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Choose three places you would like to visit and explain why. | I would like to visit Greece, Italy, and Iceland. Greece because of its history and natural beauty; Italy because of its food, art, and culture; Iceland because of its dramatic and unique landscape. | I would like to visit Italy, France, and Spain. I'd love to see the beautiful museums, visit the traditional cafes, and experience the unique culture of each country. Italy is known for its iconic cities, gourmet food, and stunning architecture. France has some of the most beautiful castles and landscapes, and contains an immense history. Spain is a beautiful country with rich culture and history, and offers a wide range of gastronomic delights. It would be an incredible experience to explore these magnificent countries. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choose three puns to use in a conversation with a friend. | 1. Why did the baby whale go to the beach? He wanted to see what all the hype was about!
2. Q: What do you call a bear with no teeth?
A: A gummy bear!
3. Who was the most famous astronomer in history? Galileo! | 1. Q: What did the mathematician say when he was asked if he could wail away a frustration?
A: He said f(x) = 0.
2. Q: Why did the chicken cross the playground?
A: To get to the other slide!
3. Q: What do you get when you cross a wooden nickel with a dime?
A: A quarter of a hedonism. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choose three reasons why someone might leave their job. | 1. Low pay
2. Unpleasant working conditions
3. Dissatisfaction with job responsibilities | There are several reasons why someone might leave their job. These could include feeling undervalued and unrecognized, having different values and expectations from their employer, or feeling overworked and underappreciated. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choose three words which are synonyms of each other. | Equivalent, Similar, Congruent. | Sparkle (glitter), Luster (shine), Gleam (radiate). | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choose two colors from the list [red, green, blue] and explain what their color wheel combination would look like.
Input: [red, green] | A combination of red and green would create a striking color wheel combination. A yellow-green hue would be dominant, with a bright and vivid red accent. The colors would create a luminous and energetic palette that would be perfect for bright and cheery designs. | If you choose red and green as your two colors, the result would be a color wheel combination of an intense yellow-orange. This is because the amounts of red and green pigment are roughly equal, neutralizing each other, and leaving only orange-yellow pigment to remain colors. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choose two colors to go together and explain why they are a good combination. | Orange and pink are a great combination because they are both warm, inviting colors that evoke a sense of joy and energy. Orange is associated with creativity, passion and excitement, while pink is a gentle and loving hue that encourages peace and calmness. Together, they create a beautiful balance of emotions and make for a beautiful palette. | Blue and yellow are a wonderful combination of colors that go extremely well together. The sharp contrast between the two creates a vivid, eye-catching look that is pleasing to the eye. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choose two elements from the periodic table and describe their properties. | Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table and has one proton. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is highly flammable and reacts violently when combined with oxygen.
Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell and its properties include being black and having a high melting point. It is highly versatile and is present in many organic compounds. | Hydrogen and oxygen are two elements from the periodic table. Hydrogen is a highly reactive and light element that exists as a gas at room temperature, while oxygen is a colorless and odorless gas that is essential for life. Hydrogen reacts with many other elements to form molecules, while oxygen is the main component of water. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choose two words from the following list that are antonyms:
Input: happy, slow, big, luxurious | happy, slow | sad, fast, small, simple | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choose which of the following two categories best describes the given item.
Input: Rook | Chess piece | The item is a chess piece. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Choose which of these three options is the best way to thank someone.
Input: Sending a card, telling them in person, getting them a gift | Sending a card is the best way to thank someone. It not only shows appreciation, but also serves as a memento of the appreciation expressed. | Getting them a gift is the best way to thank someone. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Circle the correct verb form.
