ centered at the root can be extracted from $h$ as the depths of its excursions away from $T$. Keywords : Type de document : Pré-publication, Document de travail 2016 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01287143 Contributeur : Amaury Lambert <> Soumis le : vendredi 11 mars 2016 - 18:38:34 Dernière modification le : mercredi 21 mars 2018 - 18:56:49 ### Identifiants • HAL Id : hal-01287143, version 1 • ARXIV : 1602.08246 ### Citation Amaury Lambert, Geronimo Uribe Bravo. The comb representation of compact ultrametric spaces. 2016. 〈hal-01287143〉 ### Métriques Consultations de la notice	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.931257426738739, "perplexity": 1512.922142692759}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647883.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322112241-20180322132241-00261.warc.gz"}
https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=ntg-context%40ntg.nl&q=date:20120105&o=newest	### [NTG-context] xmlfiles and url address Hi all, I wish you happy new year and start with an xml-question: Is it possible to process files from an URL address? It should be something like: \starttext ... \xmlprocessfile{main}{http://example.com/document1.xml}{} \xmlprocessfile{main}{http://example.com/document2.xml}{} ... ### Re: [NTG-context] xmlfiles and url address On 5-1-2012 09:19, Martin Fechner wrote: Hi all, I wish you happy new year and start with an xml-question: Is it possible to process files from an URL address? It should be something like: \starttext \xmlprocessfile{main}{http://example.com/document1.xml}{} ### Re: [NTG-context] Italicized text trailing space too small On 05.01.2011, at 06:32, Aditya Mahajan wrote: On Wed, 4 Jan 2012, Kip Warner wrote: Text that I {\it have italicized} trails too tight with the first non-italicized word that is typeset next. I'm sure there is some ConTeXt command that adjusts this that I am unfamiliar with. ### [NTG-context] howto get good references in mkiv? Hello Members, some piece of code, with the problems. I hope somebody can use it to improve ConTeXt, Compilation with texexec is no problem, Kind Regards, Rene' % Begin code: \setupcolors[state=start] \setupinteraction[state=start,color=orange] \setupreferencing[state=start] ### [NTG-context] CLD: context.getvariable as Lua variable Hello, I'm relatively quite new to TeX world. This is my first message to list. I hope you understand me, English isn't my mother language. I'm trying to use a variable set by \setvariable in Lua. I tried some combinations, based on manual but I couldn't succeed. The code below exemplifies what ### Re: [NTG-context] CLD: context.getvariable as Lua variable Am 05.01.2012 um 15:49 schrieb Wagner Macedo: Hello, I'm relatively quite new to TeX world. This is my first message to list. I hope you understand me, English isn't my mother language. I'm trying to use a variable set by \setvariable in Lua. I tried some combinations, based on manual ### Re: [NTG-context] Italicized text trailing space too small On Tue, Jan 4, 2011 at 8:32 PM, Aditya Mahajan [email protected] wrote: On Wed, 4 Jan 2012, Kip Warner wrote: Text that I {\it have italicized} trails too tight with the first non-italicized word that is typeset next. I'm sure there is some ConTeXt command that adjusts this that I am ### Re: [NTG-context] CLD: context.getvariable as Lua variable Firstly, thanks by answer. The second way is nice, but could be generic (e.g. save any variable in a namespace)? -- Wagner Macedo On 5 January 2012 13:04, Wolfgang Schuster [email protected] wrote: Am 05.01.2012 um 15:49 schrieb Wagner Macedo: Hello, I'm relatively quite ### [NTG-context] TeX inside XML I need to do some ConTeXt work inside an XML-proces. In principle this works for most TeX-code through an appropriate xmlsetup that calls \xmlcontext. However some code has problems, and it will be no surprise that it concerns table suff. The error is: Misplaced \omit ... \@tbxmultispans ### Re: [NTG-context] CLD: context.getvariable as Lua variable Am 05.01.2012 um 18:22 schrieb Wagner Macedo: Firstly, thanks by answer. The second way is nice, but could be generic (e.g. save any variable in a namespace)? It would require a different method because \setvariables doesn’t provide information about the values which are set. Can you ### Re: [NTG-context] CLD: context.getvariable as Lua variable Don't worry. It's not needed. I just wanted to avoid mix Lua and TeX codes. I will survive using: local s = \getvariable{namespace}{var} Thank you by attention. -- Wagner Macedo On 5 January 2012 14:39, Wolfgang Schuster [email protected] wrote: Am 05.01.2012 um 18:22 ### [NTG-context] \rotate broken Hi, The latest beta seems to have broken the \rotate command. \starttext \rotate{Test} \stoptext gives the following error ! Missing { inserted. system tex error on line 2 in file test.tex: Missing { inserted ... 1 \starttext 2 \rotate{Test} 3 \stoptext 4 to be read ### Re: [NTG-context] \rotate broken On 5-1-2012 19:05, Vianney le Clément wrote: Hi, The latest beta seems to have broken the \rotate command. \starttext \rotate{Test} \stoptext gives the following error indeed, i already fixed it yesterday but didn't upload yet Hans ### [NTG-context] missing macro The macro \expandoneargafter seems to have been disappeared. Is that true? I need it for repairing an appearent failure in the \Word macro to capitalize the first letter in some case. Hans van der Meer ___ If your ### Re: [NTG-context] \rotate broken 2012/1/5 Hans Hagen [email protected]: indeed, i already fixed it yesterday but didn't upload yet Hans Always nice to hear. I'll patiently wait for the Wise Men then :o). Thanks, Vianney ___ If your question is of ### Re: [NTG-context] missing macro Am 05.01.2012 um 19:51 schrieb Meer, H. van der: The macro \expandoneargafter seems to have been disappeared. Is that true? I need it for repairing an appearent failure in the \Word macro to capitalize the first letter in some case. Do you have a example where \Word fails in MkIV. The macro ### [NTG-context] Inline itemize Hello, If I type Blabla. \startitemize[a,text] \item one \item two \stopitemize Blabla. I get a linebreak before and after the itemize. Is this the intended behaviour? How can I get a fully inline enumeration? Thanks, Vianney ### Re: [NTG-context] missing macro In the meantime I have looked further into the problem. Although in the past redefinition of \Word was the only way to repair, this time there was a destructive interference with \startframedtext. It turned out that \startframedtext[align=middle, etc.] played havic with the following input, to ### [NTG-context] How to define a command... Hi all, I need to define numerical coefficients (essentially at random) and then use them with commands, say like \CoeffAlpha, \CoeffBeta, and so on. More precisely, how can I define the command \RandomCoeff, so that \RandomCoeff{Beta}{1}{10} yields a command named \CoeffBeta, which is a random ### Re: [NTG-context] How to define a command... Reccently I did something random in ctxlua. I post it in the hope it will be useful. Hans van der Meer \startluacode -- Define our namespace as hvdm hvdm = hvdm or {} -- Return random series of numbers 1..n depending on the number of arguments function ### Re: [NTG-context] How to define a command... On Thu, Jan 05 2012, Otared Kavian wrote: \define[3]\RandomCoeff{% \ctxlua{a = math.random(#2,#3)} % \csname{Coeff#1}\endcsname{\ctxlua{tex.print(a)}} %% this line does not work as expected... \setuprandomize[2012] \define[3]\RandomCoeff{% \expandafter\def\csname ### Re: [NTG-context] How to define a command... Am 05.01.2012 um 21:17 schrieb Peter Münster: On Thu, Jan 05 2012, Otared Kavian wrote: \define[3]\RandomCoeff{% \ctxlua{a = math.random(#2,#3)} %\csname{Coeff#1}\endcsname{\ctxlua{tex.print(a)}} %% this line does not work as expected... \setuprandomize[2012] ### Re: [NTG-context] How to define a command... Am 05.01.2012 um 21:11 schrieb Meer, H. van der: Reccently I did something random in ctxlua. I post it in the hope it will be useful. Hans van der Meer \startluacode -- Define our namespace as hvdm hvdm = hvdm or {} Don’t use a global namespace, you can use “userdata”. ### Re: [NTG-context] How to define a command... Thanks Hans, in another problem I was looking for commands such as \RandomRange, \RandomSeries: I am going to use your ideas! It is incredible that on this list one gets solutions even for problems one didn't dare to ask :-) Best regards: OK On 5 janv. 2012, at 21:11, Meer, H. van der wrote: ### Re: [NTG-context] How to define a command... Thanks Peter, I had tried \expandafter\xdef, \edef, \gdef, but not \expandafter\def… Thanks for your quick answer: that's exactly what I was looking for. Best regards: OK On 5 janv. 2012, at 21:17, Peter Münster wrote: On Thu, Jan 05 2012, Otared Kavian wrote: \define[3]\RandomCoeff{% ### Re: [NTG-context] How to define a command... Thanks for Wolfgang: your solution, that is \setuprandomize[2012] \define[3]\RandomCoeff{% \setvalue{Coeff#1}{\ctxlua{tex.print(math.random(#2,#3))}}} works indeed and it is somehow simpler than using \expandafter\csname, and as a matter of fact, after reading your message I searched in ### Re: [NTG-context] How to define a command... Hi again Wolfgang and Peter, The solution you provided to my problem is great but has a small issue… Considering the definition \define[3]\RandomCoeff{% \setvalue{Coeff#1}{\ctxlua{tex.print(math.random(#2,#3))}} } after saying \RandomCoeff{Alpha}{1}{10} one gets ### Re: [NTG-context] How to define a command... Sorry for the noise… I found the answer to my last question in module-01.pdf, pages 92 and 93: the right definition is \define[3]\RandomCoeff{% \setevalue{Coeff#1}{\ctxlua{tex.print(math.random(#2,#3))}} } that is one has to use \setevalue instead of \setvalue (that is ### Re: [NTG-context] Inline itemize As I know, yes, this is the intended behavior. You should be thinking in a WYSIWYG way, but TeX, as most languages (except Python, that I know) works apart you write every code in one line or write pretty indented. I hope you understood. -- Wagner Macedo 2012/1/5 Vianney le Clément ### Re: [NTG-context] Inline itemize Am 06.01.2012 um 00:06 schrieb Wagner Macedo: As I know, yes, this is the intended behavior. You should be thinking in a WYSIWYG way, but TeX, as most languages (except Python, that I know) works apart you write every code in one line or write pretty indented. No, this is a bug because ### Re: [NTG-context] Inline itemize Ah... sorry. I read the manual but I didn't remember this feature. -- Wagner Macedo On 5 January 2012 20:25, Wolfgang Schuster [email protected] wrote: No, this is a bug because with the “text” keyword you can create a inline item which doesn’t start a new paragraph. ### Re: [NTG-context] Italicized text trailing space too small On Wed, 2011-01-05 at 00:32 -0500, Aditya Mahajan wrote: On Wed, 4 Jan 2012, Kip Warner wrote: Text that I {\it have italicized} trails too tight with the first non-italicized word that is typeset next. I'm sure there is some ConTeXt command that adjusts this that I am unfamiliar with. ### Re: [NTG-context] redefining paragraph breaks On Tue, 3 Jan 2012, Chris Lott wrote: I know I could do it manually, but that makes the source ugly, so is there a way to redefine paragraph breaks so that instead of actual breaks in the output they are kept as running text separate by a paragraph symbol, e.g.: This is paragraph 1. 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http://www.reddit.com/r/math/comments/2a5r5h/linear_order_for_sets_of_arbitary_size/	[–] 4 points5 points (0 children) It turns out that "Every set has a linear order" is independent from ZF, but strictly weaker than the Axiom of Choice. http://mathoverflow.net/questions/37272/are-all-sets-totally-ordered [–]Logic 0 points1 point (0 children) It seems that ZF+"every set can be linearly ordered" is strictly between ZF and ZFC in terms of strength. See: http://cantorsattic.info/Dedekind_finite By adding a Dedekind finite set of real numbers it is possible to show that the ultrafilter lemma holds; that every set can be linearly ordered; every set can be mapped onto ω; however the axiom of choice fails (for countable families). I can't say why choice is strictly stronger, but for the linear ordering axiom being independent of ZF: An amorphous set is an infinite set which cannot be split into two disjoint infinite pieces. Amorphous sets cannot be linearly ordered, but it is consistent with ZF that amorphous sets exist.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9816741943359375, "perplexity": 473.0452518081651}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137841.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00187-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
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Covariance Let X and Y be two RVвЂ™s Example Positive Covariance: on the inп¬Ѓnite dimensional vector space of random variables with п¬Ѓnite variance.. ### probability Covariance of two random variables Covariance of Returns Definition Formula Example. WORKED EXAMPLES 3 COVARIANCE CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE 1 Let Xand Y be discrete random variables with joint mass Hence the two variables have covariance and Covariance and Correlation - What is a sample covariance? Find out how Numpy helps calculate these two stats with random variable as input.. A Gentle Introduction to Expected Value, Variance, to Expected Value, Variance, and Covariance with of the joint probability for two random variables. WORKED EXAMPLES 3 COVARIANCE CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE 1 Let Xand Y be discrete random variables with joint mass Hence the two variables have covariance and For example, in introductory The covariance of two random variables is deп¬Ѓned to be Cov(X;Y)=E which shows that a random walk is not covariance stationary ... random variables, which can, for example, the Covariance of Transformed Random Variables. for the covariance of two transformed random variables s y = sample standard deviation of the random variable y. you must know the covariance for the two variables and the standard deviations of each variable. It will calculate covariance in Excel of two given it will calculate the joint variability of two random variables, a few examples: Example 1 вЂ“ Covariance Covariance and Correlation - What is a sample covariance? Find out how Numpy helps calculate these two stats with random variable as input. Binomial random variable examples page 5 Here are a Covariance for discrete random variables page 19 probability of exactly two successes is P covaraince {cov(X, Y)} calculator, formula & example to estimate the nature of association between two random variables X & Y in probability & statistics experiments. Random Variables and Probability Distributions in Business Statistics. The sample covariance between two variables, For example, suppose you take a In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of how much two random variables change together. the covariance is positive. For example, Covariance definition: a measure of the association between two random variables , equal to the expected value... Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Calculating Covariance. The equation above reveals that the correlation between two variables is the covariance between then the two stocks move in random In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of how much two random variables change together. the covariance is positive. For example, Correlation in Random Variables Suppose that an experiment produces two random vari- The covariance of a random variable with itself is equal to its vari- 2.8 Expected values and variance For example, a uniformly-distributed random variable X The covariance between two random variables X and Y is deп¬Ѓned as Covariance and Correlation and correlation of two random variables. 2 Covariance Covariance is a measure of how much two random variables vary together. For example, covaraince {cov(X, Y)} calculator, formula & example to estimate the nature of association between two random variables X & Y in probability & statistics experiments. ... to quantify the dependence between two random variables X and Y by investigating what is called the covariance between the two random variables. Example ... the Joint Density and Covariance between Two Random covariance between two random variables with random variables is normal. For examples of Guidelines for Describing Volunteer Activities you can apply your volunteer experience to your professional life. Volunteer work enhances a resume; Where do you put volunteer work on a resume example Wilcox Corners Volunteer Work and Professional Affiliations section of your job resume. 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https://ja.overleaf.com/latex/templates/bgu-thesis-template-new-version-2022/xkvgwkkdtrpz	AbstractExample for a formal template of how the thesis should be submitted to Ben-Gurion University. This document contains all the necessary pages for submitting the thesis (including their translation in Hebrew) and chapters. Each chapter holds several examples, such as citing articles, adding images to the article and the table of contents, and more. The document is divided into several folders, each containing one chapter. The document has one main file which connects all the chapters and the opening pages. Formal titles, which appear on several pages, can be changed at once from the main file.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 1, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6331421136856079, "perplexity": 1270.8627135112094}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446708046.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126180719-20221126210719-00419.warc.gz"}
http://www.theinfolist.com/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Generalizations_of_the_derivative	Generalizations of the derivative TheInfoList In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental construction of differential calculus and admits many possible generalizations within the fields of mathematical analysis, combinatorics, algebra, and geometry. # Derivatives in analysis In real, complex, and functional analysis, derivatives are generalized to functions of several real or complex variables and functions between topological vector spaces. An important case is the functional derivative, variational derivative in the calculus of variations. Repeated application of differentiation leads to derivatives of higher order and differential operators. ## Multivariable calculus The derivative is often met for the first time as an operation on a single real function of a single real variable. One of the simplest settings for generalizations is to vector valued functions of several variables (most often the domain forms a vector space as well). This is the field of multivariable calculus. In one-variable calculus, we say that a function $f: \R \to \R$ is differentiable at a point ''x'' if the limit :$\lim_\frac$ exists. Its value is then the derivative ƒ'(''x''). A function is differentiable on an Interval (mathematics), interval if it is differentiable at every point within the interval. Since the line $L\left(z\right) = f\text{'}\left(x\right)\left(z - x\right) + f\left(x\right)$ is tangent to the original function at the point $\left(x, f\left(x\right)\right),$ the derivative can be seen as a way to find the ''best linear approximation'' of a function. If one ignores the constant term, setting $L\left(z\right) = f\text{'}\left(x\right)z$, ''L''(''z'') becomes an actual linear operator on R considered as a vector space over itself. This motivates the following generalization to functions mapping $\R^m$ to $\R^n$: ƒ is differentiable at ''x'' if there exists a linear operator ''A''(''x'') (depending on ''x'') such that :$\lim_\frac = 0.$ Although this definition is perhaps not as explicit as the above, if such an operator exists, then it is unique, and in the one-dimensional case coincides with the original definition. (In this case the derivative is represented by a 1-by-1 matrix consisting of the sole entry ''f(''x'').) Note that, in general, we concern ourselves mostly with functions being differentiable in some open neighbourhood (mathematics), neighbourhood of $x$ rather than at individual points, as not doing so tends to lead to many Pathological (mathematics), pathological counterexamples. An ''n'' by ''m'' matrix (mathematics), matrix, of the linear operator ''A''(''x'') is known as Jacobian matrix and determinant, Jacobian matrix J''x''(ƒ) of the mapping ƒ at point ''x''. Each entry of this matrix represents a partial derivative, specifying the rate of change of one range coordinate with respect to a change in a domain coordinate. Of course, the Jacobian matrix of the composition ''g°f'' is a product of corresponding Jacobian matrices: J''x''(''g°f'') =Jƒ(''x'')(''g'')J''x''(ƒ). This is a higher-dimensional statement of the chain rule. For real valued functions from R''n'' to R (scalar fields), the total derivative can be interpreted as a vector field called the gradient. An intuitive interpretation of the gradient is that it points "up": in other words, it points in the direction of fastest increase of the function. It can be used to calculate directional derivatives of Scalar (mathematics), scalar functions or normal directions. Several linear combinations of partial derivatives are especially useful in the context of differential equations defined by a vector valued function R''n'' to R''n''. The divergence gives a measure of how much "source" or "sink" near a point there is. It can be used to calculate flux by divergence theorem. The curl (mathematics), curl measures how much "rotation" a vector field has near a point. For vector-valued functions from R to R''n'' (i.e., parametric curves), one can take the derivative of each component separately. The resulting derivative is another vector valued function. This is useful, for example, if the vector-valued function is the position vector of a particle through time, then the derivative is the velocity vector of the particle through time. The convective derivative takes into account changes due to time dependence and motion through space along vector field. ## Convex analysis The subderivative and subgradient are generalizations of the derivative to convex functions. ## Higher-order derivatives and differential operators One can iterate the differentiation process, that is, apply derivatives more than once, obtaining derivatives of second and higher order. A more sophisticated idea is to combine several derivatives, possibly of different orders, in one algebraic expression, a differential operator. This is especially useful in considering ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients. For example, if ''f''(''x'') is a twice differentiable function of one variable, the differential equation $f'' + 2f' - 3f = 4x - 1$ may be rewritten in the form : $L\left(f\right)=4x-1,$ where $L=\frac+2\frac-3$ is a ''second order linear constant coefficient differential operator'' acting on functions of ''x''. The key idea here is that we consider a particular linear combination of zeroth, first and second order derivatives "all at once". This allows us to think of the set of solutions of this differential equation as a "generalized antiderivative" of its right hand side 4''x'' − 1, by analogy with ordinary Integral, integration, and formally write $f(x)=L^(4x-1).$ Higher derivatives can also be defined for functions of several variables, studied in multivariable calculus. In this case, instead of repeatedly applying the derivative, one repeatedly applies partial derivatives with respect to different variables. For example, the second order partial derivatives of a scalar function of ''n'' variables can be organized into an ''n'' by ''n'' matrix, the Hessian matrix. One of the subtle points is that the higher derivatives are not intrinsically defined, and depend on the choice of the coordinates in a complicated fashion (in particular, the Hessian matrix of a function is not a tensor). Nevertheless, higher derivatives have important applications to analysis of maxima and minima, local extrema of a function at its critical point (mathematics), critical points. For an advanced application of this analysis to topology of manifolds, see Morse theory. As in the case of functions of one variable, we can combine first and higher order partial derivatives to arrive at a notion of a partial differential operator. Some of these operators are so important that they have their own names: * The Laplace operator or Laplacian on R3 is a second-order partial differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function of three variables, or explicitly as $\Delta = \frac + \frac + \frac.$ Analogous operators can be defined for functions of any number of variables. * The d'Alembertian or wave operator is similar to the Laplacian, but acts on functions of four variables. Its definition uses the indefinite metric tensor of Minkowski space, instead of the Euclidean space, Euclidean dot product of R3: $\square = \frac + \frac + \frac - \frac\frac.$ ## Weak derivatives Given a function $u:\R^n\to\R$ which is Locally integrable function, locally integrable, but not necessarily classically differentiable, a weak derivative may be defined by means of integration by parts. First define test functions, which are infinitely differentiable and compactly supported functions $\varphi \in C^_c\left\left(\R^n\right\right)$, and Multi-index notation, multi-indices, which are length $n$ lists of integers $\alpha = \left(\alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_n\right)$ with $, \alpha, := \sum_1^n \alpha_i$. Applied to test functions, $D^\alpha \varphi := \frac$. Then the $\alpha^$ weak derivative of $u$ exists if there is a function $v:\R^n\to\R$ such that for ''all'' test functions $\varphi$, we have : $\int_ u\ D^ \!\varphi\ dx = \left(-1\right)^\int_ v\ \varphi\ dx$ If such a function exists, then $D^ u := v$, which is unique almost everywhere. This definition coincides with the classical derivative for functions $u \in C^\left\left(\R^n\right\right)$, and can be extended to a type of generalized functions called Distribution (mathematics), distributions, the dual space of test functions. Weak derivatives are particularly useful in the study of partial differential equations, and within parts of functional analysis. ## Analysis on fractals Laplacians and differential equations can be defined on analysis on fractals, fractals. ## Fractional derivatives In addition to ''n'' th derivatives for any natural number ''n'', there are various ways to define derivatives of fractional or negative orders, which are studied in fractional calculus. The −1 order derivative corresponds to the integral, whence the term differintegral. ## Complex analysis In complex analysis, the central objects of study are holomorphic functions, which are complex-valued functions on the complex numbers satisfying a Fréchet derivative, suitably extended definition of differentiability. The Schwarzian derivative describes how a complex function is approximated by a fractional-linear map, in much the same way that a normal derivative describes how a function is approximated by a linear map. The Wirtinger derivatives are a set of differential operators that permit the construction of a differential calculus for complex functions that is entirely analogous to the ordinary differential calculus for functions of real variables. ## Quaternionic analysis In quaternionic analysis, derivatives can be defined in a similar way to real and complex functions. Since the Quaternion, quaternions $\mathbb$ are not commutative, the limit of the difference quotient yields two different derivatives: A left derivative :$\lim_\left\left[ h^ \,\left\left( f\left\left( a + h \right\right) - f\left\left( a \right\right) \right\right) \right\right]$ and a right derivative :$\lim_\left\left[ \left\left( f\left\left( a + h \right\right) - f\left\left( a \right\right) \right\right) \, h^ \right\right]~.$ The existence of these limits are very restrictive conditions. For example, if $f:\mathbb \to \mathbb$ has left-derivatives at every point on an open connected set $U \subset \mathbb$, then $f\left(q\right) = a + q\,b$ for $a,\,b \in \mathbb$. ## Functional analysis In functional analysis, the functional derivative defines the derivative with respect to a function of a functional on a space of functions. This is an extension of the directional derivative to an infinite dimensional vector space. The Fréchet derivative allows the extension of the directional derivative to a general Banach space. The Gateaux derivative extends the concept to locally convex topological vector spaces. Fréchet differentiability is a strictly stronger condition than Gateaux differentiability, even in finite dimensions. Between the two extremes is the quasi-derivative. In measure theory, the Radon–Nikodym derivative generalizes the Jacobian matrix and determinant, Jacobian, used for changing variables, to measures. It expresses one measure μ in terms of another measure ν (under certain conditions). In the theory of abstract Wiener spaces, the H-derivative, ''H''-derivative defines a derivative in certain directions corresponding to the Cameron-Martin Hilbert space. On a function space, the linear operator which assigns to each function its derivative is an example of a differential operator. General differential operators include higher order derivatives. By means of the Fourier transform, pseudo-differential operators can be defined which allow for fractional calculus. ## Analogues of derivatives in fields of positive characteristic The Carlitz derivative is an operation similar to usual differentiation have been devised with the usual context of real or complex numbers changed to local fields of positive Characteristic_(algebra), characteristic in the form of formal Laurent series with coefficients in some finite field F''q'' (it is known that any local field of positive characteristic is isomorphic to a Laurent series field). Along with suitably defined analogs to the exponential function, logarithms and others the derivative can be used to develop notions of smoothness, analycity, integration, Taylor series as well as a theory of differential equations. # Difference operator, q-analogues and time scales * The q-derivative of a function is defined by the formula $D_q f(x)=\frac.$ For ''x'' nonzero, if ''f'' is a differentiable function of ''x'' then in the limit as we obtain the ordinary derivative, thus the ''q''-derivative may be viewed as its q-deformation. A large body of results from ordinary differential calculus, such as binomial formula and Taylor expansion, have natural ''q''-analogues that were discovered in the 19th century, but remained relatively obscure for a big part of the 20th century, outside of the theory of special functions. The progress of combinatorics and the discovery of quantum groups have changed the situation dramatically, and the popularity of ''q''-analogues is on the rise. * The difference operator of difference equations is another discrete analog of the standard derivative. $\Delta f(x)=f(x+1)-f(x)$ * The q-derivative, the difference operator and the standard derivative can all be viewed as the same thing on different time scale calculus, time scales. For example, taking $\varepsilon = \left(q-1\right)x$, we may have $\frac = \frac.$ The q-derivative is a special case of the Wolfgang Hahn, Hahn difference, $\frac.$The Hahn difference is not only a generalization of the q-derivative but also an extension of the forward difference. * Also note that the q-derivative is nothing but a special case of the familiar derivative. Take $z = qx$. Then we have, $\lim_\frac = \lim_\frac = \lim_\frac.$ # Derivatives in algebra In algebra, generalizations of the derivative can be obtained by imposing the product rule, Leibniz rule of differentiation in an algebraic structure, such as a ring (mathematics), ring or a Lie algebra. ## Derivations A derivation (abstract algebra), derivation is a linear map on a ring or algebra over a field, algebra which satisfies the Leibniz law (the product rule). Higher derivatives and algebraic differential equation, algebraic differential operators can also be defined. They are studied in a purely algebraic setting in differential Galois theory and the theory of D-modules, but also turn up in many other areas, where they often agree with less algebraic definitions of derivatives. For example, the differential algebra, formal derivative of a polynomial over a commutative ring ''R'' is defined by :$\left\left(a_d x^d + a_x^ + \cdots + a_1x + a_0\right\right)\text{'} = da_d x^ + \left(d - 1\right)a_x^ + \cdots + a_1.$ The mapping $f\mapsto f\text{'}$ is then a derivation on the polynomial ring ''R''[''X'']. This definition can be extended to rational functions as well. The notion of derivation applies to noncommutative as well as commutative rings, and even to non-associative algebraic structures, such as Lie algebras. See also Pincherle derivative and Arithmetic derivative. ## Commutative algebra In commutative algebra, Kähler differentials are universal derivations of a commutative ring or module (algebra), module. They can be used to define an analogue of exterior derivative from differential geometry that applies to arbitrary algebraic varieties, instead of just smooth manifolds. ## Number theory In p-adic analysis, the usual definition of derivative is not quite strong enough, and one requires strictly differentiable, strict differentiability instead. Also see arithmetic derivative and Hasse derivative. ## Type theory Many abstract data types in mathematics and computer science can be described as the universal algebra, algebra generated by a transformation that maps structures based on the type back into the type. For example, the type T of binary trees containing values of type A can be represented as the algebra generated by the transformation 1+A×T2→T. The "1" represents the construction of an empty tree, and the second term represents the construction of a tree from a value and two subtrees. The "+" indicates that a tree can be constructed either way. The derivative of such a type is the type that describes the context of a particular substructure with respect to its next outer containing structure. Put another way, it is the type representing the "difference" between the two. In the tree example, the derivative is a type that describes the information needed, given a particular subtree, to construct its parent tree. This information is a tuple that contains a binary indicator of whether the child is on the left or right, the value at the parent, and the sibling subtree. This type can be represented as 2×A×T, which looks very much like the derivative of the transformation that generated the tree type. This concept of a derivative of a type has practical applications, such as the zipper (data structure), zipper technique used in functional programming languages. # Derivatives in geometry Main types of derivatives in geometry is Lie derivatives along a vector field, exterior differential, and covariant derivatives. ## Differential topology In differential topology, a vector field may be defined as a derivation on the ring of smooth functions on a manifold, and a tangent vector may be defined as a derivation at a point. This allows the abstraction of the notion of a directional derivative of a scalar function to general manifolds. For manifolds that are subsets of R''n'', this tangent vector will agree with the directional derivative defined above. The pushforward (differential), differential or pushforward of a map between manifolds is the induced map between tangent spaces of those maps. It abstracts the Jacobian matrix. On the exterior algebra of differential forms over a smooth manifold, the exterior derivative is the unique linear map which satisfies a Graded Leibniz rule, graded version of the Leibniz law and squares to zero. It is a grade 1 derivation on the exterior algebra. The Lie derivative is the rate of change of a vector or tensor field along the flow of another vector field. On vector fields, it is an example of a Lie bracket (vector fields form the Lie algebra of the diffeomorphism group of the manifold). It is a grade 0 derivation on the algebra. Together with the interior product (a degree -1 derivation on the exterior algebra defined by contraction with a vector field), the exterior derivative and the Lie derivative form a Lie superalgebra. ## Differential geometry In differential geometry, the covariant derivative makes a choice for taking directional derivatives of vector fields along curves. This extends the directional derivative of scalar functions to sections of vector bundles or principal bundles. In Riemannian geometry, the existence of a metric chooses a unique preferred Torsion tensor, torsion-free covariant derivative, known as the Levi-Civita connection. See also gauge covariant derivative for a treatment oriented to physics. The exterior covariant derivative extends the exterior derivative to vector valued forms. ## Geometric calculus In geometric calculus, the Geometric_calculus#Differentiation, geometric derivative satisfies a weaker form of the Leibniz rule. It specializes the Frechet derivative to the objects of geometric algebra. Geometric calculus is a powerful formalism that has been shown to encompass the similar frameworks of differential forms and differential geometry.David Hestenes, Garrett Sobczyk: Clifford Algebra to Geometric Calculus, a Unified Language for mathematics and Physics (Dordrecht/Boston:G.Reidel Publ.Co., 1984, # Other generalizations It may be possible to combine two or more of the above different notions of extension or abstraction of the original derivative. For example, in Finsler geometry, one studies spaces which look locally like Banach spaces. Thus one might want a derivative with some of the features of a functional derivative and the covariant derivative. The study of stochastic processes requires a form of calculus known as the Malliavin calculus. One notion of derivative in this setting is the H-derivative, ''H''-derivative of a function on an abstract Wiener space. Multiplicative calculus replaces addition with multiplication, and hence rather than dealing with the limit of a ratio of differences, it deals with the limit of an exponentiation of ratios. This allows the development of the geometric derivative and bigeometric derivative. Moreover, just like the classical differential operator has a discrete analog, the difference operator, there are also List of derivatives and integrals in alternative calculi, discrete analogs of these multiplicative derivatives.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 44, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9566925764083862, "perplexity": 251.98608283212096}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103337962.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627164834-20220627194834-00768.warc.gz"}
