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Ubuntu ( ) is a Linux distribution based on Debian and composed mostly of free and open-source software. Ubuntu is officially released in multiple editions: Desktop, Server, and Core for Internet of things devices and robots. All of the editions can run on a computer alone, or in a virtual machine. Ubuntu is a popular operating system for cloud computing, with support for OpenStack.
An upgrade to Ubuntu is released every six months, with long-term support (LTS) releases every two years. , the most-recent release is 23.10 ("Mantic Minotaur"), and the current long-term support release is 22.04 ("Jammy Jellyfish").
Ubuntu is developed by the British company Canonical, and a community of other developers, under a meritocratic governance model. Canonical provides security updates and support for each Ubuntu release, starting from the release date until the release reaches its designated end-of-life (EOL) date. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of premium services related to Ubuntu and donations from those who download the Ubuntu software.
Ubuntu is named after the Nguni philosophy of , which Canonical indicates means "humanity to others" with a connotation of "I am what I am because of who we all are".
Ubuntu is also supported by Microsoft, in Windows 10 and 11, by enabling WSL (or WSLg for GUI applications).
Background
Ubuntu is built on Debian's architecture and infrastructure, and comprises Linux server, desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions. Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six months, and each release receives free support for nine months (eighteen months prior to 13.04) with security fixes, high-impact bug fixes and conservative, substantially beneficial low-risk bug fixes. The first release was in October 2004.
Current long-term support (LTS) releases are supported for five years, and are released every two years. Since the release of Ubuntu 6.06, every fourth release receives long-term support. Long-term support includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to the 'Ubuntu stack' (cloud computing infrastructure). The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server; since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for LTS releases was increased to five years as well. LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date.
Ubuntu packages are based on Debian's unstable branch, which are synchronised every six months. Both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools (e.g. APT and Ubuntu Software). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however, so packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian, although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible. Before release, packages are imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. At some point during the release process, the Debian Import Freeze is implemented. This prevents the automatic import of packages from Debian without an explicit request from a developer. In combination with other freezes, this helps packagers ensure that frozen features interoperate well together.
Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project.
On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for third-party cloud management platforms, such as those used at Amazon EC2.
32-bit x86 processors were supported up to Ubuntu 18.04. It was decided to support "legacy software", i.e. select 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS.
Features
A default installation of Ubuntu as of version 23.10 contains a minimal selection of software, namely a web browser (Firefox) and basic GNOME utilities. Many additional software packages are accessible from the built-in Ubuntu Software (previously Ubuntu Software Center) as well as any other APT-based package management tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic, are still accessible in the repositories and installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool. Cross-distribution snap packages and Flatpaks are also available, that both allow installing software, such as some of Microsoft's software, in most of the major Linux operating systems (such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in Fedora). The default file manager is GNOME Files, formerly called Nautilus.
All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.
Ubuntu's default desktop changed back from the in-house Unity to GNOME after nearly 6.5 years in 2017 upon the release of version 17.10.
Security
Ubuntu aims to be secure by default. User programs run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users' files. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes. Polkit is also being widely implemented into the desktop.
Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking. A built-in firewall allows end-users who install network servers to control access. A GUI (GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall) is available to configure it. Ubuntu compiles its packages using GCC features such as PIE and buffer overflow protection to harden its software. These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 0.01% in 64-bit.
Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption as well as encryption of the home and private directories.
Installation
The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the Ubuntu desktop release 22.04 LTS, a PC with at least 2 GHz dual-core processor, 4 GB of RAM and 25 GB of free disk space is recommended. For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Ubuntu also supports the ARM architecture. It is also available on Power ISA, while older PowerPC architecture was at one point unofficially supported, and now newer Power ISA CPUs (POWER8) are supported. The x86-64 ("AMD64") architecture is also officially supported.
Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image (.iso) and subsequently burnt to a DVD or USB flash drive and then booted. Other methods include running the live version via UNetbootin, or Startup Disk Creator (a pre-installed tool on Ubuntu, available on machines already running the OS) directly from a USB drive (making, respectively, a live DVD or live USB medium). Running Ubuntu in this way is slower than running it from a hard drive, but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use the Ubuntu Desktop Installer once booted into the live environment. The Ubuntu Desktop Installer replaced the former Ubiquity installer since Ubuntu 23.04. Disk images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site.
Additionally, USB flash drive installations can be used to boot Ubuntu and Kubuntu in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings and portability of the USB-installed system between physical machines (however, the computers' BIOS must support booting from USB). In newer versions of Ubuntu, the Ubuntu Live USB creator can be used to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a live CD or DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive with persistence is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs casper.
Package classification and support
Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available. Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members known as "Masters of the Universe" (MOTU), but not from Canonical Ltd.
Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements, which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware, in the Main category, because although some firmware is not allowed to be modified, its distribution is still permitted.
Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment.
In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.
The -updates repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public. Updates are scheduled to be available until the end of life for the release.
In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression. Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.
Canonical previously hosted a partner repository that let vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software. The software in the partner repository was officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supported the packaging of the software for Ubuntu and provided guidance to vendors. However, in anticipation for the release of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Canonical closed the partner repository, as the only package still hosted in it was Adobe Flash, which would not be released with 22.04. Ubuntu developer Steve Langasek said in a development mailing list that he felt the "Snap Store has matured to the point that I believe it supersedes the partner archive".
Package Archives
A Personal Package Archive (PPA) is a software repository for uploading source packages to be built and published as an Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) repository by Launchpad. While the term is used exclusively within Ubuntu, Launchpad's host, Canonical, envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu community.
Third-party software
Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format.
Additionally, third-party application suites are available for download via Ubuntu Software and the Snap store, including many games such as Braid, Minecraft and Oil Rush, software for DVD playback and media codecs.
Releases
Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release. For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it was released on 20 October 2004.
Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names, using an adjective and an animal (e.g. "Xenial Xerus"). With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with the release of Artful Aardvark in October 2017. Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name; for example, the 18.04 LTS release is commonly known as "Bionic". Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases.
Upgrades from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and then to Ubuntu 20.04 LTS) are supported, while upgrades from non-LTS have only supported upgrade to the next release, regardless of its LTS status (e.g. Ubuntu 15.10 to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS). However, it is possible to skip an LTS upgrade, going straight from 16.04 LTS to 18.04.5 LTS, by waiting for a point release that supports such updating.
LTS releases have optional extended security maintenance (ESM) support available, including 14.04 "Trusty" that is otherwise out of public support, adding support for that version up to 2022, later extended to a total of 10 years alongside 16.04 LTS.
Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on 10 October 2010 (10–10–10). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10", and makes a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary, 101010 equals decimal 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.
Ubuntu (16.04.5 and later) requires a 2 GB or larger installation medium. However, there is an option to install it with a Minimal CD.
Variants
Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu) is the variant officially recommended for most users. It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and is officially supported by Canonical. A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment, or, in the case of Ubuntu Server, no desktop. LXQt and Xfce are often recommended for use with older PCs that may have less memory and processing power available.
Official distributions
Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install a different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop. Since they share the same package repositories, all of the same software is available for each of them. Ubuntu Core is the sole exception as it only has access to packages in the Snap Store.
Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued, such as Gobuntu; including some previously supported by Canonical, like Ubuntu Touch, that is now maintained by volunteers (UBports Community).
Unofficial distributions
Alongside the official flavours are those that are unofficial. These are still in the process of becoming recognized as official flavours by Canonical.
Cloud computing
Ubuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are pre-installed disk images that have been customized by Ubuntu engineering to run on cloud-platforms such as Amazon EC2, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure and LXC. Ubuntu is also prevalent on VPS platforms such as DigitalOcean.
Ubuntu has support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools added by Canonical. Ubuntu 11.10 added focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred IaaS offering though Eucalyptus is also supported. Another major focus is Canonical Juju for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server.
Adoption and reception
Installed base
As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process (still optional), Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated. In 2015, Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated "Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop users and counting".
W3Techs Web Technology Surveys estimated in November 2020 that:
Ubuntu is by far the most popular Linux distribution for running web servers; of the websites they analyze it is "used by 47.3% of all the websites who use Linux", and Ubuntu alone powers more websites than Microsoft Windows, which powers 28.2% of all websites, or 39% of the share Unix has (which includes Linux and thus Ubuntu). All Linux/Unix distributions in total power well over twice the number of hosts as Windows for websites based on W3Techs numbers. Ubuntu and Debian only (which Ubuntu is based on, with the same package manager and thus administered the same way) make up 65% of all Linux distributions for web serving use; the usage of Ubuntu surpassed Debian (for such server use) in May 2016.
Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution among the top 1,000 sites and gains around 500 of the top 10 million websites per day.
W3Techs analyses the top 10 million websites only.
Wikimedia Foundation data (based on user agent) for September 2013 shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions.
, Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS is used in a supercomputer on the TOP500 list, currently the fifth-fastest one in the world after an upgrade from seventh place, where it entered the list in June. Another Nvidia supercomputer tops the Green500 list (and it and the next one are also Ubuntu-based), a list which is a reordering of former list, ordered by power-efficiency. On the TOP500 list, that supercomputer is ranked 172nd.
Large-scale deployments
The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. , the Ministry of Education and Science of North Macedonia deployed more than 180,000 Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations; the Spanish school system has 195,000 Ubuntu desktops. The French police, having already started using open-source software in 2005 by replacing Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org, decided to transition to Ubuntu from Windows XP after the release of Windows Vista in 2006. By March 2009, the Gendarmerie Nationale had already switched 5,000 workstations to Ubuntu. Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch 15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000 workstations over by 2015 (GendBuntu project). Lt. Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities. In 2011, Ubuntu 10.04 was adopted by the Indian justice system.
In 2004, the city of Munich, Germany, started the LiMux project, and later forked Kubuntu 10.04 LTS for use on the city's computers. After originally planning to migrate 12,000 desktop computers to LiMux, it was announced in December 2013 that the project had completed successfully with the migration of 14,800 out of 15,500 desktop computers, but still keeping about 5,000 Windows clients for unported applications. In February 2017 the majority coalition decided, against heavy protest from the opposition, to evaluate the migration back to Windows, after Microsoft had decided to move its company headquarters to Munich. Governing Mayor Dieter Reiter cited lack of compatibility with systems outside of the administrative sector, such as requiring a governmental mail server to send e-mails to his personal smartphone, as reasons for the return, but has been criticised for evaluating administrative IT based on private and business standards. In May 2020, the recently elected Alliance 90/The Greens party and the Social Democrat party negotiated a new coalition agreement, stating: "Where it is technologically and financially possible, the city will put emphasis on open standards and free open-source licensed software".
In March 2012, the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open-source software. Already, several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu. The government cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision, and also stated that open-source software avoids vendor lock-in. A 12-month project was launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to using open-source software, and help ease the migration for others. US president Barack Obama's successful campaign for re-election in 2012 used Ubuntu in its IT department. In August 2014, the city of Turin, Italy, announced its migration from Windows XP to Ubuntu for the 8,300 desktop computers used by the municipality, becoming the first city in Italy to adopt Ubuntu.
Starting in 2008, the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia, switched from multiple different Linux operating systems to Ubuntu.
Reception
Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London, received favorable reviews in online and print publications, and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS. In early 2008, PC World named Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager. Chris DiBona, the program manager for open-source software at Google, said "I think Ubuntu has captured people's imaginations around the Linux desktop," and "If there is a hope for the Linux desktop, it would be them". , almost half of Google's 20,000 employees used Goobuntu, a slightly modified version of Ubuntu. In 2012, ZDNet reported that Ubuntu was still Google's desktop of choice. In March 2016, Matt Hartley picked a list of best Linux distributions for Datamation; he chose Ubuntu as number one.
In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television series MythBusters, advocated Linux (giving the example of Ubuntu) as a solution to software bloat. Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science fiction writer Cory Doctorow and actor Stephen Fry.
In January 2014, the UK's authority for computer security, CESG, reported that Ubuntu 12.04 LTS was "the only operating system that passes as many as 9 out of 12 requirements without any significant risks", though it was unclear if any other Linux distributions were tested.
32-bit "deprecation" controversy
In June 2019, Canonical announced that they would be deprecating support for 32-bit applications and libraries in Ubuntu 19.10.
Because Steam's Linux client depends on these 32-bit libraries, Valve announced that they would no longer be supporting Ubuntu. After uproar from the Linux gaming community, Canonical backtracked on this decision and decided to support select 32-bit libraries. As a result, Valve decided that Steam would support Ubuntu 19.10 again.
Wine needs most of the same 32-bit library packages that the Steam package depends on, and more, to enable its version of WoW64 to run 32-bit Windows applications. The parts of Wine that would continue to function without 32-bit libraries would be limited to the subset of Windows applications that have a 64-bit version, removing decades of Windows compatibility. In Canonical's statement on bringing back the libraries, they mentioned using "container technology" in the future to make sure that Wine continues to function.
Conformity with European data privacy law
Soon after being introduced in 2012, doubts emerged on the conformance of the shopping lens (a feature that displays Amazon suggestions in the searching tool Unity Dash) with the European Data Protection Directive. A petition was later signed and delivered to Canonical demanding various modifications to the feature in order to clearly frame it within European law. Canonical did not reply.
In 2013, a formal complaint on the shopping lens was filed with the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), the UK data privacy office. Almost one year later the ICO ruled in favour of Canonical, considering the various improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it conformable with the Data Protection Directive. According to European rules, this ruling is automatically effective in the entirety of the European Union. However, the ruling also made clear that at the time of introduction the feature was not legal, among other things, since it was missing a privacy policy statement.
System terminal advertising controversies
Ubuntu has integrated increasing quantities of advertising into the operating system's terminal, leading to multiple controversies with its user base.
In 2017, Canonical placed a message regarding HBO's Silicon Valley in the MOTD file, causing the message to be shown whenever a terminal session started. Over the following years, more messages would be placed into the MOTD.
In 2022, ads for Ubuntu's premium service, Ubuntu Advantage, were introduced into the apt system update utility. This move caused controversy in the user community, with some users considering advertising a fair business model to support development, while other users found the inclusion inappropriate and annoying.
Local communities (LoCos)
In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities, better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States and Canada, each state or province may establish a team. A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to aid in either the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.
Hardware vendor support
Ubuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly make Ubuntu available on a wide range of devices. A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including Dell, Hasee, Sharp Corporation, and Cirrus7. Specifically, Dell offers the XPS 13 laptop, Developer Edition with Ubuntu pre-installed. Together, Dell, Lenovo, HP, and Acer offer over 200 desktop and over 400 laptop PCs preloaded with Ubuntu. System76 computers are also sold with Ubuntu. Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical. Dell computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra support for ATI/AMD Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, Fingerprint Readers, HDMI, Bluetooth, DVD playback (using LinDVD), and MP3/WMA/WMV. Asus also sold some Eee PCs with Ubuntu pre-installed and announced "many more" models running Ubuntu for 2011. Vodafone has made available a notebook for the South African market called "Webbook".
Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with Ubuntu in India and China, with 850 and 350 retail outlets respectively. Starting in 2013, Alienware began offering its X51 model gaming desktop pre-installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-installed with Windows.
While Linux already works on IBM's mainframe system (Linux on IBM Z), IBM in collaboration with Canonical (and SUSE; "Linux Foundation will form a new Open Mainframe Project") announced Ubuntu support for their z/Architecture for the first time (IBM claimed their system, IBM zEnterprise System, version z13, the most powerful computer in the world in 2015; it was then the largest computer by transistor count; again claimed fastest in 2017 with IBM z14), at the time of their "biggest code drop" ("LinuxOne") in Linux history.
In early 2015, Intel launched the Intel Compute Stick small form factor computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems.
Windows interoperability
In March 2016, Microsoft announced that it would support the Ubuntu userland on top of the Windows 10 kernel by implementing the Linux system calls as a subsystem. At the time, it was focused on command-line tools like Bash and was aimed at software developers. WSL was made available with Windows 10, version 1709. As of 2019, other Linux distributions are also supported.
In 2019, Microsoft announced the new WSL 2 subsystem that includes a Linux kernel, that Canonical announced will have "full support for Ubuntu". By this time, it was possible to run graphical Linux apps on Windows. In 2021, Microsoft went on to add out-of-the-box support for graphical Linux apps, through the project.
In May 2021, Microsoft extended its Threat and Vulnerability Management solution, which was a Windows-only solution thus far, to support Ubuntu, RHEL, and CentOS. Besides, starting with version 6, PowerShell runs on Ubuntu and can manage both Windows and Ubuntu computers remotely from either platforms.
See also
Comparison of Linux distributions
Notes
References
External links
2004 software
ARM Linux distributions
Debian-based distributions
Enterprise Linux distributions
Free software operating systems
Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media
Power ISA Linux distributions
PowerPC Linux distributions
PowerPC operating systems
X86-64 Linux distributions
ARM operating systems
Linux distributions |
Falcon is an unincorporated community in eastern Laclede County, Missouri, United States. It is approximately sixteen miles east of Lebanon on Route 32. The Gasconade River lies just east of the community, which is within the Mark Twain National Forest. The community consists of a post office and two houses.
History
The post office at Falcon has been in operation since 1907. It is unknown why the name "Falcon" was applied to this community. The ZIP Code for Falcon is 65470.
References
Unincorporated communities in Laclede County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri |
Karanveer Khullar is an Indian actor who mainly work in Hindi and Punjabi film industry. He is best known for his movies like Rocky Mental, Dakuaan Da Munda 2 and Tigers.
Early life
Khullar was born and brought in Chandigarh. He completed his MBA in HR. after his graduation, he joined Alankar Theatre Group. He was the finalist in a national-level manhunt contest (2009).
Career
In 2017, Khullar made his debut in Punjabi film industry as negative lead in film Rocky Mental starring Parmish Verma, Tannu Kaur Gill.
He debuted in Hindi film industry with the film Tigers starring Emraan Hashmi.
In 2021, he played as lead in the film Nirmal Anand Ki Puppy. He also acted in the film Kala Shehar and Please Kill Me as a lead with Jagjeet Sandhu.
Filmography
References
Indian male film actors
Male actors from Chandigarh
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
German submarine U-297 was a Type VIIC/41 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
She was laid down on 27 January 1943 by the Bremer Vulkan Werft (yard) at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 62, launched on 9 October 1943 and commissioned on 17 November with Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang Aldermann in command.
In one patrol, she did not sink or damage any ships.
She was sunk by a British aircraft on or after 6 December 1944.
Fifty men died; there were no survivors.
Design
German Type VIIC/41 submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-297 had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . U-297 was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one Flak M42 and two C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.
Service history
The boat's service life began with training with the 8th U-boat Flotilla in November 1943. She was then transferred to the 11th flotilla for operations on 1 November 1944.
She made the short journey from Kiel in Germany to Horten Naval Base in Norway, arriving on 18 November 1944.
Patrol and loss
U-297s only patrol began from Horten; it took her through the 'gap' between the Faroe and the Shetland Islands.
She was sunk by a Sunderland flying boat of No. 201 Squadron RAF on 6 December 1944, west of Yesnaby in the Orkney Islands.
Previously recorded fate and wreck discovery
U-297 was originally thought to have been sunk on 6 December 1944 by depth charges dropped by the British frigates and . She had also been listed as missing since 3 January 1945 probably in the Pentland Firth.
The wreck of U-297 was found and identified in May 2000. It lies at a depth of .
See also
Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)
References
Bibliography
External links
German Type VIIC/41 submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1943
1943 ships
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Ships built in Bremen (state)
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
U-boats sunk by depth charges
Submarines lost with all hands
U-boats sunk in 1944
Maritime incidents in December 1944 |
Morgan Richard Tsvangirai (; ; 10 March 1952 – 14 February 2018) was a Zimbabwean politician who was Prime Minister of Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2013. He was president of the Movement for Democratic Change, and later the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC–T), and a key figure in the opposition to former president Robert Mugabe.
Tsvangirai was the MDC candidate in the controversial 2002 Zimbawean presidential election, losing to Mugabe. He later contested the first round of the 2008 Zimbawean presidential election as the MDC-T candidate, taking 47.8% of the vote according to official results, placing him ahead of Mugabe, who received 43.2%. Tsvangirai claimed to have won a majority and said that the results could have been altered in the month between the election and the reporting of official results. Tsvangirai initially planned to run in the second round against Mugabe, but withdrew shortly before it was held, arguing that the election would not be free and fair due to widespread violence and intimidation by government supporters that led to the deaths of 200 people.
Tsvangirai sustained non-life-threatening injuries in a car crash on 6 March 2009 when heading towards his rural home in Buhera. His first wife, Susan Tsvangirai, was killed in the head-on collision. As the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état occurred, Tsvangirai asked Mugabe to step down. He hoped that an all-inclusive stakeholders' meeting to chart the country's future and an internationally supervised process for the forthcoming elections would create a process that would take the country towards a legitimate regime. On 14 February 2018, Tsvangirai died at the age of 65 after reportedly suffering from colorectal cancer.
Early life and family
Tsvangirai was born in the Buhera area, in then Southern Rhodesia, to Karanga Shona parentage through his father Dzingirai-Chibwe Tsvangirai and mother Lydia Tsvangirai (née Zvaipa). He was the eldest of nine children, and the son of a communal farmer, mine worker, carpenter and bricklayer. He completed his primary education at St. Marks Goneso Primary School Hwedza, and was transferred by his father to Chikara Primary School Gutu, then to Silveira. He completed his secondary education at Gokomere High School. After leaving school with 8 Ordinary levels, in April 1972 he landed his first job as a trainee weaver for Elastics & Tapes textile factory in Mutare. In 1974 an old school mate from Silveira encouraged Morgan to apply for an advertised job as an apprentice for Anglo America's Bindura's Nickel Mine in Mashonaland Central. He spent ten years at the mine, rising from plant operator to plant supervisor. His rural home was Buhera, which is 220 km south east of Harare.
Tsvangirai married his first wife, Susan, in 1978. The couple had six children during their 31-year marriage, which ended with her death in the 2009 car crash. In 2011 Locardia Karimatsenga (born 1970) claimed that Tsvangirai married her in a customary ceremony in 2010. She had been seeking maintenance payments of £10,000 a month to keep up the lifestyle to which, she said in court papers, she had become accustomed. A year later, his love life made headlines again after a 23-year-old woman bore him a child and he refused to support the baby until she threatened to take him to court. He married his second wife, Elizabeth Macheka (born 1976) mother of three, on 15 September 2012.
Political activism
Upon Zimbabwean independence in 1980, Tsvangirai, who was then aged 28, joined the ascendent ZANU–PF party, led by Robert Mugabe, who would later become his biggest political rival. Tsvangirai is reported to have been an ardent Mugabe supporter and to have risen "swiftly in the hierarchy", eventually becoming one of the party's senior officials. He is also known for his role in the Zimbabwean trade union movement, where he held the position of branch chairman of the Associated Mine Workers' Union and was later elected into the executive of the National Mine Workers' Union. In 1989 he became the Secretary-General of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, the umbrella trade union organisation of Zimbabwe.
Tsvangirai led the ZCTU away from the ruling ZANU-PF. As his power and that of the movement grew, his relationship with the government deteriorated.
Criticism of Gukurahundi
Three years after coming to power, Robert Mugabe ordered the 5th Brigade, a military unit specially trained by North Korea, to commit a massacre in Matabeleland in co-operation with the Minister of Defence Enos Nkala, led by Air Marshal Perrance Shiri because of suspicion of an alleged counter-revolution being planned by Joshua Nkomo. Tsvangirai would later use Gukurahundi against ZANU and to drum up support in Matabeleland. Tsvangirai has periodically toured the mass graves of the victims in Tsholotsho, Kezi, Lupane, Nkayi and other places in rural Matabeleland. Addressing villagers in Maphisa in 2001, he said:
This was a barbaric operation by ZANU-PF. It should never have happened. It was a sad episode in our history and the MDC will obviously want to see justice being done if it comes to power. Such human rights abuses should be revisited and those responsible will have to account for their actions.
National Constitutional Assembly
The National Constitutional Assembly (NCA), established in 1997, was chaired by a Moderator, and its day-to-day executive was run by a Task Force. Tsvangirai chaired the Task Force, as founding convener Tawanda Mutasah (succeeded by Bishop Nemapare) served as Moderator. Serving with Tsvangirai in the Task Force were activists that included Lovemore Madhuku, Welshman Ncube, Everjoice Win, Brian Kagoro, Tendai Biti and Priscilla Misihairabwi. The NCA gathered individual Zimbabwean citizens and civic organisations including labour movements, student and youth groups, women's groups, churches, business groups and human rights organisations. These individuals and groups formed the NCA to campaign for constitutional reform after realising that the political, social and economic problems affecting Zimbabwe were mainly a result of the defective Lancaster House constitution and could only be resolved through a new and democratic constitution. Tsvangirai stepped down after being elected president of the MDC.
Solidar Silver Rose Award
In 2001 Tsvangirai was awarded the Solidar Silver Rose Award. The award was for outstanding achievement by an individual or organisation in the activities of civil society and in bringing about a fairer and more just society.
Movement for Democratic Change
In 1999 Tsvangirai co-founded and organised the Movement for Democratic Change with Gibson Sibanda, Welshman Ncube, Fletcher Dulini Ncube and Isaac Matongo, an opposition party opposed to President Robert Mugabe and the ZANU-PF ruling party. He helped to defeat the February 2000 constitutional referendum, successfully campaigning against it along with the National Constitutional Assembly.
Tsvangirai lost the March 2002 presidential election to Mugabe. The election provoked widespread allegations that Mugabe had rigged the election through the use of violence, media bias, and manipulation of the voters' roll leading to abnormally high pro-Mugabe turnout in some areas.
Arrests and political intimidation
Tsvangirai was arrested after the 2000 elections and charged with treason; this charge was later dismissed. In 2004, Tsvangirai was acquitted of treason for an alleged plot to assassinate Mugabe in the run-up to the 2002 presidential elections. George Bizos, a South African human rights lawyer who was part of the team that defended Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu in the famous South African Rivonia Trial in 1964, headed Morgan Tsvangirai's defence team.
October 2000 arrest
Tsvangirai was arrested after the government alleged that he had threatened President Robert Mugabe. The Movement for Democratic Change leader had told 40,000 supporters at a rally in Harare that if Mr Mugabe did not want to step down before the next elections scheduled for 2002 "we will remove you violently." Tsvangirai said that he was giving a warning to President Mugabe to consider history. He said: "There is a long line of dictators who have refused to go peacefully – and the people have removed them violently."
The courts dismissed the charges.
June 2003 arrest
In May 2003 Tsvangirai was arrested on a Friday afternoon shortly after giving a press conference, the government alleged he had incited violence. In the press conference he had said:
From Monday, 2 June, up to today, 6 June, Mugabe was not in charge of this country. He was busy marshaling his forces of repression against the sovereign will of the people of Zimbabwe. However, even in the context of the brutalities inflicted upon them, the people's spirit of resistance was not broken. The sound of gunfire will never silence their demand for change and freedom.
March 2007 arrest and beating
On 11 March 2007 a day after his 55th birthday, Tsvangirai was arrested on his way to a prayer rally in the Harare township of Highfield. His wife was allowed to see him in prison, after which she reported that he had been heavily tortured by police, resulting in deep gashes on his head and a badly swollen eye. The event garnered an international outcry. He was allegedly tortured by a Special Forces of Zimbabwe unit based at the army's Cranborne Barracks on 12 March 2007 after being arrested and held at Machipisa Police Station in the Highfield suburb of Harare.
Innocent Chagonda, an attorney, told Reuters after visiting a Harare police station where Tsvangirai was being held, that "[Tsvangirai] was in bad shape, he was swollen very badly. He was bandaged on the head. You couldn't distinguish between the head and the face and he could not see properly."
A Zimbabwean freelance cameraman, Edward Chikombo, smuggled television pictures of Morgan Tsvangirai's injuries following the beating. Chikombo was later abducted from his home in the Glenview township outside Harare. His body was discovered the next weekend near the village of Darwendale, west of Harare. There has been a pattern of abductions and punishment beatings where scores of opposition activists and their relatives have been attacked by government-sanctioned gangs using unmarked cars and police-issue weapons.
According to lawyer Tendai Biti, the Secretary-General of the MDC and an MP for Harare East, who was arrested along with Tsvangirai, Tsvangirai suffered a cracked skull and "must have passed out at least three times." Tsvangirai was subsequently admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a local hospital. Reports from BBC News indicate that Tsvangirai suffered from a fractured skull and received blood transfusions for internal bleeding. Although the incident was a clear case of political violence, Tsvangirai has since had very little political support from surrounding African countries.
Raid at MDC headquarters
Tsvangirai was released, but on 28 March 2007, Zimbabwean police stormed the Movement for Democratic Change, 44 Harvest House, national headquarters and once again arrested him, hours before he was to speak with the media about recent political violence in the country.
International reaction to political violence
The arrest of Tsvangirai and a crackdown on opposition officials that followed was widely condemned.
—former Foreign Minister Alexander Downer said in a statement that the Zimbabwe government should immediately release those arrested, lift the ban on political activity and implement immediate reforms. He said that the arrests "are clear signs of the Mugabe Government's desperation to cling to power in the face of its growing unpopularity amongst the people of Zimbabwe. The Mugabe Government's disastrous policies have crippled a once thriving economy, leaving Zimbabweans enduring hyper-inflation at over 1,600%, over 80% of the population unemployed and living below the poverty line and with the lowest life expectancy of any country in the world."
—On 12 March 2007, Foreign Minister Peter MacKay issued a statement condemning the violence in Zimbabwe and simultaneously calling for the release of all arrested.
—In a statement, Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern condemned the actions of the Zimbabwean authorities and called on that country's government to immediately cease all such activities and to adopt a new policy of dialogue and engagement with the outside world.
—The government of Mauritius issued a communiqué on 19 March 2007, in which it stated that it viewed "with concern the arrest, detention and assault of the opposition leaders", and went on to urge that the government of Zimbabwe "ensure that the basic rights and fundamental freedoms of all Zimbabweans are observed.
—Foreign Minister Winston Peters called for the immediate release of Tsvangirai and his colleagues.
—Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair's commented of the events of 11 March 2007: "People should be able to live under the rule of law. They should be able to express their political views without harassment or intimidation or violence. And what is happening in Zimbabwe is truly tragic."
—South African Deputy Foreign Minister Aziz Pahad stated that South Africa is concerned about the crackdown and asked the Zimbabwean government "to ensure that the rule of law including respect for rights of all Zimbabweans and leaders of various political parties is respected".
—Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt said in his official blog: "It's totally obvious that the brutal acts of cruelty against freedom of assembly and freedom of speech committed by the Zimbabwean government during the peaceful meeting of prayers on 11 March must be firmly condemned."
—The United States considered further sanctions against the leadership of Zimbabwe following the event.
Tsvangirai's bodyguard killed
On 25 October 2007 it was reported that Nhamo Musekiwa, who was Morgan Tsvangirai's bodyguard since the formation of the MDC in 1999, had died from complications resulting from injuries sustained in March 2007, during a crackdown by the government. The MDC spokesman Nelson Chamisa said Musekiwa had been vomiting blood since 11 March 2007, when he is alleged to have been severely beaten, along with other opposition officials and members, including Tsvangirai himself, by the police. That day police halted a prayer meeting; in the ensuing confrontation, one MDC activist, Gift Tandare, was shot dead. The shooting of Tandare was documented by prominent Zimbabwean journalist Tapiwa Zivira who was then a student with the local paper, The Zimbabwe Standard.
Assassination plot delays homecoming
Tsvangirai was due to arrive in Harare, Zimbabwe, on Saturday, 17 May 2008, but a party spokesman said he was staying in Europe after a credible assassination plot was discovered. On Friday, 16 May 2008, he held a press conference at the Europa Hotel in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
June 2008 arrest
Morgan Tsvangirai was detained by police while campaigning on Wednesday, 4 June 2008, after being stopped at a police roadblock. Tsvangirai and a group of 14 party officials were held at a police station in Lupane. This was claimed by Tsvangirai, and widely believed by human rights groups, to be a tactic to disrupt his campaign for 27 June elections. Tsvangirai was accused by police of threatening public security by addressing a gathering without prior authorisation. His detention was vigorously protested by the United States and various European governments. He was released without charge after eight hours. Tsvangirai commented that this was "nothing but the usual harassment which is totally unnecessary." The police also confiscated one of the security vehicles in the entourage. During this time, Mugabe was in Rome at a conference on food security. However, chief police spokesperson of Zimbabwe Wayne Bvudzijena said Tsvangirai's convoy was stopped because one of the vehicles did not have proper registration. The driver of the vehicle was asked to accompany the police to the station, but others in the party insisted on following the driver to the station. This was followed by the brief detention of diplomats from the United States and United Kingdom.
On 6 June 2008 he was again stopped at a police checkpoint and blocked from attending a pre-election rally at How Mine, near the southern city of Bulawayo. According to the chairman of the Movement for Democratic Change, Lovemore Moyo, the police said they should have informed them in advance of Tsvangirai visiting the area. On 22 June 2008 Tsvangirai announced that he had withdrawn from the presidential election run-off in the face of violence from ruling party militias. Later that day, he took refuge in the embassy of the Netherlands in Harare, because he feared for his safety. He did not request asylum. He stayed on the Dutch compound until 30 June.
Allegations of wrongdoing
Allegations of coup plot
In 2003, Ari Ben-Menashe accused Tsavangirai of plotting to overthrow the Zimbabwean government in a coup d'état. After a treason trial, Tsvangirai was acquitted of the charges.
2011 investigations over WikiLeaks disclosures
The Attorney General set up a team of lawyers to investigate whether Tsvangirai may be charged with conspiracy or treason after cables obtained by WikiLeaks were published.
Party brutality
Tsvangirai has been accused of allowing activists to attack opponents within his own party. In 2005, such allegations triggered the split in his party between his faction and the faction now led by Arthur Mutambara. In February 2014, a senior party member claimed he was beaten and injured after calling for Tsvangirai to step down as party leader. Tsvangirai had said his party would investigate the allegation. An unnamed witness backed Elton Mangoma's allegation and added: "It is shocking that this actually took place... right in Tsvangirai's face and with him smiling."
International discussions
Meeting with John Howard
In August 2007, Tsvangirai met Australian Prime Minister John Howard in Melbourne, and after talks told the media that countries like Australia could play a very important role in the struggle against President Robert Mugabe's regime.
Tsvangirai meets Mbeki over Zimbabwe crisis
In September 2007, it was widely reported that Tsvangirai met Thabo Mbeki, the former President of South Africa for crucial talks on how to speed up talks between the ruling ZANU PF and the Movement for Democratic Change party.
Tsvangirai meets Odinga over Zimbabwe crisis
In May 2008, Tsvangirai met Raila Odinga, the then Prime Minister of Kenya, who urged him to contest an election run-off against Mugabe.
2008 election
A presidential election and parliamentary election was held on 29 March 2008. The three major candidates were Mugabe, Tsvangirai and Simba Makoni, an independent. The MDC photographed data at each polling station to collate for electoral results. The official results of the presidential election's first round were finally released on 2 May 2008 and hotly contested by the MDC representatives. According to the results released by the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission, Tsvangirai won the first round, amassing 47.9% of the votes against 43.2% claimed by Mugabe. This meant that no candidate had the necessary 50% plus one vote to be declared the winner after the first round and a run-off would be needed. MDC spokesperson Nelson Chamisa called the announced results "scandalous daylight robbery." The MDC continued to assert that it won an outright victory in the first round with 50.3% of the votes.
Tsvangirai, who was outside of Zimbabwe, primarily in South Africa, for a significant period following the first round of the election, announced on 10 May that he would participate in a presidential run-off with Mugabe. Tsvangirai said that this second round should take place within the three-week period following the announcement of results that is specified by the Electoral Act. He made his participation conditional on "unfettered access of all international observers," the "reconstitution" of the Electoral Commission, and free access for the media, including the international press. On 13 May 2008, Tsvangirai stated that he would be willing to compete in the run-off if at least Southern African Development Community election observers would be present, softening his previous demand for free access to all international observers. It was subsequently announced that the second round would be held on 27 June; the MDC denounced this delay.
Although Tsvangirai had been expected to return to Zimbabwe on 17 May, the MDC announced his return was delayed due to a claimed plot to assassinate him. The party claimed that military intelligence was in charge of the alleged plot, while the government dismissed the MDC's claims, saying that Tsvangirai was "playing to the international media gallery." Some observers suggested at this time that Tsvangirai's failure to return called into his question his leadership qualities and made it appear that he was afraid of Mugabe and unwilling to risk coming to harm despite the risks taken by his supporters remaining in Zimbabwe.