Input: The cat (scratches / scratched) the carpet. | The cat scratched the carpet. | The cat scratched (scratches / scratched) the carpet. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite a benefit of using modern deep learning architectures | One of the key benefits of using modern deep learning architectures is the ability to learn from complex data without the need for explicit feature engineering. Deep learning models can learn features from raw data, allowing for more accurate and automated predictions to be made. This capability can lead to significant cost savings and time savings in downstream tasks, as feature engineering has traditionally been a time consuming and costly process. | One of the main benefits of using modern deep learning architectures is the ability to process large amounts of data quickly, allowing models to learn more intricate patterns and make more accurate predictions. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite a disadvantage of using Machine Learning algorithms in text analysis. | One of the biggest disadvantages of using Machine Learning algorithms in text analysis is that they are often subject to “Data Hunger” - the requirement that they be fed a large amount of data in order to produce reliable results. This can be both a time- and cost-intensive process, and call for larger datasets than what may be available. Additionally, Machine Learning algorithms can be adversely affected by noise or outliers in the data, requiring considerable skill to prevent incorrect decisions from being made. | One of the biggest disadvantages of using Machine Learning algorithms in text analysis is that it can produce biased results, especially if the dataset used to train the model does not contain a wide range of perspectives and experiences. Additionally, the results can be hard to understand and explain, making them less reliable and trustworthy. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite a health risk associated with drinking too much coffee. | Coffee is a source of caffeine, which can be a health risk if consumed in excess. Drinking too much coffee can cause anxiety, insomnia, and other health problems. Additionally, caffeine can be addictive, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when consumption is reduced or stopped. Too much coffee can also lead to dehydration, which can contribute to headaches, fatigue, dry skin, and other health problems. | Drinking too much coffee can lead to health problems such as anxiety, sleeplessness, elevated blood pressure, and digestive issues. Too much coffee can also lead to a person becoming dependent on the drink, requiring them to consume larger amounts in order to feel the same effects. Long-term coffee consumption can also be dangerous, as it has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite an example of a symbolic relationship between two variables. | A famous example of a symbolic relationship between two variables is the correlation between the size of a country's military expenditure and its global economic power, as measured by GDP. The relationship can be described as inverse, meaning that a higher level of military expenditure is associated with a lower level of global economic power. This is because when countries spend more on their military, it reduces the amount of money available for investment in the private sector, thus diminishing a country's economic power. | A price reduction of 10% is often seen as a sign of good faith by customers, as it requires the seller to sacrifice some profit in order to attract more business. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite a particular piece of evidence to support the sentence
Input: Violent video games have been proven to increase aggressive behavior | The U.S. Department of Defense conducted a study in which it was found that pupils exposed to violent video games displayed an increased level of aggression compared to pupils who were not exposed to such games. (source: http://www.usairforce.com/content/usaf/news-and-explore/cia/violent-video-games-increase-aggression-in-teenagers.backend.render.html) | Violent video games have been proven to increase aggressive behavior (Ferguson, 2015). | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite a poem written by William Wordsworth.
Input: No input. | William Wordsworth's poem "I wandered lonely as a cloud" (1804). | William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud, 1815. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite a quote from a famous person about courage. | "Courage is not the absence of fear, but the judgement that something else is more important than fear." - Amanda Lindhout | J.K. Rowling once said, "Courage is not fearlessness. It is fear and courage together." | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite a relatable quote | A relatable quote is: "Some days are just bad days, and that's OK. A bad day doesn't mean you're having a bad life, it just means that today is a hard day." - Unknown. This quote reminds us that we shouldn't over-analyze difficult days and make them seem worse than they are. It's OK to feel negative emotions sometimes, and as long as it's just for that day, it's all right. | A relatable quote is: "Life is full of ups and downs, but the secret is to get back up". - Unknown | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite a source of information related to the civil war | The Library of Congress provides an online collection of resources related to the American Civil War, including letters, diaries, newspapers, maps, and photographs. Additionally, the National Park Service's Civil War Soldiers and Sailors website provides detailed service records of soldiers who fought in the war. | The National Park Service offers a wealth of resources related to the American Civil War, including articles, websites, park units, and more. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite the main advantages of object-oriented programming. | The advantages of object-oriented programming include improved encapsulation, data hiding, and modularity; greater flexibility and reusability; and reduced complexity and code redundancy. | The main advantages of object-oriented programming are improved readability, reusability of code, easier maintenance, and stronger type safety. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite the website using MLA format.
