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A sept is a division of a family, especially of a Scottish or Irish family. The term is used in both Scotland and Ireland, where it may be translated as sliocht, meaning "progeny" or "seed", which may indicate the descendants of a person (for example, Sliocht Bhriain Mhic Dhiarmada, "the descendant of Brian MacDermott"). The word may derive from the Latin saeptum, meaning "enclosure" or "fold", or via an alteration of "sect". Family branches Síol is a Gaelic word meaning "progeny" or "seed" that is used in the context of a family or clan with members who bear the same surname and inhabited the same territory, as a manner of distinguishing one group from another; a family called Mac an Bháird (anglicised as "Ward") might be divided into septs such as Síol Sheáin Mhic Bhriain, Síol Chonchobhair Óig, Síol Sheáin Chuinn, or Síol Chon Chonnacht. Each of these individual septs may further subdivide into more septs, which may sometimes lead to the development of novel surnames and/or the rise of the family such that it may be considered a clan in its own right. Such septs were common in Scotland, where the clan system was well-developed. Scotland In the context of Scottish clans, septs are families that followed another family's chief, or part of the extended family and that hold a different surname. These smaller septs would then be part of the chief's larger clan. A sept might follow another chief if two families were linked through marriage, or, if a family lived on the land of a powerful laird, they would follow him whether they were related or not. Bonds of manrent were sometimes used to bind lesser chiefs and his followers to more powerful chiefs. According to the Oxford Companion to Scottish History, the MacMartins of Letterfinlay who were a sept of the Clan Cameron would have seen themselves as distinct within their own lands, but would have also seen themselves as Camerons if operating elsewhere outside Lochaber. Bonds of manrent and friendship tied obviously non-related kin groups into a wider military, political, and land/food resource sharing clanship. Today, sept lists are used by clan societies to recruit new members. Such lists date back to the 19th century, when clan societies and tartan manufacturers attempted to capitalise on the enthusiasm and interest for all things Scottish. Lists were drawn up that linked as many surnames as possible to a particular clan, regardless of whether there was an actual historical connection to that clan surname. In this way, individuals without a "clan name" could connect to a Scottish clan and thus feel "entitled" to its tartan. Also, common surnames, found throughout the British Isles, were linked to particular clans. For example, the surname Miller/Millar was made a sept of Clan MacFarlane, and Taylor of Clan Cameron. Furthermore, patronymic forms of common personal names were also linked to particular clans. This has led to the false impression that many surnames have one origin and are all related to one another, and that such surnames are historically connected to one particular clan. Ireland Historically, the term "sept" was not used in Ireland until the 19th century, long after any notion of clanship had been eradicated. The English word "sept" is most accurate in referring to a subgroup within a large clan, particularly when that group has taken up residence outside their clan's original territory (e.g. the O'Neills, MacSweeneys, and O'Connors). Related Irish clans often belong to larger groups, dynasties, such as the Dál gCais, Uí Néill, Uí Fiachrach, and Uí Maine. Recently, Edward MacLysaght suggested the English word "sept" be used in place of the word 'clan' with regard to the historical social structure in Ireland, to differentiate it from the centralised Scottish clan system. This would imply that Ireland possessed no formalised clan system, which is not wholly accurate. Brehon Law, the ancient legal system of Ireland clearly defined the clan system in pre-Norman Ireland, with its electoral system limited to the senior sept's members (see derbfine), which collapsed after the Tudor Conquest in the 16th century. The Irish, when speaking of themselves, employed their term "clann", which means "children" in Irish. See also Dit name Irish genealogy Mac Amhlaoibh and Mac Amhalghaidh (Irish septs) Sippe References Further reading Septs of Clan Mcfarlane, with reasons for septs External links Scottish clans Society of Scotland Society of Ireland Irish clans
The 1980–81 Northern Premier League was the thirteenth season of the Northern Premier League, a regional football league in Northern England, the northern areas of the Midlands and North Wales. The season began on 16 August 1980 and concluded on 3 May 1981. Overview The League featured twenty-two clubs. Team changes The following club left the League at the end of the previous season: Frickley Athletic promoted to Alliance Premier League The following club joined the League at the start of the season: King's Lynn transferred from Southern League Midland Division League table Results Stadia and locations Cup Results Challenge Cup Cup: Marine bt. Runcorn Northern Premier League Shield: Runcorn bt. Mossley Cup results Challenge Cup Northern Premier League Shield Between Champions of NPL Premier Division and Winners of the NPL Cup. As Runcorn won both the Northern Premier League and the Challenge Cup, Mossley qualified as 2nd placed team of the NPL. FA Cup Only one of the twenty-two Northern Premier League clubs reached the second round: Second Round FA Trophy One of the twenty-two Northern Premier League clubs reached the fourth round: Fourth Round End of the season At the end of the thirteenth season of the Northern Premier League, Runcorn applied to join the Alliance Premier League and were successful. Promotion and relegation The following club left the League at the end of the season: Runcorn promoted to Alliance Premier League The following club joined the League the following season: Bangor City relegated from Alliance Premier League (returning after a two year's absence) References External links Northern Premier League official website Northern Premier League tables at RSSSF Football Club History Database Northern Premier League seasons 6
General John Paul McConnell (February 7, 1908 – November 21, 1986) was the sixth Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force. As chief of staff, McConnell served in a dual capacity. He was a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff which, as a body, acts as the principal military adviser to the President of the United States, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. In his other capacity, he was responsible to the Secretary of the Air Force for managing the vast human and materiel resources of the world's most powerful aerospace force. Early life and education John Paul McConnell was the son of Dr. Samuel Paul McConnell, a medical doctor, and Desseau M. (Dorsey) McConnell. A native of Booneville, Arkansas, McConnell graduated magna cum laude from Henderson Brown College at Arkadelphia, Arkansas, with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1927. He entered West Point a year later and, at the time of his graduation on June 10, 1932, was First Captain of the Corps of Cadets. After taking flying training at Randolph and Kelly Fields, Texas, he received his pilot wings in 1933. Military career A fighter pilot during his early years in the then-Army Air Corps, later Army Air Forces, McConnell gained broad experience through a variety of operational and administrative assignments, including duty as assistant executive in the Office of the Chief of Air Forces in Washington. Subsequently, he served in key Air Force positions in both Asia and Europe. In 1943 McConnell became chief of staff of the China-Burma-India Air Force Training Command at Karachi, India (later part of Pakistan), and remained in Asia for the rest of World War II. While senior air staff officer, Air Command Southeast Asia, and deputy commander of the Third Tactical Air Force in 1944, he participated in combat operations against the Japanese in Burma. In 1946 he was named senior air adviser to the Chinese government and, at the same time, commanded the Air Division, Nanking Headquarters Command. McConnell returned to Air Force Headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1947 to become chief of the Reserve and National Guard Division and, the next year, was appointed chief of the Air Force's Civilian Components Group. Assigned to England in 1950, he served as deputy commander and later, commander of the Third Air Force. He then took command of the 7th Air Division of the Strategic Air Command, commanding the Third Air Force at the same time. This was followed by a four-year tour as director of Plans at Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. In 1957 he was named commander of Second Air Force, Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, and four years later returned to Strategic Air Command to become vice commander in chief. In 1962 McConnell was assigned to Europe as deputy commander in chief of the United States European Command and promoted to the rank of general. He was appointed Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force in August 1964, and assumed the position of Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force on 1 February 1965, relieving General Curtis E. LeMay. His appointment as chief of staff was extended to July 1969. McConnell's decorations included the Army Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Legion of Merit with three oak leaf clusters, Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal, and numerous foreign awards, including Commander of the Order of the British Empire and the Legion of Honor – Degree of Commandeur (France). In June 1965, McConnell was presented an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio. He also received an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville in June 1966. McConnell retired from the Air Force on July 31, 1969, and died November 21, 1986, in Bethesda, Montgomery County, Maryland. A funeral service was held on November 25 in the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., with burial in the United States Air Force Academy Cemetery in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The public library in his hometown of Booneville, Arkansas is named in his honor and contains many items of memorabilia from his years of service to the US Air Force, including service medals, decorations and commendations as of 2016. Effective dates of promotion Source: Postscript McConnell's role as Chief of Staff of the Air Force, as well as that of the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Vietnam War, specifically under the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, has recently been the subject of significant historical research in the area of the relationships between senior military leaders (e.g., the JCS) and the civilian political leadership (e.g., the National Command Authority) and has increasingly become a topical discussion issue and object lesson for officers attending the nation's senior service colleges (i.e., Air War College, Army War College, Naval War College and National War College). The Arkansas Aviation Historical Society inducted McConnell into the Arkansas Aviation Hall of Fame in 1985. McConnell's son, Dorsey W. M. McConnell, is bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh. Another son, Bruce W. McConnell, is CEO and President at the EastWest Institute. See also Johnson-McConnell agreement of 1966 References Generals.dk 1908 births 1986 deaths United States Military Academy alumni Joint Chiefs of Staff Chiefs of Staff of the United States Air Force Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army) Recipients of the Legion of Merit Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) People from Booneville, Arkansas Military personnel from Arkansas United States Army Air Forces officers United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II Commanders of the Legion of Honour Recipients of the Air Medal Vice Chiefs of Staff of the United States Air Force Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Lawrence Furniss (1862–1941) was an English football player, manager and chairman who was the first ever manager of Manchester City. Footnotes References James, Gary - Farewell to Maine Road 1862 births 1941 deaths English men's footballers Manchester City F.C. managers Manchester City F.C. players Manchester City F.C. directors and chairmen English football managers English football chairmen and investors Men's association football players not categorized by position Place of birth missing
Pachakutiq (Quechua pacha time, space, kuti return, "return of time", "change of time", pacha kuti "great change or disturbance in the social or political order", -q a suffix, Pachakutiq an Inca emperor, Hispanicized spelling Pachacutec) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about high. It is located in the Puno Region, Lampa Province, Paratía District. Pachakutiq is situated southwest of the mountain Yanawara, west of the lake Sayt'uqucha and north of the mountain Aqup'ukru. References Mountains of Puno Region Mountains of Peru
Mary Teissier (born Maria Petrovna Perevostchikova; 27 December 1917 – 1 August 1990) was a Ukrainian-French socialite, heiress, interior designer, and art collector. She is best known as the long-time mistress of American millionaire J. Paul Getty, with whom she lived at Sutton Place. When Getty died in 1976, she received the second-largest inheritance out of all of his mistresses. She was married to the Parisian socialite Lucien Teissier, with whom she owned the Villa San Michele in Tuscany. Through her mother, Teissier was a morganatic descendent of Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. Early life and family Teissier was born Maria Petrovna Perevostchikova in Odesa in 1917 to Petr Ghika-Perevostchikov and Countess Elizabeta Alexeevna Belevskya-Zhukovskya. Teissier's parents later divorced and her mother married the painter Arthur Lourié. Through her mother, Teissier was a morganatic descendant of the House of Romanov and related to multiple Russian and German noble families. Teissier's maternal grandparents were Count Aleksey Belevsky-Zhukovsky, a second cousin of Tsar Nicholas II, and Princess Maria Petrovna Troubetskaya. She was a great-granddaughter of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia, the son of Tsar Alexander II and Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine, and his mistress Alexandra Zhukovskaya, Baroness of Seggiano, the daughter of Vasily Zhukovsky and Elizabeth von Reutern (daughter of Gerhardt Wilhelm von Reutern). Married life She married Parisian socialite Lucien Teissier in Paris in May 1944. They had two children, Alexis (born 1946) and Marie Beatrice (born 1950). She and her husband owned a summer residence in Versailles and, in 1950, they purchased the Villa San Michele in Fiesole. Her husband transformed their Italian villa into a luxury boutique hotel. An art expert and interior designer, she kept a large art collection at the villa. The Teissiers later divorced. Affair with J. Paul Getty When she was thirty-six years old, Teissier was introduced to J. Paul Getty by their mutual friend Paul-Louis Weiller. Getty was a frequent guest of Teissier's at the Villa San Michele, particularly in between trips to Milan and Naples. It was during this time, around 1960, that the two began their longstanding affair. Getty's courtship of Teissier took longer than his previous affairs, as she was married, and she was reportedly jealous of Getty's other affairs. The two attended many society events together, including the Hotel Café Royal's 100th anniversary party on 11 February 1965. When Getty invited British interior designer Penelope Ann Kitson to stay at Sutton Place, Teissier and Getty's other live-in mistresses, Rosabella Burch and Lady Ursula d'Abo, were infuriated. Both Teissier and Lady Ursula claimed to be Getty's "one true love" and Teissier had been the one to initially convince Getty to purchase the manor house. When Getty died in 1976, Teissier was listed alongside Lady Ursula, Kitson, Burch, Countess Marianne von Alvensleben, Karin Mannhardt, Hildegard Kuhn, Gloria Bigelow, Mary Maginnis, and Belene Clifford in his will. She received the second-largest inheritance from Getty, after Kitson, which included 2,500 shares of Getty Oil, valued at $413,125, and a $750 monthly allowance for the remainder of her life. She died in Châteauneuf-Grasse on 1 August 1990. References 1917 births 1990 deaths 20th-century art collectors French socialites Mistresses Morganatic issue of Romanovs People from Odesa Ukrainian people of German descent Ukrainian people of Russian descent Ukrainian art collectors Ukrainian socialites Women art collectors
The Museum of Nebraska Art (MONA) is the official art museum of the state of Nebraska. The museum is located in Kearney, Nebraska, and is administratively affiliated with the University of Nebraska at Kearney. The official charter of MONA makes it home to the Nebraska Art Collection, which is home to works by artists who were born in Nebraska, have lived in Nebraska, or have some connection to Nebraska. MONA also hosts regular rotating exhibitions by living or historic artists who have some connection with the state of Nebraska. History The Nebraska Art Collection was first created in 1976 but initially lacked a permanent home. In 1985 a state-appointed commission settled on a historic post office building in Kearney which was built in 1911 but was badly outmoded and slated for demolition. The Neoclassical architecture, marble interiors, and spacious, well-lit rooms attracted the attention of museum officials, who purchased the disused building and refitted it. In 1986 MONA opened there in its new permanent location. The post office building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a fine example of the Neoclassical style, and is believed to be the oldest of its type in Kearney. Collection The Nebraska Art Collection covers over 175 years of art and art history. Many historic artists with Nebraska connections have their work in the permanent collection, such as Alice Eliza Cleaver, Robert Henri, John Philip Falter, and Frank Rinehart. MONA is also home to works by more modern artists, like Thomas Hart Benton, Wright Morris, and Leonard Thiessen, as well as living artists such as Jun Kaneko and Jane Golding Marie. Additionally, the Collection includes works by artist explorers who documented early Native American life and natural history in Nebraska, including George Catlin, John James Audubon, and Karl Bodmer. Exhibitions of these artists are often supplemented with art and historical artifacts from other Nebraska museums, including the Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer, Joslyn Art Museum, and the University of Nebraska State Museum. MONA and the Nebraska Art Collection also play host to rotating exhibitions by currently active Nebraska artists who are building reputations but do not yet have their work in permanent collections. Notable exhibition participants have included polymer artist Sandra Williams, photographer Roger Bruhn, and sculptor Elizabeth Kronfield. Special programs In addition to its role as a museum, MONA is host to several special programs. It cultivates close relationships with public schools and frequently has students in for art viewing, hands-on art-making events, and summer art camps. MONA also has periodic art-making classes for adults, usually in the summer. The museum usually participates in Christmas activities put on by downtown Kearney merchants, and has hosted evening fairs where Nebraska artists and artisans sell small art objects. MONA is host to ARTreach, a program of touring art exhibitions throughout Nebraska. Host organizations pay a nominal fee and are permitted to host an exhibition for four to six weeks. The exhibitions are drawn from the permanent collection, not the rotating exhibitions. Most ARTreach exhibitions are organized around themes, including Women Artists from the MONA Collection , Images of Land, and Afro Psalms. In recent years MONA has also played host to the Reynolds Readers and Writers Series, organized by Charles Fort. This series brings writers, novelists, and storytellers to Nebraska for public readings and classes. The series is primarily organized and funded by the University of Nebraska at Kearney, and the visiting artists participate in creative writing classes on campus in addition to their evening readings at the museum. References External links Museum of Nebraska Art - official website University of Nebraska at Kearney Art museums and galleries in Nebraska University museums in Nebraska Museums in Buffalo County, Nebraska Art museums established in 1976 Museum Of Nebraska Art Buildings and structures in Kearney, Nebraska Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska Government buildings completed in 1911 National Register of Historic Places in Buffalo County, Nebraska
Blue Bell Hill is a chalk hill between Maidstone and Rochester in the English county of Kent. It overlooks the River Medway and is part of the North Downs. Settlements on the hill include the Walderslade suburb of Chatham and the villages of Blue Bell Hill and Kit's Coty. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries much of the hill was quarried for chalk. The hill is a nature reserve which is managed by Kent Wildlife Trust. It is also part of the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Wouldham to Detling Escarpment Sites of Special Scientific Interest and is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I. A picnic area serves as a rest point for walkers on the North Downs Way which runs along the top of the hill, whilst the prehistoric trackway of the Pilgrims' Way skirts its foot. A modern crematorium also surmounts the hill. The A229 dual carriageway follows the route of a former Roman road and climbs the hill, today linking the M2 and M20 motorways. High Speed 1 runs beneath the hill, via the North Downs Tunnel, and archaeological work in advance of it uncovered a Neolithic long house on its slopes. The Bluebell Hill transmitting station is on the hill, as is the Lower Bell pub. The Upper Bell pub was closed around March 2005 due to the reduced demand caused by the closure of a slip-lane onto the southbound A229, and then demolished in 2013. Archaeology A famous feature of the hill is the eastern group of the prehistoric tombs called the Medway megaliths including Kit's Coty House and Countless Stones. The Blue Bell Hill Dolmen was a now lost member of the group of Neolithic chamber tombs in the English county of Kent. It is thought to have been one of the Medway Megaliths. Its precise location is unclear but it stood on Blue Bell Hill on the North Downs between Maidstone and Rochester, to the north of Kit's Coty House. Only fragments of antiquarians' records now remain. It was possibly investigated in 1844 and was still extant in the early twentieth century. A sketch in Maidstone Museum indicates that three sarsen standing stones survived to heights of 7 feet forming the walls of the burial chamber. A stone that may have formed the capstone lay between them. The tomb was found to have contained the skeleton of a man and fragments of red pottery were found although none of these has since survived. A kerb of smaller stones surrounded the larger ones and beneath the standing stones was a large circular pit dug into the natural chalk and filled with many flints. Local people told the investigating antiquarians that many such pits had been found on the hill and that the flints were used as a source of stone to metal new roads. From these fragments it is thought that one, or possibly more, chamber tombs stood on Blue Bell Hill in addition to the surviving Medway Megaliths. Remains of a Roman building containing human remains and traces of burnt wood had been excavated near to Kit's Coty. They are claimed to be the ruins of a roman temple to have been built on the hill later. References Kent Wildlife Trust Hills of Kent Archaeological sites in Kent Stone Age sites in Kent Tonbridge and Malling
Synchiropus monacanthus, the deep-water dragonet, is a species of fish in the family Callionymidae, the dragonets. It is found in the Western Indian Ocean and Southeast Atlantic Ocean from Zanzibar, Tanzania to Port Alfred, South Africa. This species reaches a length of . References monacanthus Fish of the Pacific Ocean Taxa named by J. L. B. Smith Fish described in 1935
John Thomas Blades (8 December 1959 – 25 November 2011) was an Australian experimental music artist and member of The Loop Orchestra; he also worked as a radio broadcaster and documentary maker, and as a civil engineer. In 1982 he was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and used a wheelchair from 1993. In 2010, his radio documentary, The Too Hard Basket, won the Walkley Award for 'Social Equity Journalism – All Media', and the 'Radio Documentary of the Year Award' from the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union. Blades died on 25 November 2011 after complications from cancer therapy. Biography Experimental music bands John Thomas Blades was born in December 1959 as the son of Douglas and Pam Blades with a brother Bruce. He grew up in Sydney and from the mid-1970s he listened to local radio, Double Jay, "[It] was like the breath of fresh air that people like me needed who had been swamped by disco, American soft rock ... rock opuses ... and the English Glam rock". In 1977 Blades and a group of school friends provided their favourite music for a radio presentation on Double Jay. His early preferences were for punk music by Ramones and The Saints, innovative music of Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention and reggae. By 1978 he preferred Peter Doyle programme which featured post-punk and experimental music, "[which] incorporated the punk ideal with new elements such as electronic noise and rhythms, spoken word, dub, electronically processed voice and experimental acoustic and electronic sound". In 1980 while studying civil engineering at University of Sydney, Blades was a founding member of electronic music group The East End Butchers with Doyle. In 1982 he was a founding member of The Loop Quartet, with Richard Fielding (ex-Severed Heads), Ron Brown and Jaimie Leonarder. During that year, the quartet performed a radio studio live to air experimental performance using loops on reel-to-reel tape machines. Blades also formed and performed in other groups: War Meat and the Dictator, and Men Like Licorice, both in 1982. That year, Blades also started working as a structural engineer for the Department of Main Roads: he specialised in bridge engineering. He was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) – his mother Pam also had the disorder – and he was hopeful of retaining mobility. In 1982 The Loop Orchestra was formed by Blades, Fielding and Anthony Maher; and in 1983, Doyle joined. In 1990, the band's first release, Suspense, was launched at the AFI Cinema, Sydney. Annette Shun Wah from SBS TV's The Noise programme interviewed the band and Blades described their work, for the piece, Suspense, the sound sources were all concrete, that is, all pre-existing sounds, and it was a study of the way sounds and music is constructed for suspense in horror movies. So it's all taken from scores for those films – generally untreated sections of the scores from those films, from the 1940s, through to films like Creature from the Black Lagoon of the 1950s, right through to Texas Chainsaw Massacre in the 1970s and Evil Dead in the 1980s, and so they're fragments of sound. It's like deconstructing an existing sound source and reconstructing – or structuring – something else out of that deconstruction. By 1993 Blades' MS had progressed and he was wheelchair-bound but he continued with his work at the Roads & Traffic Authority, with The Loop Orchestra and on radio. In 2007, Australian violinist, Jon Rose, spoke at the 9th Annual Peggy Glanville-Hicks Address (see Peggy Glanville-Hicks), Rose discussed Blades' enthusiasm and commitment to the Sydney music community: Multiple sclerosis sentenced John Blades to a wheelchair, where no doubt it was expected that he would spiral slowly out of view. The contrary happened and with committed zeal, he has become a major figure in the Sydney alternative music scene, organising & conducting his Loop Orchestra, promoting & supporting new music and outsider art. Not only have his activities kept his mental state together, he tells me that his condition has actually been reversed through his involvement with music. Physical healing with music is not just the province of new agers – music can be as practical as taking aspirin. Radio During 1981 John Blades was invited by Ian Hartley to appear on the 2MBS' radio programme, Disc Noir, to present samples of his music collection. Hartley asked Blades to host his own show, Hot Dog You Bet, which was broadcast by 2MBS (102.5 MHz) from 1982 to 1985. Fielding had suggested the name of the show, inspired by "a flexi disc released with a New York art magazine called Smegma, an audio collage". In March 1998, due to the severity of his MS which reduced his mobility, Blades finished working at the RTA. His most pleasing work as an engineer was on the Glebe Island Bridge: "I designed water drainage system from the bridge deck to the underground stormwater system". From 1998 Blades presented a fortnightly radio programme, Background Noise, with initial co-host Fielding, and from 2003, another ex-Severed Heads musician, Garry Bradbury on 2MBS. The programme featured "mainly experimental music with innovative film soundtracks, radio plays and spoken word". During his time at 2MBS FM, Blades also founded the Contemporary Music Collective (CMC), a group of radio broadcasters and producers who supported noise and experimental music programmes after midnight, which differs from the station's usual programming of classical music during daytime. Other programmes include Eclectic Chair, The Dust Museum and Our World Through Seratonin. In 2004 CMC organised a fund-raiser in 2004 called Dis-Co-LLaboration to celebrate 22 years on-air – Severed Heads played live, along with radio presenters and CMC members. In 2010, Blades' documentary, "The Too Hard Basket", was broadcast on Radio National, 360 Documentaries programme. It won the Walkley Award for 'Social Equity Journalism – All Media', and the 'Radio Documentary of the Year Award' from the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union. Blades died on 25 November 2011 after complications from cancer therapy. References Australian radio presenters People with multiple sclerosis 20th-century Australian musicians 1959 births 2011 deaths
German rock band Die Ärzte have released 14 studio albums, eight extended plays, seven compilation albums, six live albums, 11 video albums and 50 singles (of which the majority is accompanied by a music video). The band—consisting of members Farin Urlaub, Bela B and Rodrigo González—is one of the best-selling German groups with 7.8 million records sold in Germany. Their work include German language songs such as "Schrei nach Liebe" (1993), "Ein Song namens Schunder" (1995), "Männer sind Schweine" (1998) and "Manchmal haben Frauen..." (2000), which experienced widespread commercial success in Germanic territories. Die Ärzte's albums, released by labels including CBS and Hot Action Records, received several Gold and Platinum certifications by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) in Austria and Switzerland in a span of almost 30 years. Albums Studio albums Extended plays Compilation albums Live albums Other albums Singles As lead artist Videography Video albums Music videos Notes External links References Discography Arzte, Die Arzte, Die
The North Channel naval duel was a single-ship action between the United States Continental Navy sloop of war Ranger (Captain John Paul Jones) and the British Royal Navy sloop of war Drake (Captain George Burdon) on the evening of 24 April 1778. Fought in the North Channel, separating Ireland from Scotland, it was the first American naval success within Atlantic waters, and also very nearly the only American naval victory in the Revolutionary War achieved without an overwhelming superiority of force. The action was one of a series of actions by Jones that brought the American War of Independence to British waters. Background Even before the official entry of other nations, the American Revolutionary War was by no means confined to American soil; naval operations, by both the Continental Navy and privateers, ranged across the Atlantic. In 1777, American captains such as Lambert Wickes, Gustavus Conyngham, and William Day had been making raids into British waters and capturing merchant ships, which they took into French ports, even though France was officially neutral. Captain Day had even been accorded a gun salute by the French admiral at Brest. Encouraged by such successes, and even more so by the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga that autumn, France signed two treaties with America in February 1778, but stopped just short of declaring war on Britain. The risk of a French attack forced the Royal Navy to concentrate its forces in the English Channel (La Manche), leaving other areas vulnerable. Wickes and Day had shown that, despite the narrowness of St. George's Channel and the North Channel, it was possible for single ships or very small squadrons to get into the Irish Sea, and create havoc among the many vessels which traded between Great Britain and Ireland. John Paul Jones, on his first return to British waters as an enemy, had a more ambitious plan: to teach the British people that their government's policies in America, such as the burning of ports, could be turned back against them. The Ranger mission With a single small Continental Navy sloop of war, the Ranger, Jones sailed from Brest on 10 April 1778, and headed for the coasts of the Solway Firth, where he had first learned to sail. Following an unsuccessful attempt to raid the port of Whitehaven in Cumberland, on the night of 17–18 April, he harassed shipping in the North Channel; then on the night of 20–21 April Ranger entered Belfast Lough in northern Ireland, with the intention of seizing a Royal Navy ship moored off Carrickfergus, HMS Drake. Unsuccessful, he returned to Whitehaven, and achieved another objective, landing a large party at the harbour on the night of 22–23 April, and setting fire to a merchant ship. This raid was followed within hours by another, at the Scottish seashore mansion of the Earl of Selkirk, near Kirkcudbright. Even as the news of those deeds was racing to alert Britain's defences, Ranger was on the way back to Carrickfergus. 24 April 1778 Preparations for combat John Paul Jones's crew had been recruited by being offered the opportunity to "make their Fortunes", a goal that could be achieved by privateering operations against British merchant ships. But more British merchant ships had been sunk on the mission than captured, to avoid diverting crew members to sailing the prizes to France. The crew blamed Jones for what appeared to be a tactical error that allowed a British customs vessel to escape after being fired on by Ranger. Now he was intent on capturing a Royal Navy ship from its moorings, although it carried no cargo that could be sold for a handsome profit to his crew's benefit. The account of events just after dawn on 24 April that Jones published a few years later may not be greatly exaggerated: "I ran a great risk of being killed or thrown in the sea". The crew was reluctant, and the state of the wind and tide would have made it difficult to enter the harbour. But it soon appeared that they might not have to visit Carrickfergus after all, as Drake was preparing to leave port, which revived the Americans' flagging spirits. In fact, Drake had been preparing for action since the previous visit by Ranger, taking on volunteers from the Carrickfergus area to boost the crew from 100 to about 160, many of them landsmen who were to be used only for close-quarters combat, although there was a shortage of ammunition. Absent from the ship's company at this crucial time were the gunner, master's mate, boatswain, and lieutenant. The aging captain, George Burdon, was later reported to have been in poor health himself. Drake got under way about 8am, but with wind and tide against it, made little progress. After an hour or so a boat was therefore sent to get a closer look at the intruder. Jones opted to try a slight variant of the plan which had failed to capture the customs vessel a few days earlier; hiding most of the crew and the big guns. This time it worked; the crew of the reconnaissance boat was captured, and this success raised the morale of the Americans. One of the prisoners revealed the large number of volunteers who had gone aboard Drake. About 1pm, as Drake moved sluggishly out across Belfast Lough, a small boat came out to her, carrying another volunteer, Royal Navy Lieutenant William Dobbs, a local man who had just gotten married. According to Drake pilot he brought with him a copy of an express letter from Whitehaven, explaining the full details of the mystery ship (Jones states in his official report that the news from Whitehaven had arrived the previous evening and was known to his morning captives). With the wind and tide more favourable in the afternoon, Ranger moved slowly back out of the Lough into the North Channel, making sure never to get too far ahead of Drake. Finally, about 6pm, the two enemies were within hailing distance. Jones had the American naval colours flying, and Lieut. Dobbs' formal inquiry as to the ship's identity was answered with absolute truth. The North Channel naval duel was in some respects a small-scale dress-rehearsal, in reverse, for Jones's 1779 battle with . Drake had been built as a merchant ship with defensive capability, and bought by the Royal Navy to help fill the gap left when many ships had to be sent to America; even the 20 four-pound guns were not official Navy issue, but her armament as a merchant vessel. The hull was the wrong shape for rapid battle manoeuvres, and not designed to resist cannon fire. Ranger had been built as a fighting ship, and modified by Jones for maximum efficiency: for example, although there were ports for 20 guns, he found it safest to install only 18 six-pound guns. That made for a total broadside weight of 54 pounds, slightly more than Drake 40 pounds total. But those dozens of Irish volunteers meant that if Drake could grapple and board Ranger the Americans would be in trouble. Battle The formalities completed, Ranger turned sharply and fired a broadside at the following Drake. The British were unable to reply immediately; when they did, they found they had a serious problem. With full charges of powder, the four-pounders were unstable, and tended to tip forward; in the case of the two pairs of guns at the rear of the ship, most subject to the rise and fall with the waves, this meant that they could skid almost anywhere as they were fired, presenting grave danger to the gun crews. In Navy records, Drake armament had been listed as only 16 guns, suggesting that the rearmost guns had been left aboard just for show. The ship's gunner may well have known of these problems, and perhaps the gunner's mate too, but neither was aboard the Drake anymore (the mate having been captured in the reconnaissance mission, and the gunner being ill at Portsmouth). After a few more broadsides, further problems emerged. Shrapnel from Ranger third broadside hit Lieut. Dobbs in the head, putting him out of action. Conditions on Drake gun deck were so unpredictable that the "powder monkeys"—the boys who brought charges of gunpowder up for the great guns, in fire-resistant boxes—eventually became reluctant to do their duty. Twice the ship's master had to go below to urge the acting gunner to be more efficient in supplying the powder, when opportunities for broadsides were missed. Another problem was that the "slow matches" which were used to fire the guns kept falling into their fire-safety tubs and going out. The four-pound guns could not penetrate Ranger toughened hull anyway, so Drake tried copying the technique the Americans had been using from the start: they aimed at the masts, sails and rigging, in order to slow the opponent down. The combatants were very close together, but never close enough for grappling, probably because Captain Jones knew of the extra men hidden below decks on Drake. As well as the great guns, both sides were firing small arms at each other, and here, too, Drake was at a disadvantage. The ship's magazine lacked cartridge paper; and when the musketeers ran out of cartridges, they had to laboriously load their guns by pouring in the right amount of powder, then putting in the shot. Musket balls were passed round in the armourer's hat, and two powder horns were shared between all the men on duty. With the other side much better organised, such inefficiency meant the difference between life and death. Drake killed just one of Jones's crew, Lieutenant Samuel Wallingford, by musket fire; another two—who were firing from positions in the mast tops—died as the by-product of a broadside. Five of Drake crew were killed, including, just under an hour into the fight, Captain Burdon himself, struck in the head by a musket ball. With both the captain and lieutenant out of action, command of Drake passed to the master, John Walsh. By that time, Drake sails and rigging had been reduced to tatters by Ranger broadsides, and even the masts and yardarms were seriously damaged; in the light wind, the sloop was more or less immobilised, not even able to turn to aim a broadside. Unable to load fast enough, the small-arms fighters had retreated to cover, so only about a dozen people were left on Drake main deck. A few minutes after the captain died, the two remaining petty officers on deck went to the master and advised him that they should strike their colours and surrender; after further consultation, he agreed. The colours had already been shot away, so Mr. Walsh had to shout and wave his hat instead. According to John Paul Jones's records, the duel lasted one hour and five minutes. Aftermath Thirty-five men were sent from Ranger to Drake to take charge and assess the damage; and the next three days were spent making repairs, while moving slowly north-westward between Ireland and Scotland. A cargo brig which came too close was captured, and used as extra accommodations. Six Irish fisherman who had been captured on the first Carrickfergus expedition were allowed to take a boat and go home, taking with them three sick Irish sailors, a present of sails from Drake, and money from Jones. On their return they reported the concern Jones was showing for Lieut. Dobbs, who remained gravely ill. Meanwhile, the Royal Navy had sent out some proper warships in pursuit. Despite Drake lameness, they never caught a glimpse of the slowly escaping Americans. The only real trouble Jones had was with his Lieutenant, Thomas Simpson, who had command of the Drake and at one point on the voyage sailed out of sight. The news of the battle reached France much faster than Jones did, and the Americans were welcomed as heroes. As for the British, they had learned their lesson well—the Royal Navy could not defend British shipping, nor British coasts, nor even its own fighting vessels against American raiders. Militia regiments were hastily redeployed to coastal areas; seaports equipped themselves with artillery to defend themselves against further raids; and the gentry banded together in volunteer battalions as a last line of defence. Thenceforward, the press paid very close attention to every move John Paul Jones made; struggling to reconcile the malicious rumours of his murders and piracy with the evidence of his chivalrous and far from bloodthirsty behaviour on the Ranger mission (back in France, he wrote kind and thoughtful letters to the Earl of Selkirk, and to the family of Lieut. Dobbs, who had died within a couple of days). John Paul Jones had gone from being an obscurity to international fame. The naval duel in the North Channel was the unequivocally triumphant climax to his remarkable mission, which demonstrated that the world's most powerful nation was as vulnerable to attack as any other. The press reports of his preparations for his next mission created a climate of fear and uncertainty which helped turn his return visit in 1779 into his best-remembered achievement. References Sources Bradbury, David "Captain Jones's Irish Sea Cruize", Whitehaven UK, Past Presented, 2005, Sawtelle, Joseph G. (Ed.) "John Paul Jones and the Ranger", Portsmouth NH, Portsmouth marine Society, 1994, . This book contains the full log of the 1777–1778 voyage, the diary of surgeon Ezra Green, and many relevant letters by Jones and others. Bradford, James (Ed) "The Papers of John Paul Jones" microfilm edition, ProQuest (Chadwyck-Healey), 1986. This ten-microfilm set includes all known papers by or to Jones, including letters, reports, accounts, rosters, and ship logs. Conflicts in 1778 North Channel duel North Channel duel Carrickfergus Irish Sea Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving the United States
Patriarch Cyril V may refer to: Patriarch Cyril V Zaim (about 1655 – 1720) Patriarch Cyril V of Constantinople (ruled 1748–1751 and 1752–1757) Pope Cyril V of Alexandria, Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark in 1874–1927
Hannu Tapio Yli-Karro (born 11 October 1953, Rauma) is a Finnish former football referee. He was a FIFA listed international assistant referee from 1990 to 1998. Yli-Karro officiated 23 international matches, 16 matches at the UEFA club competitions and several youth internationals. He was appointed as an assistant referee to the 1994 FIFA World Cup, 1993 FIFA World Youth Championship and 1994 Gulf Cup of Nations. Yli-Karro and Arne Eriksson are the only Finnish referees at World Cup finals so far. He lives in Western Finnish town Rauma and is working as a headmaster on a high school at Säkylä municipality. Matches in the 1994 World Cup References 1953 births Finnish football referees 1994 FIFA World Cup referees People from Rauma, Finland Living people Sportspeople from Satakunta
David J. Adelman (born March 11, 1972) is an American businessman and entrepreneur. He is the CEO of Campus Apartments, the Co-Founder and Vice Chairman of FS Investments, and the Founder of Darco Capital Chair. Adelman is also a limited partner of Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment, which owns and operates the Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Devils. His net worth was estimated by Forbes to be $2 billion in May 2023. Early life and education Adelman was born to a Jewish family and is the grandchild of Sam Wasserman, a Holocaust survivor. He was raised in Penn Valley, Pennsylvania. Starting at the age of 11, the founder of Campus Apartments, Alan Horwitz served as a mentor to Adelman. At age 13, Adelman invested $2,000 of his Bar Mitzvah money with Horwitz and Campus Apartments. Horwitz invested those $2,000 in off-campus student housing near the University of Pennsylvania. At age 17, Adelman purchased his first solely owned investment property. Adelman attended Ohio State University and graduated with a degree in Political Science in 1994. While in college, Adelman worked in the accounting office and as a leasing agent for Campus Apartments. Adelman was accepted into the Temple University Beasley School of Law, but instead opted to become a Property Manager at Campus Apartments. Career Campus Apartments In 1997, at age 25, Adelman was named the CEO of Campus Apartments after Horwitz became chairman. As CEO of Campus Apartments, Adelman created a partnership between Campus Apartments and the University of Pennsylvania where off-campus apartments would be renovated. As a result, living standards improved and crime-rates dropped in University City. Adelman has worked to expand Campus Apartments outside of the realm of student housing at the University of Pennsylvania. Under his watch, Campus Apartments has built an extended-stay hotel and faculty condos on the University of Pennsylvania's campus and has built apartments at Franklin & Marshall College and Emory University. Adelman's guidance has resulted in Campus Apartments acquiring more than $2 billion in assets. In 2009, Adelman was named the MultiFamily Real Estate Executive of the Year. In October 2022, it was announced that Campus Apartments plans to construct a new 162,000 square foot headquarters on 41st and Walnut streets by 2026 featuring 136 new residential units and office space. Entrepreneurial ventures In 2007, Adelman co-founded FS Investments, a $24 billion alternative investment firm, with headquarters in Philadelphia. In 2013, Adelman, with group of Philadelphia-based investors, led a $30 million investment into private aviation company Wheels Up, founded by serial entrepreneur Kenny Dichter. Adelman serves as the Lead Director. On December 19, 2019, Delta Air Lines announced it took a stake in Wheels Up to become its largest investor and merged it with its Delta Private Jets subsidiary. On January 5, 2021, Wheels Up announced its acquisition of Mountain Aviation, the 10th largest private jet charter operator in the U.S., bringing its total fleet to 350 aircraft. On February 1, 2021, Wheels Up announced a SPAC-based IPO valued at $2.1 billion. The deal brings Wheels Up together with SPAC Aspirational Consumer Lifestyle Corp. that counts funds associated with luxury conglomerate LVMH and its boss, Bernard Arnault. It began trading in July 2021. Adelman is also a co-founder of cred.ai, a FinTech company launched in August 2020, that uses AI to establish and improve consumers' credit. Backed by John Legend, Ben Simmons, Tim Armstrong and Michael Rubin, cred.ai has been called the "Tesla of Banking". In October 2020 Adelman co-led an investment into VIDE Beverages, a ready-to-drink vodka soda brand, with model, actress and entrepreneur Olivia Culpo. On February 18, 2021, Adelman acquired a full ownership stake in American Harvest Vodka and Beach Whiskey as part of a newly formed Darco Spirits Company, under his Darco Capital umbrella. In March 2023, Beach Whiskey announced the launch of its new Beach Whiskey Canned Cocktails. A June 2023 article in The Philadelphia Inquirer revealed that Adelman invested $3 million and sat on the board of Ownable, a startup that provided technology devices to subprime customers. However, according to a Securities and Exchange Commission indictment, Ownable was a ponzi scheme, which Adelman was duped in. 76Place and Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment In July 2022, it was announced that Adelman would chair 76 Devcorp, a project managing company responsible for developing 76 Place at Market East, a proposed new stadium for the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers located in Center City, Philadelphia. In October 2022, Adelman bought a 10% ownership stake in Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment from Michael G. Rubin, which owns and operates the 76ers, the NHL's New Jersey Devils, and the Prudential Center. Personal life Adelman is an active member of the Jewish community. He is the Co-Founder of Jewish Federation Real Estate, Co-chair of Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia, Chair of the Philadelphia Holocaust Remembrance Foundation and sits on the board of the USC Shoah Foundation. He is also an active member of Har Zion Temple in Penn Valley. Adelman spoke with Eagles wide receiver, DeSean Jackson after Jackson posted an anti-Semitic quote on Instagram that was falsely attributed to Adolf Hitler. Jackson visited the Horwitz-Wasserman Holocaust Memorial Plaza with Adelman. He is married to children's book author and film producer, Hallee Adelman. His wife has been an executive producer on films including The Social Dilemma, The Truffle Hunters and US Kids. Most recently Hallee executive produced the Oscar-nominated documentary Writing With Fire. Adelman is an avid collector of wine and tequila. In May 2023, Forbes cites Adelman's net worth at over $2 billion. References 1972 births Living people American chief executives Businesspeople from Pennsylvania American philanthropists Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni Philanthropists from Pennsylvania 21st-century American Jews Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment New Jersey Devils owners Philadelphia 76ers owners