Tsvangirai returned to Zimbabwe from South Africa on 24 May. He gave what he described as a state of the nation address to the newly elected MDC MPs on 30 May. On this occasion, he said that Zimbabwe was in "a state of despair" and was "an unmitigated embarrassment to the African continent" due to its economic situation, and he also said that those engaging in political violence would receive no amnesty from his government. He also described the MDC as "the new ruling party" and said that the MDC's legislative programme would be "based on the return of fundamental freedoms to the people of Zimbabwe." A new "people-driven constitution" would follow within 18 months, according to Tsvangirai, and a "truth and justice commission" would be established; the army would "defend our borders, not attack our people," while the prisons would "hold only criminals, not innocent people". He pledged that the party would introduce a new strategy combining "demand and supply-side measures" to bring inflation under control. Tsvangirai also promised the revival of agriculture, saying that the issue would be "completely depoliticised" and that there would be measures to "compensate or reintegrate" farmers who lost their land as part of land reform. The government has said that a victory for Tsvangirai would be disastrous and "destabilising".
Tsvangirai was detained near Lupane on 4 June, along with his security team and other top MDC officials, such as MDC Vice-President Thokozani Khupe and MDC chairman Lovemore Moyo. A lawyer for the MDC said that Tsvangirai was alleged to have addressed a rally near Lupane without permission. His vehicle was stopped by police at a roadblock and his motorcade was searched; after two hours, he was taken to a police station. The MDC described this as "part of a determined and well-orchestrated effort to derail our campaign programme", while the US government called the incident "deeply disturbing" and the German government demanded his release. Tsvangirai was released later that day after nine hours. Bvudzijena, the police spokesman, rejected any suggestion that the police were trying to interfere in Tsvangirai's campaign; he explained the detention by saying that the police had wanted to determine whether a vehicle in Tsvangirai's motorcade had valid registration. According to Bvudzijena, the police had wanted to take only the driver of this vehicle to the police station to review the relevant documents, but that Tsvangirai and the rest of his entourage insisted on coming as well.
On 22 June 2008, Tsvangirai announced at a press conference that he was withdrawing from the run-off, describing it as a "violent sham" and saying that his supporters risked being killed if they voted for him. He vowed that the MDC would ultimately prevail and that its victory could "only be delayed". Shortly after making this announcement, Mr Tsvangirai sought refuge at the Dutch Embassy in Harare, citing concerns for his safety. He did not seek political asylum.
Political negotiations
On 22 July 2008, Tsvangirai and Mutambara met Mugabe face-to-face and shook hands with him for the first time in over a decade for negotiations in Harare, orchestrated by Mbeki, aiming for a settlement of electoral disputes that would share power between the MDC and the ZANU-PF at the executive level. This was followed by the beginning of clandestine negotiations between appointed emissaries from both parties in Pretoria. The media images of hands being shaken between the political rivals also set a stark contrast to the ongoing partisan violence taking place in both the rural and urban areas of Zimbabwe.
At the end of the fourth day of negotiations, South African President and mediator to Zimbabwe, Thabo Mbeki, announced in Harare that Mugabe of Zanu-PF, Arthur Mutambara of MDC and Tsvangirai finally signed the power-sharing agreement – a "memorandum of understanding". Mbeki stated: An agreement has been reached on all items on the agenda ... [Mugabe, Tsvangirai, Mutambara] endorsed the document tonight, and signed it. The formal signing will be done on Monday 10 am. The document will be released then. The ceremony will be attended by SADC and other African regional and continental leaders. The leaders will spend the next few days constituting the inclusive government to be announced on Monday. The leaders will work very hard to mobilise support for the people to recover. We hope the world will assist so that this political agreement succeeds. In the signed historic power deal, Mugabe, on 11 September 2008 agreed to surrender day-to-day control of the government and the deal is also expected to result in a de facto amnesty for the military and ZANU-PF party leaders. Opposition sources said "Tsvangirai will become prime minister at the head of a council of ministers, the principal organ of government, drawn from his Movement for Democratic Change and the president's Zanu-PF party; and Mugabe will remain president and continue to chair a cabinet that will be a largely consultative body, and the real power will lie with Tsvangirai. South Africa's Business Day reported, however, that Mugabe was refusing to sign a deal which would curtail his presidential powers. The New York Times said Nelson Chamisa, a spokesman for the opposition Movement for Democratic Change, announced: "This is an inclusive government. The executive power would be shared by the president, the prime minister and the cabinet. Mugabe, Tsvangirai and Mutambara have still not decided how to divide the ministries. But Jendayi E. Frazer, the American Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, said: "We don’t know what's on the table, and it's hard to rally for an agreement when no one knows the details or even the broad outlines."
On 15 September 2008, the leaders of the 14-member Southern African Development Community witnessed the signing of the power-sharing agreement, brokered by South African leader Thabo Mbeki. With symbolic handshake and warm smiles at the Rainbow Towers hotel, in Harare, Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed the deal to end the violent political crisis. As provided, Mugabe remained president, Tsvangirai became prime minister, the MDC took control of the police, Mugabe's ZANU-PF retained command of the Army, and Mutambara became deputy prime minister.
In January 2009, Tsvangirai announced that he would do as the leaders across Africa had insisted and join a coalition government as prime minister with Mugabe. On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.
Unity government
Following the swearing-in of the unity government, Tsvangirai's announced nominee for deputy agriculture minister, Roy Bennett, was arrested and charged with treason, which was later reduced to a charge of possessing weapons for the destabilisation of the government; Tsvangirai's government exhibited little ability to rescind the charges. Furthermore, farmland invasions by the war veterans continued, with Mugabe maintaining the land reform policy despite the protests of the opposition.
Tsvangirai reportedly visited Nigerian pastor T.B. Joshua in September 2010 to seek Divine intervention for the upcoming Zimbabwean elections.
Speaking to This Is Africa in early 2012, Tsvangirai described how he believed the original agreement was not being honoured, stating "Mugabe has appointed governors, when in the power-sharing agreement all appointments should be in consultation with me. He has appointed ambassadorial deployments without consulting me. He extended the appointment of some of the key security positions like Commissioner of Police beyond their term of office without consulting me. The litany of unilateral decisions is obvious."
The unity government came to an end with the 2013 Zimbabwean general election in which Mugabe was re-elected as president. The office of Prime Minister was abolished by the 2013 Constitution.
Death
In June 2016, Tsvangirai had announced that he had been diagnosed with cancer and was undergoing treatment. Over the following years the condition of his health declined and on 6 February 2018, it was announced that he was critically ill and in a hospital in South Africa. An MDC spokesperson stated: "We should brace for the worst". referring to the seriousness of his condition. He died eight days later on 14 February. His death was announced by Elias Mudzuri, a senior official within the party, who stated: "He died this evening. The family communicated this to me." Tsvangirai's death was considered a serious blow to the MDC in the run-up to the elections planned for mid-2018, the first since the end of Robert Mugabe's rule.
The cause of death was presumed to be colorectal cancer. In the aftermath of Tsvangirai's death, his mother threatened to commit suicide if Nelson Chamisa, his successor, attended the funeral. The events were commonly seen as testament to the strained atmosphere shrouding the party in the days leading up to Tsvangirai's death with the leaders closest to him jockeying to succeed him.
Honours
During a visit to South Korea in May 2010, Tsvangirai was conferred with an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by Pai Chai University, becoming the 13th recipient of an honorary degree in the 125-year history of this United Methodist Church institution.
See also
History of Zimbabwe
Years in Zimbabwe
Premiership of Morgan Tsvangirai
References
Further reading
External links
MDC website
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1952 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cancer in South Africa
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Heads of government of Zimbabwe
Members of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe
Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai politicians
People acquitted of treason
People from Masvingo Province
Candidates for President of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean trade unionists
Zimbabwean Christians
Zimbabwean democracy activists
Zimbabwean human rights activists
2008 Zimbabwean general election
20th-century Zimbabwean politicians
21st-century Zimbabwean politicians |
The Clare Valley is a valley located in South Australia about north of Adelaide in the Clare and Gilbert Valleys council area. It is the river valley formed by the Hutt River but is also strongly associated with the roughly parallel Hill River. The valley is traversed by the Horrocks Highway and the towns in the valley along that route from south to north are Auburn, Leasingham, Watervale, Penwortham, Sevenhill and Clare. The geographical feature has given rise to the Clare Valley wine region designation, a notable winegrowing region of Australia.
Geography
The valley is formed by the Skilly Hills and Bungaree Hills on the west with the Stony Range rising on the valley's east. The Temperate Grassland of South Australia cover most of the area.
History
Pre-European settlement
The original inhabitants of the Clare Valley were the Ngadjuri people. It is believed that they had major camping sites at Clare and Auburn, as well as other areas outside the valley.
European settlement
The first European to reportedly explore the Clare Valley was John Hill, who did so in early April 1839, visiting and naming the Hutt River. Its nearby twin, the Hill River, was later named in his honour. On returning to Adelaide, he reported his findings of potentially good farmland to his friend and associate, Edward John Eyre. Eyre in turn informed John Horrocks, who had only arrived in South Australia during March 1839. Eyre later explored the Clare Valley on the return journey from his second 1839 expedition to the northern regions of South Australia. Horrocks set out with his servant, John Green and established himself in the area now known as Penwortham. This became the first permanent settlement in the valley.
By 1840, Edward Burton Gleeson had set up the Inchiquin pastoral run to the north which was later developed into the town of Clare and in 1848, Jesuits were settling into the place which would become the town of Sevenhill. Settlers came from places including England, Ireland, Poland and Silesia during the 1840s, producing a rich heritage of architecture and villages, which remain largely intact. Vineyards were planted alongside those first villages and winemaking has continued ever since.
Modern times
On 16 February 1983, the Clare Valley was affected by the Ash Wednesday bushfires. Although there were no fatalities in the area, over 6,100 hectares were burnt out, causing $5 million worth of damage. The railway line between the Clare Showgrounds and Penwortham was severely damaged, and resulted in its eventual demise. The old rail route has since been transformed into a bicycle and walking track known as the Riesling Trail. This 35 km sealed trail links the villages of the valley.
Attractions
The Clare Valley is a popular wine tourism destination. Known for its cool climate white wines, most notably its Riesling, it is home to an estimated 50 wineries throughout the region. Some of its most well known and popular wineries include Taylors Wines, Annie's Lane, Grosset Wines, Jim Barry Wines, Seven Hill Cellars, Kilikanoon and Skillogalee. Kilikanoon (2013) and Jim Barry Wines (2020) won James Halliday's Winery of the Year award.
Held in late May, after harvest, the Clare Valley Gourmet Weekend is a festival celebrating food and wine. It is spread over three days, with many of the local wineries and restaurants hosting events, tastings and music.
The Clare Valley is also known for its walking and cycling trails being home to stretches of the Riesling Trail, Rattler Trail, Mawson Trail and Lavender Federation Trail.
Blenheim Festival
The Blenheim Music and Camping Festival, a two-day music festival, was an annual event between 2009 and 2018. The Shaolin Afronauts, Max Savage and the False Idols, Tony Joe White, Marlon Williams, Timberwolf and Kaurna Cronin played at the 2015 event.
The festival organisers decided to take a break in 2019, to allow the property to regenerate after prolonged drought and the impact of people camping in the paddocks. It was intended to run its 10th event over the Easter weekend in 2020; however the restrictions enforced owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia prevented this.
See also
Riesling Trail
References
External links
Clare Valley Tourism
Clare Regional History Group
Clare & Gilbert Valleys Council
Clare Valley South Australia
Clare Old Police Station Museum
Mid North (South Australia) |
The Douglas County Historical Society, or DCHS, is located at 5730 North 30th Street in the General Crook House at Fort Omaha in north Omaha, Nebraska. The mission of the DCHS is to collect, preserve and present to the public the history of Douglas County, Nebraska.
General Crook House Museum
The DCHS operates the General Crook House Museum and the Crook House Victorian Heirloom Garden.
See also
History of Omaha
History of Nebraska
References
External links
Douglas County Historical Society - official site
History of Omaha, Nebraska
Organizations based in Omaha, Nebraska
Historical societies in Nebraska |
James Grier (born 1974) is an English Anglican bishop. He currently serves as Bishop of Plymouth.
Early life
James Grier was born in 1974, to Sara and John Grier. His father was an NHS GP, and his mother was a nurse who went on to become President of Plymouth Age Concern. He grew-up in the suburb of Tamerton Foliot, helping at the local church as an altar server. He attended the youth group at the minster church of St Andrew’s before helping start a youth group at his home church, St Mary’s, Tamerton Foliot.
He studied theology at St Peter's College, Oxford graduating Bachelor of Arts (BA): this was later promoted to Master of Arts (MA) as per tradition. He then trained for ordination at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, an evangelical theological college, after working as lay-assistant at St Aldate's Church for a year.
Ordained ministry
Grier was ordained in the Church of England in 1998. He served his curacy in the Diocese of Oxford at St Andrew's Church. James served as Associate Vicar at St John the Baptist, Harborne Heath, in the Diocese of Birmingham from 2002. He was appointed Team Vicar of St Michael and All Angels, Pinhoe in the Diocese of Exeter in 2007, also serving as Diocesan Youth Advisor. As Youth Advisor, he established Unlimited Church, which became a Bishop’s Mission Order in 2012. In 2019, James took up the role of Diocesan Mission Enabler. From 2020 to 2022, he was also a prebendary of Exeter Cathedral.
Episcopal ministry
It was announced on 6 July 2022 that James Grier would be the next Bishop of Plymouth. On 29 September 2022, he was consecrated as the eleventh Bishop of Plymouth by Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey, the first new bishop to swear an oath of allegiance to King Charles III.
Views
In 2023, in a pastoral letter from the bishops of the Diocese of Exeter (including Grier), it was stated that they welcome "the proposed prayers of thanksgiving, dedication and God's blessing for same sex couples": this was in reaction to the Living in Love and Faith process that concluded with the suggestion that the Church of England would introduce a service of blessing for same sex couples.
Personal life
He is married to Dr Liz Grier, an academic and musician, who is currently curate at St Mellitus College Plymouth. They have two sons.
Styles
The Reverend James Grier (1999–2020)
The Reverend Prebendary James Grier (2020–2022)
The Right Reverend James Grier (2022–present)
References
1974 births
Living people
21st-century Anglican bishops
Alumni of St Peter's College, Oxford
Alumni of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford
People educated at Plymouth College |
A Good Marriage or The Good Marriage may refer to:
A Good Marriage, a 2010 novella by Stephen King
A Good Marriage (film), a 2014 American thriller based on the novella
Le Beau Mariage ("The Good Marriage"), a 1982 French film directed by Éric Rohmer
The Good Marriage: How and Why Love Lasts, a 1995 nonfiction book by Judith S. Wallerstein and Sandra Blakeslee |
The Peugeot Type 14 is an early motor car produced between 1897 and 1898 by the French auto-maker Peugeot at their Audincourt plant. First presented in public at the end of 1896 the Type 14 was the first new car introduction after Armand Peugeot’s new company “Automobiles Peugeot” had been registered, following formalisation of Armand's split from the then principal Peugeot business.
The car was also the first Peugeot to be powered by an engine developed by Peugeot themselves. Peugeots had previously been power by Daimler designed engines. Peugeot's newly developed parallel-twin-cylinder four stroke 1,645 cc engine was mounted beneath and behind the driver. A maximum 4 hp of power was delivered to the rear wheels by means of a chain-drive mechanism.
The 2300 mm long two seater open carriage format body sat on a 1450 mm wheelbase.
The model's successor, the more commodious, larger engined and faster Peugeot Type 15 was already in production by 1897, and the Type 14 turned out to be something of a stop-gap model. Only 18 Peugeot Type 14s were produced.
Sources and further reading
Wolfgang Schmarbeck: Alle Peugeot Automobile 1890-1990. Motorbuch-Verlag. Stuttgart 1990.
Type 14
Rear-engined cars
Cars introduced in 1897 |
Copeland's Cure is a book-length history of the rivalry between mainstream medicine and homeopathy written by Natalie Robins and published by Knopf in 2005.
Further reading
2005 non-fiction books
Alfred A. Knopf books
Books about the history of science
American history books
History books about the United States
English-language books |
George Dewey Nicks III is an American photographer and film director.
Nicks was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Nicks studied photography at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California. Immediately after graduation, he launched into a professional career as a fashion and commercial photographer—now-spanning three decades—with work appearing in such magazines as Vogue, the New York Times Magazine, and GQ among many others. Nicks has also created classic advertising images for such clients as Nike, Tommy Hilfiger, Levis, and Ralph Lauren.
Soon after expanding into commercial directing, he won the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival Award for “The World’s Funniest Commercial” and became a Director's Guild nominee for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Commercials. His documentary Hell House had its New York debut at the Museum of Modern Art. Nicks’ first book of photography Kustom, was inspired by some of the very ideals and unique expression that originally attracted him to California.
Car culture, plastic surgery, and energetic excess were the subjects of his book, Kustom (printed in 2000 by Greybull Press).
In 2018 Nicks unearthed a forgotten box filled with thousands of Polaroids from his 1990's photo sessions. Enigmatic snapshots of woman posed and unposed, primed for the camera or caught unaware—these Polaroids reveal the comfort and ease between Nicks and his subjects. He shared them with his frequent collaborator, book designer and publisher Tom Adler. The resulting volume, Polaroids of Women, contains just over 100 of their favorite images from the collection and features an insightful foreword by the renowned designer and preservationist Brad Dunning.
He also directed Slackers (2002).
External links
Portfolio at DeweyNicks.com.
filmography at Concrete + Clay.
"Polaroids of Women" Book at DAP/artbook.
American photographers
People from St. Louis
Living people
Film directors from Missouri
Year of birth missing (living people)
Advertising directors |
Skofnung was the sword of legendary Danish king Hrólf Kraki. "The best of all swords that have been carried in northern lands", it was renowned for supernatural sharpness and hardness, as well as for being imbued with the spirits of the king's 12 faithful berserker bodyguards.
It appears in saga unrelated to Hrólf, it being said that an Icelander, Skeggi of Midfirth, who was chosen by lot to break into the gravemound and plunder it, recovered the sword while doing so, so it may have had some historical reality. Other similar incidents are found in Norse literature, such as Grettir the Strong's recovery of a sword from a burial mound. Events concerning the recovery of Skofnung are related in chapter 9 and 10 of Kormáks saga.
It also appears in the Laxdœla saga, where it has come into the possession of Eid of Ás. Eid is the son of Midfjardar-Skeggi, who had originally taken Skofnung from Hrólf Kraki's grave. The sword is handed down from Eid to his kinsman Thorkel Eyjólfsson. Eid lends the sword to Thorkel to kill the outlaw Grim, who had killed Eid's son. Thorkel fought Grim, but the two became friends, and Thorkel never returned the sword to Eid.
Skofnung is briefly lost when Thorkel's ship is capsized while sailing around Iceland, and all of those on it drown. The sword sticks fast in some of the timbers of the ship, and washes ashore. It is thus recovered at some point by Thorkel's son Gellir, as he is mentioned carrying it with him later in the saga. Gellir dies in Denmark returning from pilgrimage to Rome, and is buried at Roskilde, and it seems Skofnung was buried with him (near where the sword was recovered from the burial mound in the first place) because the saga records that Gellir had the sword with him "and it was not recovered afterwards".
According to Eid of Ás in chapter 57 of the Laxdœla saga, the sword is not to be drawn in the presence of women, and that the sun must never shine on the sword's hilt. This is in accordance with many other ancient superstitions, such as the Eggjum stone in Norway. It is also told by Eid that any wound made by Skofnung will not heal unless rubbed with the Skofnung Stone, which Eid gives to Thorkel Eyjólfsson along with the sword.
References
European swords
European weapons
Medieval European swords
Mythological swords
Mythological Norse weapons
Viking swords |
In molecular biology, the calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated CKK domain (also known as the CKK domain) is a domain which occurs at the C-terminus of a family of eumetazoan proteins collectively defined as calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated, or CAMSAP, proteins. CAMSAP proteins carry an N-terminal region that includes the CH domain, a central region including a predicted coiled-coil and this C-terminal. This domain is the part of the CAMSAP proteins that binds to microtubules. The domain appears to act by producing inhibition of neurite extension, probably by blocking microtubule function. CKK represents a domain that has evolved with the metazoa. The structure of this domain in murine hypothetical protein has shown the domain to adopt a mainly beta barrel structure with an associated alpha-helical hairpin.
References
Protein domains |
is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by TAa. The series has been serialized on Kadokawa Shoten's Young Ace Up website since January 26, 2016, and has been collected in eight tankōbon volumes as of August 26, 2022. The manga is licensed in North America by Denpa. They released its first English volume on March 13, 2019. It is a spin-off of Type-Moon's Fate/stay night series, set in an alternate universe where the Fifth Holy Grail War resolved with most of the characters surviving and later becoming friends and neighbours. The series revolves around the protagonist Shirō Emiya's daily life cooking various types of Japanese cuisine for his family and friends. A thirteen-episode original net animation adaptation by Ufotable aired monthly from January 25, 2018, to January 1, 2019.
Synopsis
The story takes place in an alternate universe resembling Fate/hollow ataraxia where Shirō Emiya lives peacefully with his family and friends in Fuyuki City. It focuses on Shirō Emiya cooking various types of Japanese cuisine for his family and friends throughout the year's four seasons.
Media
Manga
Today's Menu for the Emiya Family, written and illustrated by TAa, began serialisation on Kadokawa Shoten's Young Ace Up website since January 26, 2016. Eight tankōbon volumes have been released as of August 26, 2022. A special edition of volume 6 including a recipe book was also released alongside the standard volume. North American manga publishing company Denpa has licensed the series and released the first English print volume on March 12, 2019. The manga has also been licensed in Taiwan and Thailand.
Volume list
Anime
An original net animation adaptation premiered during the Fate Project New Year's Eve TV Special on December 31, 2017. The anime began streaming in Japan on February 1, 2018, with each episode premiering on the first of every month. It is produced by Ufotable, which had previously worked with Type-Moon on the majority of the Fate/stay night anime adaptations. The anime is directed by Takahiro Miura and Tetsuto Satō, produced by Hikaru Kondo, and written by the Ufotable staff. Toko Uchimura designed the characters, and Go Shiina composed the music. The opening theme song is "Apron Boy" by DJ Misoshiru & MC Gohan, and the ending theme song is "Collage" by Sangatsu no Phantasia. The anime is licensed in North America by Aniplex of America and began streaming on Crunchyroll on January 25, 2018. The series ran for 13 episodes.
Episode list
Video game
A video game adaptation of the manga, titled is published by Aniplex for the Nintendo Switch as a download-only title. The game was meant to be released in May 2020 until it was delayed to April 28, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Aniplex later announced the game would get a North American release, which occurred on June 2, 2021.
Notes
References
External links
Seinen manga
2018 anime ONAs
Anime series based on manga
Aniplex
Comedy anime and manga
Cooking in anime and manga
Cooking video games
Fate/stay night anime
Fate/stay night manga
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Kadokawa Shoten manga
2021 video games
Nintendo Switch games
Nintendo Switch-only games
Slice of life anime and manga
Type-Moon
Ufotable
Video games postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
Lists of members of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India include:
1st Lok Sabha 1952–1957,
List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha
2nd Lok Sabha 1957–1962,
List of members of the 2nd Lok Sabha
3rd Lok Sabha 1962–1967,
List of members of the 3rd Lok Sabha
4th Lok Sabha 1967–1971,
List of members of the 4th Lok Sabha
5th Lok Sabha 1971–1977,
List of members of the 5th Lok Sabha
6th Lok Sabha 1977–1980,
List of members of the 6th Lok Sabha
7th Lok Sabha 1980–1984,
List of members of the 7th Lok Sabha
8th Lok Sabha 1984–1989,
List of members of the 8th Lok Sabha
9th Lok Sabha 1989–1991,
List of members of the 9th Lok Sabha
10th Lok Sabha 1991–1996,
List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha
11th Lok Sabha 1996–1998,
List of members of the 11th Lok Sabha
12th Lok Sabha 1998–1999,
List of members of the 12th Lok Sabha
13th Lok Sabha 1999–2004,
List of members of the 13th Lok Sabha
14th Lok Sabha 2004–2009,
List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha
15th Lok Sabha 2009–2014,
List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha
16th Lok Sabha 2014–2019,
List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha
17th Lok Sabha 2019–2024,
List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha |
The Castle Armoury is a military installation in Bury, Greater Manchester, England.
History
The armoury was designed as the headquarters of the 8th Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps and built on the remains of Bury Castle in 1868. An extension exhibiting the same architectural features was opened by the Duke of Connaught in November 1907. The 8th Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps evolved to become the 1st Volunteer Battalion, the Lancashire Fusiliers in 1883 and the 5th Battalion, the Lancashire Fusiliers in 1908. The battalion was mobilised at the armoury in September 1914 before being deployed to the Suez Canal, then to Gallipoli and ultimately to the Western Front. The armoury remained the home of the 5th battalion, the Lancashire Fusiliers through the inter-war period.
A major fire took hold at the armoury in January 1943 during the Second World War, in which a fireman died and the building was seriously damaged, and it was not until summer 1952 that the restoration was complete. After the war the armoury continued to be used by the 5th battalion the Lancashire Fusiliers until the battalion was disbanded in 1967. The armoury was then used by a company of the 5th Battalion the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, a unit which evolved following amalgamations to become the Lancastrian and Cumbrian Volunteers in July 1999 and 4th Battalion the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment in July 2006. It is a Grade II Listed building.
The building closed in June 2022 with the owners, a trust, citing safety grounds. The leaser, the Ministry of Defence's Reserve Forces' and Cadets' Association stated that funding was not available to carry out the estimated £2 million of urgent repairs, with further work required to modernise the building.
Current units
The following units were based at the armoury immediately before its closure:
British Army
W (Gallipoli) Company, 5th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
B Detachment, 207 (Manchester) Field Hospital, Royal Army Medical Corps
Lancashire Band and Corps of Drums of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
Community Cadet Forces
Bury Detachment, Greater Manchester Army Cadet Force
1036 (Bury) Squadron, Greater Manchester Wing, Air Training Corps
See also
Listed buildings in Bury
References
Drill halls in England
Grade II listed buildings in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury |
Davron Mirzaev (, born 8 February 1989, in Tashkent) is an Uzbekistani footballer who last played for Rubin Yalta in the Crimean Premier League. He also holds Russian citizenship.
Career
In March 2014, Mirzaev signed a one-year contract with FC Istiklol.
In November 2014, Mirzaev was reported to be training with Pakhtakor Tashkent.
During the summer of 2015, Mirzaev joined Crimean Premier League side Rubin Yalta, leaving them on 15 December of the same year.
After his release from Rubin Yalta, Mirzaev went on trial with Belshina Bobruisk, but did not earn a contract.
References
External links
Profile on rubin-kazan.ru
Rubin Yalta Profile
1989 births
Living people
Uzbekistani men's footballers
FC Rubin Kazan players
Pakhtakor Tashkent FK players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Men's association football midfielders
Uzbekistani expatriate men's footballers
Russian Premier League players
Uzbekistani expatriate sportspeople in Russia
FC Khimki players
FC Istiklol players
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players
Asian Games competitors for Uzbekistan
Tajikistan Higher League players |
Ajaib Kamal (1933-2011) was a writer of the Punjabi language. Born in the Hoshiarpur District of the Punjab, he later moved to Kenya. As a poet and playwright, his work is considered part of the modernist tradition in Punjabi literature. Beginning as a writer of ghazals, he later shifted to other verse forms and is considered a specialist of the long verse form in Punjabi. He has also written several dramas in Punjabi including Chaanak Anne Han, Hatheli Te Ugya Shehr, Dahri Wala Ghora, and Langra Aasmaan.
References
1933 births
2011 deaths
Kenyan Sikhs
Kenyan poets
Indian male poets
Kenyan people of Indian descent
People from Hoshiarpur
Indian emigrants to Kenya
Kenyan people of Punjabi descent
Poets from Punjab, India
Punjabi-language poets |
Clara Veseliza, known professionally as Clair Marlo, is a Croatian-American record producer, songwriter, composer, educator, and performer.
She is known for her multiplatinum hit singles "'Til They Take My Heart Away" and "Without Me", both from her debut album, Let It Go. Her songs became a staple in radio stations during the early 1990s and her albums (both as recording artist and as producer) for Sheffield Lab Records have become audiophile staples and collectors items around the world. Marlo is also known for singing "Sviraj" and "Lullaby" on Paul Schwartz's album, Aria 2 – New Horizon, which reached number 5 on Billboards Top Classical Crossover Chart in 1999.
Career
Clair Marlo was born in New York City and grew up in Astoria and Flushing, Queens. She began her musical studies at the age of five with accordion, then started piano and voice at the age of nine. She had her first song published by Leeds Levy (MCA Music) at the age of 16, when she started college for composition at the Aaron Copeland School of Music at Queens College. She studied opera with opera singer Camilla Williams. Her private teachers also included Spud Murphy, and John Motley. Clair holds a bachelor's degree from Berklee College of Music (1980) in Composition with additional courses in Audio Production and Engineering.
She owns the music production company Invisible Hand Productions, founded in 1995, and production companies Sotto-Voce and Building 11. Clair also owns publishing companies, Tarzana Jane and Veselica Music.
Marlo has worked with many notable artists, composers, musicians, engineers and producers. Notable people Clair has worked with include Jeff Porcaro, Steve Porcaro, George Massenberg, Doug Sax, Bill Schnee Joe Porcaro, David Paich, Leland Sklar, Grant Geissman, Craig Fuller, Abraham Laboriel Sr., Dean Parks, Luis Conte, and Steve Katz. The now late pop rock drummer, Jeff Porcaro, played on her song "'Til They Take My Heart Away" and other songs on her album, Let It Go.
Marlo has produced such artists as Harry Chapin (posthumously), Pat Coil, Michael Ruff, Kilauea (Daniel Ho), and Grant Geissman. Her production of Michael Ruff's "Speaking in Melodies" for Sheffield Lab Records is an audiophile collector's item and was on Stereophile's list of "1994 Records to Die For".
Discography
Solo albums/as featured artist
Let It Go (1989)
Til They Take My Heart Away (Finyl Edits)
Til They Take My Heart Away (1994 Power Tools Edit)
Behaviour Self (1995)
Rediscovered (2007)
Trinity (2019)
Group albums
Liquid Amber (1994)
Liquid Amber – Adrift (1995)
Tairona – Andean Christmas (1996)
Vox Mundi – Christmas Spirit (1998)
As producer
Pat Coil – Steps (1990)
Kilauea - Antigua Blue (1992)
Pat Coil – Just Ahead (1992)
Michael Ruff – Speaking in Melodies (1993)
Kilauea - Diamond Collection (1995)
Grant Geissman – In with the Out Crowd (1998)
Lori Barth – Sensuel (2002)
As composer/songwriter
Glenn Eric – Glenn Eric (1987)
Spies – Music of Espionage (1988)
Let it Go (1989)
Kilauea - Antigua Blue (1992)
Liquid Amber (1994)
Behaviour Self (1995)
Liquid Amber – Adrift (1995)
Tairona – Andean Christmas (1996)
Grant Geissman – In with the Out Crowd (1998)
Vox Mundi – Christmas Spirit (1998)
Mark Winkler – City Lights (1998)
Aria – 3 CD collection (2004)
Red Rose – Good Friends (2004)
Neil Young – Living with War (2006)
Julia Duncan – The Love Lounge (2007)
3 Hours of Creepy Sounds for Halloween(2009)
Celtic Journey – Celtic Journey (2011)
Up Close Volume 8 – Sheffield Lab Sampler Featuring Pat Coil
Personal life
Marlo is based out of Los Angeles, and Istria, Croatia. She has a daughter and a son.
References
1959 births
Living people
American people of Croatian descent
American women pop singers
American jazz composers
Women jazz composers
American women composers
Berklee College of Music alumni
American women singer-songwriters
Record producers from New York (state)
American women record producers
American keyboardists
Women keyboardists
American session musicians
21st-century American women
Croatian composers
Croatian pop musicians |
Aerodium is a designer and producer of vertical wind tunnels based in Riga, Latvia. Its core business is related to sales and rent of wind tunnels for entertainment and military industries, but it also operates different locations under franchise. A second part is connected to organizing shows and performances for brand promotion, festivals and other celebrations around the world.
History
In 1979 the Canadian inventor Jean Saint-Germain came up with the idea of the first vertical wind tunnel for bodyflight. After accumulating investments of $450,000, he opened the first commercial wind tunnel in Saint-Simon-de-Bagot, 50 miles east of Montreal. Saint-Germain, who was a former parachutist in the army, owned two parachute schools as he came to the idea that an Aerodium would help his students to practice free falling more efficiently.
In 1982 Jean Saint-Germain sold the vertical wind tunnel concept to Les Thompson and Marvin Kratter, who went on to build their own wind tunnels in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee and Las Vegas, Nevada, respectively. Soon after, Saint-Germain sold the franchising rights to Kratter for $1.5 million.
Originally known as the "Aérodium", it was patented as the "Levitationarium" by Jean Saint-Germain in the USA in 1984 and 1994 under Patent Nos. 4,457,509 and 5,318,481, respectively.
In 2003, after meeting François Saint-Germain (son of Jean Saint-Germain), the Latvian entrepreneur Ivars Beitāns decided to elaborate on the Aerodium wind tunnel concept. In summer 2005 the first wind tunnel in Eastern Europe was opened in Sigulda, Latvia. Step by step improving and upgrading the technical solutions, the company started manufacturing commercial wind tunnels in Latvia under the name Aerodium Technologies.
Shows, performances, and milestones
Having a dedicated focus on open-air wind tunnels, Aerodium has over the years become the leading company to participate in different bodyflying shows and performances around the world.
A milestone in vertical wind tunnel history was the 'Wind Machine' at the closing ceremonies of the 2006 Torino Winter Olympics, which was a custom-built unit by Aerodium. Most viewers in the world had never seen a vertical wind tunnel before and were fascinated by the flying humans with no wires. The show included a flying snowboarder (performed by Ivars Beitāns himself) and other visual effects never seen before.
A vertical wind tunnel performance in Moscow's Red Square was shown in 2009 during the presentation of the logotype of 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.
In 2010, a vertical wind tunnel was exhibited at the Latvian pavilion of World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China. Aerodium was the pavilion's general contractor and presented shows to the visitors every 30 minutes for 6 months. It gathered large crowds and even allowed some VIPs to train and fly in the tunnel. The tunnel was the world’s first fully transparent recirculation wind tunnel, allowing spectators to view the performances from all sides.
2013 saw the introduction of a new wind tunnel application when Aerodium built the world's first tunnel suited for indoor BASE jumping at the “Sirius Sport Resort” in Finland. Compared to other models, skydivers could now enter the wind tunnel from the ground or jump into it from a height of 15 meters, simulating jumping down from a building.
In 2016 Aerodium presented a project called “Flying Dream”, which is a unique wind tunnel-amphitheatre. It is located in Dengfeng, in the middle of the Song Mountains, near the famous Shaolin Monastery in China. The wind tunnel is part of a “flight and monks” kung fu show.
The same year Shanghai Disneyland Park, the first one in mainland China, opened in Pudong, China. Aerodium was invited to design a unique permanent wall-less wind tunnel for the live-action Pirates of the Caribbean show: Eye of the Storm: Captain Jack’s Stunt Spectacular. As of 2019, it is the only recirculation type wall-less wind tunnel in the world.
Movie projects
Aerodium's outdoor wind tunnels have also gained interest from the film industry. During Expo 2010 Jackie Chan tried flying in a vertical tunnel of the Latvian pavilion. Two years later, in 2012, he spent 3 weeks training and filming in Latvia for an air fight scene for the movie "Chinese Zodiac".
In 2017 Aerodium built the largest vertical wind tunnel in the world measuring 20 feet by 10 feet, which is four times the size of a typical wind tunnel. It was given the name Peryton and used by Tom Cruise while training for the sixth installment in the Mission: Impossible film series titled "Fallout". To film one of the early scenes of the movie Tom Cruise had to perform over 100 HALO jumps. According to Neil Corbould, the special effects supervisor, “it was quite a lot, but you know, if he hadn’t had the time in the wind tunnel, it would’ve been 250.”
References
External links
Companies based in Riga
Engineering companies of Latvia |
Plant milk is a plant beverage with a color resembling that of milk. Plant milks are non-dairy beverages made from a water-based plant extract for flavoring and aroma. Plant milks are consumed as alternatives to dairy milk, and may provide a creamy mouthfeel.
As of 2021, there are about 17 different types of plant milks; almond, oat, soy, coconut, and pea are the highest-selling worldwide. Production of plant-based milks, particularly soy, oat, and pea milks, can offer environmental advantages over animal milks in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use.