Input: Website Name: National Women's History Museum
Website URL: www.womenshistory.org | National Women's History Museum. (2020). Retrieved from www.womenshistory.org. | Smith, Stephanie. "National Women's History Museum." www.womenshistory.org. Accessed February 04, 20 | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite three common techniques in deep learning. | Three common techniques in deep learning are convolutional neural networks (CNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). | Three common techniques in deep learning are convolutional neural networks, autoencoders, and generative adversarial networks. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite three examples of observations scientists use when studying the universe. | Scientists use observations of stars, planets, and other galaxies to understand the universe. Examples of these observations include measuring star and galaxy distances, tracking the motion of planets, and analyzing the spectrum of light from distant objects. | Some examples of observations scientists use when studying the universe include the movement of stars in a galaxy, the rate of expansion of the universe, and the distribution of dark matter and energy. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite three reputable sources that support the given statement.
Input: The use of plant-based foods in an effort to reduce environmental impacts is becoming increasingly popular. | 1. Report from Our World in Data: "Declining Per Capita Meat Consumption in High-Income Countries" (https://ourworldindata.org/meat-consumption-and-the-environment/);
2. Study from World Resources Institute: "Meat and Fish in the Environment" (https://www.wri.org/blog/2019/05/meat-and-fish-environment);
3. Report from The Guardian: "Plant-Based Protein Demand Expected to Rise as Meat Consumption Declines" (https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2019/sep/16/plant-based-protein-demand-meat-consumption) | 1. APA (2019). Environmental Factors and Health: A Report From the American Psychological Association.
2. BBC News (2019). Vegan Revolution Encourages 'More Mindful Eating'.
3. The Guardian (2019). The Rise of the Vegan Revolution. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cite which sources were used in the paper
Input: Abstract: Fine-tuning continuous prompts for target tasks has recently emerged as a compact alternative to full model fine-tuning. Motivated by these promising results, we investigate the feasibility of extracting a discrete (textual) interpretation of continuous prompts that is faithful to the problem they solve. In practice, we observe a "wayward" behavior between the task solved by continuous prompts and their nearest neighbor discrete projections: We can find continuous prompts that solve a task while being projected to an arbitrary text (e.g., definition of a different or even a contradictory task), while being within a very small (2%) margin of the best continuous prompt of the same size for the task. We provide intuitions behind this odd and surprising behavior, as well as extensive empirical analyses quantifying the effect of various parameters. For instance, for larger model sizes we observe higher waywardness, i.e, we can find prompts that more closely map to any arbitrary text with a smaller drop in accuracy. These findings have important implications relating to the difficulty of faithfully interpreting continuous prompts and their generalization across models and tasks, providing guidance for future progress in prompting language models. | The paper uses multiple sources, including WordEmbedding and Transformer-XL. Additionally, the authors cite multiple datasets, including CoLA, GLUE, SST-2, and XQuanta. They also use a variety of models, such as multiple sizes of BERT, T5, and DistilBERT. Lastly, they cite numerous publications, including the original papers introducing continuous prompts, as well as related work studying prompting language models. | This paper uses datasets from languages.stanford.edu and transformers.google.com. It also uses Python libraries NLTK and Scikit-Learn. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Clarify how a certain company implements a certain policy
Input: Company XYZ has implemented a strict hiring policy. | Under the strict hiring policy implemented by Company XYZ, all potential employees must undergo a rigorous interview process, and only those with the necessary qualifications will be hired. The interview process is designed to assess a candidate's knowledge, skills, and experience, as well as their ability to work well with the existing team. Additionally, background checks and reference checks are conducted to ensure that only the most reliable and trustworthy candidates are hired. | Company XYZ has a strict hiring policy which involves a thorough vetting process of all potential employees. This includes a background check, employment verification, and test interviews. Only candidates who pass the screening are offered the job. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Clarify the main idea of this excerpt:
Climate change due in large part to human activities is a reality that the world is currently dealing with. | Climate change caused mainly by human activities is an issue that the world is facing right now. | Climate change caused by human activities is a major issue that needs to be addressed. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Clarify what the speaker said.