http://physics.stackexchange.com/users/26864/user2536125	# user2536125 less info reputation 8 bio website location age member for 8 months seen Feb 26 at 14:20 profile views 10 # 10 Questions 7 Riemann invariants…Any physical interpretation? 4 Conservation Vs Non-conservation Forms of conservation Equations 2 Doppler -D'Alembert laws 1 Initialize a traveling wave in a 1D gas? 1 From Navier–Stokes equations to Euler, Bernoulli, etc # 85 Reputation +10 Doppler -D'Alembert laws +5 Riemann invariants…Any physical interpretation? +5 Initialize a traveling wave in a 1D gas? +5 From Navier–Stokes equations to Euler, Bernoulli, etc This user has not answered any questions # 18 Tags 0 fluid-dynamics × 8 0 degrees-of-freedom 0 conservation-laws × 2 0 newtonian-mechanics 0 experimental-physics × 2 0 density 0 waves × 2 0 temperature 0 simulation × 2 0 ideal-gas # 8 Accounts TeX - LaTeX 186 rep 6 Physics 85 rep 8 Mathematics 55 rep 6 Stack Overflow 1 rep 3 Super User 1 rep	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8726646304130554, "perplexity": 13104.951832080378}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642530/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00026-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://superuser.com/questions/318227/how-to-boot-from-a-flash-drive-os-using-virtualbox	# How to boot from a flash drive OS using VirtualBox? I have two flash drive, one with Slax installed and another for Android x86 Live installed, but they do not boot in my laptop (in my work they boot perfectly). I can boot from some live CDs/DVDs or its ISO files using VirtualBox, but I cannot do it for live flash drives - I put the flash drives and start a VirtualBox without any virtual HD, but VirtualBox does not recognize them as boot options, as it does for CDs/DVDs. Any ideas? Any alternatives if VirtualBox does not support it? Edit1: I'm using Windows (Windows 7) but I would like to know how to do it in Linux (Ubuntu, for example) too. - USB boot isn't supported in VirtualBox. – Joe Internet Aug 2 '11 at 20:59 any alternative? – kokbira Aug 3 '11 at 2:00 You can try this boot manager... plop.at/en/bootmanager.html. If you extract the file archive, you'll find a plpbt.iso file that you can set as your boot medium. This will give a bootloader with the usb option. If your vm is correctly configured for usb (you may need to disable 2.0 support), and your usb stick is already correctly configured (ie, it has a bootable os installed, and you know that it works), then it should boot in the vm. – Joe Internet Aug 3 '11 at 4:36 @JoeInternet: Unfortunately Plop doesn't seem to work with USB 2.0, so it'll be very slow. – Mechanical snail Aug 21 '12 at 7:59 Related: superuser.com/questions/324996/… – Mechanical snail Aug 21 '12 at 8:00 For Windows, see this article : Boot your USB Drive in VirtualBox. For Linux, the same approach is described in : How to boot from USB in virtualbox on Ubuntu. The approach is to attach a physical drive to a virtual machine using the VBoxManage command-line tool that comes bundled with VirtualBox. You can then boot your virtual machine from the attached Physical drive. Alternatively, and only for Windows, Linux Live USB Creator (formerly uSbuntu) is a free software for Windows that allows you to create a bootable Live USB key with a Linux on it. It offers the option of automatic virtualization using portable VirtualBox to directly run Linux in Windows without any configuration nor installation. - You are really a superuser!!!! Thanks :) Details: in Windows 7, you have to run cmd commands and VirtualBox as administrator! – kokbira Aug 12 '11 at 16:55 @harrymc: For Linux, the guide you linked isn't clear that you have to run VirtualBox as root (!), or alternatively add your user account to the disk group. This is of course a possible security risk. – Mechanical snail Aug 21 '12 at 7:58 Not sure if people have found the solution, but I found this while trying to find the answer so thought id share. In Windows 7, open a cmd prompt with admin privileges. cd to Programs, Oracle, VirtualBox. VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk -filename C:\usb.vmdk -rawdisk \\.\PhysicalDrive# Replace the # with the disk number from disk management in computer management. Then open the vmdk within VirtualBox as an existing hard drive image. - same solution described by @harrymc – kokbira Apr 12 '12 at 1:30 Yes, in Windows Vista, 7 and 8, you need to start command prompt and virtualbox program as administrator to make this work. Check the latest guide about how to boot virtual machine from bootable USB on Oracle VirtualBox. - It isn't a answer for my question "How to boot from a flash drive OS using VirtualBox?". It appears more a comment... – kokbira Nov 22 '12 at 19:06 I know this question is old but I'd like to throw something in. As with other answers I recommend the VBoxManage command. However I created a bash script for Ubuntu that simplifies the command and even offers a helpful walkthrough for less comfortable users. It'll help make any changes needed for USB mounting to work (like adding group membership). Advanced users can use flags to avoid the walkthrough. Check it out here: Use Bootable USB Drives in a VM -- VB Bootable USB Mounter - It isn't a answer for my question "How to boot from a flash drive OS using VirtualBox?". It appears more a comment... – kokbira Nov 22 '12 at 19:07 I'm saying about the format of a complete answer (suppose all other answers are deleted...). – kokbira Nov 22 '12 at 19:10 according to harrymc's source: you can not set up to boot from USB in the GUI, however, you can create a special virtual disk that only "redirects" to your physical usb pendrive, and attach that. here is the windows way (only, link contains it for linux too). ### in windows host • attach your physical usb pendrive to your host computer • open/run diskmgmt.msc and check which disk number did windows choose for your physical pendrive: example: • then do this in cmd.exe: cd c:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox VBoxManage internalcommands createrawvmdk ^ -filename <path\to\usb.vmdk> ^ -rawdisk \\.\PhysicalDrive<n> • replace <path\to\usb.vmdk> to a path of your choosing, for the "redirect" disk file. example: e:\my_redirect_for_usb.vmdk • replace <n> in \\.\PhysicalDrive<n> with the number of your Physical drive, example: \\.\PhysicalDrive1 if your drive number is 1 (got from diskmgmt.msc above!) • aside: note, that ^ only means "line-continuation" in cmd - i did this only for better readability. You can write the whole thing in one line, instead -- just leave out any ^, then. • now you can attach the vmdk (example: e:\my_redirect_for_usb.vmdk) in Virtualbox like you do with any other hdd image • I managed to boot this way in 2014 :) ( -- the source article is from 2009) - I'm sorry to break it to you, but VirtualBox does not support booting from USB. The only thing that I can think of is creating an image of the contents of the USB drive, mounting this as a CD-Rom in VirtualBox and booting from there. - I thought it in the past but @harrymc show me how to do it. – kokbira Apr 12 '12 at 1:29	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.40060871839523315, "perplexity": 5739.232641232785}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430458535897.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501053535-00034-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math-mprf.org/journal/articles/id857/	Exact Asymptotics for a Large Deviations Problem for the GI/G/1 Queue #### S. Asmussen, J.F. Collamore 1999, v.5, №4, 451-476 ABSTRACT Let $V$ be the steady-state workload and $Q$ the steady-state queue length in the GI/G/1 queue. We obtain the exact asymptotics for probabilities of the form $\P\{V\ge a(t),\, Q\ge b(t)\}$ as $t\to\infty$. In the light-tailed case, there are three regimes according to the limiting value of $a(t)/b(t)$. Our analysis here extends and simplifies recent work of Aspandiiarov and Pechersky [S. Aspandiiarov and E.A. Pechersky, A large deviations problem for compound Poisson processes in queueing theory, Markov Processes Relat. Fields, 1997, v.3, pp. 333-366]. In the heavy-tailed subexponential case, a lower asymptotic bound is derived and shown to be the exact asymptotics in a regime where $a(t)$, $b(t)$ vary in a certain way determined by the service time distribution.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9558724761009216, "perplexity": 790.3656792101665}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119637.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00347-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.examfriend.in/Forum/Arithmetic-aptitude/Heights-and-Distances/361	1) A man is watching from the top of a tower a boat speeding away from the tower. The boat makes an angle of depression of 45° with the man's eye when at a distance of 60 metres from the tower. After 5'seconds, the angle of depression becomes 30°. What is the approximate speed of the boat, assuming that it is running in still water ? A) 32 kraph B) 36 kraph C) 38 kraph D) 40 kraph E) 42 kraph	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.820765495300293, "perplexity": 1395.546341953479}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585516.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022145907-20211022175907-00594.warc.gz"}
https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/q-bio/0510051/	arXiv Vanity renders academic papers from arXiv as responsive web pages so you don’t have to squint at a PDF. Read this paper on arXiv.org. \section Main discussion In nonlinear contraction theory, the analysis of dynamical systems is greatly simplified by studying stability and nominal motion separately. We propose a similar point of view for analyzing synchronization in networks of dynamical systems. In section \refsec:analysis, we study specific conditions on the coupling structure which guarantee exponential convergence to a linear subspace. In section \refsec:syminv, we examine how symmetries and/or diffusion-like couplings can give rise to specific flow-invariant subspaces corresponding to concurrent synchronized states. \subsection Some coupling structures and conditions for exponential synchronization \label sec:analysis \subsubsection Balanced diffusive networks \label sec:balanced A balanced network \citeOlfMur is a directed diffusive network which verifies the following equality for each node (see figure \reffig:balanced for an example) $∑_j ≠i \bfK_ij= ∑_j ≠i \bfK_ji$ Because of this property, the symmetric part of the Laplacian matrix of the network is itself the Laplacian matrix of the underlying undirected graph to the network In fact, it is easy to see that the symmetric part of the Laplacian matrix of a directed graph is the Laplacian matrix of some undirected graph \emphif and only if the directed graph is balanced. . Thus, the positive definiteness of for a balanced network is equivalent to the connectedness of some well-defined undirected graph. For general directed diffusive networks, finding a simple condition implying the positive definiteness of (such as the connectivity condition in the case of undirected networks) still remains an open problem. However, given a particular example, one can compute and determine directly whether it is positive definite. ### \thesubsubsection Extension of diffusive connections In some applications [WangSlo2], one might encounter the following dynamics {˙\bfx1=\bff1(\bfx1,t)+k\bfA⊤(\bfB\bfx2−\bfA\bfx1)˙\bfx2=\bff2(\bfx2,t)+k\bfB⊤(\bfA\bfx1−\bfB\bfx2) Here and can be of different dimensions, say and . and are constant matrices of appropriate dimensions. The Jacobian matrix of the overall system is \bfJ=⎛⎜ ⎜⎝∂\bff1∂\bfx1∂\bff2∂\bfx2⎞⎟ ⎟⎠−k\bfL,where \bfL=(\bfA⊤\bfA−\bfA⊤\bfB−\bfB⊤\bfA\bfB⊤\bfB) Note that is symmetric positive semi-definite. Indeed, one immediately verifies that ∀\bfx1,\bfx2:(\bfx1\bfx2)\bfL(\bfx1\bfx2)=(\bfA\bfx1−\bfB\bfx2)⊤(\bfA\bfx1−\bfB\bfx2)≥0 Consider now the linear subspace of defined by \sM={(\bfx1\bfx2)∈Rd1×Rd2:\bfA\bfx1−\bfB\bfx2=\zeros} and use as before the orthonormal projection on , so that is positive definite. Assume furthermore that is flow-invariant, i.e. ∀(\bfx1,\bfx2)∈Rd1×Rd2,[\bfA\bfx1=\bfB\bfx2]⇒[\bfA\bff1(\bfx1)=\bfB\bff2(\bfx2)] and that the Jacobian matrices of the individual dynamics are upper-bounded. Then large enough , i.e. for example kλmin(\bfV\bfL\bfV⊤)>maxi=1,2(sup\bfai,tλmax∂\bffi∂\bfxi(\bfai,t)) ensures exponential convergence to the subspace . The state corresponding to can be viewed as an extension of synchronization states to systems of different dimensions. Indeed, in the case where and have the same dimension and where are non singular, we are in the presence of classical diffusive connections, which leads us back to the discussion of section LABEL:sec:global. As in the case of diffusive connections, one can consider networks of so-connected elements, for example : ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎨⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩˙\bfx1=\bff1(\bfx1,t)+\bfA⊤B(\bfBA\bfx2−\bfAB\bfx1)+\bfA⊤C(\bfCA\bfx3−\bfAC\bfx1)˙\bfx2=\bff2(\bfx2,t)+\bfB⊤C(\bfCB\bfx3−\bfBC\bfx2)+\bfB⊤A(\bfAB\bfx1−\bfBA\bfx2)˙\bfx3=\bff3(\bfx2,t)+\bfC⊤A(\bfAC\bfx1−\bfCA\bfx3)+\bfC⊤B(\bfBC\bfx2−\bfCB\bfx3) leads to a positive semi-definite Laplacian matrix ⎛⎜ ⎜⎝\bfA⊤B\bfAB−\bfA⊤B\bfBA\zeros−\bfB⊤A\bfAB\bfB⊤A\bfBA\zeros\zeros\zeros\zeros⎞⎟ ⎟⎠+⎛⎜ ⎜⎝\zeros\zeros\zeros\zeros\bfB⊤C\bfBC−\bfB⊤C\bfCB\zeros−\bfC⊤B\bfBC\bfC⊤B\bfCB⎞⎟ ⎟⎠+⎛⎜ ⎜⎝\bfA⊤C\bfAC\zeros−\bfA⊤C\bfCA\zeros\zeros\zeros−\bfC⊤A\bfAC\zeros\bfC⊤A\bfCA⎞⎟ ⎟⎠ and potentially a flow-invariant subspace \sM={\bfAB\bfx1=\bfBA\bfx2}∩{\bfBC\bfx2=\bfCB\bfx3}∩{\bfCA\bfx3=\bfAC\bfx1} The above coupling structures can be implemented in nonlinear versions of the predictive hierarchies used in image processing (e.g. [LueWil, DayHin, RaoBal, Korner, GeoHaw, Rao]). ### \thesubsubsection Excitatory-only networks One can also address the case of networks with excitatory-only connections. Consider for instance the following system and its Jacobian matrix 111For the sake of clarity, the elements are assumed to be 1-dimensional. However, the same reasoning applies for the multidimensional case as well: instead of , one considers as in section LABEL:sec:global. Clearly, is flow-invariant. Applying the methodology described above, we choose , so that the projected Jacobian matrix is . Thus, for , the two elements synchronize exponentially. In the case of diffusive connections, once the elements are synchronized, the coupling terms disappear, so that each individual element exhibits its natural, uncoupled behavior. This is not the case with excitatory-only connections. This is illustrated in figure Document using FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillator models (see appendix LABEL:sec:oscillators for the contraction analysis of coupled FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators). ### \thesubsubsection Rate models for neuronal populations In computational neuroscience, one often uses the following simplified equations to model the dynamics of neuronal populations τ˙\bfxi=−\bfxi+Φ⎛⎝∑j≠ikij\bfxj(t)⎞⎠+\bfui(t) Assume that the external inputs are all equal, and that the synaptic connections verify (i.e., that they induce input-equivalence, see section Document). Then the synchronization subspace is flow-invariant. Furthermore, since each element, taken in isolation, is contracting with contraction rate , synchronization should occur when the coupling is not too strong (see remark (ii) in section LABEL:sec:global). Specifically, consider first the case where is a linear function : . The Jacobian matrix of the global system is then , where is the matrix of . Using the result of remark (ii) in section LABEL:sec:global, a sufficient condition for the system to be contracting (and thus synchronizing) is that the couplings are weak enough (or more precisely, such that ). The same condition is obtained if is now e.g. a multidimentional sigmoid of maximum slope (see remark (iii) in section LABEL:sec:global). Besides the synchronization behavior of these models, their natural contraction property for weak enough couplings of any sign is interesting in its own right. Indeed, given a set of (not necessarily equal) external inputs , all trajectories of the global system will converge to a unique trajectory, independently of initial conditions. ## \thesubsection Symmetries, diffusion-like couplings, flow-invariant subspaces and concurrent synchronization Synchronized states can be created in at least two ways : by architectural and internal222Internal symmetries can easily be analyzed within our framework as leading to flow-invariant subspaces, and we shall use this property in section LABEL:sec:cpg for building central pattern generators. However, they will not be discussed in detail in this article. The interested reader can consult [DioGolSte]. symmetries [GolSte, GolSteTor, DioGolSte, PogSanNij] or by diffusion-like couplings [WangSlo, JadMotBar, OlfMur, LinBroFra, Belykh1]. Actually, we shall see that both, together or separately, can create flow-invariant subspaces corresponding to concurrently synchronized states. ### \thesubsubsection Symmetries and input-equivalence In section LABEL:sec:global, we argued that, in the case of coupled identical elements, the global synchronization subspace represents a flow-invariant linear subspace of the global state space. However, several previous works have pointed out that larger (less restrictive) flow-invariant subspaces may exist if the network exhibits symmetries [Zhang, Belykh1, PogSanNij], even when the systems are not identical [GolSte]. The main idea behind these works can be summarized as follows. Assume that the network is divided into aspiring synchronized groups 333Some groups may contain a single element, see section LABEL:sec:single.. The flow-invariant subspace corresponding to this regime (in the sequel, we shall call such a subspace a concurrent synchronization subspace), namely {(\bfx1;…;\bfxn):∀1≤m≤k,∀i,j∈Sm:\bfxi=\bfxj} is flow-invariant if, for each , the following conditions are true : 1. if , then they have a same individual (uncoupled) dynamics 2. if , and if they receive their input from elements and respectively, then and must be in a same group , and the coupling functions (the synapses) and must be identical. If and have more than one input, they must have the same number of inputs, and the above conditions must be true for each input. In this case, we say that and are input-symmetric, or more precisely, input-equivalent (since formally “symmetry” implies the action of a group). One can see here that symmetry, or more generally input-equivalence, plays a key role in concurrent synchronization. For a more detailed discussion, the reader is referred to [GolSte, GolSteTor]. Remark : One can thus turn on/off a specific symmetry by turning on/off a single connection. This has similarities to the fact that a single inhibitory connection can turn on/off an entire network of synchronized identical oscillators [WangSlo]. ### \thesubsubsection Diffusion-like couplings The condition of input-equivalence can be relaxed when some connections within a group are null when the connected elements are in the same state. Such connections are pervasive in the literature : diffusive connections (in a neuronal context, they correspond to electrical synapses mediated by gap junctions [SheRin, fukuda06], in an automatic control context, they correspond to poursuit or velocity matching strategies [OlfMur, LinBroFra], …), connections in the Kuramoto model [IzhiKura, JadMotBar, Strogatz] (i.e. in the form ), etc. Indeed, consider for instance diffusive connections and assume that • has the form • has the form with possibly Here, and are not input-equivalent in the sense we defined above, but the subspace is still flow-invariant. Indeed, once the system is on this synchronization subspace, we have , , so that the diffusive couplings and vanish. One can also view the network as a directed graph , where the elements are represented by nodes, and connections by directed arcs . Then, the above remark can be reformulated as 1 : for all , color the nodes of with a color , 2 : for all , erase the arcs representing diffusion-like connections and joining two nodes in , 3 : check whether the initial coloring is balanced (in the sense of [GolSte]) with respect to the so-obtained graph. It should be clear by now that our framework is particularly suited to analyze concurrent synchronization. Indeed, a general methodology to show global exponential convergence to a concurrent synchronization regime consists in the following two steps • First, find an flow-invariant linear subspace by taking advantage of potential symmetries in the network and/or diffusion-like connections. • Second, compute the projected Jacobian matrix on the orthogonal subspace and show that it is uniformly negative definite (by explicitly computing its eigenvalues or by using results regarding the form of the network, e.g. remark (i) in section LABEL:sec:global or section LABEL:sec:analysis). ## \thesubsection Illustrative examples 1. The first network has three non-trivial flow-invariant subspaces other than the global sync subspace, namely , , and . Any of these subspaces is a strict superset of the global sync subspace, and therefore one should expect that the convergence to any of the concurrent sync state is “easier” than the convergence to the global sync state [Zhang, Belykh1, PogSanNij]. This can be quantified from (LABEL:equ:synccond), by noticing that \sMA⊃\sMB⇒\sM⊥A⊂\sM⊥B ⇒λmin(\bfVA\bfL\bfV⊤A)≥λmin(\bfVB\bfL\bfV⊤B) (\theequation) While in the case of identical systems and relatively uniform topologies, this “percolation” effect may often be too fast to observe, (\theequation) applies to the general concurrent synchronization case and quantifies the associated and possibly very distinct time-scales. 2. The second network has only one non-trivial flow-invariant subspace . 3. If the dashed blue arrows represent diffusive connections then the third network will have one non-trivial flow-invariant subspace , even if these extra diffusive connections obviously break the symmetry. Let’s study in more detail this third network, in which the connections between the round element and the square ones are modelled by trigonometric functions (we shall see in section LABEL:sec:single that their exact form has no actual influence on the convergence rate). ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎨⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩˙v1=f(v1)+a1cos(v2)+a2sin(v3)˙v2=g(v2)+a4sin(v1)+c1v6˙v3=g(v3)+a4sin(v1)+b1(v2−v3)+b2(v4−v3)+c1v5˙v4=g(v4)+a4sin(v1)+b3(v3−v4)+c1v7˙v5=h(v5)+c2v2+(d2v7−d1v5)˙v6=h(v6)+c2v3+(d2v5−d1v6)˙v7=h(v7)+c2v4+(d2v6−d1v7) The Jacobian matrix of the couplings is \bfL=⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝0a1˙v2sin(v2)−a2˙v3cos(v3)0000−a4˙v1cos(v1)0000−c10−a4˙v1cos(v1)−b1b1+b2−b2−c100−a4˙v1cos(v1)0−b3b300−c10−c200d10−d200−c20−d2d10000−c20−d2d1⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠ As we remarked previously, the concurrent synchronization regime is possible. Bases of the linear subspaces and corresponding to this regime are ⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝1000000⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠,⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝0111000⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠,⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝0000111⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠for \sM, and⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝[]r0√63−√66−√66000⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠,⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝00−√22√22000⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠,⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝0000√63−√66−√66⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠,⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝00000−√22√22⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠for \sM⊥. Group together the vectors of the basis of into a matrix and compute As a numerical example, let , , , , , , and evaluate the eigenvalues of . We obtain approximately for the smallest eigenvalue. Using again FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators and based on their contraction analysis in appendix LABEL:sec:oscillators, concurrent synchronization should occur for . A simulation is shown in figure Document. One can see clearly that, after a transient period, oscillators 2, 3, 4 are in perfect sync, as well as oscillators 5, 6, 7, but that the two groups are not in sync with each other. ## \thesubsection Robustness of synchronization So far, we have been considering exact synchronization of identical elements. However this assumption may seem unrealistic, since real systems are never absolutely identical. We use here the robustness result for contracting systems (see theorem LABEL:theorem:robust) to guarantee approximate synchronization even when the elements are not identical. Consider, as in section LABEL:sec:global, a network of dynamical elements ˙\bfxi=\bffi(\bfxi,t)+∑j≠i\bfKij(\bfxj−\bfxi)i=1,…,n (\theequation) with now possibly for . This can be rewritten as ⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝˙\bfx1⋮˙\bfxn⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠=⎛⎜ ⎜⎝\bfc(\bfx1,t)⋮\bfc(\bfxn,t)⎞⎟ ⎟⎠−\bfL⎛⎜ ⎜⎝\bfx1⋮\bfxn⎞⎟ ⎟⎠+⎛⎜ ⎜⎝\bff1(\bfx1,t)−\bfc(\bfx1,t)⋮\bffn(\bfxn,t)−\bfc(\bfxn,t)⎞⎟ ⎟⎠ (\theequation) where is some function to be defined later. Keeping the notations introduced in section LABEL:sec:global, one has ˙\bfxg=\bfcg(\bfxg,t)−\bfL\bfxg+\bfd(\bfxg,t) where stands for the last term of equation (\theequation). Consider now the projected auxiliary system on ˙\bfy=\bfV\bfcg(\bfV⊤\bfy+\bfU\bfU⊤\bfxg,t)−\bfV\bfL\bfV⊤\bfy+\bfV\bfd(\bfV⊤\bfy+\bfU\bfU⊤\bfxg,t) (\theequation) Assume that the connections represented by are strong enough (in the sense of equation (LABEL:equ:synccond)), so that the undisturbed version of (\theequation) is contracting with rate . Let , where can be viewed as a measure of the dissimilarity of the elements. Since is a particular solution of the undisturbed system, theorem LABEL:theorem:robust implies that the distance between any trajectory of (\theequation) and verifies, after a transient period, . In the -space, it means that any trajectory will eventually be contained in a boundary layer of thickness around the synchronization subspace . The choice of can now be specified so as to minimize . Neglecting for simplicity the variation of , a possible choice for is then the center of the ball of smallest radius containing , with being the radius of that ball. Consider for instance, the following system (similar to the model used for coincidence detection in [WangSlo] and section LABEL:sec:manies) ˙xi=f(xi)+Ii+k(x0−xi)where Imin≤Ii≤Imax, ∀i In this case, choosing , one can achieve the bound , where is the contraction rate of and . Remark : Assume that two spiking neurons are approximately synchronized, as just discussed. Then, since spiking induces large abrupt variations, the neurons must spike approximately at the same time. More specifically, if the bound on their trajectory discrepancy guaranteed by the above robustness result is significantly smaller than spike size, then this bound will automatically imply that the two neurons spike approximately at the same time.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9632886648178101, "perplexity": 2240.494246899733}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735958.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805124104-20200805154104-00089.warc.gz"}
http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/ioport/en/?q=au:Kvitting%2C%20J*	History Please fill in your query. A complete syntax description you will find on the General Help page. first \| previous \| 1 \| next \| last Result 1 to 2 of 2 total Improving temporal fidelity in $k$-$t$ BLAST MRI reconstruction. (English) Ayache, Nicholas (ed.) et al., Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention ‒ MICCAI 2007. 10th international conference, Brisbane, Australia, October 29‒November 2, 2007, Proceedings, Part II. Berlin: Springer (ISBN 78-3-540-75758-0/pbk). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4792, 385-392 (2007). 1 Improving temporal fidelity in {\it k-t} BLAST MRI reconstruction (English) MICCAI (2), 385-392 (2007). 2 first \| previous \| 1 \| next \| last Result 1 to 2 of 2 total	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.34936490654945374, "perplexity": 6967.387045597932}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707434477/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123034-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.transtutors.com/questions/rate-of-change-of-price-409.htm	# Rate of change of price If the price of a product is given by P(x)=(1024/x)+1500, where x represents the demand for the product, find the rate of change of price when the demand is 2. <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">The price of a product is given by P(x) = (1024/x) 1500, where x represents the demand for the product. In other words, the inverse demand... • Microeconomics Assignment (Solved) February 28, 2014 . C. monopolistically competitive; a pure monopoly. D. monopolistically competitive; purely competitive. 21. Price is constant or given to the individual firm selling in a... Solution Preview : B; in others only one factor is changing which is the case of short run. A; you just need to produce homogeneous commodity with no restictions on entry. C; in short run firms enter and exit... • calc. October 31, 2010 a company estimates that it will sell N( x ) units of a product after spending $x thousand on advertsing, as given ... • Page 47 number 6. Extended (Solved) January 25, 2014 Calculate the price elasticity for a$1 change in price at initial price level \$300 for the demand function Qd = 1,500 - 1.5P. Page 47 number 6. (Notes:... • Economics Homework (6 questions) February 28, 2014 Questions for Review: 2 ,4,6 Problems and Applications: 1, 2 ,3 • economics-need expert (Solved) February 28, 2014 legalization is expected to reduce production costs. (50 points) If marijuana was legal, the commercial supply of marijuana in California would be given by: Ps=25+Qs... Solution Preview : Answer :- 1.Tax incidence reveals which group, the consumers or producers, will pay the price of a new tax. For example, the demand for cigarettes is fairly inelastic, which means that... Copy and paste your question here... Attach Files • Most Popular • Most Viewed • Most Popular • Most Viewed • Most Popular • Most Viewed	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4206329882144928, "perplexity": 8111.425077213242}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686983.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920085844-20170920105844-00617.warc.gz"}
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/734963/how-much-close-should-two-spaces-be-in-the-gromov-hausdorff-distance-to-be-homeo	# How much close should two spaces be in the Gromov-Hausdorff distance to be homeomorphic? Here I am considering the Gromov-Hausdorff convergence for metric spaces. I know two compact metric spaces are isometric if and only if $d_{GH}(X,Y)=0$, where $d_{GH}$ denotes the Gromov-Hausdorff (pseudo)distance. I was wondering if a weaker assumption (e.g. $d_{GH}(X,Y)$ small enough) could imply homeomorphism between $X$ and $Y$. To be more concrete, I am especially interested in the following problem: let $(X,d)$ be a metric space and let $d_n$ a sequence of metrics on $X$ such that $(X,d_n)$ converges to $(X,d)$ in the Gromov-Hausdorff convergence. Can I say that the topology induced by $d_n$ is equivalent to the native topology (induced by $d$) of $X$, at least for $n$ large enough? Consider the sequence of annuli $A=\{1\le \|z\|\le 1+1/n\}$ in the complex plane. Their limit in the GH-sense is the unit circle. Since the annuli and the circle have the same cardinality, you can assume (although it is very unnatural, GH-convergence is set up to avoid this) that the corresponding metrics are defined on the same set. If you want Riemannian manifolds as your examples, think of a sequence of tori converging to the unit circle. On the positive side, Perelman's stability theorem (used in the proof of his more famous theorem) states that under certain conditions ("Alexandrov", "curvature bounds", "noncollapsing"), if $X_n$'s GH-converge to $X$ then for large $n$ indeed $X$ is homeomorphic to $X_n$.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9899670481681824, "perplexity": 61.45314174412135}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322160.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825000550-20190825022550-00091.warc.gz"}
https://vitalik.eth.link/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html	# Some ways to use ZK-SNARKs for privacy 2022 Jun 15 See all posts Some ways to use ZK-SNARKs for privacy Special thanks to Barry Whitehat and Gubsheep for feedback and review. ZK-SNARKs are a powerful cryptographic tool, and an increasingly important part of the applications that people are building both in the blockchain space and beyond. But they are complicated, both in terms of how they work, and in terms of how you can use them. My previous post explaining ZK-SNARKs focused on the first question, attempting to explain the math behind ZK-SNARKs in a way that's reasonably understandable but still theoretically complete. This post will focus on the second question: how do ZK-SNARKs fit into existing applications, what are some examples of what they can do, what can't they do, and what are some general guidelines for figuring out whether or not ZK-SNARKing some particular application is possible? In particular, this post focuses on applications of ZK-SNARKs for preserving privacy. ## What does a ZK-SNARK do? Suppose that you have a public input $$x$$, a private input $$w$$, and a (public) function $$f(x, w) \rightarrow \{True, False\}$$ that performs some kind of verification on the inputs. With a ZK-SNARK, you can prove that you know an $$w$$ such that $$f(x, w) = True$$ for some given $$f$$ and $$x$$, without revealing what $$w$$ is. Additionally, the verifier can verify the proof much faster it would take for them to compute $$f(x, w)$$ themselves, even if they know $$w$$. This gives the ZK-SNARK its two properties: privacy and scalability. As mentioned above, in this post our examples will focus on privacy. ## Proof of membership Suppose that you have an Ethereum wallet, and you want to prove that this wallet has a proof-of-humanity registration, without revealing which registered human you are. We can mathematically describe the function as follows: • The private input ($$w$$): your address $$A$$, and the private key $$k$$ to your address • The public input ($$x$$): the set of all addresses with verified proof-of-humanity profiles $$\{H_1 ... H_n\}$$ • The verification function $$f(x, w)$$: • Interpret $$w$$ as the pair $$(A, k)$$, and $$x$$ as the list of valid profiles $$\{H_1 ... H_n\}$$ • Verify that $$A$$ is one of the addresses in $$\{H_1 ... H_n\}$$ • Verify that $$privtoaddr(k) = A$$ • Return $$True$$ if both verifications pass, $$False$$ if either verification fails The prover generates their address $$A$$ and the associated key $$k$$, and provides $$w = (A, k)$$ as the private input to $$f$$. They take the public input, the current set of verified proof-of-humanity profiles $$\{H_1 ... H_n\}$$, from the chain. They run the ZK-SNARK proving algorithm, which (assuming the inputs are correct) generates the proof. The prover sends the proof to the verifier and they provide the block height at which they obtained the list of verified profiles. The verifier also reads the chain, gets the list $$\{H_1 ... H_n\}$$ at the height that the prover specified, and checks the proof. If the check passes, the verifier is convinced that the prover has some verified proof-of-humanity profile. Before we move on to more complicated examples, I highly recommend you go over the above example until you understand every bit of what is going on. ## Making the proof-of-membership more efficient One weakness in the above proof system is that the verifier needs to know the whole set of profiles $$\{H_1 ... H_n\}$$, and they need to spend $$O(n)$$ time "inputting" this set into the ZK-SNARK mechanism. We can solve this by instead passing in as a public input an on-chain Merkle root containing all profiles (this could just be the state root). We add another private input, a Merkle proof $$M$$ proving that the prover's account $$A$$ is in the relevant part of the tree. Advanced readers: A very new and more efficient alternative to Merkle proofs for ZK-proving membership is Caulk. In the future, some of these use cases may migrate to Caulk-like schemes. ## ZK-SNARKs for coins Projects like Zcash and Tornado.cash allow you to have privacy-preserving currency. Now, you might think that you can take the "ZK proof-of-humanity" above, but instead of proving access of a proof-of-humanity profile, use it to prove access to a coin. But we have a problem: we have to simultaneously solve privacy and the double spending problem. That is, it should not be possible to spend the coin twice. Here's how we solve this. Anyone who has a coin has a private secret $$s$$. They locally compute the "leaf" $$L = hash(s, 1)$$, which gets published on-chain and becomes part of the state, and $$N = hash(s, 2)$$, which we call the nullifier. The state gets stored in a Merkle tree. To spend a coin, the sender must make a ZK-SNARK where: • The public input contains a nullifier $$N$$, the current or recent Merkle root $$R$$, and a new leaf $$L'$$ (the intent is that recipient has a secret $$s'$$, and passes to the sender $$L' = hash(s', 1)$$) • The private input contains a secret $$s$$, a leaf $$L$$ and a Merkle branch $$M$$ • The verification function checks that: • $$M$$ is a valid Merkle branch proving that $$L$$ is a leaf in a tree with root $$R$$, where $$R$$ is the current Merkle root of the state • $$hash(s, 1) = L$$ • $$hash(s, 2) = N$$ The transaction contains the nullifier $$N$$ and the new leaf $$L'$$. We don't actually prove anything about $$L'$$, but we "mix it in" to the proof to prevent $$L'$$ from being modified by third parties when the transaction is in-flight. To verify the transaction, the chain checks the ZK-SNARK, and additionally checks that $$N$$ has not been used in a previous spending transaction. If the transaction succeeds, $$N$$ is added to the spent nullifier set, so that it cannot be spent again. $$L'$$ is added to the Merkle tree. What is going on here? We are using a zk-SNARK to relate two values, $$L$$ (which goes on-chain when a coin is created) and $$N$$ (which goes on-chain when a coin is spent), without revealing which $$L$$ is connected to which $$N$$. The connection between $$L$$ and $$N$$ can only be discovered if you know the secret $$s$$ that generates both. Each coin that gets created can only be spent once (because for each $$L$$ there is only one valid corresponding $$N$$), but which coin is being spent at a particular time is kept hidden. This is also an important primitive to understand. Many of the mechanisms we describe below will be based on a very similar "privately spend only once" gadget, though for different purposes. ## Coins with arbitrary balances The above can easily be extended to coins of arbitrary balances. We keep the concept of "coins", except each coin has a (private) balance attached. One simple way to do this is have the chain store for each coin not just the leaf $$L$$ but also an encrypted balance. Each transaction would consume two coins and create two new coins, and it would add two (leaf, encrypted balance) pairs to the state. The ZK-SNARK would also check that the sum of the balances coming in equals the sum of the balances going out, and that the two output balances are both non-negative. ## ZK anti-denial-of-service An interesting anti-denial-of-service gadget. Suppose that you have some on-chain identity that is non-trivial to create: it could be a proof-of-humanity profile, it could be a validator with 32 ETH, or it could just be an account that has a nonzero ETH balance. We could create a more DoS resistant peer-to-peer network by only accepting a message if it comes with a proof that the message;s sender has such a profile. Every profile would be allowed to send up to 1000 messages per hour, and a sender's profile would be removed from the list if the sender cheats. But how do we make this privacy-preserving? First, the setup. Let $$k$$ be the private key of a user; $$A = privtoaddr(k)$$ is the corresponding address. The list of valid addresses is public (eg. it's a registry on-chain). So far this is similar to the proof-of-humanity example: you have to prove that you have the private key to one address without revealing which one. But here, we don't just want a proof that you're in the list. We want a protocol that lets you prove you're in the list but prevents you from making too many proofs. And so we need to do some more work. We'll divide up time into epochs; each epoch lasts 3.6 seconds (so, 1000 epochs per hour). Our goal will be to allow each user to send only one message per epoch; if the user sends two messages in the same epoch, they will get caught. To allow users to send occasional bursts of messages, they are allowed to use epochs in the recent past, so if some user has 500 unused epochs they can use those epochs to send 500 messages all at once. ### The protocol We'll start with a simple version: we use nullifiers. A user generates a nullifier with $$N = hash(k, e)$$, where $$k$$ is their key and $$e$$ is the epoch number, and publishes it along with the message $$m$$. The ZK-SNARK once again mixes in $$hash(m)$$ without verifying anything about $$m$$, so that the proof is bound to a single message. If a user makes two proofs bound to two different messages with the same nullifier, they can get caught. Now, we'll move on to the more complex version. Instead of just making it easy to prove if someone used the same epoch twice, this next protocol will actually reveal their private key in that case. Our core technique will rely on the "two points make a line" trick: if you reveal one point on a line, you've revealed little, but if you reveal two points on a line, you've revealed the whole line. For each epoch $$e$$, we take the line $$L_e(x) = hash(k, e) * x + k$$. The slope of the line is $$hash(k, e)$$, and the y-intercept is $$k$$; neither is known to the public. To make a certificate for a message $$m$$, the sender provides $$y = L_e(hash(m)) =$$ $$hash(k, e) * hash(m) + k$$, along with a ZK-SNARK proving that $$y$$ was computed correctly. To recap, the ZK-SNARK here is as follows: • Public input: • $$\{A_1 ... A_n\}$$, the list of valid accounts • $$m$$, the message that the certificate is verifying • $$e$$, the epoch number used for the certificate • $$y$$, the line function evaluation • Private input: • $$k$$, your private key • Verification function: • Check that $$privtoaddr(k)$$ is in $$\{A_1 ... A_n\}$$ • Check that $$y = hash(k, e) * hash(m) + k$$ But what if someone uses a single epoch twice? That means they published two values $$m_1$$ and $$m_2$$ and the corresponding certificate values $$y_1 = hash(k, e) * hash(m_1) + k$$ and $$y_2 = hash(k, e) * hash(m_2) + k$$. We can use the two points to recover the line, and hence the y-intercept (which is the private key): $$k = y_1 - hash(m_1) * \frac{y_2 - y_1}{hash(m_2) - hash(m_1)}$$ So if someone reuses an epoch, they leak out their private key for everyone to see. Depending on the circumstance, this could imply stolen funds, a slashed validator, or simply the private key getting broadcasted and included into a smart contract, at which point the corresponding address would get removed from the set. What have we accomplished here? A viable off-chain, anonymous anti-denial-of-service system useful for systems like blockchain peer-to-peer networks, chat applications, etc, without requiring any proof of work. The RLN (rate limiting nullifier) project is currently building essentially this idea, though with minor modifications (namely, they do both the nullifier and the two-points-on-a-line technique, using the nullifier to make it easier to catch double-use of an epoch). ## ZK negative reputation Suppose that we want to build 0chan, an internet forum which provides full anonymity like 4chan (so you don't even have persistent names), but has a reputation system to encourage more quality content. This could be a system where some moderation DAO can flag posts as violating the rules of the system and institutes a three-strikes-and-you're-out mechanism, it could be users being able to upvote and downvote posts; there are lots of configurations. The reputation system could support positive or negative reputation; however, supporting negative reputation requires extra infrastructure to require the user to take into account all reputation messages in their proof, even the negative ones. It's this harder use case, which is similar to what is being implemented with Unirep Social, that we'll focus on. ### Chaining posts: the basics Anyone can make a post by publishing a message on-chain that contains the post, and a ZK-SNARK proving that either (i) you own some scarce external identity, eg. proof-of-humanity, that entitles you to create an account, or (ii) that you made some specific previous post. Specifically, the ZK-SNARK is as follows: • Public inputs: • The nullifier $$N$$ • A recent blockchain state root $$R$$ • The post contents ("mixed in" to the proof to bind it to the post, but we don't do any computation on it) • Private inputs: • Your private key $$k$$ • Either an external identity (with address $$A$$), or the nullifier $$N_{prev}$$ used by the previous post • A Merkle proof $$M$$ proving inclusion of $$A$$ or $$N_{prev}$$ on-chain • The number $$i$$ of posts that you have previously made with this account • Verification function: • Check that $$M$$ is a valid Merkle branch proving that (either $$A$$ or $$N_{prev}$$, whichever is provided) is a leaf in a tree with root $$R$$ • Check that $$N = enc(i, k)$$, where $$enc$$ is an encryption function (eg. AES) • If $$i = 0$$, check that $$A = privtoaddr(k)$$, otherwise check that $$N_{prev} = enc(i-1, k)$$ In addition to verifying the proof, the chain also checks that (i) $$R$$ actually is a recent state root, and (ii) the nullifier $$N$$ has not yet been used. So far, this is like the privacy-preserving coin introduced earlier, but we add a procedure for "minting" a new account, and we remove the ability to "send" your account to a different key - instead, all nullifiers are generated using your original key. We use $$enc$$ instead of $$hash$$ here to make the nullifiers reversible: if you have $$k$$, you can decrypt any specific nullifier you see on-chain and if the result is a valid index and not random junk (eg. we could just check $$dec(N) < 2^{64}$$), then