Suwon (, ) is the capital and largest city of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea's most populous province. Suwon lies approximately south of the national capital, Seoul. With a population close to 1¼ million, it has more residents than Ulsan Metropolitan City, though it has a lesser degree of self-governance as a 'special case city'. Traditionally known as the 'City of Filial Piety', today Suwon retains a variety of historical features. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day trippers from Seoul, and these city walls appear among the province's more popular sites. Suwon also plays an important economic role: Samsung Electronics, Korea's largest company by sales, is based in the city. The company's research and development centre is in Yeongtong-gu, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016. Samsung's presence in Suwon is clearly visible: the company is a partner of Sungkyunkwan University, which has its Natural Sciences Campus in the city, and the company owns the four-time K League champions and two-time Asian Super Cup winners Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Suwon is home to several universities, e.g., Sungkyunkwan University, Ajou University, and several football, baseball, basketball, and volleyball teams, including Suwon Samsung Bluewings, Suwon FC, and KT Wiz. The city is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. History Suwon has historically gone by many names. In ancient tribal times, it was known as Mosu-guk (), part of the Mahan confederacy. During the Proto–Three Kingdoms period era, the area that today comprises Suwon and neighbouring Hwaseong was called Maehol-gun (). In 757, under King Gyeongdeok of Unified Silla, the name was changed to Suseong-gun (). In 940, during the Goryeo Dynasty, it changed again in to Suju (). Finally, in 1413, King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty changed the name to Suwon, the name still in use today, though in the 19th century it was often spelt 'Sou-wen'. In 1592, during the Imjin wars, Commander Yi Gwang attempted to launch his army toward the capital city, Seoul (at the time named 'Hanseong'). The army was withdrawn, however, after news reached the commander that the city had already been sacked. As the army grew to 50,000 men by accumulating several volunteer forces, Yi Gwang and the irregular commanders reconsidered their aim of reclaiming the capital, and led the combined forces north to Suwon. Relocation of the city centre, and construction of Hwaseong Fortress In 1796, during the Joseon Dynasty, King Jeongjo relocated the city centre from modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong City) to its current location to the east of Paldalsan. To protect this new city, he instructed that Hwaseong Fortress be built, and this fortified wall encompassed the entire city. Hwaseong was originally built under the guidance of philosopher Jeong Yak-yong, and its construction was one of Korea's first examples of paid labour, corvée labour having been common previously. Shortly after King Jeongjo's death in 1800, Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe () was published. This document—more precise that other such construction records from the time—exhaustively detailed the construction of the fortress. Since Hwaseong was damaged severely during the Korean War, this meticulous record of its construction has proven invaluable during reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day. Though Suwon was once entirely encircled by the fortress, modern urban growth has seen the city spread out far beyond the walls. The fortress is now a designated UNESCO World Heritage site, and it is often featured in the city and province's promotional materials. Japanese occupation It appears that a focal point in Suwon's resistance to Japanese occupation was Adams Memorial Hall, at 342 Suwoncheon-ro, Maehyang,dong, Paldal-gu (). Under Pastor William Noble, this 1923 building was constructed in Samil Middle School grounds with funding from a church in North Adams, Massachusetts, from the Suwon Jongno Church (830 Jeongjo-ro, Buksu-dong, ), and from local residents. Here, independence activists including Park Seon-tae and Lee Deuk-su met weekly to discuss their rebellion. Korean War When the Korean War began, the United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing, then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo. While on this mission, on 27 June 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters, and the Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war. Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur was on site. Though the US repelled these attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 4 July 1950. The Battle of Osan, the first conflict between United States and North Korean forces, occurred the following day. Defences were erected on the road between occupied Suwon and still-southern Osan. As Northern troops advanced south, a 3½-hour battle ensued in which 150 United States and 42 North Korean soldiers were killed, and the US troops were forced to retreat. The North Korean advance southwards to Osan was delayed by an estimated seven hours. In the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed. Eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 suspected Communist civilians by South Korean authorities on 28, 29, or 30 June 1950 (depending on source). On 16 December 1950, the Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division. In late 1951, the United States Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base, also known then as K-13. In total, Suwon changed hands four times during the war. A memorial to the French forces was erected in 1974 in Jangan-gu, near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit (). This was renovated in 2013. Recent history In 1949, Seoul left Gyeonggi-do, and in the same year, Suwon-eup in Suwon-gun became Suwon City while the remainder of Suwon-gun became Hwaseong-gun. Suwon became the capital of Gyeonggi-do on 23 June 1967, when the provincial office was relocated from Seoul. On 1 January 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as Cheoncheon-ri, Daehwanggyo-ri, Gokbanjeong-ri, Gosaek-ri, Guun-ri, Gwonseon-ri, Hagwanggyo-ri, Imok-ri, Jangji-ri, Jeongja-ri, Jowon-ri, Maetan-ri, Omokcheon-ri, Pajang-ri, Pyeong-ri, Sanggwanggyo-ri, Songjuk-ri, Tap-ri, Woncheon-ri, and Yuljeon-ri were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun. On 15 February 1983, further expansion saw Ha-ri and Iui-ri switch from Yongin to Suwon. On 1 January 1987, Suwon expanded westwards as Geumgok-ri and Homaesil-ri were acquired from Maesong-myeon in Hwaseong. Yeongtong-ri transferred from Hwaseong to Suwon on 26 December 1994 along with parts of Sin-ri and Mangpo-ri, and part of Yeongdeok-ri from Yongin. The remainder of Sun-ri and Mangpo-ri joined Suwon on 20 April 1995. On 9 May 2007, in preparation for the construction of the new town of Gwanggyo, there was a two-way exchange of land between Ha-dong in Suwon and neighbouring Sanghyeon-dong in Yongin. A similar exchange on 13 September 2019 saw parcels of land switch sides between Woncheon-dong in Suwon, and Yongin's Yeongdeok-dong. With further boundary changes on 24 July 2020, parts of Shin-dong and Mangpo-dong in Suwon and Banjeong-dong in Hwaseong were exchanged. Geography Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, just south of South Korea's capital, Seoul. It is bordered by Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to the east, the city of Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west. At its closest point, on the Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies from the western tip of Ueumdo in Sihwa Lake, an inlet of the Yellow Sea cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station. Topography There are several hills around Suwon, the highest of which is Gwanggyosan [, ], to the north of the city, bordering Yongin. Water flow Most of the streams passing through Suwon originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks to the north of the city. Since Suwon is bounded to the west by Chilbosan and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Suwoncheon and Seohocheon, flow southwards through the city, joining the Hwanggujicheon, and eventually emptying into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner. Lakes There are few natural lakes on South Korea's mainland, and none in Suwon. There are, however, many small reservoirs, namely Chungmanje (), otherwise known as Seoho (, ) near Hwaseo Station, Irwol Reservoir (, ) near Sungkyunkwan University, Bambat Reservoir (, ) near Sungkyunkwan University Station, Ilwang Reservoir (, ), otherwise called Manseokkeo () in Manseok Park, Pajang Reservoir (, ) near the North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway, Gwanggyo Reservoir (, ) and Hagwanggyo Reservoir (, ) at the foot of Gwanggyosan, Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs (, ; , ) in Gwanggyo Lake Park, and Geumgok Reservoir (, ), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Wangsong Reservoir (, ), on the northern Uiwang border, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang. Geology Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock, and has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from the Mesozoic Era. Precambrian gneiss Biotite gneiss (Precambrian biotite gneiss, PCEbgn) is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole, and muscovite; and are generally dark gray or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these. Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has undergone silicification most predominantly, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, dark grey, grey-brown, and white. Mesozoic intrusive rocks Biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic Era constitutes most of Suwon, and is centred on Paldalsan (). It is a form of Daebo granite, and is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. The main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase, orthotic, biotite, and amphibole. Fault Suwon's single fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, Yeongtong-gu, creating the Woncheonri Stream, and follows this stream to Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. It joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong City. This is a 20 km-long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to the Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by this fault. Climate Suwon has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) using the isotherm. Administrative divisions The city is composed of four gu (districts). Jangan-gu () and Gwonseon-gu () were established on 1 July 1988, and on 1 February 1993, parts of Jangan-gu and Gwonseon-gu became a new district, Paldal-gu (). The newest district is Yeongtong-gu (), which separated from Paldal-gu on 24 November 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong. There are several new "towns" in Suwon, such as Homaesil and Gwanggyo. The latter is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of construction of this large residential area in eastern Suwon was completed in 2011. Gwanggyo is in Yeongtong-gu, which has Gyeonggi-do's seventh most expensive housing. Demography Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.82% foreign. On average, there are 2.31 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below. Religion Suwon has churches from a variety of Christian denominations, and a range of Buddhist temples. The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI. The cathedral is at 39 Imok-ro, Jeongja-dong (). The former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim), was born in Suwon, and founded the Central Baptist Church, though this is located in Yongin. Mireukdang Mireukdang (, ) is a small shrine to Maitreya in Pajang-dong, Jangan-gu. Its religious basis is a fusion of Buddhism and traditional local religions. Crime The following table tallies crimes in Suwon reported in 2021. Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and the city council responded to this by increasing urban greenery. This approach seems to have had some effect. Education Colleges and universities There are several universities and colleges in Suwon, including Sungkyunkwan University's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University, Ajou University, Dongnam Health University, Gukje Cyber University, Hapdong Theological Seminary, and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names, the University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighbouring Hwaseong. The agricultural campus of Seoul National University was located in Suwon until 2005, but is now in Gwanak-gu, Seoul near its main campus. Schools There are 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens in Suwon. Suwon has three schools dedicated to special education: Jahye School (47 Subong-ro, Tap-dong, Gwonseon-gu, ), Suwon Seokwang School (517 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong, Jangan-gu, ), and Areum School (32 Gwanggyo-ro, Iui-dong, Yeongtong-gu, ). Special education is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School. There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School (88 Jangan-ro 496 beon-gil, Imok-dong, Jangan-gu, ). International schools There are also two international schools in Suwon: Gyeonggi Suwon International School and Suwon Chinese International School () Environment Throughout South Korea, water management is a challenge. Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting, including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage. Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM10) shown in the pie chart. Industry The main industrial employer in Suwon is Samsung. Samsung Electronics was founded in Suwon in 1969, and its headquarters are now located with its large R&D complex in central Suwon. The company is the largest employer in Suwon. Samsung's long-standing relationship with the city is seen in its sponsorship of various local sports teams, including Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club, and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams in Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx, both of which have since moved out of Suwon. Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical, Samsung SDI, and Samsung Electro-Mechanics. Landmarks Hwaseong Fortress Hwaseong Fortress, built under the orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is Suwon's most notable attraction, and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls, but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls, and Haenggung Palace in the centre of the fortress. Hyanggyo Suwon Hyanggyo () was a hyanggyo—a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi-do. The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius, Mencius, and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism. Originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Bongdam-myeon, Hwaseong-gun, Suwon Hyanggyo was moved to its current location at 107–9 Hyanggyo-ro, Paldal-gu () around 1795—the 19th year of King Jeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty—when Hwaseong Fortress was built, and it has since undergone several repairs. Hyanggyo is open to the public on weekdays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. It is closed at weekends. Bugugwon Bugugwon (), also known as Suwon Gu Bugugwon, built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at 130 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong, Paldal-gu (). There is no record of the 85.95 m2 building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923, When Korea was a Japanese colony, the building was the headquarters of Bugukwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers. After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed the Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office. From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office, and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi-do base. In 1979 the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here, and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic. Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space. Culture and contemporary life Housing As is typical of urban South Korea, Suwon has many apartment complexes. while some areas have more jutaek (houses, often split into several units). While some areas are more affordable, Yeongtong-gu's housing is the seventh most expensive in the province. Food Suwon is known for Suwon galbi, a variation on beef short ribs enjoyed throughout Korea. The city also has a wide variety of restaurants serving Korean and international cuisine. Sports Suwon's sports facilities include Suwon World Cup Stadium, which hosted 2002 FIFA World Cup matches, a gymnasium used in the 1988 Summer Olympic Games, a baseball field used by KT Wiz, an archery field, badminton courts, ten-pin bowling lanes, indoor swimming pools, tennis courts, and soft tennis courts. Football Suwon World Cup Stadium () was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, and is home to the K League 1 team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Another K League 1 team, Suwon FC, and a WK League team, Suwon FC Women, play at the Suwon Sports Complex (). Baseball Since 2013, Suwon has been home to KT Wiz. The team played at Sungkyunkwan University till Suwon Baseball Stadium () remodelling was completed in time for their elevation to the KBO League in 2015. The stadium was previously the home of the Hyundai Unicorns, but this team folded after the 2007 season. Indoor sports The 5,145-capacity Suwon Gymnasium () hosted the handball events in the 1988 Summer Olympics, and handball and table tennis matches at the 2014 Asian Games. It is currently home to two volleyball teams. Basketball Two of the Korean Basketball League and Women's Korean Basketball League's oldest teams, Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx, respectively, used to be based in Suwon. Samsung Thunders relocated to Jamsil Arena in Seoul in 2001, while four years later, Samsung Life moved to Yongin. Top-flight men's basketball returned to Suwon in 2021, when KT Sonicboom relocated to the renamed Suwon KT Sonicboom Arena (formerly Seosuwon Chilbo Gymnasium, ) from Busan. Volleyball Suwon Gymnasium is home to the men's and women's volleyball teams Suwon Kepco Vixtorm and Suwon Hyundai Engineering & Construction Hillstate respectively, which play in the V-League. Museums Suwon has two national museums and a number of smaller institutions. The National Map Museum of Korea is at 92 Worldcup-ro, Woncheon-dong, Yeongtong-gu (). It houses a collection of 33,598 maps. Admission is free, and the museum opens daily from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. The National Agricultural Museum of Korea opened by Seoho Lake in December 2022. Located at 154 Suin-ro, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-gu (), admission is free, and the museum is open daily from 10 a.m. till 6 p.m. Suwon Hwaseong Museum, at 21 Changryong-daero, Maehyang-dong, Paldal-gu (), features exhibits contextualising and explaining the construction of Hwaseong. Mr. Toilet House is a toilet museum built in 2007 at 463 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong, Jangan-gu (). Ownership was transferred to the city council in 2009. Libraries Suwon Central Library opened at 318 Paldalsan-ro, Gyo-dong, Paldal-gu () in 1980. Today the city has 27 public libraries—seven in Gwonseon-gu, five in Jangan-gu, six in Paldal-gu, and nine in Yeongtong-gu—and plans to build another in Imok-dong. Parks and Gardens Irwol Arboretum (, ) and Yeongheung Arboretum (, ) opened on 19 May 2023 beside Irwol Reservoir and Yeongheung Park respectively. The Irwol Arboretum features 429,000 plants of 52,000 species, while Yeongheung Arboretum hosts 118,000 plants of 42,000 species over . There are also many parks scattered through the city, some of which, e.g., Gwanggyo Lake Park, Seoho Park, Irwol Park, and Manseok Park, contain sizeable lakes. Some parks target outdoor activities; for example, Manseok Park has facilities such as tennis courts (indoor & outdoor), soccer pitches (dirt and artificial turf), and the Suwon X-Games skatepark. Others, e.g., Gwanggyo History Park, have a more traditional focus. Media Newspapers based in Suwon include the Kyeonggi Daily (), based in Jangan-gu; and the Kyeongin Daily () and Suwon Daily (), based in Paldal-gu. These publish exclusively in Korean. National broadcaster KBS has a drama studio and art hall in Ingye-dong, Yeongtong-gu (). These are open to visits by appointment. Cinemas Suwon has several major multiplex cinemas, e.g., Megabox by Suwon Bus Terminal, CGV and Lotte Cinema by Suwon Station, and Kinex 5 in Yeongtong-gu. Other smaller cinemas, which may show fewer foreign films, include Cinema Town, Taehan Theater, Piccadilly Theater, Jungang Theater, Royal Theater, Dano Theater, and Dano Art Hall. Retail There are several major shopping centres across Suwon, e.g., AK Plaza and Lotte Mall at Suwon Station, and Avenue France and Alleyway in Gwanggyo. Another large centre, Starfield, is under construction beside Hwaseo Station. Public toilets In the early 21st century, Suwon City Council strove to improve the condition of its public lavatories; after such efforts, there were guided tours of the municipal facilities. Suwon also hosted several international forums on toilet management, and the World Toilet Association is based in the city. Transport Rail Suwon is a regional transportation hub, with Suwon Station a major stop served by KTX and other trains on the Gyeongbu Line connecting Seoul to Busan. Until 1973, the Suryo Line also connected Suwon to Yeoju. The Suin Line also connected Suwon to Incheon, and this line has been reconstructed as part of the Seoul Metro. Metro Suwon is served by three lines (14 stations) on the Seoul Metro. Line 1 Sungkyunkwan University () Hwaseo () Suwon () Seryu () Shinbundang Line Gwanggyo Jungang () Gwanggyo () Suin-Bundang Line Cheongmyeong () Yeongtong () Mangpo () Maetan-Gwonseon () Suwon City Hall () Maegyo () Suwon () Gosaek () Omokcheon () Construction on an extension of the Sinbundang Line to Homaesil is scheduled to begin in 2024. Another planned line—the Dongtan–Indeogwon Line—should create several new stations in Suwon, but this has been delayed, promoting affected cities to call for urgent action. Buses There are two inter-city bus terminals in Suwon with connections to many cities nationwide: Suwon Bus Terminal near Seryu Station, and West Suwon Bus Terminal near Sungkyunkwan University. Suwon is connected to Seoul and other nearby cities by city and express buses with departure points across the city. In 2017, Suwon Station Transfer Center opened to the west of the Gyeongbu Line. This new bank of bus stops was built to alleviate pressure on bus and taxi stands across the tracks. Another transfer centre is incorporated into Gwanggyo Jungang Station; this is underground, and bus stands feature screen doors. Suwon has invested heavily in electric buses—in 2019, it built the country's largest bus charging station at 46 Gyeongsu-daero 1220beon-gil, Pajang-dong. Roads The Yeongdong Expressway (50) passes through Suwon, with two exits within the city limits: North Suwon and East Suwon. The Gwanggyo Sanghyeon exit on the Yongin–Seoul Expressway (171) is on Suwon's border with Yongin, and the Pyeongtaek–Paju Expressway (17) also has an exit in Suwon (Geumgok). Nearby Homaesil is one of Suwon's more notorious bottlenecks. Despite its name, the Suwon exit of the Gyeongbu Expressway (1) lies in Singal in neighbouring Yongin. Bicycles Suwon was the first place in Korea to introduce dockless shared bicycles for hire. Traversing Suwon by regular bicycle is also relatively easy as there are numerous cycle paths beside the streams that cut through the city. However, some of these are in poor condition. Car-free zones In 2013, the city hosted the EcoMobility World Festival in Haenggung-dong, where for one month, streets were closed to cars as a car-free experiment. Instead of cars, residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers. The experiment was not unopposed; however, on balance it was considered a success. Following the festival, the city began discussing whether to adopt the practice on a permanent basis. Military Suwon Air Base in Jangji-dong, Gwonseon-gu was used by the United States Air Force during the Korean War, when it was the scene of the conflict's first aerial combat. Today the base is under Republic of Korea Air Force jurisdiction, though it is still managed and maintained by the US military. Fauna Suwon's wildlife is similar to that of most of Gyeonggi-do. A notable species, however, is the endangered Suwon tree frog. This is one of only two tree frogs to inhabit the Korean peninsula, and it lives only in the Gyeonggi-do area. Mammals Mammals living on Gwanggyosan and elsewhere in the city include the raccoon dog, Japanese mole, Siberian weasel, water deer, Korean hare, red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris mantchuricus), house mouse, striped field mouse, and the Eurasian harvest mouse. Birds A variety of birds inhabit Suwon. For example, Irwol Lake is home to great crested grebes, goshawks, and mandarins among other species, and swans began wintering on the lake in 2022. Suwon also appears to be Korea's first recorded breeding site of the white-breasted waterhen. Other birds in Suwon include the Eurasian tree sparrow, Oriental magpie, large-billed crow, rook, brown-eared bulbul, vinous-throated parrotbill, rock dove, marsh tit, Japanese tit, coal tit, varied tit, Eastern spot-billed duck, great cormorant, grey heron, striated heron, great white egret, little egret, and common sandpiper. Notable people Notable people from Suwon include: Deceased List in chronological order of birth Yeom Gyeongae (, 1100–1146, noble, pious wife of Choi Rubaek) Choi Rubaek (, –1205, pious son) Lee Go (, 1341–1420, Goryeo subject opposed to Joseon) Kim Jullyong (, 1586–1642, military general, defeated Qing soldiers at Gwanggyosan) Woo Hayeong (, 1741–1812, Silhak scholar, agricultural pioneer) Lim Myeonsu (, 13 June 1874–29 November 1930, independence activist) Cha Injae (, 1895–1971, independence activist) Kim Sehwan (, 1889–1945, educator, independence activist) Na Hyeseok (, 28 April 1896–10 December 1948, feminist, painter, writer, poet, sculptor, journalist) Kim Hyanghwa (, 1897–?, gisaeng, independence activist) Park Seontae (, 1901–1938, independence activist) Lee Seongyeong (, 1902–1921, independence activist) Choi Munsun (, 1903–?, independence activist) Kim Jangseong (, 7 February 1913–9 March 1932, independence activist) Hong Jongcheol (, 26 March 1920–22 July 1989, independence activist) Yun Hanheum (, 1923–22 August 2016, artist) Living List in alphabetical order by surname Han-na Chang (, 23 December 1982–, conductor, cellist) Chung Hyeon (, 19 May 1996–, tennis player) Im Chang-kyun (, stage name I.M, 26 January 1996–, rapper, singer, songwriter) Jeon Ji-yoon (, 15 October 1990–, rapper, singer, songwriter, actor) Stella Hanbyul Jeung (, opera singer) Jo Kwon (, 28 August 1989–, singer, actor, presenter) Joo Won (, stage name Joo Won, 30 September 1987–, actor) Kim Dong-hyun (, 17 November 1981–, MMA fighter) Kim Jang-hwan (, known as Billy Kim, 25 July 1934–, pastor, former President of the Baptist World Alliance, President of the Far East Broadcasting Company) Kim Myung-jun (, stage name MJ, 5 March 1994–, singer, actor, model) Kim Sungbae (, 1954–, artist) Kim Yugwon (, stage name U-Kwon, 9 April 1992–, singer) Lee Chang-sub (, 26 February 1991–, singer) Lee Dong-hun (, 28 February 1993–, singer, A.C.E) Lee Jin-ki (, stage name Onew, 14 December 1989–, singer, songwriter, actor, presenter) Lee Jong-suk (, 14 September 1989–, actor, model) Lee Ju-eun (, 7 June 1995–, singer, actor) Oh Kyo-moon (, 2 March 1972–, archer) Sam Oh (, 15 January 1980–, presenter, columnist) Park Hae-soo (, 21 November 1981–, actor) Park Ji-sung (, 30 March 1981–, footballer) Park was born in Seoul but raised in Suwon. In 2005, a city street was renamed after him. Ryu Jun-yeol (, 25 September 1986–, actor) Seol Yoeun (, 2012–, violinist) Shin Dong-hee (, stage name Shindong, 28 September 1985–, rapper, singer, dancer, presenter, video director) Song Kang (, 23 April 1994–, actor) Yoo Hyun-young (, 6 September 1976–, actor) Yoo Jeong-yeon (, 1 November 1996–, singer) Yoon Bo-mi (, 13 August 1993–, singer, actor) Twin towns and sister cities Suwon is twinned with: Asahikawa, Japan (1989) Jinan, China (1993) Townsville, Australia (1997) Bandung, Indonesia (1997) Yalova, Turkey (1999) Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1999) Toluca, Mexico (1999) Fez, Morocco (2003) Hải Dương Province, Vietnam (2004) Siem Reap Province, Cambodia (2004) Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (2005) Curitiba, Brazil (2006) Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (2015) See also List of cities in South Korea Geography of South Korea Seoul National Capital Area Notes References Citations External links Suwon City Council (in Korean) Suwon F.C (in Korean) Suwon Samsung Bluewings (in Korean) KT Wiz (in Korean) Suwon Cities in Gyeonggi Province
Azal may refer to: Azal Branco, a white Portuguese wine grape Azal Tinto, a red Portuguese wine grape Azal (Bible), a location mentioned in the Book of Zechariah Azerbaijan Airlines, also known as AZAL Buta Airways, formerly AZALJet, a subsidiary of Azerbaijan Airlines
Agnes Hsin Mei Hsu-Tang () is a Taiwan-born American archaeologist and art historian. On October 19, 2021, she became the first person of Asian heritage to be elected board chair of one of the oldest historical institutions in America, the New-York Historical Society, founded in 1804. She is chairwoman of the New-York Historical Society board of trustees and Co-chair of The Met Museum's Objects Conservation Visiting Committee. She is a distinguished consulting scholar at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Hsu-Tang works in cultural heritage protection and rescue and has advised UNESCO and the U.S. Cultural Property Advisory Committee during the Obama Administration. Hsu-Tang received IIE's Centennial Medal in 2019 for her longtime work in cultural protection and rescue. She co-founded the Hsu-Tang Library for Classical Chinese Literature at Oxford University, the Tang Center for Silk Road Studies at Berkeley, and the Tang Center for Early China at Columbia University. Early life and education Hsu-Tang was born in Taipei and educated in the US and England. Press in Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, and France have reported on her family's ancestry to two historical lineages of scholar-officials, the late Ming dynasty imperial Catholic minister Hsu Kuang-ch'i and the Qing dynasty Minister of War Chi Yun. Her paternal ancestor Hsu Kuang-ch'i, known by his baptismal name Paolo in the West, was the late 16th-century Catholic Ming Dynasty imperial minister and statesman who, with Matteo Ricci, engaged in the first cross-cultural exchanges and translations of scientific and philosophical texts in classical Chinese and Latin, for which he has been beatified by the Vatican. Hsu-Tang studied classical archaeology and English literature at Bryn Mawr College and has an M.A. in Asian and Middle Eastern studies from University of Pennsylvania. In 2003, she received a pre-doctoral Mellon Fellowship to study the history of science at the Needham Research Institute at Cambridge University, where she conducted GIS-based analysis of a set of ancient maps and published "An Emic Perspective on the Mapmaker's Art in Western Han China" in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. She received a Ph.D. in Chinese art and Archaeology from the University of Pennsylvania in 2004; her dissertation was titled "Pictorial Eulogies in Three Eastern Han Tombs." Career Hsu taught Silk Road art and archaeology at Brown University from 2004 to 2007. From 2007 to 2008, she received a second Mellon Fellowship as a postdoctoral researcher in Classics at Stanford University. and published "Structured Perceptions of Real and Imagined Landscapes in Early China" in Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre‐Modern Societies, edited by the Swiss historian Kurt Raaflaub and English classicist Richard J. A. Talbert. From 2006 to 2013, Hsu served on UNESCO scientific committees for World Heritage Sites during which she conducted three missions to Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Western China, and published a white paper "The Exceptional Universal Value of the Road Systems in Ancient Empires: A Comparative Study of the Chinese Oasis Route of the Early Silk Road and the Qhapag Ñan" Hsu worked in the Taklamakan Desert. Hsu was active in film projects from 2008 to 2015. Hsu was the host of the archaeology series Mysteries of China on the History channel, and a contemporary Chinese art series for Discovery Channel Asia , in which she interviewed artists Xu Bing, Zhang Huan, Li Zhen, and Chihung Yang, and the series premiered during Art Basel Hong Kong in 2014 at the Asia Society Hong Kong Center. Her other TV credits include “The Giant Buddha at Leshan” (2009) and “Xi’an: China’s Forgotten City” (2010) on Discovery USA, “China’s Terracotta Warriors” on PBS (2011), and Mankind: The Story of All of Us series on History Channel (2012). In 2015, Hsu-Tang joined Columbia University as an adjunct senior research scholar. In 2018, Hsu-Tang was appointed distinguished consulting scholar at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Philanthropy, activism and honors Hsu-Tang is known to be actively engaged in social justice projects, including providing leadership support for New-York Historical Society's exhibitions: Chinese in America: Exclusion/Inclusion (2014-2015) and Dreaming Together (2020-2021), Opera Saint Louis's An American Soldier, Santa Fe Opera's Dr. Sun Yat-sen and M. Butterfly. Hsu-Tang leads New-York Historical Society's capital project to build a 70,000 square foot annex designed by Robert A. M. Stern Architects, with one floor dedicated to collaborative efforts with the American LGBTQ+ Museum and state-of-the art classrooms for N-YHS's Tang Academy for American Democracy. She also developed and supports the New-York Historical Society–CUNY Museum Studies program.The Tang Academy for American Democracy, a program that teaches democracy to fifth and sixth grade students in New York City public schools, is among the many projects that Hsu-Tang has supported at the New-York Historical Society. Hsu-Tang was a managing director on the board of the Metropolitan Opera from 2014 to July 2021 and is known to support new works and contemporary productions such as Exterminating Angel, L'amour de loin, and Akhanaten. In October 2021, Hsu-Tang became chair of the New-York Historical Society board of trustees. In 2018, Hsu-Tang and her husband Oscar Tang were listed among Town and Country's 50 most influential American families in media, art, and culture. During the COVID pandemic, she co-founded The Yellow Whistle campaign to combat anti-Asian violence and historical discrimination against Americans of Asian descent. The campaign distributed 500,000 free customized yellow whistles emblazoned with the slogan "WE BELONG" at rallies and through a national alliance of activist organizations and has received extensive national press coverage to raise awareness. In December 2021, Hsu-Tang and her husband donated $125 million towards renovations at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. On March 15, 2023, Hsu-Tang received The Met Museum's Women Leaders Award, with New York Governor Kathy Hochul, Congresswoman Nydia Valesquez, and curator Jasmine Wahi. Hsu-Tang received the Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Award on May 25, 2023, at the historical great hall on Ellis Island, with Grammy-winning American record executive Clive Davis and Liberty Mutual's CEO and Chairman David H. Long. Personal life Hsu married philanthropist and financier Oscar Tang in a private ceremony at the 17th-century Historic Christ Church in Lancaster County, Virginia on May 18, 2013. References External links Living people Writers from Taipei Bryn Mawr College alumni University of Pennsylvania alumni 21st-century American archaeologists American women archaeologists 21st-century American historians American art historians Women art historians Taiwanese emigrants to the United States People from Washington, D.C. Academics from Washington, D.C. 21st-century American philanthropists American women philanthropists Taiwanese philanthropists 21st-century women philanthropists 1972 births
Bachatsky () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of Belovo Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located north of Belovo and southeast of Kemerovo, on the border of the Salair Ridge and the Kuznetsk Basin, between the Bolshoy (Chernovoy) Bachat and Maly (Stepnoy) Bachat Rivers. Population: References Urban-type settlements in Kemerovo Oblast
Kheraikuchi is the locality in Guwahati, Assam, India; surrounded by the localities of Ghoramara, Sawkuchi and Bhetapara Often pronounced wrongly as Kerakuchi, which diverts from the Bodo Language meaning of the word Kheraikuchi. See also Bhangagarh Jyotikuchi References Neighbourhoods in Guwahati
Eliška Richtrová (born 1 July 1959), née Klímová, also Richtrová-Klímová, is a Czech chess player who holds the FIDE title of Woman Grandmaster (1982). She was a five-time winner of the Czechoslovak Women's Chess Championship (1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1988). Biography From the end 1970s to the mid-1990s, Eliška Richtrová was one of the leading Czechoslovakian women's chess players. In 1978, she won second place at the European Girl's Chess Cup. She won the Czechoslovak Women's Chess Championships five times: 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1988. Also she two times finished as silver medalist: in 1977 and in 1978. Two-time champion of the Czech Republic in rapid chess in 2006 and in 2011, a bronze medal in 2013. In the blitz chess championship of the Czech Republic she received a silver medal in 2013 and two bronze medals in 2003 and in 2006. The medalist of many international chess tournaments, including won Novi Sad (1981), Halle (1983), Bydgoszcz (1985) and Prague (1986). In 1980, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title and received the FIDE Woman Grandmaster (WGM) title two years later. Eliška Richtrová three times participated in the Women's World Chess Championship Interzonal Tournaments: In 1982, at Interzonal Tournament in Bad Kissingen shared 4th-5th place; In 1987, at Interzonal Tournament in Smederevska Palanka shared 2nd-4th place, but ranked 3rd in Tbilisi playoff after Nona Gaprindashvili and Irina Levitina; In 1990, at Interzonal Tournament in Azov ranked 3rd place. In 1990, she participated at Candidates Tournament in Borjomi and stayed in the last, 8th place. Eliška Richtrová played for Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic in the Women's Chess Olympiads: In 1988, at first board in the 28th Chess Olympiad (women) in Thessaloniki (+3, =6, -5), In 1990, at first board in the 29th Chess Olympiad (women) in Novi Sad (+5, =6, -2), In 1992, at first board in the 30th Chess Olympiad (women) in Manila (+5, =6, -3), In 2008, at fourth board in the 38th Chess Olympiad (women) in Dresden (+4, =2, -4). In 1984 she graduated from the University of Economics (Prague) as an engineer. In 1989 she graduated from the Charles University as a chess trainer. Since 1993 she works as an accountant and tax adviser. Since 2014, she is a member of the municipality of České Budějovice. Since November 2015 member of the Financial Commission of České Budějovice. From December 2014 to November 2015, she was a member the supervisory board of České Budějovice, supervising the forest and ponds. Since February 2016 she is on the supervisory board of the transport enterprise České Budějovice. References External links 1959 births Living people Czech female chess players Czech chess players Czechoslovak female chess players Czechoslovak chess players Chess woman grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Charles University alumni
Onésimo Rufino (born 7 June 1947) is a Dominican Republic wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 63 kg at the 1968 Summer Olympics. References External links 1947 births Living people Dominican Republic male sport wrestlers Olympic wrestlers for the Dominican Republic Wrestlers at the 1968 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Santiago de los Caballeros
Acaulona costata is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. Distribution Argentina, Brazil, Mexico. References Tachinidae Diptera of South America Diptera of North America Insects described in 1888 Taxa named by Frederik Maurits van der Wulp
Megachile pollinosa is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Spinola in 1851. References Pollinosa Insects described in 1851
The Disrupted is a 2020 American documentary film, directed by Sarah Colt and Josh Gleason. Colt also served as one of the film's producers. The movie focuses on America's middle class, which the directors state is becoming increasingly impoverished and is struggling to make ends meet. Synopsis In the documentary Colt and Gleason focus on America's increasingly impoverished middle class and the struggles to make ends meet between the challenges of the 2008 Great Recession, the reduction of steady job possibilities, and rising income inequality. The film follows three individuals, a Kansas farmer, a laid-off factory worker in Ohio, and an Uber driver in Florida. The title of the film refers to the disruptive innovation in technologies brought in by service companies, such as Uber, Airbnb and Amazon that, while affording new opportunities for customers and lifestyle, also created new, more precarious jobs while eliminating other jobs altogether. Release The Disrupted had its world premiere during May 2020 at Mountainfilm, which was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The documentary went on to screen at multiple film festivals that included DOK. Fest München, Woods Hole Film Festival, Buffalo International Film Festival, and the Milwaukee Film Festival. Film distribution rights were acquired by Passion River Films and 8 Above in September 2020 and the documentary received a limited release in virtual cinemas, along with a video on demand on October 13, 2020, in the United States. Reception Common praise for The Disrupted centered upon its topics. Critics such as Josh McCormack of Mountain Xpress and Christy Lemire of Southern California Public Radio's KPCC FilmWeek felt that this was vital due to 2020 being an election year and for people who were "being left behind in our current economy…theoretically the “forgotten men and women” Trump campaigned on. And in the ensuing years, not only have their lives not gotten better, they've gotten significantly worse.". Other elements of praise included the direction of Colt and Gleason, as well as the cinematography which Peter Keough of The Boston Globe described as "evoking a mood of fading hope and dogged resistance.” References External links Documentary films about labor relations in the United States American documentary films Documentary films about globalization 2020 films 2020 documentary films 2020s English-language films 2020s American films
Sauzet (; ) is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France. Geography The Séoune has its source in the commune and forms part of its south-western border. See also Communes of the Lot department References Communes of Lot (department)
Castlevania Judgment is a 3D fighting video game developed by Konami and Eighting for the Wii. The game is based on the Castlevania series of games, and is the series' first fighting game.<ref name="announce">{{cite web\|date=2008-07-01\|url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/885/885501p1.html\|title=Konami Announces Castlevania Judgment for Wii.\|publisher=IGN\|access-date=2008-07-11\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080711055949/http://wii.ign.com/articles/885/885501p1.html\|archive-date=2008-07-11\|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gameplay The game features 3D environments, and uses the motion-sensing controls of the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. The Wii Remote is used for attacks, including basic attacks, "sub-weapons" and weapon attacks, by swinging the remote, and the Nunchuck is used to move the character around the stage and for defensive moves. Players can move freely around a stage, similar to the game Power Stone. Each character utilizes different weapons and different types of weapons that are available depending on the stage and interactive environment of the stage; also, they can set traps or use monsters in the stage to attack one another. Summons are available in combat, some of which can be caused by items. Players are able to make use of the Nintendo Wi-Fi connection to play against each other, and can connect with the Nintendo DS game Castlevania: Order of Ecclesia to unlock bonus content in both games. Examples of stages include the Throne Room, Torture Chamber and the Ghost Ship. Players can choose to pick a different palette color for their chosen character, referred to in the game as "alignment color", two of which apply accessories chosen by the player. Plot Galamoth plots to send his servant, the Time Reaper, from ten millennia in the future into the past to destroy his rival Dracula and change history. A man named Aeon discovers this and pulls together champions from different eras of history into a time rift, in order to find a chosen one capable of destroying the Time Reaper. Each character has their own unique storyline, cutscenes and ending sequence when playing through the game's story mode. CharactersJudgment features 13 playable characters, made up of heroes and bosses from throughout the Castlevania franchise's history, along with the new original character Aeon for a total of 14. Other non-playable characters roam the game's stages, serving as obstacles that can be eliminated to replenish energy. These characters include common Castlevania enemies such as zombies, mermen and minotaurs. Development Konami registered a game called Castlevania Judgment with the United States Patent and Trademark Office on April 11, 2008. The game's lead designer, Koji Igarashi, began planning to bring a Castlevania game to the Wii, and wanted to utilize the motion sensing controllers. To do so in a prolonged adventure story, however, would have been very tiring, since much of the franchise's gameplay involves whipping and swinging. But in an action setting, the swinging motion would be broken up with resting intervals and be more enjoyable. The game is focused on recreating the Gothic feel of the franchise. Igarashi described the process of developing multiplayer combat as a somewhat challenging task. The design team worked on the game's graphics, especially in-game textures, with some of the designers of Elebits and Dewy's Adventure who joined Igarashi's development team. The characters were all given new redesigns for the game by manga artist Takeshi Obata. Reception Initial reaction to the announcement that the game would be a fighting game was received by some with shock and skepticism. IGN's initial viewing of the pre-E3 build of the game made their reviewers conclude the game had promise. However, the character design was harshly criticised by David Oxford of Kombo.com, who thought the design was not in the style of Castlevania and too similar to Obata's work on Death Note. After being shown at the 2008 edition of the Tokyo Game Show, the game received generally harsh criticism. Kotaku editor Luke Plunkett wrote a long hands-on article about the game. He reported "I walked away from the show feeling bad. Bad for Castlevania fans, at least" and "There is just nothing right about this game. Nothing." Game designer Koji Igarashi had complaints about the control scheme, reporting that "There's also the issue of the Wii controller. It's difficult to do those sorts of precise movements when you're waving something around." He otherwise objected that the initial reaction to Judgment was "unfair." The reception of Judgment was negative, holding a total rating of 49% on Metacritic. Gaming website 1UP.com rated the game a D−. In addition to criticism about the art direction, 1UP also noted some things that they said disregarded established fighting conventions. This included complaints about the "disorientating" camera control. According to the review Konami had described the game as "Versus Action" which is said by the reviewer to be "an amalgamation that fuses action-game mechanics with a fighter" and then goes on to call the term "the bastard son of neologism". IGN called Judgment a "deep, fun fighter", praising the variety of characters, style and design, while criticizing the camera and lack of control customization possibilities. IGN also nominated it for Best Fighting Game of 2008 for the Wii, but it lost the award to Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Nintendo Power rated the game a 7.0/10, stating that "In spite of being radically different from its action-adventure predecessors, however, Castlevania Judgement'' is actually pretty fun", praising its presentation, accessibility, and remixed music, while criticising the implementation of sub-weapons, the control scheme, and the character designs, calling them "questionable". In contrast, X-Play gave the game 1/5, claiming it to be enormously unbalanced and having an awful control scheme, as well as "bastardizing established Castlevania designs". GameSpy gave the game 1.5/5, praising the game for its unlockables and its online mode, while criticizing the game for unbalanced characters and irritating camera. GameSpot gave the game a 3/10 score stating "The abhorrent camera, dreadful art, and cumbersome controls are for masochistic applicants only; fans of the franchise, fighting, or fun will find nothing of value in this sloppy cash-in." Following its later release in Japan, the game was a financial bomb, having only sold 3,700 units. Notes References External links Official Japanese website 2008 video games 3D fighting games Castlevania spin-off games Crossover fighting games Eighting games Fighting games Games with Wii-DS connectivity Multiplayer and single-player video games Multiplayer online games Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games Takeshi Obata Video games developed in Japan Video games scored by Yasushi Asada Wii Wi-Fi games Wii-only games
Artsyom Hancharyk (; ; born 13 April 1980) is a Belarusian former footballer. Career Hancharyk started his career with Smena-BATE Minsk. Honours BATE Borisov Belarusian Premier League champion: 1999, 2002 Shakhtyor Soligorsk Belarusian Premier League champion: 2005 Belarusian Cup: 2003–04 References External links 1980 births Living people Belarusian men's footballers Men's association football forwards FC Minsk-2 players FC BATE Borisov players FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk players FC Gomel players FC Neman Grodno players FC Belshina Bobruisk players FC Vitebsk players FC Granit Mikashevichi players FC Partizan Minsk players FC Molodechno players Belarus men's under-21 international footballers Footballers from Minsk