Plant-based beverages have been consumed for centuries, with the term "milk-like plant juices" used since the 13th century. In the 21st century, they are commonly referred to as plant-based milk, alternative milk, non-dairy milk or vegan milk. For commerce, plant-based beverages are typically packaged in containers similar and competitive to those used for dairy milk, but cannot be labeled as "milk" within the European Union.
Across various cultures, plant milk has been both a beverage and a flavor ingredient in sweet and savory dishes, such as the use of coconut milk in curries. It is compatible with vegetarian and vegan lifestyles. Plant milks are also used to make ice cream alternatives, plant cream, vegan cheese, and yogurt-analogues, such as soy yogurt. The global plant milk market was estimated to reach 62billion by 2030.
History
Before commercial production of 'milks' from legumes, beans and nuts, plant-based mixtures resembling milk have existed for centuries. The Wabanaki and other Native American tribal nations in the northeastern United States made milk and infant formula from nuts.
Horchata, a beverage originally made in North Africa from soaked, ground, and sweetened tiger nuts, spread to Iberia (now Spain) before the year 1000. In English, the word "milk" has been used to refer to "milk-like plant juices" since 1200 CE.
Recipes from the 13th-century Levant exist describing almond milk. Soy was a plant milk used in China during the 14th century. In Medieval England, almond milk was used in dishes such as ris alkere (a type of rice pudding) and appears in the recipe collection, The Forme of Cury. Coconut milk (and coconut cream) are traditional ingredients in many cuisines such as in South and Southeast Asia, and are often used in curries.
Plant milks may be regarded as milk substitutes in Western countries, but have traditionally been consumed in other parts of the world, especially ones where there are higher rates of lactose intolerance (see especially lactose intolerance: epidemiology section).
Types
Common plant milks are almond milk, coconut milk, rice milk, and soy milk. Other plant milks include hemp milk, oat milk, pea milk, and peanut milk.
Plant milks can be made from:
Grains: barley, fonio, maize, millet, oat, rice, rye, sorghum, teff, triticale, spelt, wheat
Pseudocereals: amaranth, buckwheat, quinoa
Legumes: lupin, pea, peanut, soy
Nuts: almond, brazil, cashew, hazelnut, macadamia, pecan, pistachio, walnut
Seeds: chia seed, flax seed, hemp seed, pumpkin seed, sesame seed, sunflower seed
Other: coconut (fruit; drupe), banana (fruit; berry) potato (tuber), tiger nut (tuber)
A blend is a plant milk created by mixing two or more types together. Examples of blends are almond-coconut milk and almond-cashew milk.
Other traditional plant milk recipes include:
Kunu, a Nigerian beverage made from sprouted millet, sorghum, or maize
Sikhye, a traditional sweet Korean rice beverage
Amazake, a Japanese rice milk
Manufacturing
Although there are variations in the manufacturing of plant milks according to the starting plant material, as an example, the general technique for soy milk involves several steps, including:
cleaning, soaking and dehulling the beans
grinding of the starting material to produce a slurry, powder or emulsion
heating the processed plant material to denature lipoxidase enzymes to minimize their effects on flavor
removing sedimentable solids by filtration
adding water, sugar (or sugar substitutes) and other ingredients to improve flavour, aroma, and micronutrient content
pasteurizing the pre-final liquid
homogenizing the liquid to break down fat globules and particles for a smooth mouthfeel
packaging, labeling and storage at
The actual content of the highlighted plant in commercial plant milks may be only around 2%. Other ingredients commonly added to plant milks during manufacturing include guar gum, xanthan gum, or sunflower lecithin for texture and mouthfeel, select micronutrients (such as calcium, B vitamins, and vitamin D), salt, and natural or artificial ingredients—such as flavours characteristic of the featured plant—for aroma, color, and taste. Plant milks are also used to make ice cream, plant cream, vegan cheese, and yogurt-analogues, such as soy yogurt.
The production of almond-based dairy substitutes has been criticized on environmental grounds as large amounts of water and pesticides are used. The emissions, land, and water footprints of plant milks vary, due to differences in crop water needs, farming practices, region of production, production processes, and transportation. Production of plant-based milks, particularly soy and oat milks, can offer environmental advantages over animal milks in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use.
Nutritional comparison with cow's milk
Many plant milks aim to contain the same proteins, vitamins and lipids as those produced by lactating mammals. Generally, because plant milks are manufactured using processed extracts of the starting plant, plant milks are lower in nutrient density than dairy milk and are fortified during manufacturing to add precise levels of micronutrients, commonly calcium and Vitamins A and D. Animal milks are also commonly fortified, and many countries have laws mandating fortification of milk products with certain nutrients, commonly vitamins A and D.
Packaging and commerce
Plant-based milks have emerged as an alternative to dairy in response to consumer dietary requests and changing attitudes about animals and the environment. Huffington Post stated that due to health and environmental reasons as well as changing consumer trends, more individuals regularly buy non-dairy alternatives to milk. Between 1974 and 2020, dairy milk consumption of people aged between 16 and 24 in the United Kingdom decreased from 94% to 73%. In Australia, there is decreased confidence within the dairy industry, with only 53% being optimistic in the future profitability and demand for dairy products per a Dairy Australia report.
To improve competition, plant milks are typically packaged in containers similar to those of dairy milks. A scientific journal article argued that plant-milk companies send the message that plant milks are 'good and wholesome' and dairy milk is 'bad for the environment', and the article also reported that an increasing number of young people associate dairy with environmental damage. There has been an increased concern that dairy production has adverse effects on biodiversity, water and land use. These negative links between dairy and the environment have also been communicated through audiovisual material against dairy production, such as 'Cowspiracy' and 'What the Health'. Animal welfare concerns have also contributed to the declining popularity of dairy milk in many Western countries. Advertising for plant milks may also contrast the intensive farming effort to produce dairy milk with the relative ease of harvesting plant sources, such as oats, rice or soybeans. In 2021, an advertisement for oat milk brand Oatly aired during the Super Bowl.
In the United States, plant milk sales grew steadily by 61% over the period 2012 to 2018. As of 2019, the plant-based milk industry in the US is worth $1.8 billion per year. In 2018, the value of 'dairy alternatives' around the world was said to be $8 billion. Among plant milks, almond (64% market share), soy (13% market share), and coconut (12% market share) were category leaders in the United States during 2018. Oat milk sales increased by 250% in Canada during 2019, and its growing consumption in the United States and United Kingdom led to production shortages from unprecedented consumer demand. In 2020, one major coffee retailer – Starbucks – added oat milk, coconut milk, and almond milk beverages to its menus in the United States and Canada. During 2020, oat milk sales in the United States increased to $213 million, becoming the second most consumed plant milk after almond milk ($1.5 billion in 2020 sales).
A key dietary reason for the increase in popularity of plant-based milks is lactose intolerance. For example, the most common food causing intolerance in Australia is lactose and affects 4.5% of the population. In the United States, around 40 million people are lactose intolerant.
Labeling and terminology
One of the first reliable modern English dictionaries, Samuel Johnson's 1755 A Dictionary of the English Language, gave two definitions of the word "milk". The first described "the liquor with which animals feed their young from the breast", and the second an "emulsion made by contusion of seeds", using almond milk as an example.
As plant milks resurged in popularity in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, their definition became a matter of controversy. Plant milks may be labeled to highlight their nutrient contents, or with terms reflecting their composition or absence of ingredients, such as "dairy-free", "gluten-free" or "GMO-free". Manufacturers and distributors of animal milk have advocated that plant-based milk not be labelled as "milk". They complain that consumers may be confused between the two, and that plant-based milks are not necessarily as nutritious in terms of vitamins and minerals.
Europe
In December 2013, European Union regulations stated that the terms "milk", "butter", "cheese", "cream" and "yoghurt" can only be used to market and advertise products derived from animal milk, with a small number of exceptions including coconut milk, peanut butter and ice cream. In 2017, the Landgericht Trier (Trier regional court), Germany, asked the Court of Justice of the European Union, to clarify European food-labeling law (Case C-422/16), with the court stating that plant-based products cannot be marketed as milk, cream, butter, cheese or yoghurt within the European Union because these are reserved for animal products; exceptions to this do not include tofu and soy. Although plant-based dairy alternatives are not allowed to be called "milk", "cheese" and the like, they are allowed to be described as buttery or creamy. In the United Kingdom, strict standards are applied to food labeling for terms such as milk, cheese, cream, yogurt, which are protected to describe dairy products and may not be used to describe non-dairy produce. However, there are exceptions for each of the EU languages, based on established use of livestock terms for non-livestock products. The list's extent varies widely; for example there is only one exception in Polish, and 20 exceptions in English.
A proposal for further restrictions failed at second reading in the European Parliament, in May 2021. The proposal, called Amendment 171, would have outlawed labels including 'yogurt-style' and 'cheese alternative'.
United States
In the United States, the dairy industry petitioned the FDA to ban the use of terms like "milk", "cheese", "cream" and "butter" on plant-based analogues (except for peanut butter). FDA commissioner, Scott Gottlieb, stated on July 17, 2018 that the term "milk" is used imprecisely in the labeling of non-dairy beverages, such as soy milk, oat milk and almond milk: "An almond doesn't lactate", he said. In 2019, the US National Milk Producers Federation petitioned the FDA to restrict labeling of plant-based milks, claiming they should be described as "imitation". In response, the Plant-Based Foods Association stated the word "imitation" was disparaging, and there was no evidence that consumers were misled or confused about plant-based milks. A 2018 survey by the International Food Information Council Foundation found that consumers in the United States do not typically confuse plant-based analogues with animal milk or dairy products. As of 2021, though the USDA is investigating and various state legislatures are considering regulation, various courts have determined that reasonable consumers are not confused, and the FDA has enacted no regulations against plant-based milk labels.
In 2021, the FDA issued a final rule that amends yogurt's standard of identity (which remains a product of "milk-derived ingredients"), and is expecting to issue industry guidance on "Labeling of Plant-based Milk Alternatives" in 2022.
Proponents of plant-based milk assert that these labeling requirements are infantilizing to consumers and burdensome and unfair on dairy-alternatives. Critics of the FDA's labeling requirements also note that there is often collusion between government officials and the dairy industry in an attempt to maintain dairy dominance in the market. For example, in 2017, Senator Tammy Baldwin (WI) introduced the "Defending Against Imitations and Replacements of Yogurt, Milk, and Cheese to Promote Regular Intake of Dairy Everyday (DAIRY PRIDE) Act" which would prevent almond milk, coconut milk, cashew milk from being labeled with terms like milk, yogurt, and cheese. Proponents of plant-based dairy alternatives note that dairy sales are decreasing faster than plant sales are increasing and that therefore, attacking plant milks as being the chief reason for a decline in dairy consumption is inaccurate. A 2020 USDA study found that the "increase in sales over 2013 to 2017 of plant-based options is one-fifth the size of the decrease in Americans' purchases of cow's milk."
Health recommendations
Health authorities recommend that plant milks should not be given to infants younger than 12 months unless commercially prepared infant formula is available such as soy infant formula. A 2020 clinical review stated that only appropriate commercial infant formulas should be used as alternatives to human milk which contains a substantial source of calcium, vitamin D and protein in the first year of life and that plant milks "do not represent an equivalent source of such nutrients".
The Healthy Drinks, Healthy Kids 2023 guidelines state that infants younger than 12 months should not drink plant milks. They suggest that children between 12 and 24 months may consume fortified soy milk, but not other non-dairy milks such as almond, oat and rice, which are deficient in key nutrients. A 2022 review suggested that the best option for toddlers (1–3 years old) who do not consume cow's milk would be to have at least 250 mL/day of fortified soy milk.
For vegan infants younger than 12 months who are not breastfed, the New Zealand Ministry of Health recommends soy infant formula and advises against the use of plants milks. A 2019 Consensus Statement from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Heart Association concluded that plant milks are not recommended for infants younger than 12 months and that for children aged 1–5 years plant milks may be useful for those with allergies or intolerances to cow's milk but should only be consumed after a consultation with a professional health care provider.
See also
Lactose intolerance
List of dishes made using coconut milk
Milk substitute
Non-dairy creamer
Plant cream
Roasted grain drink
Soy milk maker
Soy yogurt
Vegan cheese
Pea milk
References
External links
Wikibooks Cookbook category for Nut and Grain Milk recipes''
Cold drinks
Food ingredients
Imitation foods
Milk substitutes
Non-alcoholic drinks
Vegan cuisine
Vegetarianism and drinks |
Hinduism is a minority religion in Hungary. According to the 2022 census, there were 3,307 Hindus in Hungary (comprising 0.03% of the population).
International Society for Krishna Consciousness
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) runs the Bhaktivedanta Theological College in Hungary. The Hungarian government donated a building for the Bhaktivedanta Theological College.
Krishna devotees first appeared in Hungary at the end of the 1970s, but only in the second wave of the mission, in the mid 1980s, did a viable community develop.
Hare Krishnas in Hungary
The leaders of ISKCON mention that there are 8,000 to 12,000 devotees living in Hungary. According to Tamas Barabas (one of the leaders in ISKCON), 190 to 200 devotees live in temples, and 700 to 900 devotees practice their religion seriously. In the four festivals, 9,000 to 10,000 persons gave their names, many of whom go to different Krishna programmes. The biggest ISKCON centre in Hungary is the rural community located in Somogyvamos, a small village in south-western Hungary.
Sivarama Swami is the official GBC representative in Hungary.
Hare Krishna centres in Hungary
Hare Krishnas have eight centres in Hungary.
Nandafalva Hindu Temple
It is located in the Csongrad County, 19km from the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park. The temple is a brilliant fusion of Hungarian and Hindu architectural styles .It was architectured by Gyula Szigeti.
It was built in 1979,Swami B.A. Narayan and his followers. Swami B.A. Narayan was sent to Hungary by his spiritual master A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Nandafalva is named after the Indian holy place called Nandagram. After 20 years of activity, the Hindu Temple opened its doors in 2000. The 100 kilo bell residing in the temple tower resounds daily in accordance with Hungarian custom. After of disappearance of the founder in 1993 the community is led by Swami B.A. Paramadvaiti.
Krishna Valley
Krishna Valley is the ISKCON farm in Somogyvámos village in Hungary.It is 660-acre sustainable farm area which attracts thousands of tourists every year. At the moment, Krishna-valley has 150 inhabitants, and there are an additional 30,000 people yearly who visit there or participate at religious festivals. There is also an Eco-School in Krishna-valley.
Legal Status
Since 1989 the Community of the Hungarian Krishna conscious devotees (from now on ISKCON) is a registered religion in Hungary. At their incorporation they registered 50 persons.
The Parliament resolved that Hare Krishnas, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Hungarian Church of Scientology and the Unification Church being 'destructive sects', would not get government support.
In March 1994, the Parliament voted for governmental support of ISKCON and, by this, they withdrew the judgement of ISKCON as 'destructive' and recognised its religious life and charitable work.
In 2011, Hungary's new "Law on the Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion, and on Churches, Religions and Religious Communities" was enacted and it recognized only 14 religious groups resulting in Hinduism loosing its official status. International Hindu organizations in Europe including the Hindu Forum of Europe, the Hindu American Seva Charities, the Hindu Forum of Britain, and the Hindu American Foundation had later expressed their concern about the issue at the Hungarian Embassies in their respective countries, as well as by sending letters directly to Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. In 2012, this law was amended and the list was expanded with the number of officially recognized churches being increased from 14 to a total of 32, which included the Hungarian Society for Krishna Consciousness as a fully recognized church in Hungary.
Brahma Kumaris Centres in Hungary
The Brahma Kumaris has four Centres in Hungary.
See also
Krishna valley of Hungary
Hinduism in Slovenia
References
External links
Sivaramaswami of Hungary
Krishna in heroes square: devotees of Krishna and national identity in post-communist Hungary
Hungarian Krishna-devotees for Religious Freedom
About Hungarian-Hindu Cultural Foundation
The Value System of Hungarian Krishna Devotees
ISKCON center in Hungary
Bhaktivedanta Theological College in Hungary
Hare Krishna in Hungary
Nandafalva
Online Vaishnava Encyclopedia |
Nicholas Weston Porzig (born 1 July 1972 in Cape Town) is a South African-born, former Australian representative former rower. He is a dual Olympian and an Olympic silver medalist.
Club and state rowing
Porzig learned to row at St Stithians College in Johannesburg, under Paul Jackson who later coached national South African crews. In 1989, Porzig's family emigrated to Perth, Australia, where he continued to row at Hale School. Porzig's senior rowing was from the Curtin University Rowing club where he was coached by Tony Lovrich who ran a successful high performance sweep men's squad.
Porizg first made state selection for Western Australia in the 1991 youth eight which contested the Noel Wilkinson Trophy at the Australian Rowing Championships. In 1992 he was selected in the West Australian senior eight contesting the King's Cup at the Interstate Regatta. That eight placed second behind a stellar Victorian crew which included all four members of Australia's prominent crew of the time - the Oarsome Foursome. Porzig rowed in further West Australian King's Cup eights crew in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996. For the last four of those years he was seated in WA King's Cup eights with his younger brother David Porzig.
In 1993, Porzig applied for and won a scholarship to the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra. During his senior Australian representative years, Porzig was selected in Australian Capital Territory eights to contest the King's Cup at the Interstate Regatta. He raced in the victorious ACT King's Cup eight of 1997 and in further ACT eights in 1998 and 1999.
International representative rowing
At the Australian Institute of Sport in 1993 Porzig was initially paired with Robert Jahrling and they won their early 5 km time trials beating other combinations of their cohort. Nevertheless coach Reinhold Batschi changed out the combination and paired Porzig with Jaime Fernandez.
Porzig made his Australian representative debut in the seven seat of the men's eight who competed at the 1993 World Rowing Championships on Racize, Croatia and placed fourth. In 1994 Batschi selected and coached Porzing and Fernandez in the Australian coxed four with David Weightman, Shane McLaughlin and with Brett Hayman on the rudder. They placed fifth at the World Championships in Indianapolis. That four also contested and won gold at the 1994 Commonwealth Regatta in Ontario, Canada held alongside the 1994 Commonwealth Games.
In 1995 Porzig was back in the Australian eight where he would stay for the rest of national representative career. At the 1995 World Rowing Championships in Tampere Finland and stroked by Rob Scott they finish overall eleventh. Porzig, Fernandez, Jahrling, Hayman and Ben Dodwell remained in the Australian eight into the 1996 Olympic year and were joined in the crew by the Stewart twins and the New South Wales pair of Walker and Wearne taking over in the stern end. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympics the Australian eight rowed to a sixth place.
Following a post-Olympic break Porzig stepped back into the eight for the 1998 World Rowing Championships in Cologne where they rowed to a sixth placing. In 1999 the crew raced at the World Rowing Cup III before contesting the 1999 World Rowing Championships in St Catharine's Canada where they missed the A final and finished in seventh place. His brother David had gained a seat in the Australian eight in 1997 and they raced together in that boat in 1998 and 1999.
In 2000 the Australian eight qualified for the Olympics and raced at two Rowing World Cups in the lead up campaign as well as at the Henley Royal Regatta where they raced as an Australian Institute of Sport eight and won that year's Grand Challenge Cup. Porzig was in the two seat of the eight with his old AIS training mates Jahrling and Fernandez. They were joined by Christian Ryan, Alastair Gordon, Stuart Welch, Daniel Burke, the champion Mike McKay with Hayman on the rudder. At Sydney 2000 the Australian eight won their heat in a pace that blew away the eventual gold medallists Great Britain. However in the final they started slowly and their late sprint home left them 0.8 seconds behind the Brits at the line and taking the silver Olympic medal in a thrilling finish. It was the final representative appearance for Nick Porzig.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Australian male rowers
Sportspeople from Cape Town
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic rowers for Australia
Olympic medalists in rowing
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
ACT Academy of Sport alumni |
Krithia () is a village and a community of the Lagkadas municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Assiros, of which it was a municipal district. The 2011 census recorded 1,422 inhabitants in the village. The community of Krithia covers an area of 21.288 km2.
See also
List of settlements in the Thessaloniki regional unit
References
Populated places in Thessaloniki (regional unit)
Lagkadas |
Ana Catarina Marques Borges (; born 15 June 1990) is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a right winger or a right-back for Sporting CP and the Portugal women's national football team. After initially joining on loan from Chelsea, she made the move back to Portugal permanent in July 2017, just before UEFA Women's Euro 2017. She is an important member of the Portugal national team with over 110 caps.
Club career
At the 2015 FA Women's Cup Final, staged at Wembley Stadium for the first time, Borges appeared as a late substitute in Chelsea's 1–0 win over Notts County. It was Chelsea's first major trophy. In October 2015 she was an unused substitute for Chelsea's 4–0 win over Sunderland, which secured the club's first FA WSL title and a League and Cup "double".
In December 2016, Borges renewed her contract with Chelsea but agreed to move on loan to Sporting CP at the same time. On being introduced to the crowd at Estádio José Alvalade, Borges vowed: "I will do everything to help Sporting, the club of my whole life."
Borges was voted the 2017–18 Campeonato Nacional de Futebol Feminino Player of the Season in June 2018.
International career
Borges scored on her debut for the Portugal women's national football team on 4 March 2009, a 2–1 win over Poland at the 2009 Algarve Cup. Two days later Portugal secured another 2–1 win, this time against Wales, and Borges scored again on the occasion of her second cap. She was named by coach Francisco Neto in the 23-player Portugal squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2017 in the Netherlands.
In November 2017 she made her 100th appearance for Portugal in a 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification fixture against Moldova.
On 30 May 2023, she was included in the 23-player squad for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2023.
International goals
Notes
References
External links
Profile at Sporting CP
1990 births
Living people
Portuguese women's footballers
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Portuguese expatriates in England
Portugal women's international footballers
USL W-League (1995–2015) players
Liga F players
Atlético Madrid Femenino players
Chelsea F.C. Women players
Women's Super League players
Expatriate women's footballers in England
Expatriate women's footballers in Spain
Zaragoza CFF players
People from Gouveia, Portugal
Women's association football wingers
Women's association football forwards
FIFA Women's Century Club
Campeonato Nacional de Futebol Feminino players
Sporting CP (women's football) players
Sportspeople from Guarda District
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 players
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players
Portuguese expatriate women's footballers
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in the United States |
Troy Brooks (born September 23, 1972) is a Canadian painter. His art is narrative film noir style portraits of elongated female protagonists which are part of the contemporary Pop Surrealism scene. The Globe and Mail wrote in a 2018 review titled "A Road Trip into Our Psyches"; "a typical Brooks she-devil subject has an elongated face and body, is dead white, dressed elaborately, surrounded by weird animal familiars and/or horrific accidents, and is perhaps transgendered."
Brooks's female subjects are confrontational and mannerist in style. Dubbed The Women Of Troy in contemporary art magazines like Juxtapoz and Hi-Fructose Magazine Brooks's images of unsettling female characters have been exhibited internationally.
Early life
Brooks was born asthmatic and suffered a handful of odd illnesses throughout his youth, including several skin diseases and deadly allergies. He became preoccupied with classic Hollywood films of the ’30s and ’40s and later incorporated many of the archetypes and concepts into his work.
Brooks suffered serious and sometimes extreme bullying in school. In a 2016 WOWXWOW interview, he stated that, as a result, he “grew up in a constant state of fear and humiliation and my art was the only outlet where I felt I had any authority".
Brooks attributes his interest in painting to his mother, who was an amateur watercolorist. He remembers watching her paint when he was two years old and drawing beside her easel. His first drawings were of Wonder Woman.
Influences and works
Brooks received no formal training, working in traditional oils. Cited influences include Lisa Yuskavage, Otto Dix, and Kees van Dongen. His use of dramatic light and shadow echoes the 1940s film noir productions of Warner Brothers and MGM. Brook’s subject matter is near exclusively portraits of women with protracted faces and bodies. They are often dressed elaborately and paired somehow with animal familiars or accidents. They are observed in transformative moments.
In a 2017 interview, Brooks said that "the only way to generate any depth in my work is to avoid thinking about it and stay completely intuitive."
Public works
In 2014, as part of the World Pride Church Street Mural Project, mural artist Christiano De Araujo worked with Brooks to reproduce his painting "Tower" as a mural. The image stands on the south wall of a two-story building at 418 Church St. in Toronto. It was created as a tribute to those arrested and harassed in the 1981 Toronto bath-house police raids. The image shows a drag queen in a confrontational pose against the police.
References
Further reading
External links
Living people
1972 births |
Ricochet is a 1981 album by the Bay City Rollers, credited as The Rollers. The album was the third and final release under this band name. In Canada, it saw release on Epic Records as "The Brown Bag Album" and later appeared with a promotional sticker which said, "The Famous Brownbag Album Now Exposed!"
Ricochet was reissued on CD in 2008 with one bonus cut – "Life on the Radio (single version)".
Track listing
Personnel
Eric Faulkner – lead guitar, lead vocals and backing vocals
Duncan Faure – lead vocals and backing vocals, rhythm guitar
Alan Longmuir – guitar, bass, keyboards
Derek Longmuir – drums, percussion
Stuart "Woody" Wood – bass guitar, vocals
Stephan Galfas – producer
Judd Lander – bagpipes, harmonica
Pat Bianco – saxophone
References
1981 albums
Bay City Rollers albums
Epic Records albums |
Rear Admiral Thorvald A. Solberg (17 February 1894 – 16 May 1964) was a senior officer in the United States Navy, and the Chief of the Office of Naval Research from 1948 to 1951.
Biography
Thorvald A. Solberg was born in Mason, Wisconsin, on 17 February 1894, the son of Norwegian immigrants Thomas and Martha Solberg. In 1905, the family moved to Sandpoint, Idaho, where he graduated from Sandpoint High School in 1911.
Solberg was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland by Senator William Borah of Idaho, and was commissioned in the United States Navy as an ensign on graduation in 1916. During World War I he served on board the cruiser .
Solberg studied electrical engineering at the Naval Postgraduate School, and then attended Columbia University, receiving a Master of Science (M.S.) degree in 1924. In 1931 and 1932 he worked on the development of a boiler compound to prevent the buildup of limescale in ships' boilers. This was approved by the Bureau of Engineering in its 1933 "Standard Navy Boiler Compound Specifications".
During World War II, he was an engineering officer on the staff of the Commander, Battle Force from July 1939 to April 1941. He then went to London as a naval observer. He returned to the United States in March 1944, and served with the Bureau of Ships until October 1946. He was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in 1945, with his seniority backdated to December 1942.
During Operation Crossroads in 1946, Solberg was responsible for preparing the target fleet. As head of the Bureau of Ships' Research and Standards Branch, he was also appointed to the Military Liaison Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission in November 1946. He became the Chief of the Office of Naval Research in 1948, a position he held until he retired in 1951.
Solberg was thrice awarded the Legion of Merit. In 1947, Solberg Inlet in Antarctica was named after him by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) in recognition of the assistance given to the expedition by Solberg and the Office of Naval Research. He was also appointed Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his service for the allied cause.
He was forced to retire in 1951 after reaching 35 years of service. He died on 16 March 1964, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Notes
References
1894 births
1964 deaths
Columbia University alumni
United States Naval Academy alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Sandpoint, Idaho
People from Bayfield County, Wisconsin
American people of Norwegian descent
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Wisconsin
United States Navy World War II admirals
United States Navy admirals
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Manhattan Project people |
Dahanayake () is a Sinhalese surname.
Notable people
Charles Dahanayake, Sri Lankan academic
Demintha Dahanayake (born 1986), Sri Lankan cricketer
Sumanapala Dahanayake (born 1929), Ceylonese politician
Wijaya Dahanayake, Sri Lankan politician
Wijeyananda Dahanayake (1901–1997), Ceylonese politician
See also
Surnames of Sinhalese origin |
Haddal is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Per Haddal (born 1942), Norwegian film critic |
Claire Regnault (born 1970) is a New Zealand historian, curator and non-fiction writer. In 2022, her book Dressed: Fashionable Dress in Aotearoa New Zealand 1840 to 1910 won an Ockham New Zealand Book Award.
Biography
Regnault started her career in art galleries and museums in 1994. She is a curator at Te Papa, New Zealand's national museum. She researches and writes about the history of fashion in New Zealand. In 2022 she won the illustrated non-fiction category of the Ockham New Zealand Book Awards.
Publications
Regnault, C. (2021). Dressed: Fashionable dress in Aotearoa New Zealand 1840 to 1910. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press.
Regnault, C., & Te Papa. (2013). Cubist dreams and wings like fireflies. Wellington: Te Papa Press for Nga Toi/Arts Te Papa.
Fitzgerald, M., & Regnault, C. (2010). Berry boys: Portraits of World War One Soldiers and families. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press.
Regnault, C., & Hawke's Bay Museum. (2003). The New Zealand Gown of the Year. Napier, N.Z.: Hawke's Bay Museum.
Regnault, C., Pope, G., & Napier (N.Z.). (2000). The fifty 50s: Napier becomes a city, 1950. Napier, N.Z.: Hawke's Bay Cultural Trust with assistance from the Napier City Council.
Regnault, C., Gorman, K., Govett-Brewster Art Gallery., & Taranaki Polytechnic. (1996). Shadow work. New Plymouth, N.Z: Govett-Brewster Art Gallery.
Caldwell, E., Regnault, C., & McDougall Art Annex. (1995). Inside the solid. Christchurch, N.Z.: McDougall Art Annex.
References
21st-century New Zealand non-fiction writers
21st-century New Zealand historians
Living people
People associated with the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1970 births |
Richard Upton (born 1975) is an Australian retired swimmer who won three medals in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the World Championships in 1995, 1997, and 1998.
In 1998, he was suspended from competitions for three months and lost $8,200 in fines and cancelled funding after a positive test for probenecid. The drug was prescribed to him by a doctor against the flu, but can also be used to mask steroids.
References
1975 births
Living people
Australian male freestyle swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Universiade medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Australia
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Max Colpet (also known as Max Kolpe, real name Max Kolpenitzky, 19 July 1905 – 2 January 1998) was an American writer, scriptwriter and lyricist of Russian-German descent.
Life
He was born to a Russian Jewish family in Königsberg, then in East Prussia. Due to the political situation at the time, he was stateless when born. In 1914 at the start of the war his family fled to the West. In 1928, with Erik Ode, he founded the cabaret Anti in Berlin. In the 1930s he fled again, this time to Paris. His parents died during World War II in concentration camps.
On 14 August 1953 he became an American citizen, but in 1958 he moved to Munich where he lived for the rest of his life. Among other writings, he wrote for the Münchner Lach- und Schießgesellschaft, a cabaret theatre founded by Sammy Drechsel and Dieter Hildebrandt. He had a lifelong friendship with Billy Wilder for whom he wrote five screenplays. In Los Angeles, Colpet lived in the guest house behind Wilder's Beverly Hills house, 704 North Beverly Drive, until Wilder sold the house to Dr. Harry Lehrer and fashion designer Anne T. Hill in 1957 and moved to Century City.
Selection of German lyrics
"Allein in einer großen Stadt" (Music: Franz Wachsmann; Singers: Lale Andersen, Marlene Dietrich)
"Bitte geh nicht fort" – "Ne me quitte pas", (Music: Jacques Brel; Singer: Marlene Dietrich)
"Der Boss ist nicht hier" (Music: Lotar Olias; Singer: Freddy Quinn)
"Hoppla, jetzt komm ich" (Music: Werner Richard Heymann; Singer: Hans Albers)
"Kleine treue Nachtigall" – "Message to Martha/Michael" (Music: Burt Bacharach; Singer: Marlene Dietrich)
"Sag mir, wo die Blumen sind" – "Where Have All the Flowers Gone" (Music: Pete Seeger; Singer: Marlene Dietrich)
"Der ewige Soldat" – Donovan: "Universal Soldier"; (Music and Original lyrics: Buffy Sainte-Marie; Singer: Dominique, Juliane Werding)
Charley’s Tante (Musical, based on Charley's Aunt by Brandon Thomas; Music: )
West Side Story (German lyrics of the musical by Leonard Bernstein [Music] and Stephen Sondheim [lyrics])
Selected filmography
All Is at Stake (dir. Max Nosseck, German-language film, 1932)
Scampolo (dir. Hans Steinhoff, German-language film, 1932)
The Blue of Heaven (dir. Victor Janson, German-language film, 1932)
Madame Wants No Children (dir. Hans Steinhoff, German-language film, 1933)
Mauvaise Graine (dir. Billy Wilder and Alexander Esway, French-language film, 1934)
The Crisis is Over (dir. Robert Siodmak, French-language film, 1934)
Behind the Facade (dir. Georges Lacombe and Yves Mirande, French-language film, 1939)
Beating Heart (dir. Henri Decoin, French-language film, 1940)
Premier rendez-vous (dir. Henri Decoin, French-language film, 1941) – (uncredited, as a Jewish writer in Nazi-occupied France)
Heartbeat (dir. Sam Wood, English-language film, 1946) – Remake of Beating Heart (1940)
Germany, Year Zero (dir. Roberto Rossellini, 1948)
Once a Thief (dir. W. Lee Wilder, English-language film, 1950)
Love Without Illusions (dir. Erich Engel, German-language film, 1955)
Her First Date (dir. Axel von Ambesser, German-language film, 1955) – Remake of Premier rendez-vous (1941)
The Man Who Couldn't Say No (dir. , German-language film, 1958)
References
External links
1905 births
1998 deaths
Mass media people from Königsberg
American male screenwriters
American lyricists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
Immigrants to the United States |
Ajar is a town and commune in the south-central Assaba region of Mauritania.
In 2000, the city had a population of 11,331.
References
External links
Official site
Communes of Assaba Region |
King Ndaba kaMageba was the King of the Zulu Kingdom. He was the son of King Mageba, and was king of the Zulu from 1745 to 1763.
References
Zulu kings
18th-century monarchs in Africa |
The international ECL examination system provides a standardised test-system customised to the languages of the EU member states and the EU candidate countries. The test-system is based on the recommendations of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and is operated by the European Consortium for the Certificate of Attainment in Modern Languages (ECL). The ECL is an association of institutions representing European languages.
The ECL examination system was developed by an international team of language testing experts, between 1983 and 1992. Since 1999 the International Centre of the ECL Exams operates at the Foreign Language Secretariat, at the University of Pécs, Hungary. ECL examination in Hungarian as a foreign language is a full member of ALTE (Association of Language Testers in Europe).
General information on the ECL language exam
The ECL language examination system offers monolingual tests. It is designed to test the candidates' oral and written skills in various everyday situations as well as in professional/work-related and personal/private situations.
As part of the ECL testing four skills are tested: oral communication, listening comprehension, written communication and reading comprehension.
The development of tests in all 15 languages is subject to strict quality standards to ensure that the various tests are reliable, valid and comparable.
An ECL exam can be taken in the following languages: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, English, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, and Slovak.
Levels
The ECL language exam can be taken on four levels and it measures primarily the communicative language competences of candidates. The requirements at the different levels are adapted to the recommendations of the Common European Framework:
A2 – Waystage
B1 – Threshold
B2 – Vantage
C1 – Effective Operational Proficiency
Examination components
The peculiarity of the ECL testing is that it does not include grammar tests or translation tasks. The structure of the test is the same on all four levels. The oral exam consists of two parts in which "oral communication" and "listening" skills are assessed. As part of the written part of the examination "written communication" and "reading comprehension" skills are tested. Each skill is tested by two tasks.
Oral test
a / Oral communication
The candidate must demonstrate the skill of being able to carry out an oral interaction – on given topics and in areas of interest specified for the given level – and also of being able to express their views with ease in the form of a monologue.
Candidates are interviewed in pairs (or in groups of three if there is an odd number of candidates). The performance of the candidates is assessed by two examiners who give their assessment independently.
The test begins with the so-called introduction, a warm-up which takes about 3–5 minutes. The main purpose of this part of the exam is to create a relaxed atmosphere and to get the candidates settled into the exam situation. This part is not assessed.
In the first and already assessed task, which takes about 5–8 minutes, the two candidates are to have a conversation on a given topic. The examiner begins the task and provides guiding questions to facilitate the conversation between the examinees.
In the second assessed task, which also takes 5–8 minutes, the candidates express their thoughts – in the form of a monologue – about a montage. Should it be necessary, the examiner may help the candidate in his speech with some questions.
The "Oral communication" subtest is evaluated according to the following five criteria:
b / Listening comprehension
Candidates must demonstrate their ability to understand semi-authentic and authentic audio recordings that fulfil the requirements of the given level. The candidates listen to each of the two recordings twice. The listening comprehension test consists of two different types of tasks (e.g.: matching, multiple-choice questions, table filling/putting an X to where it is appropriate, sentence completion, short answers, etc.) with 10 items each.
Written test
a / Written communication
Candidates must write two texts of a given length. They must adhere to the given bullet points and the given number of words. A mono- or bilingual printed dictionary may be used.