you know that nullifier was generated using $$k$$. Reputation in this scheme is on-chain and in the clear: some smart contract has a method addReputation, which takes as input (i) the nullifier published along with the post, and (ii) the number of reputation units to add and subtract. We extend the on-chain data stored per post: instead of just storing the nullifier $$N$$, we store $$\{N, \bar{h}, \bar{u}\}$$, where: • $$\bar{h} = hash(h, r)$$ where $$h$$ is the block height of the state root that was referenced in the proof • $$\bar{u} = hash(u, r)$$ where $$u$$ is the account's reputation score (0 for a fresh account) $$r$$ here is simply a random value, added to prevent $$h$$ and $$u$$ from being uncovered by brute-force search (in cryptography jargon, adding $$r$$ makes the hash a hiding commitment). Suppose that a post uses a root $$R$$ and stores $$\{N, \bar{h}, \bar{u}\}$$. In the proof, it links to a previous post, with stored data $$\{N_{prev}, \bar{h}_{prev}, \bar{u}_{prev}\}$$. The post's proof is also required to walk over all the reputation entries that have been published between $$h_{prev}$$ and $$h$$. For each nullifier $$N$$, the verification function would decrypt $$N$$ using the user's key $$k$$, and if the decryption outputs a valid index it would apply the reputation update. If the sum of all reputation updates is $$\delta$$, the proof would finally check $$u = u_{prev} + \delta$$. If we want a "three strikes and you're out" rule, the ZK-SNARK would also check $$u > -3$$. If we want a rule where a post can get a special "high-reputation poster" flag if the poster has $$\ge 100$$ rep, we can accommodate that by adding "is $$u \ge 100$$?" as a public input. Many kinds of such rules can be accommodated. To increase the scalability of the scheme, we could split it up into two kinds of messages: posts and reputation update acknowledgements (RCAs). A post would be off-chain, though it would be required to point to an RCA made in the past week. RCAs would be on-chain, and an RCA would walk through all the reputation updates since that poster's previous RCA. This way, the on-chain load is reduced to one transaction per poster per week plus one transaction per reputation message (a very low level if reputation updates are rare, eg. they're only used for moderation actions or perhaps "post of the day" style prizes). ## Holding centralized parties accountable Sometimes, you need to build a scheme that has a central "operator" of some kind. This could be for many reasons: sometimes it's for scalability, and sometimes it's for privacy - specifically, the privacy of data held by the operator. The MACI coercion-resistant voting system, for example, requires voters to submit their votes on-chain encrypted to a secret key held by a central operator. The operator would decrypt all the votes on-chain, count them up, and reveal the final result, along with a ZK-SNARK proving that they did everything correctly. This extra complexity is necessary to ensure a strong privacy property (called coercion-resistance): that users cannot prove to others how they voted even if they wanted to. Thanks to blockchains and ZK-SNARKs, the amount of trust in the operator can be kept very low. A malicious operator could still break coercion resistance, but because votes are published on the blockchain, the operator cannot cheat by censoring votes, and because the operator must provide a ZK-SNARK, they cannot cheat by mis-calculating the result. ## Combining ZK-SNARKs with MPC A more advanced use of ZK-SNARKs involves making proofs over computations where the inputs are split between two or more parties, and we don't want each party to learn the other parties' inputs. You can satisfy the privacy requirement with garbled circuits in the 2-party case, and more complicated multi-party computation protocols in the N-party case. ZK-SNARKs can be combined with these protocols to do verifiable multi-party computation. This could enable more advanced reputation systems where multiple participants can perform joint computations over their private inputs, it could enable privacy-preserving but authenticated data markets, and many other applications. That said, note that the math for doing this efficiently is still relatively in its infancy. ## What can't we make private? ZK-SNARKs are generally very effective for creating systems where users have private state. But ZK-SNARKs cannot hold private state that nobody knows. To make a proof about a piece of information, the prover has to know that piece of information in cleartext. A simple example of what can't (easily) be made private is Uniswap. In Uniswap, there is a single logically-central "thing", the market maker account, which belongs to no one, and every single trade on Uniswap is trading against the market maker account. You can't hide the state of the market maker account, because then someone would have to hold the state in cleartext to make proofs, and their active involvement would be necessary in every single transaction. You could make a centrally-operated, but safe and private, Uniswap with ZK-SNARKed garbled circuits, but it's not clear that the benefits of doing this are worth the costs. There may not even be any real benefit: the contract would need to be able to tell users what the prices of the assets are, and the block-by-block changes in the prices tell a lot about what the trading activity is. Blockchains can make state information global, ZK-SNARKs can make state information private, but we don't really have any good way to make state information global and private at the same time. Edit: you can use multi-party computation to implement shared private state. But this requires an honest-majority threshold assumption, and one that's likely unstable in practice because (unlike eg. with 51% attacks) a malicious majority could collude to break the privacy without ever being detected. ## Putting the primitives together In the sections above, we've seen some examples that are powerful and useful tools by themselves, but they are also intended to serve as building blocks in other applications. Nullifiers, for example, are important for currency, but it turns out that they pop up again and again in all kinds of use cases. The "forced chaining" technique used in the negative reputation section is very broadly applicable. It's effective for many applications where users have complex "profiles" that change in complex ways over time, and you want to force the users to follow the rules of the system while preserving privacy so no one sees which user is performing which action. Users could even be required to have entire private Merkle trees representing their internal "state". The "commitment pool" gadget proposed in this post could be built with ZK-SNARKs. And if some application can't be entirely on-chain and must have a centralized operator, the exact same techniques can be used to keep the operator honest too. ZK-SNARKs are a really powerful tool for combining together the benefits of accountability and privacy. They do have their limits, though in some cases clever application design can work around those limits. I expect to see many more applications using ZK-SNARKs, and eventually applications combining ZK-SNARKs with other forms of cryptography, to be built in the years to come.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5150600671768188, "perplexity": 1173.9709552071824}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00718.warc.gz"}
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/80163/are-g-spectra-the-same-as-modules-over-a-group-ring-spectrum	# Are $G$-spectra the same as modules over a “group ring spectrum”? Let $G$ be a finite group (maybe this will also work when $G$ is compact, or something, but to be safe we'll let it be finite). I imagine it's quite natural to ask: is the category of $G$-spectra equivalent to the category of module spectra over some ring spectrum, probably denoted by $SG$? For definiteness, we can take "the" category of $G$-spectra to be the symmetric-spectra model (or orthogonal if we want to try and deal with compact groups), and similarly for modules over a ring spectrum. I imagine if such a thing existed it would have the property that $\pi_0SG$ should be the actual group ring, $SG$ should be an $A_\infty$-ring, and if $G$ is abelian it should be an $E_\infty$-ring. It seems like such a thing should exist since the ($\infty$-)category of $G$-spectra (at least coming from, say, the orthogonal model) looks presentable and generated by the equivariant sphere... so by some theorem in Lurie it should be equivalent to an ($\infty$ -)category of modules over some ring spectrum. A brief search online and glance at May's book on the subject revealed nothing, but I could have easily missed it. Any pointers to the literature or brief epositions of a construction of such a thing would be much appreciated! (I would say "take the free spectrum on the objects of $G$ and mod out by some relations" and maybe this is how it's done, but I wonder how to make this precise in the "brave new" world, also such a construction probably would not generalize to the compact group case, so maybe there's some better way of doing it.) - *I guess, specifically, it the ring spectrum should be the spectrum $End(S,S)$ of endomorphisms of the equivariant sphere in the category of $G$-spectra... but there has to be a description that doesn't presume a construction of the category of $G$-spectra! – Dylan Wilson Nov 5 '11 at 22:45 Eric wrote a really nice response telling that your initial hope is incorrect and why. I'd just like to write some positive results that you can find. Disclaimer: I understand little to nothing about the case of a compact Lie group. Schwede and Shipley have a paper entitled "Stable model categories are categories of modules" from 2003. In particular, G-spectra form a stable model category to which their results apply. Schwede-Shipley show that if you pick a set of "generators", then you'll get an category $I$ enriched in spectra, with $Hom_I(i,j)$ being a spectrum together with units $\mathbb S \to Hom_I(i,i)$ and composition maps $$Hom_I(j,k) \wedge Hom_I(i,j) \to Hom_I(i,k)$$ which are unital and associative. (This is the spectrum version of a DG-category, if you like). Then there is an equivalence between $G$-spectra and enriched functors from $I$ to the category of spectra. In $G$-spectra, we can pick generators given by the spectra $\Sigma^\infty G/H_+$, which are representing objects for the standard "fixed point" functors. So a $G$-spectrum is equivalent to the data of a collection of spectra $Y^H$ as $H$ ranges over the subgroups of $G$, together with "action maps" $$F(\Sigma^\infty G/H_+, \Sigma^\infty G/K_+) \wedge Y^H \to Y^K$$ that are unital and associative. If you're feeling like it, you could instead replace several generators with $\bigvee_H G/H_+$, and establish $G$-spectra as equivalent to modules over one ring spectrum which is a big "matrix algebra" containing a bunch of commuting idempotents. It's not clear to me whether this is generally profitable. (It certainly doesn't make looking at the symmetric monoidal structure on $G$-spectra easier.) To go further, we need to specify a little about which category of $G$-spectra you're interested in. This is often phrased in terms of a choice of universe. At one end, you have $G$-spectra indexed on the trivial universe, which are formed by taking the category of $G$-spaces and inverting the suspension functor. There's a "coalescing" result of Elmendorf (his "Systems of fixed point sets") that essentially shows that the homotopy category of $G$-spaces is equivalent to the homotopy category of functors from the orbit category of $G$ to spaces; $G$-spectra indexed on the trivial universe satisfy a similar result. At the other end, you have $G$-spectra indexed on a complete universe, where all the spheres based on orthogonal representations of $G$ become invertible. These are more complicated, because they're generated by more than just actions $g: Y^H \to Y^{gHg^{-1}}$ and restrictions $Y^K \to Y^H$ for $H < K$. They also have transfer maps. If you've done any looking into $G$-spectra, you've probably encountered the notion of a Mackey functor, which is a collection of abelian groups with restriction, transfer, and conjugation maps. One compact way to phrase this is that Mackey functors are additive functors from the "Burnside category" to the category of abelian groups. $G$-spectra indexed on a complete universe satisfy a similar result: they are enriched functors from a topological Burnside category to the category of spectra. In particular, every $G$-spectrum produces a Mackey functor to the stable homotopy category. (There are several places I could insert some more or less gratuitous $\infty$-category theory here.) I know that Clark Barwick has given several talks on this, and is likely in the process of writing it up. Whether Mackey functors make you happy might depend on whether you're in that pleasant zone between understanding their definitions and trying to do serious homological algebra with them. While I'm writing pithy asides, it's kind of depressing that the Burnside category doesn't have entries on Wikipedia or the nLab for me to link to, and Mackey functors only have this. Many of the presentations in the literature are worth looking at. There are several categories of $G$-spectra in between, and I don't know much about the general properties of those. - This was very helpful! Thank you for the wonderful references! I thought that paper by Schwede and Shipley would be relevant, but for some reason I wasn't thinking that we would need to consider diagrams of ring spectra. If you allow for the Hom-sets to be considered as Mackey functors, then I think the category of G-spectra is monogenic... so maybe Clark Barwick sets up a framework for equivariant infty-categories where something like this happens naturally? I'd love to see it! – Dylan Wilson Nov 7 '11 at 16:01 Yes, if you consider some kind of enrichment then the sphere spectrum could become monogenic. – Tyler Lawson Nov 7 '11 at 16:56 I should note that there is work in progress (which seems to be close to completion) of Guillou and May that addresses some of the constructive aspects of this description. – Tyler Lawson Feb 21 '12 at 2:57 There is now at least a useful pointer on the nLab page on Mackey functors. Maybe somebody has the energy to add more. – Urs Schreiber Apr 12 '14 at 21:26 The "group ring spectrum" $SG$ you ask for does indeed exist, but modules over it are not the same as $G$-spectra. Indeed, $SG$ is just the suspension spectrum $\Sigma^\infty_+ G$ of $G$ as a discrete space. The suspension spectrum of any $A_\infty$ space is naturally an $A_\infty$ ring spectrum, so the group structure on $G$ gives an $A_\infty$ structure on $SG$. An $SG$-module can be shown to be the same thing as a spectrum with a (coherent) action of $G$. Any $G$-spectrum has an "underlying" non-equivariant spectrum which has the natural structure of an $SG$-module. However, this is not an equivalence of categories, and the basic reason is that they correspond to different notions of "weak equivalence" of equivariant objects. For simplicity, I'll describe this in the unstable setting of $G$-spaces. If $X$ and $Y$ are two spaces with an action of a group $G$ and $f:X\to Y$ is an equivariant map, there are two things we might mean when we say $f$ is an "equivariant homotopy equivalence". The first is that $f$ is an ordinary homotopy equivalence of the spaces $X$ and $Y$ which happens to also be an equivariant map. The second is that $f$ has a homotopy inverse internal to the category of $G$-spaces: there exists another equivariant map $g:Y\to X$ such that the compositions $fg$ and $gf$ are homotopy to the identity through equivariant maps. This notion is much stronger. For example, the map $EG\to $ is a homotopy equivalence in the weaker sense, but not in this stronger sense, because $EG$ has no fixed points so there are no equivariant maps $*\to EG$. If we restrict to $G$-CW complexes (a natural equivariant generalization of CW-complexes), it turns out that a map $X\to Y$ is an equivariant equivalence in this stronger sense iff for every subgroup $H\subseteq G$, the induced map $X^H\to Y^H$ on fixed points is a homotopy equivalence. The category of $SG$-modules is a stable version of $G$-spaces under the first, weaker notion of equivalence. Indeed, as with any ring spectrum, a weak equivalence of $SG$-modules is just a map of $SG$-modules which happens to be a weak equivalence of underlying spectra (though an inverse which is actually an $SG$-module map can be found if we're willing to take cofibrant and fibrant replacements of our modules, which corresponds to replacing a $G$-space $X$ with $EG \times X$). On the other hand, the category of $G$-spectra is a stable version of $G$-spaces under the second, stronger notion of equivalence. - I also quite like this answer (especially because it answered my actual question...). But I'm not sure if I understand correctly: are you saying that the objects in $SG$-mod are basically the same as in $G$-spectra, but the morphisms are different? Or is the distinction more drastic? Also- is there any use for this weak approximation to the category of $G$-spectra? – Dylan Wilson Nov 7 '11 at 16:03 There is a slight inaccuracy in the first paragraph of Eric Wofsey's otherwise excellent answer. It depends on which category of spectra is used. Using suspension spectra (the original definition) then everything Eric says is correct. But With symmetric spectra or orthogonal spectra there is a non-obvious way of defining equivalences so that the corresponding homotopy theory is $G$-equivariant spectra. So one category with two notions of equivalence. With $G$-spaces, using the weak approximation means you are studying only the free actions. – Jeff Smith Dec 6 '11 at 8:16	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.877286970615387, "perplexity": 298.04651674617253}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824037.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00028-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://proteinsandwavefunctions.blogspot.com/2011/11/missing-mopac-parameters.html	Thursday, November 17, 2011 "Missing" MOPAC parameters A long, long time ago in a land far, far away I implemented MNDO, AM1, and PM3 in GAMESS. This was done by taking chunks of code from MOPAC that contained contained the parameters, integral code, and Fock matrix builder. In doing so, I never noticed that the parameter file contained more parameters than where published in the papers describing the method. This conundrum came back to haunt us recently as we're trying to implement PM6. Of course, it's not a conundrum at all: the "missing parameters" are "simply" functions of the other parameters, so they are not missing but finding these functions is not so "simple" either, and I couldn't have done it without some very helpful emails from Jimmy Stewart. To find expressions for two of the parameters, called $DD$ and $QQ$ in GAMESS, you have to dig out the MNDO paper from 1976 where they are given in equations (11) and (12) $DD = \frac{5}{\sqrt 3 }\frac{{\left( {4 \cdot ZS \cdot ZP} \right)^{5/2} }}{{\left( {ZS + ZP} \right)^6 }}$ (1) $QQ = \sqrt {\frac{3}{2}} \cdot \frac{1}{ZP}$ (2) The $AM$ parameter turns out to be related to $\rho_0$ in the MNDO paper, and is just the $GSS$ parameter in Hartree units (1 Hartree = 27.21 eV). $AM=\frac{GSS}{27.21}$ (3) Similarly, AD and AQ are then related to $\rho_1$ and $\rho_2$ which "are calculated by numerical methods$^{20}$", where reference 20 is a paper on NDDO integrals. Here, a few sentences on page 95 provided sufficient clues: $AD=\frac{1}{2 \rho_1}$ (4) where $\rho_1$ is the solution to $\frac{1}{2} \left( 4\rho_1^2 \right)^{-1/2}-\frac{1}{2} \left( 4DD^2+4\rho_1^2 \right)^{-1/2}=\frac{HSP}{27.21}$ (5) which is equation (56) where $R = 0$ and $D_1^A=D_1^B$. Back then I assume they wrote some Fortran code to solve the equation iteratively, but now this can be done in a few seconds using a web browser. Similarly, for $AQ$: $AQ=\frac{1}{2 \rho_2}$ (6) $\frac{1}{4} \left( 8QQ^2+4\rho_2^2 \right)^{-1/2}-\frac{1}{2} \left( 4QQ^2+4\rho_2^2 \right)^{-1/2}+\frac{1}{4} \left( 4\rho_2^2 \right)^{-1/2}= \frac{HPP}{27.21}$ (7) where the latter equation is derived from equation (62) in the NDDO integral paper (more on $HPP$ below). This leaves us with the last parameter, $EISOL$, which corresponds to $E_{el}^A$ in the MNDO paper: which "are calculated from restricted single-determinantal wave functions using the same approximations and parameters as in molecular NDDO calculations." Not much to go on if you ask me, inspection of the parameters themselves held some clues. For example for hydrogen $EISOL=USS$ So, after a bit of fiddling around I was able to reproduce $EISOL$ for beryllium $\left( [He]2s^2 \right)$ (Remember that semiempirical methods ignore the core electrons): \begin{aligned}EISOL&=2h_{11}+J_{11}+4J_{12}-K_{12}+2h_{22}+J_{22}\\&=2h_{22}+J_{22}\\&=2USS+GSS\end{aligned} (8) Carbon $\left( [He]2s^22p_x^12p_y^1 \right)$ was a bit trickier to verify, mainly because I still didn't know what $HPP$ was: $EISOL=2USS+GSS+2UPP+GP2+4GSP-2HSP-HPP$ (9) Luckily, Jimmy Stewart knew this from the top of his head: $HPP = (GPP-GP2)/2$ Update: I just found some useful pages here and here Update: For some elements $GPP < GP2$. In that case use $HPP = min(0.1,HPP)$ (Thanks again, Jimmy!) Update: Turns out that you can get these parameters printed out in MOPAC using the HCORE keyword: $DD = DD2$ $QQ = \sqrt{2}DD3$ $AM = \frac{1}{2 PO1}$ $AD = \frac{1}{2 PO2}$ $AQ = \frac{1}{2 PO3}$ (This post was written using MathJax, which is very easy to install on Blogger) Jan Jensen said... And yes, you can also use MathJax in the comments: $\frac{x^2}{y^3}$ Geoff Hutchison said... Do you think you'll implement Jimmy's "expanded" AM1 and PM3? I seem to remember in an ACS meeting (and possibly in the PM6 paper) he extended the previous methods to a few more elements. This served as a comparison between the older methods and PM6 -- which was obviously better. Jan Jensen said... No, no plans there. We're implementing PM6 because the resulting TS structures agree much better with QM calculations than AM1 and PM3. The first milestone will be elements up to Ne, as the rest require d-orbitals, which are not in GAMESS yet.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7388365268707275, "perplexity": 1602.2389467466592}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038098638.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417011815-20210417041815-00472.warc.gz"}
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/266461/convergence-of-bessel-sturm-liouville-expansions-at-the-end-points	# Convergence of Bessel (Sturm-Liouville) Expansions at the End Points I have asked this question before on MSE but received no answer at all. So I assume that it is proper to ask it here. I am not a mathematician so my language may not be too precise, please correct me wherever it is necessary. Suppose that a function $f:[0,a]\to\Bbb{R}$ is given. We are interested to find its Bessel-Expansion and study the convergence of this expansion specially at the end points $r=0$ and $r=a$. Consider the following singular Sturm-Liouville systems for zero and first order Bessel functions \begin{align} A.\,&\frac{d}{dr}\left[r\frac{dR}{dr}\right]+\lambda r R=0 & B.\,&\frac{d}{dr}\left[r\frac{dR}{dr}\right]+\left[\lambda r + \frac{1}{r}\right]R=0\\ &R(0)\lt\infty & &R(0)\lt\infty\\ &\frac{dR}{dr}(a)=0 & &R(a)=0 \tag{1} \end{align} I know that the eigen-functions of systems $A$ and $B$ can form a basis for all peice-wise continuous functions with peice-wise continuous derivatives (which I denote by $C^1[0,a]$). Then we can construct the Bessel expansions corresponding to systems $A$ and $B$ as \begin{align} S(r):=\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}C_iR(\lambda_i,r) \tag{2} \end{align} I know that $S(r)$ converges to $\frac{f(r^+)+f(r^-)}{2}$ at the points in the interval $(0,a)$. Consequently, $S$ will converge to $f$ at the points of coninuity of $f$ inside the aforementioned interval but I don't know what happens at the end points. Here is my question 1. What are the necessary, sufficient, necessary and sufficient conditions that $S$ converges to $f$ at $r=0$ and $r=a$? 2. Suppose we answered question $1$. Can this be generalized to any Sturm-Liouville expansions like Fourier, Chebyshev, Hermit, etc? This animation shows the convergence of the eigen-function expansion of system $A$ to the modified Bessel function of order zero $f(r)=I_0(r)$. In this case convergence at the end points is achieved although $f(r)$ does not satisfy the second BC mentioned in Sturm-Liouville system A. and this one shows the convergence of the eigen-function expansion of system $B$ to $f(r)=I_0(r)$. It seems that the series does not converge to the function at the end points in this case and $f(r)$ is not satistying the second BC of Sturm-Liouville system B. Here is the mathematica code for making the animations. ClearAll["Global"] f[r_] := BesselI[0, r] a = 1; Subscript[N, max] = 40; A[n_] = Simplify[\!$$\SubsuperscriptBox[$\[Integral]$$, $$0$$, $$a$$]$$rf[r] BesselJ[0, \[Alpha][n]r] \[DifferentialD]r$$$/\!$$\SubsuperscriptBox[$\[Integral]$$, $$0$$, $$a$$]$$r* \SuperscriptBox[\(BesselJ[ 0, \[Alpha][n]r]$$, $$2$$] \[DifferentialD]r$\), Assumptions -> {BesselJ[1, \[Alpha][n]a] == 0}] (2 BesselI[1, 1])/(BesselJ[0, \[Alpha][n]] (1 + \[Alpha][n]^2)) Eig = Table[{i, N[BesselJZero[1, i]/a]}, {i, 1, Subscript[N, max]}]; Eig = Prepend[Eig, {0, 0}]; (\[Alpha][#] = #2) & @@@ Eig; BesselSeries[r_, n_] := \!$$\SubsuperscriptBox[$\[Sum]$$, $$i = 0$$, $$n$$]$$A[i]* BesselJ[0, \[Alpha][i]r]$$$ ConvAnim = Table[Plot[Evaluate[{f[r], BesselSeries[r, n]}], {r, 0, a}, PlotRange -> {0.9f[0], 1.1f[a]}, ImageSize -> Large, AspectRatio -> Automatic], {n, 1, Subscript[N, max]}]; (Export["Convergence.gif",ConvAnim,"DisplayDurations"\[Rule]{0.25}]*) `	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 2, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9343022108078003, "perplexity": 852.398727431183}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525009.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717021428-20190717043428-00465.warc.gz"}
http://www.theufochronicles.com/2012/11/the-strange-planets-of-fomalhaut.html	## Saturday, November 03, 2012 ### The Strange Planets of 'Fomalhaut' --A Spectacular Alien Star System Tweet By The Daily Galaxy 10-26-12 Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile discovered that planets orbiting the star Fomalhaut must be much smaller than originally thought. The discovery was made possible by exceptionally sharp ALMA images of a disc, or ring, of dust orbiting Fomalhaut, which lies about 25 light-years from Earth. It helps resolve a controversy among earlier observers of the system. The ALMA images showed that both the inner and outer edges of the thin, dusty disc have very sharp edges. That fact, combined with computer simulations, led the scientists to conclude that the dust particles in the disc are kept within the disc by the gravitational effect of two planets — one closer to the star than the disc and one more distant. Their calculations also indicated the probable size of the planets — larger than Mars but no larger than a few times the size of the Earth. This is much smaller than astronomers had previously thought. In 2008, a NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image had revealed the inner planet, then thought to be larger than Saturn, the second largest planet in our Solar System. However, later observations with infrared telescopes failed to detect the planet. "Combining ALMA observations of the ring's shape with computer models, we can place very tight limits on the mass and orbit of any planet near the ring," said Aaron Boley (a Sagan Fellow at the University of Florida, USA) who was leader of the study. "The masses of these planets must be small; otherwise the planets would destroy the ring," he added. The small sizes of the planets explain why the earlier infrared observations failed to detect them, the scientists said. The original ALMA research shows that the ring's width is about 16 times the distance from the Sun to the Earth, and is only one-seventh as thick as it is wide. "The ring is even more narrow and thinner than previously thought," said Matthew Payne, also of the University of Florida. . . . ~~BOOK SALE~~	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9127442240715027, "perplexity": 1611.0120662229244}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430456358323.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501045918-00015-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://web.math.rochester.edu/news-events/events/single/1843	# Probability, Ergodic Theory, Mathematical Physics Seminar ## Stationary Coalescing Walks: Entropy Arjun Krishnan, University of Rochester Friday, February 15th, 2019 3:00 PM - 4:00 PM Hylan 1106A This talk is a sequel to the one I gave last year, but I will remind you about the original setting and results. The model is simple: consider a translation invariant measure on arrow configurations on the usual nearest-neighbor lattice in d dimensions. There is an arrow on every point on Z^d, and following arrows produces a semi-infinite trajectory. Last time, I showed you an striking dichotomy theorem: either walks from every pair of points coalesce with probability one, or they form bi-infinite trajectories. We believe that when trajectories are random enough, bi-infinite trajectories do not exist. One such measure of randomness is entropy. So we consider various entropic properties of these systems. We show that in systems with completely positive entropy, bi-infinite trajectories must carry entropy. In some specialized situations, we show that positive entropy guarantees that bi-infinite trajectories do not exist. Many classical models fall into our simple framework: we construct a stationary discrete-time symmetric exclusion process whose particle trajectories form bi-infinite trajectories carrying entropy. Event contact: arjun dot krishnan at rochester dot edu	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9630838632583618, "perplexity": 2222.2888425574924}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578760477.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426053538-20190426075538-00052.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/the-state-of-a-particle-changes-when-viewed.263268/	# The state of a particle changes when viewed 1. ### WhoShot 1 Only if particles are viewed, do they conform to a non-quantum state. And when viewed, the light governs the state of the particle, as if the particle was a class, with a boolean property, normal state = yes, or normal-state = no (quantum). So the primary principle which governs particles is light, but how can light be fast enough to change the state of two particles existing in seperate spaces, trillions of miles apart? I therefore expand that these two points (in non-normal state) must exist as one, and space as a whole is like one MASSIVE container. So how does matter behave outside of this container. If matter past through the boundaries of space fabric, would it still exist?, could it exist? and is matter limited to the boundaries of space? 2. ### Xelthen 4 Sounds like you're talking about uncertainty principle. 3. ### Domenicaccio 86 Or perhaps in this case the container is always and only where matter (or energy) is or has been, and therefore matter can never cross its boundary, because the boundary is defined by matter. Know someone interested in this topic? Share a link to this question via email, Google+, Twitter, or Facebook Have something to add? Similar discussions for: The state of a particle changes when viewed	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8429954648017883, "perplexity": 1506.795733249925}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988065.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00257-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200502637761515.page	# THE MULTIPLE PROTO STELLAR SYSTEM L1551 IRS5 AT 5 AU RESOLUTION • LIM JEREMY (Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica) ; • TAKAKUWA SHIGEHISA (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Submillimeter Array Project) • Published : 2005.06.01 #### Abstract We present images of L1551 IRS5 at angular resolutions as high as ${\~}$30 mas, corresponding to a spatial resolution of ${\~}$5 AU, made at 7 mm with the VLA. Previously known to be a binary protostellar system, we show that L1551 IRS5 is likely a triple protostellar system. The primary and secondary components have a projected separation of ${\~}$46 AU, whereas the tertiary component has a projected separation of ${\~}$11 AU from the primary component. The circumstellar dust disks of the primary and secondary components have dimensions of ${\~}$15 AU, whereas that of the tertiary component has a dimension of ${\~}$10 AU. Their major axes are closely, but not perfectly, aligned with each other, as well as the major axis of the surrounding flattened, rotating, and contracting molecular condensation (pseudodisk). Furthermore, the orbital motion of the primary and secondary components is in the same direction as the rotational motion of this pseudodisk. We suggest that all three protostellar components formed as a result of the fragmentation of the central region of the molecular pseudo disk. The primary and secondary components, but apparently not the tertiary component, each exhibits a bipolar ionized jet that is centered on and which emergers perpendicular to its associated dust disk. Neither jets are resolved along their base, implying that they are driven within a radial distance of ${\~}$2.5 AU from their central protostars. Finally, we show evidence for what may be dusty matter streams feeding the two main protostellar components. #### References 1. Artymowicz, P. & Lubow, S. H., 1994, ApJ, 421, 651 https://doi.org/10.1086/173679 2. Bate, M. R., Bonnell, I. A., & Bromm, V., 2002, MNRAS, 336, 705 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05775.x 3. Bodenheimer, P., Burkert, A., Klein, R. I., & Boss, A. P., 2000, in Protostars and PLanets IV, eds. V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, & S. S. Russell (Tucson: University of Arizona Press), 675 4. Bonnell, I. A., 1994, MNRAS, 269, 837 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/269.3.837 5. Galli, D. & Shu, F. H., 1993a, ApJ, 417, 220 https://doi.org/10.1086/173305 6. Galli, D. & Shu, F. H., 1993b, ApJ, 417, 243 https://doi.org/10.1086/173306 7. Momose, M., Ohashi, N., Kawabe, R., Nakano, T., & Hayashi, M., 1998, ApJ, 504, 314 https://doi.org/10.1086/306061 8. Rodriguez, L. F., D'Alessio, P., Wilner, D. J., Ho, P. T. P., Torrelles, J. M., Curiel, S., Gomez, Y., Lizano, S., Pedlar, A., Canto, J., & Raga, A. C., 1998, Nature, 395, 355 https://doi.org/10.1038/26421 9. Rodriguez, L. F., Porras, A., Claussen, M. J., Curiel, S., Wilner, D. J., & Ho, P. T. P., 2003a, ApJ, 583, 330 https://doi.org/10.1086/344833 10. Rodriguez, L. F., Porras, A., Claussen, M. J., Curiel, S., Wilner, D. J., & Ho, P. T. P., 2003b, ApJ, 586, L137 https://doi.org/10.1086/374882 11. Shang, H., Lizano, S., Glassgold, A., & Shu, F., 2004, ApJ, 612, L69 https://doi.org/10.1086/424566 12. Shu, F., Najita, J., Ostriker, E., Wilkin, F., Ruden, S., & Lizano, S., 1994, ApJ, 429, 781 https://doi.org/10.1086/174363 13. Takakuwa, S., Ohashi, N., Ho, P. T. P., Qi, C., Wilner, D. J., Zhang, Q., Bourke, T. L., Hirano, N., Choi, M., & Yang, Ji, 2004, ApJ, 616, L15 https://doi.org/10.1086/421939 #### Cited by 1. Looking into the cradle: new mid-IR observations of multiple proto-stars vol.464, pp.2, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20066336 2. The Thermal Regulation of Gravitational Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks. IV. Simulations with Envelope Irradiation vol.673, pp.2, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1086/524101	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5376397371292114, "perplexity": 21300.29936686433}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655879532.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702142549-20200702172549-00102.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/users/22781/mkreisel?tab=activity	# mkreisel less info reputation 314 bio website location University of Maryland age member for 3 years, 1 month seen 4 hours ago profile views 336 I am a PhD student at the University of Maryland working on tilings and their relationship to harmonic analysis and noncommutative geometry. # 125 Actions Mar23 comment What are the applications of operator algebras to other areas? Yet I have consistently encountered people outside operator algebras (and NC geometry in particular) who ask "Well what's it all for? Do I really have to learn it?" to the point where I begin to feel guilty if a result I can prove is "internal" to NC geometry. I don't know whether people in number theory or analysis feel the same way. I was attempting to explain why NC geometry may inspire this more than other fields, but perhaps I'm wrong and it doesn't. Mar23 comment What are the applications of operator algebras to other areas? It is sweeping, presumptuous, and opinionated, and I did not mean to put words in anyone's mouth. I don't really work on any of these areas myself, this is just my ambient sense of the mathematical community at large. It's hard to understand and describe why mathematicians find a certain subject or result (un)interesting. Mar23 comment What are the applications of operator algebras to other areas? While I certainly agree that operator algebras are intrinsically interesting, I have encountered some negativity towards the subject from mathematicians who work in other fields. In the original question, I understood the author as asking for an explanation of this negativity. But perhaps you have never encountered it and it is just my personal misfortune (or perhaps this kind of negativity towards other fields is more common than I expected, though I hope that isn't the case). Mar22 awarded Nice Answer Mar22 comment What are the applications of operator algebras to other areas? Here's one of the original papers of GPS which classifies minimal $\mathbb{Z}$ actions on a Cantor set up to orbit equivalence using K-theory of associated C^-algebras: dspace.library.uvic.ca:8080/bitstream/handle/1828/2617/…. Mar22 comment What are the applications of operator algebras to other areas? Edited to include a few dynamics references and a note on quasicrystals. Mar22 revised What are the applications of operator algebras to other areas? added 438 characters in body Mar22 answered What are the applications of operator algebras to other areas? Jan9 answered quasicrystal and penrose tiling, mathematical introduction Dec29 comment Commutative spectral triples not coming from manifolds You might have a look at this paper arxiv.org/abs/1010.0156 which constructs spectral triples for $C(X)$ where $X$ is a compact metric space. Their particular examples come from tiling spaces and dynamics, where $X$ is a Cantor set. Dec7 comment Can any Delone set be approximated by a model set? I make no comment on what the spelling ought to be, nor do I have any power over how it is generally used, as this type of choice is made over time, often somewhat arbitrarily, by the community at large... Dec7 comment Can any Delone set be approximated by a model set? The vast majority of recent papers in the theory of tilings use the spelling Delone, although the spelling Delaunay can be found in some older papers. Examples: arxiv.org/abs/1411.0578, arxiv.org/abs/1401.3725, arxiv.org/abs/1407.1787. Dec7 comment Can any Delone set be approximated by a model set? I think that's right? I've seen both spellings in papers before. Dec6 revised Can any Delone set be approximated by a model set? added 216 characters in body Dec6 comment Can any Delone set be approximated by a model set? Edited to include complete definition of $\Lambda_W.$ A cut and project set (or model set) is any set of the same form as $\Lambda_W$ above, where we can vary the lattice $L,$ the subspace $H,$ and the window $W,$ so long as $H$ remains in irrational position w.r.t. $L.$ A Meyer set is any subset of a model set. Dec6 revised Can any Delone set be approximated by a model set? added 135 characters in body Dec6 asked Can any Delone set be approximated by a model set? Sep29 answered Projective modules over noncommutative tori? Sep26 comment Morita Equivalence of Full Corners in $C^$-algebras Thanks Alain - suppose I'm given a projection in $\mathcal{A}$ or in $M_n(\mathcal{A}).$ Based on this method, is it easy to construct a projection in $M_k(\mathcal{B})$ that it gets mapped to under this isomorphism? Sep26 asked Morita Equivalence of Full Corners in $C^*$-algebras	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6052659153938293, "perplexity": 670.5026342186686}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929561.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00136-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://ai.stackexchange.com/tags/problem-solving/info	The Stack Overflow podcast is back! Listen to an interview with our new CEO. Tag Info For questions about AI problem solving in terms of approaches, theory, logic, and other aspects where the problem is well defined and the objective is to find a solution to the problem. Problem solving in artificial intelligence is the study of how an AI can solve a given problem. The usual approach to problem solving is state search. The problem was described as an initial state, conditions for a final state, and a set of transition rules. A transition rule changes takes a state as input and outputs a new state. The solution of the problem then consists of applying the right transitions, until a state is reached where that satisfies the condition for a final state. As a concrete example, there is the problem of the Farmer, the Goat, the Cabbage and the Wolf. The farmer must row each of these to the other side of a river, but his boat is only big enough that he can transport only one of them at a time. If he leaves the goat with the cabbage, the goat will eat the cabbage; if he leaves the wolf with the goat, the wolf will eat the goat. The initial state has the farmer, cabbage, goat and wolf on one side of the river. A final state has them all on the other side. The transition rules are all "row the cabbage OR the goat OR the wolf from the current side to the other". There are several state search algorithms, where the purpose is to arrive at a final state in an efficient manner.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8577144145965576, "perplexity": 486.22010004281026}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986710773.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020132840-20191020160340-00382.warc.gz"}