Ahmedabad ( ; Gujarati: Amdavad ) is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585 (per the 2011 population census) makes it the fifth-most populous city in India, and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh-most populous in India. Ahmedabad is located near the banks of the Sabarmati River, from the capital of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, also known as its twin city. Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India. It is the second-largest producer of cotton in India, due to which it was known as the 'Manchester of India' along with Kanpur. Ahmedabad's stock exchange (before it was shut down in 2018) was the country's second oldest. Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad; a newly built stadium, called Narendra Modi Stadium, at Motera can accommodate 132,000 spectators, making it the largest stadium in the world. The world-class Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave is currently under construction and once complete, it will be one of the biggest sports centers (Sports City) in India. The effects of the liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the city's economy towards tertiary sector activities such as commerce, communication and construction. Ahmedabad's increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries, resulting in the development of skyscrapers. In 2010, Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbess list of fastest growing cities of the decade. In 2012, The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India's best city to live in. The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad metro was estimated at $68 billion in 2020. In 2020, Ahmedabad was ranked as the third-best city in India to live by the Ease of Living Index. In July 2022, Time magazine included Ahmedabad in its list of world's 50 greatest places of 2022. Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Government of Indias flagship Smart Cities Mission. In July 2017, the historic city of Ahmedabad, or Old Ahmedabad, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage City. Etymology The name "Ahmedabad" is derived from the name of Sultan Ahmad Shah I, who founded the city in the year 1411 AD. The original name of the city was "Ashaval," which was a small settlement located on the banks of the Sabarmati river. According to local legends, Sultan Ahmed Shah was out on a hunting expedition when he came across a rabbit that was brave enough to turn and face his hunting dogs. Impressed by the courage of the rabbit, Sultan Ahmed Shah decided to build a new city on the spot and named it "Ahmedabad" after himself. Over the years, Ahmedabad grew into a prosperous city, becoming an important center for trade and commerce. Today, it is one of the largest cities in India and is known for its rich cultural heritage, including its monuments, museums, and festivals. At that time, Karna, the Chaulukya (Solanki) ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval, and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati. History The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as Ashaval. At that time, Karna, the Chaulukya (Solanki) ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval, and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati. Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka. Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century. However, by the earlier 15th century, the local Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I, thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty. In 1411, the area came under the control of his grandson, Sultan Ahmed Shah, who selected the forested area along the banks of the Sabarmati river for his new capital. He laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after himself. According to other versions, he named the city after four Muslim saints in the area who all had the name Ahmed. Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411 (at 1.20 pm, Thursday, the second day of Dhu al-Qi'dah, Hijri year 813) at Manek Burj. Manek Burj is named after the legendary 15th-century Hindu saint, Maneknath, who intervened to help Ahmed Shah I build Bhadra Fort in 1411. He chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411. Chandan and Rajesh Nath, 13th generation descendants of Saint Maneknath, perform puja and hoist the flag on Manek Burj on Ahmedabad's foundation day and for the Vijayadashami festival every year. In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall in circumference and consisting of twelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements. In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah, fled to Diu. Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainly in textiles, which were exported as far as Europe. The Mughal ruler Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. The Deccan Famine of 1630–32 affected the city, as did famines in 1650 and 1686. Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758, when they surrendered the city to the Marathas. During the period of Maratha Empire governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda. In 1780, during the First Anglo-Maratha War, a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad, but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war. The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War. A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858. Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule, Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. In 1864, a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai (then Bombay) was established by the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI), enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city. Over time, the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname "Manchester of the East". The Indian independence movement developed roots in the city when Mahatma Gandhi established two ashrams – the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now Sabarmati Ashram) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 – which would become centres of nationalist activities. During the mass protests against the Rowlatt Act in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the First World War. In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the Salt Satyagraha from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March. The city's administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests, and again in 1942 during the Quit India Movement. Following independence and the partition of India in 1947, the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947, Ahmedabad was the focus of settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan, who expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy. By 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people, with classical and colonial European-style buildings lining the city's thoroughfares. It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat state after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960. During this period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre for higher education, science and technology. Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. Many countries sought to emulate India's economic planning strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan". In the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built city of Gandhinagar. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development. The 1974 Nav Nirman agitation – a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the L.D. College of Engineering in Ahmedabad – snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel, then chief minister of Gujarat. In the 1980s, a reservation policy was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes. The city was considerably impacted by the 2001 Gujarat earthquake; up to 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and causing much damage. The following year, a three-day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the 2002 Gujarat riots, spread to Ahmedabad; in eastern Chamanpura, 69 people were killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre on 28 February 2002. Refugee camps were set up around the city, housing 50,000 Muslims, as well as some small Hindu camps. The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, a series of seventeen bomb blasts, killed and injured several people. The terrorist group Harkat-ul-Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks. Ahmedabad is one of few cities in India that has hosted the premiers of major economies such as the US, China and Canada. On 24 February 2020, US President Donald Trump became the first president to visit the city. The event was named Namaste Trump. Earlier, President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited the city. Demographics Population Ahmedabad had a population of 5,633,927, making it the fifth most populous city in India. The urban agglomeration centred upon Ahmedabad, then having a population of 6,357,693, now estimated at 7,650,000, is the seventh most populous urban agglomeration in India. The city had a literacy rate of 88.29%; 92.30% of the men and 83.85% of the women were literate. According to the census for the Ninth Plan, there are 30,737 rural families living in Ahmedabad. Of those, 5.41% (1663 families) live below the poverty line. Approximately 440,000 people live in slums within the city. In 2008, there were 2273 registered non-resident Indians living in Ahmedabad. , Ahmedabad's population was estimated at 8,059,441. In 1950, the population of Ahmedabad was 854,959. Ahmedabad has grown by 950,155 since 2015, which represents a 2.54% annual change. According to the UN World Population Prospects, the population might increase to 8,854,444 by 2025. It is also predicted to have a massive rise to 11,062,112 as early as 2035. In 2010, Forbes magazine rated Ahmedabad as the fastest-growing city in India, and listed it as third fastest-growing in the world after the Chinese cities of Chengdu and Chongqing. In 2011, it was rated India's best megacity to live in by leading market research firm IMRB. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report of 2003, Ahmedabad has the lowest crime rate of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million. In December 2011, market research firm IMRB declared Ahmedabad the best megacity to live in when compared to India's other megacities. Slightly less than half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by "community organisations" (i.e. cooperatives), and according to Vrajlal Sapovadia, professor of the B.K. School of Business Management, "the spatial growth of the city is to [an] extent [a] contribution of these organisations". Ahmedabad Cantonment provides residential zones for Indian Army officials. Poverty In the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad's wealth faced competition from automation and domestic specialty looms. Several mills closed down, leaving between 40,000 and 50,000 people without a source of income, and many moved into informal settlements in the city centre. The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), the governing and administrative body of the city, simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services. In the 1990s, newly emerging pharmaceutical, chemical, and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labor, so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector and settled in slums. Ahmedabad has made efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents. The urban poverty rate has declined from 28% in 1993–1994 to 10% in 2011–2012. This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society organizations (CSOs) representing poor residents. Through projects and programs, the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to slums. However, some challenges remain, and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation, clean running water, and electricity. Riots, often rooted in religious tensions, threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines. There remains to be seen a concerted effort to balance pro-poor, inclusive development with national initiatives that aim to create 'global cities' that are the focus of capital investment and technological innovation. Informal housing and slums As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing, with the other 34% living in slums or chawls, which are tenements for industrial workers. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the total housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained generally constant, and this has led to a rise in density of both formal and informal housing and a more economical usage of existing space. The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25.6% of the total population in 1991 and had decreased to 4.5% in 2011, but these numbers are contested and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations. There is a consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population that lives in slum settlements, and that there has also been a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents. Slum Networking Project In the 1990s, the AMC faced increased slum populations. They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water, sewage, and electricity, but because of tenure issues, they were paying higher prices for low-quality, informal connections. To address this, beginning in 1995, the AMC partnered with civil society organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in 60 slums, benefitting approximately 13,000 households. This project, also known as Parivartan (Change), involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC, private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure (including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting) and community development (i.e. the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training). In addition, participating households were granted a minimum de facto tenure of ten years. The project cost a total of 4,350 million. Community members and the private sector each contributed 600 million, NGOs provided 90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project. Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12% of the cost of upgrading their home. This project has generally been regarded as a success. Having access to basic services increased the residents' working hours, since most work out of their homes. It also reduced the incidence of illness, particularly water-borne illness, and increased children's rates of school attendance. The SNP received the 2006 UNHABITAT Dubai International Award for Best Practice to Improve the Living Environment. However, concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure. Additionally, trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of slums that were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks. Religion and ethnicity According to the 2011 census, Hindus are the predominant religious community in the city comprising 81.56% of the population followed by Muslims (13.51%), Jains (3.62%), Christians (0.85%) and Sikhs (0.24%). Buddhists, people following other religions and those who did not state any religion make up the remainder. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Mirzapur is the cathedral of the Diocese of Ahmedabad. Most of the residents of Ahmedabad are native Gujaratis. The city is home to some 2000 Parsis (Zoroastrians), and some 125 members of the Bene Israel Jewish community. There is also one synagogue in the city. Geography Ahmedabad lies in western India at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of . The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and the city is in a sandy and dry area. However, with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment, the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem. Except for the small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra, the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits—Kankaria, Vastrapur and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood of Maninagar, is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, Qutb-ud-din, in 1451. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone 3, in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes). Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of Bhadra. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars, the pol system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship. A Pol (pronounced as pole) is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or religion. This is a list of Pols in the old walled city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India. Heritage of these Pols has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in UNESCO's Tentative Lists, in selection criteria II, III and IV. The secretary-general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12000 homes of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses. The Art Reverie in Moto Sutharvado is Res Artis center. The first pol in Ahmedabad was named Mahurat Pol. The old city also houses the main railway station, the main post office, and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of the Sabarmati river, facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 (and later the modern Nehru Bridge). The western part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings, residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as Ashram Road, C. G. Road and Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway. The Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront area being developed along the banks of the Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad, India. Proposed in the 1960s, its construction began in 2005, and it opened in 2012. Climate Ahmedabad has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is , and the average minimum is . From November to February, the average maximum temperature is , and the average minimum is . Cold winds from the north are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about , but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 20 May 2016, with it reaching . Following a heat wave in May 2010 reaching and claiming hundreds of lives, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan. Aimed at increasing awareness, sharing information and coordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations, the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health. It also focuses on community participation, building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat, training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat-related illnesses, and coordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit. Cityscape Early in Ahmedabad's history, under Ahmed Shah, builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persian architecture, giving rise to the Indo-Saracenic style. Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion. Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat. It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches. Private mansions or haveli from this era have carvings. A Pol is a typical housing cluster of Old Ahmedabad. After independence, modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad. Architects given commissions in the city included Louis Kahn, who designed the IIM-A; Le Corbusier, who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas, the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owners' Association Building, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed the administrative building of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome. B. V. Doshi came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set up the School of Architecture (now CEPT). His local works include Sangath, Amdavad ni Gufa, Tagore Memorial Hall and the School of Architecture. Charles Correa, who became a partner of Doshi's, designed the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde, and the Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association complex. Christopher Charles Benninger's first work, the Alliance Française, is located in the Ellis Bridge area. Anant Raje designed major additions to Louis Kahn's IIM-A campus, namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD. Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden, Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika. Law Garden was named after the College of Law situated close to it. Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake and also houses an amusement park. Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden, Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden. Ahmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes, caracals, Asiatic wolves and chinkara. The Kankaria Lake, built in 1451 AD, is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad. In earlier days, it was known by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj-e-Kutub. Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres. In 2010, another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC; the other 29 will be developed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA). Vastrapur lake is a small artificial lake located in the western part of Ahmedabad. Beautified by local authorities in 2002, it is surrounded by greenery and paved walkways and has become a popular leisure spot for the citizens. Chandola Lake covers an area of 1200 hectares. It is home to cormorants, painted storks and spoonbills. During the evening time, many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll. There is a recently developed lake in Naroda, and there is also the world's largest collection of antique cars in Kathwada at IB farm (Dastan Farm). AMC has also developed the Sabarmati Riverfront. Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site, the Ahmedabad City Police is going to install outdoor air purifiers at traffic points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air. Civic administration Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district, administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949. The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers, whereas the corporation is headed by the mayor of Ahmedabad. The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote, and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city. The mayor, Bijal Patel, was appointed on 14 June 2018. The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are: water and sewerage services, primary education, health services, fire services, public transport and the city's infrastructure. AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for "the best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3." Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour. The city is divided into seven zones constituting 48 wards. The city's urban and suburban areas are administered by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA). The city is represented by two elected members of parliament in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian Parliament) and 21 members of the Legislative Assembly at the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha. The Gujarat High Court is located in Ahmedabad, making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat. Law enforcement and public safety is maintained by the Ahmedabad City Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. Public services Health services are primarily provided at Ahmedabad civil hospital, the largest civil hospital in Asia. Electricity in the city is generated and distributed by Torrent Power Limited, owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company, which was previously a state-run corporation. Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised. Culture The people of Ahmedabad celebrate a vast range of festivals. Celebrations and observances include Uttarayan, a harvest festival which involves kite-flying on 14 and 15 January. The nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing Garba, the most popular folk dance of Gujarat, at venues across the city. The annual Rath Yatra procession takes place on the Ashadh-sud-bij date of the Hindu calendar at the Jagannath Temple. Festivals like Diwali, Holi, Christmas and Muharram (pan-Indian festivals) are also celebrated. One of the most popular dishes in Ahmedabad is the Gujarati thali, which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900. It consists of roti (Chapati), dal, rice and (cooked vegetables, sometimes with curry), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. Sweet dishes include laddoo, mango, and . Dhoklas, and are other popularly consumed dishes in Ahmedabad. Beverages include buttermilk and tea. Drinking alcohol is legally banned in Ahmedabad as Gujarat is a 'dry' state. There are many restaurants, which serve Indian and international cuisines. Most of food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as there exists a strong tradition of vegetarianism that has been maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities over centuries. The first all-vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in Ahmedabad. KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen, as does McDonald's. Ahmedabad has a number of restaurants serving typical Mughlai non-vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali, Kalupur and Jamalpur. Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon. However, it is best known for becoming a vast congregation of food stalls in the evening, which sell local street food. It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath. Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their folk art. The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie-dyed bandhinis, while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi (also known as mojri) footwear. Idols of the Hindu deity Ganesha and other religious icons are made in large numbers by artisans in the Gulbai Tekra area. In 2019, there was a surge in demand for eco-friendly idols due to increased awareness surrounding the effects of submerging the traditional plaster-of-paris idols in the Sabarmati river. The shops at the Law Garden sell mirrorwork handicrafts. Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature: Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha. Saptak School of Music festival is held in the first week of the new year. This event was inaugurated by Ravi Shankar. The Sanskar Kendra, one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier, is a museum displaying the city's history, art, culture and architecture. The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial have permanent displays of photographs, documents and other articles relating to the Gujarat-born Indian independence movement leaders, Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel. The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics, garments and textiles. The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Turkish. The Vechaar Utensils Museum has stainless steel, glass, brass, copper, bronze, zinc and German silver tools on display. The Conflictorium is an interactive installation space that explores conflict in society through art. The Shreyas Foundation has four museums on its campus. The Shreyas Folk Museum (Lokayatan Museum) has art forms and artefacts from various Gujarati communities. The Kalpana Mangaldas Children's Museum has a collection of toys, puppets, dance and drama costumes, coins and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world. Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat. Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries. The L. D. Institute of Indology houses 76,000 hand-written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45,000 printed books, making it the largest collection of Jain scripts, Indian sculptures, terracottas, miniature paintings, cloth paintings, painted scrolls, bronzes, woodwork, Indian coins, textiles and decorative art, paintings of Rabindranath Tagore and art of Nepal and Tibet. The N. C. Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India. In 1949, the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts was established by the scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and his wife, Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai. Its influence has led Ahmedabad to become a centre of Indian classical dance. Education Ahmedabad had a literacy rate of 79.89% in 2001 which rose to 89.62 percent in 2011. As of 2011, the literacy rate among males and females were 93.96 and 84.81 percent, respectively. Among the several universities in Ahmedabad, Gujarat University is the largest and claims to be the oldest; although the Gujarat Vidyapith was established in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi – it received no charter from the British Raj, becoming a deemed university only in 1963. A large number of colleges in the city are affiliated with Gujarat University. Gujarat Technological University, CEPT University, Nirma University, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM) and Ahmedabad University all date from this century. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University has over 100,000 students enrolled on its distance learning courses.Ahmedabad is home to the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, which was ranked first among management institutes in the country by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2018. Established in 1947 by the scientist Vikram Sarabhai, the oldest of the research institutes in Ahmedabad, the Physical Research Laboratory is active in space science, astronomy, high-energy physics and other areas of research. The Darpana Academy of Performing Arts was listed by UNESCO as an institution active in the "Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage". Schools in Ahmedabad are either run publicly by the AMC, or privately by entities, trusts and corporations. The majority of schools are affiliated with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, although some are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education, Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, International Baccalaureate and National Institute of Open School. Media Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times of India, Indian Express, DNA, The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Ahmedabad Mirror and Metro. Newspapers in other languages include Divya Bhaskar, Gujarat Samachar, Sandesh, Rajasthan Patrika, Sambhaav, and Aankhodekhi. The city is home to the historic Navajivan Publishing House, which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi. The state-owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on medium wave bands and FM bands (96.7 MHz) in the city. It competes with five private local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), Radio One (95.0 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz) and Mirchi Love (104 MHz). Gyan Vani (104.5 MHz) is an educational FM radio station run under the media co-operation model. In March 2012, Gujarat University started a campus radio service on 90.8 MHz, which was the first of its kind in the state and the fifth in India. The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels, while three multi system operators—InCablenet, Siti Cable and GTPL—provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English, and other regional channels via cable. Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as Jio, BSNL Mobile, Airtel, and Vodafone Idea. Economy The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at $64 billion in 2014. The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012. In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment. On 30 May 1861 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill, the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited, followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as Calico Mills, Bagicha Mills and Arvind Mills. By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city. The textile industry underwent rapid expansion during the First World War and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement, which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods. Ahmedabad was known as the "Manchester of the East" for its textile industry. The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India. The automobile industry is also important to the city; after Tata's Nano project, Ford, Suzuki and Peugeot have established engine and/or vehicle manufacturing plants near Ahmedabad. The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange, located in the Ambavadi area of the city, is India's second oldest stock exchange. It is now defunct. Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India — Zydus Cadila and Torrent Pharmaceuticals – are based in the city. The Nirma group of industries, which runs detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. The city houses the corporate headquarters of the Adani Group, a multinational trading and infrastructure development company. The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city. The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad, with companies such as Tata Consultancy Services opening offices in the city. A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the "Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country. The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India. Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as Cadila Healthcare, Rasna, Wagh Bakri, Nirma, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Biopharmaceuticals. Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat. Many cotton manufacturing units operate in and around Ahmedabad. Textiles are one of the major industries of the city. Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in Sanand taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates. Transportation Air Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, from the city centre, provides domestic and international flights for Ahmedabad and the adjoining state capital Gandhinagar. It is the busiest airport in Gujarat and the seventh-busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic. The Ahmedabad airport was earlier managed by Airports Authority of India and was leased to the city-based Adani Group in November 2020 for operations and maintenance. The Dholera International Airport is currently under proposal to be built near Fedara. It will be the largest airport in India with a total area of 7,500 hectares. Seaplane The first seaplane service in India started between Ahmedabad and the Statue of Unity, Kevadia, on 31 October 2020. The 19-seater plane makes four trips daily between the two destinations. Rail Ahmedabad is one of six operating divisions in the Western Railway zone. Ahmedabad railway station, locally known as Kalupur station, is the main terminus to differentiate it from other suburban railway stations. It is the centre point for railway stations in Gujarat and the Western Railway zone. Many lines originate in the city, connecting to a host of locations in Gujarat and India. There also exist other main stations which connect to different cities, such as Sabarmati Junction, , , , and among others. Ahmedabad Metro The Ahmedabad Metro began construction in March 2015. The first phase of the Ahmedabad metro is 40 km long; 6.5 km is underground and the remaining stretch is elevated. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the first section between Vastral Gam and Apparel Park on 4 March 2019 and was opened to public on 6 March 2019. The rest of the Phase-1 was inaugurated on 30 September 2022. The construction of the Phase-2 was started in 2021 connecting Gandhinagar. Road National Highway 48 passes through Ahmedabad and connects it with New Delhi and Mumbai. The National Highway 147 also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar. It is connected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1, a -long expressway with two exits. This expressway is part of the Golden Quadrilateral project. In 2001, Ahmedabad was ranked as the most-polluted city in India out of 85 cities by the Central Pollution Control Board. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of 10,000 to convert the fuel of all 37,733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner-burning compressed natural gas to reduce pollution. As a result, in 2008, Ahmedabad was ranked as 50th most-polluted city in India. Bus Ahmedabad BRTS Ahmedabad BRTS is a bus rapid transit system in the city. It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, a subsidiary of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and others. Inaugurated in October 2009, the network expanded to by December 2015 with daily ridership of passengers. The Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS), maintained by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, runs the public bus service in the city. More than 750 AMTS buses serve the city. Ahmedabad BRTS also runs 50 electric buses apart from CNG and diesel busses. AMTS Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service is a public bus service launched on 1 April 1947 and solely operated by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. It has a fleet of more than 900 buses as of 2018 covering almost every part of the city. Bike A bicycle renting and sharing service was started in Ahmedabad in 2013 by MYBYK. The project started with 200 bicycles and aimed to provide bicycles for commuting from one BRTS station to another. As of 2021, it had 150 bicycle hubs with a fleet of 6,000 bicycles, making Ahmedabad India's largest public bicycle share (PBS) city. Sports Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the city. Narendra Modi Stadium, also known as the Motera Stadium, originally Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium built in 1982, hosts both one day internationals and test matches. It is the largest stadium in the world by capacity, with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators. It hosted the 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups. It is the home ground of the first-class team Gujarat cricket team, which competes in domestic tournaments. Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's Sports Club of Gujarat. Other popular sports include field hockey, badminton, tennis, squash and golf. Ahmedabad has nine golf courses. Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex is being developed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to promote various indoor sports. Ahmedabad has also hosted national level games for roller skating and table tennis. Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city, with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based on Formula One design concepts. Sabarmati Marathon has been organized every year December–January since 2011; it has categories like a full and half-marathon, a 7 km dream run, a 5 km run for the visually disabled, and a 5 km wheelchair run. In 2007, Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games. The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup was held in Ahmedabad at The Arena by Transtadia (a renovated Kankaria football ground). Geet Sethi, a five-time winner of the World Professional Billiards Championship and a recipient of India's highest sporting award, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, was raised in Ahmedabad. The Adani Ahmedabad Marathon has been organized by the Adani Group every year since 2017; it attracted 8,000 participants in its first edition and also hosted its first virtual marathon in 2020 in compliance with COVID-19 guidelines. Ahmedabad 2036 Olympics Bid Ahmedabad has been identified as a potential host city for the 2036 Summer Olympics. The Gujarat government has identified 33 sites in and around Ahmedabad for the development of infrastructure to support the Olympic bid. The city's bid is also being shaped with international expertise, including Australian consultants. A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) is being set up by the Gujarat government to manage Ahmedabad's bid for the games. The fate of the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium is under consideration as part of the city's preparation for the Olympics. Tourist attractions Heritage Gates of Ahmedabad Pols in Ahmedabad Bhadra Fort Teen Darwaza Manek Burj Mosques and tombs Sidi Bashir Mosque-Shaking Minarets Sidi Saiyyed Mosque Sarkhej Roza Ahmed Shah's Mosque Haibat Khan's Mosque Jama Mosque Ahmad Shah's Tomb Rani no Hajiro Qutbuddin Mosque Saiyad Usman Mosque Dastur Khan's Mosque Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque Achut Bibi's Mosque Dariya Khan's Tomb Azam and Muazzam Khan's Tomb Qutub-e-Alam's Mosque Shah-e-Alam's Roza Muhafiz Khan Mosque Rani Rupamati's Mosque Rani Sipri's Mosque Malik Isan's Mosque Mohammed Ghous Mosque Baba Lului's Mosque Wajihuddin's Tomb Sardar Khan's Roza Museums Calico Museum of Textiles Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Museum Gujarat Science City Auto World Vintage Car Museum Stepwells Mata Bhavani's Stepwell Dada Harir Stepwell Adalaj Stepwell Amritavarshini Vav Temples Hutheesing Jain Temple - Shahibaug Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur - Kalupur Shree Jagannath Mandir - Jamalpur Camp Hanuman Mandir - Shahibaug Others Shahibaug Sabarmati Ashram Sabarmati Riverfront Kankaria Lake Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary Indroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park Atal Pedestrian Bridge Notable people Gautam Adani (born 1962), chairman and founder of the Adani Group Ali Sher Bengali (died 1570s), Islamic scholar and author M. C. Bhatt - Human rights lawyer Jasprit Bumrah (born 1993), cricketer Kishore Chauhan - Indian entrepreneur and founder of the electronics company Arise India Limited Alisha Chinai - (Born 1965) Indian pop singer known for playback singing in Indi-pop albums and Hindi cinema Jhinabhai Desai - Gujarati poet better known as Snehrashmi, author, educator, political leader and Indian independence activist Prakash K. Desai - Air Marshal of Indian Air Force Prasannavadan Bhagwanji Desai - Indian demographer, economist and independence activist Drashti Dhami - Indian television actress, known for her roles in Hindi TV serials such as Geet - Hui Sabse Parayi and Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon B. V. Doshi, architect, Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) Subramaniam Hariharan Iyer - Human rights lawyer Gaurang Jani - Sociologist Naresh Kanodia - Indian actor and politician, known for his work in Gujarati cinema Sanjeev Kumar - Indian actor, known for his roles in Bollywood films in the 1970s Shrenik Kasturbhai Lalbhai - Indian businessman and philanthropist, known for his contributions to education and research in India. Jhaverchand Meghani - Indian poet, writer and freedom fighter, known for his contributions to Gujarati literature and folk literature of Gujarat Ketan Mehta - Indian film director, known for his work in Bollywood and Gujarati cinema Sudhir Mehta - Indian businessman and chairman of the Torrent Group, a leading Indian pharma and power company Rohinton Mistry - Indian-Canadian novelist and short-story writer Narhari Parikh (born 1891, died 1957), writer, activist, and social reformer Girishbhai Patel - Human rights lawyer Karsanbhai Patel - Indian billionaire entrepreneur and founder of Nirma, a consumer goods company that specializes in soaps, detergents, and other household products Pankaj Patel - Indian businessman and former chairman of Cadila Healthcare, a leading pharmaceutical company in India Shamshad Pathan - Human rights lawyer Smita Patil - Indian actress, known for her work in Hindi, Marathi and Malayalam films during the 1970s and 1980s. Falguni Pathak - Indian singer and performer, known as the "Queen of Dandiya" for her popular Dandiya and Garba performances during Navratri. Amrita Pritam - Indian writer and poet, known for her Punjabi literature Mallika Sarabhai (born 1953), Indian classical dancer, choreographer, and activist Vikram Sarabhai (born 1919, died 1971), physicist and astronomer who founded the Physical Research Laboratory and played a role in founding ISRO. Jay Shah - BCCI Secretary (administrator) Komal Shah (art collector), art collector, philanthropist, computer engineer, and businessperson in Silicon Valley Naseeruddin Shah - Indian actor and director, known for his work in Bollywood and Indian parallel cinema Ravi Shankar - Indian musician and composer, known for his work in Indian classical music and for popularizing the sitar in the West Hemant Shesh - Indian cricketer who played for the Indian national team in the 1960s Mukul Sinha - Human rights lawyer Nirjhari Sinha - Human rights activist Manhar Udhas - Indian playback singer, known for his work in Hindi, Gujarati and other Indian languages Achyut Yagnik - Journalist, academic and activist Jyotsna Yagnik - Judge Disha Vakani - Indian Television Actress International relations Twin towns – sister cities Astrakhan, Russia Columbus, United States (2008) Guangzhou, China (September 2014) Jersey City, United States (1994) See also List of people from Ahmedabad List of tallest buildings in Ahmedabad Timeline of Ahmedabad References Further reading Muktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose. History of Interior Design in India Vol 1: Ahmedabad (2007) External links Ahmedabad Collectorate Ahmadabad Encyclopædia Britannica entry Smart cities in India 1411 establishments in Asia 15th-century establishments in India Cities and towns in Ahmedabad district Former capital cities in India Metropolitan cities in India Populated places established in the 1410s T A A
The British League Knockout Cup was a speedway Knockout Cup competition in the United Kingdom governed by the Speedway Control Board (SCB) in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA), that was staged between 1965 and 1994. The teams from the top division of league racing, the British League, took part. A similar competition was held for clubs in leagues that succeeded the British League, including the Elite League Knockout Cup and the Premier League Knockout Cup. Rules This competition was run on the knockout principle; teams drawn together race home and away matches, with the aggregate score deciding the result. In the event of the aggregate score being level, the teams again race home and away. Winners * The first leg of the final at Cradley was drawn, and the second leg at Oxford was cancelled due to bad weather. The official result was declared a draw and both teams shared the Knockout Cup that year. See also Knockout Cup (speedway) for full list of winners and competitions References External links BSPA Website Speedway competitions in the United Kingdom
Clark Pearce was a college football player. He was a tackle for coach Wallace Wade's Alabama Crimson Tide. Pearce blocked a punt against Stanford in the Rose Bowl. Against Mississippi A&M in 1927, Pearce stripped the quarterback and returned the fumble 80 yards for a touchdown. References All-Southern college football players American football tackles Alabama Crimson Tide football players Players of American football from Alabama
The Miller College of Business is the business college of Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. The college is named in honor of Wallace T. Miller, Jr. for his substantial donation to the university. Research centers The Miller College of Business has one stand-alone research center and four centers integrated into various academic departments. The Center for Business and Economic Research, directed by Michael J. Hicks provides public policy and economic research in Indiana and the Midwest. The Entrepreneurship Center led by Matthew Marvel is a top ten entrepreneurship center nationally and offers a minor in entrepreneurship. The Center for Professional Selling offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs in sales, the Center for Actuarial Science and Risk Management directed by Steven Avila is a collaboration between the Department of Finance and Insurance and the Department of Mathematical Sciences. The college also features the A. Umit Taftali Center for Capital Markets and Investing. Notable alumni Angela Ahrendts, former CEO, Burberry, current Senior Vice President of Retail and Online Stores, Apple Inc. Kent C. Nelson, former chairman and CEO, UPS John Schnatter, founder, spokesman, chairman and CEO of Papa John's International References Universities and colleges established in 1979 Ball State University Education in Delaware County, Indiana 1979 establishments in Indiana
Ashe Windham (17 February 1673 – 4 April 1749), of Felbrigg, Norfolk, was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1708 to 1710. Life Windham was the eldest son of William Windham of Felbrigg (died 1689) and his wife Katherine Ashe, daughter of Sir Joseph Ashe, 1st Baronet of Twickenham. His maternal uncle was Sir James Ashe, 2nd Baronet and his brothers were William Windham and Joseph Windham Ashe. The Windham family had had a seat at Felbrigg Hall since the mid-15th century. Whilst at Eton College he succeeded his father in 1689. After attending King's College, Cambridge, he took a grand tour round Italy between 1693 and 1696. In 1708, he was due to marry Hester Buckworth, but she died, and a year later, in summer 1709, he married a wealthy heiress, Elizabeth Dobyns, the daughter and heir of William Dobyns of Lincoln's Inn. Parliamentary career Windham was first considered as a parliamentary candidate in 1699, for Norfolk (his father had unsuccessfully run for it in 1679 as a Whig). However, according to Humphrey Prideaux, his grand tour counted against him: Windham stepped down from the 1705 election campaign in favour of his friend and cousin Roger Townshend, whom he replaced at the 1708 British general election, contesting the seat unopposed and becoming the first of his family to sit in Parliament. That year he was said to possess "as great estate as any commoner in the country". Windham was one of the main MPs behind an unsuccessful address to Queen Anne on 25 January 1709 requesting that she remarry. He voted for the naturalization of the Palatines in 1709 and for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell in 1710. He and Robert Walpole II stood for Norfolk at the 1710 British general election but were defeated and he declined to stand again in 1713. Later life and legacy Windham's marriage failed, and after the birth of a son in 1717, the couple parted. He retired to Felbrigg to manage his estates and look after the education of his son. He also had one illegitimate daughter. A portrait of Windham by Sir Godfrey Kneller is owned by the National Trust and held at Felbrigg. References 1673 births 1749 deaths Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Norfolk British MPs 1708–1710 People from Felbrigg