The subtest "Written communication" is evaluated according to the following five criteria:
b / Reading comprehension
Candidates must demonstrate their ability to comprehend general texts at the given exam level and their ability to solve two different types of reading comprehension tasks without using a dictionary. The reading comprehension test consists of two different types of tasks (e.g.: matching, banked gap-filling, multiple-choice questions, short answer, table filling/putting an X to where it is appropriate, sentence completion, etc.) with 10 items each.
Test format
Evaluation of the tests
At the ECL exam, a maximum of 25 points can be given for each skill. The oral part is passed if the candidate reaches a minimum of 40% in both the skills of "oral communication" and "listening" tasks and achieves an average score of 60% overall. The written part is passed if the candidate reaches a minimum of 40% in both the skills of "written communication" and "reading comprehension" and achieves an average score of 60% overall. The complex test is successfully passed if the candidate has passed both parts of the examination as described above.
When only one of the examination parts is passed the candidate gets a certificate of the passed oral or written part exam.
Examination locations
The ECL exams can be taken at approximately 200 exam sites worldwide. The exam sites are located in 18 European countries, the United States and Argentina. The exam sites network will be expanded to other countries, including Asian countries.
Exam periods
ECL exams are offered five times a year. The English and German ECL exams can be taken in each of the five exam periods. Exams in the other test languages are offered twice each year.
Links
Official site of ECL
European Union
Language assessment |
Yusuf Sarı (born 20 November 1998) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a winger for Turkish Süper Lig club Adana Demirspor. Born in France, he plays for the Turkey national team.
Club career
Marseille
Sarı made his professional debut for Marseille in a 2–0 Ligue 1 win over Toulouse FC on 24 September 2017.
He also made two appearances as right-winger domestic cup. One against SAS Epinal and another against Bourg-en-Bresse, where he obtained a penalty kick at the end of the game. The penalty kick was scored by his teammate Clinton N'Jie.
Clermont (loan)
On 29 August 2018, Sarı was loaned to Ligue 2 side Clermont Foot until the end of the season.
But he come back to Marseille in January 2019.
Trabzonspor
Sarı did not get enough chances at Marseille and decided to move to Turkish Süper Lig club Trabzonspor. The deal was confirmed on 18 June 2019 where he signed a 3-year contract.
Adana Demirspor
On 31 May 2022, Adana Demirspor signed Sarı to a 3 year contract.
International career
Sarı was born in France and is of Turkish descent. He debuted for the Turkey U21s in a 3–0 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification loss to the Sweden U21s on 23 March 2018. He was called up to the senior Turkey national team for a UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying match and friendly in September 2023.
Honours
Trabzonspor
Turkish Cup (1): 2019–20
Turkish Super Cup (1): 2020
Career statistics
Club
References
External links
OM Profile
OM1899 Profile
TFF Profile
1998 births
Living people
People from Martigues
Footballers from Bouches-du-Rhône
Men's association football wingers
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's international footballers
Turkey men's youth international footballers
French men's footballers
French people of Turkish descent
Olympique de Marseille players
Clermont Foot players
Trabzonspor footballers
Çaykur Rizespor footballers
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Süper Lig players |
The Great or Große Stubber is a stony sandbank that dries out at low water located in the eastern part of the German Baltic Sea lagoon known as the Greifswalder Bodden or Bay of Greifswald. The name Stubber goes back to the Slavic: Stopin for "step".
History
In the Middle Ages the Stubber was an island that became steadily smaller as a result of tree-felling and the excavation of stones. In 1678 the Stubber Bank acted as an assembly area for the entire naval force gathered for the invasion of Rügen which ended with the successful capture of Swedish-ruled island of Rügen by the Allies, Brandenburg-Prussia and Denmark.
In the 19th century, gravel was extracted for the construction of roads in Greifswald.
The island first became awash in the first half of the 20th century. The large glacial erratics that remain to this day are a hazard for sports boats. The Stubber is marked with a shallow water buoy.
Since 2004, the Großer Stubber has been used by the Baltic grey seal (H. g. balticus) as a resting area, after this species had completely died out on the German Baltic Sea coast in 1930. From 2006 increasing numbers of seals, from 7 to 25, were counted on the Großer Stubber all year round.
Since 2006 the Round the Stubber (Rund Stubber) regatta has been held annually in mid-August.
References
External links
Bay of Greifswald
Former islands of Germany
Shoals of the Baltic Sea |
Francis William Tyler (December 11, 1904 – April 11, 1956) was an American bobsledder who competed in the late 1940s. Competing in two Winter Olympics, he won the gold medal in the four-man event at St. Moritz in 1948.
After the end of each bobsled run, Tyler was known for lighting up a cigarette to smoke, and was even depicted in an advertisement for Camel cigarettes in 1949.
He died of a heart attack in 1956.
References
1936 bobsleigh four-man results
Bobsleigh four-man Olympic medalists for 1924, 1932-56, and since 1964
DatabaseOlympics.com profile
History of bobsleigh featuring Tyler
1904 births
1956 deaths
American male bobsledders
Bobsledders at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 1948 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in bobsleigh
Sportspeople from New York (state)
Medalists at the 1948 Winter Olympics |
Histone H1 is one of the five main histone protein families which are components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Though highly conserved, it is nevertheless the most variable histone in sequence across species.
Structure
Metazoan H1 proteins feature a central globular "winged helix" domain and long C- and short N-terminal tails. H1 is involved with the packing of the "beads on a string" sub-structures into a high order structure, whose details have not yet been solved. H1 found in protists and bacteria, otherwise known as nucleoproteins HC1 and HC2 (, ), lack the central domain and the N-terminal tail.
H1 is less conserved than core histones. The globular domain is the most conserved part of H1.
Function
Unlike the other histones, H1 does not make up the nucleosome "bead". Instead, it sits on top of the structure, keeping in place the DNA that has wrapped around the nucleosome. H1 is present in half the amount of the other four histones, which contribute two molecules to each nucleosome bead. In addition to binding to the nucleosome, the H1 protein binds to the "linker DNA" (approximately 20-80 nucleotides in length) region between nucleosomes, helping stabilize the zig-zagged 30 nm chromatin fiber. Much has been learned about histone H1 from studies on purified chromatin fibers. Ionic extraction of linker histones from native or reconstituted chromatin promotes its unfolding under hypotonic conditions from fibers of 30 nm width to beads-on-a-string nucleosome arrays.
It is uncertain whether H1 promotes a solenoid-like chromatin fiber, in which exposed linker DNA is shortened, or whether it merely promotes a change in the angle of adjacent nucleosomes, without affecting linker length However, linker histones have been demonstrated to drive the compaction of chromatin fibres that had been reconstituted in vitro using synthetic DNA arrays of the strong '601' nucleosome positioning element. Nuclease digestion and DNA footprinting experiments suggest that the globular domain of histone H1 localizes near the nucleosome dyad, where it protects approximately 15-30 base pairs of additional DNA. In addition, experiments on reconstituted chromatin reveal a characteristic stem motif at the dyad in the presence of H1. Despite gaps in our understanding, a general model has emerged wherein H1's globular domain closes the nucleosome by crosslinking incoming and outgoing DNA, while the tail binds to linker DNA and neutralizes its negative charge.
Many experiments addressing H1 function have been performed on purified, processed chromatin under low-salt conditions, but H1's role in vivo is less certain. Cellular studies have shown that overexpression of H1 can cause aberrant nuclear morphology and chromatin structure, and that H1 can serve as both a positive and negative regulator of transcription, depending on the gene. In Xenopus egg extracts, linker histone depletion causes ~2-fold lengthwise extension of mitotic chromosomes, while overexpression causes chromosomes to hypercompact into an inseparable mass. Complete knockout of H1 in vivo has not been achieved in multicellular organisms due to the existence of multiple isoforms that may be present in several gene clusters, but various linker histone isoforms have been depleted to varying degrees in Tetrahymena, C. elegans, Arabidopsis, fruit fly, and mouse, resulting in various organism-specific defects in nuclear morphology, chromatin structure, DNA methylation, and/or specific gene expression.
Dynamics
While most histone H1 in the nucleus is bound to chromatin, H1 molecules shuttle between chromatin regions at a fairly high rate.
It is difficult to understand how such a dynamic protein could be a structural component of chromatin, but it has been suggested that the steady-state equilibrium within the nucleus still strongly favors association between H1 and chromatin, meaning that despite its dynamics, the vast majority of H1 at any given timepoint is chromatin bound. H1 compacts and stabilizes DNA under force and during chromatin assembly, which suggests that dynamic binding of H1 may provide protection for DNA in situations where nucleosomes need to be removed.
Cytoplasmic factors appear to be necessary for the dynamic exchange of histone H1 on chromatin, but these have yet to be specifically identified. H1 dynamics may be mediated to some degree by O-glycosylation and phosphorylation. O-glycosylation of H1 may promote chromatin condensation and compaction. Phosphorylation during interphase has been shown to decrease H1 affinity for chromatin and may promote chromatin decondensation and active transcription. However, during mitosis phosphorylation has been shown to increase the affinity of H1 for chromosomes and therefore promote mitotic chromosome condensation.
Isoforms
The H1 family in animals includes multiple H1 isoforms that can be expressed in different or overlapping tissues and developmental stages within a single organism. The reason for these multiple isoforms remains unclear, but both their evolutionary conservation from sea urchin to humans as well as significant differences in their amino acid sequences suggest that they are not functionally equivalent. One isoform is histone H5, which is only found in avian erythrocytes, which are unlike mammalian erythrocytes in that they have nuclei. Another isoform is the oocyte/zygotic H1M isoform (also known as B4 or H1foo), found in sea urchins, frogs, mice, and humans, which is replaced in the embryo by somatic isoforms H1A-E, and H10 which resembles H5. Despite having more negative charges than somatic isoforms, H1M binds with higher affinity to mitotic chromosomes in Xenopus egg extracts.
Post-translational modifications
Like other histones, the histone H1 family is extensively post-translationally modified (PTMs). This includes serine and threonine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine methylation and ubiquitination. These PTMs serve a variety of functions but are less well studied than the PTMs of other histones.
See also
Nucleosome
Histone
Chromatin
Linker histone H1 variants
Other histone proteins involved in chromatin:
H2A
H2B
H3
H4
References
Proteins |
The Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra (YBh, Sanskrit; Treatise on the Foundation for Yoga Practitioners) is a large and influential doctrinal compendium, associated with Sanskritic Mahāyāna Buddhism (particularly Yogācāra). According to Ulrich Timme Kragh, it is "a massive treatise that brings together a wealth of material stemming from Mainstream as well as Mahāyāna Buddhism."
History
The Yogācārabhūmi is generally associated with the Indian Yogācāra school because it contains certain unique Yogācāra doctrines, like the eight consciousnesses and the ālaya-vijñāna (storehouse or foundational consciousness). According to Ulrich Timme Kragh, "its overall objective seems to be to present a coherent structure of Buddhist yoga practice with the Mahāyāna path of the bodhisattva placed at the pinnacle of the system", but substantial parts also deal with non-Mahāyāna "mainstream" practices. The text also shows strong affinity to the Abhidharma works of the Mainstream Buddhist Sarvāstivāda school, adopting many of its technical terminology and classifications of phenomena (dharmas).
While it likely contains earlier materials, the YBh is thought to have reached its final redaction in the fourth century CE. Traditional sources name either the Indian thinker Asaṅga (ca. 300-350) or the bodhisattva Maitreya as author, but most modern scholars hold that it is a composite text with different chronological textual layers and various authors, though this does not rule out the possibility that Asaṅga was among them.
According to scholars such as Changhwan Park and Robert Kritzer the YBh may have subtly influenced other North Indian Buddhist works such as the Abhidharmakośa and the works of the Sautrāntika school. The YBh also exherted a strong influence on the later works of the Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda school, such as the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra, the Abhidharma-samuccaya and the Mahāyānasaṃgraha. Finally, the YBh also exherted a clear influence on the tantric tradition of Indian Buddhism of the sixth to fourteenth centuries (and the works of exegetes like Ratnākaraśānti), and the YBh is itself aware of the use of mantras and subjugation rituals that would become common to the tantric tradition.
The YBh was studied and transmitted in East Asian Buddhist and Tibetan Buddhist translations. In China, it was the work of Xuánzàng (玄奘, 602?-664) that introduced the YBh in full. It caused many debates, particularly around the notion that certain beings did not have the gotra, or spiritual disposition, to attain awakening. By the end of the Sui dynasty (589-618), Buddhism within China had developed many distinct schools and traditions. In the words of Dan Lusthaus:
The YBh was translated into Tibetan in the ninth century at Samye by Ye shes sde and Cog ro Klu'i rgyal mtshan working with the Indian paṇḍitas Prajñāvarman, Surendrabodhi, and Jinamitra. The YBh remained influential in these traditions (for example, it is a major source of meditation instruction for Tsongkhapa's Lamrimchenmo), however, perhaps because of size and complexity, it was eventually abandoned in monastic seminaries.
Besides the Chinese and Tibetan translations which survive in full, at least 50% of the text survives in nine extant Sanskrit fragments. A translation project is currently underway to translate the entirety of Xuánzàng's version into English. It is being carried out by the Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai society and the Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. A subsection of the work, the Bodhisattva-bhūmi, was translated into English by Artemus Engle and is part of the Tsadra series published by Shambhala Publications.
Overview of the Main Section
The complete YBh is often divided into the Basic Section and the Supplementary Section. The first section, which is the largest (49.9% of the work), is the "main stages division" or "the basic section" (Skt. *Maulyo Bhūmayaḥ, Ch. 本地分 Běn dì fēn, Tib. Sa'i dngos gzhi) and contains fourteen books that describe the successive seventeen levels (bhūmi), which cover the entire range of mental and spiritual stages of practice for the Mahāyāna bodhisattva.
However, according to Ulrich Timme Kragh, "in the present context, the word bhūmi appears in many cases to imply a 'foundation' in the sense of a field of knowledge that the Yogācāra acolyte ought to master in order to be successful in his or her yoga practice." Most of the Basic Section which includes such seminal works as the Bodhisattva-bhūmi and the Śrāvaka-bhūmi survives in Sanskrit, but little survives from the other parts. The following list is based on the Chinese arrangement, which seems to be closer to the original order.
The fourteen books of this section are:
1 - Pañcavijñānakāyasamprayuktā Bhūmiḥ
"The Foundation on the Fivefold Group of Empirical Consciousness" provides a phenomenological analysis of the five sensory consciousnesses (the visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile forms of consciousness), in terms of five points, their bases (āśraya), nature (svabhava), foci (alambana), accompanying mental states (sahaya) and functioning (karman). Sense perception is said to have both material basis (the physical sense faculty) and a mental basis (the ālayavijñāna). The mental basis is the latent consciousness which is "the holder of all the seeds [for the mind and mental states]" (sarva-bījaka), "the appropriator of the [corporeal] basis (i.e., the body)" (āśrayopādātṛ), and "belonging to the [category of] karmic maturation" (vipāka-saṃgṛhīta), which refers to the fact that it is morally neutral.
2 - Manobhūmi
"The Foundation on Cognition" discusses "thought-consciousness or reflexive consciousness [manas] that arises subsequent to the five sensory perceptions", in terms of the same five points outlined above. It also explains citta, manas, vijñāna, the ālayavijñāna and the afflictive cognition (kliṣṭaṃ manaḥ), using the schema of the eight consciousness. This book also explains the 51 mental factors (caittasikā dharmāḥ), "agreeing with the arrangement that is also seen in the first chapter of Asaṅga's Abhidharmasamuccaya."
An explanation of the functioning or operation (karman) of cognition is also given which includes an extensive overview of death and rebirth, as well as an exposition of Buddhist cosmology and 24 typologies which discuss many modes of existence. The rest of the book discusses various classifications of dharmas (phenomena), the first of which divides phenomena into physical (rūpasamudāya), mental (cittacaitasikakalāpa) and unconditioned (asaṃskṛta). This exposition rejects the Abhidharma theory of atoms (paramāṇu) and instead posits that the seeds (bīja, causal potential) for physical matter are in the mind stream, which suggests that matter emerges from the mental.
The second group of classifications relates to causality and explains time (adhvan), arising (jāti), elapsing (jarā), enduring (sthiti), impermanence (anityatā) and four types of causal conditions (pratyaya). The third group is an ethical classification of phenomena as being either beneficial (kuśala) or not (akuśala) or indeterminate (avyākṛta). The fourth classification includes the twelve constituents of perception (dhātu).
3 - Savitarkasavicārādibhūmi
This book discusses three different foundations having to do with vitarka (discernment) and vicara (discursiveness): (1) the foundation which includes both, (2) the foundation with only discursiveness and (3) the foundation that has neither of these.
According to Ulrich Timme Kragh "discernment is said to be the cognitive operation that is responsible for ascertaining what is perceived by the senses by initially labeling it with a name, while discursiveness is explained as being the subsequent conceptual operation of deciding whether the perceived sense-object is desirable and what course of action one might want to take in relation to it." Because these two cognitive factors play a crucial role in samsaric bondage and in meditative concentration (samādhi, which is the pacification of these two factors), they are the focus of an extensive analysis in this book. This analysis is divided into five sections:
A description of the three realms in saṃsāra: the desire realm (kāmadhātu), the form realm (rūpadhātu) and the realm of incorporeality (ārūpyadhātu).
A description of the various defining characteristics (lakṣaṇa) of discernment and discursiveness.
A description of the associated correct observation (yoniśomanaskāra), which is "a mental outlook inclined to practice generosity and uphold a good moral."
A description of the associated incorrect observation (ayoniśomanaskāra), which consist of "sixteen types of mistaken views and beliefs," such as eternalism, materialism, belief in a Creator God, belief in the caste superiority of brahmins, and belief in animal sacrifice.
A description of the defilements (saṃkleśa), which are "the emotive and rational states through which sentient beings misperceive reality, e.g., desire, hatred, and ignorance." These are presented as subdivided into different categories, a total of 128 types of defilement are outlined. This section also explains defilement in terms of karma and in terms of the defilement of rebirth and dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda).
4 - Samāhitā Bhūmiḥ
This book is titled "The Foundation on Meditative Immersion" and attempts to provide a coherent and exhaustive presentation of meditation. Large parts of this book make use of the canonical sutras of "conservative Buddhism" (i.e. non-Mahayana). The first section of this book gives a general overview of meditation using four terms: meditation (dhyāna), liberation (vimokṣa), meditative attainment (samāpatti), and samādhi.
The second section of this book provides an extensive presentation of meditation (dhyāna). First, five positive states to be cultivated and five negative states to be abandoned are explained. Then the five hindrances (nivaraṇa) are explained in detail. This is followed by a thorough explanation of each aspect (aṅga) of the four absorptions (catvāri dhyānāni). Also, various related terms from the scriptures are discussed.
The third section provides a classification of the various types of meditation, these types are either divided into different forms of 'observation' (manasikāra) or classified according to the various foci (ālambana) on which one concentrates, which are called the 'images' (nimitta). Forty types of meditative observation are listed and explained in detail in this section.
Meditative images are presented in terms of four aspects: (1) the image as the meditative focus (ālambananimitta), (2) the image as the basis for meditation (nidānanimitta), (3) the images that are to be abandoned (parivarjanīyaṃ nimittaṃ), and (4) the images that are to be relied upon (pratiniṣevaṇīyaṃ nimittaṃ). The images to be abandoned are: dimness (laya), restlessness (auddhatya), distraction (vikṣepa), and attachment (saṅga). A further 32 meditative images are also enumerated in this section, as well as how to enter the four meditative absorptions.
The fourth section is a summary of how meditation is explained in the sutras. The topics of the meditative liberations (vimokṣa) and the various types of samādhi are outlined, such as the emptiness (śūnyatā), wishlessness (apraṇihita), and imagelessness (ānimitta), as well as samādhi with and without vitarka-vicara.
5 - Asamāhitā Bhūmiḥ
This book, "The Foundation on Being Without Meditative Absorption", lists 12 states that remain devoid of meditative absorption, such as a mind that is engaged in the realm of sensual desire (kāmāvacara) or the mind of a beginner meditator that suffers from distraction (vikṣepa).
6 - Sacittikā Acittikā Bhūmiḥ
This book, "The Foundation on Having Mentation and Being Without Mentation", examines the notion of 'mind' or 'mentation' (citta) in relation to meditation and other doctrines" and discusses different states that are with or without citta. States without citta include the meditative attainment of cessation (nirodhasamāpatti) and nirvāṇa, which is a state in which all mentation ceases, even the latent consciousness (ālayavijñāna).
7 - Śrutamayī Bhūmiḥ
"The Foundation on What is Derived from Listening" focuses on various issues dealing with learning, listening to, and memorizing Buddhist spiritual knowledge (adhyātmavidyā). "Listening" is related to processes of "listening to religious discourses, memorizing and reciting scriptures, and recollecting various points of doctrine, all of which result in knowledge of the Buddhist teachings."
The book contains an outline of various basic Buddhist concepts in different sets or groupings similar to Abhidharma lists. This book also contains outlines of other forms of knowledge, such as the arts of healing (cikitsā), logical reasoning (hetuvidyā), and linguistic knowledge (śabdavidyā).
8 - Cintāmayī Bhūmiḥ
"The Foundation on What is Derived from Understanding" deals with understanding (cintā) which refers to when "the practitioner based on his or her studies of the teachings arrives at a singular 'view' or philosophical outlook of reality along with knowing the religious path that leads to the eradication of misconceptions of reality and the inner realization of this view."
This presentation is divided into three sections. The first section explains how one internalizes what one has heard or studied. The practitioner is supposed to contemplate and analyze the meaning of what they have learned in solitude. The second section provides an analysis of what is to be known (jñeyapravicaya), which is divided into what exists and what does not exist. What exists is analyzed by various categories, such as their specific characteristics (svalakṣaṇa), general characteristics (sāmānyalakṣaṇa), and causal characteristics (hetulakṣaṇa).
The book also presents a second analysis of "fivefold existence" (astitā) and fivefold non-existence which is more closely connected with the Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda doctrine of the three natures (trisvabhāva) and the three absences of intrinsic nature (triniḥsvabhāvatā). The fivefold existences are:
being existent in the sense of the perfectly accomplished character (pariniṣpannalakṣaṇa),
being existent in the sense of the dependent character (paratantralakṣaṇa),
being existent in the sense of the imagined character (parikalpitalakṣaṇa),
being existent in the sense of a specific character (viṣeśalakṣaṇa),
being existent as something having an inexpressible character (avaktavyalakṣaṇa).
The corresponding non-existences are:
lacking the character of highest reality (paramārthalakṣaṇa),
lacking the character of being independent (svatantralakṣaṇa),
entirely lacking any character of its own (sarveṇa sarvaṃ svalakṣaṇa),
lacking a specific character (aviśeṣalakṣaṇa),
lacking an expressible character (vaktavyalakṣaṇa).
The third section of this book, the analysis of the teachings (dharmapravicaya), "consists of three passages of selected canonical and paracanonical verses accompanied by a prose commentary." Among the key topics discussed here are the latent consciousness (ālayavijñāna), and the three kinds of religious training (śikṣā). Many passages from the Udānavarga are quoted, which, according to Schmithausen, shows that the canon used by the compilers of this text belongs to the Mūlasarvāstivāda sect.
9 - Bhāvanāmayī Bhūmiḥ
"The Foundation on What is Derived from Meditative Cultivation" discusses meditative cultivation (bhāvanā), in terms of its basis, conditions, the practice of yoga and its results. First, the right circumstances needed to encounter the teachings and practice them are explained, which include being reborn as a suitable sentient being, being born in the right place and so on. Then an explanation of how to listen to the true teaching is given, mainly, one must listen without disdain, distraction or faintheartedness. This leads the practitioner to trust that nirvāṇa is a real and worthy goal and thus they turn their mind towards this as their ultimate aim.
The book then discusses the conditions needed for achieving meditative insight (vipaśyanā) and tranquility (śamatha). The initial necessary circumstance leading to insight is said to be reliance on a spiritual friend (sanmitra) while tranquility is said to require the perfection of discipline (śīlasampatti). The process towards spiritual realization is said to progress through the practice of ethical discipline and associating with a spiritual mentor, these two reinforce each other and lead to the study and internalization of the teachings, which give rise to a sense of renunciation of everything worldly and a yearning for realization. The spiritual seeker then applies all the remedies against the afflictions and achieves complete mental purity.
After the inner and outer causes for spiritual development have been explained, this section then discusses the actual practice of meditative cultivation. This is explained through a list of ten types of remedies or antidotes (pratipakṣa) applied to counter the numerous afflictions and adverse inclinations (vipakṣa) that are also explained here. The ten meditative antidotes are:
contemplating (of the notion) of unattractiveness (aśubhasaṃjnā),
contemplating impermanence (anityasaṃjnā),
contemplating the suffering found in what is impermanent (anitye duḥkhasaṃjñā),
contemplating selflessness with regard to what entails suffering (duḥkhe 'anātmasaṃjñā),
fostering an attitude of indifference to food (āhāre pratikūlasaṃjñā),
fostering an attitude of disinterest in anything worldly (sarvaloke anabhiratisaṃjñā),
meditating on images of light (ālokasaṃjñā),
fostering an attitude of detachment (virāgasaṃjñā),
contemplating cessation (nirodhasaṃjñā),
contemplating death (maraṇasaṃjñā).
Following this presentation, the book discusses practical advice related to the attainment of meditative immersion (samādhilābha), covering topics such as living with others, finding and learning from a teacher, material affairs, one's environment, sleep and eating patterns, practicing asceticism, etc.
Then, the fulfillment of meditative immersion (samādhiparipūri) is discussed, which refers to the process in which a meditator goes deeper into samadhi and achieves mastery of meditation, experiencing five stages of fruition.
10 - Śrāvakabhūmi
"The Foundation on the Hearer". This book focuses on practices associated with "hearers" or "disciples" (śrāvaka). Lambert Schmithausen, Noritoshi Aramaki, Florin Deleanu and Alex Wayman all hold that this is the oldest layer of the YBh.
The Śrāvakabhūmi is divided into four sections called yogasthānas (yogic foundations or topics) and is the second largest book of the YBh.
Yogasthāna 1
The first subdivision of the first yogasthāna is called the Gotrabhūmi, and it discusses, in depth, how different practitioners have different spiritual dispositions (gotra), which is explained as a mental potential or capacity, which is like a seed (bīja-dharma) for spiritual achievement, found in the person since beginningless time. This predisposition is at first hidden, but if a person encounters the right causes and conditions, they will reach nirvāṇa. This section also discusses the qualities of persons that are "not predisposed" for awakening, which are persons that lack the qualities needed to attain nirvāṇa. The different types of predisposed persons are also discussed.
The second subdivision is called the Avatārabhūmi and it focuses on how different types of persons enter (avatāra) into the path as well as the characteristics of these different types of persons that have entered the path (avatīrṇāḥ pudgalāḥ).
The third foundation of the first yogasthāna is "The Foundation of Going Forth" (naiṣkramyabhūmi). Going forth is a term which implies the abandonment of the household life and becoming a monastic but can also generally refer to entering the spiritual life. This foundation could technically be seen as covering the rest of the entire Śrāvakabhūmi and covers the entire path of practice. The path is divided into two branches, the mundane (laukikaḥ mārgaḥ) and supramundane (lokottaraḥ mārgaḥ).
In following the mundane path, practitioners realize that the realm of sense desire is brutish and coarse and see that the absorption and rapture of the first dhyāna is superior and serene. In practicing this dhyāna, they achieve detachment from sense desire. They then realize that this meditation is also coarse, and progress to the second dhyāna, and so on until they reach the fourth dhyāna and beyond into the four immaterial attainments. The supramundane path meanwhile entails finding a genuine teacher, gaining knowledge of Dharma and realizing the four noble truths for oneself through vipaśyanā meditation they completely transcend saṃsāra.
The rest of this text discusses the 13 requisites (sambhāra) needed for journeying along these paths:
The first requisite is a human rebirth in a place and condition that is opportune for practicing the Dharma,
The second is the fact that a Buddha has appeared in the world, has taught the Dharma, and that this has been successfully transmitted down to the present
The third is to have a beneficial aspiration for [practicing] the Dharma (kuśalo dharmacchanda).
The fourth requisite is the restraint of discipline (śīlasaṃvara), which refers to keeping the ethical prātimokṣa rules.
The fifth requisite is sense restraint (indriya-saṃvara) which means to "keep the doors of the senses guarded, maintaining a protective awareness (ārakṣitasmṛti)" and "a constantly watchful awareness (nipakasmṛti)." This practice requires that one carefully observes the process of sense perception to avoid adopting confused or harmful thinking that leads to the defilements, such as thinking that what is unattractive is attractive.
The sixth requisite is the right amount of food intake (bhojane mātra-jñatā). It is eating with careful consideration, only for the sake of a healthy body, not pleasure, company or bodily beauty.
The seventh requisite is to practice staying awake (jāgarikāyoga) in the evening (first part of the night after sunset) and in the early morning (last part of the night before sunrise). This is accomplished by taking a walk and through the visualization of a mass of light.
The eighth requisite is to move about attentively (saṃprajānadvihāritā) during all of one's daily activities and in all postures.
The ninth requisite is to find a proper spiritual teacher (kalyāṇamitra), the right qualities of a good teacher are then outlined, including pure discipline, knowing much, being compassionate, etc.
The tenth requisite "is to listen to the true Dharma and understand it (saddharmaśravaṇacintanā)". This section explains the twelve branches of the Buddha's Dharma and the threefold division of Sutra, Vinaya and Abhidharma.
The eleventh requisite is to be free from obstacles (anantarāya). This section outlines the many different kinds of obstacles that block one's practice.
The twelfth requisite is 'relinquishment' (tyāga), defined as "giving items that are beyond reproach as gifts."
The thirteenth requisite is to possess "the ornaments of a renunciant" (śramaṇālaṃkāra), which is a list of seventeen qualities including: faith (śrāddha), honesty (aśatha), intelligence (prājña), asceticism, and patience (kṣama).
Yogasthāna 2
The second section discusses 28 different personality types and also various ways of classifying spiritual practitioners. An example of one such classification is that of persons of different temperaments (caritaprabheda). These are: the temperament of desire and attachment (rāgacaritaḥ), the temperament of dislike and hatred (dveṣacaritaḥ), the temperament of deludedness and stupidity (mohacaritaḥ), the temperament of pride and self-conceit (mānacarita), the temperament of intellectuality (vitarkacarita), and the temperament with equal amounts [of each afflictive state] (samabhāgacarita).
Following this exposition, the various meditative foci (ālambana) are explained. It is in this section that concrete meditation techniques appear in this treatise. These meditations are divided into four kinds: (I) general [types of] foci, (II) foci purifying the practitioner's temperament, (III) foci [for developing] expertise, and (IV) foci purifying the afflictions.
There are four types of general foci (vyāpyālambanam):
The conceptual image (savikalpaṃ pratibimbam), used in insight meditation (vipaśyanā). A meditator chooses a doctrinal topic such as the four noble truths, dependent arising, or the aggregrates and analyzes it conceptually while resting in meditation until a realization emerges.
The non-conceptual image (nirvikalpaṃ pratibimbam) used in tranquility meditation (śamatha). The mind is brought to rest on the object without analysis in nine steps called "the nine aspects of resting the mind" (navākārā cittasthitiḥ).
The entirety of things (vastuparyantatā). This is to concentrate on the five aggregates (skandha), the eighteen constituents of perception (dhātu), or the twelve perceptual domains (āyatana) concerning their causality, function, or characteristics.
The fourth type of general foci is the perfection of the aim [of meditation] (kāryapariniṣpatti), where the meditative image is transcended, one reaches the dhyanas and attains the vision of non-conceptual, direct knowledge (nirvikalpam pratyakṣaṃ jñāna-darśanam).
Regarding the non-conceptual image, śamatha practice is said to progress through nine "mental abidings" (S. navākārā cittasthiti, Tib. sems gnas dgu), leading to the state of śamatha proper, and from there to a state of meditative concentration called the first dhyāna (Pāli: jhāna; Tib. bsam gtan) which is often said to be a state of tranquillity or bliss. The Nine Mental Abidings are:
Placement of the mind (S. cittasthāpana, Tib. འཇོག་པ - sems ’jog-pa) occurs when the practitioner is able to place their attention on the object of meditation, but is unable to maintain that attention for very long. Distractions, dullness of mind and other hindrances are common.
Continuous placement (S. samsthāpana, Tib. རྒྱུན་དུ་འཇོག་པ - rgyun-du ‘jog-pa) occurs when the practitioner experiences moments of continuous attention on the object before becoming distracted. According to B Alan Wallace, this is when you can maintain your attention on the meditation object for about a minute.
Repeated placement (S. avasthāpana, Tib. བླན་ཏེ་འཇོག་པ - slan-te ’jog-pa) is when the practitioner's attention is fixed on the object for most of the practice session and she or he is able to immediately realize when she or he has lost their mental hold on the object and is able to restore that attention quickly. Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche suggests that being able to maintain attention for 108 breaths is a good benchmark for when we have reached this stage.
Close placement (S. upasthāpana, Tib. ཉེ་བར་འཇོག་པ - nye-bar ’jog-pa) occurs when the practitioner is able to maintain attention throughout the entire meditation session (an hour or more) without losing their mental hold on the meditation object at all. In this stage the practitioner achieves the power of mindfulness. Nevertheless, this stage still contains subtle forms of excitation and dullness or laxity.
Taming (S. damana, Tib. དུལ་བར་བྱེད་པ - dul-bar byed-pa), by this stage the practitioner achieves deep tranquility of mind, but must be watchful for subtle forms of laxity or dullness, peaceful states of mind which can be confused for calm abiding. By focusing on the future benefits of gaining Shamatha, the practitioner can uplift (gzengs-bstod) their mind and become more focused and clear.
Pacifying (S. śamana,Tib. ཞི་བར་བྱེད་པ་ - zhi-bar byed-pa) is the stage during which subtle mental dullness or laxity is no longer a great difficulty, but now the practitioner is prone to subtle excitements which arise at the periphery of meditative attention. According to B. Alan Wallace this stage is achieved only after thousands of hours of rigorous training.
Fully pacifying (S. vyupaśamana,Tib. རྣམ་པར་ཞི་བར་བྱེད་པ་ - nye-bar zhi-bar byed-pa), although the practitioner may still experience subtle excitement or dullness, they are rare and the practitioner can easily recognize and pacify them.
Single-pointing (S. ekotīkarana,Tib. རྩེ་གཅིག་ཏུ་བྱེད་པ་ - rtse-gcig-tu byed-pa) in this stage the practitioner can reach high levels of concentration with only a slight effort and without being interrupted even by subtle laxity or excitement during the entire meditation session.
Balanced placement (S. samādhāna,Tib. མཉམ་པར་འཇོག་པ་བྱེད་པ་ - mnyam-par ’jog-pa) the meditator now effortlessly reaches absorbed concentration (ting-nge-‘dzin, S. samadhi.) and can maintain it for about four hours without any single interruption.
Śamatha, Tib. ཞི་གནས་, shyiné - the culmination, is sometimes listed as a tenth stage.
The foci for purifying the practitioner's temperament (caritaviśodhanam ālambanam) contains extensive explanations of five contemplative objects:
The person with a temperament of desire is assigned various meditations on unattractiveness (aśubhā) and charnel ground contemplation (maraṇasati). This section also teaches meditation on the unattractiveness of the mental afflictions and on the unattractiveness of the impermanence of the five aggregates.
The person with a temperament of dislike and hatred is assigned the meditation on friendliness (maitrī). The meditation consists of wishing happiness for one's friends, enemies and neutral persons until one is able to rest in an expansive and unlimited absorption state that wishes well for all. This method is then applies to meditation on compassion (karuṇā) and sympathetic rejoicing (muditā).
The person with a temperament of deludedness and stupidity is assigned the meditation on causality and dependent arising (idaṃpratyayatāpratītya-samutpāda).
The person with a temperament of pride and conceit is assigned the meditation on the division of the constituents (dhātuprabheda), i.e. the six elements of earth, water, fire, air, space, and consciousness.
The person with an intellectual temperament is assigned the various meditations on breathing mindfulness (ānāpānasmṛti). Five different techniques are presented: (1) counting the breath, (2) observing how each of the five aggregates is involved in the breathing process, (3) observing dependent arising through the breath, (4) observing the four noble truths, (5) the exercise of the sixteen aspects (ṣoḍaśākāra-paricaya) of ānāpānasmṛti.
The third type of foci, which are also termed the foci [for developing] expertise (kauśalyālambana), refers to the following:
Expertise in the aggregates (skandhakauśalya), is cultivated by contemplating the distinct nature of each aggregate and understanding none of them as a permanent, unchanging phenomenon.
Expertise in the constituents [of perception] (dhātukauśalya), is cultivated by observing how each dhātu "arises, unfolds, and becomes cognizant."