https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/159335/are-there-any-mathematics-that-could-only-be-learned-by-very-few-people/159382	# Are there any mathematics that could only be learned by very few people? I'm worldbuilding a situation where new drug increases IQ when given to preschool children. Unfortunately only 1% of the recipients get the benefits, the rest risk their development being stunted. As a result, the drug is illegal. This creates a moral dilemma for the parents: try your luck or play it safe. I need some kind of mathematical discipline that could be understood only by very few gifted people, and preferably studied at postgraduate levels . This discipline serves as a device to show how much drug improves the mind of the children, and that normals can't hope to compete. Is there anything like that ? I'm looking for a discipline that exists. My plan is to watch MOOC and learn enough to be dangerous, then have real mathematician to review my ideas. • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – Monty Wild Oct 28 '19 at 5:50 • The difficulties often come from that fact there is no appropriate learning materials for not-math-talented people about anvanced/frontier math, which is mostly based on papers and books written by math professionals for professionals which focus more on the process of definitions and proofs. Not being a math-talent, you get lost easily based on thess\e materials. With a book that focus on concept/motivation/the intuitive relations, they will be more accessible for more not math-talented people. – jw_ Oct 28 '19 at 6:57 • en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome I think you're knocking on the wrong door. Oddly enough, an autism-inducing drug seems to fit your bill (mostly). – Mephistopheles Oct 28 '19 at 15:08 • If Facebook is anything to go by, I'd say order of operations... :) – Frauke Oct 28 '19 at 15:49 • For me %1 percent is a very small probability, to make my probably normal child a little bit smart or make them quite stupid. – atakanyenel Oct 28 '19 at 16:48 I have a PhD in Mathematics and came across this question. To be honest, I dislike almost every single answer, except maybe L.Dutch's answer concerning Wile's proof of Fermat's last theorem. However, I do think there is a much, much better candidate, and one that would make every mathematician reading your story quite delighted: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program Quoting (and I agree): Widely seen as the single biggest project in modern mathematical research, the Langlands program has been described by Edward Frenkel as “a kind of grand unified theory of mathematics.” The good thing about the Langlands program is that it is not (yet) a worked-out theory and a topic of active research, with only very few, extremely talented mathematicians being able to make contributions, like Peter Scholze. It seems to fit your story like a glove; people who received the drug's benefits would be among the few who could advance the program. I encourage every reader to also look at the comments that were moved to the chat, it adds a lot of value. Among other things, a very important point is brought up about how my phrasing is arguably hyperbolic: There are certainly more than just a handful of people who have contributed to the program. However, I still think it is very few people, when compared to all of mankind and even to all of mathematics. I would also like to address a question from the comments, namely whether I can give a brief summary of the Langlands program. To be completely honest, the answer is "no". I have studied mathematics for 10 years and some of it was spent in related fields (algebraic geometry and quite some representation theory as well, especially algebraic groups) - but I still do not feel qualified to give a reasonable summary of the Langlands program, let alone one that would be comprehensible to a layman. I do have an idea of what it is about, but I struggle to put that into words that do not demand quite advanced material. Have a look at the wikipedia entry, my honest summary would probably be quite similar to it. I do not understand it well enough to also explain it well. But this is the point - I don't think many mathematicians do. • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – Monty Wild Oct 28 '19 at 5:53 • Setting aside the issues discussed earlier, one of the problems of putting Langlands into a story is that, well, very few people can competently describe what it is. We see here that even trained mathematicians outside the subject struggle to summarize it. And if you (assumed to be a non-mathematical author) are trying to communicate it to a non-mathematical audience, the possibility of getting anything across drops even lower. It would end up coming across as little more than a buzzword like "chaos mathematics". – Priska Oct 28 '19 at 13:20 • @Priska the problem is, everything you say will be true of any good answer to this question. – Nathaniel Oct 28 '19 at 17:01 • I likes what Eduard Frenkel said in Love and Math about it being a Rosetta Stone between the manifold defined by and equation, the elliptic curve, and the set of solutions over some prime field. – Daron Oct 29 '19 at 0:14 No such thing exists. All mathematics is a type of language. Like language, it looks mysterious to people who don't speak it. But if you study it enough, you will understand it. There are no exceptions. () Calculus was once an arcane branch of knowledge known only to Newton, Leibniz, and their handful of peers. It made them gods in terms of their ability to solve problems no one else could reach. It was the scientific nuclear weapon of its time. The closest thing the real world has to magic. And now... we have hundreds of millions of children across the world learning calculus in school. Bookstores hawk endless numbers of texts on acing your calculus exam. This once-awesome, mysterious branch of math is now just another piece of everyday mental furniture. The same goes with algebra, and even algebraic notation. Someday, the same will happen with all of the math known today. () This means that there are no exceptional types of math where this is not true. I am not saying there are no exceptional people who might fail to understand math (brain-damaged, comatose, etc.). But the vast majority of people will understand any topic of math if exposed properly and given the right prerequisite knowledge. • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. – HDE 226868 Oct 27 '19 at 3:46 • @Nosajimiki This issue has been discussed quite extensively in previous comments (now moved to chat) by myself and others. You may find the discussion there helpful. Yours being the latest of numerous comments, I will take a break from replying for now. Perhaps others will have something insightful to say. – Priska Oct 28 '19 at 17:43 • This is an empirical claim, with no actual research to back it up. But I can give personal testimony to the fact that, on many occasions, I have been stumped by a mathematical concept, purely due to the complexity of the concept and not because I wasn't familiar with any terminology or syntax. – Bridgeburners Oct 28 '19 at 20:07 • @Bridgeburners This is not even an empirical claim, it is wishful thinking by someone who has never really got close to modern mathematics or to teaching. Yet a number of people would love for this to be actually true, as you can tell by the positive balance of the votes on this answer. – Arnaud Mortier Oct 28 '19 at 20:17 # Instead of looking for new math that the children can do, show them learning math faster. All new math is built on the old. To do some incredibly complex proof, you'll typically need algebra, equations, maybe calculus or group theory or probability or what-have-you. The point is, it will be clear that these children are exceptional WELL before they invent new math, since they'll be solving systems of equations in kindergarten and integrals in first grade or whatever. So I challenge the notion that the way to show how much the drug improves children's intelligence is to show them doing math adults can't do. It will be clear from their ability to master existing math at such young ages. Also, if what you're going for is a drug that improves general reasoning ability, then I would find it very strange if all of the children become masters of one specific sub-field of math, like, say, chaos theory. Why should that be the case? The frontiers of modern math are in chaos theory, yes, but also number theory and complex analysis and so on. Why would all of the children become experts in one particular subject, to the extent that it becomes the de-facto test of the drug's effects? You can represent both intelligence and mathematics more faithfully just by showing that they can do math that undergrads or grad students are doing. • Honestly, this is the first thing I thought. Creating tests to demonstrate how quickly people can learn in a variety of subject areas would be a much better measure of intelligence. Otherwise you could have accidentally dismissed the next Beethoven or Shakespeare because they didn't solve a differential equation fast enough. Even geniuses usually aren't geniuses at everything. – DoctorPenguin Oct 28 '19 at 10:03 • This. See Star Trek:TNG, where ~10-year-old children learn calculus. youtube.com/watch?v=ETt8GJRbqLc – dissemin8or Oct 28 '19 at 15:43 Take the mathematics needed to understand Wiles's demonstration of last Fermat's theorem. no three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation $$a^n + b^n = c^n$$ for any integer value of n greater than 2. Without a master in mathematics you cannot even think of starting to learn the basis for it. The demonstration above is based on linking modular forms In mathematics, a modular form is a (complex) analytic function on the upper half-plane satisfying a certain kind of functional equation with respect to the group action of the modular group, and also satisfying a growth condition. The theory of modular forms therefore belongs to complex analysis but the main importance of the theory has traditionally been in its connections with number theory. Modular forms appear in other areas, such as algebraic topology, sphere packing, and string theory. and elliptic curves. In mathematics, an elliptic curve is a plane algebraic curve defined by an equation of the form $$y^2 = x^3 + ax + b$$ which is non-singular; that is, the curve has no cusps or self-intersections. Inter-universal Teichmüller theory is a real-life example of mathematics understood only by a handful of people, nearly all of whom are students of the guy who created it. There is a claimed proof of the abc conjecture which has so far been neither verified nor definitively disproven because the material is so impenetrable. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-universal_Teichmüller_theory • This isn't a great example, A major part of the issues with IUTT is that it has been really poorly explained. Mochizuki was infamous for being not great at writing or explaining things even before his claimed proof of the ABC conjecture. Heck, I had a professor in grad school who used Mochizuki as an example of someone whose results were good enough that he was able to get away with poor writing, and then told me that I wasn't in that class. – JoshuaZ Oct 27 '19 at 15:08 • kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~motizuki/SS2018-08.pdf – Priska Oct 27 '19 at 20:46 • @JoshuaZ I see, I didn't know that. I always thought it was just incredibly tough stuff. – Jesko Hüttenhain Oct 28 '19 at 7:21 • @JoshuaZ granted, but I still think it’s a fine example for the purpose of the question - if it were an easier topic to understand, perhaps it wouldn’t need great explanation, and additionally it is self-evidently a source of genuine drama! – jl6 Oct 28 '19 at 21:55 N-dimensional geometry, where n > 4. It’s very difficult for our regular human brains to cope with it, but may well have all kinds of useful implications for physics. • countless mathematicians and physicists work everyday with spaces with dimension higher than $4$, or indeed with just general dimension $n$, if the space they're working with even has a well defined concept of dimension. It's not by any means an arcane or not well studied field. It's just plain old regular math for anybody above BSc level, because the point is that for a mathematician there's nothing special about 3 or 4 dimensions. – user2723984 Oct 26 '19 at 14:03 • But it's very difficult to have a good intuition for, and it shows a superhuman level of spatial reasoning. If you ask them, "how many square faces are in a 5-hypercube," and they answer "80" as easily as if you'd asked them how many sides are on a square, that's something nearly all mathematicians would struggle to visualize. And this is a much more suitable test for a young child, simply because it doesn't involve any mathematical formalism beyond counting and shapes. – Gilad M Oct 26 '19 at 14:13 • Why n>4? 4-manifolds are known for being ridiculously difficult to study. For example, the generalized Poincare conjecture is only unsolved in dimension 4. In dimension 4, Euclidean space has a continuum of exotic smooth structures, and it is the only dimension in which Euclidean space has any exotic smooth structure. In dimensions greater than 4, classification of manifolds becomes much easier. – Eben Cowley Oct 26 '19 at 15:23 • Also I'd like to point out that high-dimensional geometry has applications in any field involving multivariable problems, not just physics. – Eben Cowley Oct 26 '19 at 15:25 • Just because it's difficult for you to understand n-dimensional geometry does not mean that very few people can actually learn it, or even that it's particularly difficult. You just have to learn and use, you know, math, not visual intuition. – forest Oct 27 '19 at 1:16 There are a few different ways I would answer this question depending on how you actually plan to write this story. I will interpret it in a few different ways and give answers below. Is there a field of math learn-able by only a few individuals? No. Another answer already pointed this out, but the vast majority of human knowledge can be understood by the vast majority of humans (if they put in the effort). The psychological literature is becoming saturated with evidence that learning and performance are more inhibited by self-consciousness than by innate intelligence (which has been shown to be flexible). Here is some research on the topic: Trait beliefs that make women vulnerable to math disengagement Conceptions of ability: Nature and impact across content areas Mind-Sets Matter: A Meta-Analytic Review of Implicit Theories and Self-Regulation Is there a field of math which very few individuals have taken the time to learn? Yes, more than I could possibly list. People already named several examples of this in other answers, and if you'd like more examples you could go to the faculty directory of any univeristy math department, and look at what the different mathematicians are interested in. In your question you specifically mention that you'd like a topic that is introduced in graduate courses in mathematics, not undergraduate courses. Note that topics which are introduced in undergraduate courses are still actively researched; for example, people still do research on things like integration methods. However, I will try to address that part of your question. In the US, most undergraduate curriculums for math majors require an understanding of basic analysis and algebra, but not so much geometry or topology. In their early graduate years, students will usually be introduced to things like algebraic topology and differential geometry. If you plan on having a character attend a class on algebraic topology or differential topology, please bear in mind that they must first understand abstract algebra and calculus, respectively. This is important regardless of the topic you choose, as you risk breaking realism for people who know how learning math works. What is an impressive mathematical feat that would demonstrate how intelligent this drug makes kids? This interpretation might be a bit off from your original question, but I think it might do you good to consider it. Instead of saying "and then the child could do advanced fractal chaos math" what if instead you specifically named an unsolved problem that the child solved? You can find a long list of unsolved problems here. I think you should really consider this approach because it is potentially more engaging for your readers. On the one hand, you could pick a field of math that has an esoteric-sounding name and then pick an open problem in that field which seems interesting. There isn't anything necessarily wrong with this approach, the only drawback is that readers may run into a brick wall of prerequisites if they try to understand the problem that you select. Another approach might be to select a problem that anyone can understand: Goldbach's conjecture, the twin prime conjecture, and the Collatz conjecture are all examples of famous open problems that are extremely simple to state. This way, the reader might learn something that they actually have the prerequisite knowledge to understand. This could potentially improve the reader's engagement, but the choice is ultimately up to you. I am an assistant professor in the University of Caen-Normandy. Some very good answers have been given already, but there is one actual branch of mathematics that has been left aside and which is one of the most arcane from my point of view (and also seems to fit your purposes quite well), that is modern algebraic geometry. Traditional algebraic geometry is, very roughly, the study of curves or higher dimensional objects where one or more polynomials vanish (e.g. the most well-known parabola is the set of points where $$y=x^2$$, in other words $$y-x^2=0$$). In the second half of the $$20$$th century, a man called Alexander Grothendieck had an idea of how to take this theory to a level of abstractness that would eventually make it so powerful as to radiate to neighbouring areas of mathematics (incl. most branches of topology and geometry) and generalize them as well. The problem is, there is really no easy way to describe even the most elementary kind of object that algebraic geometry deals with, even though the people who work in that branch today will tell you that what they have in mind is nothing but "geometry". To get a grasp of it, you would have to know some abstract algebra already, and then although you might get used to the definitions and properties of these objects, chances are that you will never really get the "geometric" feeling about it that is really necessary to do anything useful in this theory. I'm a mathematics researcher at the University of St Andrews. Intead of focusing on a specific discipline within mathematics, I would focus on the children being able to resolve long-standing open problems. There are many problems in advanced mathematics that have been open for quite some time and are considered quite important for the development of the subject. The most prominent examples are the six remaining Millennium Prize Problems, including: Other long-standing open problems include: Lots of very smart mathematicans can spend decades working on one of these problems without making much significant progress. If children who were given this drug could reliably solve one of these problems in a couple of years, starting with essentially no knowledge of advanced mathematics, it would certainly demonstrate that these children were operating at a superhuman level of intelligence. Even the idea of a child being able to make any significant progress on one of these problems would be aboslutely extraordinary. Very large numbers. I don't just mean numbers that are too big for a human to really understand; a billion fits that category. I don't even mean numbers too big for our usual naming convention; that caps out at 1063 (one vigintillion). I mean numbers that make how we normally talk about numbers meaningless. Numbers you can't even write down in a way that non-mathematicians would understand (after all, any number you can fit on a whiteboard basically rounds down to zero). Graham's number is a famous example. Using our existing number system, it would have more digits than there are particles in the universe (which is about 1080)-- in fact, if you tried to count how many digits it would have, that number would have more digits than there are particles in the universe, and that number's number of digits would still have more digits than there are particles in the universe, and that pattern continues more times than there are particles in the universe. It's such an staggeringly large number that expressing it in writing requires a whole different numbering system. This branch of mathematics has the added bonus of being very hard for computers to handle-- computations would take too long. • As someone who’s done work adjacent to this sort of thing, it would be flattering to think that it can only be done my extremely gifted people, but I think that’s pretty implausible. Certainly the topic is well within reach of any undergraduate majoring in math with a little effort. – Henry Towsner Oct 26 '19 at 14:36 • Also, any number that can be computed precisely by a human (however bright) or computer (however powerful) will be dwarfed to insignificance by easily-defined incomputable numbers, making those computable numbers less impressive. – Thom Smith Oct 26 '19 at 16:47 • You should look up the Bekenstein bound, which is conclusive that no machine, much less human mind, could work with such large numbers. – R.. GitHub STOP HELPING ICE Oct 27 '19 at 1:01 • This answer is a bit silly, to be honest. Large numbers are actually so easy to understand that they have become a bit of a niche in popular mathematics, and there are countless Numberphile videos on them explaining them in very simple terms. – forest Oct 27 '19 at 1:24 • Even exceedingly large notations aren't that difficult to wrap your mind around. See this comment and this one where I was able to arrive at a fairly intuitive understanding of the ↑↑ operator (x↑↑y is "x raised to the power of itself" in a tower y times" just as "x↑y (or x^y) is x times itself y times") and was then able to rapidly convert between x↑↑y and 10^z. Took an hour or two. – Draco18s no longer trusts SE Oct 27 '19 at 4:23 Financial securities accounting. Please watch Limitless to see how this plays out. He can understand many different concepts very clearly and even piece them together, making him very wealthy in predicting stocks. But the drug he uses has negative consequences. • Also in that film she becomes so smart that she picks up a child and swings the child at the baddie, so the child's ice-skated slice through the baddie's neck and he dies. – Daron Oct 29 '19 at 0:17 # Category Theory Both Wikipedia and Quanta go into some detail. The basic idea of category theory is pretty accessible to any professional mathematician, but the details of it are not well-studied (especially "infinity categories"). However, it has applications in both foundations of mathematics as well as computer science, and is a little bit trendy in some circles. The Quanta article explains how major results from category theory are simply quoted at an almost mystical level by mathematicians without them bothering to learn the details. It's not so much that the math is beyond the skill of all but a few mathematicians. Rather, it is too much work and not everyone is interested in learning it, even though it may be relevant to their own work. But since it affects the fundamentals of math, it may be that in the future, it is considered required foundational knowledge. That's why some folks are working to make it more accessible to mathematicians across the spectrum. So, I would lean toward just looking at the research topics of any well known applied math organization and seeing what cool names you find. SIAM is pretty well known. https://www.siam.org/ Why applied math? I would think of math as part of the toolkit that scientists & engineers have. We all work in the frameworks we understand. If we want to over-simplify the process, the mathematicians are already way out in front cutting a path (with a framework made for path cutting) while the rest of us are using bits and pieces cobbled together by all their old frameworks. Stuff gets simplified as we pull it out of the mathematicians toolbox so that us normies can understand it. Ability to understand complexity seems to be as good a standin for intelligence as any. The translators from math to engineering/science need to understand the complexity on both sides to come up with a simplified bridge for the rest of us. In real life this is a group project, but maybe your super intelligent badasses can go it alone. IMO Control Theory is a good starting point. Also, not on the SIAM site, but Information Theory is at the intersection of a bunch of fields. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory And if you have to, I think this might be a slightly tropey trick, but you can always combine two fields if you are just name dropping. Applied geometric uncertainty quantification. Information theoretic imaging science. Numerical life science (although I'm sure that's a thing already). • I know enough statistics, differential geometry and information theory to be dangerous. Though they all require some affinity & work ethic none of them is hard enough to be reserved for cognitive elite. At high level the situation is probably different. – Epipihany Oct 25 '19 at 19:57 • I don't think fields that can only be worked in by the cognitive elite exist. They're sprinkled about randomly. IMO progress is the process of taking tasks that required genius and making them things that we can all do. Affinity & hard work put you in the elite. Lucky timing puts you into the history books. – Zwuwdz Oct 25 '19 at 20:20 The mark of a good mathematician is less what she can understand, more what she can explain. For example, Einstein was able to simplify the understanding of the entirety of energy and matter down to 5 symbols. Leibniz et al. simplified a huge amount of engineering and mathematics down to a single number. One of the most fundamental problems we have in AI is understanding that mathematical ability or IQ are not the same as intelligence. For example, my old TI-82 can calculate and plot just about any 2D function I can imagine. My PC can simulate a world down to individual photons in real time. But if I ask my PC to make a cup of tea, it can do absolutely nothing about it without a whole lot of engineering. Despite having the intellectual capacity of somewhere between an ant and a wasp, my PC is mathematically more competent than every human on the planet. This is because a good mathematician was able to explain complex mathematics in terms that even a computer can understand. To give an example - the average computer programmer is only expected to be able to comprehend up to 15 commands in one go. Many of the answers given have been about problem complexity. Most complex problems can and have been broken down from being exponentially complex, to linearly complex allowing mere mortals to comprehend them (see above). For example, the Travelling Salesman Problem. In pure mathematical ability, calculating this infeasible for any human or computer. To calculate how best to travel from one end of a city to another with only 10 streets (25 intersections) would take a billion lifetimes of the Universe to calculate. Yet a satnav can resolve this problem in real time as you miss a junction. So I would put forward Machine Intelligence. Being able to describe mathematically how to be an efficient self-learning system involves not only understanding a problem, but being able to simplify it in to a form that even a computer can calculate in linear time. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory • Satnavs do not resolve the traveling salesman problem, which is believed (but not known) to be infeasible - nothing guarantees that a satnav delivers the exact most optimal route 100% of the time. – Henry Towsner Oct 26 '19 at 14:50 • Very nice suggestion, though it strays a bit from mathematics into computer science (but then, what is theoretical CS but a bastard branch of mathematics? :) ). I have some problems though with your statement that my PC is mathematically more competent than every human on the planet; conceding that this is arguing terminology, I'd say that doing mathematics is something that we haven't been able to teach computers yet: I haven't seen a PC make a real advance in math, while I've seen plenty of humans do just that. Arithmetic, however, is something that we suck at and PC's win at. – tomsmeding Oct 26 '19 at 21:27 • Photons in ray tracing are not the photons from quantum electrodynamics. So the ability of PC to do real-time ray tracing is trivial compared to the ability to simulate propagation of true photons in real time. – Ruslan Oct 26 '19 at 21:30 • Satnavs solve the "visit this one city, minimizing travel time" problem, typically using Dijkstra's algorithm. The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is "visit those N cities in any order, minimizing total travel time." The "in any order" is trivial for N=1 (Dijkstra), and can be brute-forced for small N (for each permutation, perform Dijkstra for each leg), but causes the problems for large N as it quickly becomes too much to brute-force. – Sjoerd Oct 28 '19 at 22:51 Quantum cryptography algorithm proofs? Or, instead of math, how about some other branch of science or something that sounds like science to us dummies? Maybe it just has to "sound" good: • Physics on the the event horizon of a black hole. • Organic chemistry prior to the big bang. • Treatment of the brain damage and psychosis caused by faster-than-light travel. • "Organic chemistry prior to the big bang." What a novel idea. Very witty. Welcome to Worldbuilding, & have fun here. – a4android Oct 27 '19 at 22:18 One fascinating class of studies are non-associative algebras, such as loops. These are real buggers because (ab)c does not equal a(bc). That seems like a small issue, but when you are looking for an x such that a(b(c(d(e(f(gx)))))) is equal to some y, the inability to convert this to (abcdefg)x = y is a real nuisance, and its awkward: “Nonassociative things are strongly disliked by mathematicians,” said John Baez, a mathematical physicist at the University of California, Riverside, and a leading expert on the octonions. “Because while it’s very easy to imagine noncommutative situations — putting on shoes then socks is different from socks then shoes — it’s very difficult to think of a nonassociative situation.” If, instead of putting on socks then shoes, you first put your socks into your shoes, technically you should still then be able to put your feet into both and get the same result. “The parentheses feel artificial.” One of the ongoing attempts to develop a Grand Unified Theory in physics is seeking to use a Moufang loop known as the octonions. It's not a fore-runner, but its in the running. Progress is slowed because so many of the tools of mathematics just don't apply in non-associative scenarios. Indeed, when I did my own searches into what loops are used for, I came up virtually empty. The traditional approach is to simply consider an associative algebra and "embed" the non-associative algebra in it, and then focus mostly on the outer associative algebra. However, one interesting artifact that came up: knot theory. Conway famously studied knots by breaking them up into "tangles" -- knots always have the ends fuzed together like a loop, while tangles are cut open, like when one cuts a tangle out of a dog's fur. One of the interesting questions in knot theory is "are two knots equivalent," such as how a slip knot can capsize into a bowline. (it's one of the ways to make a bowline) As it turns out, the rules for manipulating these tangles form a loop -- a non-associative algebra. Who knows. Perhaps Cat's Cradle is actually PhD level material! I have a PhD as well and have really enjoyed reading this thread. I'm a little surprised, though, that no one has mentioned some of the basic possibilities I'm thinking of: Advanced Real Analysis; Advanced Complex Analysis; or any of the several branches of Advanced Statistical Theory, like Advanced Survival Analysis. Those are just some of the things that come to mind. Things like Fermat's last theorem and the many other things mentioned so far touch on these, but these hit the big general fields, any of which the children could study and demonstrate that they understand - to show that they are, indeed, super brilliant. Sarah Savant's notes were a cornerstone to many women in mathematics, albeit a select few. Sarah's accomplishments in quantum economic field theory (pretend with me, here) were second to none, and her notes were sought after by many. To the regular passerby, the notes were absolutely gibberish, and there was no man who could make sense of them. They were originally published online where they could be printed in PDF form, but nobody ever made sense of those old files. It was only one day when a very special mathematician got hold of Sarah's notes. It was Sarah's daughter, Susan. Susan could make sense of these obscure notes, and over the course of a month became the most advanced mathematician in the field of quantum economic field theory. Over many years, the notes were decoded by a select few mathematicians, all of which were woman. Why?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 5, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4951925575733185, "perplexity": 655.6533197122606}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141806.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217085334-20200217115334-00171.warc.gz"}
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/ipi.2008.2.167	American Institute of Mathematical Sciences May 2008, 2(2): 167-185. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2008.2.167 An efficient computational method for total variation-penalized Poisson likelihood estimation 1 Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59812, United States Received February 2007 Revised January 2008 Published April 2008 Approximating non-Gaussian noise processes with Gaussian models is standard in data analysis. This is due in large part to the fact that Gaussian models yield parameter estimation problems of least squares form, which have been extensively studied both from the theoretical and computational points of view. In image processing applications, for example, data is often collected by a CCD camera, in which case the noise is a Guassian/Poisson mixture with the Poisson noise dominating for a sufficiently strong signal. Even so, the standard approach in such cases is to use a Gaussian approximation that leads to a negative-log likelihood function of weighted least squares type. In the Bayesian point-of-view taken in this paper, a negative-log prior (or regularization) function is added to the negative-log likelihood function, and the resulting function is minimized. We focus on the case where the negative-log prior is the well-known total variation function and give a statistical interpretation. Regardless of whether the least squares or Poisson negative-log likelihood is used, the total variation term yields a minimization problem that is computationally challenging. The primary result of this work is the efficient computational method that is presented for the solution of such problems, together with its convergence analysis. With the computational method in hand, we then perform experiments that indicate that the Poisson negative-log likelihood yields a more computationally efficient method than does the use of the least squares function. We also present results that indicate that this may even be the case when the data noise is i.i.d. Gaussian, suggesting that regardless of noise statistics, using the Poisson negative-log likelihood can yield a more computationally tractable problem when total variation regularization is used. Citation: Johnathan M. Bardsley. An efficient computational method for total variation-penalized Poisson likelihood estimation. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2008, 2 (2) : 167-185. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2008.2.167 References: [1] D. P. Bertsekas, On the Goldstein-Levitin-Poljak gradient projection method,, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 21 (1976), 174. doi: 10.1109/TAC.1976.1101194. [2] Johnathan M. Bardsley and James G. Nagy, Covariance-preconditioned iterative methods for nonnegatively constrained astronomical imaging,, SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 27 (2006), 1184. doi: 10.1137/040615043. [3] J. M. Bardsley and C. R. Vogel, A nonnnegatively constrained convex programming method for image reconstruction,, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 25 (2004), 1326. doi: 10.1137/S1064827502410451. [4] Johnathan M. Bardsley and Aaron Luttman, Total variation-penalized Poisson likelihood estimation for ill-posed problems,, accepted, (2006). [5] P. H. Calamai and J. J. Moré, Projected gradient methods for linearly constrained problems,, Mathematical Programming, 39 (1987), 93. doi: 10.1007/BF02592073. [6] D. Calvetti, G. Landi, L. Reichel and S. Sgallari, Non-negativity and iterative methods for ill-posed problems,, Inverse Problems, 20 (2004), 1747. doi: 10.1088/0266-5611/20/6/003. [7] Daniela Calvetti and Erkki Somersalo, A Gaussian hypermodel for recovering blocky objects,, Inverse Problems, 23 (2007), 733. doi: 10.1088/0266-5611/23/2/016. [8] Torbjørn Eltoft and Taesu Kim, On the multivariate Laplace distribution,, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 13 (2006), 300. doi: 10.1109/LSP.2006.870353. [9] J. W. Goodman, "Introduction to Fourier Optics,", 2nd Edition, (1996). [10] M. Green, Statistics of images, the TV algorithm of Rudin-Osher-Fatemi for image denoising, and an improved denoising algorithm,, CAM Report 02-55, (2002), 02. [11] Jinggang Huang and David Mumford, Statistics of natural images and models,, in, (1999), 541. [12] Jari Kaipio and Erkki Somersalo, "Satistical and Computational Inverse Problems,", Applied Mathematical Sciences, (2005). [13] C. T. Kelley, "Iterative Methods for Optimization,", Frontiers in Applied Mathematics, (1999). [14] J. J. Moré and G. Toraldo, On the solution of large quadratic programming problems with bound constraints,, SIAM Journal on Optimization, 1 (1991), 93. doi: 10.1137/0801008. [15] J. Nagy and Z. Strakoš, Enforcing nonnegativity in image reconstruction algorithms,, Mathematical Modeling, 4121 (2000), 182. [16] J. Nocedal and S. Wright, "Numerical Optimization,", Series in Operations Research. Springer-Verlag, (1999). doi: 10.1007/b98874. [17] R. T. Rockafellar, "Convex Analysis,", Princeton University Press, (1970). [18] L. I. Rudin, S. Osher and E. Fatemi, Nonlinear total variation based noise removal algorithms,, Physica D, 60 (1992), 259. doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(92)90242-F. [19] D. L. Snyder, A. M. Hammoud and R. L. White, Image recovery from data acquired with a charge-coupled-device camera,, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10 (1993), 1014. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.10.001014. [20] C. R. Vogel, Computational methods for inverse problems,, With a foreword by H. T. Banks. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics, (2002). [21] C. R. Vogel and M. E. Oman, Fast, robust total variation-based reconstruction of noisy, blurred images,, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 7 (1998), 813. doi: 10.1109/83.679423. show all references References: [1] D. P. Bertsekas, On the Goldstein-Levitin-Poljak gradient projection method,, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 21 (1976), 174. doi: 10.1109/TAC.1976.1101194. [2] Johnathan M. Bardsley and James G. Nagy, Covariance-preconditioned iterative methods for nonnegatively constrained astronomical imaging,, SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 27 (2006), 1184. doi: 10.1137/040615043. [3] J. M. Bardsley and C. R. Vogel, A nonnnegatively constrained convex programming method for image reconstruction,, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 25 (2004), 1326. doi: 10.1137/S1064827502410451. [4] Johnathan M. Bardsley and Aaron Luttman, Total variation-penalized Poisson likelihood estimation for ill-posed problems,, accepted, (2006). [5] P. H. Calamai and J. J. Moré, Projected gradient methods for linearly constrained problems,, Mathematical Programming, 39 (1987), 93. doi: 10.1007/BF02592073. [6] D. Calvetti, G. Landi, L. Reichel and S. Sgallari, Non-negativity and iterative methods for ill-posed problems,, Inverse Problems, 20 (2004), 1747. doi: 10.1088/0266-5611/20/6/003. [7] Daniela Calvetti and Erkki Somersalo, A Gaussian hypermodel for recovering blocky objects,, Inverse Problems, 23 (2007), 733. doi: 10.1088/0266-5611/23/2/016. [8] Torbjørn Eltoft and Taesu Kim, On the multivariate Laplace distribution,, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 13 (2006), 300. doi: 10.1109/LSP.2006.870353. [9] J. W. Goodman, "Introduction to Fourier Optics,", 2nd Edition, (1996). [10] M. Green, Statistics of images, the TV algorithm of Rudin-Osher-Fatemi for image denoising, and an improved denoising algorithm,, CAM Report 02-55, (2002), 02. [11] Jinggang Huang and David Mumford, Statistics of natural images and models,, in, (1999), 541. [12] Jari Kaipio and Erkki Somersalo, "Satistical and Computational Inverse Problems,", Applied Mathematical Sciences, (2005). [13] C. T. Kelley, "Iterative Methods for Optimization,", Frontiers in Applied Mathematics, (1999). [14] J. J. Moré and G. Toraldo, On the solution of large quadratic programming problems with bound constraints,, SIAM Journal on Optimization, 1 (1991), 93. doi: 10.1137/0801008. [15] J. Nagy and Z. Strakoš, Enforcing nonnegativity in image reconstruction algorithms,, Mathematical Modeling, 4121 (2000), 182. [16] J. Nocedal and S. Wright, "Numerical Optimization,", Series in Operations Research. Springer-Verlag, (1999). doi: 10.1007/b98874. [17] R. T. Rockafellar, "Convex Analysis,", Princeton University Press, (1970). [18] L. I. Rudin, S. Osher and E. Fatemi, Nonlinear total variation based noise removal algorithms,, Physica D, 60 (1992), 259. doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(92)90242-F. [19] D. L. Snyder, A. M. Hammoud and R. L. White, Image recovery from data acquired with a charge-coupled-device camera,, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10 (1993), 1014. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.10.001014. [20] C. R. Vogel, Computational methods for inverse problems,, With a foreword by H. T. Banks. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics, (2002). [21] C. R. Vogel and M. E. Oman, Fast, robust total variation-based reconstruction of noisy, blurred images,, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 7 (1998), 813. doi: 10.1109/83.679423. [1] Yunhai Xiao, Junfeng Yang, Xiaoming Yuan. Alternating algorithms for total variation image reconstruction from random projections. 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Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2018, 12 (5) : 1199-1217. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018050 2017 Impact Factor: 1.465 Metrics • PDF downloads (6) • HTML views (0) • Cited by (17) Other articlesby authors • on AIMS • on Google Scholar [Back to Top]	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7370131015777588, "perplexity": 6984.98165379586}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998755.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618143417-20190618165417-00249.warc.gz"}