Islam: The Straight Path is an Islamic studies book that aims to give an introduction to Islam. The book, authored by John Esposito, was first published in 1988 by the Oxford University Press. Contents The book consists of 6 chapters: Muhammad and the Quran: Messenger and Message The Muslim Community in History Religious Life: Belief and Practice Modern Interpretations of Islam Contemporary Islam: Religion and Politics Islam and Change: Issues of Authority and Interpretation The first three chapters give a presentation of standard subjects covered in the history of Islam. The first chapter discusses the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the Muslim holy scripture, the Quran. The chapters also cover social realities of the early Muslim community, as well as Islam's cultural and political expansion during the Caliphate and Sultanate periods. Muslim fundamental tenets of belief and practices are also discussed as is the development of Islamic theology, law and Sufism. Esposito wrote this book after he observed that most books on Islam gave less attention to the modern period than to the pre-modern Islam. Thus, Islam: The Straight Path devotes half its content (the last three chapters) to the development of Islam in modern and reformist times. In addition to the main text of the book, a full auxiliary information is also provided by notes, a select bibliography, a glossary of largely Arabic terminology and a comprehensive index. The book also has many brief case studies, that are aimed at exemplifying the themes and issues embodied in contemporary Muslim experience. William Swatos, from Black Hawk College, writes that these concise analyses are one of the book's most important contributions. Muhammad and the Quran: Messenger and Message The first chapter is focused on the study of Muhammad and the Qur'an. The section on the prophet in the chapter is entitled 'Muhammad and the Muslim Community' and commences with an introduction to Arabia and the Arabs, and concludes with a few pages on Western assessments and criticisms of the Islamic Prophet. The section on the Qur'an covers all the major themes of the Muslim holy scriptures and examines Muslim beliefs regarding its nature. The Muslim Community in History The next chapter is mostly concerned with the history of the Muslim world, beginning with Muhammad in Medina and ending with the "Sultanate Period" of the medieval Muslim states. In course of this examination, Esposito deals with the Crusades and also with the development of law and mysticisms. Religious life: Belief and Practice Chapter three is an exposition of Islamic beliefs and practices, and concentrates more on the theological and legal manifestations of the morals discussed in the chapter of the Qur'an. Esposito's explanation of Sufism in this section is the weakest part of the book, according to R. W. J. Martin. He argues that Esposito does not explore the deeper dimensions of the mystical movement, instead only covering how it manifests itself on the popular level. Modern Islamic Reform Movements The fourth chapter focuses on Islamic revivalist and reform movements, spanning the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. Esposito considers these movements as the "dominant themes" in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent through which Muslims responded to their internal decline and European imperialism. His study takes into account the position of Muslim "modernists" like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, Sayyid Ahmad Khan, and Muhammad Iqbal, all of whom emphasized the adaptability of Islam to the demands and challenges of modernity. Esposito also looks at the "neo-revivalists", such as Sayyid Qutb, and Maududi, who, born of disillusionment with the West, envisioned a social order based on a self-sufficient Islamic alternative. Contemporary Islam: Religion and Politics The fifth chapter concentrates on Islamic movements after 1950, a period distinguished by a significant emphasis on religious identity. Esposito provides descriptions of revival and reform movements in five countries: Egypt, Libya, Iran, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia. Islam and Change:The Struggle for Islam in the Twenty-First Century Chapter six (which was expanded from the last 28 pages of chapter five in the first edition) is devoted to issues of authority and interpretation of Islam in the modern context, and includes topics such as legal reform and women's rights. The main contents of this chapter are: The Bifurcation of Society, The Ulama and Reform, Tradition: Anchor or Albatross?, A Spectrum of Reformers and Approaches, Cyberspace and High-Tech Islam, Critical Areas of Islamic Reform, The Challenge of Religious Pluralism, Global Muslim Multifaith and Intercivilizational Initiatives and The Challenge of Pluralism for Western Secular Democracies Usage Gisela Webb considers the book to one of the most widely used introductory texts on Islam. The book can be utilized in a variety of situations and disciplines: introductory courses on Islam, survey courses in religions, courses on Middle Eastern history, politics, and anthropology. The book is also made to be accessible for a non-specialist audience. To this end, Esposito has excluded diacritic marks in the transliteration of Arabic terms. The book was used in many church study groups during the Gulf War. Reviews Richard C. Martin, from the Department of Religious Studies at Arizona State University, describes the book as "good background text" and concludes that: "If our students have to have the whole of Islamic civilization in two hundred pages, then Islam: The Straight Path is commendable for its readability, its extended coverage of the modern period, and its irenic tone." R. W. J. Austin argues the book gives a reasonably full and intelligent introduction to the Islamic community. He, however, does argue that because the book stretches itself wide, there are inevitable omissions and imbalances in coverage. Notes References External links Islam: The Straight Path- Google Books preview Islamic studies books 1991 non-fiction books Oxford University Press books
Seton Hall University (SHU) is a private Roman Catholic research university in South Orange, New Jersey. Founded in 1856 by then-Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley and named after his aunt, Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, Seton Hall is the oldest diocesan university in the United States. Seton Hall consists of 9 schools and colleges and has an undergraduate enrollment of about 5,800 students and a graduate enrollment of about 4,400. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The university is known for its men's basketball team, which has appeared in 13 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournaments after making it to the final of the 1989 tournament and losing 80–79 in overtime to the Michigan Wolverines. The resulting increase in national television exposure has led to increasing numbers of applications from prospective students. History Early history Like many Catholic universities in the United States, Seton Hall arose out of the Council of Baltimore, held in Maryland in 1844, with the goal of bringing Catholicism to higher education in order to help propagate the faith. The Diocese of Newark had been established by Pope Pius IX in 1853, just three years before the founding of the college, and it necessitated an institution for higher learning. Seton Hall College was formally founded on September 1, 1856, by Newark Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley, a first cousin of James Roosevelt I, father of president Franklin Roosevelt. Bishop Bayley named the institution after his aunt, Mother Elizabeth Ann Seton, who was later named the first American-born Catholic saint. The main campus was originally in Madison, New Jersey. Reverend Bernard J. McQuaid served as the first college president (1856–1857, 1859–1868) and directed a staff of four diocesan clergy including Reverend Alfred Young, vice-president; Reverend Daniel Fisher (the second college president, 1857–1859) and five lay instructors. Initially, Seton Hall had only five students – Leo G. Thebaud, Louis and Alfred Boisaubin, Peter Meehan, and John Moore. By the end of the first year, the student body had grown more than tenfold to 60. The college moved to its current location in 1860. By the 1860s, Seton Hall College was continuing its rapid growth and began to enroll more and more students each year. However, among other difficulties, several fires on campus slowed down the growth process. The first of several strange fires in the university's history occurred in 1867 which destroyed the college's first building. Two decades later on March 9, 1886, another fire destroyed the university's main building. In the 20th century, another campus fire burned down a classroom as well as several dormitory buildings in 1909. During the 19th century, despite setbacks, financially tight times, and the American Civil War, the college continued to expand. Seton Hall opened a military science department (forerunner to the ROTC program) during the summer of 1893, but this program was ultimately disbanded during the Spanish–American War. Perhaps one of the most pivotal events in the history of Seton Hall came in 1897 when Seton Hall's preparatory (high school) and college (undergraduate) divisions were permanently separated. James F. Kelley, then 33 years old, was appointed by Thomas J. Walsh of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark to serve as president of Seton Hall College in July 1936, making him the nation's youngest college president. When he took office, Kelley led a liberal arts school that had an enrollment of 300. By 1937, Seton Hall established a University College. This marked the first matriculation of women at Seton Hall. Seton Hall became fully coeducational in 1968. In 1948, Seton Hall was given a license by the FCC for WSOU-FM. The construction of the Walsh Gymnasium began as part of a project initiated in 1939 that would cost $600,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). Kelley stepped down from office at Seton Hall in March 1949 in the wake of an investigation into the by the school by the federal government that looked into potential improper sales of war surplus equipment that had been given for the school's use. He was succeeded by John L. McNulty. Enrollment at the school had grown to 6,000 by the time Kelley left office. The college was organized into a university in 1950 following the unprecedented growth in enrollment. The College of Arts and Sciences and the schools of business, nursing, and education comprised the university; the School of Law opened its doors in 1951, with Miriam Rooney as the first woman dean of law in the United States. College of Medicine and Dentistry The Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry was established in 1954 as the first medical school and dental school in New Jersey. It was located in Jersey City, adjacent to the Jersey City Medical Center, which was used for clinical education. Although the college, set up under the auspices of the Archdiocese of Newark, was a separate legal entity from the university, it had an interlocking board of trustees. The first class was enrolled in 1956 and graduated in 1960. The dental school also awarded its first degrees in 1960. From 1960 to 1964, 348 individuals received an M.D. degree. The college was sold to the state of New Jersey in 1965 for $4 million after the archdiocese could not support mounting school debt and renamed the New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry (which became the New Jersey Medical School, part of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey). That entity became part of the Rutgers University system in 2013 and now exists as the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. Seton Hall established a new School of Medicine in partnership with Hackensack University Health Network in 2015; however, in 2020, the medical school formally separated from Seton Hall becoming the independent Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine. Modernization period Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing in the next two decades, the university saw the construction and modernization of a large number of facilities and the construction including the library, science building, residence halls, and the university center. Many new programs and majors were inaugurated, as were important social outreach efforts. New ties were established with the private and industrial sectors, and a growing partnership developed with federal and state governments in creating programs for the economically and educationally disadvantaged. The 1970s and 1980s continued to be a time of growth and renewal. New business and nursing classroom buildings and an art center were opened. In 1984, the Immaculate Conception Seminary returned to Seton Hall, its original home until 1926, when it moved to Darlington (a section of Mahwah centered on a grand mansion and estate). The Recreation Center was dedicated in 1987. With the construction of four new residence halls between 1986 and 1988 and the purchase of an off-campus apartment building in 1990, the university made significant changes to account for a larger number of student residents. Seton Hall is recognized as a residential campus, providing living space for about 2100 students. The physical development of the campus continued in the 1990s. The $20 million Walsh Library opened in 1994, and its first-class study and research resources marked the beginning of a technological transformation of Seton Hall (current university library holdings are over 500,000 volumes). The university dedicated its newest academic center in 1997, originally named Kozlowski Hall for Dennis Kozlowski, former CEO of Tyco International. Renamed Jubilee Hall following Kozlowski's criminal conviction in 2005, the building is a clear example of Seton Hall's commitment to expanding the role of information technology in higher education. All classrooms in this six-story, 126,000 square foot (12,000 m2) building are wired for network and Internet connections, and many of the lecture halls are equipped with distance-learning technology. Its recreation center was originally named after Robert Brennan, but he was found guilty of securities fraud in 1994. It has since been renamed for long-time athletic director Richie Regan. A new School of Law building and parking garage were also constructed in the 1990s as part of the revitalization of downtown Newark. Seton Hall continues to be a leader in technology in education, as well as in distance learning, with its renowned Seton World Wide program. In 1998, all incoming full-time, first-year students were issued laptop computers as part of the university's innovative and nationally recognized mobile computing program. The Boland Hall fire On January 19, 2000, an arson fire killed three and injured 54 students in Boland Hall, a freshman residence hall on the campus in South Orange. The incident, one of the deadliest in recent US history, occurred at 4:30 am, when most students were asleep. After a three-and-a-half year investigation, a 60-count indictment charged two freshmen students, Sean Ryan and Joseph LePore, with starting the fire and felony murder for the deaths that resulted. LePore and Ryan pleaded guilty to third-degree arson and were sentenced to five years in a youth correctional facility with eligibility for parole 16 months after the start of their prison terms. Consequently, the student body dedicated an area in front of Boland Hall to those that suffered from the fire called "The Remember Seal" and stronger university fire safety precautions were instituted. Sesquicentennial On the 150th anniversary (1856–2006) of the university's founding, Seton Hall initiated the Ever Forward capital campaign to raise a total of $150 million. The campaign was the most prestigious building campaign in the university's long history. The funds were directed to many areas throughout the university, however a majority went toward building and reconstructing campus facilities and historic sites. In fall 2007, the university opened the new $35 million Science and Technology Center, completing one of the major campaign priorities ahead of schedule. On December 17, 2007, the university announced that the campaign's fund raising goals had been met and exceeded more than two weeks ahead of the campaign's scheduled closing date. 2010–present The university has completed a host of campus renovations and new construction while attracting more students. An initial round of improvements totaling nearly $100 million concluded in 2014 with the opening of a new fitness center, academic building, parking garage, and an expansion of the Aquinas Hall dormitory. A second round of construction is planned for 2016 and beyond, which will add the Visitors Hall. Seton Hall announced the formation of two additional academic units in 2015 – the School of Medicine and the College of Communication and the Arts. The medical school was established in partnership with Hackensack Meridian Health, welcoming its first class in 2018. In 2020, the School of Medicine became the first independent medical school operating under Hackensack Meridian Health. The College of Communication and the Arts was a department in the College of Arts and Sciences before being elevated in the summer of 2015. The university announced in December 2022 that employees in the law school had embezzled nearly $1 million. The school's dean resigned a month before this announcement. The following year, university president Joseph Nyre resigned in the wake of ongoing conflicts with the university's board of regents about the governance of the law school. Governance The university, legally incorporated as "Seton Hall University, an educational corporation of New Jersey", is governed by a 16-member board of trustees. Eleven members of the board serve on it as a virtue of their positions within the university or Archdiocese of Newark. The Archbishop of Newark, who serves as the president of the board, retains the power to appoint the remaining five members of the body. Appointed members of the board serve three-year terms, until their respective successor is appointed. The board of trustees exclusively maintains the property rights of the university and provides selection of title, scope, and location of the schools and colleges of the university. The governance of the university includes a board of regents, which is charged with the management of the university. The board has a membership of between 25 and 39 members. Six of the members are ex-officio; the board of trustees maintains the right to elect up to thirty more. Regents maintain the exclusive hiring authority over the president of the university. Previous by-laws of the university stipulated that the president must be a Roman Catholic priest. Campus Main campus The main campus of Seton Hall University is situated on of suburban land on South Orange Avenue. It is home to nine of the 10 schools and colleges of the university. The South Orange Village center is just a west of the main campus. Directly across from the main campus to the northwest are scenic Montrose Park and the Montrose Park Historic District, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The Eugene V. Kelly Carriage House, on the campus itself, is also NRHP-listed. The village itself dates back to 1666 preceding the establishment of Seton Hall College. Also since the beginning of the college, the South Orange Rail Station has served as an integral means to campus commuters. The main campus combines architectural styles including Roman, neo-gothic and modern. The South Orange campus became a gated community during the university's Modernization Period. Buildings The original centerpieces of the campus were made up of three buildings built in the 19th century. Presidents, Stafford and Marshall Halls were built when the college moved from Madison to South Orange. Some of the more notable buildings on campus are: Presidents Hall – One of the oldest buildings on campus and a flagship of the university, Presidents Hall was completed in 1867. Located at the epicenter of the main campus, Presidents Hall is a neo-gothic structure dressed in brownstone. It originally served as a seminary but now houses the university's administration including the Office of the University President. The halls are lined with portraits of past University presidents and include a large stained glass depicting Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, which was commissioned in 1866 by President Bayley. Chapel of the Immaculate Conception – The handsome Gothic Revival brownstone building was designed by architect Jeremiah O'Rourke, who later designed the Cathedral of Newark. The chapel was built in 1863 and dedicated in 1870. Major renovations were completed in 1972 and most recently in 2008. The 2008 renovation was a primary component of Seton Hall's comprehensive Ever Forward fundraising campaign. In 2013, the chapel landed at No. 24 on Buzzfeed's survey of "31 Insanely Beautiful Colleges You Can Get Married At" and was ranked at No. 28 the following year on Collegeranker's list of "The 50 Most Beautiful College Campus Wedding Venues. Muscarelle Hall (formerly Stafford Hall) – In 2021, Stafford Hall was renamed to Muscarelle Hall after Sharon and Joseph L. Muscarelle Jr. The new academic building rose on the site of the former Stafford Hall in 2014. The outdated structure had been a campus fixture since the 19th century. Bearing the name of its predecessor, the new Stafford Hall features 12 classrooms of multiple sizes, nine of which can accommodate 35 students each, while the remaining rooms include two large classrooms that can hold 70 and 50 students apiece and one smaller room for 25 students. Fitness Center – A new fitness center opened in January 2014 as part of the Richie Regan Recreation and Athletic Center. The center occupies three levels of the building and includes spa-like locker rooms, various weight-training stations, 75 cardio machines and two dance studios, where more than 30 fitness classes—Zumba, spinning, body combat, Pilates, aerobics and yoga—take place weekly. Each of the cardio stations features a personal HDTV monitor with internet access that can sync up with a mobile device, and a wide selection trail workouts set in locations around the world. McQuaid Hall – Built around 1900, it was named for Bishop Bernard J. McQuaid, Seton Hall's first president from 1856 to 1857 and 1859 to 1867. McQuaid Hall was both a boarding house for students and a convent for nuns before serving its present purpose as the home of the School of Diplomacy and International Relations as well as the Seton Hall University School of Health and Medical Sciences. Jubilee Hall houses the W. Paul Stillman School of Business in addition to the largest auditorium at the university. There are several computer labs, state-of-the-art classrooms and a Stock Exchange research room. The building was originally named Kozlowski Hall after Dennis Kozlowski, Seton Hall Alumni and former CEO of Tyco International. Following Kozlowski's conviction for securities fraud the building was renamed at his request to Jubilee Hall in honor of the Papal Jubilee. Built in 1997, it is one of the newer additions to the main campus. Walsh Gymnasium is a multi-purpose arena for University Sports. The arena opened in 1939 and can seat 2,600 people. It was home to the Seton Hall University Pirates men's basketball team before they moved to Continental Airlines Arena and then the Prudential Center. Currently, the arena hosts the women's basketball and volleyball teams, and is part of the Richie Regan Recreation and Athletic Center. The building, like the school's main library, is named for Thomas J. Walsh, Fifth Bishop of Newark and former president of the board of trustees. The Science and Technology Center (formerly McNulty Hall) – The building was originally named for Msgr. John L. McNulty, president of the university from 1949 to 1959, McNulty Hall was built as the university's technology and research center in 1954. One of the most famous features of the building is the "Atom Wall" a relief artwork originally located on outer façade. Following renovations completed in the summer of 2007, the Atom Wall, depicting the gift of scientific knowledge from God to man, can be seen in the glass atrium of the building. McNulty also houses a large amphitheater and observatory for the chemistry, physics and biology departments. Fahy Hall – Built in 1968, the building houses the classrooms and faculty offices of the College of Arts and Sciences. The building was named after Monsignor Thomas George Fahy who served as president of the university from 1970 to 1976. Fahy Hall includes several student resources and facilities, including two television studios, two amphitheaters and laboratories for computing, language learning, and statistics. Arts and Sciences Hall and The Nursing Building – Originally built to house the Stillman School of Business in 1973, with the creation of Jubilee Hall in 1997, the building is now home to the College of Arts and Sciences in the West wing and the Caroline D. Schwartz College of Nursing in the East Wing. The College of Nursing has advanced teaching facilities including hospital beds, demonstration rooms and multi-purpose practice areas. Bethany Hall – The most recent addition to the campus, Bethany Hall, also known as the Welcome Center, opened in February 2018. It has event space that can hold 500–700 people and holds admissions offices. Sustainability Seton Hall's extensive recycling program is one of the highlights in the college's sustainability programming. Recycling is sometimes mandatory on campus as per New Jersey state laws. Additionally, Seton Hall celebrated Earth Day 2010, marking the event with demonstrations about composting and rainwater collection, a group hike, and an outdoor screening of the environmental documentary "HOME". On the College Sustainability Report Card 2011, Seton Hall earned a grade of "B−". Lack of endowment transparency and green building initiatives hurt the grade, while the recycling programs were a plus. Newark Campus A satellite of the main campus, the Newark Campus is home to the university's School of Law. Located at One Newark Center, the Law School and several academic centers of the university are housed in a modern 22-story skyscraper building. It is at the corner of Raymond Boulevard and McCarter Highway in the business and high-tech heart of downtown Newark, New Jersey and was completed in 1991. The Newark Campus building provides and an additional of library to the university. The Seton Hall University School of Law was founded in 1951. It is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA) since 1951 and is also a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). Seton Hall is one of two law schools in the state of New Jersey. Seton Hall Law was founded by a woman, Miriam T. Rooney, who served as dean from 1951 to 1961. She was not only Seton Hall's first female dean, but was the first woman dean at an ABA-accredited law school in the United States. Dean Kathleen M. Boozang, who assumed the role in July 2015, is the third woman dean of Seton Hall Law. Interprofessional Health Sciences Campus (IHS) campus The IHS campus located in Nutley, New Jersey is dedicated to students seeking a career in health professions. The campus is home to the School of Health and Medical Sciences and the College of Nursing. Academics Seton Hall University confers undergraduate and graduate degrees in as many as 70 academic fields. The school's academic programs are divided into nine academic units: College of Arts and Sciences (1856) Immaculate Conception Seminary School of Theology (1860) College of Nursing (1937) W. Paul Stillman School of Business (1950) School of Law (1951) School of Health and Medical Sciences (1987) Division of Continuing Education and Professional Studies (2005) School of Diplomacy and International Relations (1997) College of Human Development, Culture, and Media (2022) - Merging the College of Communication and the Arts (2015) and the College of Education and Human Services (1920) Rankings Seton Hall University was ranked by U.S. News & World Report in 2023 as 137th in the "National Universities" category. Seton Hall University School of Law was ranked tied at 70th best in the U.S. in 2022. The Stillman School of Business was ranked 65th of 114 undergraduate business schools in the nation by Bloomberg Businessweek in 2016. For 2021 U.S. News & World Report ranks the undergraduate business program 106th. Student life Greek life Twenty-four recognized fraternity and sorority chapters are chartered at Seton Hall. About 15 percent of the student body are members of a Greek-letter organization. Fraternities at Seton Hall include Alpha Chi Rho Alpha Sigma Phi Alpha Kappa Psi Alpha Phi Alpha Alpha Phi Omega Delta Upsilon Kappa Alpha Psi Lambda Theta Phi Pi Kappa Phi Phi Beta Sigma Phi Delta Theta Phi Gamma Delta Phi Kappa Theta Psi Sigma Phi Sororities include Alpha Delta Chi Alpha Gamma Delta Alpha Kappa Alpha Alpha Omicron Pi Alpha Phi Alpha Sigma Tau Chi Upsilon Sigma Delta Phi Epsilon Delta Sigma Theta Lambda Tau Omega Lambda Theta Alpha Mu Sigma Upsilon Omega Phi Chi Zeta Phi Beta Zeta Tau Alpha In fall 2005, a group of students purporting to be an unrecognized chapter of Tau Kappa Epsilon made headlines when it was discovered that a pledge had been kidnapped and beaten for alerting university administration of the group's existence. A cappella groups The Gentlemen of the Hall (all male) Pretty S#arp (all female) Seton Notes (co-ed) Student media The school's principal newspaper is The Setonian. The paper has school news, an entertainment section called "Pirate Life", sports, editorials, and an opinion section. The staff consists of undergraduates and publishes weekly on Thursday. The Stillman Exchange is the Stillman Business school's newspaper. Its stories cover ethical issues, business, and athletic stories. The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations is a bi-annually published journal composed of writings by international leaders in government, the private sector, academia, and nongovernmental organizations. Undergraduate students studying Diplomacy and International Relations publish The Diplomatic Envoy, an international news and analysis paper that releases both weekly online and monthly print editions. The Liberty Bell, is the only political and independent newspaper on campus. Founded in 2007, it is published monthly and features news and op-ed articles about university, local, national, and international news with a focus on personal freedom. The Liberty Bell won the Collegiate Network's 2008–2009 award for Best New Paper, an award given to student newspapers no older than three years. The Galleon Yearbook ceased publishing in the early 2000s. Prior to its demise, it had a significant university publication that covered topics such as events, current events and sports. In the late 80s the book won several accolades including first place in the annual Columbia Scholastic competition and its publishers national sample list. It was a mix of color and black and white for over 300 pages. It most famously captured concerts like Fleetwood Mac and Springsteen; politics including presidential candidates; and sports achievements such as the NCAA finals in 1989. The original name of the Seton Hall University yearbook was The White and Blue: 1924–1942, with the exception of the 1940 yearbook, which was titled The 1940 Galleon. No yearbooks were published from 1934 to 1938, due to the Great Depression or from 1943 to 1946 due to World War II. Seton Hall University resumed publication of its yearbook in 1947 under the title The Galleon but ceased publication with the 2006 issue. This last issue is a compilation of the years 2002-2006 and published by alumni. WSOU is a non-commercial, college radio station, broadcasting at 89.5 MHz FM. The station broadcasts from the campus of Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey. It is a student run station with General Manager Mark Maben at helm as a full-time faculty member. WSOU currently broadcasts in HD-RADIO. In 2007, the Princeton Review rated WSOU as the eighth-best college radio station in the nation. Industry magazine also ranked WSOU to be the top Metal format station in the nation in 2007, and Rolling Stone Magazine ranked WSOU to be one of the top 5 rock stations in the nation in 2008. Seton Hall's television station, Pirate-TV, is located in the basement of Fahy Hall. Programming includes a daily news show and weekly sports talk and fashion/entertainment shows. Traditions University seal The university seal combines attributes from the Bayley coat of arms and the Seton family crest. The Seton crest dates back as early as 1216 and symbolizes Scottish nobility. Renowned crest-maker, William F. J. Ryan designed the current form of the Seton Hall crest, which is notable for its three crescents and three torteau. The motto on the seal Hazard Zet Forward (Hazard Zit Forward on some versions) is a combination of Norman French and archaic English meaning at whatever risk, yet go forward. Part custom and part superstition, students avoid stepping on an engraving of the seal in the middle of the university green. It is said that students who step on the seal will not graduate on time. Alma mater The Seton Hall University Alma Mater was adopted as the official song of Seton Hall University. Charles A. Byrne of the class of 1937 wrote the original lyrics in 1936 and the university adopted the alma mater during the 1937 school year when the dean first read it to the student body. Some students participate in the tradition of saying "blue and white" more loudly than the rest of the alma mater. Athletics The school's sports teams are called the Pirates. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big East Conference. The college established its first basketball squad in 1903. Seton Hall athletics is best known for its men's basketball program, which won the 1953 National Invitation Tournament (NIT); were the 1989 NCAA tournament national runners-up following a defeat to Michigan in the final, 80–79 in overtime; and are New Jersey's most successful representative during March Madness by number of wins. Seton Hall also fields varsity teams in baseball, women's basketball, men's and women's cross country running, men's and women's golf, men's and women's soccer, softball, men's and women's swimming & diving, women's tennis, and women's volleyball. Seton Hall also has club programs participating in ice hockey, rugby union, lacrosse, and men's volleyball and soccer. All Seton Hall sports have their home field on the South Orange campus except for the men's basketball team which currently plays at the Prudential Center in Newark after previously calling the Meadowlands home, and the club ice hockey team which plays at Richard J. Codey Arena in West Orange. Seton Hall fielded its first varsity football program from 1882 until cancellation in 1932. The university later fielded a club football team from 1965 through 1972. In 1972, the football team won a national club championship. The next year, 1973, it was reinstated as a varsity program competing at the Division III level as the university aligned its other varsity teams with the original Big East Conference in 1979. Football was ultimately canceled in permanence after the 1981 season. During this final period of varsity football sponsorship, the team was coached by Ed Manigan. Notable faculty and alumni Notes References External links Seton Hall Athletics website Catholic universities and colleges in New Jersey South Orange, New Jersey Educational institutions established in 1856 Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities 1856 establishments in New Jersey
Leonid Ivanovych Plyushch (, ; 26 April 1938, Naryn, Kirghiz SSR – 4 June 2015, Bessèges, France) was a Ukrainian mathematician and Soviet dissident. Although he was employed to work on Soviet space missions, he became disillusioned with some aspects of the Soviet Union, and started to protest, by sending letters to multiple entities and signing petitions and declarations. These activities led to his interrogation and, in 1972, eventual arrest and imprisonment by the Soviet authorities, where he was injected with drugs and mistreated. He was put on trial in secret, closed to public scrutiny, by the Soviet authorities. Eventually, in 1976, he was able to leave the Soviet Union, and later settled in France, after which he became involved in trying to promote human rights. In 1979, with the help of his wife, he wrote a book describing how he and other dissidents were placed in psychiatric facilities. Throughout his later years, he supported anti-totalitarian publications. Early life and career Leonid Plyushch was born into a working-class family in 1938 in Naryn, Kirghizia. His father worked as railway foreman, and died on the front in 1941. Leonid's childhood was marked by tuberculosis of the bone, which he contracted at the age of 8. Plyushch graduated from Kyiv University in 1962 with a degree in mathematics. In his last year of studies he became interested in the mathematical modeling of biological systems, in particular mental illness, which he sought to model with the help of a computer. This proved too difficult a task, but Plyushch published papers on modeling and regulating simpler biological systems like the blood sugar level. He was eventually hired by the Institute of Cybernetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was often tasked with solving various problems for the Soviet space program. Dissident activities Plyushch became a dissident by taking a public stance on political hot topics of the time. In 1968 he protested against the misconduct of the Galanskov–Ginzburg trial by sending a letter to Komsomolskaya Pravda, which was not published. When Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968, Plyushch jointly signed with 16 other Soviet dissidents a declaration of solidarity with the democratic movement in Czechoslovakia. In the same year he joined the Initiative Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR, which sent a letter to the UN Human Rights Commission asking it to investigate the violations by the USSR of the right to hold independent beliefs and to propagate them by legal means. Plyushch was one of the fifteen signatories to An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights. Due to blowback from his political stances, he was dismissed from the Cybernetics Institute in 1968, and the KGB confiscated a number of his manuscripts and interrogated him several times. Trial and imprisonment He was arrested in January 1972 on charges of anti-Soviet activity, and was jailed for a year before his trial began. During his trial, the court sat in camera and in the absence of the accused. Although no expert witnesses of any kind were called, Plyushch was declared insane, and was ordered to be "sent for treatment in a special type of hospital." He was locked up in a ward for severely psychotic patients in the Dnipropetrovsk Special Psychiatric Hospital where high doses of haloperidol, insulin and other drugs were administered, which temporarily made him incapable of reading and writing. Three commissions that examined him after a year of detention, one of which was chaired by Andrei Snezhnevsky, found him suffering from "reformist delusions" with "Messianic elements" and "sluggish schizophrenia." On 28 November 1976, Plyushch said, Moscow has taken advantage of the Helsinki security pact to improve its economy while increasing the suppression of political dissenters. While he was imprisoned, he corresponded with Tatiana Khodorovich. Plyushch's letters to her later formed the basis of the book The Case of Leonid Plyushch, first published in Russian in 1974 by an Amsterdam publisher, and translated into English two years later, which received attention in medical ethics journals. His imprisonment triggered international protests, including a letter by 650 American mathematicians addressed to the Soviet embassy. Henri Cartan brought the case to the attention of the participants to the 1974 International Congress of Mathematicians, which was held in Vancouver. Amnesty International sponsored an International Day for Plyushch in April 1975, and Andrei Sakharov also pleaded on his behalf. Freedom and later life Eventually he was allowed to leave the Soviet Union together with his family in 1976. His arrival in the West increased the friction between Western and Soviet psychiatrists leading eventually to a condemnation of Soviet practices by the World Psychiatric Association at the Sixth World Congress of Psychiatry. At a press conference in Paris, Plyushch gave a memorable account of the effects of his detention and medications: Plyushch became a member of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group in 1977, promoting human rights in his native Ukraine. On 23 July 1978, Plyushch visited Ukrainians in Australia and addressed the Australian Parliament. In 1979, with the contribution of his wife, Plyushch published his book History's Carnival: A Dissident's Autobiography in which he described how he and other dissidents were committed to psychiatric hospitals. At the same year, the book was translated into English. In 1980, Andrei Snezhnevsky, who was a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatry, was invited by his British colleagues to answer criticism relating to Plyushch and other dissidents. He refused to do so, and instead resigned his Fellowship. Later in life, although he retained communist convictions, Plyushch supported anti-totalitarian publications in other communist countries, including Vietnam. In 2006, he translated the book Talking with angels (originally Dialogues avec l'ange, ) into Russian and Ukrainian with his wife Tatiana. Plyushch died 4 June 2015 in Bessèges, France. His death was reported by a friend and fellow ex-Soviet dissident, Arina Ginzburg. References Bibliography Books Articles and interviews Further reading External links PLYUSHCH, Leonid Ivanovych at the Dissident Movement in Ukraine Virtual Museum Audiovisual material 1938 births 2015 deaths People from Naryn Odesa University alumni Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni Soviet mathematicians 20th-century Ukrainian mathematicians 21st-century Ukrainian mathematicians Ukrainian communists Ukrainian writers in Russian Ukrainian human rights activists Soviet dissidents Soviet human rights activists Ukrainian Helsinki Group Soviet psychiatric abuse whistleblowers Psychiatric survivor activists Chevaliers of the Order For Courage, 1st class Ukrainian male writers 20th-century Ukrainian writers 21st-century Ukrainian writers
"Freaks" is a song by alternative rock group Live, which was released as the second single from their 1997 album, Secret Samadhi. The song was not released as a single in the US, but still reached #5 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and #13 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The single was included as a bonus disc on some copies of the album Secret Samadhi in Australia. Music video The cover art for the single is from the song's music video, which was directed by Paul Cunningham. The video stars British actor Peter Guinness and features Live, dressed in red shirts and tuxedos, performing the song in a club, where the only drink served appears to be milk. Guinness plays a newcomer to the bar who sits drinking black coffee and refuses the attempts of another patron to get him to try the milk. After a scuffle the newcomer tries to leave but is subdued by the other patrons who force him to drink the milk from a champagne bottle. Chart positions The song reached #60 on the UK Singles Chart, #80 in The Netherlands and #36 in Australia. Track listings All songs written by Live: Australian CD single "Freaks" (Radio Edit) – 4:53 "Lakini's Juice" (Live) – 5:04 "Freaks" (Live) – 4:56 "Love My Way" (Live) – 4:22 "Lakini's Juice" (Full On Mix) – 5:11 European 7" single "Freaks" (Radio Edit) – 4:53 "Love My Way" (Live) – 4:20 European CD single "Freaks" (Radio Edit) – 4:53 "Lakini's Juice" (Live) – 5:03 "Freaks" (Live) – 4:58 "Love My Way" (Live) – 4:20 Netherlands CD single "Freaks" (Radio Edit) – 4:53 "Love My Way" (Live) – 4:20 UK CD single 1 "Freaks" (Album Version) – 4:53 "Lakini's Juice" (Live) – 5:03 "Freaks" (Live)" – 4:58 UK CD single 2 "Freaks" (Album Version) – 4:53 "Freaks" (Labor, Labor, Labor Remix) – 6:48 "Love My Way" (Live) – 4:18 References External links Music Video for "Freaks" at YouTube Live (band) songs 1997 singles Songs written by Ed Kowalczyk Radioactive Records singles 1997 songs
Sounds Like Armageddon is a live album by the American heavy metal band Otep. It was released on November 6, 2012, on Victory Records. The album closes with Otep thanking the audience and Kurt Cobain, and then playing the cover of Nirvana's song "Breed". Track listing Personnel Otep Otep Shamaya - vocals Ari Mihalopoulos - guitar Erik Tisinger - bass Chase Brickenden - drums Production FOH/Sound Engineer - Tristan Wallace Executive Producer - Otep Shamaya Mastering - Alan Douches Art Direction - Otep Shamaya Artwork - Mike C. Hardcore Inside Otep Illustration - Joey James Layout - Jason Link References 2012 live albums Otep albums Victory Records live albums
Dale Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Fjaler Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Dale. It is one of two churches for the Fjaler parish which is part of the Sunnfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1864 by the builder Johannes Øvsthus. The church seats about 510 people. History There are no accurate information confirming when the first church was built in Dale. The first church was probably a wooden stave church that was likely built during the 13th century. Historical records from 1330 name a , probably referring to the church in Dale. The baptismal font in the present church is dated as 1250-1300 AD, so it is likely that the church was built in the mid- to late-13th century. The old medieval church was demolished in 1593 to make room for a new church: a tarred, timber-framed long church. The new church had a nave that measured about and the choir measured about . The famous painter Anders Askevold painted an oil painting from Dalsbygda in 1853 which includes that church. In 1727, all the churches in the parish were sold during the Norwegian church auction by the King to help pay off debts for the Great Northern War. After this, the church was privately owned. In 1860, the owner of Dale Church gave the church back to the parish for free. At that time, the parish council decided that the church was too small and in poor condition, so it was torn down in 1863 and a new church was completed on the same site during the following year. Johannes Øvsthus was the builder for the new church, however it is unknown who actually designed the building. The new church was consecrated on 24 November 1864 by the Dean Johan Carl Christie. Media gallery See also List of churches in Bjørgvin References Fjaler Churches in Vestland Long churches in Norway Wooden churches in Norway 19th-century Church of Norway church buildings Churches completed in 1864 13th-century establishments in Norway
The Bogotá Museum of Modern Art (Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá, known as MAMBO) is a museum of modern art located in Bogotá, Colombia. It was designed by architect Rogelio Salmona. History The museum opened to the public in 1963. From 1969 to 2016, its director was , the ex-wife of sculptor Fernando Botero. Zea died on 11 March 2019, aged 83. See also Museum of Modern Art of Medellín References General references https://www.semana.com/cultura/articulo/mambo-museo-de-arte-moderno-de-bogota-reabre-sus-puertas/518143 External links Modern Art Museum of Bogotá (MAMBO), (official site, Spanish and English) Museums in Bogotá Art museums and galleries in Colombia Modern art museums
Agachaul (; , Agaç-aul) is a rural locality (a selo) in Karabudakhkentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,811 as of 2010. There are 22 streets. Nationalities Kumyks live there. Geography Agachaul is located 39 km northwest of Karabudakhkent (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novy Kyakhulay and Talgi are the nearest rural localities. References Rural localities in Karabudakhkentsky District
The Alco DL531, also known as the RSD8 is a model of railway locomotive manufactured and operated in various countries. A total of 212 were manufactured in Australia between 1959 and 1970 by that country's American Locomotive Company licensee AE Goodwin, Auburn. The New South Wales Government Railways purchased 165 48 class between 1959 and 1970. They were the largest class of diesel locomotives purchased and operated services on all lines in New South Wales. The South Australian Railways 830 class were purchased in batches between 1959 and 1970 and operated services throughout South Australia on the narrow, standard and broad gauge lines. In the early 1980s some were transferred to AN Tasrail. The Silverton Rail purchased three narrow gauge examples for use on the Silverton Tramway line around Broken Hill. Mass withdrawals began in the 1990s but as at February 2014 about 90 remained in use. DL531s also operated in Brazil, Pakistan and Peru. A Bo-Bo variant, the DL532, operated in Jamaica and South Korea. References See also New South Wales 48 class locomotive South Australian Railways 830 class Silverton Tramway 48s class ALCO locomotives
Ted Griggs (born October 24, 1960) was President, Group Leader and Strategic Production and Programming, NBC Regional Sports Network, overseeing CSN New England, CSN Philadelphia, TCN, and CSN Mid-Atlantic. Prior to that position, Griggs worked as President of Comcast SportsNet Bay Area and Comcast SportsNet California. Comcast SportsNet Bay Area is the regional sports network that broadcasts across Northern California and Nevada and televises live sporting events, including San Francisco Giants, Oakland Athletics, Golden State Warriors, San Jose Sharks, San Jose Earthquakes, and San Jose SaberCats. As president, Griggs oversees the daily operation of the network, including affiliate relations, advertising sales, programming, production, marketing and public relations. Griggs joined the network in 1998. He served as vice president of production and operations, and, in 2007, became vice president and general manager. Also in 2007, under Griggs’ leadership, the network relocated to new, high-definition television studios in downtown San Francisco. Career From 1982 to 1997, Griggs served as a producer, senior producer (1982–1994), vice president, and executive producer (1994–1997) at Golden Gate Productions. During his tenure at Golden Gate Productions, he worked on Sports Illustrated for Kids Olympics Special for NBC, World Cup Soccer Preview for ABC, MCI Downhill Replays for NBC and CBS, Stanford University Football, and World Cup Downhill Skiing. Griggs also worked on a total of eleven years of NFL Super Bowl Specials and twelve years of national and international Pre-Olympic programming. At Trans World International, Griggs served as a senior producer, from 1997 to 1998, and produced several ski series, for multiple networks. In addition, he also directed several events for WNBC and ESPN. Griggs was a sports producer for San Francisco's KRON-TV’s Sports Final, from 1981 to 1982. In 2021, Gravity Media appointed Griggs as managing director of its North American operation. Awards The San Jose Mercury News ranked Griggs number one in "Bay Area’s 25 Most Powerful Sports People," in 2008. Since then, he has remained in the top five each year. In 2010, Griggs served as the executive producer for the show, "Out. The Glenn Burke Story," which explored the life of the first openly gay Major League Baseball player. The show earned a nomination for Outstanding Documentary at the national GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) Media Awards, as well as a nomination from the Northern California Emmy Awards. While Griggs served as vice president, Comcast SportsNet Bay Area won a total of 60 local Emmy Awards and three Beacon Awards, cable television's award for public affairs excellence. Education and personal life Griggs is a native of Hayward, California. His father was a car mechanic. Griggs graduated from Moreau Catholic High School, and attended California State University, East Bay where he majored in Biology and then Theatre Arts. He transferred to San Francisco State University where he became the news director of KSFS, the campus radio station. By his second semester at SF State he had become an intern at KRON-TV (San Francisco channel 4). He received his B.A., cum laude, in Radio & Television in 1984. He was a recipient of the Bob Brown Memorial Scholarship, which is given to the top student in Broadcast Journalism. Griggs has been closely involved in social justice causes; he has developed and produced documentaries on the subjects of mental health, equity, alcoholism, and inclusion of youth in sports. Documentary titles include HeadStrong: Mental Health and Sports, , Split End: The Curious Case of Warren Wells, and Fair Play: Youth Sports in America. He currently lives in Novato, California with his wife, Amy. He has three adult children, Jace, Griffin, Sydney, and a beloved dog Blue. Griggs has served as president of the Novato Lacrosse Club, a non-profit that provides opportunities to youth to play lacrosse, as well as a board member to Coaching Corps, an organization that seeks to use sports and the power of coaches as vehicles for transformative change for youth in underserved communities References People from Hayward, California Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
"Don't Look Back" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Gary Morris. It was released in February 1982 as the second single from the album Gary Morris. The song reached #12 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Morris wrote the song with Eddie Setser. Chart performance References 1982 singles Gary Morris songs Song recordings produced by Paul Worley Warner Records singles Songs written by Eddie Setser 1982 songs Songs written by Gary Morris
Mónica Carrió Esteban (born 28 March 1977 in Alzira) is a former weightlifter, competing in the 75 kg category and representing Spain at international competitions. She participated at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 75 kg event. She competed at world championships, most recently at the 2001 World Weightlifting Championships. Mónica is the sister of weightlifter Lorenzo Carrió, who competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Major results References External links 1977 births Living people Spanish female weightlifters Weightlifters at the 2000 Summer Olympics Olympic weightlifters for Spain People from Alzira, Valencia Sportspeople from the Province of Valencia Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Spain Mediterranean Games medalists in weightlifting Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games 21st-century Spanish women