Expertise in the domains [of perception] (āyatana-kauśalya), is cultivated by contemplating how the different conditions in each domain give rise to each type of consciousness.
Expertise in dependent arising (pratītyasamutpādakauśalya) is cultivated as follows: "the meditator first analyzes how each link serves as a condition for the subsequent link to arise and then understands that the causality involved in this process requires each phenomenon to be impermanent. Since they are impermanent, they also involve suffering and are without any self."
Expertise in what constitutes a basis and what does not constitute a basis [for beneficial action and desirable karmic results] (sthānāsthānakauśalya) is cultivated by meditating on how negative and beneficial actions have different kinds of karmic results.
The fourth meditative object is the foci purifying the afflictions (kleśaviśodhanaṃ ālambanam). This is related to the mundane and supramundane paths. In the mundane path, meditation focuses on seeing the realm of existence one is currently on (e.g. realm of desire) as coarse, while the realm which is immediately above (i.e. first dhyana) is seen as peaceful. Then once one has attained the higher realm in meditation, one continues this process (i.e. one sees the first dhyana as coarse and the second dhyana as peaceful and so on). On the supramundane path, the foci for meditation are the four noble truths.
After these presentations, there follows an exposition on how to give instructions to a student, and another section on the three trainings (superior discipline, superior meditative mind and superior insight). Then there follows a segment which outlines "ten factors that go along with the training (śikṣānulomikā dharmāḥ), which are remedies to ten factors that go against the dharma. These are:
the contemplation of unattractiveness (aśubhasaṃjñā) counters sexual attachment,
the contemplation of impermanence (anityasaṃjñā) remedies belief in a self,
the contemplation of suffering with regard to what is impermanent (anitye duḥkhasaṃjñā) overcomes laziness and apathy,
the contemplation of no-self in suffering (duḥkhe 'nātmasaṃjñā) opposes belief in a self,
the contemplation of the un-attractiveness of food (āhāre pratikūlasaṃjñā) counters desire for eating,
the contemplation of the lack of real happiness anywhere in the world (sarvaloke 'nabhiratisaṃjñā) works against craving for listening to chatter about the world,
the visualization of light (ālokasaṃjñā) remedies states that cloud or confuse the mind, such as doubt, unclarity, tiredness, sleepiness, and so forth,
the contemplation of non-attachment (virāgasaṃjñā) works against attachment to the bliss experienced in higher states of meditation,
the contemplation of cessation (nirodhasaṃjñā) overcomes desire for the meditative absorption,
the contemplation of death (maraṇasaṃjñā) remedies the misery that arises from wishing and hoping for life.
The second Yogasthāna also gives a general definition of yoga as "spiritual practice", which is said to have four aspects, (1) faith (śraddhā), (2) aspiration (chandas), (3) perseverance (vīrya), and (4) spiritual methods (upāya).
Another segment of the second Yogasthāna explains four levels of mental observation, engagement or attention (manaskāra) as it relates to the strength and constancy of one's mental focus on the object of meditation. These four levels are:
forceful application [of the mind towards the meditative object] (balavāhana),
interrupted application (sacchidravāhana),
uninterrupted application (niśchidravāhana),
effortless application (anābhogavāhana).
Other topics are also outlined in the second Yogasthāna, including the nine types of ascertainment (adhimokṣa) of the meditative focus, the four aims of yoga (yoga-karaṇīya), the different kinds of yoga practitioners (yogācāra), the cultivation of notions (saṃjñā-bhāvanā), the thirty-seven factors of Awakening (saptatriṃśad bodhipakṣyā dharmāḥ) and the four stages of contemplative fruition (bhāvanāphala).
Yogasthāna 3
The third section discusses various practical issues on the path, how one approaches a teacher and how a teacher assesses a student's abilities and predispositions. Then five topics which a teacher instructions their student are discussed:
How to guard and accumulate the requisites needed for meditation (samādhisaṃbhārarakṣopacaya).
How to practice in solitary retreat (prāvivekya). The best location is in the wilderness, but it should also be safe and it should be easy to obtain provisions. The ideal retreat is done in solitude.
How to achieve one-pointedness of mind (cittai-kāgratā). Samadhi is defined in this section as "a stream of mind characterized by continuous irreproachable bliss whose focus is an appropriate object of constant mindfulness." This section also discusses the practice of tranquility (śamatha) and meditative insight (vipaśyanā). Tranquility is discussed through "the nine aspects of resting the mind" (navākārā cittasthitiḥ) and the four levels of mental observation. Vipaśyanā is explained through "four supports" for insight and "three gates".
How to purify the hindrances (āvaraṇaviśuddhi). This is done by (1) recognizing the nature (svabhāva) of the hindrances, (2) knowing the circumstances (nidāna) under which they arise, (3) realizing the drawbacks (ādīnava) that they cause, and (4) employing the right remedies (pratipakṣa).
How to cultivate meditative observation (manaskārabhāvanā), four progressive stages are outlined. The first is "the observation that toughens the mind", which leads to disenchantment with saṃsāra. Then one practices "the observation that moistens the mind" through recollecting the qualities of the three jewels. Thirdly, one practices the observation that produces inner comfort, relaxation, and ease (praśrabdhi-janako) through resting in śamatha and vipaśyanā meditation. Finally, one reaches "the observation that perfects knowledge and the view...by first perfecting the practice of śamatha and thereupon repeatedly penetrating into the nature of phenomena with the insight of vipaśyanā." The goal of this is a mind that "has become one-pointed, gentle, and peaceful, and the various types of negative temperaments no longer arise in the circumstances where they typically would be felt."
Yogasthāna 4
The fourth section discusses the mundane and supramundane paths in detail. The mundane path deals with abandoning the sensual realm and practicing the meditative absorptions (dhyānas), which lead to rebirth in higher realms (but does not lead to awakening). The various meditative observations that lead to the practice of the dhyānas is taught in this section, and the characteristics of the eight dhyānas are analyzed in detail.
Other meditative attainments are also discussed, such as the meditative attainment of non-ideation (asaṃjñisamāpatti) and the meditative attainment of cessation (nirodhasamāpatti). The results of these practices are also presented, including the five types of extrasensory knowledge (pañcābhijñā), and rebirth in the realm of non-sensual corporeality (rūpadhātu) and the realm of incorporeality (ārūpyadhātu).
Turning to the supramundane path (lokottaraḥ mārgaḥ), practicing this path requires fully understanding the four noble truths and its sixteen characteristics through meditative observation. These sixteen characteristics are explained in detail, they are:
The four characteristics of the truth of suffering are impermanence (anityākāra), suffering (duḥkhākāra), emptiness (*śūnyākāra), and selflessness (anātmākāra).
The four characteristics of the origin of suffering are cause (hetu), origination (samudaya), production (prabhava), and condition (pratyaya).
The characteristics the end of suffering are cessation (nirodha), peace (śānta), excellence (praṇīta), and escape (niḥsaraṇa).
The characteristics of the path to the end of suffering are being the path (mārga), the method (nyāya), the practice (pratipatti), and what leads out [of suffering] (nairyāṇika).
This path leads to nirvana as an arhat, through the ultimate meditation that gains insight into the four noble truths, called the vajra-like meditation (vajropamaḥ samādhi).
11 - Pratyekabuddhabhūmi
This short section titled "The Foundation on the Solitary Buddha" outlines the disposition, path and practices of the pratyekabuddha. Kragh notes that "the pratyekabuddha avoids crowds and takes pleasure in solitude, exhibits little compassion and is not inclined to teach others, and is of mediocre aptitude and has a temperament of pride."
12 - Bodhisattvabhūmi
The Foundation on the Mahāyāna Bodhisattva, which is the longest book in the basic section, is divided into three yogasthānas and ten topics:
the basis for being a bodhisattva (ādhāra)
the characteristics of a bodhisattva (liṅga)
the classes of bodhisattvas (pakṣa)
the bodhisattva's exalted conviction (adhyāśaya)
the dwellings of a bodhisattva's practice (vihāra)
the bodhisattva's rebirths (upapatti)
how bodhisattvas lead sentient beings to perfection (parigraha)
the spiritual levels (bhūmi)
the bodhisattva's practices (caryā)
the ascension to Buddhahood (pratiṣṭhā)
Yogasthāna 1
Yogasthāna one is titled the section on the basis (ādhārayogasthāna) because it deals with the basis (ādhāra) for becoming a bodhisattva (topic 1). There are three main aspects of the basis of a bodhisattva. The first is an inborn unique predisposition (svagotra) for the bodhisattva path, those who lack this are said to be unable to reach Buddhahood. The second is "the basis of initially engendering the resolve to reach Buddhahood (prathamaś cittotpādaḥ), which refers to arousing bodhicitta, practicing the perfections for the benefit of oneself and others, and so forth. The third is "the basis of practicing all the factors leading to Awakening" (sarve bodhipakṣyā dharmāḥ).
Those who will become Buddhas are said to have a particular 'original nature' (prakṛti), which is like a 'seed' (bīja) that predisposes them to this path. This nature is accomplished through the cultivation of good qualities. These persons are seen as "vastly superior to śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and all ordinary sentient beings" because they have the ability to remove cognitive hindrances (jñeyāvaraṇa) and afflictive hindrances (kleśāvaraṇa), while other beings are only able to remove afflictive hindrance. Also, bodhisattvas practice for the good and well-being of all sentient beings, while practitioners of other paths only practice for their own good. These persons are generally caring, compassionate, harmless, helpful, love solitude and have a natural capacity for understanding the Buddhadharma.
The bodhisattva's resolve to attain Buddhahood is described in detail. Its conditions, causes, aspects, qualities and so forth are outlined. The book explains how a bodhisattva engenders this wish and how they must practice, which is divided into seven undertakings.
Training for their own benefit
Training for the benefit of others, which must be balanced with the first undertaking.
Training in realizing the nature of reality (tattvārtha), which in an ultimate sense refers to the insubstantiality of phenomena (dharmanairātmya) and that all phenomena are without the duality (advaya) of existence (bhāva) and non-existence (abhāva).
Developing five types of spiritual power (prabhāva) such as different forms of clairvoyance (abhijñāprabhāva), and the power of the six perfections.
Developing sentient beings, which depends on their innate dispositions for different paths and so on.
Developing the qualities of a Buddha in themselves
Highest and complete Awakening (anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhiḥ), which is only achieved through the removal of the afflictive hindrances and the cognitive hindrances.
Yogasthāna one also expounds on the six perfections (ṣaṭpāramitā) at length, they are:
The perfection of generosity (dānapāramitā). Dāna's nature is that "the bodhisattva gives to others whatever they need" without attachment, self-interest or partiality. This includes material things and the bodhisattva's own body as well as teaching Dharma, but not weapons or things that cause harm.
The perfection of discipline (śīlapāramitā). One practices ethical discipline (śīla) by receiving, keeping and restoring ethical vows (saṃvara) properly. This includes both vows for householders and monastics. It also includes doing all kinds of beneficial actions such as studying the Dharma, teaching others, caring for the sick, giving material goods, praising the good qualities of others, protecting others from danger, and leading others away from negative actions. The procedure for taking the bodhisattva vow is explained as well as the various transgressions of this vow. The four major transgressions are: (1) to belittle others and exalt oneself in hope of gain, (2) to refuse to help suffering beings by not giving alms or not sharing the Dharma (to those who ask for it), (3) to harm others and hold a grudge against others, (4) to disparage the bodhisattva teachings.
The perfection of endurance (kṣāntipāramitā). Kṣānti refers to patience, endurance and forbearance. Kragh states that this "must be done with an attitude free from any hope of reward, must be purely motivated by compassion, and must fully forgive the wrongdoing in its entirety." There are three main modes of endurance: (1) patiently bearing wrongdoings inflicted by others, (2) accepting suffering (hardships and distress), and (3) the endurance of resolving to comprehend the Dharma through patient perseverance. A bodhisattva does this through different means, such as reflecting that suffering is caused by past karma, contemplating how people who harm us now may have been our relatives in a past life, and he contemplation of impermanence.
The perfection of drive or enthusiasm (vīryapāramitā). Vīrya is a strong mental energy or force which aims at gathering good qualities and doing good activities. There are three types: (1) the armor-like drive (which willingly accepts working to help others for eons on end), (2) the drive for gathering good qualities (i.e. practicing the paramitas), and (3) the drive devoted to acting for the benefit of sentient beings (by performing beneficial actions).
The perfection of meditation (dhyānapāramitā). Dhyāna refers to resting the mind (cittasthiti) so there is one-pointedness of mind (cittaikāgrya). This may refer to śamatha or vipaśyanā, or to a union of the two. It may be done for the sake of happiness in this life, for the sake of gaining the bodhisattva qualities (special samādhis unknown to other paths) and for the sake of helping other sentient beings.
The perfection of wisdom (prajñāpāramitā). This refers to mastering the five fields of knowledge, which include mundane knowledge as well as ultimate spiritual knowledge (of both the śrāvaka and bodhisattva baskets) such as the four noble truths, cause and effect, etc.
Following the exposition of the perfections, further sections teach various topics such as how to gather students (through giving, affectionate speech, meaningful activity and having a common aim), how to revere the three jewels (through various forms of puja), how to serve and rely on a qualified spiritual teacher (kalyāṇamitra, "good friend") and how to cultivate the four immeasurables (apramāṇa).
Important qualities of a spiritual teacher include: being disciplined and pure in conduct, intelligent and well-educated in the doctrine, experienced and realized in meditation, compassionate, patient and caring, being without attachments and having few wants and needs, skilled at giving clear teachings, and being impartial in teaching others.
Regarding practicing the four immeasurables (apramāṇa), this section states that this can be done in three main ways: by focusing on sentient beings, by focusing on the phenomena (dharmās) which make up sentient beings or completely without focus or reference (anālambanāni). This section also discusses the special kind of compassion that a bodhisattva cultivates, namely great compassion (mahākaruṇā). This kind of compassion is directed towards the suffering of all beings and is cultivated for hundreds of thousands of aeons. A bodhisattva with great compassion would do anything to help sentient beings, such as give up their life in hundreds of rebirths, and endure any torment. The cultivation of the four immeasurables "is said to lead to instant happiness in this life, vast accumulation of merit, development of a firm wish to reach Awakening, and ability to carry the sufferings of others."
The following chapters contain an exposition of all the factors leading to Awakening, the third main aspect of the basis for becoming a bodhisattva. This covers sixteen elements of a bodhisattvas training:
To have conscience and a sense of embarrassment (hrīvyapatrāpya), an inner sense of right and wrong.
To develop a firm strength (dhṛtibalādhānatā), a steadiness on the path which can control the deluded mind. It is developed by enduring suffering, recognizing negative behaviors and study.
To develop tirelessness (akhedatā) in all beneficial undertakings through training in insight and compassion.
To gain knowledge in the various fields of learning
To know the world (lokajñatā), which is to see how saṃsāra is an endless and insecure cycle of birth and death, and constantly changing circumstances.
To lean on the four reliances (catvāri pratisaraṇāni). These are (1) to rely on the meaning and not on the words, (2) to rely on logic and not on the person giving the teaching, (3) to rely on scriptures of definitive meaning and not on scriptures of provisional meaning (4) when in doubt to rely on the essential understanding one has achieved oneself and not merely on knowledge one has heard from others.
Mastering the four analytical knowledges (of the Dharma, meaning, derivative analysis, rhetoric).
Gathering the requisites for Awakening (bodhisaṃbhāra), the requisite of merit (puṇyasaṃbhāra) and the requisite of knowledge (jñānasaṃbhāra).
To practice the thirty-seven factors of Awakening (saptatriṃśad bodhipakṣyā dharmāḥ), but not to actualize them (na caināṃ sākṣātkaroti).
To practice calming meditation (śamatha). According to Timme Kragh, "the practice is essentially the same as that taught in the śrāvaka path but the bodhisattvaengages in these in a special way bringing in a Mahāyāna Prajñāpāramitā understanding."
The bodhisattva's practice of insight meditation (vipaśyanā), which is focused on the ultimate level of the thirty-seven factors of Awakening and is preceded by calming meditation.
The bodhisattva's expertise in the methods (upāyakau-śalya).
The bodhisattva's mastery of retentiveness (dhāraṇī), which refers to the power of memory/remembering teachings as well as the power of mantras and formulas.
To engender bodhisattva-aspirations (bodhisattva-praṇidhāna).
To accomplish three meditative absorptions (samādhi): emptiness (śūnyatāsamādhi), wishlessness (apraṇihitaḥ samādhiḥ), and imagelessness (ānimittaḥ samādhiḥ).
The teaching of the four summary statements (catvārimāni dharmoddānāni): (1) everything conditioned is impermanent (anityāḥ sarvasaṃskārāḥ), (2) everything conditioned is suffering (duḥkhāḥ sarvasaṃskārāḥ), (3) all phenomena are without a [permanent] self (anātmānaḥ sarvadharmāḥ), and (4) nirvāṇa is peace (śāṃtaṃ nirvāṇam).
The last section of Yogasthāna one contains four lists of qualities that advanced bodhisattvas have.
Yogasthāna 2
Yogasthāna two (titled "the section on the subsidiary factors ensuing from the basis" ādhārānudharmayogasthāna) explains the characteristics (liṅga) of bodhisattvas (mainly: compassion, affectionate speech, courage, openhandedness, and the ability to unravel deep underlying meanings).
Furthermore, the classes (pakṣa) of bodhisattvas are explained (lay and monastic) along with their four main Dharmas or practices: good deeds, skillfulness and expertise (kauśalya), caring for others (parānugrāha) and dedicatory transfer of merit (pariṇāmanā). The monastic bodhisattvas are said to be superior.
The exalted conviction (adhyāśaya) of a bodhisattva is then explained, which refers to their pure motivation and mindset. A bodhisattva is said to have tenderness towards sentient beings, they are also said to have conviction in the Buddha's teachings derived from faith and analysis. Different forms of conviction are then outlined.
Yogasthāna two also sets out thirteen levels or dwellings (vihāra) of accomplishment in the practice of a bodhisattva.
Yogasthāna 3
Yogasthāna three ("the section on the culmination of the basis", ādhāraniṣṭhāyogasthāna) explains general topics six through ten.
Topic six, is the five kinds of rebirths (upapatti) a bodhisattva undergoes during their journey, which are:
Rebirth pacifying harm (itiśaṃśamanī upapattiḥ). A bodhisattva is reborn in a difficult time (famine, plague, etc) in order to help others during this time.
Rebirth assuming a corresponding form (tat-sabhāgānuvartinī upapatti). A bodhisattva is reborn among beings who harm others, such as animals, gods, demons, or heretics, and leads them to a good path.
Rebirth into greatness (mahattvopapatti). A bodhisattva is born into excellent circumstances and becomes a great person who spiritually benefits others.
Rebirth with authority (ādhipatyopapatti). A bodhisattva is born into a position of rulership over the world or the gods.
The bodhisattva's final rebirth in which they become a Buddha.
Topic seven outlines six ways that bodhisattvas lead (parigraha) sentient beings to perfection:
Leading all sentient beings simultaneously (sakṛtsarvasattva-parigraha). Bodhisattvas regard all sentient beings as their partner.
Leading through authority (ādhipatyaparigraha), through a position such as head of a household or a king.
Leading an assembly (upādānaparigraha), which refers to residing over a perfect congregation.
Guiding for a long time (dīrghakālikam upādānam), is when a bodhisattva must care and guides certain beings slowly and for a long time.
Guiding for a short time (adīrghakālikam upādānam), is when they guide beings only for a short time.
Final guiding (caramam upādānam) refers to caring for individuals who are very advanced.
Topic eight explains the seven bodhisattva levels (bhūmis) and how they related to the thirteen vihāras.
Topic nine sums up all the bodhisattva practices (caryā) into four main groups:
The practice of the perfections (pāramitācaryā), the six perfections are outlined and four more perfections are also explained.
The practice of the factors of Awakening (bodhipakṣyacaryā) which refers to the thirty-seven factors of Awakening, the four investigations, and the four complete knowledges of things as they really are.
The practice of six clairvoyances (abhijñācaryā)
The practice of developing sentient beings (sattva-paripākacaryā)
Finally, general topic number ten explains the bodhisattva's ascension (pratiṣṭhā) to Buddhahood along with all the Buddha qualities which are manifested in them (140 exceptional buddha-qualities are outlined. including the 32 marks and the ten powers of a Tathāgata).
13 - Sopadhikā Bhūmiḥ
The "Foundation on Having an Existential Substratum" discusses the state of the living arhat, as well as "what it is that forms the remaining layer or basis for continued saṃsāric existence, namely the notion of there being an existential substratum (upadhi)", such as the five aggregates and so forth.
14 - Nirupadhikā Bhūmiḥ
The last book, the "Foundation on Being Without an Existential Substratum" explains the state of an arhat who has died and entered parinirvāṇa (final nirvana), and thus is without a substratum for continued existence. This book discusses parinirvāṇa which is said to be complete and eternal extinction and completion (nirvṛti).
Supplementary Section
This part is made up of four 'collections' or 'compendia' (saṃgrahaṇī, shè 攝, bsdu ba), which supplement the Basic Section:
Viniścayasaṃgrahaṇī (Compendium of Ascertainment). This compendium discusses and provides a clarification (viniścaya) on aspects of the seventeen bhumis from the Basic Section. This section also contains a "detailed treatment of ālayavijñāna and at the same time quoting and making use of the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra." Thus it is considered a later strata by Schmithausen.
Vyākhyāsaṃgrahaṇī (Compendium of Exegesis). This is a manual of hermeneutical and exegetical techniques, as well as on rhetorical and logical argument (hetuvidyā).
Paryāyasaṃgrahaṇī (Compendium of Related Terms). This text defines many of the various strings of quasi-synonymical expressions found in the Āgamas.
Vastusaṃgrahaṇī (Compendium of [Selected] Themes). Lambert Schmithausen, Florin Delenau and Noritoshi Aramaki all hold that this is part of the oldest textual layer. It includes:
The Sūtravastusaṃgrahaṇī which summarizes and explains key topics of each sūtra contained in the Samyukta-āgama.
'The Compendium of the Vinaya' (Vinayavastusaṃgrahaṇī)
'The compendium of Abhidharma lists' (Mātṛkavastusaṃgrahaṇī).
The Chinese version also contains a Compendium of Abhidharma, missing from the Tibetan translation.
An Indian commentary was also written on the YBh, called the Yogācārabhūmivyākhyā.
References
Bibliography
External links
Digital Dictionary of Buddhism (log in with userID "guest")
Summary of the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra, Charles Muller and Dan Lusthaus
Chinese-Sanskrit-Tibetan Terms: Yogacarabhumi
Yogācārabhūmi Database (Complete marked-up Chinese text with much of the available Sanskrit and some Tibetan)
Mahayana texts
Yogacara
Yogacara shastras |
Eben07 is a webcomic written by Eben Burgoon and pencilled, inked, and colored by D.Bethel. Eben07 features the fictional adventures of an espionage janitor named Eben07 and his partner Ninja Dan. Eben07 is story-driven, with twenty- to forty-page issues released one page per week on their website. The first comic was published online on September 7, 2007. Eben07 has been in print publication since late 2009. The website also sells Eben07 print books, T-shirts, and other merchandise.
History
The character Eben 07 was initially a Bethel's drawing of Eben Burgoon in his high school garage band. Bethel and Burgoon combined Burgoon's love for spy fiction with D.Bethel's drawings and using Burgoon's AOL internet handle of Eben07 created a concept of a high school spy story. After the two left for different colleges, they reunited and ended up living together in San Luis Obispo. In 2007, they explored the idea of making an animated webseries using the old drawings and character of Eben 07, but twisted away from the high school spy story and looked at the aftermath of spy fiction. The idea of a humor story blended with the aftermath and destruction of action adventure and espionage fiction like James Bond and Metal Gear Solid. Shortly afterward, D.Bethel and Eben Burgoon dove into the idea of the Intelligence Cleaner Agency and their top covert custodians, Eben 07 & Ninja Dan and launched the webcomic in Sept. 7, 2007.
Pages were initially presented as 4 panel gag strips with a second double size Sunday page later in the week. Presently, the pages are formatted like a full page comic book to mirror printed publications. All pages have been digitally colored by D.Bethel, but starting in late 2008, comics began to be drawn and inked by hand by D.Bethel.
Characters
Eben07
Eben07 works as a field operative for the Intelligence Cleaner Agency, and cleans up the espionage mess left behind by notable super-spies in the espionage world. He is an ancestor of the founder of the I.C.A. and considered by most who he works with to be the best, but also is generally distracted and flippant about his line of work. He is a direct ancestor of the founder of the I.C.A., Abel, who is a mysteriously old figure that often interferes with Eben07's operations and work.
Ninja Dan
A cliché ninja who has been partnered with Eben07. Ninja Dan primarily is known for his use of a broom with swordblade. His character is defined by his loyalty, attention to detail, stoicism, and samurai bushido. However, a deeper rage can break through his calm exterior from time to time.
Abel
Introduced to the story as Eben07's ancestor and the founder of the Intelligence Cleaner Agency, Abel is mysteriously old having lived during the Revolutionary War when he discovered the Shot Heard 'Round the World. With that find, Abel started what is now known as the I.C.A. Abel is known for his villainous monologues, and for interfering with Eben07's work. He often wears scarves, long trench coats, and smokes a pipe.
Story arcs
Eben07 comics tend to take place in the aftermath of a notable piece of Spy fiction. Each story has many absurd plot twists, and often makes references to outside works and notable pieces of nerd and internet pop culture.
Operation: Goofinger
Eben07 and Ninja Dan are sent to Ft. Knox, Kentucky to combat the mess left behind from the James Bond movie Goldfinger. The story follows the struggle over an Oddjob-like character between Eben07 and Ninja Dan against the Smithsonian Historical Intelligence Troupe.
Clean the Cleaners
Eben07 and Ninja Dan are removing henchmen in the jungles of Russia while cleaning for a Solid Snake-like operative. After the operation is given an abort code, Ninja Dan breaks I.C.A. rules and chooses to try to save his assigned secret agent while Eben07 is left incapacitated and confronted by his grandpa. A brief interlude in the comic shows the founding story of the I.C.A. presented in a Ken Burns-style documentary.
For the Love of Russia
The first official print offering of Eben07, this story follows Eben07 and Ninja Dan as they investigate an incident on the Orient Express following events alluded to in the James Bond story From Russia, with Love. Eben07 falls asleep reading The Master and Margarita and Ninja Dan works with a ghostly assassin, gypsies and eventually other members of the I.C.A. in an effort to revive him.
Operation: Mongoose
The second printed book follows the Abel character as he is sent by U.S. President John F. Kennedy to assassinate Fidel Castro. However, Abel proves to be terrible at the job since his world revolves around cleaning, not creating, the mess. As the story progresses Abel is dragged into a deeper conspiracy. Abel's involvement in the assassination of John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln are explored.
Operation: 3-Ring Bound
D.Bethel and Eben Burgoon's longest effort together is spread across five separate issues. Operation: 3-Ring Bound puts Eben07 and Ninja Dan into the unwitting role of undercover high school students sent to find out why the nation's high school janitors are disappearing. Issue One introduces the main antagonist, HS English professor Milton Binder and Eben07's love interest and femme fatale, Anna Jacques. Issue Two reveals firmly that Anna Jaques is working for the Smithsonian Institution and she pits Eben07 and Ninja Dan against each other in a dodgeball game before Ninja Dan finds out his evil adopted ninja brother is working for Milton Binder. Issue Three brings Eben07 and Anna closer together as they infiltrate Milton Binder's subterranean lair. Meanwhile, Ninja Dan and Ninja Justin fight each other in the halls of the high school. The climax of the issue reveals that Eben07 is a clone of Abel. Issue Four concludes Ninja Dan and Ninja Justin's sword fight while Eben07 comes to terms with his feelings about Anna and the revelation of being a clone before Abel shows up and beats up Eben07. Issue Five is currently in production and being released on Eben07.com.
In print
As of August 2012, five print versions of the Eben07 adventures.
Operation: For the Love of Russia (44 pages) Released September 2008
Operation: Mongoose (24 pages) Released December 2009
Operation: 3-Ring Bound, Issue 1 (44 pages) Released September 2010
Operation: 3-Ring Bound, Issue 2 (24 pages) Released March 2011
Operation: 3-Ring Bound, Issue 3 (28 pages) Released September 2011
The remaining two issues of Operation: 3-Ring Bound are expected in September and November.
Reception
Eben07 has generally received favorable reviews from Ain't It Cool News.
See also
James Bond
Spy-fi
References
External links
Eben07, Covert Custodian
Eben07 Facebook Fan Page
Eben07 profiled by Sacramento Bee
American comedy webcomics
2007 webcomic debuts
2000s webcomics
2010s webcomics
Long-form webcomics |
Meimu (or Mei Mu, born 24 September 1963), real name , is a Japanese manga illustrator. While attending classes at Osaka University of Arts, he made his debut as a manga artist. Meimu's talents have been featured in various genres of storytelling, from science fiction to horror. Some of his works have also appeared in the adult manga magazine Lemon People and the manga anthology series Petit Apple Pie. His wife is manga artist Misuzu Suzuki.. Meimu was the character designer for the first Star Ocean video game.
Works
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Manga artists
Hentai creators
Video game artists
People from Kanagawa Prefecture
Osaka University of Arts alumni |
Syed Asif Ali is a Bhopal based rider who competes with TVS Racing, the first factory racing team in India with a legacy of over 35 years. He has been associated with TVS Racing for over four years now and under the banner has won the Indian National Rally Championship 2W organised by the Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India back to back in 2015 and 2016. Additionally, he also won the treacherous Gulf Monsoon Scooter Rally and the Dakshin Dare Rally astride a TVS Wego in 2016. He secured the third place in the Gulf Monsoon Scooter Rally 2017 by completing the rally in 25.44 seconds.
References
Sportspeople from Bhopal
Living people
Indian motorsport people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The Funeral Crown (), also known under its Latin name as the Corona Funebris or Funebralis, was a part of the Polish Crown Jewels.
It was probably lost before 1669.
History
The crown was executed around 1586 for funeral ceremonies to Stephen Báthory of Poland and was bequeathed to the State Treasury of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 16th century. It was described in an inventory from the early seventeenth century as silver gilded funeral crown with an orb and sceptrum and an inscription of King Stephen. The crown was intended for funeral ceremonies of the Polish monarchs and was placed on the corpse of the deceased, lying in the Castrum doloris. When the last of the Jagiellons, Sigismund II Augustus, died in Knyszyn and transport of the Crown Jewels from the treasury in Kraków to Podlaskie was impossible, the Hungarian Crown was used as an exequial crown instead.
References
Notes
Bibliography
.
Further reading
Jerzy Lileyko. Regalia Polskie. Warszawa 1987.
Janusz Miniewicz. Tajemnica polskich koron. Czy jest szansa ich odnalezienia?. Nowy Sącz 2006.
Michał Rożek. Polskie koronacje i korony. Kraków 1987.
Individual crowns
Polish crown jewels |
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ma'arat Umm Hawsh
| native_name = معراتة أم حوش
| native_name_lang = ar
| type = Village
| pushpin_map = Syria
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Ma'arat Umm Hawsh in Syria
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name =
| subdivision_type1 = Governorate
| subdivision_name1 = Aleppo
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Azaz
| subdivision_type3 = Subdistrict
| subdivision_name3 = Mare'
| parts_type = Control
| parts_style = para
| p1 = Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
| elevation_m =
| population = 3403
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2004
| population_footnotes = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |title=2004 Census Data for ''Nahiya Mare|url=http://www.cbssyr.sy/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-25-2004.htm |publisher=Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics |language=ar }} Also available in English: |name=census2004}}
| timezone = EET
| utc_offset = +2
| timezone_DST = EEST
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| geocode = C1641
| website =
}}Ma'arat Umm Hawsh (, also spelled Maarateh Om Hosh''') is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. It is administered as part of the Nahiya Mare' in the A'zaz District. Nearby localities include Mare' to the north, Tell Qarah to the southwest, Ahras to the west and Herbel to the northwest. Umm Hawsh has population of 3,542 as per the 2004 census.
References
Populated places in Azaz District |
The Federation of the Republican Left (; FGR) is a French political coalition of several small centre-left to left-wing parties.
Announced on 29 April 2022, following the 2022 French presidential election, the federation presents several candidates for the June 2022 French legislative election, often in alliance with the Radical Left Party and dissidents from the Socialist Party (PS) opposed to the integration of the PS into the New Ecologic and Social People's Union.
Foundation
Five political parties and several personalities announced their participation in the federation at its foundation:
the Republican and Socialist Left (GRS), founded in 2019 by dissidents from the PS and the MRC, led by Emmanuel Maurel, MEP, and Marie-Noëlle Lienemann, Senator;
the Citizen and Republican Movement (MRC), a sovereignist party founded in 2003 and chaired by Jean-Luc Laurent, mayor of Kremelin-Bicêtre;
The Radicals of the Left (LRDG), split from the Radical Left Party founded in 2017 and co-chaired by Stéphane Saint-André and Isabelle Amaglio-Térisse;
L'Engagement, a party founded by Arnaud Montebourg;
New Socialist Left (NGS), split from the PS founded in 2015 by Liêm Hoang-Ngoc.
On a personal note, several political figures have also expressed their support for the federation:
Laurence Rossignol of the PS, senator and vice-president of the Senate;
Mickaël Vallet of the PS, senator,
They were then joined by the groups Les Socialistes (created by slingers in 2016) and L'Écologie populaire.
Members
In May 2022, the federation brought together seven parties: Republican and Socialist Left, Citizen and Republican Movement, Popular Ecology, Socialists, L'Engagement, Radicals of the Left, and New Socialist Left. In some constituencies, they have formed an alliance with the Radical Party of the Left.
2022 legislative elections
The coalition declared to its foundation that it wants to work on the dynamics of rallying on the left. On 2 May a joint letter is sent to La France insoumise to begin negotiations to integrate the New Ecologic and Social People's Union (NUPES); this request went unanswered.
On 20 May the coalition announced that it would present candidates in more than a hundred constituencies for the 2022 French legislative election. They include alliances with the Radical Party of the Left, which internally rejected integration into NUPES, and with dissidents from the Socialist Party. Their representatives present themselves as the candidates of the "secular and republican" left between Emmanuel Macron and Jean-Luc Mélenchon.
References
2022 establishments in France
Left-wing political party alliances
Political parties established in 2022
Political parties of the French Fifth Republic
Political party alliances in France
Republican parties
Republicanism in France
Socialist parties in France |
California dandelion may refer to:
Taraxacum californicum, a small endangered flower of southern California
Agoseris grandiflora, a large flower of western North America |
Wood nymph is another term for a dryad in Ancient Greek mythology.
The term has also been applied to various animals:
Woodnymphs (Thalurania, a hummingbird genus from tropical America)
Cercyonis (North American wood-nymphs, a brush-footed butterfly genus)
in particular the common wood-nymph (C. pegala)
Ideopsis (Southeast Asian tree- and wood-nymphs, also known as glassy tigers, a brush-footed butterfly genus not closely related to Cercyonis)
in particular Ideopsis juventa
Other
The Wood Nymph, 1894 tone poem by Jean Sibelius
The Wood Nymph (film), 1916 lost film by D. W. Griffith (as Granville Warwick)
Animal common name disambiguation pages |
Vokesimurex nasongoensis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
Description
The length of the shell attains 39.1 mm, its diameter 30.7 mm
(Original description) The globose shell is medium in size. The whorls are inflated, separated by a deep suture. The aperture is broadly ovate with a shallow notch posteriorly and a narrow siphonal canal anteriorly that is not completely roofed over. Both inner and outer lips lirate within, the inner lip detached and thickened anteriorly. Each whorl has three varices, those of each whorl aligned with those of the preceding whorl. Low rounded axial ribs are present between varices, five between each two varices on the body whorl. The varices and ribs are overridden by alternating spiral cords and threads.
Distribution
Fossils of this marine species were found in Miocene strata off Fiji.
References
Gastropods described in 1977
nasongoensis |
Rebecchi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Carla Rebecchi (born 1984), Argentine field hockey player
Jennifer Lee (born 1971), born Jennifer Michelle Rebecchi, American screenwriter and film director
Mario Rebecchi (born 1983), Italian footballer
Rafael Rebecchi, 19th century architect, mainly active in Rio de Janeiro
Fictional characters
Angie Rebecchi, a character in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
Kevin Rebecchi, a character in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
Stonefish Rebecchi, a character in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
Toadfish Rebecchi, a character in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
Nell Rebecchi, a character in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
Italian-language surnames |
The roast beef sandwich is a sandwich that is made out of sliced roast beef or sometimes beef loaf. It is sold at many diners in the United States, as well as fast food chains, such as Arby's, Rax Roast Beef, and Roy Rogers Restaurants. This style of sandwich often comes on a hamburger bun and may be topped with barbecue sauce and/or melted American cheese. The roast beef sandwich also commonly comprises bread, cold roast beef (either the leftovers from a homemade dinner or deli meat), lettuce, tomatoes, and mustard, although it would not be uncommon to find cheese, horseradish, fresh/powdered chili pepper and even in some cases red onion. Roast beef sandwiches may be served hot or cold, and are sometimes served open faced.