https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghc/latest/docs/html/libraries/Cabal-2.2.0.1/Distribution-Simple-Program-Run.html	Cabal-2.2.0.1: A framework for packaging Haskell software Distribution.Simple.Program.Run Description This module provides a data type for program invocations and functions to run them. Synopsis # Documentation Represents a specific invocation of a specific program. This is used as an intermediate type between deciding how to call a program and actually doing it. This provides the opportunity to the caller to adjust how the program will be called. These invocations can either be run directly or turned into shell or batch scripts. Constructors ProgramInvocation Fields Constructors IOEncodingText IOEncodingUTF8 Like the unix xargs program. Useful for when we've got very long command lines that might overflow an OS limit on command line length and so you need to invoke a command multiple times to get all the args in. It takes four template invocations corresponding to the simple, initial, middle and last invocations. If the number of args given is small enough that we can get away with just a single invocation then the simple one is used: $simple args If the number of args given means that we need to use multiple invocations then the templates for the initial, middle and last invocations are used: $ initial args_0 $middle args_1$ middle args_2 ... \$ final args_n Return the current environment extended with the given overrides. If an entry is specified twice in overrides, the second entry takes precedence.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.31341037154197693, "perplexity": 2572.8043563353062}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867095.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624215228-20180624235228-00310.warc.gz"}
https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/443	## Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2018/443 Quantum Multi-Key Homomorphic Encryption for Polynomial-Sized Circuits Rishab Goyal Abstract: Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a powerful notion of encryption which allows data to be encrypted in such a way that anyone can perform arbitrary computations over the encrypted data without decryption or knowledge of the secret key. Traditionally, FHE only allows for computations over data encrypted under a single public key. Lopez-Alt et al. (STOC 2012) introduced a new notion of FHE, called multi-key FHE (MFHE), which permits joint computations over data encrypted under multiple independently-generated (unrelated) keys such that any evaluated ciphertext could be (jointly) decrypted by the parties involved in the computation. Such MFHE schemes could be readily used to delegate computation to cloud securely. Recently a number of works have studied the problem of constructing quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE) which is to perform quantum computations over encrypted quantum data. In this work we initiate the study of quantum multi-key homomorphic encryption (QMHE) and obtain the following results: 1) We formally define the notion of quantum multi-key homomorphic encryption and construct such schemes from their classical counterpart. Building on the framework of Broadbent and Jeffery (Crypto 2015) and Dulek et al. (Crypto 2016), we show that any classical multi-key leveled homomorphic encryption can be used to build a quantum multi-key leveled homomorphic encryption if we also have certain suitable error-correcting quantum gadgets. The length of the evaluation key grows linearly with the number of $T$-gates in the quantum circuit, thereby giving us a quantum multi-key leveled homomorphic encryption for circuits with polynomial but bounded number of $T$-gates. 2) To enable a generic transformation from any classical multi-key scheme, we introduce and construct a new cryptographic primitive which we call conditional oblivious quantum transform (COQT). A COQT is a distributed non-interactive encoding scheme that captures the essence of error-correcting gadgets required for quantum homomorphic encryption in the multi-key setting. We then build COQTs themselves from any classical multi-key leveled homomorphic encryption with $\boldsymbol{\mathrm{NC}}^1$ decryption. We believe that COQTs might be an object of independent interest. 3) We also show that our quantum multi-key homomorphic encryption schemes support distributed decryption of multi-key ciphertexts as well as allows ciphertext re-randomizability (thereby achieves quantum circuit privacy) if the underlying classical scheme also supports distributed decryption and satisfies classical circuit privacy. We show usefulness of distributed decryption and ciphertext re-randomizability for QMHE by providing efficient templates for building multi-party delegated/server-assisted quantum computation protocols from QMHE. Additionally, due to our generic transformation, our quantum multi-key HE scheme inherits various features of the underlying classical scheme such as: identity/attribute-based, multi-hop, etc. Category / Keywords: public-key cryptography / quantum encryption, homomorphic encryption, multi-key Date: received 9 May 2018, last revised 14 May 2018 Contact author: rgoyal at cs utexas edu Available format(s): PDF \| BibTeX Citation Short URL: ia.cr/2018/443 [ Cryptology ePrint archive ]	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7038089632987976, "perplexity": 4134.913837984481}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867173.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525180646-20180525200646-00293.warc.gz"}
http://dlmf.nist.gov/21.2	§21.2 Definitions §21.2(i) Riemann Theta Functions 21.2.1 This -tuple Fourier series converges absolutely and uniformly on compact sets of the and spaces; hence is an analytic function of (each element of) and (each element of) . is also referred to as a theta function with components, a -dimensional theta function or as a genus theta function. For numerical purposes we use the scaled Riemann theta function , defined by (Deconinck et al. (2004)), 21.2.2 is a bounded nonanalytic function of . Many applications involve quotients of Riemann theta functions: the exponential factor then disappears. See also §21.10(i). §21.2(ii) Riemann Theta Functions with Characteristics Let . Define This function is referred to as a Riemann theta function with characteristics . It is a translation of the Riemann theta function (21.2.1), multiplied by an exponential factor: and Characteristics whose elements are either 0 or are called half-period characteristics. For given , there are -dimensional Riemann theta functions with half-period characteristics.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9894537925720215, "perplexity": 1066.855625159066}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164038538/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133358-00022-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://cleantechlaw.com/2021/01/rhode-island-report-100-renewable-energy-by-2030-possible/	# Blog ### Rhode Island Report: 100% Renewable Energy by 2030 Possible Achieving Rhode Island’s goal of using 100% renewable energy by 2030 is possible, a state report said, but it will require the ongoing construction of renewable energy projects as transportation and heating transition to electric power. The report released Wednesday from the state’s Office of Energy Resources was produced by The Brattle Group. The consulting firm described the production capacity needed and the estimated costs required to reach the ambitious clean energy goal. Gov. Gina Raimondo signed an executive order last year making 2030 the target date for the state to completely transition to renewable energy sources. It directed the state to study and develop ways to achieve that goal, the state’s Office of Energy Resources said in a statement. The state’s Renewable Energy Standard actually sets standards for the percentage of renewable energy supplied in the state, the Providence Journal reported. An offshore wind farm that is waiting for federal approval would provide a large portion of the required clean energy, and another proposed offshore windfarm would make up another major portion, the newspaper reported. The remaining clean energy production would come from various solar installations and the purchase of renewable energy certificates. Source	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.883626401424408, "perplexity": 2561.609224033352}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710698.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129132340-20221129162340-00072.warc.gz"}
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/108838/reaction-between-naoh-and-carbonic-acid	# Reaction between NaOH and Carbonic acid I was presented with the following reaction when we were just learning about acids and bases: $$\ce{2NaOH + H2CO3 -> H2O + Na2CO3}$$ however I had thought it might've been something like $$\ce{NaOH + H2CO3 -> H2O + NaHCO3}$$ They both seem to fit the notion of a neutralization reaction creating a salt so how do I know that the first one is correct? The second reaction looks fine to me (is it that bicarbonate is too reactive?) and more intuitive as the carbonic acid just gives a proton away ending up as an ion to bond with $$Na$$, so how do I distinguish between these kind of cases? You're right, both of these reactions take place. In aqueous solution, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid exist together in a dynamic equilibrium. Now, the answer to the question depends on context. If you're asked to do this reaction in a mildly acidic/weakly basic medium, then the answer would be the bicarbonate, while in a strongly basic medium, the answer would be the carbonate. This $$\ce{pH}$$ dependent equilibrium between carbonate and bicarbonate is one of the ways in which the blood $$\ce{pH}$$, and the $$\ce{pH}$$ of the mouth is maintained. It also helps aquatic life to survive in ocean waters. (Also see urea cycle and carbon cycle) • @ AbhigyanC What about $\pu{pH}$ at the second equivalence point, more or less than 7? – Adnan AL-Amleh Jan 31 '19 at 15:35 • @AdnanAL-Amleh $\ce{pK_{a1}}$ and $\ce{pK_{a2}}$ of carbonic acid are $4.5\times10^{-7}$ and $4.7\times10^{-11}$, respectively. So it happens at $\ce{pH}=8.34$, using the formula for pH of a amphiprotic anion is the average of the two pK values. See chembuddy.com/… – Abhigyan Chattopadhyay Jan 31 '19 at 15:44	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 6, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8685757517814636, "perplexity": 894.1611374901646}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250616186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124070934-20200124095934-00007.warc.gz"}
http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/108057/	# Identification techniques for highly boosted W bosons that decay into hadrons CMS Collaboration; Canelli, M F; Chiochia, V; Kilminster, B; Robmann, P; et al (2014). Identification techniques for highly boosted W bosons that decay into hadrons. Journal of High Energy Physics:017. ## Abstract In searches for new physics in the energy regime of the LHC, it is becoming increasingly important to distinguish single-jet objects that originate from the merging of the decay products of W bosons produced with high transverse momenta from jets initiated by single partons. Algorithms are defined to identify such W jets for different signals of interest, using techniques that are also applicable to other decays of bosons to hadrons that result in a single jet, such as those from highly boosted Z and Higgs bosons. The efficiency for tagging W jets is measured in data collected with the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1. The performance of W tagging in data is compared with predictions from several Monte Carlo simulators. ## Abstract In searches for new physics in the energy regime of the LHC, it is becoming increasingly important to distinguish single-jet objects that originate from the merging of the decay products of W bosons produced with high transverse momenta from jets initiated by single partons. Algorithms are defined to identify such W jets for different signals of interest, using techniques that are also applicable to other decays of bosons to hadrons that result in a single jet, such as those from highly boosted Z and Higgs bosons. The efficiency for tagging W jets is measured in data collected with the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1. The performance of W tagging in data is compared with predictions from several Monte Carlo simulators. ## Statistics ### Citations 8 citations in Web of Science® 12 citations in Scopus® ### Altmetrics Detailed statistics Item Type: Journal Article, refereed, original work 07 Faculty of Science > Physics Institute 530 Physics English 2014 24 Feb 2015 11:42 08 Dec 2017 11:45 Springer 1029-8479 Publisher DOI. An embargo period may apply. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2014)017	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9234069585800171, "perplexity": 1646.3449264387896}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889325.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120043530-20180120063530-00070.warc.gz"}
https://almostsure.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/continuous-local-martingales/	# Almost Sure ## 1 April 10 ### Continuous Local Martingales Continuous local martingales are a particularly well behaved subset of the class of all local martingales, and the results of the previous two posts become much simpler in this case. First, the continuous local martingale property is always preserved by stochastic integration. Theorem 1 If X is a continuous local martingale and ${\xi}$ is X-integrable, then ${\int\xi\,dX}$ is a continuous local martingale. Proof: As X is continuous, ${Y\equiv\int\xi\,dX}$ will also be continuous and, therefore, locally bounded. Then, by preservation of the local martingale property, Y is a local martingale. ⬜ Next, the quadratic variation of a continuous local martingale X provides us with a necessary and sufficient condition for X-integrability. Theorem 2 Let X be a continuous local martingale. Then, a predictable process ${\xi}$ is X-integrable if and only if $\displaystyle \int_0^t\xi^2\,d[X]<\infty$ for all ${t>0}$. Proof: If ${\xi}$ is X-integrable then the quadratic variation ${V_t\equiv\int_0^t\xi^2\,d[X]}$ is finite. Conversely, suppose that V is finite at all times. As X and, therefore, [X] are continuous, V will be continuous. So, it is locally bounded and as previously shown, ${\xi}$ is X-integrable. ⬜ In particular, for a Brownian motion B, a predictable process ${\xi}$ is B-integrable if and only if, almost surely, $\displaystyle \int_0^t\xi^2_s\,ds<\infty$ for all ${t>0}$. Then, ${\int\xi\,dB}$ is a continuous local martingale. Quadratic variations also provide us with information about the sample paths of continuous local martingales. Theorem 3 Let X be a continuous local martingale. Then, • X is constant on the same intervals for which [X] is constant. • X has infinite variation over all intervals on which [X] is non-constant. Proof: Consider a bounded interval (s,t) for any ${s, and set ${t^n_k=s+(t-s)k/n}$ for k=0,1,…,n. By the definition of quadratic variation, using convergence in probability, $\displaystyle [X]_t-[X]_s=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum_{k=1}^n(X_{t^n_k}-X_{t^n_{k-1}})^2 \le \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}V\max _{k=1,...,n}\vert X_{t^n_k}-X_{t^n_{k-1}}\vert$ where V is the variation of X over the interval (s,t). By continuity, ${\vert X_{t^n_k}-X_{t^n_{k-1}}\vert}$ tends uniformly to zero as n goes to infinity, so ${[X]_t=[X]_s}$ and [X] is constant over (s,t) whenever the variation V is finite. This proves the second statement of the theorem, which also implies that [X] is constant on all intervals for which X is constant. It only remains to show that ${X_t=X_s}$ whenever ${[X]_t=[X]_s}$. Applying this also to the countable set of rational times u in (s,t) will then show that X is constant on this interval whenever [X] is. The process ${Y_u\equiv X_u-X_{u\wedge s}}$ is a local martingale constant up until s, with quadratic variation ${[Y]_u=[X]_u-[X]_s}$ for ${u\ge s}$. Then ${\tau=\inf\{u\colon [ Y]>0\}}$ is a stopping time with respect to the right-continuous filtration ${\mathcal{F}_{\cdot+}}$ and, by stopping, ${Y^{\tau}}$ is a local martingale with zero quadratic variation ${[Y^\tau]=[Y]^\tau=0}$. Then, as previously shown, ${Y^2=Y^2-[Y]}$ is a martingale and, therefore, ${{\mathbb E}[Y_t^2]=0}$. This shows that ${X_{t\wedge\tau}=X_s}$ almost surely. Finally, on the set ${[X]_t=[X]_s}$, we have ${\tau\ge t}$ and, hence, ${X_t=X_{t\wedge\tau}=X_s}$. ⬜ Theorem 3 has the following immediate consequence. Corollary 4 Any continuous FV local martingale is constant. Proof: By the second statement of Theorem 3, the quadratic variation [X] is constant. Then, by the first statement, X is constant. ⬜ The quadratic covariation also tells us exactly when X converges at infinity. Theorem 5 Let X be a continuous local martingale. Then, with probability one, the following both hold. • ${X_\infty=\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}X_t}$ exists and is finite whenever ${[X]_\infty<\infty}$. • ${\limsup_{t\rightarrow\infty}X_t=\infty}$ and ${\liminf_{t\rightarrow\infty}X_t=-\infty}$ whenever ${[X]_\infty=\infty}$. Proof: By martingale convergence, with probability one either ${X_\infty}$ exists and is finite or ${\limsup_{t\rightarrow\infty}X_t}$ and ${\limsup_{t\rightarrow\infty}(-X_t)}$ are both infinite. It just remains to be shown that, with probability one, ${X_\infty}$ exists if and only if ${[X]_\infty}$ is finite.. Let ${\tau_n=\inf\{t\colon [X]_t\ge n\}}$. Then, ${X^{\tau_n}}$ is a local martingale with quadratic variation ${[X^{\tau_n}]=[X]^{\tau_n}}$ bounded by n. So, ${{\mathbb E}[(X^{\tau_n}_t)^2]\le n}$ and ${X^{\tau_n}}$ is an ${L^2}$-bounded martingale which, therefore, almost surely converges at infinity. In particular, on the set $\displaystyle \left\{[X]_\infty we have ${X_\infty=\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}X_t=\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}X^{\tau_n}_t}$ outside of a set of zero probability. Therefore, ${X_\infty}$ almost surely exists on $\displaystyle \left\{[X]_\infty<\infty\right\}=\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty\left\{[X]_\infty For the converse statement, set ${\tau_n=\inf\{t\colon\vert X_t\vert\ge n\}}$. Then, ${X^{\tau_n}}$ is a local martingale bounded by n and ${{\mathbb E}[[X]_{\tau_n}]={\mathbb E}[X_{\tau_n}^2]\le n^2}$. Hence, ${[X]_{\tau_n}}$ is almost surely finite and ${[X]_\infty}$ is finite on the set $\displaystyle \left\{\sup_t\vert X_t\vert outside of a set of zero probability. Therefore, ${[X]_\infty}$ is almost surely finite on the set $\displaystyle \left\{X_\infty{\rm\ exists}\right\}\subseteq\left\{\sup_t\vert X_t\vert<\infty\right\}=\bigcup_n\left\{\sup_t\vert X_t\vert Theorems 3 and 5 are easily understood once it is known that all local martingales are random time-changes of standard Brownian motion, as will be covered in a later post. The topology of uniform convergence on compacts in probability (ucp convergence) was introduced in a previous post, along with the stronger semimartingale topology. On the space of continuous local martingales, these two topologies are actually equivalent, and can be expressed in terms of the quadratic variation. Recalling that semimartingale convergence implies ucp convergence and that quadratic variation is a continuous map under the semimartingale topology, it is immediate that the first and third statements below follow from the second. However, the other implications are specific to continuous local martingales. Lemma 6 Let ${\{M^n\}_{n\in{\mathbb N}}}$ and M be continuous local martingales. Then, as n goes to infinity, the following are equivalent. 1. ${M^n}$ converges ucp to M. 2. ${M^n}$ converges to M in the semimartingale topology. 3. ${(M^n_0-M_0)^2+[M^n-M]_t\rightarrow0}$ in probability, for each ${t\ge0}$. Proof: As semimartingale convergence implies ucp convergence, the first statement follows immediately from the second. So, suppose that ${M^n\xrightarrow{\rm ucp}M}$. Write ${N^n\equiv M^n-M}$ and let ${\tau_n}$ be the first time at which ${\vert N^n-N^n_0\vert\ge1}$. Ucp convergence implies that ${\tau_n}$ tends to infinity in probability, so to prove the third statement it is enough to show that ${[N^n]_{\tau_n\wedge t}}$ tends to zero in probability. By continuity, the stopped process ${(N^n-N^n_0)^{\tau_n}}$ is uniformly bounded by 1, so is a square integrable martingale, and Ito’s isometry gives $\displaystyle \displaystyle{\mathbb E}\left[[N^n]_{\tau_n\wedge t}\right]={\mathbb E}\left[(N^n_{\tau_n\wedge t}-N^n_0)^2\right]\rightarrow0$ as n goes to infinity. The limit here follows from the fact that ${N^n_{\tau_n\wedge t}-N^n_0}$ is bounded by 1 and tends to zero in probability. So, we have shown that ${N^n_{\tau_n\wedge t}}$ tends to zero in the ${L^2}$ norm and, hence, in probability. Now suppose that the third statement holds. This immmediately gives ${N^n_0\rightarrow0}$ in probability. Letting ${\tau_n}$ be the first time at which ${[N^n]\ge1}$ and ${\vert\xi^n\vert\le1}$ be elementary predictable processes, Ito’s isometry gives $\displaystyle \setlength\arraycolsep{2pt} \begin{array}{rl} \displaystyle{\mathbb E}\left[\left(\int_0^{\tau_n\wedge t}\xi^n\,dN^n\right)^2\right] &\displaystyle\le{\mathbb E}\left[\int_0^{\tau_n\wedge t}(\xi^n)^2\,d[N^n]\right]\smallskip\\ &\displaystyle\le{\mathbb E}\left[[N^n]_{\tau_n\wedge t}\right]\smallskip\\ &\displaystyle\le{\mathbb E}\left[[N^n]_t\wedge1\right] \rightarrow0. \end{array}$ So, in particular, ${\int_0^{\tau_n\wedge t}\xi^n\,dN^n\rightarrow0}$ in probability. Finally, as ${\tau_n > t}$ whenever ${[N^n]_t < 1}$, which has probability one in the limit ${n\rightarrow\infty}$, this shows that ${\int_0^t\xi^n\,dN^n}$ tends to zero in probability and ${N^n}$ tends to zero in the semimartingale topology. ⬜ Applying the previous result to stochastic integrals with respect to a continuous local martingale gives a particularly strong extension of the dominated convergence theorem in this case. Note that this reduces convergence of the stochastic integral to convergence in probability of Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals with respect to ${[X]}$. Theorem 7 Let X be a continuous local martingale and ${\{\xi^n\}_{n\in{\mathbb N}}}$, ${\xi}$ be X-integrable processes. Then, the following are equivalent. 1. ${\int\xi^n\,dX}$ converges ucp to ${\int\xi\,dX}$. 2. ${\int\xi^n\,dX}$ converges to ${\int\xi\,dX}$ in the semimartingale topology. 3. ${\int_0^t(\xi^n-\xi)^2\,d[X]\rightarrow0}$ in probability, for each ${t\ge0}$. Proof: This follows from applying Lemma 6 to the continuous local martingales ${M^n=\int\xi^n\,dX}$ and ${M=\int\xi\,dX}$. ⬜ Theorem 7 also provides an alternative route to constructing the stochastic integral with respect to continuous local martingales. Although, in these notes, we first proved that continuous local martingales are semimartingales and used this to imply the existence of the quadratic variation, it is possible to construct the quadratic variation more directly. Once this is done, the space ${L^1(X)}$ of X-integrable processes can be defined to be the predictable processes ${\xi}$ such that ${\int_0^t\xi^2\,d[X]}$ is almost surely finite for all times t. Define the topology on ${L^1(X)}$ so that ${\xi^n\rightarrow\xi}$ if and only if ${\int_0^t(\xi^n-\xi)^2\,d[X]\rightarrow0}$ in probability as ${n\rightarrow\infty}$ for each t, and use ucp convergence for the topology on the integrals ${\int\xi\,dX}$. Then, Theorem 7 says that ${\xi\mapsto\int\xi\,dX}$ is the unique continuous extension from the elementary integrands to all of ${L^1(X)}$. 1. Hi, nice blog! In Theorem 5, what do you mean by [X]_{\infty} < \infty. That the quadratic variation is uniformly bounded by a constant C? Otherwise your arguments would probably not work? If [X] would only be a.s. finite, then an "n" such that [X] \leq n a.s. would not exist (example: normal random variable takes on only finite values and is therefore a.s. finite but there is no upper bound to the values it takes)… Is that the way to understand your statement? Cheers Chris Comment by Chris — 12 April 10 @ 8:54 PM • No, all that matters is that [X]_\infty < n for some n. n is not fixed, so uniform boundedness is not needed. You don't even need [X]_\infty to be almost surely finite. Even if it is only finite on a set of probability p < 1, X will converge on that set (up to a zero probability set). Comment by George Lowther — 12 April 10 @ 9:38 PM 2. Ok, still not sure whether I can follow you. When [X]_\infty < n for some n and this holds for all \omega in the sample space then it is uniformly bounded by a constant. When you mean [X]_\infty(\omega) < n(\omega), that is for every element \omega in the sample space you find an n such that [X]_\infty is bounded by n on that given \omega only then the subsequent estimate E[(X^{\tau_n}_t)^2] \leq n does not hold anymore. That estimate would only hold if you have on the right of the estimate something like the ess sup n(\omega), so basically the essential supremum of n over all elements in the sample space. However nothing gurantees you, that this supremum even exists…. Comment by Chris — 13 April 10 @ 12:01 PM 3. I think you’re still misunderstanding my argument. There is no need to be thinking about essential supremums. I’ll try modifying the argument and proof to make it clearer. I’m not able to do this right now as I’m away from my computer (just replying by mobile). Hopefully will have time later tonight. For now, the theorem could be stated more precisely as follows. $\displaystyle A=\{\omega\in\Omega: [X]_\infty(\omega) < \infty \}$ then, outside of a set of probability zero, $X_\infty =lim_{t\rightarrow\infty} X_t$ exists and is finite on A, $\limsup_{t\rightarrow\infty} X_t=\infty$ and $\liminf_{t\to\infty} X_t=-\infty$ outside of A. Comment by George Lowther — 13 April 10 @ 2:10 PM 4. Hey, a lot clearer now thanks…. Comment by Chris — 17 April 10 @ 11:12 AM 5. Update: I have added a couple of extra results to this post. Lemma 6 shows that ucp convergence, semimartingale convergence and convergence in probability of quadratic variations all coincide. Theorem 7 uses this to give a much stronger version of the dominated convergence theorem for continuous local martingales. Comment by George Lowther — 13 May 11 @ 11:39 PM 6. Hi George, I have been looking for an answer to the following question on continuous local martingales: Can one construct a non-zero (in sense of having P>0 of being nonzero) continuous local martingale which is identically equal to $0$ P-a.e. at a fixed time $T$? It has to do with an option hedging problem I am working on. Tigran Comment by Anonymous — 28 May 12 @ 9:27 AM 7. […] with respect to $M$, iff $mathbb{E}left[int_0^t frac{1}{X^2_s}d[M]_sright]0$ (see e.g. Thm 2 in https://almostsure.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/continuous-local-martingales/). Taking e.g. $M_t$ as Brownian motion we have $[M]_t = t$. Now it is known that the second inverse […] Pingback by Integrating the inverse of a squared bessel process - integrability - MathHub — 4 April 16 @ 1:45 PM 8. Why is the quadratic variation of the stopped process Y^\tau zero? Comment by Anonymous — 6 October 16 @ 8:54 PM • in the proof of theorem 3 Comment by Anonymous — 6 October 16 @ 8:54 PM • At least, there is an index missing in the definition of \tau. Comment by Anonymous — 8 October 16 @ 4:21 PM • Right. It should be $[Y]_u$. I’ll correct the the post in a moment. Thanks Comment by George Lowther — 8 October 16 @ 4:29 PM Blog at WordPress.com.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 114, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9007634520530701, "perplexity": 2587.1582385236734}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121216.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00530-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://jgaa.info/getPaper?id=457	Special Issue on Graph Drawing Beyond Planarity Parameterized Complexity of 1-Planarity Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 23-49, 2018. Regular paper. Abstract We consider the problem of drawing graphs with at most one crossing per edge. These drawings, and the graphs that can be drawn in this way, are called $1$-planar. Finding $1$-planar drawings is known to be ${\mathsf{NP}}$-hard, but we prove that it is fixed-parameter tractable with respect to the vertex cover number, tree-depth, and cyclomatic number. Special cases of these algorithms provide polynomial-time recognition algorithms for $1$-planar split graphs and $1$-planar cographs. However, recognizing $1$-planar graphs remains ${\mathsf{NP}}$-complete for graphs of bounded bandwidth, pathwidth, or treewidth. Submitted: May 2017. Reviewed: September 2017. Revised: October 2017. Accepted: October 2017. Final: October 2017. Published: January 2018. Communicated by Michael A. Bekos, Michael Kaufmann, and Fabrizio Montecchiani article (PDF) BibTeX	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8254417181015015, "perplexity": 1808.486003409166}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999838.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625132645-20190625154645-00028.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/information-and-qm.266776/	Information and QM 1. Oct 24, 2008 sirchasm I've been trying to extend Shannon's ideas of classical information to QM, and the way information (as events that we measure) evolves, as it were. Obviously to get information, you have to do work, which is (at least) equivalent to the entropy of the information that's projected, or determined. For a 'bit' of information this entropy is = $$k_B ln(2)$$. Which effectively is the separation of a pure state from a mixed state, in entropy-per-bit terms. Information in the Shannon model is a result of communication, so surely it's ok to say the mixed state evolves to a pure state, the same way a signal translates or is communicated? In fact it's ok to say a measurement is a computation, or a projection of information (in some dimension)? So QM systems compute this result, when we 'do the work' of getting the "comms channel" to transmit something in our direction? This is the informational approach - everything that constitutes information is the result of a communication/computation. Is this pseudoscientific? Can you offer guidance or do you also need help? Draft saved Draft deleted Similar Discussions: Information and QM	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7792224287986755, "perplexity": 1527.788102292188}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687447.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920194628-20170920214628-00688.warc.gz"}
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/28891/gravimagnetic-monopole-and-general-relativity	Gravimagnetic monopole and General relativity Review and hystorical background: Gravitomagnetism (GM), refers to a set of formal analogies between Maxwell's field equations and an approximation, valid under certain conditions, to the Einstein field equations for general relativity. The most common version of GM is valid only far from isolated sources, and for slowly moving test particles. The GM equations coincide with equations which were first published in 1893, before general relativity, by Oliver Heaviside as a separate theory expanding Newton's law: $\nabla \cdot \vec G = -4\pi\gamma\rho$ $\nabla \cdot \vec \Omega = 0$ $\nabla \times \vec G = - \dfrac{\partial \vec \Omega}{\partial t}$ $\nabla \times \vec \Omega = -\dfrac{4\pi\gamma}{c^2} \vec J + \dfrac{1}{c^2} \dfrac{\partial \vec G}{\partial t}$ $\vec G$ is gravitational field strength or gravitational acceleration, also called gravielectric for the sake of analogy; $\vec\Omega$ is intensity of torsion field or simply torsion, also called gravitomagnetic field; $\vec J$ is mass current density; $\gamma$ is gravitational constant. Magnetic monopole and Maxwell's field equations: It is known that the Maxwell's field equations have some asymmetry, in the absence of a magnetic monopole, although formally we can say that the problem can be solved theoretically (PAM Dirac and other works). $\nabla \cdot \vec E = \dfrac{1}{\epsilon_0}\rho_e$ $\nabla \cdot \vec B = \mu_0 c \cdot g_m$, $g_m$ - magnetic monopole charge dencity. $\nabla \times \vec E = \mu_0 J_{mag} - \dfrac{\partial \vec B}{\partial t}$, $J_{mag}$ - magnetic charge current $\nabla \times \vec B = -\dfrac{1}{c^2 \epsilon_0} \vec J_{el} + \dfrac{1}{c^2} \dfrac{\partial \vec E}{\partial t}$, $J_{el}$ - electric charge current General relativity and gravitomagnetic monopole: Formally, a massive body in the linearized general relativity, is the gravielectric charge. Now there is another interesting issue associated with the hypothesis of the existence gravimagnetic charge. If we suppose its existence, what changes should be made to the equations of general relativity $G_{ik}= \kappa T_{ik}$ ($G_{ik}$ - Einstein tensor, $T_{ik}$ stress-energy tensor)? And what are the properties of such a charge? - – Qmechanic May 24 '12 at 10:36 It looks like an exact duplicate to me. – Ron Maimon May 24 '12 at 18:53 There isn't any precise analogy between electromagnetism and gravity. In Newton's theory, only the gravitational acceleration (the gradient of the gravitational potential) exists at each point of space as an independent field; there is no independent extra "gravimagnetic" field. In GR, the gravitational acceleration is given by $\Gamma^a_{bc}$, the Christoffel symbol, but it isn't antisymmetric in the same sense as $F_{\mu\nu}$ so one can't really Hodge-dualize it to get the dual magnetic field. One may speculate about the torsion, extra fields added to GR, but the observations exclude their existence at long distances at any significant couplings. "Gravimagnetic" (literally) isn't an adjective used anywhere in serious physics literature. Instead, "gravitomagnetic" is sometimes used. But it refers to any effects - in GR or whatever right theory we consider - in which masses are moving and their impact is proportional to the velocity, much like Lorentz's force $v\times B$ in magnetism. See e.g. http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0207065 for a review. No full analogy with electromagnetism, of course. Kaluza-Klein monopoles The most interesting insight about "magnetic monopoles constructed purely from gravitational degrees of freedom" that one may discuss in serious physics are the so-called Kaluza-Klein monopoles. They appear in the Kaluza-Klein theory where the electromagnetic $U(1)$ gauge symmetry is geometrized as the group of rotations of an extra, circular coordinate of spacetime. In this setup, one may find the solutions of higher-dimensional Einstein's equations that looks like the Dirac magnetic monopole if the $g_{\mu 5}$ components of the metric are related to the electromagnetic potential $A_\mu$ according to the usual Kaluza-Klein dictionary. In 4+1D gravity compactified on circle, to imitate 3+1D gravity coupled to electromagnetism, Kaluza-Klein monopoles are point-like objects in 3+1D. The KK monopoles play an important role in string/M-theory. In particular, D6-branes in type IIA string theory become KK monopoles (with 6 extra spatial dimensions in which the solution is extended/constant) if the coupling of type IIA string theory is sent to infinity to get M-theory in 11 dimensions. The M-theory (or 11D supergravity) solution for the KK monopole that becomes a D6-brane is actually completely non-singular and smooth. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9032033681869507, "perplexity": 501.24225300890544}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121737.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00094-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/47961-brain-ache.html	# Math Help - Brain ache 1. ## Brain ache Hi, my brain is aching somewhat over what I am sure is straight forward but I can't see the wood for the trees...help would be appreciated! A simple little question really; I am going on holiday with friends (there are 4 couples), and the total for 7 nights is £725. 2 couples are staying 3 nights, one couple 6 nights, and the other couple all 7 nights. If you look at a nightly cost (ie £725/7) it is £103.57 per night. Clearly by just splitting this up on a nightly basis (ie 4 ways for 3 nights, 2 ways for the next 3 nights, then one way for the last night) will result in the couple staying for 7 nights paying disproportionately more (in fact the 2 couples staying for 3 nights only pay £77.68!) How can we weight it so that the amounts paid are fairer? (OK, not strictly homework, but maths nontheless!) 2. Originally Posted by vanishing_point Hi, my brain is aching somewhat over what I am sure is straight forward but I can't see the wood for the trees...help would be appreciated! A simple little question really; I am going on holiday with friends (there are 4 couples), and the total for 7 nights is £725. 2 couples are staying 3 nights, one couple 6 nights, and the other couple all 7 nights. If you look at a nightly cost (ie £725/7) it is £103.57 per night. Clearly by just splitting this up on a nightly basis (ie 4 ways for 3 nights, 2 ways for the next 3 nights, then one way for the last night) will result in the couple staying for 7 nights paying disproportionately more (in fact the 2 couples staying for 3 nights only pay £77.68!) How can we weight it so that the amounts paid are fairer? (OK, not strictly homework, but maths nontheless!) How much do you figure the couple staying 7 nights pays? I get $\frac{103.57}{4} \times 3 + \frac{103.57}{2} \times 3 + 103.57 =$ £336.60. The 6 nights couple pays $\frac{103.57}{4} \times 3 + \frac{103.57}{2} \times 3 =$ £233.03. The 3 nights couples pay £77.68. It all seems fair to me. Less couples remaining on a given night means more cost per couple who remain for that night ...... Now all you have to do is work out who's gonna pay the extra penny to balance the final amount to £725 ..... Divide the 725 by the number of couplr-nights. 2 couples for 3 nights = 23 = 6 couple-nights 1 couple for 6 nights = 16 = 6 couple-nights 1 couple for 7 nights = 17 = 7 couple-nights --------------------------------------------- Total = 19 couple-nights. 725/19 = 38.15789 pounds per couple-night. So, for the 1st night, (2 +1 +1) (38.15789) = 152.63 2nd night, (2 +1 +1) (38.15789) = 152.63 3rd night, (2 +1 +1) (38.15789) = 152.63 4th night, (1 +1) (38.15789) = ....76.32 5th night, (1 +1) (38.15789) = ....76.32 6th night, (1 +1) (38.15789) = ....76.32 7th night, (1) (38.15789) = ........38.15 ------------------------------------------- Total = ...................................752.00 Oh, how much each couple pays? The 2 couples for 3 nights, 3(38.15789) = 114.47367 They will pay 114.47 pounds each......2(114.47) = 228.94 pounds. For the couple for 6 nights, 6(38.15789) = 228.95 pounds, they will pay For the couple for 7 nights, 7(38.15789) = 267.11 pounds, they will share. 4. Originally Posted by ticbol Divide the 725 by the number of couplr-nights. 2 couples for 3 nights = 23 = 6 couple-nights 1 couple for 6 nights = 16 = 6 couple-nights 1 couple for 7 nights = 17 = 7 couple-nights --------------------------------------------- Total = 19 couple-nights. 725/19 = 38.15789 pounds per couple-night. So, for the 1st night, (2 +1 +1) (38.15789) = 152.63 2nd night, (2 +1 +1) (38.15789) = 152.63 3rd night, (2 +1 +1) (38.15789) = 152.63 4th night, (1 +1) (38.15789) = ....76.32 5th night, (1 +1) (38.15789) = ....76.32 6th night, (1 +1) (38.15789) = ....76.32 7th night, (1) (38.15789) = ........38.15 ------------------------------------------- Total = ...................................752.00 Oh, how much each couple pays? The 2 couples for 3 nights, 3(38.15789) = 114.47367 They will pay 114.47 pounds each......2(114.47) = 228.94 pounds. For the couple for 6 nights, 6(38.15789) = 228.95 pounds, they will pay For the couple for 7 nights, 7(38.15789) = 267.11 pounds, they will share. If I was in a couple only staying three nights I'd strongly disagree with this calculation. It is based on me subsidising the 6-nights and 7-nights couples .....	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 2, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.41616225242614746, "perplexity": 5673.409497653684}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462202.