Poo Pathi () is one of the Pancha pathi, which are the primary worship centers and holy places of Ayyavazhi. As the incarnational activity of Vaikundar, the marriage with Poomadanthai, the Goddess of Earth was the event that took place here. This Poomadanthai was the final deity unified by Vaikundar into himself, symbolizing the destruction of Kali from the world (earth). Also some historians view that this was previously a Siva temple from which it was changed as a Pathi. History The village Soorangudi is situated east to Eathamozhi in the Kanyakumari district. Once a rich man named Sri rangan lived there, who had only one daughter. After she matured she remained only in the house, since during those days young ladies were not allowed to come out of the residence. At that time, informed by Vaikundar about the divine birth of such a virgin, the Citars of Vaikundar went to Sri rangan's house with a proposal for her from Vaikundar who was then acting as a Pandaram. They gave the details about Vaikundar to Sri rangan. The moment he heard that the man for whom the people had come for, is an Age-old person, he grew angry and along with his workmen, attacked them severely and tied them to a pillar. Then following a dialogue with the wisemen of the village, he released them. The citars came weeping, and walked eastwards to meet Vaikundar. At that time they met Vaikundar at a place called Naraiyan vilai. Ayya was seated under the shade of Laurel trees and asked about the happenings. The citars told what had happened. Hearing this Vaikundar said, "My women will come here." At the next moment the daughter of Sri rangan went there with her hair uncombed. Following her was a group of people. Following them, Sri rangan and his wife came running and fell on the feet of Vaikundar and said, "Your holiness, she was the one and only daughter given by God to us. She took only vegetarian food right from her childhood. She led a divine life by bathing and worshipping twice a day. She was not interested in marriage. Under such circumstance, when thine Citars came with the proposal addressing thineself as a Pandaram, I grew angry. When I beat them, my daughter cried out as if all beatings fell on her. Afterwards we can't control her and she ran towards here. So please pardon us. Please accept her." Hearing this, Vaikundar advised him for his ignorance of the divine birth of his daughter. He said that she was the incarnation of the Bhooma Devi the goddess of Earth. She was performing austerity towards God to marry her and to unify her into himself. And so fulfilling that, the above drama is played out. Vaikundar married her under the shade of the laurel trees. The trees threw flowers over the couple, wishing them well. The devas praised the couple and threw flowers over them, and since then that place is called Poo Pathi, where 'Poo' means flower in Tamil Language. Afterwards, Ayya along with Bhooma devi returned to Swamithoppe, where the followers gave them a warm welcome. Later the devotees established a Pathi at this place and it is called as Poo pathi. Festivals are conducted every year and this temple is owned by the village and maintained by the village committee. Poopathi is located about ten kilometers south of Nagercoil near Eathamozhi. Festivals Also apart from 'The Great Masi Procession' from Nagercoil to Swamithope pathi, there is also a procession conducted from Poo Pathi to Ambala Pathi, which was organised by unifying the different processions from western parts of Kanyakumari district. The Thiru Eadu-Vasippu is conducted here starting from 2nd of the Tamil Month of Karthigai and will continue for about seventeen days. The celebration of Ayya Vaikunda Avatharam is celebrated for two days here on 19th and the 20th of the Tamil Month of Masi. Anna dharmam is conducted during all festival days. A bus facility is available for this Pathi from Nagercoil. The special feature here is the Laurel trees. And Ayya unified Poomadanthai into him only under the shade of these laurel trees. Also some historians view that, this was once a Siva temple. Ayya Vaikundar changed it as Poo Pathi. The previous temple was called as Kalaswami temple. Presently there is the tomb of Kala Swami, west to the present Pathi. The Pathi is facing east ward. There is an old pipal tree on the front of the Pathi. Location Poo Pathi is situated near Naraiyan vilai, 4 km east to Eathamozhi in a natural atmosphere. This Pathi is situated 14 km west to Kanyakumari and 7 km south to Nagercoil. It also lies half-a-way between the towns of Muttom and Kanyakumari in the Western Coastal Road. This pathi is also one km apart from the Arabian sea in the north. It was also located 7 km south-west to Swamithope pathi. See also Ayya Vaikundar Pathi Worship centers of Ayyavazhi Pancha pathi List of Ayyavazhi-related articles References Vishnu Kumaresan, Chellaiah Nadar, Poopathi, Poomadanthai Ammai Thirukkudumbam. +91-9677682080. https://www.vishnukava.blogspot.in R.Elango & Ahila theepa elango,(s/o) E.Rajagopal,poopathi,Poomadanthai ammai Thirukkudumbam,09486073755. c. somasundaralingan,(s/o)Chellaya nadar, poopathi,Poomadanthai ammai Thirukkudumbam,0091 9443828740. N. Elango & Vijaya Shanthi Elango (1997), Ayya Vaikuntar - The Light of The World, Published by the authors. Ari Sundara mani (2002), Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayan Urai, Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam Publications. Moolappathiyam Ambalappathi Ayya Vaikunda Swamiyin, 175-vathu Avathara Dinavizha, Published by the Celebration committee. P. Sundaram Swamigal & K. Ponnumani (2001), Ayya Vaikunda Nathar Jeevacharithram, Ayya Vaikunda Nathar Siddhasrama. R. Shunmugam (2001), Nadar Kulathil Narayanar Avatharam, Nadar KulaDheepam Publications. G. Patrick (2003), Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras. N. Amalan (2000), Ayya Vaikundar Punitha Varalaru, Akilam Pathippagam. Ponnulingam Kannan Holy cities Pancha pathi
The Dongpingshuidao Bridge is an arch bridge located in Foshan, Guangdong, China. Opened in 2009, it spans over the Dongping waterway, an arm of the Pearl River. The bridge carries the Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway. See also List of longest arch bridge spans Arch bridges in China Buildings and structures in Foshan Bridges over the Pearl River (China) Bridges completed in 2009 Bridges in Guangdong
Bhiyi is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1148. References External links UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District Populated places in Mugu District
Senser are an English rap rock band, originally formed in South West London from a group of friends in the late 1980s. The initial line-up was called ‘Senser Element’ and consisted of Nick Michaelson (guitar), Kerstin Haigh (vocals), Steve Morton (drums and beatbox), and James Barrett (bass). The band played in Steve’s front room in his mums flat in Wimbledon Park. Steve’s mum and dad were classical violinists playing for the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra but his dad was ejected due to his outspoken and rebellious behaviour in rehearsals. Steve’s Dad; Garth, introduced Steve and his friends to the music of jazz legends like Miles Davis, Billy Cobham and Mahavishnu Orchestra and Psychedelic music from artists like Can, Jimi Hendrix, Hawkwind and Syd Barrett In the 1980’s Steve Morton and James Barrett were also getting immersed in the London Electro scene which brought a fusion of Funk and Hip Hop sounds from New York. Steve also participated in beatbox battles and received respect for his skills at just 14 years old at the London Electro club ‘Spatz’. Early influences like Man Parish, Beastie Boys, NWA, West Street Mob, KRS1, Public Enemy added so much to the burgeoning sound of the band. At the same time Nick was honing his guitar skills to bands like Slayer, Anthrax and Black Sabbath. Kerstin had been a busker, singing 70’s rock music, having scoured through her family's vinyl collection of Led Zeppelin, Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix & Crosby, Stills & Nash. Classical instruments like tabla and learning sitar, from her travels in India drew her to albums like Peter Gabriel’s soundtrack ‘Passion’ and singer, Sheila Chandra. These diverse and juxtaposed elements were being drawn together and the sound of Senser started to form. Heitham Al-Sayed joined initially as a percussionist. What he really wanted to add was rapping, which was received with a mixed response, but Kerstin was positive that this would create something exciting in the music and Heitham started to write rhymes. The band were in ‘Albert Hall Studios’ when the steps to creating their first album ‘Stacked Up’ were taken, with an early tape recording ‘Music For The Mind And Body’ that included songs like; ‘Journey of Life’ and ‘What’s Going On’. In 1988 Steve Morton had to leave due to health issues and John Morgan (drums) joined. The band met Alan "Hagos/Haggis" Haggarty (engineer, producer, programmer) at the George Robey Pub in North London and liked his psychedelic treatment of the live sound. The band asked him if he wanted to join as a live producer who would bring the sound to the songs that were being written. The band started to look for a DJ to join and in 1992 they were joined by Spiral Tribe D.J, Andy Clinton. The band toured in support of psychedelic rockers the Ozric Tentacles in 1992. In 1993, the band were signed to Ultimate Records. History In 1993, Senser released two indie singles on Ultimate – "Eject" and "The Key". In March 1994, Senser released their third single, "Switch", which entered the UK Singles Chart at number 39. Senser's first album, Stacked Up, was released in May 1994, and entered the UK Albums Chart at number 4. At the beginning of 1995, Senser toured the UK supported by Skunk Anansie before setting off to tour the United States with Moby. It was during this tour that the band decided to split over musical differences. Al-Sayed and Morgan left to form a new band with Haggis called Lodestar. The remaining members of Senser found a new drummer, Paul Soden, and set about writing Senser's second album. During the spring of 1997, they recorded the second album. And in the summer of 1997 De-Senser released "Om". In the summer of 1998, Haigh was able to tour and the band released the second album, Asylum. Once again musical differences became apparent and in February 1999 the band decided to split. In 2003, the original line-up reunited originally to perform at one show, but decided to re-form and record again. They released their third studio album SCHEMAtic in 2004. A concert performance was released in 2006 as Live At The Underworld. In 2009, they released How To Do Battle. In 2013, they released their fifth album To the Capsules via Pledgemusic and toured with Erika Footman on vocals in place of Kerstin Haigh. In 2014, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their debut Stacked Up, the band re-released the album in expanded edition with a remastered version of the original tracks on the first CD, and bonus tracks from the era (remixes and previously unreleased songs) on the second disc. Soundtracks to films "The Key" was used as part of the cult extreme 1990s ski film, The Tribe. Senser's song "States of Mind" from Stacked Up, was used as the soundtrack to the well-known demoscene production, State of Mind, by Bomb. In 2012, one of their songs was also used in the soundtrack to the film Learning Hebrew: A Gothsploitation Movie. Discography Albums Stacked Up (1994) Ultimate/A&M UK No. 4 States of Mind The Key Switch Age of Panic What's Going On One Touch One Bounce Stubborn Door Game Peanut Head Peace Eject No Comply Worth Asylum (1998) Ultimate UK No. 73 Book of Flies Charming Demons Adrenaline Strange Asylum Burn Out Desensitised Breed Lizard Oyster Weatherman Asylum (Limited Edition) (1998) "Senser Vs. De:Senser" Charming Demons (DJ "Awe" mix) Eye Kaleid Tried & Untested Om (Harry Hogg mix) Rows of People Gabba Man Parallel Charge (2001) Strike Back Age Of Panic Charming Demons States Of Mind Strange Asylum Switch Breed The Key Adrenalin Eject Lizard Stubborn Book of Flies No Comply Desensitized SCHEMAtic (2004) One Little Indian Silent By 101 Infoburner Bulletproof Formula Milk Crucible Return to Zombie Island An Astounding Spectacle Photographed Files Bomb Factories A Conscious War The Brunt How To Do Battle (2009) Imprint Wake Up, You’re On Fire Resistance Now Brightest Rays 2 3 Clear Dictator Bling End Of The World Show Smoking Paranoia Sandhurst in Zero G So Refined Hex Fairytale Lights Out Arturo Blind (iTunes Bonus Track) To The Capsules (2013) Devoid Time Travel Scratch Witch Village Wounded Spectre Break The Order Alpha Omega Liquidity Echelon Chemtrails Let There Be War Singles "Eject" (1993), Ultimate "The Key" (1993), Ultimate – UK #47 "Switch" (1994), Ultimate – UK #39 "Age of Panic" (1994), Ultimate – UK #52 "Charming Demons" (1996), Ultimate – UK #42 "Adrenalin" (1998), Ultimate - UK #85 "Breed" (1998), Ultimate - UK #76 "Weatherman", Ultimate – promo only De:Senser EP (1998), Ultimate "The Brunt" (2004), One Little Indian "Bulletproof" / "Crucible" (2004), One Little Indian "Resistance Now" (2009), Imprint Biting Rhymes EP (2011), Imprint – features hiphop covers Videos/DVDs States of Mind (1995), Ultimate (VHS) Live at the Underworld (2006), Ignite (DVD/CD) Members Current Heitham Al-Sayed (b. 27 February 1971) (vocals/percussion, 1992–1995, 1999–present) He is of Saudi and English parentage; also associated with Fiend and (previously) Lodestar. James Barrett (bass, 1990–present) Kerstin Haigh (vocals/flute, 1991–2011, 2013-present) Nick Michaelson (guitar, 1990–present) John Morgan (drums, 1992–1995, 1999–present) Former Steve Morton (song writing, drummer) Alan "Hagos/Haggis" Haggarty (sound engineering/programming/producer, 1992–1994, 1999–2004) Andy "Awe" Clinton (turntables, 1992–2017) Paul Soden (drums, 1995–1999) Erika Footman (vocals, 2013) References Bibliography In Performance (New York Times) Rolling Stone Magazine - Transglobal Underground review External links English hip hop groups Musical groups from London Rapcore groups British rap rock groups Rap metal musical groups
Saint-Félix is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. See also Communes of the Oise department References Communes of Oise Oise communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
The Changlu Chongfu Chan Buddhist Temple (长芦崇福禅寺), more commonly the Changlu Temple, is a Chan Buddhist temple in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, north of the Yangtze. The current temple, located in Taizishan Park (太子山公园), Luhe District, was only built in 2010, even though its history dates back to 527 during the Liang dynasty: the temple was repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt 10 times over the millennium. As a result of rising water, the original temple was submerged in the Yangtze by 12th-century Song dynasty, so a new temple bearing its name was built in 1185 further north. The temple was also burned down several times in wars, including the 12th/13th-century Jin–Song Wars and the 19th-century Taiping Rebellion, but always rebuilt. Most recently, the 1954 Yangtze River floods completely destroyed the last pre-modern temple. As the former site was later occupied by a petroleum company, the temple built in 2010 is located about 5km away. References Buddhist temples in Nanjing Tourist attractions in Nanjing
is a Japanese master of Shotokan karate. He has won the JKA's version of the world championships for kata on 2 occasions. He has also won the JKA All-Japan championships for kata on 5 occasions. He is currently an instructor of the Japan Karate Association. Biography Takenori Imura was born in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan on 14 July 1952. He studied at Japan University. His karate training began during his 1st year of university. Competition Takenori Imura has had considerable success in karate competition. Major Tournament Success 6th Shoto World Cup Karate Championship Tournament (Osaka, 1996) - 1st Place Group Kata 39th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1996) - 1st Place Kata 38th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1995) - 1st Place Kata 5th Shoto World Cup Karate Championship Tournament (Philadelphia, 1994) - 1st Place Kata 37th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1994) - 1st Place Kata 36th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1993) - 1st Place Kata 4th Shoto World Cup Karate Championship Tournament (Tokyo, 1992) - 2nd Place Kata 35th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1992) - 1st Place Kata 34th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1991) - 2nd Place Kata 33rd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1990) - 3rd Place Kata 31st JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1988) - 2nd Place Kata 2nd Shoto World Cup Karate Championship Tournament - 1st Place Kata/Group Kata 29th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1986) - 2nd Place Kata 24th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1981) - 3rd Place Kata 23rd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1980) - 3rd Place Kumite References 1952 births Japanese male karateka Karate coaches Shotokan practitioners Sportspeople from Shizuoka Prefecture Living people
The Mexican state of Nuevo León has been governed by more than a hundred individuals in its history, who have had various titles and degrees of responsibility depending on the prevailing political regime of the time. Under the current regime, executive power rests in a governor, who is directly elected by the citizens, using a secret ballot, to a six-year term with no possibility of reelection. The position is open only to a Mexican citizen by birth, at least 30 years old with at least five years of residency in Nuevo León. The governor's term begins on October 4 and finishes six years later on October 3. Elections occur 3 years before/after presidential elections. Nuevo Reino de León Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, 1580–1588 Diego de Montemayor, 1588–1610 Diego de Montemayor (el mozo), 1610–1611 Diego Rodríguez, 1612–1614 Agustín de Zavala, 1614–1625 Martín de Zavala, 1625–1664 León de Alza, 1665–1667 Nicolás de Azcárraga, 1667–1676 Domingo de Prudena, 1676–1681 Blas de la Garza y Falcón, 1681 Domingo de Videgaray y Zarza, 1681 Francisco de la Calancha y Valenzuela, 1681 Blas de la Garza Falcón, 1681 Juan de Echeverría, 1681–1682 Diego de Villarreal, 1682–1683 Alonso de León, 1683–1684 Antonio de Echevérez y Subiza, 1684–1687 Francisco Cuervo y Valdés, 1687–1688 Pedro Fernández de la Ventosa, 1688–1693 Juan Pérez de Merino, 1693–1698 Juan Francisco de Vergara y Mendoza 1698–1703 Francisco Báez Treviño, 1703–1705 Gregorio de Salinas Varona, 1705–1707 Cipriano García de Pruneda, 1707–1708 Luis García de Pruneda 1708–1710 Francisco Mier y Torre, 1710–1714 Francisco Báez Treviño 1714–1718 Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollón 1718 Francisco de Barbadillo y Vitoria, 1719–1723 Juan José de Arriaga y Brambila, 1723–1725 Pedro de Sarabia Cortés, 1725–1729 Bernardino de Meneses Monroy y Mendoza, 1730–1731 Juan Antonio Fernández de Jáuregui y Urrutia, 1731–1740 Pedro del Barrio Junco y Espriella, 1740–1746 Vicente Bueno de Borbolla, 1746–1751 Pedro del Barrio Junco y Espriella, 1752–1757 Juan Manuel Muñoz de Villavicencio, 1757–1762 Carlos de Velasco, 1762–1764 Ignacio Ussel y Guimbarda, 1764–1772 Francisco de Echegaray, 1772–1773 Melchor Vidal de Lorca y Villena, 1773 Vicente González de Santianes, 1773–1788 Manuel Bahamonde y Villamil, 1788–1795 Simón de Herrera y Leyva, 1795–1810 Manuel de Santa María, 1810–1811 José Santiago Villarreal, 1811 Blas José Gómez de Castro, 1811–1813 Ramón Díaz Bustamante, 1813 José Antonio Mujica, 1814 Froilán de Mier y Noguera, 1815 Francisco Bruno Barreda, 1816 and 1818–1821 Bernardo Villamil, 1817–1818 Independent Mexico Juan de Echandía 1822 Francisco de Mier y Noriega, 1823 José Antonio Rodríguez, 1824 José María Parás, 1825–1827 Manuel Gómez Castro, 1827–1829 Joaquín García, 1829–1833 Manuel Gómez Castro, 1833 Manuel María de Llano, 1833–1834 Juan Nepomuceno de la Garza y Evía, 1835–1837 Joaquín García, 1837–1839 Manuel María de Llano, 1839–1845 José María Ortega, 1841 Juan Nepomuceno de la Garza y Evía, 1845–1846 Pedro de Ampudia, 1846 José María Parás, 1848–1850 Pedro de Ampudia, 1853–1854 Pedro José García, 1850–1851 Agapito García Dávila, 1851–1853 Mariano Morret, 1854 Jerónimo Cardona, 1854–1855 Santiago Vidaurri, 1855–1859 José Silvestre Aramberri, 1859 Santiago Vidaurri, 1860–1864 French intervention Jesús María Benítez y Pinillos, 1864 Mariano Escobedo, 1865 Simón de la Garza Melo, 1865 Mariano Escobedo, 1866 Manuel Z. Gómez, 1866–1867 Restored Republic Jerónimo Treviño, 1867–1869 Simón de la Garza Melo, 1869 Lázaro Garza Ayala, 1869 José Eleuterio González, 1870 Jerónimo Treviño; 1871, 1877 and 1913 Genaro Garza García, 1871 Lázaro Garza Ayala, 1872 Narciso Dávila, 1872 José Eleuterio González, 1872–1873 Ramón Treviño, 1873 José Eleuterio González, 1874 Ramón Treviño, 1874 Francisco González Doria, 1874 Carlos Fuero, 1875–1876 Narciso Dávila, 1876 Canuto García, 1876 Genaro Garza García 1876 Porfiriato Genaro Garza García, 1877–1879 Viviano L. Villareal, 1879–1881 Genaro Garza García, 1881–1883 Canuto García, 1883–1885 Genaro Garza García, 1885 Bernardo Reyes; 1885–1887, 1889–1900, and 1903–1909 Lázaro Garza Ayala, 1887–1889 Pedro Benítez Leal, 1900–1902 José María Mier, 1909–1910 Mexican Revolution Leobardo Chapa, 1910–1911 Viviano L. Villarreal, 1911–1913 Salomé Botello, 1913–1914 Antonio de la Paz Guerra, 1914 Antonio L. Villarreal, 1914–1915 Rafael Cepeda de la Fuente, 1915 Felipe Ángeles, 1915 Raúl Madero, 1915 Ildefonso V. Vázquez, 1915 Pablo A. de la Garza, 1915 and 1916 Diódoro de la Garza, 1916 Alfredo Recaut, 1917 Constitution of 1917 Nicéforo Zambrano, 1917–1919 José E. Santos, 1919–1920 Humberto Barros, 1920 Felix G. Lozano, 1920 Porfirio G. González, 1920 and 1923–1925 Juan M. García, 1921 Leocadio M. González, 1922 Ramiro Támez, 1922 and 1923 Pedro Guajardo, 1923 Alfredo Pérez, 1923 Anastacio Treviño Martínez, 1923 José Juan Vallejo, 1923 Jerónimo Siller, 1925–1927 José Benítez, 1928 Plutarco Elías Calles (son), National Revolutionary Party, PNR, 1929 Generoso Chapa Garza, PNR, 1929 Aarón Sáenz, PNR, 1927 and 1929–1931 Francisco A. Cárdenas, PNR, 1931–1933 Pablo Quiroga, PNR, 1933–1935 Ángel Santos Cervantes, PNR, 1935 Gregorio Morales Sánchez, PNR, 1935–1936 Anacleto Guerrero Guajardo, PNR, 1936–1939 Bonifacio Salinas Leal, Party of the Mexican Revolution, PRM, 1939–1943 Arturo B. de la Garza, PRM, 1943–1949 Ignacio Morones Prieto 1949–1952 José S. Vivanco 1952–1955 Raúl Rangel Frías 1955–1961 Eduardo Livas Villarreal 1961–1967 Eduardo Elizondo 1967–1971 Luis M. Farías 1971–1973 Pedro Zorrilla Martínez 1973–1979 Alfonso Martínez Domínguez 1979–1985 Jorge Treviño 1985–1991 Sócrates Rizzo 1991–1995 Benjamín Clariond 1995–1997 Fernando Canales 1997–2003 Fernando Elizondo 2003 (interim) José Natividad González Parás 2003–2009 Rodrigo Medina de la Cruz 2009–2015 Jaime "El Bronco" Rodríguez Calderón, Independent (2015–2017) Manuel Florentino González Flores, Independent, interim governor (2018) Jaime "El Bronco" Rodríguez Calderón, Independent (2018–2021) Samuel Alejandro García Sepúlveda (2021–present). References Footnotes Citations Sources This article originated as a translation of the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia. That, in turn, gives the following sources: La Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México: Nuevo León Israel Cavazos: Breve historia de Nuevo León External links Nuevo León 1580 establishments in the Spanish Empire
The Mad Marriage is a lost 1925 silent film drama directed by Frank P. Donovan. It starred Rosemary Davies, a sister of Marion Davies in her only film. The low-budget B-movie silent film boasted some well-known film names of the period. Cast Rosemary Davies - Alice Darvil Harrison Ford - Walter Butler Maurice Costello - Richard Carle - Paul Panzer - Florence Turner - Gaston Glass - Montagu Love - Walter McGrail - Mary Thurman - Charlotte Walker - Jean Girardin - References External links 1925 films American silent feature films Lost American drama films 1925 drama films American black-and-white films Silent American drama films 1925 lost films 1920s American films
Disney's Cinderella is an animated feature film based on the fairy tale story of the same name, released in 1950. Two direct-to-video sequels were released over 50 years later: Cinderella II: Dreams Come True (2002) and Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007). The main characters introduced in the first film include the protagonist Cinderella, her mouse friends Jaq and Gus, her stepmother and two stepsisters, her Fairy Godmother, and her love interest, Prince Charming. The first sequel and the live action 2015 film introduced new characters into the story. Main characters Cinderella Cinderella is a young orphan with medium-length blonde hair, blue eyes and a fair complexion. There are many different stories about her from various states and countries. After her father dies, she is forced into servitude in her home and is constantly tormented by her evil stepmother, Lady Tremaine, and two stepsisters, Anastasia and Drizella. Despite this, she maintains hope through her dreams and remains kind, gentle and sweet. She has faith that someday, her dreams of happiness will come true, and her kindness will be repaid. Cinderella is shown to have a down-to-earth attitude, but she is also a daydreamer. For example, in "Sing Sweet Nightingale", she becomes distracted by the bubbles, allowing Lucifer, the cat, to smudge the floor she was cleaning. Also, after hearing that the Grand Duke is travelling the kingdom with the missing slipper, she dreamily dances back to the attic humming the song she heard at the ball. She is also shown to have a sarcastic side and a sharp wit. With the help of her animal friends, she fixes up an old dress of her mother's so she can attend a royal ball. However, when her evil stepsisters brutally tear the clothing apart, she is heartbroken and fears that her dreams will never come true. However, her Fairy Godmother (a fairy with magical powers) appears, restoring Cinderella's hope by transforming her torn homemade gown into her now-iconic silver (powder blue in the shadows) ball gown with a glittering puffed over-skirt, a delicately laced white petticoat and puffy sleeves. She wears her hair in a French twist supported by a silver headband, and her accessories include silver opera gloves, a black choker, and glass slippers. As a servant, she wears her hair down in a ponytail, sometimes supported by a white scarf and wears a brown dress with a powder blue blouse, a white apron, and black flats. Ilene Woods voiced her in the original film, and later Jennifer Hale in the sequels. In the 2015 live-action film, Ella was the character's original name; Cinderella was instead a spiteful nickname given by the stepsisters to Ella after she slept near the fireplace and was subsequently covered by cinder (ash). In the film, Eloise Webb portrays the 10-year-old Ella in the prologue, and Lily James portrays the older Ella. In the live-action Descendants film series, Cinderella has a son named Chad, who appears in the first three films, and a daughter named Chloe, who appears in the fourth film. Cinderella also appears in the fourth film, Descendants: The Rise of Red, portrayed by Brandy Norwood (who previously also performed a version of Cinderella in the 1997 television film Cinderella). Jaq and Gus Jaq (real name Jacques) and Gus (real name Octavius) are two mice who serve as Cinderella's sidekicks. Gus has a penchant for cheese. In the first film, Cinderella rescues the mice from traps and the cat Lucifer and dresses and feeds them. They perform many favors in return. Jaq seems to be one of the leaders of the mice, planning strategies to avoid the cat, sneak food, and help Cinderella with her ball gown. The other mice gladly follow his lead. Jaq is thin, with scruffy hair, and speaks a fast kind of pidgin English. Gus appears in the first scene of the film, trapped shivering in a cage where Jaq finds him and brings Cinderella to rescue him. Cinderella names him "Octavius," and calls him "Gus" for short. This is an example of an inside joke among the writers and (some) viewers of the movie. Gus is actually short for Augustus. In ancient Rome, Octavius was renamed Augustus when he became emperor. Hence Octavius - Augustus - Gus. Jaq explains the situation to Gus, that Cinderella wants to help him, and Gus catches on and joins the mouse troop. Gus has a large belly that pokes out of his yellow shirt and seems to be a bit slow on the pickup, but brave in a pinch, and speaks even more broken English than Jaq, who calls him "Gus-Gus". Jaq and Gus are two of four mice that the Fairy Godmother transforms into stallions so that Cinderella can attend the ball, but at the stroke of midnight, they are transformed back into mice. Later, Jaq and Gus are responsible for stealing the key to Cinderella's room from the wicked stepmother, Lady Tremaine, and freeing Cinderella to try on the glass slipper, which of course fits. While trying to steal the key, Jaq is stuck in Lady Tremaine's pocket and gets knocked around as she pats the key. Gus gets trapped in a tea cup and Lady Tremaine offers some tea to the Duke, with Gus inside. She begins to pour tea into the cup and it drops towards Gus's large belly. Gus sucks in his belly to survive, trembling and sweating, but in a moment the Duke says he wants none, the tea lifts, and Gus is safe (though he gets his butt burnt by the tea later when they get the key). They are last seen in the film in tiny palace uniforms, eating and waving at the wedding of Cinderella and Prince Charming. In Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, the characters Gus and Jaq were also present, living in the castle along with all the other mice. It was Gus' idea to make the new book of stories to replace the old one. In Cinderella's Story, Jaq and Gus helped Cinderella to prepare for the ball and gave her support when she doubted her abilities. In Jaq's Story, Jaq, feeling useless, wishes that he were a human; Fairy Godmother grants this wish and Jaq tries to help Cinderella and the others prepare for the fair until he realizes he liked being a mouse better and returns to normal. In Anastasia's Story, they attempt to help their old nemesis Lucifer win the affections of a snobby female cat named Pom Pom (the mice's, and probably Bruno's, new nemesis) in the castle in the hopes the cats will then leave the mice alone. In Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, Gus and Jaq make their opening appearance helping the fairy godmother prepare for the prince and Cinderella's anniversary party. After Lady Tremaine reversed time and made the slipper fit Anastasia's foot, they helped Cinderella search for the prince, (wreaking havoc in the palace kitchen in the process). They discover Lady Tremaine's use of dark magic by witnessing her cast a spell on the prince to forget Cinderella (and think that he danced with Anastasia). In a plan to steal the wand back, they succeed in taking the wand from Lady Tremaine, but she has Cinderella arrested with a banishment sentence before she can lift the spell on the prince. Gus and Jaq manage to convince the prince that Cinderella is the right girl through a catchy showtune, "At the Ball". They later help Cinderella put on her wedding gown, but the three are magically sent away by Lady Tremaine, who assigns Lucifer the cat to drive them in a pumpkin carriage over a cliff. After they narrowly escape their deaths, Cinderella, Jaq, and Gus return to the palace where the mice attack the entrance guards to let Cinderella through to the wedding. The mice are last seen in Cinderella III during the closing credits in a picture with a very decorated king, one with them stuffed with cheese, Gus in a rather sophisticated uniform, and the final picture in a photo booth style series with Cinderella, the prince, and the two mice. Jaq and Gus also appeared in the Grandma Duck comics in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories where they live with Grandma Duck and her grandnephew Gus Goose. At some time before then, they crossed paths with Donald Duck and Daisy Duck. They appeared in one Mickey Mouse comic strip adventure titled Mousepotamia where they appear to be the same size as Mickey rather than standard mouse size. Like other characters from the first film, Jaq and Gus make several cameo appearances in the television series House of Mouse as guests of the titular club, usually being seen alongside Cinderella or other mice from other films. In the direct-to-video film Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse, they take part in the musical number "The Best Christmas of All", where they give Cinderella a dress for Christmas. Jaq appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep for the PSP, and was one of the first new confirmed characters, while Gus is absent. He finds Ventus, shrunk down to 3 in (10 cm) by the Fairy Godmother, placed in a mousetrap, and helps free him, marking the beginning of their friendship. Ventus later helps him gather the necessary materials for Cinderella's dress, and despite a fight between Ventus and Lucifer, they succeed. Later on, while Cinderella is locked in her room by Lady Tremaine, Jaq attempts to get the key to her room up the stairs and is protected by Aqua when the Unversed ambush him. Jaq succeeds and the slipper fits Cinderella perfectly. In the original film they were both voiced by Jimmy MacDonald; in the sequels, Jaq is voiced by Rob Paulsen and Gus is voiced by Corey Burton. In the 2015 remake, Jaq is changed to a doe (female mouse) named Jacqueline; Gus remains male but is referred to as Gus-Gus. In Once Upon a Time, Billy the mechanic (Jarod Joseph) is revealed in the episode "Child of the Moon" to be a mouse called Gus. Shortly thereafter, he is murdered by D.A. Albert Spencer/King George (Alan Dale) intending to frame someone. He appears in six episodes of the series, and is killed in his fourth appearance, the next two being flashbacks. Lady Tremaine Lady Tremaine (also known as the Wicked Stepmother or Cinderella's stepmother) is the main villainess of the franchise. She is based on the original character from the Cinderella fairy tale created by Charles Perrault. A cruel, cold, unsympathetic, and calculating tyrant, Lady Tremaine wants nothing more than her daughters to succeed. Unlike most Disney villains, who sport fiery personalities and desire power and the spotlight, she possesses a more cunning, subtle, passive-aggressive personality with a shrewd intelligence and ability for manipulation, particularly towards her daughters. She rarely yells, speaking in a calm, collected voice, even when angered. She wishes her daughters to succeed so that she may reap the benefits when it best suits her. She marries Cinderella's father for his money and after he passes away, she reveals her true motives of treating Cinderella like a scullery maid while devoting all her time and love to her own two daughters, Anastasia and Drizella. She is voiced by Eleanor Audley in the first film, and by Susanne Blakeslee in the sequels and other media. In live-action appearances, she has been portrayed by Cate Blanchett in the 2015 remake, and by Linda Ko in Descendants 3. The television series Once Upon a Time also includes two versions of Lady Tremaine in different realities, the first version being portrayed by Jan Brandle Smith in the first season and by Lisa Banes in the sixth season, and the second version, being known as Rapunzel Tremaine, being portrayed by Gabrielle Anwar in the seventh season (the younger Rapunzel Tremaine being played by Meegan Warner). Anastasia Tremaine Anastasia Tremaine is the redheaded younger daughter of Lady Tremaine. Though following the original story's depiction of the ugly and cruel stepsister in the first film, Anastasia becomes a more sympathetic character in later Disney sequels, depicted as struggling to find genuine love and follow her conscience despite her mother and sister's negative influence and scheming. Pat Williams, James Denney, and Jim Denney report that actress "Lucille Bliss was the voice of Cinderella's stepsister, Anastasia, an experience that remains one of her fondest memories." The actress explains, "I was just a teenager when I got the part...I read that Walt had personally selected me for the part of Anastasia." In Cinderella, Anastasia is demanding and whiny, but not as bad as Drizella. Anastasia also has enormous feet. During their music lesson, Anastasia plays the flute as Drizella sings but in the sequels she has a beautiful singing voice. Anastasia quarrels with her sister often, though they are united in their jealousy of and contempt for Cinderella. Anastasia's most common dress attire is a pink dress with fuchsia bodice with a lighter pink skirt and fuchsia slippers which she wears with white collar and petticoat. and a sunny colored hairbow and wears pink bloomers underneath. Her hair is tied to ringlet curls longer than Drizella's, flowing on her shoulders. Her ball dress is lavender and has a purple bustle, a violet bodice, choker and slippers and wears a green feather on her head instead of her gold headpiece and her curls are shorter than before. However, unlike Drizella, Anastasia's hair style changes throughout the film. In the very beginning, her hair is much shorter and the ringlets are tied back behind her head. When she sleeps and is preparing for the ball, Anastasia's hair is put into a bun. During the first film, she was portrayed as physically ugly, however in the sequels, she blossomed into a more beautiful young woman as her inner goodness developed. In Cinderella II, Anastasia is portrayed as a more sympathetic character, following the latter-day tradition of setting a stepsister on a redemptive path. She falls in love with a working-class baker and wants to get close to him, but her mother refuses to allow her to because of her own prejudices towards the baker's social standing. Cinderella reassures Anastasia that the baker is a good man, regardless of what Lady Tremaine thinks, and encourages Anastasia to follow her heart. With the help of Cinderella, Anastasia gets a make-over and becomes more beautiful, although her new looks never approach the same level as Cinderella. With help from Cinderella and her animal friends, Anastasia and the baker are reunited and reconciled, with Anastasia standing up to her mother in the process. They attend Cinderella's ball together, where Anastasia thanks her for her help. In Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, Anastasia is shown not only to have compassion for Cinderella, but to also have a conscience (while Cinderella is also shown to have compassion for Anastasia in spite of her mistreatment). She unintentionally gains access to Cinderella's fairy godmother's wand, which sets in motion her mother's nefarious plot to destroy Cinderella's "happily ever after" and gain access to an opulent lifestyle at the palace. As she is manipulated and forced into marrying the Prince as a means to fulfil her mother and sister's selfish desires, Anastasia begins to feel remorse and guilt. At the altar, realizing she does not truly love the Prince and having understood what true love really means after talking with the King, Anastasia's conscience finally gets the better of her, and to Cinderella's amazement, she refuses to marry the Prince and steps aside for Cinderella. After a tense standoff with Lady Tremaine and Drizella, where Cinderella and the Prince protect Anastasia for her honesty, and the two evil ladies are turned in toads after the spell goes against them, Anastasia acquires the wand, sets everything right and repairs her relationship with Cinderella, who subsequently invites her to stay in the castle to be her lady-in-waiting which she happily accepts. This repentant act saves her from the punishment that is seen to befall her mother and sister as Cinderella believes that Anastasia had only mistreated her since the death of her father, because Anastasia was also emotionally abused and manipulated into doing so by Lady Tremaine and she truly still had a kind heart in spite of her mother's influence; at the close of the film, Lady Tremaine and Drizella have been reduced to working as servants at the palace. During the credits, a picture shows Anastasia sitting in the palace garden while gazing happily at the baker with whom she fell in love in the second film. Over the films she gradually becomes less 'ugly' and more snub-nosed, chubby-faced, 'sweet', although never approaching Cinderella's beauty, becoming 'plain' instead of downright 'ugly'. This is partly because she smiles more and partly due to the animators' efforts. Variety asserts that "stepsister Anastasia is appreciably more sympathetic" in Cinderella III. At Walt Disney World during the Cinderella's Gala Feast attraction, Julie and Mike Neal declare that "everyone will love Anastasia and Drizella, Cinderella's evil stepsisters, who wander the room with Lady Tremaine..." Like other characters from the first film, Anastasia makes several cameo appearances in the television series House of Mouse as a guest of the titular club. In the direct-to-video film Mickey's House of Villains, she takes part in the musical number "It's Our House Now" when villains take over the club. She appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep in her homeworld, Castle of Dreams, with her family, playing out the same role as in the original film, except for the strong darkness in her heart nearly causing her to sadistically murder Cinderella before the Cursed Coach drops a bomb on her and her blood family, destroying their bodies and causing them to become Heartless. Unlike in the films, Anastasia is portrayed as a sociopath with no redeeming traits, and is described by the Fairy Godmother as pure evil and a demon. Anastasia also appears as a playable character in the world building game video game Disney Magic Kingdoms. A 2015 live-action version of Cinderella featured Anastasia in the same role as the classic story portrayed by Holliday Grainger. Like her mother and sister at the end of the film, she left the kingdom with the Grand Duke never to return. While Anastasia does not appear in the Descenants franchise, she has a son named Anthony who appears in the Isle of the Lost book series. Drizella Tremaine Drizella Tremaine is the brown-haired older daughter of Lady Tremaine. Drizella appears in various novels and other publications. She was voiced by Rhoda Williams in the original film and by Russi Taylor in the sequels. Drizella's common dress is a sunny yellow dress with a pale-yellow bodice and slippers and has centre-parted hair ending in short sausage curls on the back, and a bright blue bow in her hair. For the palace ball, she wears a pale green gown with aqua bustle, pale green sleeves, and a jade green bodice, choker, and slippers and a second jade green bustle under the aqua one and wears a turquoise feather instead of a bow in her hair. In her second movie, her ribbon changes to pale blue. After her downfall she is reduced to wearing a maid servant's frock. In live appearances, and in many book illustrations, Drizella wears a dress similar to that shown for the palace ball in the first film and wears green slippers and green bloomers underneath. Like her sister, Drizella has enormous feet. She is portrayed as haughty, abusive, and sadistically cruel. She sets so many bad examples of spitefulness towards Cinderella for her younger sister to follow, that between them Anastasia's the better of the two. Highly unorganized, and, in the Kingdom Hearts series, murderous and sociopathic, she is contemptuously envious of Cinderella's success and beauty and often gets her into trouble. Unlike her younger sister Anastasia, who changes her spiteful ways and develops into a kind and good-natured woman, Drizella remains mean-spirited and cruel, and never overcomes her hatred of Cinderella. She is also depicted as having slovenly eating habits in the third movie, where she samples the food and the wedding cake being prepared for her sister's wedding by shoving handfuls of it into her face and eating them noisily. In the sequels, though not in the original film, Drizella is essentially a younger version of her mother. Drizella and her mother constantly plot to ruin Cinderella's life and have no qualms about hurting her feelings. Lady Tremaine is well aware of her older daughter's harsh and cold-hearted – and even violent – mannerisms, and can trigger Drizella's anger with a mere handful of casually delivered words. In a particularly distressing scene in the original film, as Lady Tremaine and her daughters prepare to leave for the Prince's ball, Cinderella appears wearing her beautiful homemade gown. Lady Tremaine notes that Cinderella is wearing beads that belonged to Drizella, who rejected them on the claims she was sick of the sight of them. After Lady Tremaine casually points out to Drizella that the beads add a charming touch to the dress, Drizella flies into a rage and violently yanks the beads from Cinderella's neck, and along with Anastasia, lunges upon her stepsister and tears her gown to rags, leaving Cinderella devastated. Later on throughout the series, Drizella turns on Anastasia and torments her, being able to physically intimidate her. Although she seems to be awed by her during the story An Uncommon Romance, after Anastasia openly rebelled against their overbearing mother and told her she was in love with a baker of low-birth and that she was happier with him than she would ever be with the wealthy suitor Lady Tremaine had hoped she would encounter at another palace ball. Angered, Lady Tremaine stormed off, leaving Drizella stunned, though she sided with her mother and returned home with her. Unlike Anastasia, who eventually liberates herself from her mother's domination, Drizella obeys her mother's every order and schemes with her to undermine her hated stepsister, Cinderella, though they are foiled by Anastasia and as punishment, they are removed of their wealth and status and are reduced to working as scullery maids in Cinderella's palace. Like other characters from the first film, Drizella makes several cameo appearances in the television series House of Mouse as a guest of the titular club. In the direct-to-video film Mickey's House of Villains, she takes part in the musical number "It's Our House Now" when villains take over the club. Like her mother and sister, she appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, playing the same role as in the original film. However, unlike in the films, she's a sadistic and demonic sociopath and is willing to murder Cinderella to prevent her from ever getting her happiness, and nearly succeeds with the Cursed Coach. However, Aqua manages to save her, and Drizella is hit by a firebomb alongside her mother and sister, causing their eternal plunge into the Realm of Darkness as powerful Heartless, a fate later shared with Mother Gothel and Prince Hans. Drizella also appears as a playable character in the world building game video game Disney Magic Kingdoms. In the 2015 live-action version of Cinderella, the "z" in Drizella was replaced by an "s" to reflect the British stereotype and she was portrayed by Sophie McShera. Like her mother and sister at the end of the film, Drizella left the kingdom with the Grand Duke never to return. While Drizella does not appear in the Descenants franchise, she has a daughter named Dizzy who appears in the films Descendants 2 and Descendants 3, in addition of TV specials and other media of the franchise. A version of Drizella appears in the television series Once Upon a Time serving as a secondary antagonist during the seventh season, being portrayed by Adelaide Kane. In flashback scenes, the tween Drizella is portrayed by Anna Cathcart (who, coincidentally, also played Drizella's daughter, Dizzy, in the Descendants film series). Lucifer Lucifer is the Tremaines' pet cat and an antagonist of the franchise. Tonally, his existence can be justified to provide a sinister and scheming opposing counterpart to Cinderella's loyal and good-natured pet dog Bruno as well as the birds and mice who are supportive and loving friends and allies of Cinderella. He has black fur and is depicted as a sly, wicked, and manipulative mouse consumer. In a particularly conniving scene at the beginning of the original film, Lucifer tries to rid the château's pet dog Bruno outside of the kitchen Lucifer is consuming his breakfast bowl of milk, by scratching him painfully and slyly while Cinderella's back is momentarily turned away. Bruno then growls loudly and threateningly out of infuriation and pain, and Lucifer lets out a benign and exaggerated fake shriek of pain, as if Bruno scratched him. Cinderella hears Lucifer's whining fake screech and blames Bruno, bitterly scolding him to go outside and to stop misbehaving, reasoning "We have to at least try, to get along together". Back inside the kitchen, Lucifer wears a mischievous grin of wicked satisfaction, lazily licking his milk bowl, while Cinderella reprimands him with scorn and annoyance "And that includes you too, Your Majesty!". He becomes very focused on catching the mice when provoked, but his attempts to catch them always end in a comical failure. First, in the first movie, that also the main antagonist, Jaq bravely makes a distraction to lure Lucifer away from the other mice's path to getting their breakfast. While returning with the mice, Gus struggles with carrying his load and easily grabs Lucifer's attention. Fortunately, and unexpectedly, Cinderella enters the room and accidentally takes Gus away on her breakfast serving platters for Lady Tremaine and her daughters. Tremaine's youngest daughter, Anastasia, is the dubious recipient of Gus, for the teacup he was hiding under was the one Cinderella served her. Lucifer knowingly puts his ear against all three of their closed doors to decipher Gus' location, and races over in delight to Anastasia's once he hears her scream of horror upon discovering the poor, frightened little mouse in her tea. Anastasia continues to scream wildly upon hastily accusing Cinderella of the perceived sabotage, and in severe distress and anguish, immediately notifies her mother, inciting an enormous frenzy, whereupon Cinderella is summoned to her stepmother's bedroom for a private talk. Lucifer slips into the room as well for a brief grooming by his malevolent owner, before she reprimands her stepdaughter with frigid ferocity. At the conclusion of this degrading and abusive private talk, after sadistically rattling off an inordinately long list of chores that Lady Tremaine is forcing Cinderella to complete, in a moment of amusing comical tongue-in-cheek, the wicked stepmother muses "and one more thing: see that Lucifer gets his "bath" at which the ears of the evil feline shoot straight up in horror, and he snarls at his owner's quarrelsome request with repugnant disdain, which suggests that he dislikes baths or prefers to remain filthy. Lucifer's next appearance in the film is when he encounters Jaq and Gus as they attempt to retrieve a sash and necklace of beads from a laundry pile, as part of making Cinderella's dress for the ball. At the start of the scene, Jaq and Gus assume they are alone and approach the sash, initially unaware that a slumbering Lucifer is lying on top of an ottoman directly above them. Once they realize that they are in fact not alone, they attempt to sneak past their foe while carrying the sash. Unfortunately, Lucifer's impeccable hearing ability picks up suspicious movement nearby and awakes, confused and a bit cranky. Jaq and Gus' cover is eventually blown, yet they still manage to slip the sash into their mouse hole, partly thanks to Lucifer's clumsiness. With the sash successfully obtained, Jaq and Gus shift their focus towards the bead necklace. Overcome with excitement, Gus blurts out the duo's desire to take the beads along with the sash. Determined not to fail this time around, Lucifer spots the necklace and immediately sits on it, awaiting the mice's next move. Now faced with an inevitable detour, Jaq formulates a plan, much to Gus' delight and Lucifer's suspicion. Jaq then fully exposes himself and starts casually walking in Lucifer's direction. Pleased with what he thinks is a surrender, Lucifer readies his paws and prepares for his pounce, unknowingly