Input: My colleagues think I'm great. | Your colleagues apparently believe you are an excellent employee. | It sounds like your colleagues have positive opinions of you. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Clasify the sentiment of the following statement:
"The weather is freezing today!" | Negative sentiment | Negative | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Clasify the sentiment of the following statement:
"The weather is freezing today!" | Negative | The statement "The weather is freezing today!" has a negative sentiment. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classification Task - Classify the following piano piece as classical or jazz genre.
Input: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPUTzyOyfN4 | classical | Jazz | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classification: What country does the following flag belong to?
Input:  | The flag belongs to Romania. | The flag belongs to Ukraine. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify a fish as either an anadromous or a catadromous species.
Input: Sockeye Salmon | Sockeye Salmon is an anadromous species, as it spawns in freshwater and then migrates to the ocean. | Anadromous | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify a given object into one of the following categories.
Input: Object: Christmas lights
Categories:
(A) Furniture
(B) Electrical appliance
(C) Decoration
(D) Toys | C | C) Decoration | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify a given text into categories.
Input: Mandarin oranges are a type of citrus fruit. | Fruit: Mandarin Oranges | Fruits: Mandarin Orange | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify a given type of sports: basketball. | Basketball is a team sport which involves two teams of five players each. The objective of the game is to score more points than the other team through shooting, rebounding, passing and dribbling. | Basketball is a team sport that is typically played in an outdoors court. It is a rapidly moving sport with two teams of five players each. The aim of the game is to get the ball into the other team's basket. The ball can be moved by throwing, dribbling, or shooting. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify a list of animals into mammals and other animals.
Input: Lion, Elephant, Tiger, Shark, Penguin | Mammals: Lion, Elephant, Tiger, Shark
Other Animals: Penguin | Mammals: Lion, Elephant, Tiger, Shark.
Other animals: Penguin. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify an animal based on the physical descriptions given.
Input: Animal: Elephant
Physical Description: Large land animal with a long and flexible trunk and thick, grey skin. | Mammal | Mammal (egg laying). | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify an animal from its description.
Input: A small mammal with a long snout, small ears, and a brushy tail. | The animal is probably a rodent, such as a gopher or rat. | The animal is a rodent, likely a gopher or rat. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify an object into a certain category.
Input: A laptop | Computer | The object is classified as a computing device. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify between two different types of cats
Input: American shorthair and Maine coon | The American shorthair is a domestic cat with a short, stocky build that is also known as a domestic shorthair. The Maine coon is a larger breed of cat that is long and muscular, with a plush coat and distinctively large paws. | Both American shorthair and Maine coon cats are designed to be outdoor cats. American shorthairs are typically friendly, outgoing, and social cats, while Maine coons are bigger and more relaxed cats, often with a gentle and patient nature. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each creature in the sentence as either a mammal, reptile, amphibian, or bird.
Input: The owl, armadillo and toad hopped into the pond. | Mammal: Owl, Armadillo
Reptile: Toad
Amphibian: Toad
Bird: Owl | Mammal: Owl
Reptile: Armadillo
Amphibian: Toad
Bird: None | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each employee in the dataset as 'high performance', 'mid performance' or 'low performance'.
Input: [
Raj - 4 years experience, works on multiple projects, completed tasks on time in the past 3 months.
Sameer - 6 years experience, failed to deliver the required results on time in the past 3 months.
James - 2 years experience, takes initiative in completing tasks, but has not finished all tasks on time.
] | Raj - High Performance
Sameer - Mid Performance
James - Low Performance | High performance: Raj
Mid performance: Sameer
Low performance: James | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each of the following animals as a predator or herbivore.
Input: - Lion
- Rabbit | Lion: Predator
Rabbit: Herbivore | Lion: Predator
Rabbit: Herbivore | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each of the following countries according to their continent.
Input: Brazil, India, China | Brazil (South America), India (Asia), China (Asia). | Brazil - South America, India - Asia, China - Asia | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each of the following restaurant features as either indoor or outdoor.
Input: Restaurant features: Patio, Dining Room, Atrium, Bar | Patio: Outdoor
Dining Room: Indoor
Atrium: Indoor
Bar: Indoor | Patio: Outdoor
Dining Room: Indoor
Atrium: Indoor
Bar: Outdoor | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each of the following words as an adjective, verb, noun, or adverb.