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00205-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/11403/can-the-banner-in-the-home-edition-be-removed?answertab=oldest	Can the banner in the Home Edition be removed? The Mathematica Home Edition shows a banner at the top of every notebook: Is there a way to (permanently) get rid of it, without violating the EULA? Edit Yesterday, I sent this message to WRI support: On mathematica.stackexchange.com we have a discussion about the legitimacy of removing the banner from notebooks in the Home Edition. I think the real issue is that we don't really know what the banner is for. Is it OK if I remove it? It gives me a bit more screen real-estate, and I don't need the links it provides. Today I got a reply from Dan Ruggiero, saying* that it's OK when done within the options of Mathematica. Users who want to discuss this further with WRI, the ticket number is #2730074. * - This is the gist of his brief reply. I've asked his permission to quote his answer, and I'm waiting for his reply. Hopefully this will defuse the debate. edit 2012-10-21 When I first posted this question + answers I got a lot of downvotes, more in 2 days time than in a year on EE.SE. I thought everything has been cleared now, but today this got another 2 downvotes, and I'm getting tired of it. For the umpteenth time: changing the look of your notebooks so that the banner doesn't show IS PERFECTLY LEGAL!! Mathematica lets any user change this in the Option Inpector, and no, it's not a way to crack it and make it a Professional version. Read my other edit: WRI confirmed that it's OK! - Edit I first suggested an edit of a particular init file here, a method I found here. Both my question and this answer caused quite a fuss about the legitimacy of it. In hindsight I don't think editing init files should be the appropriate way (which does not mean it would be illegal), especially since Mathematica allows you to make the same changes Rob makes. Clear the user option field DockedCells in the Option Inspector: - I generally prefer doing things via stylesheets instead of messing with files in $InstallationDirectory. Here's a simple way — in your custom stylesheet (or create a new one), add the following lines: Cell[StyleData[All, "Working"], DockedCells->{}] That's it! You're all set now. If you don't know how to add a new style to the stylesheet, see point 1 in this answer. You can save this new stylesheet and set it to be the default for all notebooks. This can be done by pointing the global option "DefaultStyleDefinitions" in the options inspector to this new stylesheet. - OK, something better, without editing files manually. No EULA violation whatsoever. Select Option Inspector in the Format menu: and change WindowFrame in Window Properties to Generic. Restart Mathematica and the banner has gone. (Actually, all the options for WindowFrame except Normal will remove the banner, but they will also change other aspects of the window's look.) - Interesting; I thought you would accept the other one. – Mr.Wizard Oct 21 '12 at 11:04 Where inheritance is concerned, all things may be permissible, but not all things are advisable. At WTC 2012, a user reported broken behavior in the v9 beta to me. I spent 25 minutes banging on his system until I found WindowFrame->"Generic" set on $FrontEnd. I thought "why would anyone ever do that?". And considered that it was one of those unfortunate accidents which can have bad consequences (setting Editable->False globally could be bad, too). And then I read this. So, for v9, all things aren't permissible anymore. This setting will not work (and neither will Editable, et. al.). – John Fultz Oct 25 '12 at 6:48 @John - Fair enough. I thought that if the option is available it would also have been tested, though I understand that the kernel is much more important than some appearance setting. But I still don't know what the purpose of the banner is. Do you know if it is for the links to learning center and demonstrations? – stevenvh Oct 25 '12 at 8:12 @stevenvh +2, one for the question and one for the answer. As Mr.Wizard already said, don't be too upset about the downvotes. – halirutan Nov 29 '12 at 17:23 fyi, the above method does not work in V10. Not able to change it in option inspector. Will not let me change it. – Nasser Jul 10 '14 at 21:24 You could switch to one of the Creative stylesheets, such as PastelColor or PrimaryColor, which set the banner to something about two thirds of the height of the default banner, saving you a bit of room. You could then replace the graphic image with some text or image of your own: SetOptions[InputNotebook[], "DockedCells" -> Cell["Hi, Cormullion!", "Text"]] It would also be possible perhaps to add something like a digital clock, or a read-out of some system parameter of interest... - The process for Mathematica 9 is different. Home Edition 9 appears to lock out certain options in the Option Inspector, including the ones required to make this change. It will appear to permit the previous change, but will immediately revert. To make the change for 9, you need to open up the MiscExpressions.tr file (on Mac it's in the Mathematica.app bundle, under /Applications/Mathematica.app/SystemFiles/FrontEnd/TextResources/MiscExpressions.tr.) Then find the definition for HomeEditionBar, the first line looks like this: "HomeEditionBar" -> Cell[BoxData[GridBox[{ Change that line to these two: "HomeEditionBar" -> Cell[], "HomeEditionBarOriginal" -> Cell[BoxData[GridBox[{ And now you have the full height of your screen to work with. Caveat: This is likely prohibited by the EULA, which does not permit modification of any part of the software. - @Szabolcs, it should work but it doesn't work in 9. I suspect it's deliberate - a strings command in terminal shows that the HomeEditionBar call is hardcoded into the MMA app itself. – Anon Y Mouse Nov 29 '12 at 18:00 Would a court interpret that to mean that modifications of the product include, but are limited to, modifications of the binary executable code, or would they consider a modification of a text script which is ostensibly "a configuration file, similar to a shell script", to be a different matter? – Warren P Nov 30 '12 at 18:11 @WarrenP Not all that keen to find out, to be honest. – Anon Y Mouse Dec 1 '12 at 13:30 This method does not work for me (although I have MMA 9.0.1.0 Student Edition). EDIT: for the student edition, replace "HomeEdition" with "Student" in these instructions. – shrx Jun 15 '13 at 12:18 This works for me in Mma10! Frustrating that it's made purposefully difficult. – dreeves Sep 30 '14 at 2:43	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4081982374191284, "perplexity": 1666.07138958541}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097475.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00243-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/20935	## Files in this item FilesDescriptionFormat application/pdf 9215812.pdf (6MB) (no description provided)PDF ## Description Title: Studies on directed lithiation: 1. Reactivity studies on alkoxide-directed lithiation reactions. 2. NMR spectroscopic characterization of the solution structure of an asymmetric lithiation reagent Author(s): Gallagher, Donald Joseph Department / Program: Chemistry Discipline: Chemistry Degree Granting Institution: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Degree: Ph.D. Genre: Dissertation Subject(s): Chemistry, Organic Abstract: A multifaceted approach to the study of the structure and reactions of organolithium aggregates is described. The lithiation of the cyclopropyl rings of a rigid bis-cyclopropylcarbinol has been shown to occur via two sequential lithiation steps. The first lithiation occurs very rapidly compared to the lithiation of other cyclopropane rings and appears to be the result of a favorable geometric orientation of the alkoxide directing group with respect to the proton being removed. The second lithiation is the only example of a bis-cyclopropyl compound undergoing dilithiation and appears to be the result of a complex-induced proximity effect.Attempts at evaluating the transition structure of alkoxide-directed lithiation were unsuccessful due to translithiation occurring during competitive lithiation reactions. Methodology and control experiments are proposed for future studies.The competitiveness of halogen-lithium exchange versus removal of an acidic hydrogen was studied by reinvestigating a literature case in which it was alleged that halogen-lithium exchange occurs prior to removal of an alcoholic hydrogen. It was found that the previously reported results that support this conclusion are inaccurate because of the use of NMR to determine deuterium incorporation and the use of D$\sb2$O as a low temperature trap. The corrected results suggest that halogen-lithium exchange does not occur prior to removal of an acidic hydrogen on a molecular scale.An NMR study has shown that the aggregation state of i-Pr$\sp6$Li is very dependent on the solvent and added complexation agents. In hydrocarbon solvents i-Pr$\sp6$Li exists as a mixture of tetramer and hexamer, while in diethyl ether there exists a mixture of tetramer and dimer. In THF only a dimeric species is observed. Addition of TMEDA and PMDTA to ethereal solutions of i-Pr$\sp6$Li causes formation of complexed dimers and monomers respectively.The structure of a 1:0.5:1 complex of i-Pr$\sp6$Li/sparteine/Et$\sb2$O was shown to be a non-symmetrically complexed dimeric species in which one lithium atom is $\eta\sb2$ complexed by sparteine and the other lithium is complexed by two ether molecules. This novel structure appears to be the result of the steric bulk of sparteine. Issue Date: 1992 Type: Text Language: English URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/20935 Rights Information: Copyright 1992 Gallagher, Donald Joseph Date Available in IDEALS: 2011-05-07 Identifier in Online Catalog: AAI9215812 OCLC Identifier: (UMI)AAI9215812	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6081598401069641, "perplexity": 7136.8272842745755}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157028.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921092215-20180921112615-00527.warc.gz"}
https://brilliant.org/problems/nimo-2014-reciprocal-of-interval/	# (NIMO 2014) Reciprocal of Interval Number Theory Level pending For any interval $$\mathcal{A}$$ in the real number line not containing zero, define its $$\textit{reciprocal}$$ to be the set of numbers of the form $$\frac1x$$ where $$x$$ is an element in $$\mathcal{A}$$. Compute the number of ordered pairs of positive integers $$(m,n)$$ with $$m<n$$ such that the length of the interval $$[m,n]$$ is $$10^{10}$$ times the length of its reciprocal. ×	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9162587523460388, "perplexity": 84.49717407258852}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424721.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724042246-20170724062246-00194.warc.gz"}
http://dataprocessing.aixcape.org/Algorithms/CenteredMovingMedian/index.html	# Centered Moving Median¶ Centered Moving Median algorithm replaces each original data value by the Median value over its neighbor values. The choice of filter width has a great impact on the final results. The basic formula (for filter width $$L = 2M+1$$) is stated as follows: $\hat{x}[n] = \text{Median}\{x[n-M], \ldots, x[n+M]\}$ where $$x[n]$$ and $$\hat{x}[n]$$ denote raw data and processed data, respectively. Input Parameters Parameter Type Constraint Description Remarks $$x[n]$$ $$x[n] \in \mathbb R^N$$ $$N \in \mathbb{N}$$ Input data sequence of length $$N$$ $$L$$ $$L \in \mathbb N$$ $$L = 2M + 1, \quad M \in \mathbb{N}$$ Output Parameters Parameter Type Constraint Description Remarks $$\hat{x}[n]$$ $$\hat{x}[n] \in \mathbb R^N$$ $$N \in \mathbb{N}$$ Output data sequence of length $$N$$ Tool Support Single Steps using the Algorithm References • G.R. Arce, Nonlinear Signal Processing: A Statistical Approach, Wiley:New Jersey, USA, 2005.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7387778162956238, "perplexity": 3361.757035200993}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887600.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118190921-20180118210921-00533.warc.gz"}
https://brilliant.org/problems/playing-with-dfraci/	# Playing with $$i$$ Algebra Level 4 If $$b$$ is real such that $$b^4+\dfrac{1}{b^4} = 6$$, find value of $$\left(b+\dfrac{i}{b}\right)^{16}$$ for $$i = \sqrt{-1}$$. ×	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4172082245349884, "perplexity": 1509.6263210891032}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864256.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621172638-20180621192638-00313.warc.gz"}
https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/28516/dont-clear-your-terminal-history/28517	# Don't clear your terminal history You woke up this morning locked in a room. The only apparent exit is a door with a terminal. On the screen you see the following: > einn Access granted. Door opened. > três Access granted. Door opened. > dhá Access granted. Door opened. > seis Access granted. Door opened. > seven Access granted. Door opened. > cinq Access granted. Door opened. > vier Access granted. Door opened. > The last line seems to be waiting for some input from you... • The next numerical value should perhaps be 12, as 1,3,2,6,7,5,4,12 occur in this order in the 4-bit Gray code. But I do not see a pattern in the languages. – Gamow Mar 7 '16 at 18:05 • @Gamow It's also missing zero and could be a 3-bit gray code, although I'll grant that wouldn't really make sense given the current order. – Parthian Shot Mar 7 '16 at 18:30 • This question has made me want to be on this stack much more often. – Qix Mar 7 '16 at 23:51 • Just write anything. Clearly the door opens no matter what the input. – imallett Mar 8 '16 at 3:28 twaalf, the Dutch word for the number twelve The languages go from West to East: Iceland $\rightarrow$ Portugal $\rightarrow$ Ireland $\rightarrow$ Spain $\rightarrow$ UK $\rightarrow$ France $\rightarrow$ Belgium. Hence the next language should be Dutch. The numerical values follow the 4-bit Gray code (see here): 0000=0, 0001=1, 0011=3, 0010=2, 0110=6, 0111=7, 0101=5, 0100=4, 1100=12, 1101=13, 1111=15, 1110=14, 1010=10, 1011=11, 1001=9, 1000=8. Hence the next number should be 12. • Had the same conclusion, but I couldn't make it to fit with 'vier' because I thought that was exclusive to german :-) – Carl Löndahl Mar 7 '16 at 18:12 • @CarlLöndahl hahaha so did I! I had to check just to make sure. – question_asker Mar 7 '16 at 18:13 • On the right track, but not quite – David Starkey Mar 7 '16 at 18:15 • @DavidStarkey OK, updated – question_asker Mar 7 '16 at 18:19 • Incredible. This site really does answer puzzles surprisingly quickly. – David Starkey Mar 7 '16 at 18:20 To provide step one (mostly) but to add a guess: The inputs are numbers, following this pattern: $$\begin{array}{l \| c} \text{Language} & \text{Number} \\ \hline \text{Icelandic} & 1 \\ \text{Portuguese} & 3 \\ \text{Irish} & 2 \\ \text{Spanish} & 6 \\ \text{English} & 7 \\ \text{French} & 5 \\ \text{German} & 4 \\ \end{array}$$ osiem - Total guess as 8 hasn't been listed yet, and going eastward following the countries the languages are spoken in, so headed to Poland next. • please rollback the edit if it was not what you wanted :) – manshu Mar 7 '16 at 18:19 • @manshu Exactly what I wanted. Thanks. Having serious issues today... – Aggie Kidd Mar 7 '16 at 18:20 • Can you not put a mathjax table in a spoiler? – corsiKa Mar 7 '16 at 18:47 • @corsiKa Yes you can. – Aggie Kidd Mar 7 '16 at 18:51 • Ohhh that's smart! I tried to fiddle with it but got kerflustered and gave up... hahaha – corsiKa Mar 7 '16 at 19:00 otto. Because seven numbers are given: 1, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 4; and the (six) differences between them follow the following pattern: +2 -1 +4 +1 +2 -1; the next logical difference in that cycle (a repeating cycle of differences of +2, -1, +4, -1) is +4, so the next number is 4 + 4 = 8. As for the languages 1. Icelandic, 2. Portuguese 3. Irish, 4. Spanish (also Portuguese, but since that's "taken up" already by the preceding "três", which cannot be confused with any other language, let's assume it's Spanish), 5. English, 6. French, 7. German or Dutch; I'm choosing Dutch because reasons following below. Now the pattern in this set that numbers [1,3] , [2,4], [5,7] are the sets of languages that are most related to each other within the sample of 7 languages given [Icelandic, Irish], [Portuguese, Spanish], [English, Dutch] . I'm specifically associating "English" with "United Kingdom" here, and not with any of the other dozen English-speaking languages in the world. Also note that this means 7. must be Dutch, because both Dutch is linguistically closer to English than German is, and the Netherlands are geographically closer to the U.K. than Germany is. As for the language of the eight entry, [8] it must be in the language most closely related to the sixth entry, [6], French, to follow the pattern. That's Italian, thus the answer is otto. • Meant to have a proper list for the numbered items but somehow couldn't make it work within Spoilered text even though adding two spaces at the end of each line. So sorry for the formatting. – LB7979 Jan 19 '17 at 11:12 • Interesting, but the correct answer was already given and accepted as correct some 10 months ago. You should probably look at other answers before posting your own (to make sure you're not duplicating one), and concentrate on questions still missing an answer accepted as correct. In any event - Welcome to Puzzling SE! Take the tour, learn what we're all about, and see you around! – Rubio Jan 21 '17 at 1:23 • @Rubio The original author of the question, David Starkey, only commented "not quite" to the first answer to the question, thus that answer wasn't right; and David Starkey didn't answer anything at all to the second answer given, so how could I know that was the right answer. – LB7979 Jan 22 '17 at 17:00 • The big green check mark next to it indicates the asker has accepted that answer as the correct one. (Also if you read all the comments to the first question you'll see that the answer was edited following David Starkey's "not quite" comment, and that he commented that the update showed that "this site really does answer puzzles surprisingly quickly" - you may have to click "show X more comments" to see them all sometimes.) Hope that helps. – Rubio Jan 22 '17 at 17:08	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.401381254196167, "perplexity": 2675.0157812695584}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526560.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720173623-20190720195623-00312.warc.gz"}
http://www.milefoot.com/math/stat/pdfc-normaldisc.htm	## Approximately Normal Distributions with Discrete Data If a random variable is actually discrete, but is being approximated by a continuous distribution, a continuity correction is needed. This is to more closely match the areas of bars in a discrete distribution with the areas under the curve of a continuous distribution. ### Continuity Corrections Discrete data take on only integer values, while continuous data can have any real number value. Since areas under a continuous distribution give probabilities, and not the height of the curve, we need to adjust our approach to finding probabilities when discrete data are involved. So we think of the half-way points between consecutive discrete values, and these become the boundaries of the bars that represent the area under the curve for that discrete value. As an example, if the discrete values include ${..., 75, 76, 77, ...}$, then the bar for 76 would run from 75.5 to 76.5, and we would find $P(X = 76)$ by computing $P(75.5 < X < 76.5)$ instead. Example: The number of bags lost by a small airline per week is approximately normally distributed with a mean of 427 bags and a standard deviation of 35 bags. What is the probability that they lose exactly 430 bags next week? Since the airline cannot lose a fraction of a bag, the random variable is discrete. The bar for 430 in the histogram of the probability distribution would have its left and right endpoints at 429.5 and 430.5. Therefore, we find z-scores for these two x-values. They are $z = \dfrac{429.5-427}{35} \approx 0.0714$ and $z = \dfrac{430.5-427}{35} = 0.10$. Then \begin{align} P(x = 430) &= P(429.5 < x < 430.5) = P(0.0714 < z < 0.10) \\ &= \Phi(0.10) - \Phi(0.0714) = \operatorname{normalcdf}(0.0714,0.10) \approx 0.0114 \end{align} In other words, there is a 1.14% probability that the airline would lose exactly 430 bags next week. Example: For the same airline, what is the probability that they lose at most 420 bags next week? The discrete event "at most 420" is approximated with the continuous event "420.5 or less", as both will include the random variable value 420, but not 421. Therefore, $z = \dfrac{420.5-427}{35} = -0.1857$. Then we have \begin{align} P(x \le 420) &= P(X < 420.5) = P(z < -0.1857) \\ &= \Phi(-0.1857) = \operatorname{normalcdf}(-\infty,-0.1857) = 0.4263 \end{align} In other words, there is a 42.63% probability that they will have at most 420 lost bags. ### Using the Normal Distribution to Approximate a Binomial Distribution Binomial distributions are considered approximately normal when the expected number of successes and the expected number of failures are both at least 5. Formulaically, this translates into the requirement that $np \ge 5$ and $n(1-p) \ge 5$. Example: On every one of the 100 questions on a multiple choice test, Tom randomly chooses one of the four answer options. What can Tom expect for the number of correct answers? To answer this, we use the expected value formula for a binomial distribution. Therefore, $E(X) = np = 100 \left( \dfrac14 \right) = 25$ . He can expect 25 correct answers on average. Example: What is the standard deviation for the number of correct answers on Tom's test? From the variance formula for a binomial distribution, we have $Var(X) = np(1-p) = 100 \left( \dfrac14 \right) \left(1 - \dfrac14 \right) = \dfrac{75}{4}$. Therefore, the standard deviation is $\sigma = \sqrt{\dfrac{75}{4}} \approx 4.33$ bags. Example: What is the probability that Tom would obtain at least 35 correct answers? We first note that Tom is expecting 25 correct answers, and 75 incorrect answers. Both of these values are greater than 5, and therefore the normal distribution will provide a reasonable approximation to this binomial problem. Since the number of correct answers is discrete, a continuity correction is needed, and we use $x = 34.5$. Thus $z = \dfrac{34.5 - 25}{4.33} = 2.19$, and \begin{align} P(x \ge 35) &= P(x > 34.5) = P(z > 2.19) \\ &= 1 - \Phi(2.19) = \operatorname{normalcdf}(2.19,\infty) \approx 0.0143 \end{align} Tom has a 1.43% chance of obtaining at least 35 correct answers on his test. Example: What is the probability that Tom would obtain a passing score of at least 60 correct answers? This is very similar to the previous question. We use $x = 59.5$, which gives $z = 7.97$. We compute \begin{align} P(x \ge 60) &= P(x > 59.5) = P(x > 7.97) \\ &= 1 - \Phi(7.97) = \operatorname{normalcdf}(7.97,\infty) \approx 8 \times 10^{-16} \end{align} With a probability of less than $10^{-15}$, Tom has almost no chance of passing the test. ### Using the Normal Distribution to Approximate a Poisson Distribution Poisson distributions are considered to be approximately normal when the expected rate of successes per unit time is at least 10. Since the expected value formula for a Poisson distribution is $E(X) = \lambda$, the requirement is that $\lambda \ge 10$. Example: Cars arrive at the drive-up window of a local fast food restaurant at the rate of 40 per hour. Assume the arrivals are independent of one another, so that the Poisson distribution applies. What are the mean and standard deviation of the number of arrivals per hour? Using the Poisson distribution formulas, we have $E(X) = \lambda = 40$ and $\sigma = \sqrt{\lambda} \approx 6.32$. We can expect 40 cars per hour to arrive on average, with a standard deviation of 6.32 cars. Example: At the same drive-up window, What is the probability that exactly 25 cars will arrive in the next hour? Since $\lambda \ge 10$, we can use the normal distribution as an approximation. The required continuity correction gives x-values of 24.5 and 25.5, which produces z-scores of $z = \dfrac{24.5-40}{6.32} = -2.45$ and $z = \dfrac{25.5-40}{6.32} = -2.29$. Therefore \begin{align} P(x = 25) &= P(24.5 < x < 25.5) = P(-2.45 < z < -2.29) \\ &= \Phi(-2.29) - \Phi(-2.45) = \operatorname{normalcdf}(-2.45,-2.29) \approx 0.0039 \end{align} There is a 0.39% probability that exactly 25 cars would arrive in the next hour.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 5, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9951696991920471, "perplexity": 455.702799014897}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827097.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215200626-20181215222626-00038.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/272242/max-min-of-reals-as-cauchy-sequences/273130	# Max/min of reals as Cauchy sequences Apologies if this seems overly simplified, I'm just getting to grips with this. This is related to the computability of the min() and max() functions of real numbers reconstructed using Cauchy sequences of rational numbers. To check my understanding first: Cauchy sequences are a sequence of rational numbers converging to a real value with some accuracy. They might look like: [2, 1.7, 1.24, 0.8] etc. The addition of two reals represented like this is done by: x + y = [x0 + y0, ...xn + yn] and similar for subtraction and multiplication. In my lecture notes however, the max() and min() functions are show as: max(x, y) = [max(x0, y0), ...max(xn, yn)] min(x, y) = [min(x0, y0), ...min(xn, yn)] which would surely have the some weird effect of returning some value nering x + y? Could someone please explain how these functions should work? Thanks - Why do you think that $\max\{x_n,y_n\}$ approaches $x+y$ as $n\to\infty$? In fact it approaches $\max\{x,y\}$. – Brian M. Scott Jan 7 '13 at 16:39 Given max([2, 1.7, 1.24, 0.8], [5, 1.5, 1.04, 0.6]), wouldn't the answer (by the method I gave above) be [5, 1.7, 1.24, 0.8]? A number larger than either individual number. Not approaching x+y I agree, but still... – Karl Barker Jan 7 '13 at 16:47 But Cauchy sequences are infinite sequences; what happens in the first four terms really tells you nothing. – Brian M. Scott Jan 7 '13 at 16:50 Okay, so is there no property that elements in a Cauchy sequence are in decreasing order, as in my examples. Just realised that. Also, since I'm talking about computable reals, these Cauchy sequences are either finite, or only considered to some finite precision? – Karl Barker Jan 7 '13 at 16:55 There is no restriction on how the terms of a Cauchy sequence bounce around. I strongly suspect that you’ve misunderstood. So far as I know, you’re still looking at infinite sequences; they just have a computable modulus of convergence. – Brian M. Scott Jan 7 '13 at 17:03 A CS major can easily check the claims about sequences against numerical experiments (keeping in mind that an experiment does not prove the theory, but may disprove it with a counterexample). For example, I used RAND() to generate two sequences: $x_n\to 3$ and $y_n\to 2$, and calculated (in OpenOffice) their maximum $\max(x_n,y_n)$ and minimum $\min(x_n,y_n)$. Do you see what numbers $\max(x_n,y_n)$ and $\min(x_n,y_n)$ are approaching? Aside: a lot of interesting sequences can be quickly generated in a spreadsheets. For example, $x_{n+1}=\frac12 (x_n+\frac{a}{x_n})$ is a nice sequence for approximation of $\sqrt{a}$. If $a$ is rational and the initial value $x_1$ (which is ours to choose) is also rational, then the sequence consists of rational numbers quickly converging to $\sqrt{a}$. - That's a great demonstration, thanks. As you can probably tell, I'm really not versed in Cauchy sequences. How did you generate those sequences? I'm having trouble understanding this wiki page on constructing sequences for reals. – Karl Barker Jan 8 '13 at 10:42 @Karl For example =3+(RAND()-0.5)*500/ROW()^3 which adds random numbers that tend to zero because of the division by ROW(). Particular numbers there were picked for no particular reason. – user53153 Jan 8 '13 at 13:12 Since you have expressed a lack of "rigorous" mathematical background, I'll try to stay simple. Cauchy sequences are infinite combinations of numbers that get closer together as you go on. It really means that for any distance $\epsilon$>0, we can find a value in the sequence such that all of the remaining values are within $\epsilon$ of any other value. More technically, there exists an $N$, such that for all $n, m \ge N, \|x_n-x_m\|<\epsilon$. The absolute value bars being the distance from $x_m$ to $x_ n$, all the later terms fit in an interval around $x_N$ of length $2\epsilon$, and since we can make $\epsilon$ really small, they all bunch up around the limit. The limit doesn't need to exist, it is just the "value" for which they all clump around. Now to the problem at hand. We now see that the max and min functions, as we have defined them, work. Let's look at $max(x_n, y_n)$, Then since $x_n \to x$ and $y_n \to y$, so $max(x_n, y_n)\to max(x, y)$. Since large values of our "max sequence" have arguments really close to the limits, the value is close to the limit. To see this, take $\epsilon$>0, and take $N=max(N', N'')$, where $N'$ is the value for $x$ and $N''$ for $y$ for $\epsilon$. Then the max has bunched itself in a little interval for values greater then $N$. Since $\epsilon$ can be as small as we like, we have shown that it clumps up around the limit. Convergence and the idea of getting arbitrary close are closely tied concepts mathematics. Your definition works for any converging sequence, which is implied by the limits. A good book if you don't have much experience in mathematics is Rosenlicht's, "Introduction to Analysis". It's not really in your field, but it's short and well written. It will give you some fundamental mathematics, some convergence and topology, and then rigorous limits, continuity, and calculus. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9205862283706665, "perplexity": 535.447910621762}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835872.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00386-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/deviation-in-the-direction-of-current.394513/	Deviation in the direction of current . 1. Apr 12, 2010 ankur.schwing Deviation in the direction of current..... Is there any law of refraction of direct current lines at the boundry between two conducting media relating with conductivities and the angles between the current lines and the normal of the boundry surface..? 2. Apr 17, 2010 ankur.schwing Re: Deviation in the direction of current..... Similar Discussions: Deviation in the direction of current .	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8077102899551392, "perplexity": 1318.4243436935726}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512584.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211071340-20171211091340-00337.warc.gz"}
https://online.stat.psu.edu/stat501/lesson/software-help-5	# Software Help 5 The next two pages cover the Minitab and R commands for the procedures in this lesson. Below is a zip file that contains all the data sets used in this lesson: STAT501_Lesson05.zip • babybirds.txt • bodyfat.txt • hospital_infct.txt • fev_dat.txt • iqsize.txt • pastry.txt • soapsuds.txt • stat_females.txt	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.931170642375946, "perplexity": 11161.792848039746}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103035636.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625125944-20220625155944-00489.warc.gz"}
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/181284/compositional-inversion-and-generating-functions-in-algebraic-geometry	# Compositional inversion and generating functions in algebraic geometry The exponential generating function of the graded dimension of the cohomology ring of the moduli space of n-pointed curves of genus zero satisfying the associativity equations of physics (the WDVV equations) (cf. OEIS-A074060) is the compositional inverse of the generating function for the Betti numbers for $M_{0,n}$ (cf. OEIS-A049444 and A143491). And, Brown and Bergstrom in "Inversion of series and the cohomology of the moduli spaces of $M_{0,n}^\delta$" state in the abstract: For $n \geq 3$, let $M_{0,n}$ denote the moduli space of genus $0$ curves with $n$ marked points, and $\overline{M}_{0,n}$ its smooth compactification. A theorem due to Ginzburg, Kapranov and Getzler states that the inverse of the exponential generating series for the Poincare polynomial of $H^\bullet(M_{0,n})$ is given by the corresponding series for $H^\bullet(\overline{M}_{0,n})$. In this paper, we prove that the inverse of the ordinary generating series for the Poincare polynomial of $H^\bullet(M_{0,n})$ is given by the corresponding series for $H^\bullet(M^{\delta}_{0,n})$, where $\overline{M}_{0,n}\subset M^{\delta}_{0,n} \subset \overline{M}_{0,n}$ is a certain smooth affine scheme. Is there an intuitive principle underlying this relationship of compositional inversion between the generating functions? (Getzler makes use of a generalized Legendre transform-compositional inversion in disguise-to relate the generating functions.) • There is an intriguing tale told by He and Jejalla in "Modular matrix models" interweaving the compositional inversion of generating series as in free probability theory, matrix models, gauge field theory, Calabi-Yau geometry, the Klein modular invariant j-function, and some monstrous moonshine. – Tom Copeland Jan 31 '15 at 10:10 • To the degree that the inverse pair can be represented by certain types of trees, Drakes' thesis "An inversion theorem for labelled trees ..." people.brandeis.edu/~gessel/homepage/students/drakethesis.pdf has some insights. – Tom Copeland Dec 8 '15 at 6:56 • See also "Brown's moduli spaces of curves and the gravity operad" by Dupont and Vallette. arxiv.org/abs/1509.08840 – Tom Copeland Apr 14 '16 at 20:49 I think you would enjoy reading Curt McMullen's paper "Moduli spaces in genus zero and inversion of power series". In some sense there is nothing there that isn't already in Getzler's paper, but everything is stated in a down-to-earth and combinatorial fashion. Let me summarize the story, first for the spaces $\overline M_{0,n}$ and $M_{0,n}$. The space $\overline M_{0,n}$ has a stratification where a stratum corresponds to a tree with no vertices of valence two. The stratum itself is isomorphic to $\prod_v M_{0,\mathrm{val}(v)}$ where $v$ runs over interior vertices of the tree and $\mathrm{val}(v)$ denotes the number of incident edges. Since the virtual Poincaré polynomial is additive over stratifications, this shows that the virtual Poincaré polynomial of $\overline M_{0,n}$ is given by a sum over trees involving the virtual Poincaré polynomials of $M_{0,n'}$ for $n' \leq n$. Now using the relationship between compositional inversion and summing over trees, well-known to combinatorists, one can thus show that the exponential generating series of virtual Poincaré polynomials of $\overline M_{0,n}$ and $M_{0,n}$ are compositional inverses of each other. (If you don't know virtual Poincaré polynomials, think about any other invariant additive under stratification, e.g. Euler characteristic.) Finally, both the spaces $\overline M_{0,n}$ and $M_{0,n}$ have pure cohomology in every degree: $H^k (\overline M_{0,n})$ is pure of weight $k$, and $H^k(M_{0,n})$ us pure of weight $2k$. Thus in both cases, the virtual Poincaré polynomial concides with the usual Poincaré polynomial (in the latter case up to a substitution $t \mapsto t^2$). This explains the second sentence in Bergström-Brown's abstract. The story for $M_{0,n}^\delta$ and $M_{0,n}$ is completely similar, the only difference being that $M_{0,n}^\delta$ has a stratification indexed by trees without vertices of valence two and with a cyclic ordering of the edges incident to each vertex. In the same way as compositional inversion of exponential generating functions corresponds to sums over trees, compositional inversion of ordinary generating functions corresponds to sums over trees with such cyclic structure. McMullen touches upon something very similar at the very end of his paper. He doesn't consider $M_{0,n}$ and $M_{0,n}^\delta$, but instead considers the choice of a connected component of $M_{0,n}(\mathbf R)$ and its closure. Combinatorially this amounts to exactly the same thing: $M_{0,n}^\delta$ is defined by choosing a connected component of $M_{0,n}(\mathbf R)$ and taking the union of all strata meeting the closure of this component. A final remark is that the duality between $H^\bullet(\overline M_{0,n})$ and $H^\bullet(M_{0,n})$ can be upgraded to a Koszul duality of two cyclic operads, the "Hypercommutative" and "Gravity" operads. This is a much stronger result than just that their generating series are compositional inverses, and this is what Getzler proves. On the other hand the cohomologies of $M_{0,n}^\delta$ and $M_{0,n}$ give rise to nonsymmetric cyclic operads (this notion is not defined in the literature, but it's not hard to give the definition). However, it turns out that they are not in any natural sense Koszul dual of each other, but it is still true that they are interchanged with each other under bar-cobar-duality, up to homotopy. (But first one needs to define a bar transform of nonsymmetric cyclic operads...) This is an operad-theoretic statement that improves on what Bergström-Brown proved. I worked this out with Johan Alm at one point but we never wrote it down properly. • Can you give a bit more detail about how one goes from a Koszul duality between two operads to an observation about two generating functions being compositional inverses? – Qiaochu Yuan Sep 19 '14 at 21:03 • Thanks Dan for the great overview. Hadn't seen McMullen's paper. (Murri gives nice diagrams of ribbons and marked Riemann surfaces. For the interested, see the OEIS refs.). The relations of diff. ops to inversion inspired me to climb the Cayley trees for a clear view of the landscape years ago. I guess I must put my nose to the grindstone to familiarize myself with stratified spaces so that I can feel it's intuitive. – Tom Copeland Sep 20 '14 at 3:19 • Brown and Bergstrom are inverting o.g.f.s, so the associahedra face vectors occur oeis.org/A133437, and McMullen is inverting e.g.f.s oeis.org/A134685. – Tom Copeland Sep 20 '14 at 5:58 • Alm and Petersen, "Brown's dihedral moduli space and freedom of the gravity operad" arxiv.org/abs/1509.09274 – Tom Copeland Apr 14 '16 at 20:54	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8628173470497131, "perplexity": 321.475076848219}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145818.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223154628-20200223184628-00307.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/black-scholes-equation-a-type-of-diffusion-equation.598841/	# Homework Help: Black-Scholes equation (a type of diffusion equation) 1. Apr 21, 2012 ### tjackson3 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data The equation for the probability distribution of the price of a call option is $$\frac{\partial P}{\partial t} = \frac{1}{2}\sigma^2 S^2 \frac{\partial^2 P}{\partial S^2} + rS\frac{\partial P}{\partial S} - rP$$ with the conditions $P(0,t) = 0, P(S,0) = \max(S-K,0)$, and the goal is to find the current price of the option, which is given by $$\int_K^{\infty}\ (S-K)P(S,T)\ dS$$ 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution The obvious thing to try is separation of variables: $P(S,t) = u(S)v(t)$. The time ODE is not homogeneous, so the eigenvalue problem is the spatial problem: $\frac{\sigma^2}{2}S^2 u'' + rSu' - (r-\lambda)u = 0, u(0) = 0$ (with the understanding that u is finite as S goes to infinity) This is an equidimensional equation, so its solutions are of the form $S^n$. Unfortunately, the form of n is not so nice: $$n = \frac{(1/2)\sigma^2-r \pm \sqrt{r^2+\sigma^2 r + (1/4)\sigma^4 - 2\sigma^2\lambda}}{\sigma^2}$$ Without knowing anything about the constants σ and r, I don't see how to proceed from here. I don't think you can tell a priori what you'll get: two positive exponents, one of each sign (though with the boundary conditions, you would only get the trivial solution in these cases), two negative exponents, complex exponents... it's hard to say. The other thing that occurs to me to try is a Laplace transform. Doing that doesn't get me any farther, since it results in the same equation, except instead of the equation being homogeneous, it has that weird boundary condition on the right hand side. Since we have a semi-infinite interval with Dirichlet boundary conditions, you would expect to use a Fourier sine transform somewhere in here, but it's not directly applicable. I've seen in different places that you can make a change of variables to condense this into a typical diffusion equation. However, I have no idea what motivates the particular change of variables they use, so I wouldn't feel right approaching it that way unless I could figure out why people make that transformation (no resource I've found has adequately explained this. For example, they change the independent variables to $S = Ke^x,t = T-\tau/(\sigma^2/2)$. I can sort of understand the S change, since that is how you solve an equidimensional equation. I think the t change is an artifact from this equation normally taking place in finite time) Any thoughts? Thank you so much! :) 2. Apr 22, 2012 ### tjackson3 I'm noticing that the solution doesn't even look separable	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9550610780715942, "perplexity": 265.9919846584723}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864725.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522112148-20180522132148-00572.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/96378-question-print.html	# Question • July 28th 2009, 10:52 PM jgv115 Question Three numbers p, q and r are all prime numbers less than 50 with the property that $p+q=r$. How many values of r are possible? I would think this is 0 because prime numbers have to be odd and odd + odd always equals an even number. But the answer is not 0 • July 28th 2009, 11:21 PM SENTINEL4 It's not all prime numbers odd. You forget 2 which is prime and even. Then if p=2 and q=3 then p+q=2+3=5=r and p,q,r are all primes. Same if p=2 and q=5 then r=7. Check if there are any more... • July 28th 2009, 11:25 PM jgv115 ok 2,3 2,5 2,11 2,17 2,29 2,41 did i miss any? • July 28th 2009, 11:28 PM jgv115 OK I have another one. When 1000^2008 is written as a numeral, the number of digits written is.. How do you go about doing this? • July 28th 2009, 11:35 PM SENTINEL4 I don't quite understand what you want for the last one you asked $1000^{2008}$ You want to know how many digits this number has?? Too many! (Rofl) • July 28th 2009, 11:36 PM songoku 1000^1 = 1000 ( 4 digits) 1000^2 = 1,000,000 (7 digits) 1000^3 = 1,000,000,000 (10 digits) there is pattern ^^ • July 29th 2009, 12:11 AM jgv115 oo alright! so if $1000^2$ has 7 digits (6 zeros) that means $2008\div2 = 1004$ $1004* 6 = 6024 + 1$ (the extra 1) is 6025!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 5, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7698830962181091, "perplexity": 2423.663701047936}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111809.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00043-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://cmuc.mat.uc.pt/rdonweb/event/showPPSeminar.do?seminarID=1636	Path: Home > Regularity of interfaces for a Pucci type segregation problem Regularity of interfaces for a Pucci type segregation problem Description: In this talk we will start giving a brief review about a segregation model with nonlinear diffusion that evolve to a free boundary problem as a motivation for our problem. Then we will present our latest results for the regularity of the limit solution as well as the regularity of the free boundary. Our results revisit the regularity theory introduced by Luis Caffarelli and generalized for the nonlinear setting by Pei-Yong Wang for a two-phase free boundary problem, namely that flat free boundaries are $C^{1,\alpha}$ . This is a joint work with Luis Caffarelli, Stefania Patrizi and Monica Torres. Date: 2017-11-17 Start Time: 14:30 Speaker: Verónica Quítalo (CMUC, Univ. Coimbra)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3056087791919708, "perplexity": 1815.131146083432}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210304.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815200546-20180815220546-00019.warc.gz"}