letting Jaq sneak directly behind him. His focus is then interrupted when he turns and is shocked to hear Jaq, now amidst the laundry pile at the other side of the room, humming to himself and biting off the buttons of an overcoat. Jaq does so in the hopes of luring Lucifer away from the beads, thus giving Gus time to grab them and escape. Lucifer eventually catches on to this, and initially has trouble deciding on whether he should pursue Jaq or protect the necklace from Gus, standing by at the mouse hole. Lucifer ultimately figures out a way to accomplish both tasks and uses his tail to keep the necklace close to him as he moves towards Jaq. By the time Lucifer reaches Jaq, the witty little mouse launches a button that does no more than leave an imprint on the annoyed feline's nose. Shifting his attention completely on Jaq, Lucifer pounces on the pest and chases him into the heap of laundry, mainly into a light-blue nightgown. Finally sensing an opening, Gus makes his way to the necklace and struggles to get a grip on it. After a few more seconds of chasing, Lucifer temporarily emerges from the gown and examines it, attempting to get a better idea of where Jaq might be. Ironically, Jaq has hidden himself in Lucifer's thick fur atop his head, using this pause to check on Gus. The portly mouse seems to be successfully making his way back to the mouse hole, but then suddenly slips on a bead, loses his footing, and slams into the far side wall, breaking the necklace into its several beads. Lucifer's attention briefly turns to the sudden disturbance, only to have Jaq intervene by keeping his eyes closed. Lucifer then tries to grab the intruder on his head, learns that the intruder is Jaq, and ultimately chases him back into the nightgown again. During this struggle, Gus begins picking up the beads, one by one, and placing them into his hat. The struggle in the laundry pile reaches its end, this time by Jaq making an escape out of one of the nightgown's sleeves, with Lucifer close behind. Being evidently far too large for such a small exit, the cat only manages to poke his head out of the sleeve, as Jaq rushes to Gus' aid. Enraged by the trap he has been put in, Lucifer uses all the limited mobility he has and slithers across the floor towards the mice. Jaq tries speeding up the process of picking up the beads by stringing them to Gus' tail, hoping to gather them all before time runs out. Gus barely manages to grab the last bead before Lucifer reaches him and attempts to bite him. The two mice narrowly escape back through the mouse hole, leaving Lucifer temporarily trapped in the nightgown, dazed and confused after slamming his face against the now-closed hole as part of an unsuccessful last pounce. At the film's climax, he attempts to catch Jaq and Gus while they try to free Cinderella from her locked room, but Cinderella's dog Bruno (a friend of the mice and enemy to Lucifer) intervenes and scares Lucifer so much that he jumps out of the tower's window. This is the last see of Lucifer in the film, but the sequels reveal that he survived the fall due to cats always landing on their feet. In the first sequel, Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, Lucifer appears in the third and final segment, An Uncommon Romance, where he falls in love with the snobby palace cat Pom Pom to the point that he makes a deal with the mice never to chase them again if they help him reconcile with Pom Pom. The plan works, but Pom Pom goads Lucifer into helping her catch and eat the mice. His treachery backfires and Pom Pom dumps him. In the third film, Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, after Lady Tremaine reverses time with the Fairy Godmother's wand, Lucifer resumes his role as an adversary to both Cinderella and the mice. In his most notable scene, Lady Tremaine turns him into a human coachman to take Cinderella and the mice as far away from the palace as he can, but during the chase, Lucifer falls off the coach into a small pond, where he turns back into a cat and is left stranded in the woods. Like other characters from the first film, Lucifer makes several cameo appearances in the television series House of Mouse as a guest of the titular club. In the direct-to-video film Mickey's House of Villains, he takes part in the musical number "It's Our House Now" when villains take over the club. Lucifer appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep as a boss character in Ven's scenario in which he attempts to stop Jaq and Ventus from gathering the necessary materials for Cinderella's dress. Despite having been shrunk to the size of a mouse, Ventus valiantly engages Lucifer in a brutal battle which Ventus wins. Frightened, Lucifer runs off. His vocal effects are provided by June Foray in the original film, and by Frank Welker in its sequels. The Fairy Godmother The Fairy Godmother first appears in the film after Cinderella's stepsisters tear her gown to shreds before Prince Charming's ball. She appears in the garden, and greatly transforms her appearance for the ball with a magic spell. She transforms the mice into stallions, Bruno the dog into a footman, Major the horse into a coachman, a pumpkin into a white coach, and transforms her torn dress into a beautiful silvery-blue dress with comfortable glass slippers. Cinderella departs for the ball after the Fairy Godmother warns her that the spell will expire at the stroke of midnight. With her work done, she vanishes into thin air. Cinderella II: Dreams Come True begins with the Fairy Godmother reading the story of Cinderella to the animals until Gus and Jaq arrive. The three of them set off to make a new book to narrate what happens after the "Happily Ever After" by stringing the three segments of the film together into one narrative. During one of the segments, the Fairy Godmother turns Jaq into a human six times taller than his height so that he can help Cinderella in the palace. In Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, the Fairy Godmother's powerful magic wand is stolen by Anastasia, who accidentally turns her into a stone statue, and her wand is misused by the venomously evil Lady Termaine. The Fairy Godmother is turned back to her normal form at the end of the film. She offers to return Cinderella and Prince Charming to their former lives, but realizes their love has grown stronger than it was in the original timeline and so chooses instead to let them continue on from here. She was voiced by Verna Felton in the first film and by Russi Taylor in its sequels and other media. Like other characters from the first film, the Fairy Godmother makes several cameo appearances in the television series House of Mouse as a guest of the titular club. She has a major role in the episode "Goofy's Menu Magic", where Goofy accidentally uses her magic wand to cook, becoming a popular cook thanks to the magic of the wand. In the Disney+ series The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse, she has a cameo appearance in the episode "Disappearing Act" (voiced by Grey DeLisle after Russi Taylor's death), where she appears to advise Mickey along with other magical characters. The Fairy Godmother also appears as a recurring character in the Kingdom Hearts series. In the first game, after the destruction of her world by Maleficent, she manages to safely escape. She lives in Traverse Town with Merlin, and every time Sora gives her summon gem, she restores that being's spirit, allowing Sora to summon them in battle. She eventually gives Donald Duck the Lord Fortune staff. She also appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep in her own world, Castle of Dreams, reprising the same role as in the film and also shrinking Ventus and Aqua to the size of mice in order to avoid Lady Tremaine spotting them. She also makes a brief appearance in the Re Mind DLC of Kingdom Hearts III where she appears in Radiant Garden, having been asked by Merlin and Yen Sid to assist in the search for Sora by looking into Riku's dreams. The Fairy Godmother also appears as a playable character in the world building game video game Disney Magic Kingdoms. Like other Cinderella characters, the Fairy Godmother is a meet-and-greet character at several Disney Parks. She also was the host in the Magic, Music and Mayhem live show at Magic Kingdom. She is portrayed by Helena Bonham Carter in the 2015 remake live-action version of the original Disney movie, and also serves as the narrator of the story. As well as casting the spells to create Cinderella's coach, gown, and slippers, she also casts a quick spell to prevent Cinderella's step-family from recognizing her at the ball. Though Lady Tremaine would somehow find out she was there. The Fairy Godmother also appears in the live-action Descendants film series, portrayed by Melanie Paxson, where she is the principal of the Auradon Preparatory, where the children of several Disney heroes and heroines attend as students. In the films she also has a daughter, Jane. Her magic wand has a main focus in the first film, where Maleficent is eager to steal it. In fourth film, Descendants: The Rise of Red, also appears the Fairy Godmother in her teenage days under the name of Fay, being portrayed by Grace Narducci. She is the only character that is present in the four installments of the Descendants films. Prince Charming Prince Charming is Cinderella's love interest, and her husband after the first film. He is a dark-haired and tall young man. In the original film, his speaking is provided by William Phipps while his singing is provided by Mike Douglas. He is later voiced by Christopher Daniel Barnes in the sequels. In the first film, determined to see grandchildren, the King organizes a ball for Prince Charming in an effort to cause his son to fall in love and marry, with every eligible maiden in the kingdom ordered to attend. At the ball, Prince Charming rejects every girl, until he sees Cinderella, with whom he is immediately smitten in love. The two dance throughout the castle grounds until the clock starts to chime midnight and Cinderella flees away from the castle, accidentally dropping one of her glass slippers. Prince Charming picks up the glass slipper and the next day a royal proclamation is issued, stating the Grand Duke will visit every house in the kingdom to find the girl who fits the glass slipper, so that she can be married to Prince Charming. After the slipper perfectly fits onto Cinderella's foot, Prince Charming marries her. Prince Charming has little involvement in the sequel, Cinderella II: Dreams Come True, although with a more relevant role than in the first film. In the third film, Cinderella III: A Twist in Time, while Prince Charming and Cinderella are celebrating the first anniversary of their wedding, Lady Tremaine gets possession of the Fairy Godmother's wand and reverses time, going back to the moment of the Duke's arrival at her manor with the glass slipper. Lady Tremaine then uses the wand to fit the slipper onto Anastasia's foot and make her marry Prince Charming. When he sees Anastasia, he is about to dismiss but Lady Tremaine uses the wand to make him forget about Cinderella completely and to marry Anastasia. Cinderella is later caught trying to get the wand from her stepmother, but she manages to touch Prince Charming's hand, and the connection they both feel confuses him. Prince Charming is then addressed by Gus and Jaq who confront him with their side of the story, using the other mended glass slipper as evidence. Prince Charming, although he still cannot remember her, believes the mice's tale and sets out to retrieve Cinderella before she sails off under Lady Tremaine's orders. The two lovers are reunited and get prepared for the wedding, but Lady Tremaine makes Anastasia to look exactly like Cinderella to take the real Cinderella's place during the wedding. When Anastasia hesitates during the wedding and says "I don't", Lady Tremaine aims the wand at both Cinderella and Anastasia. However, Prince Charming manages to step between them and blocks the magic with his sword, causing it to bounce back and transform Lady Tremaine and Drizella into toads. Prince Charming and Cinderella stay in this new timeline and get married again. The animated films never made mention of his real name. An official advertisement from Disney France said "The Prince's name is Henry", although no more media have called him that, always being referred to simply as "Prince Charming" in the different Disney media and merchandise. He appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep along with his homeworld, playing out the same role as in the film. Just after Cinderella flees the ball, he briefly mistakes Aqua for Cinderella. In a scene which was originally intended for the film but deleted, Prince Charming and Cinderella are reunited after the slipper fits Cinderella's foot perfectly, and he embraces her lovingly. Prince Charming also appears as a playable character in the world building game video game Disney Magic Kingdoms. In the 2015 live-action film, the prince was named Kit (a diminutive form of either Christopher or Christian) and portrayed by Richard Madden. In the film, Prince Kit and Cinderella first met in the woods during a deer hunt without knowing each other's true identity and took a liking to each other with Cinderella believing that Kit is an apprentice training under his father without recognizing him as the prince. The desire to see Cinderella again was what caused Prince Kit to open the ball to commoners, Cinderella attending to find him rather than to meet the prince (not knowing they are the same person). Prince Kit also became king in the last third of the film after his father died from illness. In the live-action Descendants film series, he and Cinderella have a son named Chad, who appears in the first three films, and a daughter named Chloe, who appears in the fourth film. He also appears in the fourth film, Descendants: The Rise of Red, as "King Charming", being portrayed by Paolo Montalban (who previously also portrayed a version of the Prince in the 1997 television film Cinderella), with a teen Prince Charming being portrayed by Tristan Padil. Supporting and minor characters The King (voiced by Luis Van Rooten in the first film and by Andre Stojka in the sequels and played by Derek Jacobi in the 2015 live-action film) is Prince Charming's father who desperately wants his son to marry and have children because he wants to see his grandchildren before he dies as shown in the first film. In the second film, he appears a few times in the first and second segments. In the third film, he reveals to Anastasia that his deceased queen (who is only seen in paintings) was not a good dancer and gives the stepsister his most precious possession: the seashell that he and the queen touched together for the first time. In the 2015 live-action film, he becomes ill and dies in the movie, although he has a brief conversation with Cinderella at the ball that inspires him to accept her as Prince Kit's wife despite his initial plans for Kit to marry a real princess. The Grand Duke (voiced by Luis Van Rooten (who also voiced the King in the original film) in the first film and by Rob Paulsen in the sequels and played by Stellan Skarsgard in the 2015 live-action film) is the King's majordomo who organizes the ball for Prince Charming to find him a wife. He later visits the Tremaine manor to find the glass slipper's owner. He appears a few times in the second film, more than the King. In the third film, the Grand Duke is responsible for organizing the wedding between Prince Charming and Anastasia. The Grand Duke also appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, playing out the same role as in the film with some differences. In the 2015 live-action film, he plays a more antagonistic role by conspiring with Cinderella's evil stepmother Lady Tremaine. By the end of the film, the Grand Duke alongside Lady Tremaine and her family leave the kingdom never to return. Bruno (vocal effects provided by Jimmy MacDonald and Earl Keen in the first film and by Frank Welker in the second film) is a Bloodhound who is Cinderella's pet dog, a friend of the mice, and an enemy of Lucifer. He is transformed into a footman by the Fairy Godmother so that Cinderella can attend the ball in the first film. Bruno plays an important role in foiling Lucifer at the climax of the first film that allows Jaq to save Gus and foil Lady Tremaine. He appears again in the second film, having moved to the palace with Cinderella and her mice friends. Major is a horse that lives with Cinderella and friend of the mice. He is transformed into a coachman by the Fairy Godmother so that Cinderella can attend the ball in the first film. At the end of the film he pulls Cinderella and the Prince's wedding carriage along with other horses. His human form also makes a minor appearance in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, driving the carriage to the ball. A couple of Birds are part of Cinderella's animal friends. They help the mice by preparing Cinderella's dress for the ball. In the climax of the film they go in search of Bruno to help rescue Cinderella after being locked up by Lady Tremaine. Cinderella's Father (played by Ben Chaplin) is the deceased father of Cinderella, husband of Lady Tremaine, and stepfather of Anastasia and Drizella. He loved his daughter very much and gave her countless luxuries and comfort. Following the death of his first wife, he remarries Lady Tremaine, in the hopes of giving his daughter a mother's care. Unfortunately, he dies mysteriously and suddenly shortly afterwords, which soon leads to his daughter's mistreatment by his new wife and stepdaughters. Introduced in Cinderella II: Dreams Come True Prudence (voiced by Holland Taylor in both sequels) is a stern and snobbish woman who is in charge of the palace banquets and partiess that appears in the first segment of the second film. Cinderella helps change Prudence's view on things through her improvements to the ball; she comes to trust Cinderella's judgement as the King loves the changes. At one point, she ultimately falls in love with the Grand Duke and they dance together. Her name is a pun about her behavior. She makes a minor appearance in the third film, where in the reality created by Lady Tremaine she mistakes Cinderella for a palace employee. Beatrice and Daphne (both voiced by Russi Taylor) are two kind, understanding and helpful female palace servants help Cinderella caringly with her royal-ball preparation duties that appear in the first segment of the second film. They try to comfort Cinderella, amidst the stuck-up, arrogant whims of the insufferably overbearing, burdensome, and bland Prudence, the female head servant. Mary (voiced by Russi Taylor) is a female mouse who appears in the second film, she is a close friend to Jaq and Gus and has feelings for Jaq. Pom-Pom (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker in the second film) is a white female cat. She becomes the new nemesis of the mice within the palace after they moved into it. In the second segment, she tries to eat Jaq when he is transformed into a human, thinking that he is a person made up of several mice. In the third segment, Lucifer falls in love with her, but she shows no interest in him. With help from Jaq and the other mice, Lucifer manages to win Pom-Pom's love. After that, she notices the mice and teams up with Lucifer to eat them, the mice panic and run around the room trying to escape from the cats, Pom-Pom catches one and is about to eat him when she gets soaked by water from a jug. Blaming this on Lucifer, she drops the bouquet of fish on Lucifer (who had given it to her) and walks off, not wanting anything to do with him. The Baker (voiced by Rob Paulsen) appears in the third segment of the second film. Anastasia meets him by chance in his bakery and they both soon fall in love. However, Lady Tremaine and Drizella disapprove of Anastasia's mutual romantic feeling for the baker, with Lady Tremaine saying the Baker and his shop are unworthy, and she forbids Anastasia from speaking to him. After Cinderella's failed attempt to get Anastasia and the Baker together, the mice (including Jaq and Gus), the birds and Cinderella decide to help Anastasia see the Baker again. Once Anastasia is ready to go to Cinderella's ball with him, she notices him with another lady and runs away crying. The baker finds her, but Lady Tremaine and Drizella find them together again. Lady Tremaine again tries to take Anastasia away, but she stands up to her mother, saying she will go with the baker to the ball. After this, her mother and elder sister leave. Later that night, Anastasia attends the ball and dances with the baker. He later makes a cameo appearance in the end credits of the third film, shown in a painting with Anastasia. Countess Le Grande (both voiced by Russi Taylor) is a stout countess attending a meeting at the palace, who appears in the second segment of the second film. When she sees Jaq, she screams in horror and tries to crush him. Her name, "Le Grande", means "The Big One", in reference to her physique. Introduced in Cinderella III: A Twist in Time The Queen was the wife of the King and the mother of the Prince. She died some time before the film, but she is still portrayed in some pictures of the palace. After the King sees Anastasia dance, he comments that she reminds him of how his wife danced, since she, like Anastasia, was a bad dancer. The King tells that he and the Queen fell in love just at the moment their hands touched each other, sensing that it was true love. Appearing in Cinderella (2015 film) Cinderella's Mother (portrayed by Hayley Atwell) is Cinderella's biological mother, who died when her daughter was ten years old. She is portrayed as kind, graceful, and beautiful. From a young age, she taught Cinderella to always be kind to all people and animals, and to believe in the existence of magic and fairy godmothers. However, she becomes gravely ill soon after the film begins. As she lies on her deathbed, she makes her daughter promise to have courage and be kind, for it will see her through all the trials life could offer her. Mr. Goosey Goose is a goose who lives with Cinderella on the farm with other animals. Gareth Mason plays in his coachman form. He is transformed into a coachman by the Fairy Godmother so that Cinderella can attend the ball. Mr. Goose takes the place of Major the horse in the remake of the film as a coachman. The Lizards are two green lizards who live in Cinderella's garden. One of the lizards, called Mr. Lizard, is played by Tom Eden when they are transformed into two footmen by Fairy Godmother for take Cinderella to the ball. The Lizards replace Bruno the Bloodhound in the remake as the footmen. The Captain (portrayed by Nonso Anozie) is the captain of the royal guard who is loyal to Kit and his father, and a close friend to Kit. Princess Chelina of Zaragoza (portrayed by Jana Pérez) is a candidate to marry the Prince Kit who appears during the ball. Sir Francis Tremaine was the first husband of Lady Tremaine, and father of Anastasia and Drizella. He is only mentioned in the film. He died and the cause of his death is unknown. References Characters Cinderella List of Cinderella
Court Hill Historic District is a historic district located in Ottumwa, Iowa, United States. It is a residential area of large homes with a few small homes in between. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 as a part of Ottumwa MPS. At the time of its nomination it contained 84 resources, which included 56 contributing buildings, two contributing structures, 25 non-contributing buildings, and one non-contributing site. History Court Street was developed as a major artery from the Des Moines River to Sixth Street, which was Ottumwa's original city limits, where it made a slight turn to the north and headed up a bluff and into the countryside above the river valley. It is possible that it is the road established by the Iowa Territorial Legislature in 1844 that extended from the southern Davis County border to the northern Wapello County border and connected the two county seats. Later it was signed as U.S. Highway 63. The oldest houses in the district were built between 1865 and 1875. The first electric streetcar began operating on Court Street in 1889. The street was paved with bricks in 1890 and 1891. Both projects led to increased development of the area between 1890 and 1915. From this period until 1942 a centralized steam heat system was available in the city and the main pipes were located under Court Street. Because of this, the street was never covered with snow or ice during the winter and people could always climb to the top of the bluff when other streets were impassable. During the World War II years many of the large homes were divided into multi-family dwellings. That process started to be reversed in the late 20th century when historic preservation took root in Ottumwa. Architecture Most of the houses are large in size, but a few smaller houses are scattered throughout the district. While some of the houses have been altered over the years, most of them retain a high level of integrity. Very few of the original buildings in the district have been torn down, and therefore, there is little in the way of new construction. A variety of the most fashionable Victorian styles were built in the district. The most popular include Italianate, Neoclassical, and Queen Anne. Architects who have designs in the district include George Kern, Edward Clark, and Fisher & Lowrie. References Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa Historic districts in Wapello County, Iowa National Register of Historic Places in Wapello County, Iowa Buildings and structures in Ottumwa, Iowa
The Huntingdon Valley Country Club is a golf, tennis and swim club located in Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, northeast of Philadelphia. In addition to a golf course, the club offers banquet and dining facilities. The course resides on , and is ranked as the #8 golf course in Pennsylvania and #3 course in the Philadelphia area by Golf Digest. The golf course is rated as #79 best classic course in America by Golfweek Magazine (2013). History Huntingdon Valley Country Club was organized in June 1897. It was originally a nine-hole course and was subsequently expanded to 18 holes after acquiring additional land. The course was later moved to its present site in the mid-1920s. Play started on the 27-hole layout on April 14, 1928. Huntingdon Valley Country Club also was known as one of the first places to play the sport of squash. Huntingdon Valley Country Club started one of the first tournaments for Squash in the early 1900s. Scorecard References External links Golf clubs and courses in Pennsylvania Sports venues completed in 1897 1897 establishments in Pennsylvania Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Fascista cercerisella (redbud leaffolder) is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in the United States from Pennsylvania and Maryland, south to Florida, west to Texas, north to Kansas. The wingspan is 13–16 mm. Adults are on wing from April to October in the south. The flight season is shorter in the northern part of the range. There is one generation per year in the north, possibly two in the south. The larvae feed on Cercis canadensis. They skeletonize the leaves of their host. External links Bug Guide Larval Stage info Images Gelechiini Moths described in 1872
Chinese Daily News may refer to the following: The English subtitle of the World Journal, in North America. The former name of the United Daily, Sarawak Tribune's sister newspaper, in Malaysia. See also China Daily News (disambiguation)
Low Blue Flame is an album by drummer Andrew Cyrille. It was recorded in January 2005 at Kampo Studios in New York City, and was released by Tum Records in 2006. On the album, Cyrille is joined by saxophonist Greg Osby. Cyrille and Osby met backstage after sharing a bill at a festival in France, and first performed publicly at Tonic in New York City in early 2004. Reception Brandt Reiter, in an article for All About Jazz, stated that the album is characterized by "melodic improvisation within a tight compositional framework, with intensity coming not from highflying pyrotechnics but synchronized, concentrated searching." He commented: "Rarely does Osby resort to the honks and squeals one would expect from this type of encounter, instead using his trademark lacerating tone to plumb the depths of each number... Cyrille's resources are seemingly limitless, his instincts uncanny and his choices startlingly right. He is, in short, magnificent and anyone interested in the varietal possibilities of the drums would do well to check out this disc." A writer for The Free Jazz Collective commented: "when two of today's greatest jazz musicians play together, fireworks are the result. The veteran free jazz drummer demonstrates what experience and rhythmic creativity mean for music, while young alto and soprano saxophonist Greg Osby's warm and broad pallette really flourishes in this free and dynamic environment... anyone interested in drums and sax should have a close listen at how these two artists bring musical interaction to an almost sublime level... Another wonderful record which has almost gone unnoticed. Don't miss it." A Squidco reviewer wrote: "Theirs is a mix of intricate improvisations and blues based riff work with a strong compositional sense amidst creative and advanced playing. A great and interesting perspective on traditional form and modern composition." Track listing "Equalatogram" (Osby) - 3:05 "Work" (Thelonious Monk) - 4:24 "With You In Mind (Instrumental)" (Cyrille) - 3:30 "Cyrille In Motion" (Osby) - 5:38 "No. 11" (Cyrille) - 8:22 "Noodle" (Osby) - 3:29 "Striation" (Cyrille) - 4:28 "With You In Mind (Recital)" (Cyrille) - 3:47 "Low Blue Flame" (Cyrille) - 6:20 "Pop Pop" (Osby) - 3:22 "Concepticus" (Osby) - 3:33 "The Music In Us" (Cyrille) - 7:48 "Roscoe" (Cyrille) - 3:46 Personnel Andrew Cyrille – drums Greg Osby – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone References 2006 albums Andrew Cyrille albums TUM Records albums
Trisuloides xizanga is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in China (Xizang). References Moths described in 2011 Pantheinae
Volvarina zatzae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails. Description The length of the shell attains 5.96 mm, its diameter 2.52 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs off Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea. References External links Ortea J. (2014). Cómo integrar Ciencia y Naturaleza: Descripción de nuevas especies de Volvarina Hinds, 1844 (Mollusca: Marginellidae) de la isla de Guadeloupe y sus islotes satélites (Antillas Menores, Mar Caribe), nombradas en honor de treinta mujeres distinguidas con el Premio L'Oreal-Unesco. Revista de la Real Academia Canaria de Ciencias. 26: 129–188. zatzae Gastropods described in 2014
Serhiy Senyukov (; 27 January 1955 – 1 September 1992) was a high jumper who represented the Soviet Union. He trained at Spartak. Achievements References External links Sports Reference European Indoor Championships 1955 births 1992 deaths Soviet male high jumpers Ukrainian male high jumpers Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union Spartak (sports society) sportspeople
Henry Joseph McLoughlin (27 August 1911 – 18 February 1993) was an Australian politician. He was born in Hobart. In 1959 he was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly as a Labor member for Denison. He served as a minister from 1961 to 1969, when he was defeated. References 1911 births 1993 deaths Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly People from Tasmania Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Tasmania 20th-century Australian politicians
Karl Franz Gebhardt (23 November 1897 – 2 June 1948) was a Nazi physician and a war criminal. Gebhardt was the main coordinator of a series of medical atrocities performed on inmates of the concentration camps at Ravensbrück and Auschwitz. These experiments were an attempt to defend his approach to the surgical management of grossly contaminated traumatic wounds, against the then-new innovations of antibiotic treatment of injuries acquired on the battlefield. During the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials, Gebhardt stood trial in the Doctors' trial (American Military Tribunal No. I). He was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity and sentenced to death on 20 August 1947. He was hanged on 2 June 1948, in Landsberg Prison in Bavaria. Career before World War II In his student days Gebhardt had been a supporter of the national counter-revolutionary movement and was active among other things in the Volunteer Corps "the Upland Alliance." Gebhardt studied medicine in Munich beginning in 1919. In 1923, Gebhardt, a member of the Freikorps Oberland, participated in the Beer Hall Putsch. In 1924, after two years as an unpaid assistant physician he received a post as an intern at the Surgical Clinic of the University of Munich. Gebhardt trained under the tutelage of Ferdinand Sauerbruch and later under Erich Lexer, finally gaining his habilitation in 1932. Gebhardt had a distinguished career prior to World War II, contributing a great deal to the development of the field of sports medicine. He wrote articles on physical medicine and rehabilitation, a textbook on sports rehabilitation and he disseminated his ideas in Germany and throughout the rest of Europe. Nazi Party membership and activities Gebhardt's Nazi career began with his joining the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP, more commonly known as the Nazi Party) on 1 May 1933. In 1935, he moved to Berlin, where he was appointed associate professor. That year, Gebhardt joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) and was also appointed Medical Superintendent of Hohenlychen Sanatorium in the Uckermark, which he changed from a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients into an orthopedic clinic. At Hohenlychen Sanatorium, Gebhardt started the first sports medicine clinic in Germany and developed sports programs for amputees and other disabled people. Gebhardt was also appointed to the Deutsche Hochschule für Leibesübungen (German College for Physical Education) in 1935, where he became the first professor of sports medicine in Berlin. In 1936 he distinguished himself in his post as a head of the Medical Department of the Akademie für Sport und Leibeserziehung (Academy for Exercise and Physical Training) as senior physician of the 1936 Summer Olympics. Hohenlychen Sanatorium became the sports sanatorium for the Third Reich and served as the central hospital for the athletes who participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1937 he became chair holder for orthopedic surgery at the University of Berlin. In 1938, Gebhardt was appointed as Heinrich Himmler's personal physician. Gebhardt served as Chief Surgeon of the Staff of the Reich during World War II, and under his direction the Hohenlychen Sanatorium became a military hospital for the Waffen-SS. On 27 May 1942, Himmler ordered Gebhardt dispatched to Prague in order to attend to Reinhard Heydrich, who was wounded by an anti-tank grenade during Operation Anthropoid earlier that day. Heydrich was SS-Obergruppenführer and General der Polizei, and the acting Reichsprotektor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. When Heydrich developed a fever after surgery for his extensive wounds, Theodor Morell, personal physician to Adolf Hitler, suggested to Gebhardt that he should treat Heydrich with sulfonamide (an early antibiotic). Gebhardt refused Morell's advice, expecting Heydrich to recover without antibiotic therapy. Heydrich died of sepsis on 4 June 1942, eight days after the attack. Gebhardt's refusal to prescribe sulfonamide contributed to Heydrich's death and had many unfortunate implications for concentration camp prisoners, upon whom he later conducted medical experiments. In early 1944, Gebhardt treated Albert Speer for fatigue and a swollen knee. He nearly killed Speer until he was replaced by another doctor, Dr. Friedrich Koch, who intervened on Speer's behalf. Gebhardt eventually rose to the rank of Gruppenführer in the Allgemeine SS and a Generalleutnant in the Waffen-SS. By 22 April 1945, the day before the Red Army entered the outskirts of Berlin, Joseph Goebbels brought his wife and children into the Vorbunker to stay. Adolf Hitler and a few loyal personnel were present in the adjoining Führerbunker to direct the final defence of Berlin. Gebhardt, in his capacity as leader of the German Red Cross, approached Goebbels about taking the children out of the city with him, but he was dismissed by Goebbels. Medical experiments in concentration camps During the war, Gebhardt conducted medical and surgical experiments on prisoners in the concentration camps at Ravensbrück (which was close to Hohenlychen Sanatorium) and Auschwitz. At Ravensbruck he had initially faced opposition from camp commandant Fritz Suhren, who feared future legal problems given the status of most camp inmates as political prisoners, but the SS leadership backed Gebhardt, and Suhren was forced to cooperate. In order to absolve Gebhardt for his failure to prescribe sulfonamide for Heydrich, Himmler suggested to Gebhardt that he should conduct experiments proving that sulfonamide was useless in the treatment of gangrene and sepsis. In order to vindicate his decision to not administer sulfa drugs in treating Heydrich’s wounds, he carried out a series of experiments on Ravensbrück concentration camp prisoners, breaking their legs and infecting them with various organisms in order to prove the worthlessness of the drugs in treating gas gangrene. He also attempted to transplant the limbs from camp victims to German soldiers wounded on the Eastern front. The Ravensbrück experiments were slanted in Gebhardt’s favor; women in the sulfonamide-treated experimental group received little or no nursing care, while those in the untreated control group received better care. Not surprisingly, those in the control group were more likely to survive the experiments. Trial and execution During the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials, Gebhardt stood trial in the Doctors' Trial (9 December 194620 August 1947), along with 22 other doctors. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and sentenced to death on 20 August 1947. He was hanged on 2 June 1948, in Landsberg Prison in Bavaria. Two of Gebhardt's assistants were also tried and convicted at Nuremberg. Fritz Fischer worked in the hospital of the Ravensbrück concentration camp as a surgical assistant to Gebhardt, and participated in the surgical experiments carried out on the inmates. He was initially condemned to life imprisonment, but his sentence was reduced to 15 years in 1951 and he was released in March 1954. Fischer subsequently regained his medical license and resumed his career at the chemical company Boehringer Ingelheim, where he remained employed until his retirement. He died in 2003 at the age of 90. Herta Oberheuser was another of Gebhardt's assistants at the Ravensbrück concentration camp. She was the only female defendant in the Doctors' Trial, where she was sentenced to 20 years in prison. She was released in April 1952 and became a family doctor in Stocksee, Germany. She lost her position in 1956 after a Ravensbrück survivor recognized her, and her medical license was revoked in 1958. She died on 24 January 1978 at the age of 66. See also List SS-Gruppenführer References Bio-sketch 1897 births 1948 deaths 20th-century Freikorps personnel Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin Auschwitz concentration camp personnel Collaborators who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch Executed German mass murderers Medical practitioners convicted of murdering their patients Executed Nazi concentration camp personnel Executed people from Bavaria Executions by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals German people convicted of crimes against humanity German Red Cross personnel Holocaust perpetrators in Germany Holocaust perpetrators in Poland Nazi human subject research People from Mühldorf (district) People from the Kingdom of Bavaria Personal staff of Heinrich Himmler Physicians in the Nazi Party Ravensbrück concentration camp personnel Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross SS-Gruppenführer Waffen-SS personnel
Alexander Wilhelm Götte (December 31, 1840 – February 5, 1922), best known as Alexander Goette was a German zoologist born in St. Petersburg. He is remembered for his studies involving the biological development of various animals. The invertebrate species Opisthocystis goettei (Bresslau, 1906) is named after him. He studied medicine at the University of Dorpat, obtaining his doctorate in 1866 at Tübingen. In 1872 he began work as an assistant to Eduard Oscar Schmidt (1823-1886) at the institute of zoology in Strasbourg, and in 1877 became an associate professor. From 1882 to 1886 he was director of the zoological institute at the University of Rostock, afterwards returning to Strasbourg, where he taught classes until 1918. Goette accepted evolution but was a critical of the ideas of Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel. He rejected natural selection and favoured guided evolution by a law-governed process. Selected publications Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Darmkanals im Hühnchen (Contributions to the biological development of the intestinal canal in the chicken), 1867. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Unke (Bombinator igneus) als Grundlage einer vergleichenden Morphologie der Wirbelthiere; (The biological development of the toad, Bombinator igneus, as the basis of a comparative morphology of vertebrates), 1875 – In this work Götte sought to bring all the elements of animal morphology together in order to produce a uniform natural causal relationship. Über Entwicklung und Regeneration of Gliedmassenskelets der Molche (On the development and regeneration of body parts in salamanders), 1879. Über den Ursprung des Todes (On the origin of death), 1883. Abhandlungen zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Tiere (Treatise on the biological development of animals); (4 volumes, 1884–1890). Claus und die Entwicklung der Scyphomedusen (On the development of jellyfish), 1891. Holbeins Totentanz und seine Vorbilder (Hans Holbein the Younger's "Totentanz and its Idols"), 1897. Lehrbuch der Zoologie (Textbook of zoology), 1902. References 1840 births 1922 deaths 19th-century German zoologists Orthogenesis Scientists from Saint Petersburg Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg Academic staff of the University of Rostock Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany 20th-century German zoologists
Campbell Valley Regional Park is a regional park maintained by the Metro Vancouver Regional Parks board. The park is formed from 6 historical farm plots, with portions set aside for the Langley Tree Farm and scout Camp McLean. It contains a vast number of hiking, walking and equestrian trails as well as function facilities such as picnic shelters. The park is also the location of the Metro Vancouver Regional Parks East Area offices, located at the northwest corner of the park. As of 2019 the park comprised a total area of 1,352 acres. Trails Within the park there are 29 kilometres of trails, all unpaved, 14 km of which are designated for equestrian use and 1 km of which is set aside solely for pedestrian and bicycle use. More bicycle trails have become available since the 2009 construction of the perimeter trail. Facilities There are two main entrances to the park and one main equestrian entrance. The two main entrances are the North Valley Entrance along 16th Avenue and the South Valley Entrance on 8th Avenue. The equestrian centre and parking lot are located on 208th Street, south of 16th Avenue. Other entrances include the entrance to Camp Coyote, a Metro Vancouver group camping site. Drinking water is available at both the North and South Valley Entrances. Shelter is available at the South Valley Entrance. Also at the South Valley Entrance is the Nature House, a visitor centre which provides occasional insight into the ecology of the park. It is located near a small pond and a gazebo. History Annand/Rowlatt Farmstead and Lochiel Schoolhouse The Southern end of the park is home to both the Rowlatt Farmstead and the historical Lochiel Schoolhouse. Both landmarks predate 1924. The Rowlatt Farmstead is occupied by a family and, although the fields and grounds are public, the fenced lawn around the house is private. Lochiel schoolhouse is occasionally opened upon reservation. Lochiel Schoolhouse is the namesake for École Élémentaire Lochiel, an all-French immersion elementary school which was closed by the school district in 2001. Logging In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, many logging companies took advantage of the temperate rainforest in the area and clearcut the entire park. During this time, logging railways wound throughout the park. The route of one such rail line is clearly visible today along the Ravine Trail at the South end of the park. The routes of the railways are marked on park maps. Throughout the second-generation rainforest, which has successfully recovered, many stumps of the fallen trees are left, some in excess of two metres across. These stumps bare the scars from springboards, the name for platforms that loggers would cut into the large trees to reach a narrower section of the trunk. Langley Speedway An old paved racing oval is located in the eastern section of the park and is maintained by the Langley Speedway Historical Society. In the past, it was host to local and NASCAR racing events. Celebration of Nature On the third weekend of September, an annual two-day commerce fair is held at the Rowlatt Farm, which is a showcase of the local lifestyle and economy. Many artisans, confectioners and musicians showcase their skills at this event. References External links Parks in Greater Vancouver
The Space Games is a freefly skydiving competition event created by 'Father of ' FreeFly' Olav Zipser. In the early days of freeflying, Zipser wanted to get the best freeflyers at the time together to research, develop, and document the performance evolution of human freeflight / freeflying. Human flight races, air games and competitions with an open-class and a pro-class were devised, and the first of its kind and first Space Games was held at Skydive America Palm Beach, Pahokee, Florida in 1997. A total of 16 Space Games events were organised between 1997 and 2006, with cash prizes totalling as much as US$35 000 per event awarded to the winners of different categories. The Space Games consists of human flight air races and competitions, and incorporates double elimination one-on-one races, open rounds, competition rounds, the FreeFly Indie 500, the FreeFly Atmosphere Dolphin Challenge, Fastest, Slowest and Furthest competitions, Freestyle, Sky Surf, and 3way and 4way FreeFly Challenges. History The Space Games came about as a result of the Atmosphere Dolphin FreeFly License Program ran through Olav ZIpser's First School of Modern SkyFlying. Zipser used a constant speed and direction measuring device (space balls) around which high speed precision freefly athletes could train and be tested to fly to the same standard. This provided the testing ground for the research and development of freeflying, and opened up the possibility for a number of human flight air games and competitions. The 1st Space Games was held at Skydive America Palm Beach, Pahokee, Florida in 1997. The most recent and 16th Space Games was held at Skydive Sport Center Tortuga, Arezzo, Italy in 2006. See also Olav Zipser Freeflying The First School of Modern SkyFlying References External links Space Games, retrieved 10 Sep 2012 Air sports Parachuting Aerobatics Aerobatic competitions Aviation competitions and awards
Scopula dentilinea is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by William Warren in 1897. It is found in Madagascar, Sierra Leone, São Tomé and Zambia. References Moths described in 1897 Moths of Africa Moths of Madagascar dentilinea Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)
Dunnington is a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately north-west of the town of Hornsea and south-east of the village of Beeford. It forms part of the civil parish of Bewholme. References External links Villages in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Robert Field may refer to: Robert Field (painter) (1769–1819), North American miniaturist Robert C. Field (1804–1876), American legislator Robert W. Field, professor of chemistry Robert Scott Field, American actor and radio show host Robert Isaac Field, public health academic Robert Nettleton Field (1899–1987), New Zealand artist, sculptor, potter and art teacher See also Roberts Field Airport Robert's Field Robert Fields (born 1938), actor
Point Clare railway station is located on the Main Northern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the southern Central Coast suburb of Point Clare opening on 28 June 1891. Platforms and services Point Clare has two side platforms that are about 5 cars long. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Central Coast & Newcastle Line services travelling from Sydney Central to Newcastle. Transport links Busways operates two bus routes via Point Claire station, under contract to Transport for NSW: 55: Gosford station to Ettalong Beach 70: Gosford Hospital to Ettalong Beach References External links Point Clare station details Transport for New South Wales Transport on the Central Coast (New South Wales) Railway stations in Australia opened in 1891 Regional railway stations in New South Wales Short-platform railway stations in New South Wales, 4 cars Main North railway line, New South Wales
Defender-Europe 21 was a large-scale, United States Army-led, multinational joint exercise designed to build readiness and interoperability between the United States, NATO and partner militaries. Taking place between mid-March and June, it was one of the largest United States Army, NATO-led military exercises in Europe in decades. More than 28,000 personnel from 26 nations conducted nearly simultaneous operations across more than 30 training areas in a dozen countries. It included a greater number of NATO and partner nations conducting activities over a wider area than what was planned for in 2020. Defender-Europe 21 also included significant involvement of the United States Air Force and United States Navy. The exercise utilized key ground and maritime routes bridging Europe, Asia and Africa. It incorporated new or high-end capabilities including air and missile assets, as well as assets from the United States Army Security Force Assistance Brigades and the recently reactivated V Corps. Gen. Christopher G. Cavoli, commanding general of the United States Army Europe and Africa, said that "While we are closely monitoring the COVID situation, we've proven we have the capability to train safely despite the pandemic." Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu said that Russia has deployed troops to its western borders for "combat training exercises" in response to NATO "military activities that threaten Russia." References External links NATO military exercises Military exercises involving the United States 2021 in Europe
Hässelby gård metro station is a station on the Green line of the Stockholm metro. It is located in the district of Hässelby gård, which is part of the borough of Hässelby-Vällingby in the west of the city of Stockholm. The station is elevated and has a single island platform, with access from a lower level station building on Hässelby torg. The distance to Slussen is . A temporary station at Hässelby gård was inaugurated on 1 November 1956 as the western end of an extension from Vällingby. This was replaced by the current station on 15 October 1958, and on the 18th of the following month the line was extended further west to Hässelby strand. The station was renovated in 2011. Gallery References Green line (Stockholm metro) stations Railway stations opened in 1956 1956 establishments in Sweden Railway stations in Sweden opened in the 1950s