Input: challenge | Noun. | Adjective | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each sentence as either biased or neutral
Input: 1. Coffee is the best beverage for breakfast.
2. Every home should have an espresso machine. | 1. Biased
2. Neutral | 1. Biased
2. Neutral | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each sentence as formal or informal.
Input: "Hey dude, how's it going?"
"Good morning, how can I help you?" | Informal: "Hey dude, how's it going?"
Formal: "Good morning, how can I help you?" | Formal: Good morning, how can I help you?
Informal: Hey dude, how's it going? | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each sentence in the paragraph into "positive" or "negative".
Input: The coffee tasted great, but there was not enough sugar.
The waitress was friendly but her service was not as fast as I would have liked. | Positive: The coffee tasted great.
Negative: There was not enough sugar.
Negative: Her service was not as fast as I would have liked. | Positive: The coffee tasted great.
Negative: There was not enough sugar.
Negative: Her service was not as fast as I would have liked. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify each word in the sentence as a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or other.
Input: The lazy cat quickly ran to catch the mouse. | noun: lazy cat
verb: quickly ran
adjective: caught the mouse
adverb: quickly
other: None | Noun: lazy cat Verbs: quicky ran Adjectives: quickly Adverbs: catch Other: none | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify fish as either carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores
Input: Betta Fish | Carnivore | Betta fish are omnivores. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify paper towels into different types | There are typically two types of paper towels: household and industrial. Household paper towels are designed for use in households and are made from thinner and more absorptive paper. Industrial paper towels, on the other hand, are designed for use in commercial settings and are usually stronger and more absorbent. They are also often scented to mask odors. | Paper towels can be classified into two main categories based on their purpose:
1. Commercial paper towels – These are made from strong and absorbent materials, like virgin wood pulp, and are designed to withstand heavy usage in places like restaurants, bars, and kitchens.
2. Viatral paper towels – These are made from recycled materials and are thinner and softer than commercial paper towels. They are mainly designed for light general use in homes and offices. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the abstract under a label.
Input: Abstract: Fine-tuning continuous prompts for target tasks has recently emerged as a compact alternative to full model fine-tuning. Motivated by these promising results, we investigate the feasibility of extracting a discrete (textual) interpretation of continuous prompts that is faithful to the problem they solve. In practice, we observe a "wayward" behavior between the task solved by continuous prompts and their nearest neighbor discrete projections: We can find continuous prompts that solve a task while being projected to an arbitrary text (e.g., definition of a different or even a contradictory task), while being within a very small (2%) margin of the best continuous prompt of the same size for the task. We provide intuitions behind this odd and surprising behavior, as well as extensive empirical analyses quantifying the effect of various parameters. For instance, for larger model sizes we observe higher waywardness, i.e, we can find prompts that more closely map to any arbitrary text with a smaller drop in accuracy. These findings have important implications relating to the difficulty of faithfully interpreting continuous prompts and their generalization across models and tasks, providing guidance for future progress in prompting language models. | This abstract describes research on interpreting continuous prompts in language models. They find that, while continuous prompts often generalize well, they can output non-intuitive outputs when projected to a small margin of the best continuous prompt. Additionally, larger model sizes lead to higher waywardness, which is a decrease in accuracy when the prompt maps to a different task. These findings have important implications for interpreting language models and their generalization across tasks. | This abstract is classified as a Literature review article. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the action in the sentence as either an action verb, an auxiliary verb, or neither.
Input: He ran quickly. | Auxiliary verb. | Auxiliary verb | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the age group the given text is most likely targeting
Input: "Don't miss this rare chance to meet your favorite singer!" | The given text is likely targeting teenagers and young adults. | The text is targeting teenagers and young adults. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the animals into carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous.
Input: Leopard, Cow, Rabbit | Carnivorous: Leopard
Herbivorous: Cow
Omnivorous: Rabbit | Carnivorous: Leopard
Herbivorous: Cow
Omnivorous: Rabbit | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the below statement as True or False:
AI has already been used to diagnose diseases like cancer. | True. AI has already been used to diagnose diseases like cancer. | False. AI has not yet been used to diagnose cancer or any other diseases. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the character of the following excerpt as righteous or evil?