History
Some trace the origins of the modern (American-style) roast beef sandwich as far back as 1877, with the then little known "beefsteak toast" recipe: cold beef, bread and gravy dish.
In 1900, the dish was described by The Washington Post as "unattractive" and as "a tired ark in a gravy flood".
The dish gained popularity in the coming years and by 1931, some critics even went as far as to describe it as "a true taste of South Dakota".
By region
Roast beef sandwiches have been a specialty of the Boston area, in particular in the North Shore of Massachusetts, since the early 1950s, typically served very rare, thinly sliced (sometimes referred to as shaved) and piled on an onion roll. Restaurants specializing in it include John's in Lynn, Londi's in Peabody, Mike's of Everett, Nick's of Beverly, Bill and Bob’s of Woburn, and Harrison's of North Andover.
In Brooklyn a small handful of establishments, beginning with Brennan & Carr in 1938, have served a variant of the sandwich.
Similar sandwiches
Beef on weck
The beef on weck is a sandwich found primarily in Western New York. It is made with roast beef on a kummelweck roll topped with salt and caraway seeds. The meat on the sandwich is traditionally served rare, thin cut, with the top bun getting a dip au jus and topped with horseradish.
Chivito sandwich
The chivito sandwich is a national dish in Uruguay, and consists primarily of a thin slice of filet mignon (churrasco beef), with mozzarella, tomatoes, mayonnaise, black or green olives, and commonly also bacon, fried or hard-boiled eggs and ham. It is served in a bun, often with a side of French fries. Other ingredients might be added into the sandwich such as red beets, peas, grilled or pan-fried red peppers, and slices of cucumber.
Corned beef sandwich
The corned beef sandwich is a sandwich prepared with corned beef. The salt beef style corned beef sandwiches are traditionally served with mustard and a pickle. In the United Kingdom, pickle is a common addition to a corned beef sandwich.
French dip
The French dip sandwich is a hot sandwich consisting of thinly sliced roast beef (or, sometimes, other meats) on a "French roll" or baguette. It is usually served au jus, that is, with beef juice from the cooking process. Beef broth or beef consommé is sometimes substituted. Despite the name, this American specialty is almost completely unknown in France, the name seeming to refer to the style of bread rather than an alleged French origin.
Pastrami on rye
The pastrami on rye is a classic sandwich made famous in the Jewish kosher delicatessens of New York City. First created in 1888 by Sussman Volk, who served it at his deli on Delancey Street in New York City. It became a favorite at other delis, served on rye bread and topped with spicy brown mustard. Delis in New York City, like Katz's Delicatessen, have become known for their Pastrami on rye sandwiches.
See also
List of American sandwiches
List of beef dishes
List of sandwiches
Steak sandwich
Cheesesteak
Bauru (sandwich)
References
External links
"Hot Roast Beef Sandwiches", Food Network
American sandwiches
Beef sandwiches |
Albert Wesley "Al" Johnson (October 18, 1923 – November 9, 2010) was a Canadian civil servant, a former president of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, a professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto, and an author.
Born in Insinger, Saskatchewan, Johnson received a Master's in public administration (MPA) from the University of Toronto and an MPA and a PhD from Harvard University. He was deputy treasurer of Saskatchewan from 1952 until 1964. He was one of the key figures in the development of universal medicare, first in Saskatchewan in the governments of Premier Tommy Douglas and Premier Woodrow Lloyd and subsequently at the national level. In 1964 he became assistant deputy minister of finance for the federal government. From 1975 until 1982 he was president of the CBC. He subsequently taught at Queen's University and the University of Toronto.
In 1980 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1996 in recognition of his "outstanding career as a public servant, university professor and consultant on post-secondary education, social policy and public management both nationally and internationally".
Johnson wrote the 2004 book Dream No Little Dreams, A Biography of the Douglas Government of Saskatchewan, 1944–1961 () for which he was awarded the Canadian Political Science Association's Donald Smiley Prize in 2005.
After leaving the federal civil service he embarked on an international career:
Special Advisor on National Provincial Fiscal Arrangements for the International Monetary Fund 1988
Head of Mission on Administrative Modernization for the Canadian International Development Agency 1991
Senior advisor to South Africa/Canada Program on Governance 1992
Commissioner of South Africa's Presidential Review Commission on the Public Service 1996
Returning to Canada in 1999, Johnson became special chair in public policy to the Government of Saskatchewan.
Johnson died in Ottawa at age 87. He was survived by his wife, Ruth (née Hardy), whom he married in 1946, four children and one granddaughter.
CBC years
During Johnson's years as President of the CBC, his chief goal was the Canadianization of the airwaves, by increasing the quality and quantity of Canadian radio and television programming.
Awards and honours
Vanier Medal 1976
Companion of the Order of Canada 1997
Canadian Political Science Association, Donald Smiley Prize 2005
Arthur Kroeger College of Public Affairs, Award for Ethics in Public Affairs 2010
The Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, established jointly between the University of Regina and the University of Saskatchewan in 2007, was named in honour of Johnson and Thomas Shoyama.
References
1923 births
2010 deaths
Canadian political scientists
20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Companions of the Order of Canada
Writers from Saskatchewan
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Presidents of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |
Luna Fulgencio Sánchez (Madrid, 5 February 2011) is a Spanish actress who became known for playing the role of Rocío in the films Padre no hay más que uno (2019) and Padre no hay más que uno 2 (2020), directed by Santiago Segura, in addition to her multitudinous appearances in Spanish television series.
Biography
Luna Fulgencio was born in Madrid on 5 February 2011 as the youngest daughter of Rubén Fulgencio and Laura Sánchez, who, in addition to being her mother, is her agent. She has a brother, two years older than her, named Rubén Fulgencio, who is also dedicated to the world of acting.
Trajectory
She began in the world of acting in 2016, in an episode of El ministerio del tiempo. A year later, she starred in the Telecinco series Ella es tu padre. In 2019 she joined the cast of El embarcadero on Movistar+, alongside Álvaro Morte, Irene Arcos and Verónica Sánchez. In cinema, she had her first participation in Oriol Paulo's feature film Durante la tormenta (2018). A year later, she starred in Santiago Segura's blockbuster Padre no hay más que uno (2019), in addition to its sequel Padre no hay más que uno 2: La llegada de la suegra (2020), where she became especially recognized.
In 2021 she starred in Macarena Astorga's La casa del caracol and Santiago Segura's ¡A todo tren!Destino Asturias, in addition to signing on as the protagonist of the film Héroes de barrio, by Ángeles Reiné, where she plays Paula. That same year she participated in the TVE series La caza.Tramuntana and starred in the fictions Besos al aire (Star) and Supernormal (Movistar+). In the summer of the same year, she began filming El refugio, a Christmas comedy directed by Macarena Astorga, where she shares the screen with Loles León, María Barranco, Antonio Dechent and Leo Harlem, among others, which premiered that same Christmas.
In 2022 she had a special participation in the comedy film El test directed by Dani de la Orden. She also returned to her role as Rocío for the third part of the film Padre no hay más que uno and it was announced that she had signed up for the feature film Lobo Feroz by Gustavo Hernández.
Filmography
Cinema
Television
Awards and nominations
References
Living people
2011 births
Actresses from Madrid
Spanish film actresses
Spanish television actresses
21st-century Spanish actresses
Spanish child actresses |
Top Field and Cozens Grove is a 6.1 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Wormley in Hertfordshire. It is owned and managed by Broxbourne Borough Council.
Top Field (also known as Wormley Top Field) is a wildflower meadow which is mown to provide a habitat for small mammals, birds and insects. In 2014 it was given the Green Flag Award. Cozens Grove is an ancient wood which has coppiced hornbeam and a medieval sunken ditch.
In 2010 Broxbourne Council proposed to remove the site from the Green Belt, which would have laid it open to development, but the proposal was dropped after campaigning by the Friends of Wormley Open Spaces.
There is access from Cozens Lane West.
References
External links
Local Nature Reserves in Hertfordshire
Borough of Broxbourne |
is the sixth studio album by Japanese band Mucc, released on April 26, 2006 in Japan, and on May 12, 2006 in Europe, via Gan-Shin. The album contains nine tracks and has a playing time of 30:46, making it the band's shortest one to date. According to guitarist Miya, the album is a B-side to their previous album Hōyoku. The first press came housed in a digipack featuring different artwork as well. The album reached number 29 on the Oricon chart.
Track listing
Note
A re-recording of "Yūbeni" was featured on their 2021 best album Myojo.
References
Mucc albums
2006 albums |
Opisthostoma shelfordi is a species of air-breathing land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Diplommatinidae.
Distribution
This species occurs in Borneo.
References
Diplommatinidae |
Jacob Bunka (; 13 July 1923 – 30 July 2014) was a Jewish sculptor, known as the last Jew of Plungė who carved large monumental wooden statues at Holocaust sites in Lithuania.
Early life
Bunka war born in Plungė in 1923 to a Jewish family, half the town being Jewish in the interwar period. In 1939 Bunka and his family were deported to Siberia.
World War II
In 1942, Bunka was drafted with his father and brother to the 16th Lithuanian Division (Soviet). Bunka and his father were wounded in battle and recuperated in Zlatoust Hospita. Sent to the Belorussian front, Bunka was attached to the 1452nd Self-propelled Artillery Regiment. He was subsequently attached to the 10th Don Cossack regiment, serving in an intelligence role due to his German language skills. Bunka served in the Battle of Berlin. Bunka's father and brother died in service, while his mother and three sisters survived in Siberia. Following the end of the war Bunka served until 1947 in the Soviet occupation zone in the village of Ahrenshoop. Bunka was decorated with several medals during his service.
Post war
Bunka returned to Plungė, where following the war there were 138 Jews. In 1950 he married his wife Dalija, a Lithuanian, whom he knew from his childhood. Together they raised three kids, one passing away. The surviving Jewish population of Plungė emigrated over the years, including Bunka's mother and sisters who emigrated to Israel, until he remained as the last Jew of Plunge.
Bunka was awarded the Knight's cross of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas by Lithuanian president Valdas Adamkus. The 1995 "Moses in Plateliai" documentary by Rimantas Gruodis is about his life.
Bunka died in 2014, prime minister Algirdas Butkevičius expressed his condolences.
Art and memorial sites
In 1986, Bunka initiated the creation of a memorial for the Plungė massacre near the village of Kaušėnai. In 2007, the Jakovas Bunka Charity was setup to care for the site. He wrote a memorial yizkor book for Plungė.
Bunka created memorials in at least 10 different mass murder sites in Lithuania, his large wooden sculptures towering above the scene. In addition, Bunka crafted small wooden figurines of figures from the lost Jewish community.
Bunka was unique in that he created Jewish imagery in traditional Lithuanian wood craving. According to Jonas Rudzinskas, chairman of the Union of Lithuanian Folk Artists, " His responsible, sincere attitude towards creative work and unique style set Jakov Bunka apart from others and he joins the ranks of our greatest folk artists who set the development of folk art."
Exhibits
In 2018, Bunka's work was displayed at Lithuanian National UNESCO Commission gallery, to the 95th anniversary of his birth.
References
External links
Plungyan: A Memoir (Plunge), Yizkor book by Jacob Yosef Bunka
Memorial of victims of the Holocaust in Kaušėnai, visitplunge.com
Jakovas Bunka Charity and Sponsorship Fund
Interview with Yankl Bunk (Jacob Bunka) of Plungyan
1923 births
2014 deaths
Lithuanian Jews
Lithuanian sculptors
Knight's Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
People from Plungė |
La Sabotterie () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ardennes department
References
Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
Louis Bertrand George (10 October 1950 2 January 2014) was a Saint Lucian politician. He was elected to the House of Assembly representing Micoud North constituency in 1982. He was a member of the United Workers Party.
George was Minister for Education from 1982 to 1997. He was Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet of Vaughan Lewis. Following the 1997 elections, he was Leader of the Parliamentary Opposition from 1997 to 2001.
He was awarded the Saint Lucia Cross for contribution to national development in 2009.
References
1950 births
2014 deaths
Deputy Prime Ministers of Saint Lucia
Government ministers of Saint Lucia
Members of the House of Assembly of Saint Lucia
Saint Lucian educators
United Workers Party (Saint Lucia) politicians |
Only Teardrops is the debut album of the Danish singer-songwriter Emmelie de Forest. The album was released on 6 May 2013 on Universal Music. In late March she signed a contract with Universal Music. The song of the same name won the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 for Denmark.
Critical reception
Owing to her status as Eurovision winner, the album's release attracted a number of reviews from Eurovision fan sites. James Sayer of ESC Views gave it a mixed review, saying that "there is nothing wrong with any of the individual songs, there’s just not a great deal which leaps out of the realms of the ordinary". Angus Quinn of Wiwi Bloggs was of the opinion that "Only Teardrops gets it right most of the time and seems to respect the authenticity of the artist".
Singles
"Only Teardrops" was released as the lead single of the album in Denmark on 22 January 2013, and worldwide on 2 May 2013. The song was a large success in Denmark and reached No 1 in the charts. The song also charted elsewhere in Europe following its Eurovision performance. It reached a new chart position of 15 in the UK Singles Chart on 26 May. "Hunter & Prey" was released as the second single of the album in Denmark on 19 August 2013.
Track listing
Charts
Release history
References
Emmelie de Forest albums
2013 debut albums
Universal Music Denmark albums |
Carl Eugene Brazley (born September 5, 1957, in Louisville, Kentucky) is a former football player in the Canadian Football League for thirteen years. Brazley played defensive back for the Montreal Alouettes, Ottawa Rough Riders and Toronto Argonauts from 1980 to 1992. He was a CFL All-Star in 1983, the same season he won the Grey Cup with the Argonauts. Brazley also played for the San Diego Chargers as a replacement player in 1987. He played college football at Western Kentucky University. He ended his 13-year career in 1993, playing with the Toronto Argonauts.
He has a wife Jan, a son Nikolas, and a daughter Sunni who all live in Louisville, Kentucky. Nikolas played for the Kentucky as a wide receiver from 2006 to 2011.
1957 births
Living people
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football players
Montreal Alouettes players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Toronto Argonauts players
San Diego Chargers players
Canadian football defensive backs
Players of American football from Louisville, Kentucky
Players of Canadian football from Louisville, Kentucky
Seneca College alumni |
The Namco System 357 is an arcade system board based on the Sony PlayStation 3. It was released in 2007 as the board for Tekken 6. Unlike its predecessor, it did not see widespread adoption by other manufacturers.
In 2011, Namco released an upgraded version of the arcade board, the System 369, also known as System 359, for use with Tekken Tag Tournament 2. The System 369's specifications are the same as Slim model retail PS3 consoles, and as such feature a smaller chassis with less heat.
Specifications
CPU: Cell Broadband Engine consisting of one 3.2GHz PowerPC-based Power Processing Element (PPE) and six Synergistic Processing Elements (SPEs).
System memory: 256MB XDR DRAM
Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce 7800-based RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' with 256MB GDDR3 RAM
Media: internal HDD used for storage of games.
UI: Sony XMB
List of System 357 / System 359 / System 369 games
Dark Escape 3D (2012)
Dark Escape 4D (2014)
Deadstorm Pirates (2010)
Deadstorm Pirates Special Edition (2014)
Dragon Ball ZENKAI Battle Royale (2011)
Dragon Ball ZENKAI Battle Royale - Super Saiyan Awakening (2012)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Extreme Vs. (2010)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Extreme Vs. Full Boost (2012)
Mobile Suit Gundam: Extreme Vs. Maxi Boost (2014)
Razing Storm (2009)
Taiko no Tatsujin (2011)
Taiko no Tatsujin (C/N: KATSU-DON) (2012)
Taiko no Tatsujin Sorairo ver. (2013)
Taiko no Tatsujin Momoiro ver. (2013)
Taiko no Tatsujin Kimidori ver. (2014)
Taiko no Tatsujin Murasaki ver. (2015)
Taiko no Tatsujin White ver. (2015)
Taiko no Tatsujin Red ver. (2016)
Taiko no Tatsujin Yellow ver. (2017)
Taiko no Tatsujin Blue ver. (2018)
Taiko no Tatsujin Green ver. (2019)
Tekken 6 (2007)
Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion (2008)
Tekken Tag Tournament 2 (2011)
Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Unlimited (2012)
References
Cell BE architecture
Namco arcade system boards
PowerPC-based video game consoles |
Myadaung (; ) is a village in Htigyaing Township, Katha District, Sagaing Region. Myadaung was a historical town and district during the Konbaung era with a significant number of historical interests. Located on the east side of the Irrawaddy River, there are more than a thousand houses.
History
The town was originally called Myasin-taung (lit. 'emerald elephant hill') after an elephant which frequented a hill in the neighbourhood. Myadaung was the fief of Queen Supayalat, the last queen of Burma, during her youth. It existed as a town during the monarchy days, but during the British rule, it was incorporated as a village into the Htigyaing Township. Myadaing was one of the 43 patrol towns that were established near the Irrawaddy River during the reign of King Anawrahta of Pagan. The Htigyaing township in Konbaung period was in the jurisdiction of the Myadaung wun (minister of Myadaung), and was called the Myadaung township. It formed until 1802 a part of the Myadaung subdivision, which was then in Katha district, but since that year Myadaung has been made over to Ruby Mines district and Htigyaing joined to the Katha subdivision.
During the reign of King Mindon, the myoza (count) of Myadaung was Mingyi Maha Nawyata, who against the rebellion of the Sawbwa of Momeik.
References
Populated places in Katha District |
Konnur is a municipal council in the Belagavi District of Karnataka, India. It is located at and has an average elevation of 606 metres (1988 feet).
Demographics
India census, Konnur had a population of 27,474. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Konnur has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 49%. In Konnur, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
References
Cities and towns in Belagavi district |
NBA Live 18 is a basketball simulation video game developed by EA Tiburon and published by EA Sports, featuring James Harden of the Houston Rockets as its cover athlete. It was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on September 15, 2017. It is the 21st installment in the NBA Live series and the follow-up to 2015's NBA Live 16 after EA took a year off between games. Though it received criticism for its gameplay, the game was praised for improvements over recent installments and became the series' highest-rated game since NBA Live 10 according to Metacritic.
Features
NBA Live 18 features Houston Rockets guard James Harden as the cover athlete. Harden previously shared the cover of NBA 2K16 with Steph Curry and Anthony Davis. The game's "UltimateTeam" mode allows players to draft different players to create a custom roster, similar to EA's Madden NFL franchise. It is the first basketball video game to feature a full WNBA roster. A single-player career mode, called "The One", is similar to 2K Sports' "MyCareer" mode. In this mode, the created player can use their skills across leagues and even join the NBA Draft and Combine, which features over-the-top analysis from segments of ESPN First Take, hosted by Max Kellerman and Stephen A. Smith. Hosts give their open-minded opinions in the direction the player is going to progress through the mode. The game mode allows players to experience basketball life both on- and off-court with more clothes and a Game Face app for iOS and Android devices, allowing players to scan their face for upload to the game.
Soundtrack
On August 8, 2017, EA Sports announced the soundtrack for the game, which would feature 31 songs, including Kendrick Lamar, Kid Cudi, Lil Uzi Vert and Rick Ross. The soundtrack was also made available for streaming on Spotify.
Release
NBA Live 18 was released on September 15, 2017, several days before its rival, 2K Sports' NBA 2K18. In order to compete with 2K, EA announced all players who pre-order the game would receive the game for $39, compared to the standard $59 cost.
Reception
NBA Live 18 received "average" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
Many critics noted the game as an improvement over its predecessors, but wrote the gameplay still had room for improvement. In a positive review of the game, Chris Roling of Bleacher Report wrote: "Here, casual means good fun. It feels as accessible as a basketball game should and is a step or two ahead of what many fans might have anticipated for a game following up on an outright cancellation." EGMNow gave the game 7.5/10, writing: "NBA Live 18 has improved in almost every way over its predecessor, making a strong case for its continued existence. However, a lackluster franchise and a sense of been-there-done-that with that other basketball series puts Live 18 one step behind the competition."
IGN gave the game 6.5/10, saying: "NBA Live 18s simplistic and fluid mechanics make for an approachable game of NBA, or WNBA, basketball. But for all that it does well on the court, elsewhere it fails to live up to its potential. There are plenty of side modes, but few have the depth or interesting new ideas to be worth getting invested in." GameSpot said "Between the WNBA matches and the position variety of The One, NBA Live 18 succeeds–albeit barely–as a viable alternative to NBA 2K18."
Game Informer said "NBA Live 18 still doesn't match or best NBA 2K18s deep feature set, but this year does show progress. The stable online matches, interesting career mode concept, and adequate if arcadey gameplay all point to a more promising future for EA's most struggling sports franchise." It later gave the game the award for "Most Improved Game" in its 2017 "Sports Game of the Year" Awards.
References
2017 video games
EA Tiburon games
Electronic Arts games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
NBA Live
PlayStation 4 games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in 2017
Video games set in 2018
Xbox One games |
Thomas Poll (born 28 August 2001) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays for as a left-back for club Cambuur on loan from Almere City.
Career
Groningen
Born in Amsterdam, Poll moved with his family to Wehe-den Hoorn, Province of Groningen when he was 8 years old. He initially joined VV Eenrum and moved to VV Winsum only one year later. At the age of 14, Poll was admitted to the FC Groningen youth academy, and progressed through the youth teams.
He made his professional debut on 28 February 2020 as a starter in the Eredivisie match against Willem II. Groningen lost 1–3.
On 9 October 2020, Poll signed a new contract with Groningen until 2022. Three months later, he was sent on loan to Dordrecht for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. He made 18 appearances during his loan, making two assists.
Almere City
On 31 August 2021, Poll signed a three-year contract with Eerste Divisie club Almere City. He made his debut on 10 September, coming on as a half-time substitute for Thibaut Lesquoy in a 1–1 draw against Telstar.
Poll scored his first goal on senior level against Jong AZ in stoppage time after coming on as a substitute for Lance Duijvestijn on 22 August 2022. On 30 September, he scored the late 2–1 winner in a league game against Roda JC Kerkrade.
Cambuur
On 1 September 2023, Poll signed a two-year contract with Cambuur. The first year of the contract is a loan, followed by a permanent transfer for the 2024–25 season.
Career statistics
Notes
References
External links
Living people
2001 births
Footballers from Amsterdam
Men's association football defenders
Dutch men's footballers
FC Groningen players
FC Dordrecht players
Almere City FC players
SC Cambuur players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Derde Divisie players |
Neshkoro is a town in Marquette County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 595 at the 2000 census. The Village of Neshkoro is located within the town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 21.2 square miles (55.0 km2), of which, 20.9 square miles (54.1 km2) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.9 km2) of it (1.65%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 595 people, 258 households, and 197 families residing in the town. The population density was 28.5 people per square mile (11.0/km2). There were 486 housing units at an average density of 23.3 per square mile (9.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.82% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, and 0.84% from two or more races. 0.34% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 258 households, out of which 22.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.9% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.63.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 18.0% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 31.9% from 45 to 64, and 24.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $36,125, and the median income for a family was $40,156. Males had a median income of $36,417 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,518. About 6.1% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Neshkoro Library
Towns in Marquette County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin |
iPray TV is a Christian church ministry and video streaming service founded by Michael Peros which streams live video from the holy sites in Jerusalem. It is the first live video streaming service to accomplish this. They first became notable by doing the first live streaming of the Christmas celebration at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem in 2008, as well as the Easter and Pentecost celebrations of 2009. They also streamed the first broadcast live from inside the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. Because of their use of Unicast technology, millions of people were able to view the broadcast at once, which had not been done before.
The service was launched in 2008, and has since provided 24/7 video streaming to key Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, including: Calvary, Mount of Olives, Mount of Ascension, the Eastern Gate, the City of David, the Garden of Gethsemane, and the city of Jerusalem. This streaming allows for pastors and everyday people to view the holy sites at any given time from their computer, and the service is free. The site provides both live streaming and archives of past videos and old footage of various events.
Additionally, iPray TV allows users to specifically request prayers from other users. Users can also upload their own videos, leave comments, read the iPray blog, and partake in other activities.
References
"Church of Nativity Wired for Live Webcast." Christian Today. N.p., 24 Feb. 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. <http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3643066,00.html>.
"The Holy Land in Your Living Room." Jerusalem Post. N.p., 15 Oct. 2008. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. <http://www.jpost.com/Israel//Article.aspx?id=117381>.
Christian television stations |
Secoo () is an online to offline e-commerce platform and the largest online luxury retailer in China.
History
Secoo was launched as Secoo Jimai in 2008, by Richard Rixue Li. Secoo started out with second-hand luxury as its main product. The company hired a staff of jewellery and luxury goods appraisers to verify their products were genuine. By 2011, Li had 10 small shops in the provinces and opened his first flagship “Secoo” store in Beijing. In January 2011, Secoo website was launched.
On July 19, 2011, Secoo got $10 million on investments from IDG Capital. In April 2012, Secoo closed a Series B found of funding, raising $30 million from IDG Capital Partners, Yintai Investments and Bertelsmann Asia Investments. In August 2013, the company raised more than $30 million in a Series C funding led by Vangoo Capital Partners, with IDG Capital Partners, Ventech Capital and Crehol Capital participating.
Secoo's mobile app was launched in December 2013. In 2013, the company had shops in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Hong Kong. By 2014, Secoo became China's largest website for individuals buying and selling their luxury goods. In July 2014, the company raised $100 million in a Series D round of funding from the existing investors and China Media Capital, Ventech China, Crehol Meaningful Capital and Vangoo Investment Partners. In July 2015, the firm completed a $55 million Series E round of funding, led by Ping An Ventures, the venture investment arm of Ping An Insurance. Secoo incorporated representatives companies in the United States (2014) and in Italy (2015). In September 2015, during China Fashion Week, the firm presented its “Fashion+” vision that aimed to open China’ market to European fashion designers. In 2016, Secoo opened its first shop in Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
On September 22, 2017, Secoo began trading on the NASDAQ exchange, after launching its IPO and raising about $140 million.
In January 2018, Secoo signed a collaboration contract with Parkson Retail Group, a major Asian-based department store operator. In July, private equity firm L Catterton and JD.com, one of China's largest online retailers, announced they would invest $175 million in Secoo. JD.com aimed to become Secoo's domestic online retail partner, while L Catterton Asia, was set to provide industry expertise. Later in July 2018, the company appointed Federica Marchionni as its Chief Strategy Officer and International CEO. In November 2018, Secoo was among other leading Chinese retailers which de-listed Dolce & Gabbana items, following the firms’ controversial ads.
In November 2019, the firm established partnerships with the Italian fashion retailer Luisa Via Roma and Prada.
In June 2020, Qudian announced the purchase of $100 million-worth (or 28.9 percent) of Secoo's shares, making it the largest stockholder in the company.
References
External links
2008 establishments in China
Online retailers of China
Online companies of China
Internet properties established in 2008
2017 initial public offerings
Chinese companies established in 2008
Chinese brands
Companies based in Beijing
Multinational companies headquartered in China
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in the People's Republic of China |
Bhanu Bhakta Joshi () is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the CPN (Unified Socialist). In the 2008 Constituent Assembly election he was elected from the Bajhang-1 constituency, winning 13955 votes and in 1994 Nepalese general election he was elected from Bajhang 1 (constituency) , winning 12,603 votes. He also served as Minister for Forests and Soil Conservation in Jhalanath Khanal cabinet.
Electoral history
2008 Constituent Assembly election
Bajhang-1
1994 legislative elections
Bajhang-1
References
Living people
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist) politicians
1969 births
People from Bajhang District
Nepal MPs 1994–1999
Members of the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
Nepal MPs 2022–present |
Charles Hervey Bagot (17 April 1788 – 29 July 1880), often referred to as "Captain Bagot", was an Irish-born South Australian pastoralist, mine owner and parliamentarian, and was the ancestor of a number of notable South Australian citizens.
Life
Bagot was born in Nurney in County Kildare, Ireland, son of Christopher Bagot and Elizabeth, née Clibborn. He joined the British Army in 1805 and was gazetted to the 87th Regiment of Foot. He is reported as having served with distinction in India during the Mahratta War and was promoted to the rank of captain. About the year 1819 he was retired on half pay to Ennis in County Clare, where he was appointed to the Commission of the Peace, and generally lived the life of a country gentleman.
In 1840 he emigrated to South Australia on the Birman with his wife Mary, née MacCarthy, and their five children, arriving at Port Adelaide on 17 December 1840.
Pastoralist
Around 1840 Bagot selected a section of at Koonunga on the River Light, on which he ran sheep in partnership with Frederick Hansborough Dutton. The partnership was dissolved in 1843 and Dutton took the lease on another property near Kapunda, which he named Anlaby for a village in Yorkshire.
Bagot was the first to use John Ridley's reaping machine.
Copper mining
Towards the end of 1842 his youngest son Charles Samuel Bagot came across mineral specimens on his father's property near the site of the present Kapunda. Around the same time Francis Stacker Dutton found similar outcrops on nearby Anlaby, which he was developing with his brother Frederick Hansborough Dutton. When the Dutton brothers took steps to secure the land around this discovery, they learned of Bagot's find and together got 80 acres surveyed, tendered for it in the Government Gazette, and bought it for the fixed Government price for "waste lands" at £1 an acre. Later, when a second section was put up for auction, Dutton and Bagot had to bid up to £2,210 to secure it. They secured a mining lease, for which, with one Ravenshaw, he floated a company to work what was in 1844 the first copper mine in Australia (some 18 months before Burra Burra), and lasted until 1877.
Politics
Bagot was appointed as Member of the South Australian Legislative Council on 1 July 1844 then was elected to the Assembly seat of Light 12 July 1851 until resigning on 7 July 1853 and for the Legislative Council again, in the days when the whole colony voted as one electorate ("The Province") on 9 March 1857, serving until 27 March 1861 and on 1 March 1865 until 29 January 1869. When he resigned in 1853, John Tuthill Bagot, a distant relation, perhaps a nephew, was elected in his place.
In the first council Bagot distinguished himself by his opposition to Colonel Robe's proposals for endowing selected religious bodies ("State aid") and for imposing a royalty on minerals.
Other interests
Bagot helped found North Adelaide Congregational Church in 1864 and was a leader of the Total Abstinence League. He published The National Importance of Emigration (London, 1863).
He was Chairman of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society in 1848. (And his grandson Christopher Michael Bagot Jr. (1852–1899) was Secretary from 1890 to 1899.)
In 1853 Bagot built the family residence "Nurney House" on Stanley Street (later 127 Kingston Terrace), North Adelaide, later largely rebuilt around 1930.
Family
Charles Hervey Bagot "Captain Bagot" (c. 17 April 1788 – 29 July 1880) married Mary MacCarthy ( – 17 January 1860) around 1815. He died in North Adelaide, South Australia. Their extensive family included:
Christopher Michael Bagot Sr. (1817 – 8 November 1853) married John Cliffe Watts's eldest daughter, Margaret Elizabeth (c. 1823 – 6 November 1910) on 6 August 1846. They died at Koonunga and Nurney House, Stanley Street, North Adelaide respectively.
Charles Hervey Bagot C.B. (18 May 1847 – 8 November 1911) married Laura Mildred Daniel (– 15 August 1879) on 22 July 1874, in London, moved to India. Second marriage to Alice Law ( – ) on 14 September 1886. With the Royal Engineers; by 1887 he had attained rank of Major, and Colonel in 1899. He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1900.
Beatrice Bagot (11 August 1876 – 4 September 1959 ) born at Roorkee, India. She married Arthur Lawford Wigan M.A. in 1896.
Cicely Bagot (22 January 1878 – )
son (11 May 1879 –)
son (9 July 1887 – )
daughter (28 November 1888 – )
son (19 October 1891 – ) born at Rathgar, Ireland
John Bagot J.P.(10 January 1849 – 29 August 1910 at Pennington Terrace) married Lucy Josephine Ayers (c. 1857 – 11 May 1945), daughter of Sir Henry on 24 September 1878. Home at Buxton Street, North Adelaide, later Park Terrace, Fitzroy until 1901, then "Forest Lodge", 19 Pine Street, Stirling. He was a director National Bank of Australasia from 1888 to 1893 or later. His widow endowed a prize for botany at the University of Adelaide in his name from 1912.
Walter Hervey Bagot (17 March 1880 – 27 July 1963) born in Fitzroy, South Australia, married Josephine Margaret Barritt (1889 – 7 June 1946) on 18 November 1908. Home at 101 North Terrace. A noted architect, partner in Woods and Bagot, he rebuilt the family's "Nurney House" between Kingston Terrace and Stanley Street, North Adelaide and designed the garden for their "Forest Lodge" in Stirling, South Australia around 1930.
John Hervey Bagot (1910–2008) was a prominent lawyer
Henry Charles Hervey Bagot (25 January 1886 – 27 February 1889)
son 19 October 1891
Mary Jane Bagot (23 July 1850 – 2 November 1901) married George Mathieson Turnbull (c. 1840 – 29 November 1885) on 12 December 1868. Died at "Leith House" Barton Terrace.
George Bagot Turnbull (7 May 1876 – 1 December 1911) married Elsie Stewart Patterson. He died of typhoid and pleurisy at Cottesloe, Western Australia.
Don Turnbull (28 May 1909 – 30 January 1994) was a prominent tennis player and squash champion.
Christopher Michael Bagot Jr. (15 June 1852 – 8 October 1899) married Eleanor Mary Hawker (1855 – 11 January 1939) on 1 February 1878. He was Secretary of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society from 1890 to 1899. Home on Anthony Street, Largs Bay, councillor for Largs Ward, Town of Semaphore at the time of his death. Mrs Bagot moved to Heriot Bay then "Forest Lodge", Valdes Island, British Columbia sometime before 1914.
Nesta Marguerite Bagot (20 October 1878 – 9 February 1882 at "Cliff Cottage" Port Elliot)
Christopher George Seymour Bagot (23 June 1880 – 1975) Born at "Alverstoke", Glen Osmond. Married Frederica Turquand Clarke ( – ) on 30 November 1910 in Vancouver, Canada, settled on Valdes Island. He was in Pawtucket US http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56685413
Eleanor Ruth Bagot (11 May 1882 – ) at Nurney House, married William Robert Swan (1866– ) on 26 February 1906
Bessie Violet Bagot (5 June 1884 – ) at Molesworth street, and married (later Sir and CBE) Edward Wilmot Francis Gilman (16 August 1876 – 1955) on 7 December 1904. He became a prominent public servant in Malaysia, finally Resident Councillor of Penang 1930–1931 then retired to Oxfordshire.
Lieutenant John Frederick Bagot (13 February 1886 – 1961) born at the Grange, married Eileen Dubois Ive ( – ) of Woodville on 22 May 1915.
Arthur Gerald Bagot (26 April 1888 – 12 November 1979) born at Unley Park, moved to Piawaning, Western Australia, married Noel Irene Harris on 29 March 1938.
Francis Hawker "Frank" Bagot (11 March 1890 – 26 November 1952) born at Brighton
Trevor Hope Bagot (30 December 1891 – ) born at Largs.
Margaret Joanna Bagot (20 September 1894 – ) married William de M. Ive on 31 August 1915 at "Forest Lodge", Valdes Island.
Aileen Diana Bagot (22 June 1898 – )
Margaret Elizabeth Bagot Jr. (3 May 1854 – 10 August 1929).
Mary Elizabeth Bagot (c. 1822 – 20 January 1892) married William Jacob (c. 1815 – 14 July 1902) at Castle Bagot in Ireland on 31 August 1842. and died at 192 Barton Terrace, North Adelaide. William, who arrived on the Rapid in 1836, was a draftsman with Col. William Light and ran a farm "Morooroo" (later often spelled Moorooroo) of 1,100 acres near Rowland Flat and the brother of pioneer Ann Jacob; Jacobs Creek is named for them.
eldest son Charles Bagot Jacob (15 July 1844 – 30 October 1873)
J(ohn) Christopher "Chris" Jacob (1857–) married (Alberta) Martha Esselbach (1863– ) on 1 January 1891. He successfully managed his father's farm, leased it in 1913 and retired to England.
Edward Meade "Ned" Bagot (13 December 1822 – 24 July 1886) married Mary Pettman (1830 – 5 March 1855) on 1 August 1853. He married again, to the widow Anne Smith, née Walworth ( – 16 February 1892), on 30 July 1857. Anne had at least one child, James Churchill-Smith (1851 – 4 October 1922) by her previous marriage, whom Ned adopted.