Garrett County () is the westernmost county of the U.S. state of Maryland completely within the Appalachian Mountains. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,806, making it the third-least populous county in Maryland. Its county seat is Oakland. The county was named for John Work Garrett (1820–1884), president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Created from Allegany County in 1872, it was the last county to be formed in the state. Garrett County is bordered by four West Virginia counties and to the north the Maryland–Pennsylvania boundary known as the Mason–Dixon line. The eastern border with Allegany County was defined by the Bauer Report, submitted to Governor Lloyd Lowndes, Jr. on November 9, 1898. The Potomac River and State of West Virginia lie to the south and west. Garrett County lies in the Allegheny Mountains, which here form the western flank of the Appalachian Mountain Range. Hoye-Crest, a summit along Backbone Mountain, is the highest point in Maryland at an elevation of . The Eastern Continental Divide runs along portions of Backbone Mountain. The western part of the county, drained by the Youghiogheny River, is the only part of Maryland within the Mississippi River drainage basin. All other parts of the county are in the Chesapeake Bay basin. The National Register of Historic Places listings in Garrett County, Maryland has 20 National Register of Historic Places properties and districts, including Casselman Bridge, National Road a National Historic Landmark. Garrett County is part of Maryland's 6th congressional district. The extreme south of the county lies within the United States National Radio Quiet Zone. History In the early 20th century, the railroad and tourism started to decline. Coal mining and timber production continued at a much slower pace. Today, tourism has made a dramatic rebound in the county with logging and farming making up the greatest part of the economic base. Due to a cool climate and lack of any large city, Garrett County has remained a sparsely populated rural area. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.3%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Maryland by land area. Garrett County is located entirely within the highland zone of the Appalachian Mountains known variously as the Allegheny Mountains, the Allegheny Plateau, and the Appalachian Plateau. The county's highest elevations are located along four flat-topped ridges and range to a height of at Hoye-Crest along Backbone Mountain, the highest point in the state of Maryland. As is typical in the Allegheny region, broad flats generally lie below the ridge crests at elevations of approximately . River valleys are generally narrow and deep, with ravines typically 1,000 to below surrounding peaks. The county contains over of parks, lakes, and publicly accessible forestland. It is drained by two river systems, the Potomac and the Youghiogheny. The Savage River, a tributary of the Potomac, drains about a third of the county. The Casselman River, a tributary of the Youghiogheny, flows north from the county's central section into Pennsylvania. The Youghiogheny itself drains the westernmost area of the county and flows north into Pennsylvania, where it empties into the Monongahela River at McKeesport, just south of Pittsburgh. Geologic points of interest The Glades The Glades' is of great scientific interest because it is an ombrotrophic system (fed solely by rainwater) with peat layers up to thick, and is one of the oldest examples of mountain peatland in the Appalachians. On the western edge of the Savage River State Forest along Maryland Route 495 lies Bittinger, Maryland, which is named after Henry Bittinger, who first settled in the area and who was joined by other German settlers moving in and taking up the fertile farmland. On the eastern edge of Bittinger is one of the largest glades area of Garrett County. Geographically, this is an area that seems to have been affected by the last great ice sheet of North America. Two miles southeast of Bittinger, there is a large deposit of peat moss. Loess Dunes In the Casselman River valley, south of Grantsville, Maryland and beside Maryland Route 495, one can see remains of geological evidence about the last great ice sheet over North America. A series of low mounds can be seen in the fields on the west side of Maryland Route 495 that are "loess" (wind-blown) material. Apparently, these are the only ones still visible in the northern part of Garrett County. The mounds were formed when a glacier lake existed in the Casselman valley, and the ice around the edges of the frozen lake melted. Wind blew fine grains of earth into the water around the edges where it sank to the bottom, and the mounds were the result of the deposit of this wind-blown material. Forests, rivers, caves See these articles for information on the forests, rivers, and caves of Garrett County: List of Maryland state forests List of rivers of Maryland Caves of Maryland (Crabtree - largest cave in Maryland) Parks and recreation Garrett County contains over of parks, lakes, and publicly accessible forestland. Popular activities in the county include camping, hiking, backpacking, rock climbing, alpine and cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, hunting, ice fishing, fly fishing, whitewater canoeing, kayaking, rafting, boating, swimming, sailing, horseback riding, and water skiing. State parks There are seven state parks in Garrett County. All offer picnic and fishing areas; all but Casselman River State Park have hiking paths. Mountain bike paths, swimming areas, and boat launches and rentals are available at Deep Creek, Herrington Manor, and New Germany state parks. Rental cabins are available at Herrington Manor and New Germany state parks. Big Run, Deep Creek, Herrington Manor, and New Germany state parks all offer canoeing, while campsites may be found at Big Run, Deep Creek, New Germany, and Swallow Falls state parks. Big Run State Park Casselman River Bridge State Park (Grantsville) Deep Creek Lake State Park (Swanton) Herrington Manor State Park (Oakland) New Germany State Park (Grantsville) Sang Run State Park Swallow Falls State Park County parks Garrett County owns four park sites and fifteen recreation facilities. The parks are maintained in cooperation with local associations and civic groups. The recreation areas are attached to public schools and colleges and maintained by the Garrett County Board of Education. Municipal parks The municipal parks of Garrett County provide sport facilities, hiking, bike and walk paths, playgrounds, picnic areas, boat ramps, and fishing. Kitzmiller Parks & Recreation Dept. Oakland Broadford Park includes swimming, picnic tables, fishing, boat ramp, playgrounds, sports fields. Libraries and Museums The Ruth Enlow Library was founded in 1915 as the Oakland Free Public Library. Since then, an additional four branches have been added to the library system in Accident, Friendsville, Grantsville, and Kitzmiller. The present director of the library is Thomas Vose. The Garrett County Historical Society and Museums include a Historical Museum, a Transportation Museum, the Grantsville Museum and the Leo Beachley Photographic Archives. Adjacent counties Fayette County, Pennsylvania (northwest) Somerset County, Pennsylvania (north) Allegany County, Maryland, (east) Grant County, West Virginia (south) Mineral County, West Virginia (southeast) Preston County, West Virginia (west) Demographics 2020 census Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. 2010 census As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 30,097 people, 12,057 households, and 8,437 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 18,854 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 97.8% white, 1.0% black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% American Indian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 35.4% were German, 13.6% identified as American, 11.3% were Irish, and 11.3% were English. Of the 12,057 households, 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.0% were non-families, and 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.92. The median age was 42.7 years. The median income for a household in the county was $45,760 and the median income for a family was $56,545. Males had a median income of $40,035 versus $27,325 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,888. About 8.9% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.2% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those aged 65 or over. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 29,846 people, 11,476 households, and 8,354 families residing in the county. The population density was 18/km2 (46/sq mi). There were 16,761 housing units at an average density of 10/km2 (26/sq mi). The racial makeup of the county was 98.83% White, 0.43% Black or African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. 0.44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 36.1% were of German, 22.9% identified as American, 9.6% English and 8.8% Irish ancestry. There were 11,476 households, out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.70% were married couples living together, 8.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.20% were non-families. 23.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.10% under the age of 18, 7.80% from 18 to 24, 27.60% from 25 to 44, 24.60% from 45 to 64, and 14.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.80 males. The median income for a household in the county was $32,238, and the median income for a family was $37,811. Males had a median income of $29,469 versus $20,673 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,219. 13.30% of the population and 9.80% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 16.60% are under the age of 18 and 13.90% are 65 or older. Garrett County is home to an Amish community in the Oakland area that consists of a church district of about 70 homes. The Amish community dates back to 1850 and became associated with the New Order Amish, with electricity permitted inside of homes. Politics and government Government The county is governed by an elected three-member Board of County Commissioners, whose members serve four-year terms and must live in the district they represent. The Board is the traditional form of county government in Maryland. It may exercise only those powers conferred by the General Assembly of Maryland, and even those powers are narrowly construed. Garrett County is administered under a line organizational method, with the County Administrator responsible for the general administration of County Government. The administration of the county is centralized with the County Administrator responsible for overseeing the financial planning, annual budget process, personnel management, and direction and management of operations within the organization. County seal On December 15, 1977, the seal of Garrett County went into effect by virtue of Resolution #7. The seal is elliptical, with the name "Garrett County" inscribed above the upper fourth of the ellipse, and "Maryland 1872" inscribed below the lower fourth of the ellipse. The date "1872" depicts the year of the formation of Garrett County. The seal illustrates a large snowflake to depict winter; water to represent sailing; and oaks and conifer to represent the county's mountains. The colors are peacock blue for the sky and water. The blue and white background is divided by kelly green. County flag The official flag for Garrett County is elliptical. The flag illustrates a large snowflake to depict winter; water to represent sailing; and oaks and conifer to represent the county's mountains. The colors are peacock blue for the sky and water. The blue and white background is divided by kelly green. Politics Although since the Civil War Maryland has been a Democratic-leaning state, Garrett County, owing to its history of German settlement from north of the Mason–Dixon line, plus strong pre-war Unionism resulting from virtual absence of slaves, has always been strongly Republican. Since it was created in 1872, Garrett is one of forty counties across the nation (chiefly Unionist strongholds in antebellum slave states) to have never voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. Compared with neighbouring and closely allied Grant County, West Virginia, Garrett has not shown quite the same levels of Republican support – Lyndon Johnson did get within 109 votes of Barry Goldwater in 1964 – but as with Grant County, the only occasion Garrett County has not been carried by the official Republican nominee occurred in 1912 when a major split in the Republican Party allowed "Bull Moose Party" nominee and former President Theodore Roosevelt to claim the county. Since 1996, no Democratic presidential nominee has won even 30% of the county's vote, and not since 2010 has Garrett County voted Democratic in any statewide election. Garrett County is represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by the 6th congressional district, which includes part of northwestern metro DC. The district is currently represented by Democrat David Trone. \|} Law enforcement The county is policed by the Garrett County Sheriff's Office and the Maryland State Police. The state parks are policed by the Department of Natural Resources Police. The county established an Office of the Fire Marshal in 2022, working in collaboration with the Maryland State Office established in 1894. Economy Garrett County produces natural gas, the only county in the state to do so. Much of the economic activity in the area centers around tourism. In the winter, the Wisp ski resort in Oakland and New Germany State Park's cross-country skiing trail are frequent destinations, and Deep Creek Lake sees much activity in the summer. The state parks in the county are frequented year-round. During the Covid-19 Pandemic, tourism boomed as many people from Washington, DC, Baltimore, and Pittsburgh wanted to get away from the city. The average sale price for a home in the county jumped $250,000 from July 2020 to July 2021. As of July 2021, the average price for a home in the county ($642,805) is the second-most expensive in Maryland, behind only Montgomery County. Transportation Major highways Airport Garrett County Airport (2G4) is a general aviation airport surrounded by the mountains of Western Maryland. The airport enhances the region's tourist industry and provides emergency air service evacuation and landing facilities for general aviation. Media Garrett County is part of the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania television market. KDKA-TV and WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and WJAC-TV in Johnstown, Pennsylvania serves Oakland, the county seat. Oakland also has an educational television station (by way of PBS member station WGPT, part of state-wide Maryland Public Television; it also serves Pittsburgh-based member station WQED). It has a weekly newspaper, the Garrett County Republican, which was purchased by NCWV Media in 2017. Events Annual events include the Autumn Glory Festival, the Scottish Highland Festival, and the Garrett County Agricultural Fair. Communities Towns Accident Deer Park Friendsville Grantsville Kitzmiller Loch Lynn Heights Mountain Lake Park Oakland (county seat) Census-designated places The United States Census Bureau recognizes seven census-designated places (CDPs) in Garrett County. Bloomington Crellin Finzel Gorman Hutton Jennings Swanton Unincorporated communities The following communities are classified as populated places or locales by the Geographic Names Information System. Altamont is where CSX's Mountain Subdivision rail line crosses the Eastern Continental Divide just west of the railroad's underpass of MD 135 east of Deer Park. Asher Glade is at the intersection of MD 42 and Asher Glade Road northwest of Friendsville and a short distance south of the Pennsylvania state line near Markleysburg, Pennsylvania. Avilton is at the intersection of Avilton Lonaconing Road and Green Lantern Road southwest of Finzel. Bethel is at the intersection of Walnut Bottom Road and Chestnut Grove Road near Jennings Randolph Lake southwest of Bloomington. Bevansville is at the intersection of MD 495 and Durst Road west of Jennings. Bittinger is at the intersection of MD 495 and Orendorf Road north of Swanton and south of Grantsville. Blooming Rose is at the intersection of MD 42 and Blooming Rose Road west of Friendsville. Casselman is at the intersection of MD 495 and Maple Grove Road along the Casselman River south of Grantsville. Cove is at the intersection of Cove Road and Cove Run north of Accident. East Vindex is on Vindex Road north of Kitzmiller. Elder Hill is at the intersection of MD 42 and Kisner Road south of Friendsville. Engle Mill is at the intersection of Fish Hatchery Road and Bowman Hill Road northeast of Accident. Fairview is at the intersection of Fairview Road and Peapatch Lane south of Grantsville. Floyd is at the intersection of Savage River Road and Spring Lick Road west of Bloomington. Fort Pendleton is on US 50 west of Gorman and east of Backbone Mountain. Foxtown is at the intersection of Dung Hill Road and Amish Road west of Jennings. Fricks Crossing is where Fricks Crossing Road intersects CSX's Mountain Subdivision rail line and crosses the Little Youghiogheny River southwest of Deer Park. Gortner is at the intersection of US 219 and Mason School Road south of Oakland. Gravel Hill is on Friendsville Addison Road east of Friendsville. Green Glade is on Green Glade Road along the south side of Green Glade Cove, a branch of Deep Creek Lake. Hazelhurst is on Hazelhurst Road along the south side of Green Glade Cove, a branch of Deep Creek Lake. Herrington Manor is the location of Herrington Manor State Park northwest of Oakland. Hi-Point is where US 40 Alternate crosses the top of Negro Mountain west of Grantsville. This location was the highest point on the National Road. High Point is at the intersection of US 40 Alternate and US 219 east of Grantsville. Hoyes is at the intersection of MD 42 and Hoyes Sang Run Road southwest of Accident. Hoyes Run is at the intersection of Oakland Sang Run Road and Hoyes Run Road along the Youghiogheny River west of Deep Creek Lake. Kaese Mill is at the intersection of Collier Road and Fish Hatchery Road east of US 219's junction with Fish Hatchery Road and northeast of Accident. Kearney is at the intersection of White Church Steyer Road and Le Moyne King Road southeast of Loch Lynn Heights. Keeler Glade is along Blooming Rose Road just east of the Maryland–West Virginia state line. Kempton is on Kempton Road next to the Potomac River in the southwestern corner of Garrett County where the Maryland–West Virginia state line changes from the river to a north–south line. Kendall is on the Youghiogheny River south of Friendsville and north of Sang Run. Keysers Ridge is at the junctions of I-68, US 40, US 219, and US 40 Alternate west of Grantsville. Lake Ford is at the intersection of Cranesville Road and Lake Ford Road south of the Cranesville Swamp Preserve just east of the Maryland–West Virginia state line. Locust Grove is at the intersection of Noah Frazee Road and Sand Spring Road west of Friendsville. McComas Beach is on Mayhew Inn Road along Red Run Cove near the west end of Deep Creek Lake. McHenry is at the intersection of US 219 and Mosser Road on March Run Cove at the north end of Deep Creek Lake. Merrill is where Westernport Road crosses the Savage River within Savage River State Forest west of Lonaconing. Mineral Spring is at the confluence of Mill Run and Cove Run east of Youghiogheny River Lake northeast of Friendsville. Mitchell Manor is a neighborhood east of Cherry Glade Run just north of the town of Oakland. New Germany is along New Germany Road adjacent to New Germany State Park south of Grantsville. North Glade is at the intersection of MD 495 and North Glade Road east of Deep Creek Lake. Piney Grove is at the intersection of US 40 Alternate and Avilton Lonaconing Road. Redhouse is at the intersection of US 50 and US 219 south of Oakland and west of Backbone Mountain. Ryan's Glade stretches along the common border with Grant County, West Virginia from about midway between Mountain Lake Park and Gormania to the southwestern corner of the county near Wilsonia. Sand Spring is at the intersection of Sand Spring Road and Fearer Road west of Friendsville. Sang Run is at the intersection of Sang Run Road and Oakland Sang Run Road west of McHenry Schell is at the confluence of Laurel Run and the Potomac River northeast of Gorman. Selbysport is at the intersection of Friendsville Addison Road and Old Morgantown Road north of Friendsville. Shallmar is along Shallmar Road along the Potomac River west of Kitzmiller. Standard is at the confluence of Three Forks Run and the Potomac River north of Kitzmiller. Stanton Mill is where River Road crosses the Casselman River east of Grantsville. Steyer is at the intersection of White Church Steyer Road and Steyer Gorman Road near the Potomac River east of Gorman. Strawn is along US 40 just south of the Maryland–Pennsylvania state line west of Keysers Ridge. Formerly known as Oakton. Strecker is along Crabtree Creek and CSX's Mountain Subdivision between Swanton and Savage River Reservoir. Sunnyside is at the intersection of US 219 and Ben Dewitt Road north of Redhouse. Table Rock is at the intersection of US 50 and Table Rock Road on top of Backbone Mountain. Tasker Corners is at the junctions of Bethlehem Road, Steyer Mine Road, Schell Road, and Potomac Camp Road southeast of Loch Lynn Heights and southwest of Kitzmiller. Thayerville is at the intersection of US 219 and Glendale Road next to Deep Creek Lake. Wallman is along Wallman Road along the Potomac River northeast of Gorman. West Vindex is along Vindex Road north of Kitzmiller. There are two locations named Wilson: One Wilson is along Old Wilson Road at the source of the South Fork of Crabtree Creek east of Altamont. The other Wilson is in both Maryland and West Virginia on either side of the Wilson Bridge across the Potomac River southwest of Gorman. Winding Ridge is at the intersection of Cove Road and Old Morgantown Road north of Accident. Education Garrett College is a public community college in McHenry, Maryland. The college had three outreach centers in Accident, Grantsville, and Oakland. Garrett County Public Schools operates public schools. There are two public high schools in the county, Southern Garrett High School and Northern Garrett High School, two public middle schools, Southern Garrett Middle School and Northern Garrett Middle School, and seven public elementary schools, Accident Elementary School, Broad Ford Elementary School, Crellin Elementary School, Friendsville Elementary School, Grantsville Elementary School, Route 40 Elementary School, and Yough Glades Elementary School. There is also one K-8 public school in the county, which is Swan Meadow School. See also USS Garrett County (LST-786) Meshach Browning National Register of Historic Places listings in Garrett County, Maryland History of Deep Creek Lake, Maryland 1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash References External links County, State and Federal government Garrett County Online Maryland State Archives - Maryland Manual, Garrett County Garrett County Economic Development Online U.S. Census Bureau State & County QuickFacts - Garrett County, Maryland Maryland Geological Survey Online U.S. Geological Survey - Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) State of Maryland Department of Natural Resources - Western Maryland Public Lands Maryland Land Conservation Center Garrett County Health Department Garrett County Community Planning Tool Historical and academic Garrett County Historical Society Museum - History of Garrett County Western Maryland's Historical Library Ruth Enlow Library of Garrett County Garrett College Weather Underground Data Exchange Multimedia Learning Center Business and tourism Deep Creek Lake Events, Business Listings and More The Official Website of Garrett County's Chamber of Commerce The Official Website of Garrett County's Deep Creek Lake Area The Official site of the Maryland Office of Tourism AirNav.com - Garrett County Airport (2G4) Garrett County Arts Council Deep Creek Times, Deep Creek Lake and Garrett County area information News - Oakland, The Republican News - Cumberland, Times-News Maryland counties Maryland counties on the Potomac River Northwestern Turnpike Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1872 establishments in Maryland Counties of Appalachia Populated places established in 1872
The Main Street Bridge is an historic bridge carrying Main Street over the Pawtucket Falls in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The oldest portion of this bridge consists of two flattened-arch spans, each about in length, with a total bridge length of . The bridge has been widened twice to accommodate increased traffic; the most recent widening was in the 1960s, when concrete abutments were added to the south, and the added section completed with I-beams. The bridge, built in 1858, is believed to be the oldest highway bridge in active use in the state. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Pawtucket, Rhode Island List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island References Bridges completed in 1858 Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island Buildings and structures in Pawtucket, Rhode Island National Register of Historic Places in Pawtucket, Rhode Island 1858 establishments in Rhode Island Bridges in Providence County, Rhode Island Stone arch bridges in the United States
Charles Auguste Sixtensson Lewenhaupt (25 February 1881 – 23 April 1936) was a Swedish horse rider who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Örebro and died in Stockholm. He was the brother of Gustaf Lewenhaupt. The two both competed in the individual jumping event in the 1912 Olympics, both tying for 9th place along with two other men. Charles was not a member of the Swedish team for the team event, in which Gustaf won a gold medal. Charles was a member of the sports club of the 1st Artillery regiment of the Swedish army. References 1881 births 1962 deaths Swedish male equestrians Equestrians at the 1912 Summer Olympics Olympic equestrians for Sweden Swedish show jumping riders Sportspeople from Örebro Swedish Army officers
Rudrasena I may refer to: Rudrasena I (Saka king) () Rudrasena I (Vakataka king) ()
Vladimir Zografski, born 14 July 1993 in Samokov, Bulgaria, is a Bulgarian ski jumper. He took 14th place at the normal hill individual event at the 2018 Winter Olympics, which was the best result for a Bulgarian ski jumper in Olympic history, beating Vladimir Breitchev's 19th place at the 1984 Winter Olympics. Zografski is the son of former Olympic ski jumper Emil Zografski. Zografski's instructors are Joachim Winterlich, the trainer of the successful German ski jumper Jens Weißflog, and his father Emil Zografski. Vladimir has a younger brother, Martin Zografski, who is also a ski jumper and part of the Bulgarian development team. Career Early years and World Cup debut (2005-2010) Zografski's started jumping at an early age in the plastic-covered hills at Chernia kos near his hometown of Samokov. His debut in the Ski jumping Continental Cup took place in 2005 when Zografski was 12 years old. In 2007 he made his debut in the Junior World Championships in Tarvisio, Italy, finishing last. His best placement in the 2008 Ski Jumping Fis-Cup was fourth place in Oberwiesenthal, while he managed 23rd in Villach during the 2008 Continental Cup. Zografski made his World Cup debut in December 2008, finishing 43rd in Pragelato. He then received the silver medal at the 2009 European Olympic Youth Festival in Silesia, before finishing 43rd in the Normal Hill competition during the 2009 World Championships in Liberec. Zografski recorded his best-ever WC placement during a 2009 Summer Grand-Prix competition in Klingenthal, finishing 36th. He ended up 9th at Bischofshofen 2010 for the Ski jumping Continental Cup, his best result in the competition. During the winter of 2010, Zografski participated in the Junior World Championships in Hinterzarten, Germany, finishing 7th with jumps of 104 and 99 meters. He finished 4th in a summer CoC competition in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and made it to the second round of the Summer Grand Prix (SGP) a week later, eventually finishing in 17th and recording his first points at the highest level of ski jumping competition. In August 2010, Zografski reached a new career high by finishing 5th at the SGP in Courchevel, and later won silver twice at the Continental Cup in Almaty, Kazakhstan. First World Cup points and international breakthrough (2011-2013) The 2010/11 season did not start well in Kuusamo and Kuopio, but in Engelberg, Zografski got his first World Cup points ever thanks to 28th- and 23rd-place finishes. He continued with 16th and 19th place in Oberstdorf and Garmisch-Partenkirchen during the 2011 Four Hills Tournament but was disqualified in Innsbruck for fielding skis that were deemed too long. The event later started a major conflict in ski jumping, with Zografski's father and coach Emil Zografski arguing that Eastern European athletes and lesser-known jumpers were being treated worse by the FIS. Zografski failed to reach the final 4HT competition in Bischofshofen and finished 37th overall with 450.6 points. In 2011 he also won the Junior World Championships in Otepää, Estonia, ahead of Kaarel Nurmsalu. In 2011–12 Zografski had his major international breakthrough. After finishing 12th at the Summer Grand Prix and picking up a few top-5 placements, he started the World Cup season in Kuusamo. Although not able to pick up any wins or podiums, Zografski established himself as one of the top athletes in the World Cup. His best performance was 8th place at Lillehammer, though he frequently finished in the top 20. By this time, Zografski was also becoming more known in his home country Bulgaria and started receiving features in TV, radio and print media. He also won the Winter Sports Performance of the Year award in Bulgaria due to his World Championship win in Otepää. The latter part of the season found Zografski in poorer form, as he failed to qualify for several World Cup events. He finished the season with 20th place in Holmenkollen, Oslo, with a total of 61 points and an overall rank of 45th. In April 2012, Zografski was sidelined for a while due to an arm injury but returned for the first Grand Prix competition in Poland. As in the previous year, he was very successful in the Summer Grand Prix, finishing 13th overall, with a 4th-place finish in Hakuba being the highlight. During the 2012–13 World Cup season, Zografski picked up points in several competitions, ending the season in 33rd place overall with a personal best points tally of 183. Olympic Games and new career highs (2014-present) At the 2018 Winter Olympics, Zografski took 14th place at the normal hill individual event and 35th at the large hill individual event. The former was the best-ever finish for a Bulgarian ski jumper at the Olympics, beating the previous record held by Vladimir Breitchev, who finished 19th on the K-70 hill at the 1984 games. In November 2018, Zografski finished 6th in Ruka, bettering his record for the best result by a Bulgarian jumper in a World Cup race. Record World Cup Individual starts (166) World Ski Championships Olympic Games References External links Samokov Hills 1993 births Living people People from Samokov Bulgarian male ski jumpers Ski jumpers at the 2014 Winter Olympics Ski jumpers at the 2018 Winter Olympics Ski jumpers at the 2022 Winter Olympics Olympic ski jumpers for Bulgaria Universiade medalists in ski jumping FISU World University Games gold medalists for Bulgaria Competitors at the 2015 Winter Universiade Sportspeople from Sofia Province European Games competitors for Bulgaria Ski jumpers at the 2023 European Games
Bulbophyllum serrulatum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. References The Bulbophyllum-Checklist The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia serrulatum
PASS is a computer program for estimating sample size or determining the power of a statistical test or confidence interval. NCSS LLC is the company that produces PASS. NCSS LLC also produces NCSS (for statistical analysis). PASS includes over 920 documented sample size and power procedures. Major statistical topics in PASS Means - 1 or 2 Groups Means - Correlated or Paired Means - Cross-Over Designs Means - Many (ANOVA) Survival Analysis Variances ROC Curves Equivalence Normality Tests Confidence Intervals Conditional Power Proportions - 1 or 2 Groups Proportions - Correlated or Paired Proportion - Many Groups Mixed Models Regression/Correlation Non-Inferiority Group Sequential Tests Design of Experiments External links Science software
The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Dominican Republic is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative to the Dominican Republic. From 1999 to 2015 the holder was also ambassador to the Republic of Haiti. In June 2012 the British Foreign Secretary announced that the UK was to open a new embassy in Haiti. In 2015 Sharon Isabel Campbell was appointed as dedicated ambassador to Haiti, but still to be non-resident, since she is married to the ambassador to the Dominican Republic, Christopher John Campbell. In 2019, Mockbul Ali was appointed as both Ambassador to the Dominican Republic and non-resident Ambassador to Haiti. List of heads of mission Chargé d’Affaires 1871–1874: Spenser St. John 1874–1883: Major Robert Stuart There was no diplomatic agent there from 1883 until 1913 Minister Plenipotentiary 1913–1916: Stephen Leech Military Government proclaimed by US Officers, 1916 1919–1921: William Erskine Chargé d’Affaires 1921–1923: Claude Kirwood Ledger 1923–1925: Ralph Darrell Wilson 1925–1929: John Bowering 1929–1930: Wilfred Hansford Gallienne 1930–1932: Robert George Goldie 1932–1935: Harold Ernest Slaymaker Minister Resident And Consul 1935–1943: Alexander Swinton (later Sir S.) Paterson Minister Resident And Consul (later Envoy extraordinary And Minister Plenipotentiary) 1943–1945: Cyril Frank Wilton Andrews Envoy extraordinary And Minister Plenipotentiary 1945–1948: Russell Duncan Macrae 1948–1951: Stanley Herbert Gudgeon Ambassador Extraordinary And Plenipotentiary 1951–1953: Stanley Herbert Gudgeon 1953–1955: Herbert Gybbon-Monypenny 1955–1958: Thomas Corney Ravensdale 1958–1962: Wilfrid Wolters McVittie 1962–1965: Stephen Alexander Lockhart 1965–1969: Ian Wright Bell 1969–1972: Leslie Boas 1972–1976: Paul Victor St. John Killick 1976–1979: Clement Spearman 1979–1983: Michael Cafferty 1983–1985: Roy George Marlow 1985–1988: Michael Newington (non-resident, combined with Venezuela) 1988–1993: Giles FitzHerbert (non-resident, combined with Venezuela) 1993–1995: John Gerrard Flynn (non-resident, combined with Venezuela) 1995–1998: Dick Thomson 1998–2002: David Gordon Ward 2002–2006: Andrew Richard Ashcroft 2006–2009: Ian Alan Worthington 2009–2015: Steven Fisher 2015-2020: Chris Campbell 2020-: Mockbul Ali References External links UK and the Dominican Republic, gov.uk Dominican Republic United Kingdom
Relax is the fifth studio album by Trance duo Blank & Jones. It was released in 2003. Track listing "Breezin'" – 3:26 "Unknown Treasure" – feat. Claudia Brücken - 5:49 "Beyond Time" – 5:23 "Love Comes Quickly" - by Pet Shop Boys (Ambient Remix) – 5:06 "Watching the Waves" – 5:39 "Flaming June" – feat. Elles - 3:40 "Relax" – 8:12 "Angel" – by Sarah McLachlan - 4:14 "Counting Clouds" – 4:29 "Desire" – 4:32 "Secrets & Lies" – 5:14 "Daydreamin'" – 6:17 "The Hardest Heart" – feat. Anne Clark - 4:35 "Driftin'" – 2:00 Relax (2007 Reissue) Soundcolors #SC101, Double CD, Limited Edition, released in 2007. Track listing CD1 - Sun "Breezin'" – 3:26 "Unknown Treasure" – feat. Claudia Brücken - 5:49 "Beyond Time" – 5:23 "Love Comes Quickly" - by Pet Shop Boys (Ambient Remix) – 5:06 "Watching the Waves" – 5:39 "Flaming June" – feat. Elles - 3:40 "Relax" – 8:12 "Angel" – by Sarah McLachlan - 4:14 "Counting Clouds" – 4:29 "Desire" – 8:03 (mix title not given, different than one on original printing) "Secrets & Lies" – 9:26 (mix title not given, different than one on original printing) "Daydreamin'" – 6:17 "The Hardest Heart" – feat. Anne Clark - 4:35 "Driftin'" – 2:00 CD2 - Moon "Relax (Vargo Vocal Mix)" – 6:04 "Breezin' (Bruno From Ibiza Mix)" – 6:20 "Flaming June (Chicane Remix)" – feat. Elles - 7:15 "Daydreamin' (Beach House Remix)" - 7:45 "Unknown Treasure (Jean F. Cochois' Timewriter Remix)" feat. Claudia Brücken - 6:16 "Driftin' (Chill & Grill Mix)" – 6:15 "Counting Clouds (Saints & Sinners Remix)" – 6:54 "Watching The Waves (Van Bellen Remix)" – 8:37 "Secrets & Lies (Solid Sessions Remix)" – 6:50 "Counting Clouds (Sunset Session Remix)" – 4:35 "Horizon" – 2:31 Blank & Jones albums 2003 albums
Ecto may refer to: Ecto, a medical prefix meaning outer or outside Ecto (album), by Happy Rhodes, 1987 Ecto (software), a weblog client See also Endo (disambiguation) Exo (disambiguation) Ectoderm, in biology, the outermost tissue layer Ectoplasm (cell biology), the outer part of the cytoplasm Ectotherm, in biology, a cold-blooded animal
During the era of slavery in the United States, the education of enslaved African Americans, except for religious instruction, was discouraged, and eventually made illegal in most of the Southern states. After 1831 (the revolt of Nat Turner), the prohibition was extended in some states to free blacks as well. Even if educating Blacks was legal, they still had little access to education, in the North as well as the South. For schooling during the Civil War see Education of freed people during the Civil War. After the war see Black school. Historical context Slave owners saw literacy as a threat to the institution of slavery and their financial investment in it; as a North Carolina statute stated, "Teaching slaves to read and write, tends to excite dissatisfaction in their minds, and to produce insurrection and rebellion." Literacy enabled the enslaved to read the writings of abolitionists, which discussed the abolition of slavery and described the slave revolution in Haiti of 1791–1804 and the end of slavery in the British Empire in 1833. It also allowed slaves to learn that thousands of enslaved individuals had escaped, often with the assistance of the Underground Railroad, to safe refuges in the Northern states and Canada. Literacy also was believed to make the enslaved unhappy at best, insolent and sullen at worst. As put by prominent Washington lawyer Elias B. Caldwell: Nonetheless, both free and enslaved African Americans continued to learn to read as a result of the sometimes clandestine efforts of free African Americans, sympathetic whites, and informal schools that operated furtively during this period. In addition, slaves used storytelling, music, and crafts to pass along cultural traditions and other information. In the Northern states, African Americans sometimes had access to formal schooling, and were more likely to have basic reading and writing skills. The Quakers were important in establishing education programs in the North in the years before and after the Revolutionary War. During the U.S. colonial period, several prominent religious groups both saw the conversion of slaves as a spiritual obligation, and the ability to read scriptures was seen as part of this process for Protestants. The Great Awakening served as a catalyst for encouraging education for all members of society. Catholics saw the spiritual aspect differently, but black nuns decisively took up the charge of educating slaves and free persons in various regions, especially Louisiana (Henriette DeLille and her Sisters of the Holy Family), Georgia (Mother Mathilda Beasley), and the Washington DC area (Mary Lange and her Oblate Sisters of Providence, including Anne Marie Becraft). While reading was encouraged in religious instruction, writing often was not. Writing was seen as a mark of status, unnecessary for many members of society, including slaves. This is due to the fact that many had to learn how to read to be able to write. Runaway Wallace Turnage "learnt" how to read and write "during that time [of his enslavement] and since [he] escaped the clutches of those held who held [him] in slavery." It is believed that he learned with the help of the slaves who helped him escape to different sites: for example, someone may have taught him how to read directions to get to the next town. Memorization, catechisms, and Scripture formed the basis of what education was available. Despite the lack of importance generally given to writing instruction, there were some notable exceptions; perhaps the most famous of these was Phillis Wheatley, whose poetry won admiration on both sides of the Atlantic. The end of slavery and, with it, the legal prohibition of slave education did not mean that education for former slaves or their descendants became widely available. Racial segregation in schools, de jure and then de facto, and inadequate funding of schools for African Americans, if they existed at all, continued into the twenty-first century (2022). Legislation and prohibitions South Carolina passed the first laws prohibiting slave education in 1740. While there were no limitations on reading or drawing, it became illegal to teach slaves to write. This legislation followed the 1739 Stono Rebellion. As fears proliferated among plantation owners concerning the spread of abolitionist materials, forged passes, and other incendiary writings, the perceived need to restrict slaves’ ability to communicate with one another became more pronounced. For this reason, the State Assembly enacted the following: "Be it therefore Enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That all and every Person and Persons whatsoever, who shall hereafter teach or cause any Slave to be taught to write, or shall use to employ any slave as a Scribe in any Manner of Writing whatsoever, hereafter taught to write, every such offense forfeit the Sum of One Hundred Pounds current Money." While the law does not clarify any consequences for the slaves who might attain this more highly prized form of literacy, the financial consequences for teachers are clear. In 1759, Georgia modeled its own ban on teaching slaves to write after South Carolina's earlier legislation. Again, reading was not prohibited. Throughout the colonial era, reading instruction was tied to the spread of Christianity, so it did not suffer from restrictive legislation until much later. "Georgia, in 1829, made it unlawful for whites, slaves and free blacks to teach a slave or free black 'to read or write, either written or printed characters.'" The most oppressive limits on slave education were a reaction to Nat Turner's Revolt in Southampton County, Virginia, during the summer of 1831. This event not only caused shock waves across the slave-holding South, but it had a particularly far-reaching impact on education over the next three decades. The fears of slave insurrections and the spread of abolitionist material and ideology led to radical restrictions on gatherings, travel, and—of course—literacy. The ignorance of the slaves was considered necessary to the security of the slaveholders. Not only did owners fear the spread of specifically abolitionist materials, they did not want slaves to question their authority; thus, reading and reflection were to be prevented at any cost. Each state responded differently to the Turner insurrection. Virginians "immediately, as an act of retaliation or vengeance, abolished every colored school within their borders; and having dispersed the pupils, ordered the teachers to leave the State forthwith, and never more to return." While Mississippi already had laws designed to prevent slave literacy, in 1841 the state legislature passed a law that required all free African Americans to leave the state so that they would not be able to educate or incite the slave population. Other states, such as South Carolina, followed suit. The same legislation required that any black preacher would have to be given permission to speak before appearing in front of a congregation. Delaware passed in 1831 a law that prevented the meeting of a dozen or more blacks late at night; additionally, black preachers were to petition a judge or justice of the peace before speaking before any assembly. "South Carolina law enhanced the penalties for teaching slaves to read - writing had long been banned - in 1834." In 1833, Alabama enacted a law that fined anyone who undertook a slave's education between $250 and $550; the law also prohibited any assembly of African Americans—slave or free—unless five slave owners were present or an African-American preacher had previously been licensed by an approved denomination. Even North Carolina, which had previously allowed free African-American children to attend schools alongside whites, eventually responded to fears of insurrection. In 1830, North Carolina passed a criminal law that said that if "[i]f any slave shall teach or attempt to teach, any other slave to read or write," that slave shall be punished by up to thirty-nine lashes. By 1836, the public education of all African Americans was strictly prohibited. The dramatic increase in repression after 1830 had its desired effect, thereafter. “On plantations of hundreds of slaves it was common to discover that not one of them had the mere rudiments of education. In some large districts it was considered almost a phenomenon to find a Negro who could read the Bible or sign his name.” In Georgia, a study concluded that “outside of Savannah, Augusta and Columbus there were, it is said, not a dozen colored people able to read and write, and in the country places, perhaps not one.” A Virginia politician in 1832 said publicly: "'We have as far as possible closed every avenue by which light may enter their [the slaves'] minds. If we could extinguish the capacity to see the light, our work would be completed; they would then be on a level with the beasts of the field and we should be safe!'" The situation was not much better in the North. African Americans were frequently barred from public schools. Schools like the African Free School were few and far between. Education and subversion in the Antebellum Era As early as the 1710s slaves were receiving Biblical literacy from their masters. Enslaved writer Phillis Wheatley was taught in the home of her master. She ended up using her skills to write poetry and address leaders of government on her feelings about slavery (although she died in abject poverty and obscurity). Not everyone was lucky enough to have the opportunities Wheatley had. Many slaves did learn to read through Christian instruction, but only those whose owners allowed them to attend. Some slave owners would only encourage literacy for slaves because they needed someone to run errands for them and other small reasons. They did not encourage slaves to learn to write. Slave owners saw writing as something that only educated white men should know. African-American preachers would often attempt to teach some of the slaves to read in secret, but there were very few opportunities for concentrated periods of instruction. Through spirituals, stories, and other forms of oral literacy, preachers, abolitionists, and other community leaders imparted valuable political, cultural, and religious information. There is evidence of slaves practicing reading and writing in secret. Slates were discovered near George Washington's estate in Mount Vernon with writings carved in them. Bly noted that "237 unidentified slates, 27 pencil leads, 2 pencil slates, and 18 writing slates were uncovered in houses once occupied by Jefferson's black bond servants." This shows that slaves were secretly practicing their reading and writing skills when they had time alone, most likely at night. They also believe slaves practiced their letters in the dirt because it was much easier to hide than writing on slates. Slaves then passed on their newly-learned skills to others. Even though mistresses were more likely than masters to ignore the law and teach slaves to read, children were by far the most likely to flout what they saw as unfair and unnecessary restrictions. While peer tutelage was limited in scope, it was common for slave children to carry the white children's books to school. Once there, they would sit outside and try to follow the lessons through the open windows. The regular practice of hiring out slaves also helped spread literacy. As seen in Frederick Douglass's own narrative, it was common for the literate to share their learning. As a result of the constant flux, few if any plantations would fail to have at least a few literate slaves. Douglass states in his biography that he understood the pathway from slavery to freedom and it was to have the power to read and write. In contrast, Schiller wrote: "After all, most educated slaves did not find that the acquisition of literacy led inexorably and inevitably to physical freedom and the idea that they needed an education to achieve and experience existential freedoms is surely problematic." Free black schools In the 1780s a group called the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery (PAS) took on anti-slavery tasks. They helped former slaves with educational and economic aid. They also helped with legal obligations, like making sure they did not get sold back into slavery. Another anti-slavery group, called the New York Manumission Society (NYMS), did many things towards the abolition of slavery; one important thing they did was establish a school for free blacks, who were usually barred from white children's schools throughout the U.S. “The NYMS established the African Free School in 1787 that, during its first two decades of existence, enrolled between 100 and 200 students annually, registering a total of eight hundred pupils by 1822.” The PAS also instituted a few schools for free blacks and ran them with freed slaves. They were taught reading, writing, grammar, math, and geography. The schools would have an annual examination day to show the public, parents, and donors the knowledge the students had gained. It mainly was to show the white population that African Americans could function in society. There are some surviving records of what they learned in the free schools. Some of the work showed that they were preparing the students for a middle-class standing in society. Founded in 1787, the African Free School provided education for blacks in New York City for more than six decades. In 1863, an image of two emancipated slave children, Isaac and Rosa, who were studying at the Free School of Louisiana, was widely circulated in abolitionist campaigns. In examining the educational practices of the period, it is difficult to ascertain absolute figures or numbers. W. E. B. Du Bois and other contemporaries estimated that by 1865 as many as 9% of slaves attained at least a marginal degree of literacy. Genovese comments: "this is entirely plausible and may even be too low". Especially in cities and sizable towns, many free blacks and literate slaves had greater opportunities to teach others, and both white and black activists operated illegal schools in cities such as Baton Rouge, New Orleans, Charleston, Richmond, and Atlanta. Notable educators John Berry Meachum, a black pastor, who created a Floating Freedom School in 1847 on the Mississippi River to circumvent anti-literacy laws. James Milton Turner attended his school. Margaret Crittendon Douglass, a white woman who published a memoir after she was imprisoned in Virginia in 1853 for teaching free black children to read. Catherine and Jane Deveaux, a black mother and daughter who, with the Catholic nun Mathilda Beasley, ran underground schools in Savannah, Georgia in the early- to mid-1800s. Mother Mary Lange, who with her Oblate Sisters of Providence founded St. Frances Academy in 1828. Mother Henriette DeLille, who with her Sisters of the Holy Family founded schools in New Orleans in the mid- to late-1800s, including St. Mary's Academy. References Albanese, Anthony. (1976.) The Plantation School. New York: Vantage Books. William L. Andrews, ed. (1996). The Oxford Frederick Douglass News. New York: Oxford University Press. Bly, Antonio T. "Pretends he can read": Runaways and Literacy in Colonial America, 1730–1776." Early American Studies 6, no. 2 (Fall 2008): 261-294. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed October 27, 2014). Genovese, Eugene. (1976). Roll, Jordan, Roll. New York: Vintage Books. Monaghan, E. J. (2005). Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press. Webber, Thomas. (1978). Deep Like Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community 1831–1865. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Woodson, C.G. (1915). The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861: A History of the Education of the Colored People of the United States from the Beginning of Slavery to the Civil War. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. External links Harvard Educational Review, SELF-TAUGHT African American Education in Slavery and Freedom by HEATHER ANDREA WILLIAMS CHAPEL HILL: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS, 2005 Kimberly Sambol Toscol, The Slave Experience: Education, Arts, & Culture, PBS.com http://www.aaihs.org/rethinking-early-slave-literacy/ Slavery in the United States Slave Period Slavery Underground education