https://www.coursehero.com/file/47000882/Newtons-Third-Law/	Newton's Third Law - Section 3 Newton\u2019s Third Law \u25cf Newton\u2019s third law describes something else that happens when one object exerts a force on # Newton's Third Law - Section 3 Newtonu2019s Third Law... • 1 This preview shows page 1 out of 1 page. Section 3: Newton’s Third LawNewton’s third law describes something else that happens when one object exerts a force on another object. According to Newton’s third law of motion, forces always act in equal but opposite pairs. In simple terms, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means when you push on a wall, the wall pushes back on your with a force equal in strength to the force you exerted. The forces exerted by two objects on each other can be considered the action force or the reaction force. Either force can be considered the action force or the reaction force. Action and reaction pairs don’t cancel because they act on different object. Force can only cancel if they act on the same object. Motion depends on mass and the effects of the forces in an action-reaction pair may seemnoticeable. The launching of a space shuttle is a spectacular example of Newton’s third law. Three rocket engines supply the force, called thrust, that lifts the rocket. The gas molecules	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8453118205070496, "perplexity": 367.5502322325095}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487611445.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614043833-20210614073833-00503.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/119936/equality-in-the-schwarz-pick-theorem-implies-function-is-a-linear-fractional/119939	# Equality in the Schwarz-Pick theorem implies function is a linear fractional? Part of the Schwarz-Pick Theorem states that for an analytic automorphism of the unit disk, then $$\frac{\|f'(z)\|}{1+\|f(z)\|^2}\leq\frac{1}{1-\|z\|^2}.$$ In the wikipedia article of the Schwarz-Pick theorem, it is mentioned that if equality holds, then $f$ is a Moebius transformation on the unit disk without proof. Is there a proof of this detail? Thank you. - $f$ is assumed to be a holomorphic function that maps the disk to itself, not necessarily an automorphism. Let $a$ be in the unit disk, and let $b=f(a)$. Let $\phi_a(z)=\frac{a-z}{1-\overline az}$ be the holomorphic automorphism of the disk that swaps $a$ and $0$, and similarly $\phi_b(z)=\frac{b-z}{1-\overline b z}$. If $g = \phi_b\circ f\circ \phi_a$, then $g$ is a holomorphic function that maps the disk to itself, and $g(0)=0$, so by Schwarz (or Cauchy's estimate) $\|g'(0)\|\leq 1$. Since $\phi_a'(0)=\|a\|^2-1$ and $\phi_b'(b)=\frac{1}{\|b\|^2-1}$, this yields by the chain rule $$\frac{1}{1-\|b\|^2}\|f'(a)\|(1-\|a\|^2)\leq 1,$$ or $$\frac{\|f'(a)\|}{1-\|b\|^2}\leq \frac{1}{1-\|a\|^2}.$$ Since $a$ was arbitrary and $b=f(a)$, this means that $$\frac{\|f'(z)\|}{1-\|f(z)\|^2}\leq \frac{1}{1-\|z\|^2}$$ for all $z$ in the disk. If for some $a$ the inequality had been equality, then by Schwarz we would have $g(z)=cz$ for some $c$ with $\|c\|=1$. This means that $f=\phi_b\circ g\circ \phi_a$ is a composition of three Möbius transformations and automorphisms of the unit disk, hence is one itself. Yes, it implies that $\|g'(0)\|=1$. The inequality is a rearrangment of (and equivalent to) $\|g'(0)\|\leq 1$. – Jonas Meyer Mar 14 '12 at 5:14	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9984667301177979, "perplexity": 83.13673453517508}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257822172.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071022-00101-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://matthewrocklin.com/blog/work/2012/11/01/Unification/	Unification is a way to ask questions by matching expressions against patterns. It is a powerful form of pattern matching found in logical programming languages like Prolog, Maude, and Datalog. It is the computational backbone behind the logical programming paradigm and is now a part of SymPy (in a pull request). Consider the following example. Imagine that you want to find the name of the MatrixSymbol within the Transpose in the following expression (i.e. we’re looking for the string 'X') >>> X = MatrixSymbol('X', 3, 3) >>> Y = MatrixSymbol('Y', 3, 3) >>> expr = Transpose(X) + Y Traditionally we could solve this toy problem with a simple function def name_of_symbol_in_transpose_in_add(matadd): if isinstance(arg, Transpose) and isinstance(arg.arg, MatrixSymbol): return arg.arg.name We solve this task with unification by setting up a pattern and then unifying that pattern against a target expression >>> A = MatrixSymbol('name', n, m) >>> B = MatrixSymbol('B', m, n) # Look for an expression tree like A.T + B # Treat the leaves 'name', n, m, B as Wilds >>> pattern = Transpose(A) + B >>> wilds = 'name', n, m, B >>> unify(pattern, expr, wilds=wilds).next() {'name': 'X', m: 3, n: 3, B: Y} We get back a matching for each of the wildcards (name, n, m, B) and see that 'name' was matched to the string 'X'. Is this better or worse than the straight Python solution? Given the relative number of users between Python and Prolog it’s a safe bet that the style of Python programs have some significant advantages over the logical programming paradigm. Why would we program in this strange way? Unification allows a clean separation between what we’re looking for and how we find it. In the Python solution the mathematical definition of what we want is spread among a few lines and is buried inside of control flow. for arg in matadd.args: if isinstance(arg, Transpose) and isinstance(arg.arg, MatrixSymbol): return arg.arg.name In the unification solution the lines pattern = Transpose(A) + B wilds = 'name', n, m, B expresse exactly what we’re looking for and gives no information on how it should be found. The how is wrapped up in the call to unify unify(pattern, expr, wilds=wilds).next() This separation of the what and how is what excites me about declarative programming. I think that this separation is useful when mathematical and algorithmic programmers need to work together to solve a large problem. This is often the case in scientific computing. Mathematical programmers think about what should be done while algorithmic programmers think about how it can be efficiently computed. Declarative techniques like unification enables these two groups to work independently. Multiple Matches Lets see how unify works on a slightly more interesting expression >>> expr = Transpose(X) + Transpose(Y) >>> unify(pattern, expr) <generator object unify at 0x548cb90> In this situation because both matrices X and Y are inside transposes our pattern to match “the name of a symbol in a transpose” could equally well return the strings 'X' or 'Y'. The unification algorithm will give us both of these options >>> for match in unify(pattern, expr): ... print match {'name': 'Y', m: 3, n: 3, B: 'X'} {'name': 'X', m: 3, n: 3, B: 'Y'} Because expr is commutative we can match {A: Transpose(X), B: Transpose(Y)} or {A: Transpose(Y), B: Transpose(X)} with equal validity. Instead of choosing one unify, returns an iterable of all possible matches. Combinatorial Blowup In how many ways can we match the following pattern w + x + y + z to the following expression? a + b + c + d + e + f This is a variant on the standard “N balls in K bins” problem often given in a discrete math course. The answer is “quite a few.” How can we avoid this combinatorial blowup? unify produces matches lazily. It returns a Python generator which yields results only as you ask for them. You can ask for just one match (a common case) very quickly. The bigger answer is that if you aren’t satisfied with this and want a better/stronger/faster way to find your desired match you could always rewrite unify. The unify function is all about the how and is disconnected from the what. Algorithmic programmers can tweak unify without disrupting the mathematical code. Rewrites Unification is commonly used in term rewriting systems. Here is an example >>> sincos_to_one = rewriterule(sin(x)2 + cos(x)2, 1, wilds=[x]) >>> sincos_to_one(sin(a+b)2 + cos(a+b)2).next() 1 We were able to turn a mathematical identity sin(x)2 + cos(x)2 => 1 into a function very simply using unification. However unification only does exact pattern matching so we can only find the sin(x)2 + cos(x)2 pattern if that pattern is at the top node in the tree. As a result we’re not able to apply this simplification within a larger expression tree >>> list(sincos_to_one(2 + c(sin(a+b)2 + cos(a+b)*2))) # no matches [] I will leave the solution of this problem to a future post. Instead, I want to describe why I’m working on all of this. Matrix Computations My last post was about translating Matrix Expressions into high-performance Fortran Code. I ended this post with the following problem: So how can we transform a matrix expression like (alphaAB).I x Into a graph of BLAS calls like one of the following? DGEMM(alpha, A, B, 0, B) -> DTRSV(alphaAB, x) DTRMM(alpha, A, B) -> DTRSV(alphaAB, x) This problem can be partially solved by unification and rewrite rules. Each BLAS operation is described by a class class MM(BLAS): """ Matrix Multiply """ _inputs = (alpha, A, B, beta, C) _outputs = (alphaAB + betaC,) The _outputs and _inputs fields mathematically define when MM is appropriate. This is all we need to make a transformation source = MM._outputs[0] target = MM(MM._inputs) wilds = MM._inputs rewriterule(source, target, wilds) Unification allows us to describe BLAS mathematically without thinking about how each individual operation will be detected in an expression. The control flow and the math are completely separated allowing us to think hard about each problem in isolation. References I learned a great deal from the following sources	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.643660306930542, "perplexity": 2318.6470076532296}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122222204.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175702-00176-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1355116859	# Pi (ATAN four terms) Calculator ## Calculates circular constant Pi using arc tangent (ATAN) series with four terms.. rm method C.F. Gauss 1863 F.C.M. Stormer 1896 E.B. Escott 1896 K. Takano 1982 T. Murata 1982 A. Sibata 1983 6dgt10dgt14dgt18dgt22dgt26dgt30dgt34dgt38dgt42dgt46dgt50dgt The calculation ends when two consecutive results are the same.The accuracy of π improves by increasing the number of digits for calculation.Since the discovery of calculus in the 17th century, many mathematicians attempted to calculate Pi using the method of ATAN series expansion.$\normal Gregory\ series\hspace{10}tan^{\tiny-1}x=x-{\normal\frac{1}{3}}x^3+{\normal\frac{1}{5}}x^5-{\normal\frac{1}{7}}x^7+\cdot\cdot\cdot\\\vspace{5}(1)\ Gauss\ 1863\\\hspace{10}{\small{\normal\frac{\pi}{4}}=12tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{38}}+20tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{57}}+7tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{239}}+24tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{268}}}\\\vspace{5}(2)\ Stormer\ 1896\\\hspace{10}{\small{\normal\frac{\pi}{4}}=44tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{57}}+7tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{239}}-12tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{682}}+24tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{12943}}}\\\vspace{5}(3)\ Escott\ 1896\\\hspace{10}{\small{\normal\frac{\pi}{4}}=22tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{28}}+2tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{443}}-5tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{1393}}-10tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{11018}}}\\\vspace{5}(4)\ K.\ Takano\ 1982\\\hspace{10} {\small{\normal\frac{\pi}{4}}=12tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{49}}+32tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{57}}-5tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{239}}+12tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{110443}}}\\\vspace{5}(5)\ T.\ Murata\ 1982\\\hspace{10}{\small{\normal\frac{\pi}{4}}=24tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{36}}+8tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{57}}-5tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{239}}-12tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{23382}}}\\\vspace{5}(6)\ A.\ Shibata\ 1983\\\hspace{10}{\small{\normal\frac{\pi}{4}}=24tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{43}}+20tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{57}}-12tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{117}}-5tan^{\tiny-1}{\normal\frac{1}{239}}}\\$ Sending completion To improve this 'Pi (ATAN four terms) Calculator', please fill in questionnaire. Male or Female ? Male Female Age Under 20 years old 20 years old level 30 years old level 40 years old level 50 years old level 60 years old level or over Occupation Elementary school/ Junior high-school student High-school/ University/ Grad student A homemaker An office worker / A public employee Self-employed people An engineer A teacher / A researcher A retired people Others Useful? Very Useful A little Not at All Purpose of use?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 1, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.559149980545044, "perplexity": 11974.841199560937}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608652.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526090406-20170526110406-00279.warc.gz"}
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/frailty-and-mortality-in-kidney-transplant-recipients-3	# Frailty and mortality in kidney transplant recipients M. A. McAdams-Demarco, A. Law, E. King, B. Orandi, M. Salter, N. Gupta, E. Chow, N. Alachkar, N. Desai, R. Varadhan, J. Walston, D. L. Segev Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review 165 Scopus citations ## Abstract We have previously described strong associations between frailty, a measure of physiologic reserve initially described and validated in geriatrics, and early hospital readmission as well as delayed graft function. The goal of this study was to estimate its association with postkidney transplantation (post-KT) mortality. Frailty was prospectively measured in 537 KT recipients at the time of transplantation between November 2008 and August 2013. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for confounders using a novel approach to substantially improve model efficiency and generalizability in single-center studies. We precisely estimated the confounder coefficients using the large sample size of the Scientific Registry of Transplantation Recipients (n=37 858) and introduced these into the single-center model, which then estimated the adjusted frailty coefficient. At 5 years, the survivals were 91.5%, 86.0% and 77.5% for nonfrail, intermediately frail and frail KT recipients, respectively. Frailty was independently associated with a 2.17-fold (95% CI: 1.01-4.65, p=0.047) higher risk of death. In conclusion, regardless of age, frailty is a strong, independent risk factor for post-KT mortality, even after carefully adjusting for many confounders using a novel, efficient statistical approach. In a prospective, single-center, longitudinal cohort study of kidney transplant recipients, the authors find that frailty was a strong predictor of mortality, independent of and beyond registry-based predictors. Original language English (US) 149-154 6 American Journal of Transplantation 15 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12992 Published - Jan 1 2015 ## ASJC Scopus subject areas • Immunology and Allergy • Transplantation • Pharmacology (medical) ## Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Frailty and mortality in kidney transplant recipients'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8557284474372864, "perplexity": 19302.234077543966}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499801.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130034805-20230130064805-00167.warc.gz"}
https://zenodo.org/record/1324474	Dataset Open Access # Fermi High-Latitude Extended Sources Catalog (FHES) Caputo, Regina; Meyer, Manuel; Wood, Matthew; The Fermi-LAT Collaboration; Jonathan Biteau The data set contains results of the Fermi High-Latitude Extended Sources Catalog. The FITS file contains the Fermi High-Latitude Extended Sources Catalog (FHES). It provides source extension parameters (or upper limits thereof) and additional information for objects measured in 90 months of observations with the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board NASA's Fermi satellite. It includes the complete analysis results for 2546 sources. The analysis and data products contained in the catalog are described in detail in the accompanying paper, published in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aacdf7. The preprint of the manuscript can be found here: https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.08035 We further provide the 95% lower limits on the intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF) as plain ASCII files for different assumptions on the blazar duty cycles. These correspond to the limits shown in Figure 17 (right panel) of the paper. Files (21.6 MB) Name Size gll_hes_v20.fits md5:811a198607080b3ece3506738b5c5a4d 21.6 MB lower_limit_igmf_CL0p95_tmax1e+01yrs.txt md5:2f86481ef1b2ff5e3668b13bc7ca6287 848 Bytes lower_limit_igmf_CL0p95_tmax1e+04yrs.txt 816 Bytes lower_limit_igmf_CL0p95_tmax1e+07yrs.txt 816 Bytes 98 83 views	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.832909345626831, "perplexity": 7320.054502572128}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745761.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119105556-20181119131556-00305.warc.gz"}
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0763-6?utm_campaign=related_content&utm_source=ASTRO&utm_medium=communities&error=cookies_not_supported&code=0316bff9-a3e8-4b0b-bda1-62ea47d3dac0	Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Rotational disruption of dust grains by radiative torques in strong radiation fields Abstract Massive stars, supernovae, and kilonovae are among the most luminous radiation sources in the Universe. Observations usually show near- to mid-infrared (NIR–MIR, λ ≈ 1–5 μm) emission excess from H ii regions around young massive star clusters. Early-phase observations in optical-to-NIR wavelengths of type Ia supernovae also reveal unusual properties of dust extinction and dust polarization. The most common explanation for such NIR−MIR excess and unusual dust properties is the predominance of small grains (size a 0.05 μm) relative to large grains (a 0.1 μm) in the local environment of these strong radiation sources. However, why small grains might be predominant in these environments is unclear. Here we report a mechanism of dust destruction based on centrifugal stress within extremely fast-rotating grains spun-up by radiative torques, which we term radiative torque disruption (RATD). We find that RATD can disrupt large grains located within a distance of about a parsec from a massive star of luminosity L ≈ 104L, where L is the solar luminosity, or from a supernova. This disruption effect increases the abundance of small grains relative to large grains and successfully reproduces the observed NIR−MIR excess and anomalous dust extinction/polarization. We apply the RATD mechanism for kilonovae and find that dust within about 0.1 parsec would be dominated by small grains. Small grains produced by RATD can also explain the steep far-ultraviolet rise in extinction curves towards starburst and high-redshift galaxies, and the decrease of the escape fraction of Lyman α photons from H ii regions surrounding young massive star clusters. Access options from\$8.99 All prices are NET prices. Data availability The data that support the plots within this paper and other findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References 1. 1. Reines, A. E., Johnson, K. E. & Hunt, L. K. A new view of the super star clusters in the low-metallicity galaxy SBS 0335-052. Astrophys. J. 136, 1415–1426 (2008). 2. 2. Relaño, M. et al. 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Author information Authors Contributions All authors contributed to the work presented in this paper. T.H. formulated the problem, carried out analytical calculations, and led the writing of the manuscript. L.N.T. carried out numerical calculations for supernovae and kilonovae. H.L. carried out calculations for massive stars. S.H.A. contributed to the discussion of the RATD mechanism on Lyα photon escape. Corresponding author Correspondence to Thiem Hoang. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Journal peer review information: Nature Astronomy thanks Haley Gomez, Karri Muinonen, Joonas Herranen and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Supplementary Information Supplementary text, Supplementary references, Supplementary Figs. 1–2, Supplementary Table 1. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions Hoang, T., Tram, L.N., Lee, H. et al. Rotational disruption of dust grains by radiative torques in strong radiation fields. Nat Astron 3, 766–775 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0763-6 • Accepted: • Published: • Issue Date:	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.958532989025116, "perplexity": 12672.056733565416}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923165408-20210923195408-00540.warc.gz"}
https://socratic.org/questions/68-ml-of-a-0-28-m-cacl2-solution-is-added-to-92-ml-of-a-0-46-m-cacl2-solution-de	Chemistry Topics # 68 mL of a 0.28 M CaCl2 solution is added to 92 mL of a 0.46 M CaCl2 solution. Determine the concentration of the combined solution. Show all work with units. How would you solve this? May 8, 2017 I hope I would solve it correctly. ......I finally get a concentration with respect to $C a C {l}_{2}$ of $\cong 0.4 \cdot m o l \cdot {L}^{-} 1$ #### Explanation: The basic definition of concentration is as amount of solute per unit volume. That is.......... $\text{Concentration"="Moles of solute"/"Volume of solution}$. Most of the time we want to assess $\text{moles of solute}$, and this is simply the product: $\text{Moles of solute"="Volume"xx"concentration}$. I would get familiar with this expression, because you will use it a lot. .........And in problems like these we must assume (REASONABLY!) that the volumes are additive. And so to address your problem (finally!), we solve the quotient: $\frac{0.092 \cdot L \times 0.46 \cdot m o l \cdot {L}^{-} 1 + 0.068 \cdot L \times 0.28 \cdot m o l \cdot {L}^{-} 1}{\left(92 + 68\right) \times {10}^{-} 3 \cdot L}$ $\cong 0.4 \cdot m o l \cdot {L}^{-} 1$ Do the units in the quotient cancel to give an answer in $m o l \cdot {L}^{-} 1$? It is your problem not mine. May 8, 2017 The concentration of the combined solution is 0.38 mol/L. #### Explanation: 1. Calculate the number of moles in each solution. 2. Use the total moles and the total volume to calculate the molarity of the combined solution. 1. Number of moles in each solution (a) Solution 1 ${\text{Moles of CaCl"_2 = 0.068 color(red)(cancel(color(black)("L solution"))) × ("0.28 mol CaCl"_2)/(1 color(red)(cancel(color(black)("L solution")))) = "0.0190 mol CaCl}}_{2}$ (b) Solution2 ${\text{Moles of CaCl"_2 = 0.092 color(red)(cancel(color(black)("L solution"))) × ("0.46 mol CaCl"_2)/(1 color(red)(cancel(color(black)("L solution")))) = "0.0423 mol CaCl}}_{2}$ Molarity of combined solutions $\text{Total moles" = "(0.0190 + 0.0423) mol" = "0.0613 mol}$ $\text{Total volume" = "(68 + 92) mL" = "160 mL" = "0.160 L}$ $\text{Molarity" = "moles"/"litres" = "0.0613 mol"/"0.160 L" = "0.38 mol/L}$ ##### Impact of this question 1678 views around the world	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 13, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8408674001693726, "perplexity": 1206.2391459320577}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540530857.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211103140-20191211131140-00279.warc.gz"}
https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=2010_USAJMO_Problems/Problem_1&diff=prev&oldid=124249	# Difference between revisions of "2010 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1" ## Problem A permutation of the set of positive integers is a sequence such that each element of appears precisely one time as a term of the sequence. For example, is a permutation of . Let be the number of permutations of for which is a perfect square for all . Find with proof the smallest such that is a multiple of . ## Solutions We claim that the smallest is . ### Solution 1 Let be the set of positive perfect squares. We claim that the relation is an equivalence relation on . • It is reflexive because for all . • It is symmetric because . • It is transitive because if and , then , since is closed under multiplication and a non-square times a square is always a non-square. We are restricted to permutations for which , in other words to permutations that send each element of into its equivalence class. Suppose there are equivalence classes: . Let be the number of elements of , then . Now . In order that , we must have for the class with the most elements. This means , since no smaller factorial will have as a factor. This condition is sufficient, since will be divisible by for , and even more so . The smallest element of the equivalence class is square-free, since if it were divisible by the square of a prime, the quotient would be a smaller element of . Also, each prime that divides divides all the other elements of , since and thus . Therefore for all . The primes that are not in occur an even number of times in each . Thus the equivalence class . With , we get the largest possible . This is just the set of squares in , of which we need at least , so . This condition is necessary and sufficient. ### Solution 2 This proof can also be rephrased as follows, in a longer way, but with fewer highly technical words such as "equivalence relation": It is possible to write all positive integers in the form , where is the largest perfect square dividing , so is not divisible by the square of any prime. Obviously, one working permutation of is simply ; this is acceptable, as is always in this sequence. Lemma 1. We can permute any numbers that, when each divided by the largest perfect square that divides it, yield equal quantities . Proof. Let and be the values of and , respectively, for a given as defined above, such that is not divisible by the square of any prime. We can obviously permute two numbers which have the same , since if where and are 2 values of , then , which is a perfect square. This proves that we can permute any numbers with the same value of . End Lemma Lemma 2. We will prove the converse of Lemma 1: Let one number have a value of and another, . and are both perfect squares. Proof. and are both perfect squares, so for to be a perfect square, if is greater than or equal to , must be a perfect square, too. Thus is times a square, but cannot divide any squares besides , so ; . Similarly, if , then for our rules to keep working. End Lemma We can permute numbers with the same in ways. We must have at least 67 numbers with a certain so our product will be divisible by 67. Obviously, then it will also be divisible by 2, 3, and 5, and thus 2010, as well. Toms as , in general, we need numbers all the way up to , so obviously, is the smallest such number such that we can get a term; here 67 terms are 1. Thus we need the integers , so , or , is the answer. ## Solution Number Sense We have to somehow calculate the number of permutations for a given . How in the world do we do this? Because we want squares, why not call a number , where is the largest square that allows to be non-square? is the only square can be, which only happens if is a perfect square. For example, , therefore in this case . I will call a permutation of the numbers , while the original I will call . Note that essentially we are looking at "pairing up" elements between and such that the product of and is a perfect square. How do we do this? Using the representation above. Each square has to have an even exponent of every prime represented in its prime factorization. Therefore, we can just take all exponents of the primes and if there are any odd numbers, those are the ones we have to match- in effect, they are the numbers mentioned at the beginning. By listing the values, in my search for "dumb" or "obvious" ideas I am pretty confident that only values with identical s can be matched together. With such a solid idea let me prove it. If we were to "pair up" numbers with different s, take for example with an of and with an of , note that their product gives a supposed of because the values cancel out. But then, what happens to the extra left? It doesn't make a square, contradiction. To finish up this easy proof, note that if a "pair" has different values, and the smaller one is , in order for the product to leave a square, the larger value has to have not just but another square inside it, which is absurd because we stipulated at the beginning that was square-free except for the trivial multiplication identity, 1. Now, how many ways are there to do this? If there are numbers with , there are clearly ways of sorting them. The same goes for by this logic. Note that the as stated by the problem requires a thrown in there because , so there has to be a with 67 elements with the same . It is evident that the smallest will occur when , because if is bigger we would have to expand to get the same number of values. Finally, realize that the only numbers with are square numbers! So our smallest , and we are done. I relied on looking for patterns a lot in this problem. When faced with combo/number theory, it is always good to draw a sketch. Never be scared to try a problem on the USAJMO. It takes about 45 minutes. Well, it's 2010 and a number 1. Cheers! -expiLnCalc ## Solution Easy Consider the set of numbers such that is not divisible by any squares other than 1 and By changing we can encompass all numbers less than or equal to . Now notice that for a working arrangement these numbers can be permutated in any way to create a new one; for instance, the numbers have and they can be arranged in ways. Thus, since we need a permutation to have at least 67 elements (since 67 is prime). To minimize , we let and we have and we stop at to get . ~Leonard_my_dude~ ## Solution 5 It's well known that there exists and s.t. , s.t. no square divides other than 1, and is a perfect square. Lemma: is a perfect square if and only if We prove the backwards direction first. If , , which is a perfect square. We will now prove the forwards direction. We will prove the contrapositive: If , is not a perfect square. Note that if , There exists a prime p, s.t. . Also, . Thus, , making not a square. Thus, we can only match k with a_k if they have the same f value. Thus, to find P(k), we can do it by f value, permuting the a_k with f value 1, then 2, ... Thus, our answer is: For all , doesn't have a factor of 67. However, if , the first term will be a multiple of 2010, and thus the answer is	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9401416778564453, "perplexity": 255.78703446826668}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141716970.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202205758-20201202235758-00532.warc.gz"}
http://www.cs.nyu.edu/pipermail/fom/2007-July/011711.html	# [FOM] 308:Large large cardinals Robert M. Solovay solovay at Math.Berkeley.EDU Sat Jul 7 03:34:14 EDT 2007 In a recent posting, Joe Shipman asks: How do you express "the existence of a nontrivial elementary embedding j:V into M, where V(lambda) containedin M." as a statement or scheme in ZFC, that refers only to sets and not classes? ********************************************************************** A good reference for this is Theorem 1.3 of the paper by Rich Laver "Implications between strong large cardinal axioms" (Annals of Pure and Applied Logic v. 90 (1997) 79-90.) [The cited theorem appears on page 83.] of them are assertions which are sentences of ZFC, The general context is that j is an elementary embedding of V_lambda into itself which is not the identity; lambda is a limit ordinal [necessarily of cofinality omega]. Let kappa_0 be the critical point of j and for n > 0 define kappa_n inductively to be j(kappa_{n-1}). Define a measure mu_n on P(kappa_n) by letting mu(A) = 1 (for A subseteq P(kappa_n)) iff j"kappa_n \in j(A). If n >= m then there is a natural map of P(kappa_n) onto P(kappa_m) (X --> X \cap kappa_m). It is easy to check that this map projects mu_n onto mu_m. We say that the tower of measures <mu_i :i in omega> is complete if whenever <A_n : n in omega> is a sequence of sets such that mu_n(A_n) = 1 for all n in omega then there is a set X \subseteq lambda such that X \cap kappa_n is in A_n for all n in omega. Then the axiom Shipman mentions is equivalent to: There is a j:V_lambda --> V_lambda (non-trivial, elementary and with lambda of cof omega) such that the associated tower of measures is complete. (This is (ii) on Laver's list.) We can describe how the elementary embedding of the axiom arises from the tower thus. We have a direct limit: V --> Ult(V, mu_0) --> Ult(V, mu_1) ... The direct limit is well-founded iff the tower is complete. The obvious map of V into the direct limit is the elementary embedding of the axiom in question. --Bob Solovay	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9724382162094116, "perplexity": 4610.60912527181}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398462987.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205422-00129-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.varsitytutors.com/algebra_ii-help/quadratic-inequalities	# Algebra II : Quadratic Inequalities ## Example Questions ### Example Question #352 : Quadratic Equations And Inequalities Solve the following quadratic inequality, and report your answer in interval form: Explanation: The problem is already in standard form, so all we have to at first do is set the quadratic expression = 0 and factor as normal. Negative x^2's are hard to work with, so we multiply through by -1. Now we can factor easily. By the zero product property, each of these factors will be equal to 0. Since -9 and 1 are our zeros, we just have to test one point in the region between them to find out which region our answer set goes in. Let's test x = 0 in the original inequality. Since this statement is false, the region between -9 and 1 is not correct. So it must be the region on either side of those points. Since the original inequality was less than or equal to, the boundary points are included. So all values from -infinity to -9 inclusive, and from 1 inclusive to infinity, are solutions. In interval notation we write this as: ### Example Question #353 : Quadratic Equations And Inequalities Solve the following quadratic inequality: Explanation: First we want to rewrite the quadratic in standard form: Now we want to set it = 0 and factor and solve like normal. Using the zero product property, both factors produce a zero: So the two zeros are -2 and 3, and will mark the boundaries of our answer interval. To find out if the interval is between -2 and 3, or on either side, we simply take a test point between -2 and 3 (for instance, x = 0) and evaluate the original inequality. Since the above is a true statement, we know that the solution interval is between -2 and 3, the same region where we picked our test point. Since the original inequality was less than or equal, we include the endpoints. Ergo, . ### Example Question #354 : Quadratic Equations And Inequalities What is the discriminant of the following quadratic equation: Explanation: The discriminant of a quadratic equation in form is equal to . The given equation is not in that form however, so we must first multiply it out to get it into that form. We therefore obtain: We therefore have , and . Our discriminant is therefore: The correct answer is therefore ### Example Question #355 : Quadratic Equations And Inequalities Solve the following quadratic inequality: and Explanation: 1. Rewrite the equation in standard form. 2. Set the equation equal to and solve by factoring. So, and are our zeroes. 3. Test a point between your zeroes to find out if the solution interval is between them or on either side of them. (Try testing by plugging it into your original inequality.) Because the above statement is true, the solution is the interval between and . ### Example Question #356 : Quadratic Equations And Inequalities Solve this inequality. Explanation: Combine like terms first. Factor The zeroes are 3 and 8 so a number line can be divided into 3 sections. X<3 works, 3<x<8 does not work, and x>8 works ### Example Question #357 : Quadratic Equations And Inequalities Solve: Explanation: Start by setting the inequality to zero and by solving for . Now, plot these two points on to a number line. Notice that these two numbers effectively divide up the number line into three regions: , and Now, choose a number in each of these regions and put it back in the factored inequality to see which cases are true. For , let Since this is not less than , the solution to this inequality cannot lie in this region. For , let . Since this will make the inequality true, the solution can lie in this region. Finally, for , let Since this number is not less than zero, the solution cannot lie in this region. Thus, the solution to this inequality is ### Example Question #358 : Quadratic Equations And Inequalities Solve: The solution cannot be determined with the information given. Explanation: First, set the inequality to zero and solve for . Now, plot these two numbers on to a number line. Notice how these numbers divide the number line into three regions: Now, you will choose a number from each of these regions to test to plug back into the inequality to see if the inequality holds true. For , let Since this is not less than zero, the solution to the inequality cannot be found in this region. For , let Since this is less than zero, the solution is found in this region. For , let Since this is not less than zero, the solution is not found in this region. Then, the solution for this inequality is ### Example Question #17 : Solving Quadratic Functions Solve: Explanation: Start by changing the less than sign to an equal sign and solve for . Now, plot these two numbers on a number line. Notice how the number line is divided into three regions: Now, choose a number fromeach of these regions to plug back into the inequality to test if the inequality holds. For , let Since this number is not less than zero, the solution cannot be found in this region. For , let Since this number is less than zero, the solution can be found in this region. For let . Since this number is not less than zero, the solution cannot be found in this region. Because the solution is only negative in the interval , that must be the solution. ### Example Question #359 : Quadratic Equations And Inequalities Solve: Explanation: First, set the inequality to zero and solve for . Now, plot these two numbers on to a number line. Notice how these numbers divide the number line into three regions: Now, you will choose a number from each of these regions to test to plug back into the inequality to see if the inequality holds true. For , let Since this solution is greater than or equal to , the solution can be found in this region. For , let Since this is less than or equal to , the solution cannot be found in this region. For , let Since this is greater than or equal to , the solution can be found in this region. Because the solution can be found in every single region, the answer to this inequality is ### Example Question #18 : Solving Quadratic Functions Which value for would satisfy the inequality ? Not enough information to solve	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.849868655204773, "perplexity": 515.1200814524143}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864546.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622143142-20180622163142-00462.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/copenhagen-many-worlds-falsified.23049/	# Copenhagen & Many Worlds Falsified? 1. Apr 28, 2004 Staff Emeritus Professor John Cramer, author of the transactional interpretation of QM, recently gave a talk at Boskone, the famous science fiction con, that sugggests a new experiment may be about to falsify the predictions of the Copenhagen and Many Worlds interpretations(and also decoherence and Consistent Histories). Not surprisingly, since Cramer is giving the talk, the transactional interpretation is NOT falsified by the experiment. Here's the Power Point presentation from the talk 2. Apr 28, 2004 ### ZapperZ Staff Emeritus It would have been nice if he had included an exact reference to the Afshar experiment, especially since his whole argument rests solely on the validity of its result. It is also strange that he argued that his theory of TI of QM and the formalism of QM both are consistent with the Afshar experiment, but CI and MW aren't. I find it strange because both CI and MW are BASED on the formalism of QM, i.e. they are not separate from it. So how he came up with the conclusion that they offer a result that differ from the QM formalism itself is puzzling. This is because if that is true, then one can LOGICALLY falsify both interpretations without having to do any experiment. Zz. 3. Apr 28, 2004 Staff Emeritus Read the presentation again, note his distinction between an interpretation and a model, and also the different responses to Afshar's wire grid. It seems that in spite of the mantra about the equivalence of the interpretations there is indeed a difference, and that the difference is testable. At any rate, if this is not so, the negation needs to be supported. 