Input: The royal ruler set a precedent of justice and fairness among all people in the kingdom, no matter their social status. | Righteous | Righteous. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the climate for the given input.
Input: Toronto, Canada | The climate for Toronto, Canada is classified as a humid continental climate, which is characterized by long winters and cold summers. The city experiences cold winters with an average January temperature of -10.4 °C and snowfall of 141.3 cm. The summers are warm with an average July temperature of 19.9 °C and July precipitation of 80.5 mm. | Toronto, Canada has a temperate climate, with relatively mild summers and cold, snowy winters. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the clothing item
Input: A long sleeved shirt with buttons | A long sleeved shirt with buttons is a casual shirt. | This clothing item is a shirt. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the consumer sentiment toward a particular brand of car.
Input: Brand of car: Tesla | The consumer sentiment towards Tesla is largely favorable. Recent surveys have found that Tesla is the most popular electric car brand among consumers, with a high level of loyalty and enthusiasm among its customers. Additionally, consumer reviews tend to be overwhelmingly positive, citing the car's performance, design, and reliability as some of its strongest features. | The consumer sentiment toward Tesla is positive, as the company has experienced increasing demand for its electric cars. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the dialogue into one of the following categories: 1) making or cancelling orders; 2) shipping & delivery; 3) change and return; 4) technical issue with website or app.
Input: - Agent: I am sorry we will cancel that order for you, and you will get refund within 7 business days.
- Customer: oh that takes too long. I want you to take quicker action on this. | 2 | 4 | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the emotion in these lyrics
Input: "You are the sunlight in my day
And the moonlight in my night
You make all things seem so bright" | Joy | The lyric expresses a positive emotion of joy. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the energy source mentioned in this paragraph as renewable or non-renewable.
Input: The town of Springburg is working to meet its sustainability goals by installing rooftop solar panels. | The energy source mentioned in this paragraph is renewable. | Rooftop solar panels are a renewable energy source. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the flower species according to their colors.
Input: Red Rose, White Daisy, Blue Hydrangea | Red Rose: Red
White Daisy: White
Blue Hydrangea: Blue | Roses are red, daisies are white, hydrangeas are blue. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following 10 items as either vegetables or fruits.
Tomato, Broccoli, Banana, Carrot, Apple, Lettuce, Mango, Peas, Watermelon, Potato | 1. Tomatoes: Vegetable 2. Broccoli: Vegetable 3. Banana: Fruit 4. Carrot: Vegetable 5. Apple: Fruit 6. Lettuce: Vegetable 7. Mango: Fruit 8. Peas: Vegetable 9. Watermelon: Fruit 10. Potato: Vegetable. | Vegetables: Tomato, Broccoli, Banana, Carrot, Apple
Fruits: Mango, Peas, Watermelon, Potato | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following animal as an invertebrate.
Input: Butterfly | True. Butterfly is an invertebrate. | Invertebrate. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following animal as carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore.
Input: Fox | Carnivore | Carnivore. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following animals as either warm-blooded or cold-blooded.
Input: Rabbit | Rabbit is warm-blooded. | Rabbit is cold-blooded. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following animals into carnivores and herbivores.
Input: Tiger, elephant, deer. | Carnivores: Tiger
Herbivores: Elephant, deer | Carnivores: Tiger
Herbivores: Elephant, deer. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following animals into mammals or reptiles.
Input: Lion | Mammal | Mammal. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following animals: lion, deer, owl | Lion - Carnivore, Deer - Herbivore, Owl - Omnivore | Lion: Carnivore
Deer: Herbivore
Owl: Bird | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following article as either a myth or fact.
Input: The average lifespan of a hamster is three to four years. | Fact | Fact. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following as a chemical or physical change: A metal object rusts in water. | Classification: Chemical change. | A metal object rusting in water is an example of chemical change. Rusting is the transformation of metal into a new substance, which is a chemical reaction. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following as a concrete or abstract noun.