Edward Meade "Ted" Bagot, Jr. (17 July 1848 – 5 June 1881) was born to Mary Pettman before her marriage to his father. Ted died at Dalhousie Springs.
James Churchill-Smith (1851 – 4 October 1922) was adopted by E. M. Bagot on his marriage to James's mother. He was educated at St. Peter's College and worked all his life for his stepfather at Dalhousie Springs then for Bagot Shakes & Lewis Ltd. He married Lucy McManus ( –1959) in 1890.
James Churchill-Smith (15 October 1894 – 15 March 1968) served as a Major in both World Wars. His diaries are an important record of World War I.
Sydney Churchill-Smith ( – ) worked at Newcastle Waters, Northern Territory
George Wallwall Bagot (2 March 1858 – 3 July 1919), often described as Ned's eldest son, married Ellen Keynes (c. 1858 – 12 January 1925) of Keyneton on 14 April 1881. He was a director of Bagot's Executor and Trustee Company, became partner in Bagot, Shakes & Lewis, land agents, with James Shakes, John Lewis (father of Essington Lewis), A. L. Harrold, W. Gilbert, H. W. Hughes, David James and George Dowling. The company absorbed Luxmoore, Dowling & Jeffrey Ltd. in 1906 then was absorbed into Goldsbrough Mort and Co. Ltd. in 1924.
George Wallwall Bagot Jr. (15 September 1878 – )
Richard Neetlee "Dick" Bagot (11 July 1860 – 20 January 1934) married Agnes Adeline King (c. 1860 – 4 August 1951) on 27 December 1887. Residence 7 Marlborough Street, St Peters.
Frank Neetlee Bagot ( – ) married Caroline Martha Holmes (1893–) on 28 November 1918, with Elder, Smith & Co., Limited, living at Subiaco, Western Australia.
John Neetlee "Jack" Bagot (17 December 1898 – )
William Watermit Bagot (20 August 1861 – 16 July 1862)
Charles Mulcra Bagot (9 March 1863 – 22 July 1895) married Ada Annie Westmacott, lived at Oodnadatta to 1907 then 30 Marlborough Street, College Park
Charles Ernest Bagot (26 December 1893 – 7 December 1915), twin, died of wounds at Gallipoli.
Almerta Ann/Annie "Girlie" Bagot (26 December 1893 – 1984), twin born at Oodnadatta married Robert Owen Wilson (1893– ) in London in September 1926
George Edgar Bagot (24 April 1895 – ) dairy farmer of Echunga married Isabel Galbin on 9 October 1928.
Mary Bagot (25 August 1864 –) born at "Beefacres"
Lucy Cowra Bagot (18 November 1865 – 5 February 1898) born at "Beefacres", died at (which?) brother's place, Walkerville
Lille Nellnell Bagot (2 July 1867 – 1956) married sportsman and administrator Mostyn Evan (22 September 1861 – 25 December 1924) on 7 October 1891
Sophie Rose Bagot (14 February 1869 – 5 November 1889) at Brougham Place, North Adelaide
Annie Meade Bagot (31 July 1870 – 4 May 1910)
Edgar Watermeit Bagot (8 September 1872 – 13 April 1895) With Bank of New South Wales; died at Coolgardie.
Allan Walter Bagot (24 March 1874 – ) (a mourner at death of E.M.B and mentioned in will of John Haimes)
Charlotte Owen Bagot (1824 – 22 October 1893) married Captain William H. Maturin C.B. (1814–1889) on 2 October 1845
Sir Charles Samuel Bagot (1828 – 21 July 1906) moved to London, became a barrister, married Lucy Francisca Hornby on 29 July 1851 in Lancaster and became Commissioner in Lunacy. He may have been the Charles S. Bagot of East Sheen who adopted Beatrice, the daughter of Lt. Col. C. H. Bagot R.E.
Another Bagot line
Charles Bagot (1791 – 8 August 1864) of Kilcoursey House, Kings County, Ireland, who also had a number of descendants in South Australia, may have been a brother of Charles Hervey Bagot. He married Anna Tuthill, died in Ireland.
Charles Bagot (1791 – 8 August 1864) of Kilcoursey House, Kings County married Anna Tuthill; died in Ireland
Charles Emilius Bagot M.D. (c. 1815 – 29 November 1863) died in Ireland
John Tuthill Bagot MLC (15 February 1819 – 6 August 1870) barrister and MLC for Light. Married Eliza Meyler (c. 1815 – 14 September 1898) (sister of Rachel below) on 1 June 1848 in Dublin. Died at "Yallum", Buxton Street, home of C. F. Wells. He has been described as a nephew of Charles Hervey Bagot.
Sarah Ann Woodcock Bagot (September 1849 – 19 January 1853)
Charles Ulysses Bagot (28 July 1851 – 15 December 1919) born at Kilcoursey Cottage, North Adelaide, married Margaret Eleanor Lawson ( – 24 January 1925) on 22 May 1895, settled on LeFevre Terrace, North Adelaide.
John Meyler Bagot (27 August 1852 – 29 June 1924) died in Sydney
(Elizabeth) Frances Harriett Bagot (20 July 1856 – 16 July 1889) married Kenneth John Macaulay (1858 – 1 June 1892) on 22 September 1888. He committed suicide by cutting his throat.
son (18 June 1858 – )
Ulysses North Bagot (1822 – 8 November 1882 at MacKinnon Parade) married Rachel Meyler (c. 1826 – 15 October 1884) (sister of Eliza above) in 1850
Rachel Deborah Bagot (5 September 1854 – 17 April 1934) died of burns at "Elton" 202 Melbourne Street cottage shared with sister Mary
Mary Gardner Bagot (27 January 1857 – 11 November 1943)
Eva Bagot (May 1862–1862)
Anna Frances Bagot (c. 1827 – 18 August 1910) married George Augustus Labatt ( – 1895) in 1853, residence at Brougham Place.
Charles Bagot Labatt (1855 – 16 January 1929) died in New York
Henrietta Mary Jane Labatt (1856–) married William Montgomery Orr ( – ) in 1889
Samuel Bell Labatt (1858–1944)
John Bagot Labatt (1861 – 12 May 1928) died at "Ru Rua" North Adelaide
Elizabeth Eva Labatt (1863–1950)
Anna Georgina Labatt (1865–1943)
Eliza Mary Bagot (c. 1828 – 3 November 1906)
Daniel W. W. Bagot (c. 1844 – 1 September 1863), youngest son, died at his father's house "Kilcoursey", King's County, Ireland
Robert Cooper Bagot (c. 1827 – 14 April 1881), born in Fontstown, County Kildare, civil engineer in Queensland and Victoria and first secretary of the Victoria Racing Club invariably referred to as R. C. Bagot, was not clearly related.
Placenames in SA and NT
Named for C. H. Bagot
Hundred of Bagot (South Australia)
Bagot Range
Bagots Flagstaff
Bagots Gap
Bagots Well
Bagot Road, North Adelaide
Named for John Tuthill Bagot
Hundred of Bagot (Northern Territory)
Unreferenced
Bagot Street, Kapunda
Bagot Street, Wallaroo
Bagot Street, Broken Hill
Bagot Street, Hilton and Torrensville
Bagot Road, Darwin
References
Further reading
Drew, G.J. (2017): Captain Bagot's Mine: Kapunda Mine, 1844-1916. Published by the author.
1788 births
1880 deaths
Australian mining businesspeople
Australian pastoralists
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
Politicians from County Kildare
Irish emigrants to colonial Australia
Australian temperance activists
South Australian families
19th-century Australian businesspeople
19th-century Australian politicians
87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot officers
Military personnel from County Kildare |
Averau (2,649m) is the highest mountain of the Nuvolau Group in the Dolomites, located in the Province of Belluno, northern Italy. It lies between the Falzarego Pass and the Giau Pass. The mountain is usually climbed from its northern face, which is less steep than its other faces, by the Averau ferrata. The view from the summit takes in many of the Dolomitic giants, including Monte Civetta, Monte Pelmo, Antelao and Sorapiss.
References
Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Veneto
Dolomites |
Mile Oak Rovers & Youth F.C. was a football club based in South Tamworth, Staffordshire, England. The club was established in 1958 and folded in 2010.
History
The club was formed in 1958 and run from the Mile Oak hotel. The club played at various grounds until 1967, when it moved to Price Avenue. Mile Oak Rovers played in various leagues and reached the Southern Football League in 1985–86. This proved to be a disastrous move and the club decided to return to the Midland Football Combination in 1989–90.
In 1993–94 they dropped to the Birmingham AFA due to severe financial pressures upon both the club and the team. The club returned to the Midland Football Combination for the 1998–99 season. The club did well but a lack of backroom staff forced the Rovers to fold at the end of the 2001–02 season. The club restarted in the 2003–04 season in the Midland Football Combination but folded again in 2010.
Former players
References
External links
The Official Mile Oak Rovers FC Website
Midland Football Combination
Mile Oak Rovers & Youth F.C.
Association football clubs established in 1958
Association football clubs disestablished in 2010
Defunct football clubs in England
Midland Football Combination
Defunct football clubs in Staffordshire
Southern Football League clubs
1958 establishments in England
2010 disestablishments in England
Sport in Tamworth, Staffordshire |
David Clifford (Irish: Daithí Ó Clúmháin) (born 22 January 1999) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays as a corner-forward or full-forward at club level for Fossa and East Kerry and for the Kerry county team. He is widely regarded as the best player in the game at present.
Underage career
Schools
Clifford first came to prominence when he scored 2–05 in the Hogan Cup final 2016 as St Brendan's College, Killarney saw off St Patrick's College, Maghera to deliver their first title in 24 years.
Soccer
In addition to Gaelic football, Clifford also played underage soccer, as a centre-half. The future professional English Football League players Shane McLoughlin and Dara O'Shea alongside future musician Ryan Meaney were his opponents at under-age level.
Minor
Clifford made his debut on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he was selected for the Kerry minor team. He enjoyed two championship seasons with the minor team and won back-to-back Munster and All-Ireland medals in 2016 and 2017. He was captain of the 2017 winning teams scoring 6–27 in six games, including 4–04 in the All-Ireland final win over Derry. He ended the 2017 season as the Minor Footballer of the Year.
Club
Fossa GAA
Clifford is a member of the Fossa club situated just outside Killarney. They currently compete in the Kerry Intermediate Football Championship.
Kerry, Munster & All-Ireland Junior Wins
A week after his first All-Ireland win with Kerry, Clifford scored 1–9 versus Listowel Emmets. In his second match of the 2022 club championship, he again scored 1–9 versus Castlegregory. In their third group match he scored 0–10 against Listry. Against Annascaul in the quarter-final he scored 1–6 in Fossa’s victory. In their semi final win over Ardfert, he contributed 0–9 of their 0–14 total. The Junior Premier final brought Fossa and Listry together again. In Fossa’s 4–15 to 0–22 win, Clifford scored an incredible 2–12.
Fossa went on to win the 2022 Munster Junior club football championship. Clifford scoring 0–04 (0-02f) versus Feohanagh-Castlemahon (Limerick) and 0–10 (0-07f) in the final versus Kilmurry (Cork).
In the All-Ireland series Clifford scored 0–07 (0-01f) in the semi-final versus Castletown from Meath.
He guided Fossa to their first All-Ireland Junior win in a man of the match performance versus Stewartstown Harps GFC. He scored 0–11 (0-03f) and was sent off in the dying moments having received a second yellow card.
East Kerry
Clifford plays with East Kerry at both underage and senior level.
At underage level he won two Kerry Minor Football Championship titles in 2016 and 2017. He won a Kerry Under-21 Football Championship title in 2018.
He later lined out in the Kerry Senior Football Championship with the divisional side. He is two time county champion, winning the 2019 Kerry Senior Football Championship and the 2020 Kerry Senior Football Championship.
In 2019 he scored 1–6 in the quarter-final, 0–9 in the semi-final and 1–3 in the final.
In 2020 he scored 1–5 in the quarter-final and 1–4 in the final.
In 2021, a straight knock out championship was in place. Clifford scored 0–2 as East Kerry lost to eventual champions Austin Stacks.
Clifford made his 2022 debut as a substitute in the win against Spa. He scored 0–3 after being introduced in the 40th minute. He scored 0–7 in the quarter final versus Kenmare Shamrocks. He won his third Kerry Senior Football Championship beating Mid Kerry in the final, scoring 1–9 in the process.
In 2023, Clifford made his debut in a ten minute cameo against Templenoe. He started the quarter final against St. Kierans and scored 1-5 in a 4-19 to 0-12 win. His 1-3 helped ensure progression to the Kerry senior final at the expense of Rathmore on a score line of 1-16 to 1-10.
Kerry
2018
Clifford made his senior debut during the 2018 National Football League.
He won his first Munster Senior Football Championship title later that summer after over coming Clare (0–2) and then Cork (0–2) in the final.
Kerry failed to progress from their Super 8’s group stage. Clifford scoring 1–5 against Galway, 1–3 against Monaghan and 2–6 against Kildare.
He ended the year with an All Star and as GAA/GPA Young Footballer of the Year.
2019
In 2019, Clifford again won the Munster Senior Football Championship with Kerry, scoring 0–3 in the semi-final versus Clare and scoring 0–4 in the final versus Cork.
In the Super 8 quarter final group stage, Clifford scored 0–7 against Mayo, 0–3 against Donegal and was rested against Meath. He scored 0–5 in the semi-final against Tyrone.
Kerry went on to reach the All-Ireland senior final versus Dublin. Clifford scored 0–2 in the drawn match and 0–5 in the replay, as Dublin ran out 1–18 to 0–15 winners.
He ended the year with an All Star.
2020
Clifford was selected as Kerry captain due to the Kerry Senior Football Championship being won by his East Kerry side.
Kerry won the 2020 National Football League after winning 5 of their 7 matches. This was Clifford’s first national league title.
Clifford scored 0–4 in the shock Munster Senior Football Championship semi final loss to Cork. The 2020 championship was straight knock-out and as such was his only championship game that year.
2021
He scored a hat-trick against Galway in the opening round of the 2021 National Football League. Kerry would go on to share the National League title with Dublin this year delivering Clifford his second league title.
He won his third Munster Senior Football Championship defeating Clare (1–6), Tipperary (1–2) and Cork (0–1).
Kerry reached the All-Ireland semi final in which they faced Tyrone. Clifford scored 0–8 on the day, however, due to injury he could not take part in extra-time. Tyrone ran out winners 3–14 to 0–22.
He ended the year with an All Star.
2022
Clifford won his third National League to start the inter county season. In the final versus Mayo he scored 1–6, 1–5 from play.
His fourth Munster championship arrived in 2022. In the semi-final he scored 0–4 however, injury prevented Clifford from playing in the final versus Limerick.
The All-Ireland quarter final versus Mayo saw Clifford return from injury. He scored 1–3 in the win. A semi final win over Dublin was secured on the back of his 0–6.
Clifford scored 0–8 in the 2022 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final and in the process won his first All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. He was chosen as man of the match due to his performance.
He won his fourth All Star and was selected as GAA/GPA Footballer of the Year and The Sunday Game Footballer of the Year.
2023
Clifford was selected as captain for the 2023 season.
He made his season debut as a second half substitute in Kerry’s round 3 league match against Mayo. He played in 5 league games as Kerry finished 5th in the Division 1 league.
Clifford was named at full forward for their Munster semi-final against Tipperary. He scored 0–02 in their 0–25 to 0–05 win.
Clifford was awarded the man of the match award in their Munster final against Clare. He scored 2–6 in their 5–14 to 0–15 win. He played in the match alongside brother Paudie as a tribute to their mother Ellen Clifford who passed away the previous day.
In Kerry’s first All-Ireland round robin match versus Mayo, Clifford scored 0–08 (0-03f) in a Kerry loss. Clifford scored 1–05 (1–00p, 0-01f) in their second round win versus Cork. He scored 2-04 (1-00p) in their final round robin win versus Louth. This guaranteed Kerry top spot and direct progress to the quarter finals.
Clifford contributed 0-05 (0-03f) in the All-Ireland quarter final victory over Tyrone. Kerry winning on a score line of 2-18 to 0-12.
A man of the match performance in the All Ireland Semi Final ensured Kerry’s progress. He contributed 0-09 (0-04f) in a 1-17 to 1-15 win.
In the All-Ireland Final, it was Dublin who emerged victorious on a score line of 1-15 to 1-13. Clifford scored 0-03 (0-01f) in his tussle with Mick Fitzsimmons.
Personal life
Clifford and his girlfriend Shauna O'Connor have one son named Óigí, born in September 2021.
His brother Paudie Clifford is also a member of the Kerry team and a fellow All-Ireland winner.
He studied in Institute of Technology, Tralee and graduated with a degree in health and leisure.
In August 2022, he graduated with a Masters in PE teaching at the University of Limerick.
He has worked alongside Shane Enright for the Bank of Ireland, where he was hired for the summer in 2018.
Clifford is a teacher in his alma mater St Brendan's College, Killarney.
He supports Celtic.
Career statistics
Club
Division
College
Inter-county
Championship appearances
All-Ireland Final scores
Honours
St Brendan's College
Hogan Cup (1): 2016
Corn Uí Mhuirí (1): 2016
Fossa
All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship (1): 2023
Munster Junior Club Football Championship (1): 2022
Kerry Premier Junior Football Championship (1): 2022
East Kerry
Kerry Senior Football Championship (3): 2019, 2020, 2022
Kerry Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2018
Kerry Minor Football Championship (2): 2016, 2017
Kerry
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (1): 2022
Munster Senior Football Championship (5): 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023
National Football League (3): 2020 (c), 2021 (jc), 2022
All-Ireland Minor Football Championship (2): 2016, 2017 (c)
Munster Minor Football Championship (2): 2016, 2017 (c)
McGrath Cup (1): 2022
Individual
All Star (4): 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022
GAA/GPA Footballer of the Year (1): 2022
GAA/GPA Young Footballer of the Year (1): 2018
GAA Minor Star Footballer of the Year: 2017
Minor All-Star Award (1): 2017
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final Man of the Match (1): 2022
The Sunday Game Team of the Year (4): 2018, 2021, 2022, 2023
The Sunday Game Footballer of the Year (1): 2022
Higher Education Rising Star Footballer of the Year (1): 2022
Sigerson Cup Team of the Year (1): 2022
References
1999 births
Living people
All Stars Awards winners (football)
Men's association football defenders
Bank of Ireland people
East Kerry Gaelic footballers
Fossa Gaelic footballers
Gaelic footballers who switched code
Gaelic football forwards
Kerry inter-county Gaelic footballers
People educated at St Brendan's College, Killarney
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Association footballers from County Kerry
Sportspeople from Tralee |
This is a partial list of molecules that contain 10 carbon atoms.
See also
Carbon number
List of compounds with carbon number 9
List of compounds with carbon number 11
C10
es:Monoterpenoides |
Old Swan is an eastern neighbourhood of Liverpool, Merseyside, England, bordered by Knotty Ash, Stoneycroft, Broadgreen, Fairfield and Wavertree. At the 2011 Census, the population was 16,461.
Description
Old Swan is centred on the road junction between Prescot Road, running east to west, Derby Lane (from the north) St Oswald Street (from the south) and Broadgreen Road (from the south-east). It is named after a public house called the Three Swans, which served the pack-horse route along Prescot Lane (now Prescot Road) in the 18th century. The name was derived from the coat of arms of local landowners, the Walton family.
The inn stood at the corner of Prescot Lane and Pettycoat Lane (now Broadgreen Road). The junction later acquired two more pubs, the Swan Vaults (now called the Old Swan) and the Cygnet (now closed), while the original pub was replaced by another, the Red House (now closed); this has become a branch of Costa Coffee.
Geography
The A57 road passes through Kensington and Fairfield before running through Old Swan and then through Knotty Ash, towards Prescot and on to St Helens.
Housing in the district is mostly in densely packed terraced houses, though there are exceptions. Doric Park is tucked away behind rows of terraced houses. Liverpool Shopping Park runs parallel to Old Swan. The retail park is currently being improved and phase 2 opened in autumn 2020.
Health
There are numerous primary care services located within Old Swan, including a NHS walk-in health centre, along with an urgent care unit, a GP practice on Derby Lane, and several pharmacies and opticians.
There are also several dentists practices within the ward.
Old Swan also has an emergency ambulance station which is located on St. Oswalds Street.
Government
Old Swan's representation on Liverpool City Council is largely through the Old Swan ward, though parts also lie in Tuebrook and Stoneycroft ward.
The elected councillors for Old Swan ward are Councillor William Shortall (Labour Party), Councillor Joanne Calvert (Independent) and Councillor Rona Heron (Liverpool Community Independents).
Old Swan is represented by Paula Barker MP (Labour Party) and is in the parliamentary constituency of Liverpool Wavertree; prior to the constituency's re-creation the area was part of Liverpool Broadgreen.
Council Services
Old Swan library is managed by Liverpool City Council. It was built with Victorian black and white features, originally opening in 1913 as a reading room, and has its own garden, the entrance to which is on the A57.
Economy
Old Swan has a varied collection of clothes and food shops situated along Prescot Road serving local residents. In addition, the area is also served by a large Tesco supermarket and an Aldi facing it across St. Oswald Street. Further down Prescot Road, away from the city centre, is a Sainsbury's supermarket in neighbouring Knotty Ash ward. During 2011, Asda took over the Netto premises, and it is now an Asda supermarket. In July 2015, work began refurbishing the Red House pub and a Costa Coffee store was opened later the same month.
Transport
Fairly regular bus routes 7, 8, 9 and 10/10A/10B connect Old Swan to Liverpool City Centre and in the opposite direction to Huyton, Prescot, St Helens and Warrington. Old Swan has other bus links - routes 60, 61, 62, 68/68A, 81/81A and 102, which do not serve Liverpool City Centre but provide important links to other areas of Liverpool including Aigburth, Anfield, Bootle, Childwall, Clubmoor, Croxteth, Fazakerley, Hunt's Cross, Mossley Hill, Norris Green, Orrell Park, Speke, Toxteth, Tuebrook, Walton, Wavertree, West Derby, Woolton and Liverpool John Lennon Airport.
There is a bus depot in Old Swan on Green Lane. It is owned by Arriva North West.
The M62 motorway starts at the end of Broadgreen Road out of the city, and is the east gateway into the city via Edge Lane Drive.
The nearest railway stations to Old Swan are Broad Green railway station and Wavertree Technology Park railway station. Both are operated by Northern and served by local stopping trains to and from Liverpool Lime Street.
The Merseytram System (Line 2) was due to run through Old Swan but this has now been cancelled after funding from the British Government was denied.
The Old Swan Tramway was one of the first street tramways in Britain, opening in 1861.
Education
There are six schools in Old Swan, including Broadgreen Primary School, St Anne's Stanley C of E Primary, St Oswald's Catholic Primary, Corinthian Avenue Primary, St Cuthbert Catholic Primary and Dixons Broadgreen Academy, a secondary school with an adjoining sixth form. There are also three nurseries in the area.
Places of worship
The Parish Church is St Anne's on Prescot Road. In September 2022, Lady Dodd endowed stained glass windows at St Anne's Church, in memory of her late husband, Sir Ken Dodd.
Notable residents
Former Manchester United manager Ron Atkinson was born in Old Swan.
Judith Berry (nee. Hawkins), mother of Academy Award-winning American actress Halle Berry, was born in Old Swan.
Alan Caldwell, known as Rory Storm, rock 'n' roll singer of the late 1950s and early 1960s. He was born in Old Swan in 1939, was a member of Old Swan Boys' Club (1956–57) and attended St Margaret's Anfield School.
Dennis Evans, former captain of Arsenal F.C., was born in Old Swan.
Tommy Scott, lead singer with 1990s band Space lived in Old Swan at the height of their fame.
Jazz Saxophonist Ken Stubbs, leader of First House, was born in Old Swan.
References
External links
Old Swan History
Liverpool City Council, Ward Profile: Old Swan
Liverpool Street Gallery - Liverpool 13
Old Swan and surrounding area - History - Pics
Areas of Liverpool |
Donna Lee Mayhew (born June 20, 1960, in Dupont, Pennsylvania) is a retired female javelin thrower from the United States, who twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics: 1988 and 1992. She set her personal best (63.66 metres) in 1988.
International competitions
References
1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Track and field athletes from Pennsylvania
American female javelin throwers
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games track and field athletes for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
21st-century American women |
Gordon Henderson (born 27 January 1948) is a British politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Sittingbourne and Sheppey constituency in Kent since the 2010 general election. He is a member of the Conservative Party.
Professional career
Henderson left school at 15 and started work as a stockroom assistant in a Woolworths shop in Chatham. He advanced through the ranks of the company, becoming a senior store manager. Henderson left Woolworths in 1979 after 15 years with the company.
After leaving Woolworths Henderson went through a range of jobs and ran his own restaurant in South Africa. He was also a senior contracts officer for GEC Marconi, and worked for a Rochester based wine company. Before entering parliament Henderson worked as an operations manager for an alcohol-based gifts company, the largest in the UK.
Political career
Henderson has a long-standing interest in politics. He is a fully qualified Conservative Party political agent and was the constituency agent for North Thanet MP, Roger Gale.
Henderson has served as deputy leader of Swale Borough Council twice and was also a member of Kent County Council, during which time he sat both on the education committee and the Kent Police Authority. In 2001, Henderson contested the seat of Luton South; he was unsuccessful, losing by 10,000 votes. In 2005, Henderson contested the Sittingbourne and Sheppey seat and came second, losing by only 79 votes. In 2010, Henderson once again stood for Sittingbourne and Sheppey, this time he received a 12,383 majority (50.5% of the vote)
He was a supporter of the Better Off Out campaign which called for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union. In 2010, he stated that the non-Conservative politician he most admired was Nigel Farage. In 2014, Henderson responded to speculation about a possible defection to UKIP by issuing a statement saying defection was something he had considered, but he viewed their other policies as "muddled and contradictory".
During the 2019 General Election Henderson increased his vote share at the election by over 7%.
In March 2023, Henderson announced he would retire at the next general election.
Personal life
Henderson was born in the Medway towns. He is married with three children, and seven grandchildren. Henderson has lived on the Isle of Sheppey for over 30 years. He is a long time supporter of Gillingham F.C. and Partick Thistle F.C. Henderson has been involved in local voluntary work, as an instructor in the Army Cadet Force, as a director of the SWIM training centre (Sittingbourne) and as a school governor at Eastchurch Primary School (Sheppey) and the Cheyne Middle School (Sheppey). He is currently chairman of Litter Angels, which holds annual workshops in primary schools across Sittingbourne and Sheppey and runs an anti-litter poster competition.
Gordon Henderson suffered an accident on the 8th of August 2016, where he set himself on fire at a barbeque after trying to throw petrol on it.
References
External links
Official website
1948 births
Living people
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Councillors in Kent
Members of Kent County Council
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
School governors |
The Stizini are a tribe of small to large-sized sand wasps, similar to those in the tribe Bembicini, distinguished primarily by features of wing venation. Members of the genus Stizus are large, and superficially resemble cicada-killer wasps (genus Sphecius, in the related tribe Gorytini), and members of the genus Stizoides are cleptoparasites in the nests of other Crabronids.
References
Crabronidae
Hymenoptera tribes
Biological pest control wasps |
Brandon Samuel McPherson (born 2 February 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Grimsby Town.
Career
In 2018, McPherson joined Grimsby Town's academy from Walsall. On 3 September 2019, McPherson made his debut for Grimsby in a 2–1 EFL Trophy defeat against Scunthorpe United.
Career statistics
References
2002 births
Living people
Footballers from Solihull
Men's association football wingers
English men's footballers
Grimsby Town F.C. players |
Henry Jean Guy Gauthier (30 December 1875 in Jarnac, Charente – 23 October 1938 in Cognac, Charente) was a French rugby union player who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the French rugby union team, which won the gold medal.
References
External links
profile
1875 births
1938 deaths
French rugby union players
Rugby union players at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Olympic rugby union players for France
Olympic gold medalists for France
Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Charente
Rugby union players from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Stade Français Paris players
Stade Bordelais players |
The Tragedy of Youth is a 1928 American silent drama film directed by George Archainbaud and starring Patsy Ruth Miller, Warner Baxter and William Collier Jr. It was produced and released by Tiffany Pictures, one of the largest independent studios in Hollywood during the era.
Synopsis
A newlywed wife feels neglected by her husband and turns to another man for consolation.
Cast
Patsy Ruth Miller as Paula Wayne
Warner Baxter as Frank Gordon
William Collier Jr. as Dick Wayne
Claire McDowell as Mother
Harvey Clark as Father
Margaret Quimby as Diana
Billie Bennett as Landlady
Stepin Fetchit as Porter
References
Bibliography
Munden, Kenneth White. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1. University of California Press, 1997.
External links
1928 films
1928 drama films
1920s English-language films
American silent feature films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by George Archainbaud
Tiffany Pictures films
1920s American films
Silent American drama films |
Nauker may refer to:
Nauker (1943 film)
Nauker (1979 film)
Naukar, a 1975 Pakistani film directed by Naheed Akhtar, with music composed by M. Ashraf |
Christianity and fringed garments refers to the mention of fringed garments in Christian sources, and to the Christian appropriation of Jewish rituals, tzitzit and tallit.
New Testament
says:
similarly says:
Christian interpreters have connected these healings that the New Testament records taking place through Jesus' tzitzit with :
Christian interpreters have stated that this is a messianic prophecy fulfilled by Jesus because the Hebrew word "corners" (kanafim, כנפים), used in the Torah for the place tzitzit are to be attached, literally means "wings". Therefore, interpreters say, the suffering woman and the others who were infirm found healing in Jesus' "wings". Interpreters also say Jesus could be referred to by the name "sun of righteousness" because he is considered, in New Testament scripture, to be perfectly righteous and without sin.
also has Jesus saying:
The common interpretation of this statement is that Jesus thereby explained that one should not do the commands of God in such a way as to be seen as more righteous and more zealous by others, similar to teachings found in the Discourse on ostentation. In this case, this motivation was evident in the Pharisees to whom he spoke.
The Bauer lexicon, 3rd ed., 1979, includes this entry:
Onkelos the proselyte, in his Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, uses the same Greek loanword, krūspedīn () for the biblical word tzitzit in Numbers 15:38, and which, in Jewish custom, has the connotation of tassels.
In practice
While much of traditional Christianity has not considered Torah commands such as tzitzit applicable to Christians, there are Torah-submissive Christians who wear tzitzit. Like Karaites, Torah-submissive Christians generally do not feel bound by Jewish oral law, so tzitzit may vary in appearance and may contain blue which is not halakhically derived. However, because of practicality and convenience, traditionally Jewish tzitziot and tallits are often used.
Liturgical use
In Christian liturgy, the stole and other vestments worn by priests and bishops traditionally have fringes on the edge, in remembrance of the Old Testament prescriptions.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, when the priest or bishop puts on his stole he reads a prayer taken from the Psalms of Degrees: "Blessed is God Who poureth out His grace upon His priests, like unto the precious ointment on the head, which runneth down upon the beard, even the beard of Aaron, which runneth down upon the fringe of his raiment." (Cf. Psalm 133).
See also
Biblical law in Christianity
New Testament
References
External links
New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia: Fringes
Christianity and Judaism
Byzantine Rite
Judaism in the New Testament |
The Casablanca–Marrakesh (or Marrakech) expressway is an expressway in Morocco. It has been designated A3 as its identity marker. Total length is 220 km: 17 km Casablanca bypass, 57 km Casablanca-Settat and 146 km Settat-Marrakesh
The expressway takes its origins south of the residential area of Casablanca, at the interchange with the A1 Casablanca bypass. It continues south past Bouskoura and serves the Mohamed V airport with an exit. A toll station is placed just south of there. The road then circumvales the town of Berrechid serving it with an exit north of it for south-bound traffic and one south of it for north-bound traffic.
The road was opened in 2002 to Settat, and construction on the remaining part started in 2003 reaching Marrakesh in 2007. In 2005 the 17 km bypass of Settat opened. When the Marrakech-Agadir expressway opened in 2009 it was directly connected to this A3.
The Casablanca-Marrakesh highway was completed and opened to traffic on April 17, 2007.
Toll-revenues of this road, including the Casablanca bypass, totaled 219 million dirhams, reaching 3rd spot of top earners.
References and footnotes
External links
Opening of completed road by king
A3
Expressway, Casablanca
Expressway, Marrakech
ar:طريق سيار الدارالبيضاء-مراكش |
Prince Louis may refer to:
Princes of Condé
Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569), prominent Huguenot leader and general, the founder of the House of Condé
Louis, Grand Condé (1621–1686), French general
Louis, Prince of Condé (1668–1710) prince du sang at the French court of Louis XIV
Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé (1736–1818), Prince du sang
Louis Henri, Prince of Condé (1756 - 1830), brother-in-law of Philippe Égalité
Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon (1692–1740), prime minister to his kinsman Louis XV
Princes of Conti
François Louis, Prince of Conti (1664–1709), Prince de Conti
Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti (1661–1685), son-in-law of Louis XIV
Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti (1695–1727), Prince of Conti
Louis François, Prince of Conti (1717–1776), French nobleman
Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti (1734–1814), last Prince of Conti
Others
Prince Louis, Count of Aquila (1824–1897), member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Prince Louis, Count of Trani (1838–1886), son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies
Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854–1921), British naval officer and German prince
Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1870–1949), Prince of Monaco
Prince Louis of Luxembourg (born 1986), son of Grand Duke Henri and Cuban-born Grand Duchess Maria Teresa
Prince Louis of Wales (born 2018), son of William, Prince of Wales
See also
King Louis (disambiguation)
Louis (disambiguation) |
The 2018 National Pro Fastpitch season was the 15th season of professional softball under the name National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) for the only professional women's softball league in the United States. From 1997 to 2002, NPF operated under the names Women's Pro Fastpitch (WPF) and Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL). Each year, the playoff teams battle for the Cowles Cup.
Milestones and events
On October 12, 2017, it was reported the Texas Charge would be dissolving, effective immediately. The NPF did not make an announcement regarding the Charge, but all Charge players under contract were added to the league's transactions page as free agents.
In an arrangement similar to the Beijing Eagles', NPF announced in December 2017 that Softball Australia would be operating a 2018 expansion team, the Aussie Spirit.
On January 28, 2018, the Scrap Yard Dawgs announced via press release they would no longer be affiliated with the NPF. They indicated they would continue as an independent team.
On the same day, Ohio.com reported that the Akron Racers would be replaced by a Chinese team, similar to the Beijing Eagles.
Rule changes
Teams, cities and stadiums
Player acquisition
College draft
The 2018 NPF College Draft will be the 13th annual collegiate draft for NPF.
Notable transactions
Head Coaching Changes
The Bandits announced that coach Sharonda McDonald would not be returning for the 2018 season. On September 19, they announced that their new coach would be Olympian medalist and NCAA champion Stacey Nuveman Deniz. Nuveman Deniz held the NCAA home run record of 90 from 2002 to 2015, when Lauren Chamberlain broke it. She played in the NPF for the Arizona Heat in 2005.
League standings
Results table
NPF Championship
Championship Game
Statistical leaders
Players of the Week
Annual awards
All-NPF Team
Notes
See also
List of professional sports leagues
List of professional sports teams in the United States and Canada
References
External links
Softball teams
Softball in the United States
National Pro Fastpitch season
National Pro Fastpitch season |
Satellite Town, Lagos is a community and state housing estate located along the Lagos-Badagry Expressway in Amuwo-Odofin local government area of Lagos State. Its ZIP code is 102262.
History
In early 1960, the Lagos State Government set up Satellite Town to help low income earners own their own houses, with some of the areas allocated to oil workers and private buyers.
Infrastructures
The deplorable state of roads and illegal structures in Satellite Town shows that what was once known to be an estate has, over time, turned into a slum. There were reports that in May 2009, the Lagos State government awarded contracts to help stop flooding, which is a major problem in that area.
See also
Awori District settlements
References
Populated places in Lagos State
Geography of Lagos
Housing estates in Lagos |
The 2014–15 Hong Kong FA Cup Final was a football match that took place on 17 May 2015 at Mong Kok Stadium, Hong Kong. It was the final match of the 2014–15 Hong Kong FA Cup, a football competition including teams in the Hong Kong Premier League.
Details
See also
The Hong Kong Football Association
Hong Kong Premier League
References
External links
Official website of Hong Kong FA Cup
Hong Kong Premier League
Football cup competitions in Hong Kong
Hong Kong FA Cup finals |
True the Vote (TTV) is a conservative vote-monitoring organization based in Houston, Texas whose stated objective is stopping voter fraud. The organization supports voter ID laws and trains volunteers to be election monitors and to spot and bring attention to suspicious voter registrations that its volunteers believe delegitimize voter eligibility. The organization's founder is Catherine Engelbrecht.