4. Apr 28, 2004 ### DrChinese Apparently, Afshar gave a talk at Texas A&M yesterday on a forthcoming paper: Violation of Bohr's principle of complementarity in an optical "which-way" experiment. I could not locate much on him. Unless the HUP is shown to be violated, I am not sure how an experiment is going to detect differences between competing interpretations. Maybe the answer is in the powerpoint from Cramer. But I would object to drawing a distinction between a model and an interpretation. Either way, we are dealing with "scientific theory" regardless of what you call it. 5. Apr 28, 2004 ### slyboy I am not familiar with Ashfar's experiment, but there is certainly a difference between the predictions of Many-Worlds and the orthodox von-Neumann approach to quantum mechanics. I will not discuss Copenhagen here, because it probably has enough variants to evade any experimental test you might propose. In the orthodox approach, wavefunction collapse is postulated to happen when you make a measurement. Whether this collapse is a real physical process, or just an updating of the information represented by the wavefunction is deliberately not addressed. However, if we can agree that some particular physical process constitutes a measurement, then we should not be able to recover the original superposition after the measurement has taken place. In contrast, Many-Worlds postulates no-collapse, so we should be able to undo a measurement if we can control a sufficiently large number of degrees of freedom of the quantum system, apparatus, environment, etc. The difficulty of testing this is to actually agree on what constitutes a measurement. Different interpretations can evade the predictions of many proposed experimental tests can by defining the notion of measurement differently. I suspect that a similar issues might arise in the analysis of Ashfar's experiment, but I have to look at it in more detail before I make any further comment. Proponents of different interpretations have got very good at making it look like their point of view is the only reasonable one to take. Therefore, I would advise people to take Cramer's view with a pinch of salt until the implications of the experiment have been fully debated. It is worth noting that Copenhagen, Many-Worlds and the transactional interpretation are not the only options on the market and I don't think that the dividing line between theory and interpretation can be made as clear as he thinks it is. 6. Apr 28, 2004 ### ZapperZ Staff Emeritus Obviously, I'm not the only one who has never heard of this experiment till now. Considering that I troll most of the major physics journals regularly (daily?), I'm quite curious as to where this result was published. Considering the implication of the experiment, such measurement would qualify to be considered for publication in "The Big 3" of physics journals. If it wasn't, why? [.. and all the usual warning bells typically would go off here - can we say "cold fusion"?] If anyone can find the citation to this experiment, pass it along. Thanks! Zz. 7. Apr 29, 2004 ### slyboy It appears that this result has not been published yet - nor is it available as a preprint. I imagine that it is in the process of being written up. Ashfar has just been giving a few seminars about the result to selected audiences and this is apparently how Cramer knows about it. We will have to wait until the paper appears to make any sensible comments. I hope he posts it to arXiv/quant-ph soon. 8. May 1, 2004 ### RageSk8 I was just about to post a topic about this, but lucky for me I searched the forum first. Anyways.... I'll quote from my source: "It has been widely accepted that the rival interpretations of quantum mechanics, e.g., the Copenhagen Interpretation, the Many-Worlds Interpretation, and my father John Cramer's Transactional Interpretation, cannot be distinguished or falsified by experiment, because the experimental predictions come from the formalism that all such interpretations describe. However, the Afshar Experiment demonstrates in an interaction-free way that there is a loophole in this logic: if the interpretation is inconsistent with the formalism, then it can be falsified. In particular, the Afshar Experiment falsifies the Copenhagen Interpretation, which requires the absence of interference in a particle-type measurement. It also falsifies the Many-Worlds Interpretation which tells us to expect no interference between "worlds" that are physically distinguishable, e.g., that correspond to the photon's measured passage through one pinhole or the other." http://www.kathryncramer.com/wblog/archives/000530.html [Broken] Last edited by a moderator: May 1, 2017 9. May 2, 2004 ### ZapperZ Staff Emeritus The blog did not indicate two things: (1) that there's no references to the Afshar experiment and (2) that it is having problems in the refereeing stage. In fact, unconfirmed reports have indicated that the Afshar experiment report that was uploaded to the e-print archive was removed, something that is unheard of for arXiv. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/undernetphysics/message/907 Zz. Last edited by a moderator: May 1, 2017 10. Jun 11, 2004 ### Eye_in_the_Sky I see that this thread hasn't been moving for quite some time. Nor has it been read much, lately, either. So, I'll post what I have to say only in brief. This is how I see the situation: 1) The reported results of the Afshar experiment are just what the quantum formalism predicts. 2) The type of thinking that Cramer employs - in the name of "Copenhagen" - in order to arrive at a conclusion which contradicts the Afshar results is, in fact, a manner of thought which the Copenhagen Interpretation itself deems invalid. 3) This manner of thought results from taking a rather extreme point of view regarding a notion which must be invoked in any typical discussion of a Wheeler-Delayed-Choice scenario. This type of thinking is inconsistent with the quantum formalism. Last edited: Jun 13, 2004 11. Jun 13, 2004 ### Eye_in_the_Sky Afshar Setup The following summary of the Afshar experiment may prove helpful. -------------------------- Afshar experimental arrangement: A beam of light of fixed wavelength from a coherent source is incident upon the following sequential arrangement: - double-slit [1, 2] - wire gird [WG] - lens [L] - particle detectors [1' ,2'] See diagram. -------------------------- Some details: 1) The wire grid WG consists of wires placed at the positions of the (would-be) interference minima (for a screen placed at that distance from the double-slit). 2) The lens L is such that rays from slit 1 (2), in the absence of any obstacles, will be focused at detector 1' (2'). 3) With only one slit open, and WG in place, the detector experiences a 6% loss relative to the setup with no WG. WG is therefore said to have 6% opacity. -------------------------- Summary of reported results: a) No WG + both slits open --> no loss; b) WG + only one slit open --> 6% loss; c) WG + both slits open --> < 0.1% loss. -------------------------- Conclusion: Since the results of c) are very nearly the same as those of a) and, on the other hand, appreciably different from those of b), the situation in c) must be that of "wave-like" behavior (i.e. the quantum system interacts with both slits, and not just one slit). That is to say, two waves are propagating, one from each slit, and in the vicinity of WG these waves overlap and interfere to produce minima at the locations of the wires in WG. For this reason, WG is essentially transparent to the incident beam. #### Attached Files: • ###### Afshar_Setup.jpg File size: 16.3 KB Views: 153 Last edited: Aug 1, 2004 12. Jun 13, 2004 ### DrChinese Thanks for supplying this information. It doesn't seen so weird to me. There must be a lot of experimental setups which demonstrate the wave nature of light. For example, you can insert a polarizer lens between 2 other polarizer lenses, and at the proper angles get more light from 3 than from 2. This loosely compares to the Afshar setup, which also gets more light with 2 slits than with 1. Do you have any idea how Afshar concludes this separates one QM interpretation from another? I cannot picture how the formalisms would yield anything but identical predictions. 13. Jun 13, 2004 ### Eye_in_the_Sky I think it's fair to say that, in the literal sense, by definition, an "interpretation of a formalism" is something necessarily consistent with that formalism. Of course, in the process of formulating such an interpretation, one could err in some way, and consequently, end up with something which does, in fact, contradict the formalism. Regarding this, I would use the expression "the interpretation fails" in order to indicate that the said interpretation is inconsistent with the formalism. With the above in mind, what Afshar and Cramer have claimed[] regarding "Copenhagen" and "Many Worlds" amounts to the following: These interpretations fail on account of certain unwitting implications which contradict the quantum formalism. That is to say, Afshar and Cramer claim that the authors of these interpretations have unintentionally "stepped out of line" with the quantum formalism, making assertions which, when given the proper consideration, turn out to have implications which contradict the formalism itself.[] _____________________ [] This is only one of two parts of their claim. The other part is that these interpretations fail in relation to what the experimental facts happen to be (whence the significance of the Afshar results). [**] Does the content of this post serve to dispel the strangeness about which ZapperZ wrote (in the second post of this thread)? Last edited: Jun 16, 2004 14. Jun 14, 2004 ### Eye_in_the_Sky Something is bothering me in what I wrote above ... in things like: How can one calculate what the formalism predicts, unless, at least at some level and to some degree, one employs an interpretation to "guide" that calculation? ------------------------ I think it would be better to skip all of the generalizations and go right to the unambiguous particulars of what Cramer purports to be implied by "Copenhagen" and "Many Worlds". Doing that will certainly clear things up. 15. Jun 22, 2004 ### Eye_in_the_Sky Cramer, in the name of "Copenhagen" Let us now establish the particulars of Cramer's argument in relation to the Copenhagen Interpretation. -------------------------------------- Two Measurement Options: Take a look at the diagram. It shows a modification of the Afshar setup in which the wire grid WG has been removed. For this setup, consider the following two measurement options: (a) Before light can reach the lens, at a screen labeled sigma1, measure an interference pattern; (b) After light has passed through the lens, at a screen labeled sigma2, measure two distinct, separate images, situated at 1' and 2'. -------------------------------------- Cramer's Rendition: Here is what Cramer has to say, in the name of "Copenhagen", regarding these two options (see diagram): (C-a) Measure at sigma1, the interference pattern, giving the wavelength and the momentum of the photon; (C-b) Measure at sigma2, which slit the particle passed through, giving its position. -------------------------------------- Complementarity: By statements (C-a) and (C-b), Cramer purports that, according to the Copenhagen Interpretation, the following is true: P1: Options (a) and (b) are experiments which measure complementary attributes of the quantum system. -------------------------------------- Argument for (C-b): Cramer's statement (C-b) regarding option (b) is built upon the following type of argument: P2: A photon arriving at 1' (2') must have passed through slit 1 (2) and not 2 (1). Therefore, a measurement at sigma2 corresponds to a "determination" of which slit the photon went through. Since this type of argument serves as a basis for Cramer's statement (C-b) concerning (b), and (C-b) itself is said in the name of "Copenhagen", it must be that the precise sense in which an argument like P2 eventually leads to Cramer's (C-b) is seen by Cramer to be deemed valid by the Copenhagen Interpretation. -------------------------------------- Cramer's Conclusion: In a final step, the wire grid WG is put back into the arrangement of (b) to give, once again, the Afshar setup. With all of the above in mind, Cramer then concludes - in the name of "Copenhagen" - regarding the Afshar experiment (see diagram): The measurement-type forces particle-like behavior, so there should be no interference, and no minima ... This statement makes the intended meaning of Cramer's (C-b) absolutely clear. That intended meaning is equivalent to the following proposition: P3: In option (b), the measurement performed at sigma2 is physically equivalent to a nondemolition measurement which takes place at the site of the slits and determines which slit the photon passes through. To repeat, according to Cramer, P3 (like the propositions P1 and P2 above) is deemed correct by "Copenhagen". #### Attached Files: File size: 11.5 KB Views: 151 File size: 26.9 KB Views: 153 • ###### Afshar_Copen.jpg File size: 28.5 KB Views: 165 Last edited: Jul 30, 2004 16. Jun 22, 2004 ### Locrian So did this experiment ever get published? 17. Jul 26, 2004 ### Tony Wagstaff I can accept this, but how does Afshar's setup determine that photon's momentum when, excluding those points barred by the wires, it could have passed through the lens at any other point with varying probability? 18. Jul 26, 2004 ### FZ+ This has gotten into Newscientist as well. I can't claim to be an expert, but I am not convinced. Why must a photon arriving at 1' (2') have passed through slit 1 (2)? 19. Jul 26, 2004 ### Eye_in_the_Sky The Afshar setup doesn't determine the photon's momentum (... except for the magnitude, in that a lens with such-and-so index of refraction focuses the light as it does (... but this information, like that of the alleged "position measurement", is only retrodictive)). However, in order for Cramer to make his point, there is no need for a momentum determination. And what is Cramer's point? His point (erroneously made!) is: According to the Copenhagen Interpretation, proposition P3 is true. -------------------------------- The Copenhagenist is not convinced either. Here is his response: Proposition P2 is a "valid" statement in the following sense: Given that a photon has arrived at 1' (2'), then if a nondemolition measurement had been performed at the site of the slits, the photon would have been found to pass through slit 1 (2). However, in the absence of the actual performance of such a measurement, it is in general incorrect to say that, on account of our "knowing" what the result of such a measurement would have been, the quantum phenomena will be the same as those obtained when the measurement is in fact performed. That it is incorrect to say so follows from Bohr's "Principle of Nonseparability". In fact, with a bit of reflection on the two "measurement options", we see that they are not at all "complementary". They were: Option (a) is consistent with a "wave picture" but not a "particle picture", whereas, option (b), on the other hand, is consistent with both a "wave picture" and a "particle picture". The two options are therefore not complementary. All of this P2-like thinking is due to a "playing" of "Wheel-er's Game of Delayed Choice of Fortune". Last edited: Jul 27, 2004 20. Jul 27, 2004 ### Ontoplankton Is that really what the MWI tells us? I thought it wasn't. I think the claim that the MWI is inconsistent with the formalism of QM is rather strange, because essentially MWI is what happens when you take the formalism literally (it says there's a wave function, and nothing else). It looks to me like what has actually been falsified, if anything, is the standard strawman version of MWI that has world-splitting as a fundamental physical process. Am I correct? 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https://web2.0calc.com/questions/find-the-positive-difference-between-the-solutions	+0 # Find the positive difference between the solutions to the equation 6t^2 + 30 = 41t 0 160 1 Find the positive difference between the solutions to the equation 6t^2 + 30 = 41t Jul 20, 2021 #1 +35247 +1 re-write as 6t^2 - 41t + 30 = 0 Use Quadratic formula with a = 6 b=-41 c= 30 $$x = {-(-41) \pm \sqrt{(-41)^2-4(6)(30)} \over 2(6)}$$ to find x = 6 and x = 5/6 You can finish..... Jul 21, 2021	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9167992472648621, "perplexity": 4467.954200079799}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303709.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121192415-20220121222415-00070.warc.gz"}
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/437390/joint-models-with-time-to-progression	# Joint models with time to progression Consider a RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial) which aims at assessing the efficacy of a drug in patients suffering from a given cancer. In this trial, $$p$$ individuals are observed at several time points. At a certain point in time, some individuals are given a placebo and others are given the drug. Assume (out of simplicity) that each patient only has one tumor. The efficacy of the treatment (for a given individual $$i$$) can be assessed by measuring the tumor size $$M_i(t)$$. Longitudinal modeling can be used to gain insights on the way the tumor size evolves over time. The true time of disease progression, denoted by $$P_i$$ $$(1 \leq i \leq p$$), can be defined as the earliest time at which some criteria is met. In the following, we define progression time to be the time at which $$M_i(t) > c M_i(0)$$ (for some $$c > 1$$). This progression time is usually not observed as it may occur between two consecutive visits. We can define $$P_{i}^{\mathrm{obs}}$$ the earliest visit at which the criteria is met. In addition to this, this progression time can be right-censored as individuals may dropout before progression is actually observed. Let $$C_i$$ denote the censoring time. We actually observe $$T_i = \min(C_i, P_{i}^{\mathrm{obs}})$$ and the tumor sizes at each visit $$\mathbf{m}_i = (m_{i,j})_{1 \leq j \leq n_i}$$. In this situation, the time-to-event is censored but the observations are censored too. An individual who reaches "progression" is removed from the RCT. Joint models allow to combine survival analysis (here, the "time-to-event" is the time to progression) and longitudinal data analysis (modeling of tumor growth). As presented in this book by D. Rizopoulos), a joint model consists of a Cox proportional hazard model for the survival part and a Linear Mixed Effects (LME) model for the longitudinal part. Given that, for each individual, the observations are: $$(T_i, \delta_i, \mathbf{m}_i)$$ with $$\delta_i = \mathbb{1}_{P_{i}^{\mathrm{obs}} \leq C_i}$$, one can write the likelihood $$p(T_i, \delta_i, \mathbf{m}_i \mid \theta)$$ as: $$p(T_i, \delta_i, \mathbf{m}_i \mid \theta) = \int p(T_i, \delta_i, \mathbf{m}_i \mid \mathbf{b}_i, \theta) p(\mathbf{b}_i \mid \theta) \, d\mathbf{b}_i,$$ where $$\mathbf{b}_i$$ denote the random effects of the LME model and $$\theta$$ denote the model parameters. A key assumption is the following: conditionally on $$\mathbf{b}_i$$, the survival part and longitudinal part are independent. That is: $$p(T_i, \delta_i, \mathbf{m}_i \mid \mathbf{b}_i, \theta) = p(T_i, \delta_i \mid \mathbf{b}_i, \theta) p(\mathbf{m}_i \mid \mathbf{b}_i, \theta).$$ I am wondering whether this assumption (the conditional independence) actually holds in the situation I presented above. In many examples [used to illustrate joint models], there is no explicit relationship between the progression of the measurement and the time-to-event. For instance, there is no explicit relationship between time to death and the number of CD4 cells in patients suffering from AIDS. Still, in the present case, the relationship between the time-to-event (progression) and the longitudinal trajectory (tumor size) is explicit. How can I include this explicit relationship between the time-to-event and the longitudinal trajectory in a joint model? More specifically, should the survival part of the joint model depend on the threshold $$c$$? ## 2 Answers It seems to me that the only information is in the tumor size process $$M_i(t)$$, $$i = 1, \ldots, n$$. Either • you treat this as a longitudinal outcome evaluated at some follow-up times $$t_{ij}$$, $$j = 1, \ldots, n_i$$, and you fit an appropriate mixed effects model describing the average longitudinal evolutions; • or you are interested in the time until $$M_i(t) > c M_i(0)$$ that should be interval censored data, and you fit an appropriate survival model for it. It is not evident why you want to consider the same process twice in a joint model. At the point of model convergence, you will have (Pearson / Schoenfeld) residuals for the mixed and Cox models. Plot the residuals against each other. Inspect any possible trend. If the residuals show a trend, there are likely time-dependent effects of treatment on tumor size/status and a more sophisticated treatment should be handled such as time varying covariates. • I think I understand your question better. Basically, you are concerned because the time-to-PD is "explicitly" (completely) dependent on the tumor size, that simply adjusting for treatment assignment doesn't work, right? Are you using RECIST to measure PD? If so, then the only case that PD isn't a function of target or non-target lesion growth is the appearance of new lesions. Fit that as a separate event time. Does that answer your question? – AdamO Nov 22 '19 at 16:45 • Yes, time-to-PD depends on the tumor size. Indeed, "progression" is defined as the time at which the tumor becomes "too big". In a joint model, the survival part assumes that: $$h_i(t \mid M_i(t), w_i) = h_0(t) \exp\left( \gamma^{\top}w_i + \alpha m_i(t) \right),$$ and $$S_i(t) = \mathbb{P}\left( P_i^{\mathrm{obs}} > t \right) = \exp\left( \int_{0}^{+\infty} h_i(s) \, ds \right),$$ with $w_i$ some baseline covariates. I was under the impression that this could be modified to make the relationship between time-to-pd and tumor size explicit. – Pouteri Nov 22 '19 at 17:05 • @Pouteri could you clarify if disease progression is RECIST or not? – AdamO Nov 22 '19 at 17:08 • It could be another progression criteria than RECIST. We just assume that the progression time can be explicitly obtained from the time-varying covariates (RECIST is an example). – Pouteri Nov 22 '19 at 17:12 • @Pouteri basically, response assessment (change in tumor volume or area from baseline) is precisely what is used to determine whether PD occurred. So conditional on the longitudinal volume of a single-lesion tumor, there is 0 information added by the designation of "PD". – AdamO Nov 22 '19 at 17:19	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 25, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8134128451347351, "perplexity": 805.7637135179438}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155268.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805000836-20210805030836-00007.warc.gz"}
http://blog.reino.co.jp/index.php/ebooks/algebra-geometry-an-introduction-to-university-mathematics	# Download Algebra & geometry: an introduction to university by Mark V. Lawson PDF By Mark V. Lawson Algebra & Geometry: An creation to school arithmetic presents a bridge among highschool and undergraduate arithmetic classes on algebra and geometry. the writer exhibits scholars how arithmetic is greater than a suite of equipment via featuring vital rules and their ancient origins in the course of the textual content. He includes a hands-on method of proofs and connects algebra and geometry to numerous purposes. 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Since 2m2+2m is a natural number, it follows that n2 is odd using our definition of an odd number. This is my chance to thank them for all their kindnesses over the years. The book originated in a course I taught at Heriot-Watt University inherited from my colleagues Richard Szabo and Nick Gilbert. Although the text has been rethought and rewritten, some of the exercises go back to them, and I have had numerous discussions over the years with both of them about what and how we should be teaching. Thanks are particularly due to Lyonell Boulton, Robin Knops and Phil Scott for reading selected chapters, and to Bernard Bainson, John Fountain, Jamie Gabbay, Victoria Gould, Des Johnston and Bruce MacDougall for individual comments. Result (2) can readily be proved. We use the diagram below. The proof that ॅ=े follows from the simple observation that ॅ+ॆ=ॆ+े. This still leaves (1) and (3). 4. 47 of Euclid. We are given a right-angled triangle. We are required to prove, of course, that a2+b2=c2. Consider the picture below. It has been constructed from four copies of our triangle and two squares of areas a2 and b2, respectively. We claim that this shape is itself actually a square. First, the sides all have the same length a+b.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.764582633972168, "perplexity": 1432.0056484984902}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358520.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128103924-20211128133924-00574.warc.gz"}
http://www.mathworks.com/help/comm/ref/qpskdemodulatorbaseband.html?requestedDomain=www.mathworks.com&nocookie=true	# Documentation ### This is machine translation Translated by Mouse over text to see original. Click the button below to return to the English verison of the page. # QPSK Demodulator Baseband Demodulate QPSK-modulated data ## Library PM, in Digital Baseband sublibrary of Modulation ## Description The QPSK Demodulator Baseband block demodulates a signal that was modulated using the quaternary phase shift keying method. The input is a baseband representation of the modulated signal. The input must be a complex signal. This block accepts a scalar or column vector input signal. For information about the data types each block port supports, see Supported Data Types. ### Algorithm Hard-Decision QPSK Demodulator Signal Diagram for Trivial Phase Offset (odd multiple of ) Hard-Decision QPSK Demodulator Floating-Point Signal Diagram for Nontrivial Phase Offset Hard-Decision QPSK Demodulator Fixed-Point Signal Diagram for Nontrivial Phase Offset The exact LLR and approximate LLR cases (soft-decision) are described in Exact LLR Algorithm and Approximate LLR Algorithm in the Communications System Toolbox User's Guide. ## Dialog Box The phase of the zeroth point of the signal constellation. Constellation ordering Determines how the block maps each integer to a pair of output bits. Output type Determines whether the output consists of integers or bits. If the Output type parameter is set to `Integer` and Constellation ordering is set to `Binary`, then the block maps the point exp(jθ + jπm/2) to m, where θ is the Phase offset parameter and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3. The reference page for the QPSK Modulator Baseband block shows the signal constellations for the cases when Constellation ordering is set to either `Binary` or `Gray`. If the Output type is set to `Bit`, then the output contains pairs of binary values if Decision type is set to `Hard decision`. The most significant bit (i.e. the left-most bit in the vector), is the first bit the block outputs. If the Decision type is set to ```Log-likelihood ratio``` or `Approximate log-likelihood ratio`, then the output contains bitwise LLR or approximate LLR values, respectively. Decision type Specifies the use of hard decision, LLR, or approximate LLR during demodulation. This parameter appears when you select `Bit` from the Output type drop-down list. The output values for Log-likelihood ratio and Approximate log-likelihood ratio decision types are of the same data type as the input values. For integer output, the block always performs Hard decision demodulation. See Exact LLR Algorithm and Approximate LLR Algorithm in the Communications System Toolbox User's Guide for algorithm details. Noise variance source This field appears when ```Approximate log-likelihood ratio``` or `Log-likelihood ratio` is selected for Decision type. When set to `Dialog`, the noise variance can be specified in the Noise variance field. When set to `Port`, a port appears on the block through which the noise variance can be input. Noise variance This parameter appears when the Noise variance source is set to `Dialog` and specifies the noise variance in the input signal. This parameter is tunable in normal mode, Accelerator mode and Rapid Accelerator mode. If you use the Simulink® Coder™ rapid simulation (RSIM) target to build an RSIM executable, then you can tune the parameter without recompiling the model. This is useful for Monte Carlo simulations in which you run the simulation multiple times (perhaps on multiple computers) with different amounts of noise. The LLR algorithm involves computing exponentials of very large or very small numbers using finite precision arithmetic and would yield: • `Inf` to `-Inf` if Noise variance is very high • `NaN` if Noise variance and signal power are both very small In such cases, use approximate LLR, as its algorithm does not involve computing exponentials. Data Types Pane for Hard-Decision Output For bit outputs, when Decision type is set to `Hard decision`, the output data type can be set to `'Inherit via internal rule'`, ```'Smallest unsigned integer'```, `double`, `single`, `int8`, `uint8`, `int16`, `uint16`, `int32`, `uint32`, or `boolean`. For integer outputs, the output data type can be set to ```'Inherit via internal rule'```, `'Smallest unsigned integer'`, `double`, `single`, `int8`, `uint8`, `int16`, `uint16`, `int32`, or `uint32`. When this parameter is set to ```'Inherit via internal rule'``` (default setting), the block will inherit the output data type from the input port. The output data type will be the same as the input data type if the input is a floating-point type (`single` or `double`). If the input data type is fixed-point, the output data type will work as if this parameter is set to `'Smallest unsigned integer'`. When this parameter is set to `'Smallest unsigned integer'`, the output data type is selected based on the settings used in the Hardware Implementation pane of the Configuration Parameters dialog box of the model. If `ASIC/FPGA` is selected in the Hardware Implementation pane, and Output type is `Bit`, the output data type is the ideal minimum one-bit size, i.e., `ufix(1)`. For all other selections, it is an unsigned integer with the smallest available word length large enough to fit one bit, usually corresponding to the size of a char (e.g., `uint8`). If `ASIC/FPGA` is selected in the Hardware Implementation pane, and Output type is `Integer`, the output data type is the ideal minimum two-bit size, i.e., `ufix(2)`. For all other selections, it is an unsigned integer with the smallest available word length large enough to fit two bits, usually corresponding to the size of a char (e.g., `uint8`). Derotate factor This parameter only applies when the input is fixed-point and Phase offset is not an even multiple of $\frac{\pi }{4}$. You can select `Same word length as input` or ```Specify word length```, in which case you define the word length using an input field. Data Types Pane for Soft-Decision For bit outputs, when Decision type is set to `Log-likelihood ratio` or ```Approximate log-likelihood ratio```, the output data type is inherited from the input (e.g., if the input is of data type `double`, the output is also of data type `double`). ## Examples expand all Modulate and demodulate a noisy QPSK signal. Open the QPSK demodulation model. Run the simulation. The results are saved to the base workspace, where the variable `ErrorVec` is a 1-by-3 row vector. The BER is found in the first element. Display the error statistics. For the Eb/No provided, 4.3 dB, the resultant BER is approximately 0.01. Your results may vary slightly. ```ans = 0.0112 ``` Increase the Eb/No to 7 dB. Rerun the simulation, and observe that the BER has decreased. ```ans = 1.0000e-03 ``` ## Supported Data Types PortSupported Data Types Input • Double-precision floating point • Single-precision floating point • Signed fixed-point when: • Output type is `Integer` • Output type is `Bit` and Decision type is `Hard-decision` Var • Double-precision floating point • Single-precision floating point Output • Double-precision floating point • Single-precision floating point • Boolean when Output type is `Bit` and Decision type is `Hard-decision` • 8-, 16-, 32- bit signed integers • 8-, 16-, 32- bit unsigned integers • ufix(1) in ASIC/FPGA when Output type is `Bit` • ufix(2) in ASIC/FPGA when Output type is `Integer` ## HDL Code Generation This block supports HDL code generation using HDL Coder™. HDL Coder provides additional configuration options that affect HDL implementation and synthesized logic. For more information on implementations, properties, and restrictions for HDL code generation, see QPSK Demodulator Baseband in the HDL Coder documentation. ## Pair Block QPSK Modulator Baseband	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 1, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.855696976184845, "perplexity": 2444.329920572353}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722653.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00165-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.scribd.com/document/31522215/Three-strategies-to-derive-a-dual-problem	# Three strategies to derive a dual problem Ryota Tomioka May 18, 2010 There are three strategies, namely, (i) equality constraints, (ii) conic con- straints, and (iii) Fenchel’s duality to derive a dual problem. Using a group-lasso regularized support vector machine (=MKL) problem as an example, we see how these strategies can be used to derive dual problems that look diﬀerent but are actually equivalent. More speciﬁcally, we are interested in a dual of the following problem: (P) minimize w∈R n m i=1 H (x (i)⊤ w, y (i) ) + λ g∈G ∥w g 2 , where {x (i) , y (i) } m i=1 (x (i) ∈ R n ) are training examples, ℓ H (z i , y i ) := (1 −y i z i ) + is the hinge loss function, and G is a disjoint partition of {1, 2, . . . , n}; i.e., g∈G g = {1, 2, . . . , n} and g 1 , g 2 ∈ G and g 1 ̸= g 2 imply g 1 ∩ g 2 = ∅. 1 Using equality constraints The most basic technique in deriving a dual problem can be summarized as follows: 1. Find an equality constraint. 2. If you cannot ﬁnd an equality constraint, introduce auxiliary variables to create an equality constraint. 3. Form a Lagrangian. Introduce Lagrangian multipliers for every equality constraint. 4. Try to minimize the Lagrangian with respect to the primal variables. 5. If the minimization is too hard, introduce more auxiliary variables, and go back to 3. 6. If you can minimize the Lagrangian, check when it takes a ﬁnite value and when it becomes −∞. This will give you the dual constraints. 1 Following the above recipe, we ﬁrst notice that there is no equality constraint in the above primal problem (P). Thus we introduce an auxiliary variable z ∈ R m , and rewrite (P) as follows: (P 1 ) minimize w∈R n ,z∈R m m i=1 (1 −z i ) + + λ g∈G ∥w g 2 , subject to y (i) x (i)⊤ w = z i (i = 1, . . . , m). Note that the way we introduce equality constraints is not unique. For example, we could have (1−y i z i ) + in the objective subject to x (i)⊤ w = z i . Nevertheless, as long as the mapping is one to one, this choice is not important. The current choice is made to mimic the most common representation of SVM dual. Now we are ready to form a Lagrangian L(w, z, α), where α = (α i ) m i=1 are Lagrangian multipliers associated with the m equality constraints in (P 1 ). The Lagrangian can be written as follows: L(w, z, α) = m i=1 (1 −z i ) + + λ g∈G ∥w g 2 + m i=1 α i (z i −y (i) x (i)⊤ w). The dual function d(α) is obtained by minimizing the Lagrangian L(w, z, α) with respect to the primal variables w and z as follows: d(α) = inf w,z m i=1 (1 −z i ) + + λ g∈G ∥w g 2 + m i=1 α i (z i −y (i) x (i)⊤ w) = m i=1 inf z i (max(0, 1 −z i ) + α i z i ) + g∈G inf w g ∈R \|g\| λ∥w g 2 m i=1 α i y (i) x (i) g w g , = m i=1 inf z i max(α i z i , (α i −1)z i + 1) + g∈G inf w g ∈R \|g\| λ∥w g 2 m i=1 α i y (i) x (i) g w g , which takes a ﬁnite value m i=1 α i if the following conditions are satisﬁed α i ≥ 0, α i −1 ≤ 0, m i=1 α i y (i) x (i) g 2 ≤ λ. Otherwise d(α) = −∞ (a trivial lower bound). Accordingly, we obtain the following dual problem: (D 1 ) maximize m i=1 α i , subject to 0 ≤ α i ≤ 1 (i = 1, . . . , m), m i=1 α i y (i) x (i) g 2 ≤ λ (g ∈ G). 2 2 Using conic constraints The second strategy to derive a dual problem is based on ﬁnding a conic struc- ture in the primal problem. A cone K is a subset of some vector space such that if x ∈ K, for any nonnegative α, we have αx ∈ K. The most common cone we encounter is the positive orthant cone; i.e., K = {x ∈ R n : x ≥ 0}. Another commonly used cone is the second-order cone; i.e., K = {(x 0 , x ) ∈ R n+1 : x 0 ≥ ∥x∥ 2 }. The dual cone K of a cone K is deﬁned as follows: K = {y ∈ R n : y x ≥ 0 (∀x ∈ K)}. In other words, the dual cone is a collection of vectors that have nonnegative inner products with all the vectors in K. Note that both the positive orthant cone and the second order cone are self-dual; i.e., K = K. Why is a cone useful? Because, when we consider the minimization of a Lagrangian and see a term like f(α) x and x ∈ K, we know that the minimum is zero if f(α) ∈ K and −∞ otherwise (because if f(α) / ∈ K we can ﬁnd a vector x ∈ K such that f(α) x < 0, and even if f(α) x is very close to zero, we can ﬁnd a very large α > 0 and drive f(α) (αx) to −∞). Let us consider a conic programming problem (P C ) minimize x∈R n c x, subject to Ax = b, x ∈ K, where K is a cone. The dual problem of (P C ) can be written as follows: (D C ) maximize α∈R m b α, subject to c −A α ∈ K , where K is the dual cone of K. The derivation of (D C ) (and some generaliza- tion) is given in Appendix A. Now we rewrite the primal problem (P) as a conic programming problem as follows: (P 2 ) minimize w∈R n ,ξ∈R m , ˜ ξ∈R m ,u g ∈R(g∈G) m i=1 ξ i + λ g∈G u g , subject to y (i) x (i)⊤ w + ξ i ˜ ξ i = 1, ξ i , ˜ ξ i ≥ 0 (i = 1, . . . , m), ∥w g 2 ≤ u g (g ∈ G). 3 By deﬁning x = (ξ , ˜ ξ , u , w ) , c = (1 m , 0 m , λ1 \|G\| , 0 m ) , A = 1 −1 y (1) x (1)⊤ . . . . . . 0 . . . 1 −1 y (m) x (m) ¸ ¸ ¸, b = 1 m , we notice that (P 2 ) is a conic programming problem. In fact, the cone K can be written as K = , ˜ ξ , u , w ) ∈ R 2m+n+\|G\| : ξ ≥ 0, ˜ ξ ≥ 0, u g ≥ ∥w g 2 (∀g ∈ G) ¸ . Note that K is self dual; i.e., K = K. Accordingly the dual of (P 2 ) can be written as follows: (D 2 ) maximize m i=1 α i , subject to 1 m −α ≥ 0 m , 0 m +α ≥ 0 m , λ ≥ m i=1 α i y (i) x i 2 (∀g ∈ G). The dual problem (D 2 ) is clearly equivalent to (D 1 ). 3 Using Fenchel’s duality Fenchel’s duality theorem [Rockafellar, 1970, Theorem 31.1] states that for two proper closed convex functions f and g, we have inf x∈R n (f(Ax) + g(x)) = sup α∈R m (−f (−α) −g (A α)), (1) where f and g are the convex conjugate functions 1 of f and g, respectively. The derivation of Eq. (1) is given in Appendix B. The problem (P) can be rewritten as follows: (P 3 ) minimize w∈R n f(Aw) + g(w), 1 The convex conjugate function f of a function f is deﬁned as f (y) = sup x ` y x−f(x) ´ . If f is proper closed convex function, f = f. 4 where f(z) = m i=1 (1 −z i ) + , g(w) = λ g∈Gf ∥w g 2 , A = y (1) x (1)⊤ . . . y (m) x (m) . ¸ ¸ ¸ Using Fenchel’s duality theorem, the dual problem of (P 3 ) can be written as follows: (D 3 ) minimize α∈R m −f (−α) −g (A α). The remaining task, therefore, is to compute the convex conjugate functions f and g . First we compute f . By deﬁnition, f (−α) = sup z∈R m −z α− m i=1 max(0, 1 −z i ) = m i=1 sup z i min (−α i z i , (1 −α i )z i −1) = m i=1 +∞ (if α i < 0), −α i (if 0 ≤ α i ≤ 1), +∞ (if α i > 1). Next, we compute g . First we show a lower bound of g as follows: g (y) = sup w∈R n ¸ y w −λ g∈G ∥w g 2 ¸ = g∈G sup w g ∈R \|g\| y g w g −λ∥w g 2 = g∈G sup t sup w g :∥w g ∥≤t y g w g −λ∥w g 2 g∈G sup t (∥y g 2 −λ)t = g∈G 0 (if ∥y g 2 ≤ λ), +∞ (otherwise). 5 α i =1 α i =0 f (−α i ) (a) The conjugate hinge loss. \|\|y g \|\|<=λ g (y g ) (b) The conjugate regularizer. Figure 1: The shapes of convex conjugate functions f (−α) and g (y) in 1D. Next we show that the above lower bound is tight. In fact, if ∥y g 2 ≤ λ, we have y g w g ≤ λ∥w g 2 (Cauchy-Schwarz inequality), which implies y g w g −λ∥w g 2 0. Finally, substituting the above f and g into (D 3 ), we obtain the following dual problem. (D 3 ) maximize m i=1 α i if 0 ≤ α i ≤ 1 (i = 1, . . . , m), and m i=1 α i y (i) x (i) g 2 ≤ λ (∀g ∈ G), −∞ (otherwise). Note that dual problem (D 3 ) with the above f and g are equivalent to both (D 1 ) and (D 2 ). Figure 1 shows the rough shape of conjugate functions f (−α) and g (y). References Stephen Boyd and Lieven Vandenberghe. Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, 2004. R. Tyrrell Rockafellar. Convex Analysis. Princeton University Press, 1970. A Derivation of (D C ) and generalization to arbi- trary loss functions Similarly to the derivation in Sec. 1, the Lagrangian of (P C ) is written as follows: L(x, α) = c x +α (b −Ax). 6 The dual function d(α) is obtained by minimizing the Lagrangian L(x, α) with respect to x as follows: d(α) = inf x∈K c x + (b −Ax) α = b α+ inf x∈K (c −A α) x. Note that the minimization with respect to x is constrained in the cone K. Thus, for the minimum to exist, it is necessary and suﬃcient that c−A α ∈ K (recall, by deﬁnition that for any x ∈ K and y ∈ K , x y ≥ 0, and if y / ∈ K there exists x ∈ K such that x y < 0). If c −A α ∈ K , then the minimum is zero, because for any x ∈ K and y ∈ K , x y ≥ 0. Accordingly, we obtain the dual porblem (D C ). The above conic duality can be generalized to arbitrary convex loss function x. Let us consider the following primal probelm: (P C ) minimize x∈R n f(x), subject to Ax = b, x ∈ K, where K is a cone. Introducing an auxiliary variable z ∈ R n , we can rewrite (P C ) as follows: (P ′′ C ) minimize x,z∈R n f(z), subject to Ax = b, z = x, x ∈ K. The Lagrangian L(w, z, α) of (P ′′ C ) can be written as follows: L(w, z, α) = f(z) +α (b −Ax) +β (x −z), where α ∈ R m and β ∈ R n are Lagrangian multipliers. The dual function d(α) can be obtained by minimizing L(w, z, α) with re- spect to w and z as follows: d(α) = inf w,z f(z) +α (b −Ax) +β (x −z) = b α+ inf z∈R m f(z) −β z + inf w∈R n β −A α w = b α− sup z∈R m β z −f(z) + inf w∈R n β −A α w = b α−f (β) + inf w∈R n β −A α w, where f is the convex conjugate of f. Note that the minimization with respect to w takes a ﬁnite value zero if and only if β − A α ∈ K (otherwise d(α) = −∞). 7 Accordingly, the dual problem is written as follows: (D ′′ C ) maximize α∈R m ,β∈R n b α−f (β), subject to β −A α ∈ K . Note that if f(x) = c x, f (β) = 0 if β = c, and f (β) = +∞ otherwise. Therefore, (D ′′ C ) reduces to (D C ). B Derivation of Fenchel’s duality theorem First, we introduce an equality constraint and rewrite the left-hand side of Eq. (1) as follows (P F ) minimize x∈R n ,z∈R m f(z) + g(x), subject to Ax = z. The Lagrangian L(x, z, α) of the equality constrained problem (P F ) can be written as follows: L(x, z, α) = f(z) + g(x) +α (z −Ax). Minimizing the Lagrangian L(x, z, α) with respect to x and z we obtain the dual function d(α) as follows: d(α) = inf x,z f(z) + g(x) +α (z −Ax) = inf z f(z) +α z + inf x g(x) −α Ax = −sup z (−α) z −f(z) −sup x (A α) x −g(x) = −f (−α) −g (A α) If both f and g are convex, (P F ) satisﬁes Slater’s condition [Boyd and Van- denberghe, 2004] and the strong duality holds. Therefore we have Eq. (1). Fenchel’s duality theorem can be generalized to the following problem (P F ) minimize x f(Ax) + g(Bx), whose dual problem can be written as (D F ) maximize α,β −f (−α) −g (α), subject to A α = B β. If B = I n (identity matrix), the above duality is equivalent to Fenchel’ duality theorem. 8	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9674332141876221, "perplexity": 5935.5038161459}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550969387.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728143709-20170728163709-00387.warc.gz"}

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