Input: ruthlessness | Abstract noun | Concrete noun. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following as a good or bad example of communication.
Input: John said to his coworker, "You are incompetent!" | John's statement is an example of poor communication. It is an aggressive and harsh way of expressing a negative opinion, which may cause damage to his coworker's self-esteem. | This is a bad example of communication. John should use a more constructive approach and express his thoughts in a positive way. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following as an animal or another type of organism: Mushroom
Input: Mushroom | Fungus | Organism | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following as either a fruit or vegetable: Potatoes | Potatoes are classified as a vegetable. | Potatoes are a vegetable. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following as either a geologic event or a tectonic event.
Input: Volcanic Eruption | Volcanic Eruption - Geologic Event | Volcanic Eruption is a geologic event. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following as either an arithmetic or a logical operator.
Input: + | The operator + is a arithmetic operator. | Arithmetic operator. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following as either an example of ethical behavior or unethical behavior
Input: Posting confidential information on a public website | Unethical behavior. | Posting confidential information on a public website is an example of unethical behavior. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following as either a renewable or non-renewable resource: natural gas. | Natural gas is a non-renewable resource. It is a fossil fuel that is created over millions of years from decaying organisms and cannot be replaced once it is used. | Natural gas is a renewable resource. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following bird - In which family does it belong?
Input: Northern Flicker | The Northern Flicker is a woodpecker belonging to the family Picidae. | The Northern Flicker is a large, residents of the American continent. It belongs to the Picidae family, which contains woodpeckers. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following celebrity with the most appropriate label.
Input: Bill Gates | Philanthropist | Business Person | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following character as a protagonist, antagonist, or other
Input: Jasmine is the owner of a successful boutique | Protagonist | Other. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following data as either qualitative or quantitative.
Input: Age | Quantitative. | The variable "Age" is considered to be a quantitative variable. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following data with three labels.
Input: fjsklfjdsklfjsklfjsklfjs | String data: "fjsklfjdsklfjsklfjsklfjs" can be classified as "Malformed data" | label1: "normal"
label2: "warning"
label3: "critical" | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following document as either fiction or non-fiction:
The history of the Vikings is a fascinating and complex story.
Input: The history of the Vikings is a fascinating and complex story. | Non-Fiction | Non-fiction. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following emotion in the input sentence.
Input: He was excited to travel to Paris. | Joy | Joy. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following emotions - shame, pride, joy
Input: Shame, pride, joy | Shame: unpleasant emotion
Pride: positive emotion
Joy: positive emotion | The emotions of shame, pride, and joy are all positive emotions. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following example as a primary or secondary source
Input: A book on the history of the American Revolution | Secondary source. | Secondary source | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following example as belonging to an algorithm or heuristic.
Input: A company implements a rule that allows their employees to take the day off if they have worked for more than 75 hours in the last week. | The rule implemented by the company is an example of a heuristic. | This is an example of a heuristic. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following figure as a conic section.
Input:  | Ellipse. | The figure is a elliptical hyperbola. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following flower as an annual or a perennial.
Input: Marigold | Annual. Marigold is an annual plant that blooms in the summertime and typically dies off at the end of the season. | Annual. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following flowers as either annuals or perennials.
Input: Marigolds, Daisy, Sunflower | Marigolds: Annuals
Daisy: Perennials
Sunflower: Perennials | Marigolds and Daisies are annuals, while Sunflowers are perennials. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following flower species as either a wild or hybrid flower.
Input: Iris germanica | Iris germanica is a wild flower. | Iris germanica is a wildflower. | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following foods as either healthy or unhealthy:
Mashed potatoes, Caesar salad, Poached salmon | Mashed potatoes: Unhealthy
Caesar salad: Unhealthy
Poached salmon: Healthy | Mashed potatoes: Unhealthy
Caesar salad: Healthy
Poached salmon: Healthy | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Classify the following Github repository into one of the following areas: deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, data Science or software engineering.
Input: https://github.com/google-research/bert | Data Science | Computer science | unknown | unknown | null | null | general | alpaca_farm | alpaca_farm_gpt4 | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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