Since 2020, True the Vote has become known for its support for the disproven conspiracy theory that Joe Biden's victory in the 2020 United States presidential election was due to fraud. In the aftermath of that election, the group repeatedly claimed that they possessed evidence of widespread voter fraud in the election, and solicited millions of dollars in donations, but never released any evidence. The organization was the primary source for the disproven Dinesh D'Souza film 2000 Mules.
Americans for Prosperity and other Republican-leaning independent groups have sponsored meetings featuring speakers from the group, including Engelbrecht.
History
True the Vote is an offshoot of the King Street Patriots, a nonprofit Tea Party movement organization founded by Engelbrecht and active mostly in Texas. Several members of the King Street Patriots, including Engelbrecht, its president, were dissatisfied with the voting process in Harris County, Texas, during the 2008 election, especially the shortage of poll workers, which they believed "invited fraud and other problems at the polls," and they founded the second group in mid-2009.
2010 election cycle
In August 2010, Harris County Voter Registrar Leo Vasquez told ABC news (Houston affiliate KTRK), "We have evidence indicating violations of the Texas election code, falsified documents being submitted to this governmental office and possibly violations of federal election laws." His office's investigation found 1,597 instances of multiple applications for the same voter, 1,014 applications for folks already registered to vote, 325 for teenagers who are too young to register and 25 from folks who admitted on the application they are not even US citizens. Vasquez said all the applications were gathered by paid deputies with the group Houston Votes. Of the 25,000 applications the group filed in the months of June, July, and August 2010, only 7,193 were actually for new voters.
True the Vote's activities during the 2010 election cycle were largely confined to Harris County, Texas. True the Vote asserted that it uncovered numerous examples of voter fraud, stating, for example: "Vacant lots had several voters registered on them. An eight-bed halfway house had more than 40 voters registered at its address. During the election, the Texas Democratic Party accused True the Vote of voter intimidation in largely Hispanic and African-American polling areas."
2011–12 Wisconsin recall effort
In 2012, True the Vote joined several other Tea Party groups in "Verify the Recall", an effort that opposed the attempted recall of Wisconsin governor Scott Walker in the Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election. True the Vote provided software that it had previously applied to check signatures in petitions in Texas. In order to electronically check over 1 million petition signatures, which had previously been posted online by the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board, True the Vote recruited 17,000 volunteers (mostly out of state) to manually enter signatures into True the Vote's electronic database. True the Vote says it recruited over 13,000 volunteers. True the Vote's website has run at least two stories suggesting that fraud is "rampant" in the recall effort, and frame the effort as decidedly political, saying that "we should not believe the claims of union-supporters and anti-Walker operatives who say that they collected more than one million signatures on petitions to recall Governor Scott Walker.".
On February 28, Walker called for the data gathered by the "Verify the Recall" effort to be used as an official challenge of the recall. This information was gathered and compiled entirely by True the Vote. True the Vote's executive summary contended that only 534,865 signatures gathered during the recall effort were valid. Ultimately the Government Accountability Board ruled that about 900,000 signatures were valid. The New York Times and PR Watch reported apparent systematic errors in True the Vote's signature verification methods.
In the days before the June 5, 2012 recall election, True the Vote announced that it would be training volunteers to monitor polling places throughout Wisconsin, both online and at a small number of locations throughout the state True the Vote stated that hundreds of people showed up for training and later monitored the polls in Wisconsin, and that these monitors were necessary because of "discrepancies" in the recall petition process as well as "Wisconsin’s long history of election fraud." True the Vote pledged to man every polling place in Wisconsin on the day of the recall election, which drew sharp criticism from the Barret campaign.
Throughout the Wisconsin recall, True the Vote worked in concert with a group of local Tea Party groups including the "Wisconsin Grandsons of Liberty" and "We the People of the Republic", which helped True the Vote launch its recall signature verification efforts.
Congressional investigation, 2012
In October 2012, Rep. Elijah Cummings, a Maryland Democrat, initiated an investigation into alleged voter suppression by True the Vote. Cummings wrote a letter to Engelbrecht, raising questions about voter challenges in Ohio, North Carolina, Wisconsin and Maryland. He indicated that if the efforts to challenge voter registrations were "intentional, politically motivated and widespread across multiple states, they could amount to a criminal conspiracy to deny legitimate voters their constitutional rights." In February 2014, True the Vote filed complaints against Cummings including charges of ethics violations after Internal Revenue Service (IRS) emails released by the House Oversight Committee showed staff working for Democratic Ranking Member Elijah Cummings communicated with the IRS multiple times between 2012 and 2013 about True the Vote. Prior to this revelation, Cummings had maintained that at no time was he nor his staff in communication with IRS officials regarding True the Vote. Information contained within the emails show that the IRS and Cummings' staff asked for nearly identical information from Engelbrecht about her organization, implying coordination and improper sharing between the two groups of confidential taxpayer information.
Alleged forgery of signatures in Ohio
In 2012, True the Vote applied to the Franklin County Board of Elections (FCBOE) in Ohio to place polling observers in Columbus area districts with large African-American populations. A November 6, 2012, news report in the Cleveland Leader stated that the FCBOE had determined that five of the six signatures on the application were likely forged. Because this type of fraud is a fifth degree felony, the FCBOE declared that an investigation would be conducted after the election.
Engelbrecht responded to the allegations by saying that the signatures on the initial form were genuine, and, following Franklin County instructions, were copied onto subsequent forms. She said that prior to the placement of observers, the candidates rescinded their approval following threats of lawsuits. Engelbrecht said that the allegation of forgery was "blatant slander", and that William Anthony, the director of the FCBOE, was formerly the chairman of the county Democratic Party. She requested that Anthony release the timeline of events surrounding the allegations and clarify whether there was any coordination with the Democratic Party.
Other activity, 2011–12
On December 13, 2011, it held a rally in Austin, Texas to support a stricter ID law passed earlier that year.
The organization held a national summit in Houston largely centered on charges of voter fraud. Speakers included ACORN whistle-blower Anita Moncrief, Hans von Spakovsky of The Heritage Foundation, who insisted that "United States has a long history of voter fraud that has been documented by historians and journalists," and President Jimmy Carter's pollster and Fox News contributor Pat Caddell, who called opposition to voter ID Laws "the demise of our democracy" and "Slow motion suicide."
2013
In February 2013, True the Vote filed a federal lawsuit against St. Lucie County elections supervisor Gertrude Walker in Florida, claiming that she had failed to turn over public records related to the US House of Representatives election race between Allen West (R) and Patrick Murphy (D): The latter had won by a margin of 2,429 votes. They stated that withholding the documents violated the 1993 Motor Voter Law, which grants them permission to "publicly inspect and examine all voter registration and election records" in question.
In May 2013, it was revealed that True the Vote was one of the groups allegedly subjected to additional scrutiny by the IRS in applying for tax-exempt status.
According to the National Review, since founding True the Vote, Engelbrecht and her husband say they and their business, Engelbrecht Manufacturing, have also been investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Engelbrecht has stated that she "absolutely" thinks she was targeted because she "worked against voter fraud."
On May 21, 2013, the organization filed a lawsuit in the District of Columbia against the IRS over claims that the agency delayed the determination process for its application for 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status, publicly claiming, "We’ve been waiting for three years to receive a decision from the IRS about our tax exempt status. After answering hundreds of questions and producing thousands of documents, we’re done waiting. The IRS does not have the power to pocket veto our application. Federal law empowers groups like True the Vote to force a decision in court – which is precisely what we aim to do."
In July 2013, Mother Jones said that the magazine had obtained documents indicating that Engelbrecht was a member of the Groundswell Group, a conservative group of journalists and activists that meet secretly to stay consistent on messaging. The group includes Virginia Thomas, wife of US Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, and John Bolton, former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, along with journalists from the National Review, Breitbart News, and the Washington Examiner.
2014
On February 6, 2014, Engelbrecht testified before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee at a hearing about the IRS's targetings. She alleged that ranking member Elijah Cummings had acted to "demonize and intimidate" her organization by sending it letters that duplicated IRS requests and by appearing on cable news to "publicly defame" her and True the Vote. Based on those allegations, Engelbrecht filed a formal ethics complaint against Cummings.
In September 2014, TTV celebrated U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder's intention to resign his position stating, "It is our hope that Mr. Holder's announcement marks an end to the radical, racialist assault on voters' rights across America."
In October 2014, True the Vote's lawsuit against the IRS in response to the IRS targeting scandal was dismissed in the Washington D.C. District Court. The organization announced on December 18 that it had filed a notice of appeal for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
In November 2014, the organization denounced President Barack Obama's executive order for deferred action on deportations, claiming the move would cause an "intentional overwhelm" of state agencies and would potentially compromise voter rolls. True the Vote attacked a presidential nominee for the U.S. Election Assistance Commission in a fundraising letter dated December 19, 2014, labeling Matthew S. Butler a "book burner" for having recently served as the CEO of Media Matters for America.
2015
In January 2015, Engelbrecht was called before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary during the confirmation hearing for Attorney General Nominee Loretta Lynch, where she questioned whether the proposed change in leadership would affect the larger Justice Department: "Attorney General Eric Holder has created a radical, racialist agency that metes out social justice on an as-needed basis to promote the advancement of a progressive agenda. Will Ms. Lynch follow in his footsteps or, will she turn in a new direction?"
2020
On November 25, 2020, less than a month after having provided them with a $2.5 million donation, North Carolina money manager Fred Eshelman sued True the Vote for failing to provide him with information about the progress of their Validate the Vote 2020 initiative and failing to achieve the aims of this initiative. The suit was first filed in federal court, then later withdrawn and re-filed in Texas state court. In April 2021 the suit was dismissed for lack of standing.
Validate the Vote is a True the Vote initiative launched shortly after the 2020 U.S. presidential election and led by Engelbrecht, described in a press release as intended to provide that the 2020 election reflected the principle of "one vote for one voter," and aimed to protect the integrity of the US electoral system and ensure public confidence and acceptance of election outcomes critical to American democracy. Validate the Vote pursued several strategies, among them finding whistleblower witnesses to election wrongdoing, data analysis to find irregularities, and lawsuits to obtain access to voter rolls. After failing to persuade Trump's legal team to join its legal strategy, True the Vote withdrew its lawsuits on November 16. None of its strategies produced evidence of significant problems with the election. Engelbrecht has stated that, as of February 2021, the group's investigations were "ongoing".
2022
In May 2022, Dinesh D'Souza released 2000 Mules, a film alleging Democrat-aligned individuals were paid to illegally collect and deposit ballots into drop boxes in Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin during the 2020 presidential election. The film was based on research by True the Vote. Former president Donald Trump repeated his false claim of a stolen election when he praised the film as exposing "great election fraud".
National Public Radio (NPR) stated: "A conservative 'election integrity' group called True The Vote has made multiple misleading or false claims about its work, NPR has found, including the suggestion that they helped solve the murder of an eight-year-old girl in Atlanta. The claims appear in a new pro-Trump film called '2,000 Mules'..." NPR stated that True the Vote's claim they "solved a murder of a young little girl in Atlanta" was false. Analysis conducted by the Associated Press (AP) found the film was "based on faulty assumptions, anonymous accounts and improper analysis of cellphone location data". The AP explained that in various swing counties across the five states, True the Vote used phone pings to cellphone towers to identify individuals who had passed near ballot drop boxes and various unnamed nonprofit organizations multiple times per day, concluding that such people were paid mules for ballot collection and deposits. Experts said such mobile phone tracking was not accurate enough to distinguish alleged mules from many other people who might walk or drive by a ballot box or nonprofit during the course of a day, such as delivery drivers, postal workers and cab drivers. True the Vote asserted it had conducted "pattern of life" filtering of such people prior to the election season, though the AP noted limitations of that approach.
The film also asserted that some of the geolocated alleged mules were also present at what it called "antifa riots" in Atlanta during the George Floyd protests in summer 2020, though AP explained that the geolocation data also could not reliably determine why people were present at that event; they could have been peaceful protesters, police or firefighters responding to the protests, or business owners in the area. D'Souza and Gregg Phillips, a True the Vote board member, asserted they had matched their geolocation data with data from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED). In the film, Phillips claimed "dozens and dozens and dozens of our mules show up on the ACLED databases" as what were characterized as "antifa rioters". ACLED said the claims were categorically false, noting it does not track cellphone data. Engelbrecht asserted Phillips was actually referring to a different organization, then he mentioned ACLED, but she declined to name the different organization, saying Phillips relied on "multiple databases".
2000 Mules does not inform viewers that, even if the events it depicts occurred, every absentee ballot deposited in a drop box must be inside an envelope sent to each registered voter that includes the voter's registration information, signature, and a barcode for verification. Ballots lacking the envelope are rejected. True the Vote did not assert any of the ballots involved in the alleged mule scheme were illegal.
The AP reported that the film's assertion that True the Vote identified 1,155 paid mules in Philadelphia alone was false. The film presented a single anonymous witness who said she saw people picking up what she "assumed" to be payments for ballot collection in Arizona; no evidence of payments was presented in any of the other four states. The film presents no evidence that ballots were collected from a nonprofit to be deposited in drop boxes. None of the surveillance videos in the film show any individual dropping off ballots more than once. True the Vote claims about video of multiple drops by an individual, "Some of that footage was shown in the first trailer. It was taken out because the video is extremely poor quality."
True the Vote did not cooperate with investigations by Georgia election officials, refusing to disclose the names of people who allegedly collected ballots. The State Election Board issued subpoenas to the organization in April 2022, seeking documents, recordings and names of individuals involved; the Board sued the organization in July 2023 for failure to comply with the subpoenas. The GBI examined the True the Vote allegations in fall 2021 but did not find sufficient evidence to open an investigation.
In October 2022, the office of Republican Arizona attorney general Mark Brnovich referred True the Vote to the FBI and IRS for possible investigation, finding that Engelbrecht and Phillips had falsely told the office they had given their data to the Phoenix FBI office and were working as informants there, while telling the FBI office, the Arizona Senate and the public they had given their data to the attorney general's office, though they had not. Brnovich's office said True the Vote claimed to have evidence of 243 mules in Arizona, but presented no proof. The attorney general's office also suggested True the Vote's tax exempt nonprofit status should be examined.
In late 2022, Phillips alleged in a social media and podcast campaign that his associates had discovered evidence that Konnech, a poll worker management software company, had stored data on a Chinese server and allowed the Chinese government to access it. Phillips said the discovery had been made by two associates who hacked Konnech's servers. Konnech filed a federal defamation suit against True the Vote in September, also alleging True the Vote acquired information on millions of poll workers from the alleged hack. During an October court hearing, the involvement of a third Phillips associate was disclosed, but Engelbrecht and Phillips declined federal judge Kenneth Hoyt's demand to identify the man, asserting he was an FBI informant and in danger from drug cartels. Hoyt told them if they didn't identify the man within two days, and present the poll worker data they allegedly obtained, they would be held in contempt of court and jailed; they were jailed for contempt on October 31, 2022. Engelbrecht and Phillips appealed their incarceration to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, a three-judge panel of which ordered them released on November 8.
ProPublica and The Dallas Morning News jointly reported in January 2023 that in 2022 Phillips and Engelbrecht formed an organization to provide a mobile hospital in Ukraine during its war with Russia. Dubbed "The Freedom Hospital," the couple sought to solicit $25 million in donations on conservative media platforms. The project did not materialize, though Phillips spoke of it on Truth Social as though it was in operation. Through their lawyers, Phillips and Engelbrecht said they never raised significant funds, though Phillips had said about half of the $25 million goal had been raised. Their attorneys later said this was an in-kind donation from the mobile hospital manufacturer, rather than cash, though that company's CEO denied such a donation was made. The couple's attorneys said the project was a good faith effort that was unsuccessful.
Criticism
In October 2010, Ryan J. Reilly, writing for the political news and opinion website Talking Points Memo, criticized True the Vote for engaging in what Reilly said was voter suppression "caging", voter intimidation, and advancing statements about the pervasiveness of voter fraud that he said were unfounded.
In 2012, Democratic Congressman Elijah Cummings opened an investigation into the organization amid its efforts to remove hundreds of students and other voters from registration rolls across the United States in advance of that year's presidential election. Cummings stated, "At some point, an effort to challenge voter registrations by the thousands without any legitimate basis may be evidence of illegal voter suppression. If these efforts are intentional, politically motivated and widespread across multiple states, they could amount to a criminal conspiracy to deny legitimate voters their constitutional rights."
In May 2013, following the IRS targeting controversy, Engelbrecht stated True the Vote was subject to additional scrutiny in applying for tax-exempt status. Engelbrecht said the IRS requested additional information from True the Vote five times, which required thousands of pages of documentation. She said that she spent more than $100,000 in attorney and accountant fees to process the IRS requests. Because of the delay in obtaining tax-exempt status, which lasted for three years, she said True the Vote had to return a $35,000 grant and could not effectively fundraise. In addition to scrutiny by the IRS, the organization was subject to inquiries from the FBI, ATF, and OSHA. "I just kept thinking this can't be happening." Engelbrecht said, "it never ends."
In June 2022, Mother Jones published findings from an analysis of True the Vote's financial documents conducted by The Center for Investigative Reporting. The analysis suggested possible self-dealing with donated funds between Engelbrecht, Gregg Phillips and the organization's attorney, James Bopp.
In July 2023, the Georgia State Election Board filed a lawsuit against True the Vote to compel it to provide information about its claims of payments to individuals to place ballots in dropboxes in Atlanta during the 2020 election.
References
External links
Catherine Engelbrecht Speaks at the Texas Tea Party Patriots PAC
Is True the Vote Intimidating Minority Voters From Going to the Polls? November 2, 2012 Nightline article and video
Holley, Joe (March 28, 2012). "Judge rules tea party group a PAC, not a nonprofit". The Houston Chronicle
Conservative political advocacy groups in the United States
2009 establishments in Texas
Organizations based in Houston
Organizations established in 2009
American conspiracy theorists |
Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units were used on London's Metropolitan Railway after the lines were electrified in the early 20th century.
After a joint experiment with the District Railway with which they operated the inner circle in London, a four rail DC system was chosen. The first Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units ran on 1 January 1905 from Uxbridge to Baker Street, the circle service began a full electric service on 24 September 1905 and an electric service started on the joint Hammersmith and City line on 5 November 1906.
More trains were purchased in 1915 and 1921 to replace and supplement those operating the circle service. In 1927-33 compartment stock was built for use on the Extension line out of Baker Street through Harrow.
In 1933 the railway was amalgamated with the other London underground railway companies to form the London Passenger Transport Board. The older stock was withdrawn after replacement by the O Stock in the 1930s, the Circle stock was renovated and was later replaced by P Stock in 1950 and the units which ran on the Extension line were standardised and designated T Stock, and later replaced by A Stock in 1963.
Electrification
The Metropolitan Railway was opened in 1863 with wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, but at the start of the 20th century the railway was seeing increased competition in central London from the new Underground Electric Railways of London (UERL) tube lines and the use of buses. The use of steam underground led to smoke-filled stations and carriages which was unpopular with passengers, and conversion to electric traction was seen as the way forward.
Because of the jointly operated Inner Circle co-operation with the District Railway was essential. A jointly owned experimental train of six coaches was tested on passenger service on an Earl's Court to High Street Kensington shuttle in 1900. Composed of four trailers and two motor cars this had pick up shoes which made contact with conductor rails energised at 600 V DC on both sides of the track. Although the motor cars were connected by a bus line, there was no multiple working, meaning only the leading motor car was powered.
The experiment was considered a success, and following tenders a 3000V AC system was recommended by the electrification joint committee, and this was accepted by both parties until the American led UERL took control of the District. The group was led by Charles Yerkes, whose experience in the United States led him to favour DC, with conductor rail similar to that in use on the City & South London Railway and Central London Railway. After arbitration by the Board of Trade a DC system with four rails was taken up and the railways began electrifying their routes, using multiple-unit stock and electric locomotives hauling carriages.
Early units
The first order was placed with Metropolitan Amalgamated in 1902 for 50 trailers and 20 motor cars, which were intended to run as ten 7-car trains, although due to problems with platform lengths these ran as 6-car trains. They were open saloon cars with access at the ends via open lattice gates. The units had two motor cars which were equipped with Westinghouse electric equipment and four motors, and ran off-peak as 3-car units with a motor car and a driving trailer. Twenty 6-cars trains were ordered for the Hammersmith & City line that the Met jointly operated with the Great Western Railway with Thomson-Houston equipment (BTH) and GE76 150 hp motors. In 1904 an order was placed for a further 36 motor cars and 62 trailers with an option for a further 20 motor cars and 40 trailers. However problems with the Westinghouse equipment (BWE) meant when the option was taken up Thomson-Houston equipment (BTH) was specified, but more powerful GE69 motors were fitted.
The first electric multiple units ran on 1 January 1905 from Uxbridge to Baker Street, the Uxbridge branch having opened in July 1904 and worked by steam for six months. After problems with the Metropolitan shoegear on the District Railway were solved the inner circle began a full electric service on 24 September 1905, reducing the travel time from seventy to fifty minutes, and an electric service started on the Hammersmith and City line on 5 November 1906.
The trains had first and third class accommodation with electric lighting and heating. However, it was quickly found that the lattice gates left the coach ends exposed when working in the open and the cars were modified with vestibules from 1906. Having access only from the end of the coaches was a problem on the busy circle line and centre sliding doors were added from 1911. Up to 1918 the motor cars with the more powerful GE69 motors were used on the Circle line with three trailers.
In 1910 two motor cars were modified with driving cabs at both ends. One had 150 BWE equipment and the other 150 BTH, and they started work on the Uxbridge shuttle service, before being transferred to the Addison Road shuttle in 1918. From 1925 to 1934 these vehicles worked between Watford and Rickmansworth.
GN&C Stock
In 1913 the Metropolitan bought the Great Northern and City Railway which ran from Finsbury Park directly into the City of London at Moorgate. It operated with electric multiple units and the original GN&C Stock operated on the line between 1904 and 1939.
M and N Stock
Following electrification there were surplus carriages. The Ashbury bogie stock had been built recently and from 1906 some of these carriages were converted into multiple units. Initially two 4-car rakes were converted by fitting control equipment and cabs to run with 150 BWE motor cars. It was found these were underpowered and the carriages were modified to use the more powerful 200 BTH motor cars. In 1907 these motor cars were needed on the inner circle services so four bogie carriages were converted into motor cars using 150 BWE equipment to make 2 x 6-car units. These were known as N stock and used on Uxbridge services until 1932 when they were reduced to four car units and transferred to the Stanmore branch.
Two M stock 7-car units were built from Ashbury bogie stock by fitting control equipment and cabs and 200 BTH and GE 69 motors and these were later lengthened to 8-car by adding another carriage.
Circle Stock
In 1913 the Metropolitan needed additional stock to serve the East London Railway, and it had introduced through running at Baker Street. An order was placed for 23 motor cars and 20 trailers, saloon cars with sliding doors at the ends and the middle. All motor cars were ordered with 200 BWE equipment, but ten were installed on the electric locomotives and thirteen motor cars entered service with 200 BWE equipment and ten with 200 BTH equipment with GE69 motors, and worked with earlier stock on the circle and mainline services.
In 1921 the electric equipment was replaced on the locomotives and the 200 BWE and 86M traction motors recovered were fitted to 20 new motor cars. These were ordered with 33 trailers and 6 first class driving trailers with three pairs of double sliding doors down both sides, and introduced on circle services.
After London Underground was formed in 1933 the Circle stock was renovated, painted in a red and cream livery and the traction motors replaced a year later at Acton Works. All had been withdrawn by 31 December 1950 after being replaced by O Stock.
W, MV & MW stock
In 1927–33 multiple unit compartment stock was built in batches by Metropolitan Carriage and Wagon and Birmingham Carriage and Wagon to be used on electric services from Baker Street and the city to Watford and Rickmansworth. The first order was only for motor cars; half had Westinghouse brakes, Metro-Vickers control systems and four MV153 motors rated at ; they replaced the motor cars working with bogie stock trailers in the 'W' units. The rest of the motor cars had the same motor equipment but used vacuum brakes instead, and worked with converted Dreadnoughts of the 1920/23 batches to form 'MV' units. The 'MW' stock was ordered in 1929, 30 motor coaches and 25 trailers similar to the 'MV' units, but with Westinghouse brakes to make five 7-car trains. A further batch of 'MW' stock was ordered in 1931, this time from Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company. This was to make 7 × 8-coach trains, and included additional trailers to increase the previous 'MW' batch to 8-coaches. These had GEC WT545 motors, and although designed to work in multiple with the MV153, this did not work well in practice.
After the Metropolitan Railway became part of London Underground, the MV stock was fitted with Westinghouse brakes and the cars with GEC engines regeared to allow these to work in multiple with the MV153 engined cars. In 1938 9 × 8-coach and 10 × 6-coach MW units were redesignated London Underground T Stock. This was replaced by the A Stock, with the final train running on 5 October 1962. The Spa Valley Railway is home to two T-Stock carriages.
P Stock was ordered to replace the remaining Metropolitan multiple units. A combination of 3-car units and 2-car units to run in six and eight car lengths were delivered from July 1939. Two trailers were included in an eight car formation, but these were designed to allow conversion to motor cars at a later date after improvements to the power supply. F Stock trains had been built for the District Railway in the early 1920s. In the 1950s a number became available for use on the Metropolitan line and mainly worked the semi-fast Harrow and Uxbridge services and ran on the East London line as modified four-car sets.
Stock transferred to the London Underground
In 1933 when the Metropolitan amalgamated with the other London underground railway companies to form the London Passenger Transport Board it operated with the following stock.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
A silent film A trip on the Metropolitan Railway, circa 1910 London Transport Museum
Metropolitan Line Clive's UndergrounD Line Guides
Metropolitan Railway
London Underground electric multiple units |
Turbonilla neocaledonica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
Description
The shell grows to a length of 5.3 mm.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Fiji and New Caledonia.
References
External links
To Encyclopedia of Life
To World Register of Marine Species
neocaledonica
Gastropods described in 2010 |
Dakoda Shepley (born December 27, 1994) is a Canadian American football offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League fifth overall in the first round in the 2018 CFL Draft. He spent time with the New York Jets of the National Football League in 2018. Shepley played university football at British Columbia.
Early years
Shepley attended Holy Names High School in Windsor, Ontario. His main sport was ice hockey and didn't start playing football until suffering a broken hand during his sophomore season.
He enrolled at the University of British Columbia. He was redshirted in 2013. He was a four-year starter, playing right tackle and right guard. As a sophomore, he contributed to the team winning the Vanier Cup championship. As a senior, he was named a Canada West All-star at right tackle.
Professional career
New York Jets
Shepley was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New York Jets after the 2018 NFL Draft on May 4. He attended training camp and played three preseason games with the Jets before being released on August 31, 2018.
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Despite being signed by the New York Jets a week earlier, the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League selected Shepley with the fifth overall pick in the 2018 CFL Draft. Shepley signed a two-year deal with the Roughriders in March 2019. Shepley made his CFL debut on June 13, 2019, against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and started 14 games as a rookie. He was the unanimous selection for Saskatchewan Roughriders Most Outstanding Rookie.
After the CFL canceled the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Shepley chose to opt-out of his contract with the Roughriders on August 25, 2020.
San Francisco 49ers
On August 29, 2020, Shepley signed with the San Francisco 49ers of the NFL. He was waived on September 5, 2020, and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was elevated to the active roster on December 12 and December 19, for the team's weeks 14 and 15 games against the Washington Football Team and Dallas Cowboys, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 4, 2021.
On August 31, 2021, the 49ers waived Shepley.
Seattle Seahawks
On September 1, 2021, the Seattle Seahawks claimed Shepley off waivers. Shepley played in 8 games during the regular season, blocking on the extra point unit. On August 31, 2022, the Seahawks waived Shepley as part of final roster cut downs.
Dallas Cowboys
On September 1, 2022, the Dallas Cowboys signed Shepley to their practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on January 7, 2023, then waived two days later.
Indianapolis Colts
On January 10, 2023, Shepley was claimed off waivers by the Indianapolis Colts. He was waived on August 29, 2023 and re-signed to the practice squad on September 21. He was released on October 17.
Dallas Cowboys (second stint)
On October 31, 2023, Shepley was signed to the Dallas Cowboys practice squad.
Personal life
Shepley portrayed Omega Red in Deadpool 2. He also was a stunt and body double in Game Over, Man!
References
External links
Saskatchewan Roughriders bio
1994 births
Living people
Canadian football offensive linemen
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Seattle Seahawks players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Canadian football people from Windsor, Ontario
UBC Thunderbirds football players
Players of American football from Ontario
Dallas Cowboys players
Indianapolis Colts players |
Gideon Patt (; 22 February 1933 – 26 April 2020) was an Israeli politician who served in several ministerial positions between the late 1970s and early 1990s.
Biography
Born in Jerusalem during the Mandate era, Patt served in the Nahal brigade and studied economics at New York University, gaining a BA.
For the 1969 elections he was placed 27th on the Gahal list, but missed out on a seat when the alliance won only 26 seats. However, he entered the Knesset on 29 January 1970 as a replacement for the deceased Aryeh Ben-Eliezer. He was re-elected in 1973 and 1977 and was appointed Minister of Housing and Construction in Menachem Begin's government. In January 1979, he switched to the Industry, Trade and Tourism portfolio.
Following the 1981 elections the Tourism and Industry and Trade portfolios were separated, though Patt continued to hold both until August 1981 when he gave up the Tourism post.
After the 1984 elections he became Minister of Science and Development, before returning to the Tourism portfolio after the 1988 elections. Although he retained his seat in the 1992 elections, the government was formed by Labor, and Patt lost his place in the cabinet. He did not run for re-election in 1996 and retired from politics.
Patt died on 26 April 2020.
References
External links
1933 births
2020 deaths
Israeli economists
Israeli Jews
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Gahal politicians
Likud politicians
Members of the 7th Knesset (1969–1974)
Members of the 8th Knesset (1974–1977)
Members of the 9th Knesset (1977–1981)
Members of the 10th Knesset (1981–1984)
Members of the 11th Knesset (1984–1988)
Members of the 12th Knesset (1988–1992)
Members of the 13th Knesset (1992–1996)
Ministers of Housing of Israel
Ministers of Science of Israel
Ministers of Tourism of Israel
New York University alumni
Politicians from Jerusalem |
Janak Champika Gamage (born April 17, 1964, in Matara) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played four ODIs for Sri Lanka in 1995.
Coaching career
Since his retirement, Gamage has taken up coaching. He coached the Bangladesh women's national team from August 2014 to May 2016, and was then hired to coach the Thailand women's national team.
References
1964 births
Living people
Colts Cricket Club cricketers
Galle Cricket Club cricketers
Kurunegala Youth Cricket Club cricketers
Moors Sports Club cricketers
Ruhuna cricketers
Sri Lankan cricket coaches
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan expatriates in Bangladesh
Sri Lankan expatriates in Thailand
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sportspeople from Matara, Sri Lanka
Cricketers from Southern Province, Sri Lanka
Coaches of the Bangladesh women's national cricket team
Coaches of women's national cricket teams |
Martial Auribelli (died 11 September 1473) was a French Dominican. He was head of his Order from 1453 to 1462, when he was deposed in favour of a papal candidate, Conrad of Asti. He was again Master-General from 1465 to 1473.
He was opposed by the reformer Johannes de Turrecremata, influential at the papal curia. Auribelli's concern was that reform of the Dominicans would split the Order into less and more observant parts, as had happened to the Franciscans.
Notes
French Dominicans
Masters of the Order of Preachers
1473 deaths
Year of birth unknown |
is a racing video game for the Nintendo 3DS console published and developed by Namco Bandai Games. The game was released in Japan on 26 February 2011 and in North America on 22 March, five days prior to the launch of the Nintendo 3DS itself in that region. Ridge Racer 3D was also released in Europe on 25 March and in Australia on 31 March.
Gameplay
Ridge Racer 3D is an arcade racing game revolving around cars racing around high speed tracks while drifting. There are two main gameplay types: Single Player and Versus. Versus is a multi-player mode which allows the ability to play against other players via a wireless connection in Standard Race, One-Make Race and Team Battle by either hosting or joining a race using Nintendo 3DS local play.
Other minor gameplay types include: Records (allowing the player to view their records achieved in Single Player and check local rankings based on records acquired from friends or via StreetPass), AV player (allowing to watch replays of past races while listening to music of choice), Options, and Garage (allowing to view and modify cars the player has acquired).
There are several single player game modes:
Grand Prix: Competing in a series of races in order to win new cars and nitrous kits or to make them available for purchase.
Quick Tour: Playing in a series of races automatically generated from the player's preferences:
Play Time: Time limit of 3 to 30 mins, multiplied by 3 mins.
Course Type: Recommended, Drift or High Speed.
Race Category: Choosing from four different categories to race on.
Standard Race: Selecting a car and track in order to race against 7 opponents.
One-Make Race: Selecting a track and race against 7 opponents all using the same machine.
Time Attack: Racing around a track as fast as possible for 3 laps in order to achieve the fastest time or beat a ghost.
StreetPass Duel: Racing against the ghosts of other players acquired via StreetPass.
Reception
Ridge Racer 3D was commercially successful. During its first week, it sold over 34,000 copies. In total, the game sold over 116,000 copies, 20,000 more than its portable predecessor Ridge Racer 2. According to the review aggregator website Metacritic, the game received "generally favorable reviews" with a score of 75/100.
Critics agreed that 3D was one of the best launch titles for the console, and showed the system's potential. IGN said that it made for a great launch title for the 3DS, while Joystiq claimed it was one of the best games available for the console. Eurogamer'''s review criticized the game for lacking new courses but praised it overall as "a Ridge Racer experience that could be unlike any other" by virtue of its 3D visuals. Nintendo World Report claimed it was one of the most impressive launch titles available, as did Destructoid. Multiple reviewers compared the game to the other 3DS racing game launch title Asphalt 3D, all of whom said that Ridge Racer 3Ds quality and polish made it a far superior product.
The gameplay of 3D was well-received. Many publications said that the game still kept the core Ridge Racer mechanics intact, such as drifting, and retained what they felt made the franchise fun. Nintendojo said it set the standard for racing games on the 3DS. Nintendo World Report described it as "a rather excellent mix of arcade and sim racing", liking its simplistic, easy-to-grasp controls. Critics also commended the game for its 3D display, which they claimed made it a technologically impressive title for the console. Nintendojo stated that the 3D effect made the game stand out, and was the definitive way to play it. Eurogamer and IGN agreed, with Eurogamer stating it made for the best portable iteration of the Ridge Racer series.
Critics applauded the game's presentation and amount of content. Game Informer complemented the amount of gameplay modes for providing additional replay value, as did Nintendojo. GamePro and GameSpot both commented on its wide selection of vehicles and courses. GameSpot also liked the courses themselves for being fun to race in. The controls were also praised by several for being responsive, with Nintendo World Report saying the game works "surprisingly well" with the system's Circle Pad. IGN applauded the game's early usage of the StreetPass function through its use of leaderboards and multiplayer ghosts. Destructoid called the game as solid, if not outstanding. 3D was also praised for its energetic soundtrack, large sense of speed, and consistent framerate.
The lack of an online multiplayer mode was met with criticism. Nintendo World Report said that it was one of the game's weakest points, while IGN stated it was a severely missed opportunity. Eurogamer found the tracks to feel like rehashes of earlier Ridge Racer games, and Joystiq claimed that the lack of an online mode might put off some players. While several criticized the graphics for being fuzzy and unimpressive, with GamePro saying they were inferior to the Ridge Racer games for the PlayStation Portable, Destructoid disagreed, writing that they were bright and colorful. Most critics claimed that 3Ds gameplay, while a lot of fun, did not add much to the core gameplay of the series compared to its predecessors. Eurogamer argued that the game was lacking in the way of new content, instead borrowing many elements from its console predecessor Ridge Racer 7. Nintendojo'' found the in-game announcer annoying to listen to, suggesting players to turn it off as soon as they begin the game.
Notes
References
External links
2011 video games
Bandai Namco games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
Nintendo 3DS-only games
Nintendo 3DS games
Racing video games
Ridge Racer
Video games developed in Japan |
Old Sun Glacier is in Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. The glacier is situated immediately to the east and northeast of Mount Merritt at an elevation between above sea level. The glacier was named after a sun priest of the Blackfoot called "Ntas", translated to Old Sun. Old Sun Glacier has numerous crevasses and appears to have a healthy accumulation zone. Old Sun Glacier lost 12 percent of its surface area between 1966 and 2005.
See also
List of glaciers in the United States
Glaciers in Glacier National Park (U.S.)
References
Glaciers of Glacier County, Montana
Glaciers of Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Glaciers of Montana |
Subsets and Splits