Serpentine Airfield is located at the Hopeland, Western Australia. The airfield is operated by the Sport Aircraft Builders Club of Western Australia. the club has about 350 members, 100 hangars and approximately 135 aircraft including many rare and unique examples. Gallery See also List of airports in Western Australia References External links Sport Aircraft Builders Club of Western Australia Airservices Aerodromes & Procedure Charts Airports in Western Australia Airports established in 1975
Arthur Edwin Shelton (August 15, 1853 – February 1, 1937) was the third mayor of the town of Calgary, Alberta. Shelton came to Calgary around 1884 running a furniture business on Stephen Avenue. He served as town councillor during the mayoral tenure of George Clift King from 1886 to 1888. Shelton was elected mayor in the 1888 election and served from January 16, 1888, to January 21, 1889. During his term, the Langevin Bridge was completed and the city begun construction of the waterworks system. After his mayoral term, he returned to operate his furniture business. However, his name disappears from city directories in 1890. Shelton's name appears in various corporate and government records in Vancouver, British Columbia, between 1892 and 1936. He died on February 1, 1937. External links City of Calgary Archives: Mayors References 1853 births 1937 deaths Mayors of Calgary 19th-century Canadian politicians British emigrants to Canada
Scirpus cespitosus can refer to: Scirpus cespitosus L., a synonym of Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Hartm. Scirpus cespitosus Pollich, a synonym of Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O.Schwarz
Avalanche Glacier is located on the west to southwest slopes of Mount Adams a stratovolcano in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier descends from the White Salmon Glacier at to a terminus near . Avalanche Glacier has been in a general state of retreat for over 100 years and lost 59 percent of its surface area between 1904 and 2006. See also List of glaciers in the United States References Glaciers of Mount Adams (Washington) Mount Adams (Washington) Gifford Pinchot National Forest Glaciers of Yakima County, Washington Glaciers of Washington (state)
The following is a list of events affecting American television during 1997. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures, and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes. Events {\| class="wikitable" \|- " ! Date \|\| Event \|- !rowspan="2"\|January 1 \|The television rating system, a system similar to the one used for motion pictures, goes into effect. \|- \|The Emergency Alert System comes into effect and replaces the Emergency Broadcast System. \|- !January 3 \|Bryant Gumbel anchors his last Today show on NBC. The following Monday, Matt Lauer takes over alongside Katie Couric until he was fired 20 years later in November 2017. \|- !January 22 \|New World Communications is acquired by Fox. The deal makes 10 New World-owned stations that affiliated with Fox as a result of the 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment network O&O's. \|- !January 26 \|Fox broadcasts its first Super Bowl, making it the last of the big four networks to air a Super Bowl. The Green Bay Packers defeat the New England Patriots 35–21 in a game that gives Fox its highest ratings to date. \|- !February 1 \|The final affiliation switch resulting from the 1994–96 United States broadcast TV realignment takes place when Allbritton Communications (owners of WJLA-TV in Washington, D.C., one of the strongest ABC affiliates in the country) converts WB affiliate WBSG in Brunswick, Georgia, into a semi-satellite of new sign-on WJXX in Orange Park, Florida, which assumes the ABC affiliation for the Jacksonville market. Former ABC affiliate WJKS promptly discontinues its news operation and assumes the WB affiliation from WBSG. \|- !February 9 \|On Fox, The Simpsons airs the episode "The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show". With this episode, The Simpsons surpasses The Flintstones as the longest-running primetime animated series in terms of episodes aired. \|- !February 21 \|The old trilon-style puzzle board is used for the last time on Wheel of Fortune after 22 years. Next Monday, February 24, a new digital puzzle board debuts, which allows Vanna White to reveal letters with just a simple touch of a button. \|- !February 23 \|Schindler's List makes its network television debut on NBC. The film is broadcast virtually unedited and is the first telecast to receive a TV-M (now TV-MA) rating under the TV Parental Guidelines that had been established earlier in the year. \|- !February 26 \|Various ABC characters appeared with Las Vegas settings in the shows Grace Under Fire, Coach, The Drew Carey Show, and Ellen. \|- \|March 10 \|The pilot episode for Buffy the Vampire Slayer airs on The WB. \|- !March 17 \|Toonami debuts on Cartoon Network. \|- !March 23 \|The 13th annual WrestleMania event airs on pay-per-view. While the event as a whole receives mixed reviews, the submission match between Bret Hart and Stone Cold Steve Austin is highly praised, being called one of the greatest matches in wrestling history, and has been cited by some as the beginning of the Attitude Era. \|- !April 6 \|Disney Channel is revamped with the cable television premiere of Pocahontas. The film would have its network television premiere on ABC one year later. Disney Channel continues to convert from subscription television to a basic cable channel. \|- !April 13 \|Extreme Championship Wrestling broadcasts its first ever pay-per-view dubbed "Barely Legal". \|- !April 25 \|CBS broadcasts a reunion film featuring the surviving cast of The Dukes of Hazzard, which originally aired on the network from 1979–1985. This proved to be Denver Pyle's final performance before his death on Christmas Day, 1997. \|- !April 30 \|The Ellen episode, "The Puppy Episode" is broadcast on ABC, showing for the first time the revelation of a main character as a homosexual. \|- !May 7 \|CBS begins airing the two-part Knots Landing reunion miniseries Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac, airing on two non-consecutive nights, on May 7 and May 9. \|- !May 9 \|Bob Saget hosts his final regular episode of America's Funniest Home Videos on ABC, with the other cast members of Full House, minus The Olsen Twins. The $100,000 season finale (his final episode) aired nine days later on May 18. \|- !June 6 \|Farrah Fawcett makes a bizarre appearance on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman. Fawcett tells long, rambling stories without a purpose, fails to understand simple questions, and gets easily distracted by things like blinking lights on the set. \|- !June 21 \|The Professional Bowlers Tour ends after 36 years on ABC. CBS assumes the rights to the tour and will televise several events over the next two years. \|- !June 30 \|In Seattle, KIRO-TV (CBS) and KSTW (UPN) reverse their 1995 swap. \|- !rowspan="2"\|July 8 \|KONG-TV, Seattle's independent station goes on the air. \|- \|Fox broadcasts the Major League Baseball All-Star Game from Cleveland, marking the first time that the network would broadcast the midsummer classic. \|- !July 15 \|A tribute episode of Another World is broadcast on NBC in honor of Victoria Wyndham's 25 years with the program. \|- !July 24 \|George Harrison appears on a VH-1 special to promote his friend Ravi Shankar's album Chants of India. This would prove to be Harrison's final television appearance. \|- !August 13 \|Trey Parker and Matt Stone's South Park aired its first episode on Comedy Central. \|- !August 31 \|WFFF-TV in Burlington, Vermont, signs-on the air, giving the Burlington/Plattsburgh market its first full-time Fox affiliate (prior to this, Fox programming was seen on a secondary basis on CBS affiliate WCAX-TV). \|- !September 3 \|Jeri Ryan makes her first appearance as Seven of Nine on Star Trek: Voyager. \|- !September 5 \|Joan Lunden makes her final appearance as co-anchor for ABC's Good Morning America, after being on the program since 1980. Lunden would be succeeded by Lisa McRee. \|- !September 6 \|Various networks broadcast the Princess Diana funeral; 2.7 million viewers at home watched this special. \|- !September 8 \|KDAF-TV gives up the rights on Fox Kids to KDFI, as KDFW airs news, talk shows, paid/real estate and E/I-complaint programming instead of the block (KDFI also airs said programs, as well as Fox programs, just in case for local news emergencies and sports preemptions). \|- !September 13 \|ABC revamps its Saturday morning cartoon schedule, and adds more new series from parent company Disney to become Disney's One Saturday Morning. This, along with many other programming, was delayed one week from its originally planned debut as a result of the aforementioned Princess Diana funeral. \|- !September 14 \|The 49th Primetime Emmy Awards presentation was broadcast on CBS. \|- !September 19 \|After several years of being a part of ABC's successful "TGIF" sitcom programming block, Family Matters and Step by Step switch to CBS to form the basis of the "CBS Block Party", a direct competitor to TGIF. Both series, as well as the Block Party, would be cancelled after one season. \|- !September 25 \|ER produces a live episode for its fourth season premiere. \|- !September 26 \|Jeopardy!'''s 3,000th syndicated episode airs. The categories in the Jeopardy! and Final Jeopardy! rounds from its debut episode in 1984 are used on this episode. \|- !October 5 \|The World Wrestling Federation event Badd Blood: In Your House is broadcast on pay-per-view. Not only is the event notable for featuring the promotion's first-ever Hell in a Cell match, which pitted The Undertaker against Shawn Michaels and saw the debut of Undertaker's storyline brother Kane, it marked the last time that Vince McMahon would be featured as the chief broadcaster of the commentating team for a pay-per-view event. According to WWE, the Montreal Screwjob, which took place at Survivor Series 1997, is considered the beginning of the Attitude Era. Thus, Badd Blood: In Your House was the last WWF PPV of the New Generation Era. \|- !rowspan="2"\|October 25 \|Chris Farley guest hosts Saturday Night Live in what would turn out to be his final television appearance before his death on December 18, 1997. \|- \|Under Wraps, the first Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM) by Disney Channel, is broadcast. \|- !October 26 \|Game 7 of the World Series is broadcast on NBC. The Florida Marlins defeat the Cleveland Indians, becoming the first baseball wild card team to win the world championship. This was the first World Series that NBC would broadcast in its entirety since 1988. NBC aired only Games 2-3 and the decisive sixth game of the 1995 World Series, while ABC aired the other three and a seventh game had it been necessary. \|- !November 2 \|A third production of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II's version of Cinderella was aired on ABC. This version, featuring Brandy Norwood and Whitney Houston, was produced by ABC's parent company The Walt Disney Company (which released its own version of the story as an animated movie 1950). \|- !November 6 \|The NBC discussion show Meet the Press celebrates its 50th anniversary. \|- !November 7 \|A crossover event featuring Salem in a time ball with Sabrina appeared on all four TGIF shows around that time, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Boy Meets World, You Wish, and Teen Angel. \|- !November 9 \|During a pay-per-view broadcast of the World Wrestling Federation's Survivor Series, then-WWF Champion Bret Hart loses his title to Shawn Michaels. The finish is mired in controversy when WWF chairman Vince McMahon, who had been sitting at ringside, orders Earl Hebner, the assigned referee, to end the match as Michaels is holding Hart in Hart's own finishing maneuver, the Sharpshooter, even though Hart had not submitted. The incident becomes known as the Montreal Screwjob and will mark the final appearance of Hart on WWE television until 2010. \|- !November 17 \|Rick Rude becomes the only person to appear on both USA Network's Raw and TNT's Monday Nitro on the same night. Whereas the Raw that aired that night was pre-recorded six days in advanced, Rude appeared on a live edition of Nitro about an hour earlier. \|- !November 29 \|The Emergency Broadcast System is replaced by the Emergency Alert System and it continues to this day. \|- !December 8 \|WVIT becomes an NBC O&O for the second time, and Paramount Stations Group had purchased WLWC and WWHO, dropping off newscasts, although Paramount had to run these two as a WB affiliate until 2000, while getting UPN to secondary status. \|- !December 15 \|World Wrestling Federation chairman Vince McMahon announces the introduction of the Attitude Era (a term used by WWF for its adult-oriented programming) on Raw Is War, during a segment entitled "The Cure for the Common Show". The WWF Attitude's scratch logo also makes its on-screen debut within the episode, replacing the New Generation's block logo. \|- !December 24 \|TNT and TBS broadcast "24 Hours of A Christmas Story", consisting of 12 consecutive airings of the 1983 film from the evening of Christmas Eve to the evening of Christmas Day. \|- !December 28 \|World Championship Wrestling's fifteenth annual Starrcade event airs on pay-per-view. The main event would see Sting defeat Hollywood Hogan to win the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Overall, this would become the highest grossing pay-per-view in WCW history. \|} Programs Debuts Returning this year Ending this year Made-for-TV movies Miniseries Shows changing networks Entering syndication this year {\|class="wikitable" \|- ! Show \|\| Seasons \|\| In Production \|\| Source \|- \|Boy Meets World\|\|4\|\|rowspan="1"\|Yes\|\| \|- \|Due South\|\|3\|\|rowspan="1"\|Yes\|\| \|- \|Frasier\|\|4\|\| rowspan="1" 1 \|Yes\|\| \|- \|Grace Under Fire\|\|4\|\| rowspan="1" 1 \|Yes\|\| \|- \|Living Single\|\|4\|\| rowspan="1" 1 \|Yes\|\| \|- \|NYPD Blue\|\|4\|\| rowspan="1" 1 \|Yes\|\| \|- \|Walker, Texas Ranger\|\|5\|\| rowspan="1" 1 \|Yes\|\| \|- \|The X-Files\|\|4\|\| rowspan="1" 1 \|Yes\|\| \|} Networks and services Launches Conversions and rebrandings Closures Television stations Station launches Stations changing network affiliation Births Deaths Television debuts James Gandolfini – Gun Natasha Henstridge – The Outer Limits Nick Offerman – ER Rebecca Romijn – Friends Octavia Spencer – 413 Hope St. Jason Sudeikis – Alien Avengers II Wanda Sykes – The Chris Rock Show Paz Vega – Menudo es mi padre Goran Visnjic – Olujne tisine 1895-1995 Shea Whigham – Ghost Stories Rainn Wilson – One Life to Live References External links List of 1997 American television series at IMDb 1990s in American television
HMP Bristol (previously known as Horfield Prison) is a Category B men's prison, located in the Horfield area of Bristol. The prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. History The prison was built in 1883. The B and C wings were added to the prison in the 1960s. Bristol's history includes fourteen executions, of which the last took place on 17 December 1963 when Russell Pascoe was hanged for the murder of William Rowe during a robbery. His accomplice Dennis Whitty met the same fate at HMP Winchester on the same morning. There have been riots at HMP Bristol in 1986 and 1991. Major internal damage was caused to prison wings on both occasions. The prison aroused controversy in 1996 when it was revealed that prisoners were sometimes transported to and from Bristol by a stretched limousine. Officials claimed the limo was only used when commercial taxis were not big enough to handle multiple prisoner transfers with prison officers as security. Soon after Bristol was upgraded to a Category A prison (part of the high security estate) holding the most dangerous prisoners. A report from the Board of Visitors in 2000 criticised Bristol Prison for keeping some remand inmates on a punishment regime in segregation. Bristol faced more criticism in 2002 when it emerged that a shortage of staff nurses had resulted in the prison paying out thousands of pounds for agency nursing staff. A year later, Bristol was downgraded back to a Category B local prison, after repeated overcrowding and safety concerns from nearby residents. Bristol Prison came in for more criticism in 2005 after a report by Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons cited inconsistent management, poor safety, and negative race relations at the prison. A year later officers at the prison reported rising levels of violence due to widespread use of heroin, crack cocaine and cannabis among inmates. An Independent Monitoring Board report published in 2011 stated that HMP Bristol had an annual budget of £14.2 million. This report identified issues with prisoners clothing and equipment as well as the provision of hygiene facilities. It also highlighted improvements on the previous year with respect to resettlement services and visits. The overall judgement of this report was "significant and continued improvement." Archives Records of Horfield Prison are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. 41405) (online catalogue). Other records are held at the National Archives. The prison today Bristol Prison currently holds adult males and YOI prisoners (18 to 21 years old) on remand to the local courts as well as convicted prisoners, including prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment and indeterminate sentences for public protection. It also acts as a Category B facility for the southwest of England. The establishment was heavily criticised following an unannounced inspection in May 2013, in which it was reported that staff "racially abused" inmates, and on one occasion denied food to a serving prisoner. The same inspection also discovered that over half the population – a significant number of whom were unconvicted – spent 23 hours a day locked in a cell. Drugs are smuggled into Bristol Prison leading to prisoners behaving unpredictably and being sometimes violent. Numbers of prison officers have also fallen since 2010. Violence is a problem with staff and prisoners being injured. Prison officers are reluctant to assert their authority and feel unsupported when violence happens due to low staffing numbers. Recruiting prison officers is difficult. The prison provides courses in inter-personal skills and enhanced thinking as well as employment training. Some prisoners are employed in the prison workshops, kitchen, gymnasium or as cleaners on the wings. In addition there is a 24-hour listeners scheme operating at Bristol for prisoners who may be at risk from suicide or self-harm. Healthcare at the prison consists of an Inpatient care unit with 24-hour nursing cover. There are also nurses posted to each wing during the core day to carry out treatments and triage prisoners with minor illness and injuries. There is a dedicated Integrated Drug Treatment Service (IDTS) at HMP Bristol which has achieved national recognition in the treatment, care and management of offenders with Drug and Alcohol misuse issues. This service is located on a dedicated wing with a multidisciplinary team that consists of Prison officers, Nurses and CARATs workers for drug counselling services. At all times during core day there is at least one GP on duty at the prison. In June 2019 inspectors visited the prison, giving it the lowest gradings for safety and purposeful activity. Subsequently lack of care for vulnerable prisoners was highlighted by His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons, and an "urgent notification" was issued to the prison by the Justice Secretary David Gauke. Notable former inmates Charlie Deutsch, the horse racing jockey spent two and a half months at Bristol in 2018 after being charged with driving under the influence and evading arrest. Gary Glitter, the shamed rock star spent two months at Bristol in 1999 for possession of child pornography. Ben Gunn, blogger and prison reform campaigner (held here as a juvenile, while on remand). Paddy Lacey, professional footballer who was jailed for being in possession of drugs and counterfeit banknotes. John Straffen, the serial killer was held at Bristol from 1947 to 1949 for lesser charges. References External links Ministry of Justice pages on HMP Bristol HMP Bristol – HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports Category B prisons in England Prisons in Bristol Men's prisons
The M61 Vulcan is a hydraulically, electrically, or pneumatically driven, six-barrel, air-cooled, electrically fired Gatling-style rotary cannon which fires rounds at an extremely high rate (typically 6,000 rounds per minute). The M61 and its derivatives have been the principal cannon armament of United States military fixed-wing aircraft for over sixty years. The M61 was originally produced by General Electric. After several mergers and acquisitions, it is currently produced by General Dynamics. Development At the end of World War II, the United States Army Air Forces began to consider new directions for future military aircraft guns. The higher speeds of jet-powered fighter aircraft meant that achieving an effective number of hits would be extremely difficult without a much higher volume of fire. While captured German designs (principally the Mauser MG 213C) showed the potential of the single-barrel revolver cannon, the practical rate of fire of such a design was still limited by ammunition feed and barrel wear concerns. The Army wanted something better, combining an extremely high rate of fire with exceptional reliability. In 1947, the Air Force became a separate branch of the military. The new Air Force made a request for a new aircraft gun. A lesson of World War II air combat was that German, Italian, and Japanese fighters could attack American aircraft from long range with their cannon main armament. American fighters with .50 caliber (12.7 mm) main armament, such as the P-51 and P-47, had to be close to enemy aircraft in order to hit and damage them. The Hispano cannon carried by the P-38 and P-61, while formidable against propeller-driven planes, had a relatively low rate of fire in the age of jets, while other cannons were notoriously unreliable. In response to this requirement, the Armament Division of General Electric resurrected an old idea: the multi-barrel Gatling gun. The original Gatling gun had fallen out of favor because of the need for an external power source to rotate the barrel assembly, but the new generation of turbojet-powered fighters offered sufficient electric power to operate the gun, and electric operation was more reliable than gas-operated reloading. With multiple barrels, the rate of fire per barrel could be lower than a single-barrel revolver cannon while providing a greater overall rate of fire. The idea of powering a Gatling gun from an external electric power source was not a novel idea at the end of World War II, as Richard Jordan Gatling himself had done just that with a patent he filed in 1893. During World War I, a similar 12-barreled Fokker-Leimberger aircraft rotary machine gun, powered by either the aircraft engine or an electric motor, had been under development by the German Empire. In 1946, the Army issued General Electric a contract for "Project Vulcan", a six-barrel weapon capable of firing 7,200 rounds per minute (rpm). Although European designers were moving towards heavier weapons for better hitting power, the U.S. initially concentrated on a powerful cartridge designed for a pre-war anti-tank rifle, expecting that the cartridge's high muzzle velocity would be beneficial for improving hit ratios on high-speed targets. The first GE prototypes of the caliber T45 were ground-fired in 1949; it achieved 2,500 rpm, which was increased to 4,000 rpm by 1950. By the early 1950s, the USAF decided that high velocity alone might not be sufficient to ensure target destruction and tested alternatives based on the caliber cartridge. These variants of the T45 were known as the T171 and T150 respectively and were first tested in 1952. Eventually, the standard 20×102 mm cartridge was determined to have the desired balance of projectile/explosive mass and muzzle velocity, resulting in an optimum balance of range, accuracy and kinetic energy on target. The development of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter revealed that the T171 Vulcan (later redesignated M61) suffered problems with its linked ammunition, being prone to misfeed and presenting a foreign object damage hazard with discarded links. A linkless ammunition feed system was developed for the upgraded M61A1, which subsequently became the standard cannon armament of U.S. fighters. In 1993, General Electric sold its aerospace division, including GE Armament Systems along with the design and production tooling for the M61 and GE's other rotary cannon, to Martin Marietta. After Martin's merger with Lockheed, the rotary cannon became the responsibility of Lockheed Martin Armament Systems. Lockheed Martin Armament Systems was later acquired by General Dynamics, who currently produce the M61 and its variants. Description Each of the cannon's six barrels fires once in turn during each revolution of the barrel cluster. The multiple barrels provide both a very high rate of fire – around 100 rounds per second—and contribute to prolonged weapon life by minimizing barrel erosion and heat generation. The average time between jams or failures is in excess of 10,000 rounds, making it an extremely reliable weapon. The success of the Vulcan Project and its progeny, the very-high-speed Gatling gun, has led to guns of the same configuration being referred to as "Vulcan cannons", which can sometimes confuse nomenclature on the subject. Most aircraft versions of the M61 are hydraulically driven and electrically primed. The gun rotor, barrel assembly and ammunition feed system are rotated by a hydraulic drive motor through a system of flexible drive shafts. The round is fired by an electric priming system where an electric current from a firing lead passes through the firing pin to the primer as each round is rotated into the firing position. The self-powered version, the GAU-4 (called M130 in Army service), is gas-operated, tapping gun gas from three of the six barrels to operate the gun gas-driven mechanism. The self-powered Vulcan weighs about more than its electric counterpart, but requires no external power source to operate, except for an electric inertia starter to initiate gun rotation, allowing the first rounds to be chambered and fired. The initial M61 used linked ammunition, but the ejection of spent links created considerable (and ultimately insuperable) problems. The original weapon was soon replaced by the M61A1, with a linkless feed system. Depending on the application, the feed system can be either single-ended (ejecting spent cases and unfired rounds) or double-ended (returning casings back to the magazine). A disadvantage of the M61 is that the bulk of the weapon, its feed system, and ammunition drum make it difficult to fit it into a densely packed airframe. The feed system must be custom-designed for each application, adding to the complete weapon. Most aircraft installations are double-ended, because the ejection of empty cartridges can cause a foreign-object damage hazard for jet engines and because the retention of spent cases assists in maintaining the center of gravity of the aircraft. The first aircraft to carry the M61A1 was the C model of the F-104, starting in 1959. A lighter version of the Vulcan developed for use on the F-22 Raptor, designated M61A2, is mechanically the same as the M61A1, but with thinner barrels to reduce overall weight to . The rotor and housing have also been modified to remove any piece of metal not absolutely needed for operation and replaces some metal components with lighter-weight materials. The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet also uses this version. The Vulcan's rate of fire is typically 6,000 rounds per minute, although some versions (such as that of the AMX and the F-106 Delta Dart) are limited to a lower rate, and others (A-7 Corsair, F-15 Eagle) have a selectable rate of fire of either 4,000 or 6,000 rounds per minute. The M61A2's lighter barrels allow a somewhat higher rate of fire, up to 6,600 rounds per minute. Ammunition Practically no powered rotary cannon is supplied with sufficient ammunition for a full minute of firing, due to its weight (at 6,000 rpm, the projectiles alone would represent a mass of about for one minute of firing; and by including the brass shell, filling and primer the weight is slightly double that at ). In order to avoid using the 600 to 1,000 rounds carried by aircraft all at once, a burst controller is generally used to limit the number of rounds fired at each trigger pull. Bursts of from two or three up to 40 or 50 can be selected. The size of the airframe and available internal space limits the size of the ammunition drum and thus limits the ammunition capacity. When vehicle-mounted, the only limiting factor is the vehicle's safe carry weight, so commensurately larger ammo storage is available. Until the late 1980s, the M61 primarily used the M50 series of ammunition in various types, typically firing a projectile at a muzzle velocity of about . A variety of armor-piercing incendiary (API), high-explosive incendiary (HEI), and training rounds are available. The new PGU-28/B round was developed in the mid-1980s. It is a semi-armor-piercing high-explosive incendiary (SAPHEI) round, providing improvements in range, accuracy, and power over the preceding M56A3 HEI round. The PGU-28/B is a "low-drag" round designed to reduce in-flight drag and deceleration, and has a slightly increased muzzle velocity of . However, the PGU-28/B has not been without problems. A 2000 USAF safety report noted 24 premature detonation mishaps (causing serious damage in many cases) in 12 years with the SAPHEI round, compared to only two such mishaps in the entire recorded history of the M56 round. The report estimated that the current PGU-28/B had a potential failure rate 80 times higher than USAF standards permit. Due to safety issues, it was limited to emergency wartime use in 2000. The main types of combat rounds and their main characteristics are listed in the table below. Applications and first combat use The Vulcan was first used in aerial combat on 4 April 1965, when four North Vietnamese Air Force MiG-17s (J-5s) attacked a force of 10 North American F-100 Super Sabres (two of which were assigned weather reconnaissance duties) escorting 48 Vulcan-armed and "bomb-laden" F-105 Thunderchiefs, shooting down two of the latter. The MiG leader and only survivor from the four MiGs, Captain Tran Hanh, reported that U.S. jets had pursued them and that F-105s had shot down three of his aircraft, killing lieutenants Pham Giay, Le Minh Huan, and Tran Nguyen Nam. Captain Donald Kilgus, piloting an F-100, received an official probable kill with his four M39 20 mm cannons during the engagement; however no other US pilot reported destroying any MiGs during the battle, leaving open the possibility that at least two of the MiG-17s may have been downed by their own anti-aircraft fire. The first confirmed Vulcan gun kill occurred on 29 June 1966 when Major Fred Tracy, flying his F-105 Thunderchief with the 421st TFS, fired 200 rounds of 20 mm into a MiG-17 that had just fired a 23 mm shell which entered one side of his cockpit and exited the other. When the NVAF MiG flew in front of him after making its pass, Major Tracy opened fire on it. The gun was installed in the Air Force's A-7D version of the LTV A-7 Corsair II where it replaced the earlier United States Navy A-7's Colt Mk 12 cannon and was adopted by the Navy on the A-7C and A-7E. It was integrated into the newer F-4E Phantom II variants. The F-4 was originally designed without a cannon as it was believed that missiles had made guns obsolete. Combat experience in Vietnam showed that a gun could be more effective than guided missiles in many combat situations and that an externally carried gun pod was less effective than an internal gun; the first generation of gun pods such as the SUU-16 were not oriented with the sights of the fighter. The improved pods were self-powered and properly synchronized to the sights, while the USAF versions of the F-4 were hastily fitted with internal M61 cannons in a prominent fairing under the nose, well before the war ended (Navy Phantoms never received cannons, continuing to rely on air-to-air missiles alone). The next generation of fighters built post-Vietnam incorporated the M61 gun internally. The Vulcan was later fitted into the weapons bay of some Convair F-106 Delta Dart and General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark models. It was also adopted as standard in the "teen"-series air superiority fighters, the Grumman F-14 Tomcat, the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. Other aircraft include the Italian/Brazilian AMX International AMX (on Italian aircraft only), and the F-22 Raptor. It was fitted in a side-firing installation on the Fairchild AC-119 and some marks of the Lockheed AC-130 gunships, and was used in the tail turrets of both the Convair B-58 Hustler and Boeing B-52H Stratofortress bombers. Japan's Mitsubishi F-1 carried one internally mounted JM61A1 Vulcan with 750 rounds. Two gun pod versions, the SUU-16/A (also designated M12 by the US Army) and improved SUU-23/A (US Army M25), were developed in the 1960s, often used on gunless versions of the F-4. The SUU-16/A uses the electric M61A1 with a ram-air turbine to power the motor. This proved to cause serious aerodynamic drag at higher speeds, while speeds under did not provide enough airflow for the maximum rate of fire. The subsequent SUU-23/A uses the GAU-4/A self-powered Vulcan, with an electric inertia starter to bring it up to speed. Both pods ejected empty cases and unfired rounds rather than retaining them. Both pods contained 1,200 rounds of ammunition, with a loaded weight of respectively. During service in the Vietnam War, the pods proved to be relatively inaccurate: the pylon mounting was not rigid enough to prevent deflection when firing, and repeated use would misalign the pod on its pylon, making matters worse. A variant with much shorter barrels, designated the M195, was also developed for use on the M35 Armament Subsystem as used on the AH-1G Cobra helicopter. This variant fed from ammunition boxes fitted to the landing skid and was developed to provide the AH-1 helicopter with a longer-range suppressive fire system before the adoption of the M97 universal turret mounting the M197 cannon. The M61 is also the basis of the US Navy Mk 15 Phalanx close-in weapon system and the M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System, using the M168 variant. Variants M61A1 M61A2 See also GAU-12 Equalizer – General Electric, 25 mm caliber GAU-13 – General Electric, 30 mm caliber GAU-19 – General Electric, 12.7x99 mm caliber GAU-22 – General Dynamics, 25 mm caliber, 4-barrel version of the GAU-12 mounted internally in the F-35A and in external gun pods on the F-35B and F-35C GAU-8 Avenger – General Electric, 30 mm caliber M134 Minigun – 7.62 mm cannon M163 VADS – self-propelled version of the M167 on an M113 armored personnel carrier M167 VADS – air defense system using the M61 Vulcan Machbet – Israeli upgrade of the M163 VADS incorporating the M61 Vulcan and four FIM-92 Stinger surface-to-air missile launch tubes XM301 – cancelled lightweight 20 mm cannon Soviet Union/Russian Federation/CIS Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23 – 23 mm caliber Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1 – 30 mm caliber Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30 – 30 mm caliber Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-2 – 30 mm caliber Glagolev-Shipunov-Gryazev GShG-7.62 – 7.62 mm caliber Yakushev-Borzov YakB-12.7 – 12.7 mm caliber Shipunov 2A42 – 30 mm caliber Footnotes References Bibliography Anderton, David A. North American F-100 Super Sabre. Osprey Publishing, 1987. . Campbell, John M. and Hill, Michael. Roll Call: Thud: A Photographic Record of the F-105 Thunderchief. 1996, Schiffer Publishing. . Davies, Peter E. U.S. Air Force F-4 Phantom II MiG Killers 1965–68. Osprey Combat Aircraft #45, 2004, Osprey Publishing, UK. . Davies, Peter E. USAF F-4 Phantom II MiG Killers 1972–73. Osprey Combat Aircraft 55 (2005). . Hobson, Chris. Vietnam Air Losses, United States Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961–1973. (2001) Midland Publishing. . McCarthy, Donald J. Jr. MiG Killers, A Chronology of U.S. Air Victories in the Vietnam War 1965–1973. Specialty Press; 2009 . Michel III, Marshall L. Clashes, Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965–1972. Naval Institute Press; 1997. . Toperczer, Istvan. MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War. Osprey Combat Aircraft #25, 2008 2nd ed. . External links 20x102mm Aircraft guns Anti-aircraft guns of the United States Multi-barrel machine guns Rotary cannon United States Marine Corps equipment Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1959
is a railway station in the city of Shinjō, Yamagata, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). Lines Masukata Station is served by the Rikuu West Line, and is located 7.5 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Shinjō Station. Station layout The station has one island platform, of which only one side is in use, serving traffic in both directions. The station is unattended. History Masukata Station opened on December 7, 1913. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987. A new station building was completed in March 2000. Surrounding area Masukata Elementary School See also List of railway stations in Japan References External links JR East Station information Stations of East Japan Railway Company Railway stations in Yamagata Prefecture Rikuu West Line Railway stations in Japan opened in 1913 Shinjō, Yamagata
Stux Gallery is a contemporary fine art dealership located at 520 West End Avenue on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City. Artists represented/exhibited by the gallery have included Doug and Mike Starn, Vik Muniz, Andres Serrano, Dennis Oppenheim, Elaine Sturtevant, Inka Essenhigh, and Orlan. History Boston 1980–1988 Stux Gallery was founded in 1980 in Boston, by Stefan Stux and his wife Linda Bayless Stux. Before opening the gallery, Stefan, who holds a Ph.D. in Immunology, had been teaching at Harvard Medical School, while Linda was a performance artist who taught math at Boston Latin School; a shared interest in contemporary art drew them into the gallery business. The gallery opened on Newbury Street in December 1980, representing a group of artists from the Boston area, notably including Doug Anderson, Gerry Bergstein, Alex and Allison Grey, and Paul Laffoley, among others. It became a leader in what the Boston Globe called a "Boston art renaissance" in the early 1980s. Doug and Mike Starn, who attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, met Stefan and Linda Stux at their graduation ceremony in May 1985, and received their first show at the gallery the following September. The success of their early work raised the gallery's profile beyond Boston, leading to the opening of a second location on Spring Street in the SoHo district of Manhattan. Both galleries continued to run simultaneously, until the Boston location was finally closed in 1988. New York 1986–1993 The gallery's presence in the New York art scene was secured when the Starn Twins were selected for the 1987 Whitney Biennial. The gallery developed a roster primarily composed of emerging artists, adding Lawrence Carroll, Vik Muniz, Holt Quentel, and Andres Serrano to their stable, giving each of these artists their first solo shows in New York. Fabian Marcaccio and Cary Leibowitz (aka Candy Ass) also received their first gallery exposure at Stux. In addition to these emerging artists, the gallery also hosted solo shows for senior artists such as Elaine Sturtevant and Gerhard Hoehme. Stux began publishing catalogues for each of its artists’ shows, featuring essays by prominent art critics and historians, including Dan Cameron, Robert Pincus-Witten, Donald Kuspit, and others. It also engaged independent curators such as Collins & Milazzo and Christian Leigh to organize group exhibitions in its space, to develop a critical context for its artists. In 1988, Stux entered into a collaboration with Leo Castelli Gallery for a dual exhibition of new work by the Starns. When the international art market as a whole foundered in the early 1990s, the gallery ultimately closed its operations on Spring Street. After that closure in 1993, Stux engaged in lower-overhead private, secondary market dealing for several years. Piss Christ controversy In 1987, the gallery first exhibited Andres Serrano’s Piss Christ, which subsequently became the focus of major public controversy as a flash point in the “culture wars”, because it had been produced with partial support from a grant funded by the National Endowment for the Arts. The photograph—which features a plastic crucifix suspended in a plexiglass tank of the artist’s own urine—was cited for blasphemy by the fundamentalist American Family Association, and subsequently denounced in the U.S. Senate by Jesse Helms and Alphonse D’Amato. New York 1996-present In 1996, Stux reopened on 20th Street in Chelsea, Manhattan. There, the gallery continued to introduce more young talent such as Inka Essenhigh, and began to show internationally established artists such as Dennis Oppenheim, Mark Kostabi and Orlan, and mid-career artists including James Croak and Margaret Evangeline as well. In 2002, Andrea Schnabl joined the gallery as a new Partner and Director. In 2004, the gallery moved once again into a larger ground-floor space at 530 W. 25th Street. Its roster of international artists has since expanded to include Nigerian sculptor Sokari Douglas Camp, CBE, photographer Ruud van Empel of the Netherlands, painter Thordis Adalsteinsdottir of Iceland, Iraqi photographer Halim Al Karim and Japanese photographer Manabu Yamanaka, multi-media conceptual German artists Gia Edzgveradze and Heide Hatry and leading contemporary Chinese artists Wei Dong and Zhang Xiaotao, among others. In the Spring of 2014, Stux Gallery relocated uptown to the historic 57th Street district, renowned for the birth of early American modernism in fine art, occupying an expansive 4,000 sq. foot space on the 6th floor of the noted New York Gallery Building at 24 West 57th Street near Fifth Avenue, neighboring the Marian Goodman Gallery’s 3rd and 4th-floor domain. In the summer of 2017 Stux Gallery opened Salon STUX West in a historic townhouse on Manhattan's Upper West Side. Stux Gallery regularly participates in significant art fairs and collaborations with galleries and curators in the U.S. and abroad. References Further reading Charles Giuliano, Berkshire Fine Arts. 1980 establishments in Massachusetts 57th Street (Manhattan) Art museums and galleries in Manhattan Midtown Manhattan Upper West Side 1986 establishments in New York City
Trapped at Sea is the 75th title of the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories, written by Franklin W. Dixon. It was published by Wanderer Books in 1982. Plot summary This book opens with Frank, Joe & Chet being involved in a traffic accident with a Mack truck. As the car is damaged, the drivers of the Mack truck offer the boys a lift to the next town. Unfortunately the truck gets hijacked by a gang and the drivers locked up in the trailer. Later Mr. Hardy tells the boys that there have been a number of hijackings against that firm, the Ortiz Trucking Company, and that he's going to Washington the following day to help the FBI investigate the hijackings. Initially, Frank, Joe and Chet work undercover as drivers at the Ortiz Trucking Company before Joe finds himself hijacked by one of the gang. Tracking the gang down, Frank, Joe & Chet stow away on a ship named the Mary Malone and find themselves facing the gang, a group of corrupt officials who plan to use nuclear weapons on every major city on Earth to take over the world. References External links Trapped at Sea at Fantastic Fiction The Hardy Boys books 1982 American novels 1982 children's books Children's books set on ships
Broadway Historic District is a national historic district located at Lancaster in Erie County, New York. The district encompasses 85 contributing resources in the village of Lancaster. The district includes a variety of commercial, residential, religious and institutional buildings built between about 1831 and 1940. It includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Lancaster Municipal Building (1940), Miller-Mackey House (c. 1900), Clark-Lester House (ca. 1891), Bruce-Briggs Brick Block (c. 1855), Lancaster Masonic Lodge Hall (1916-1919), Liebler-Rohl Gasoline Station (c. 1935), Dr. John J. Nowak House (ca. 1930), Zuidema-Idsardi House (c. 1870), Herman B. VanPeyma House (ca. 1890), and John Richardson House (c. 1840). Other notable buildings include the Seeger Store Building (c. 1910), Brost Building (c. 1935) designed by Edward Brodhead Green, Maute House (c. 1880), Depew Lancaster Moose Lodge No. 1605 (c. 1880) B.P.O.E. Lodge/Potter's Hall (c. 1924), and Lancaster Presbyterian Church (1832-1833). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. References Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Greek Revival architecture in New York (state) Italianate architecture in New York (state) Colonial Revival architecture in New York (state) Historic districts in Erie County, New York National Register of Historic Places in Erie County, New York
Over the last 40 years the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh has witnessed much improvement in public health facilities. Hospitals In 1989, there were around 899 public health institutions, including state hospital, twelve district hospitals, 189 primary health centres, besides mainstream "Western" and ayurvedic dispensaries and specialized medical institutions. In order to meet the shortage of doctors, a medical college was established in 1967, which is having post-graduate teaching facilities in some branches. Death rate has now come down by 70% due to numerous public health measures. The incidence of venereal disease, which was roughly about 17% in 1951, has now came down to 2% in 1989. Diseases like malaria and small pox has been eradicated. The Tuberculosis control programme has been a great success. People have taken a keen interest in the family planning programme. One of its interesting feature is that women have outnumbered men in its acceptance. Education In 1948 the state had only 200 educational institutions, out of which most of them were primary schools. In 1989 the state had 9,112 educational institutions including 38 colleges, 932 high secondary and high schools, 1,068 middle schools and 7,074 primary schools. The enrollment in these institutions was nearly 1,122,000 or about 26% of the entire state. The literacy percentage which was just 6.7% in 1951 and 31.32% in 1971, raised to 42.48% in 1989 and in 1991 it further reached to 63.54%. Himachal got its first university in 1971. Then 2 more universities, one for agriculture and the other for horticulture and forestry were established at Palampur and Solan, respectively. Water supply Drinking water supply poses a major problem in the state. Because of high altitude terrain and undulating topography drinking water is mainly obtained from streams. The pollution, lack of sanitation and open air defecation, leads to contamination of surface water. Water pollutants create a wide variety of problems by entering into the food chain. Over-exploitation of natural resources and dumping of hazardous wastes further aggravates the problem. Being unhygienic, it results to pollution and can spread diseases like hill dysentery. Since villages are sparsely populated and distantly located, the arrangement of drinking water leads to the problem of high costs. In 1948, except 4 towns, no other habitation in the state had piped water supply. By 1989, drinking water through pipes was made available in about 15,000 villages covering about 75% of the state population. Now alternate sources -underground water has been tapped through handpumps. Under ARWSP, the following norms are being adopted for providing drinking water to rural population in the habitations : 40 litres per capita per day of safe drinking water for human beings. 30 litres per capita per day additional for cattle in the desert development programme areas. One hand pump or stand post for every 250 persons. The water source should exist within 1.6 km in the plains and within 100 metres elevation in the hilly areas. [Water is defined as safe if it is free from biological contamination (cholera, typhoid, etc.) and chemical contamination (excess arsenic, fluoride, salinity, iron, nitrates, etc.)] Habitations which have a safe drinking water source point (either private or public) within 1.6 km in plains and 100 metre in hill areas but the capacity of the system ranges between 10 lpcd to 40 lpcd, are categorized as partially covered and those having less than 10 litres per capita per day are categorized as not covered. All the 16807 census villages have been provided with drinking water facilities. An ambitious project, under the Bharat Nirman Yojna, more than 40107 habitations are fully covered March 2006 and remaining 5260 partially covered habitations to be provided drinking water facility by March 2007. References http://ddws.gov.in/habquery/main_menu.asp http://mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/State%20Files/hp.htm#hp See also Economy of Himachal Pradesh
Commando is the autobiography of guitarist and songwriter Johnny Ramone of the punk rock band The Ramones. The book was released in 2012 by Linda Ramone, surviving spouse of Johnny Ramone, following the death of Johnny in 2004 from prostate cancer. Content Commando is an autobiography on the life of Johnny Ramone. He began writing the book in 1999 when he was diagnosed with prostate cancer. In an interview with Billboard Magazine, Linda Ramone stated: The book is 176 pages and contains pictures that were chosen by Linda Ramone. It contains musings from Johnny's childhood and personal stories of his life and time with The Ramones. Events he includes in the book are his admission to getting a New York City police officer to release mace into an audience at a Ramones concert. Additional events include him beating up Malcolm McLaren as well as his bandmates Joey and Dee Dee. The book also covers his relationship with his wife Linda Ramone and the events surrounding her initially dating Joey Ramone before she left Joey for Johnny. The epilogue was written by Lisa Marie Presley, a close friend of Johnny and Linda Ramone. The foreword of the book was written by the only surviving original member of The Ramones at that time, Tommy Ramone. Tommy was quoted as saying: Reception The book was released in April 2012. Prior to and following the release, Linda Ramone promoted the book by giving numerous interviews in both print and televised national media, including Fox News, Billboard Magazine, and MTV. The book was reviewed by numerous well known publications including the Houston Chronicle, the National Post, PopMatters, and MTV which called the book a must-have for any Ramones fan. References External links Publisher website Ramones Abrams Books books 2012 non-fiction books
Fruzsina is a Hungarian female given name, often a diminutive of Eufrozina, the Hungarian form of Euphrosyne. Individuals bearing the name Fruzsina include: Fruzsina Brávik (born 1986), Hungarian water polo player Fruzsina Dávid-Azari (born 1989), Hungarian handballer Fruzsina Medgyesi (born 1999), Hungarian figure skater Fruzsina Palkó (born 1992), Hungarian handballer Fruzsina Schildkraut (born 1998), Hungarian footballer Fruzsina Takács (born 1992), Hungarian handballer References Hungarian feminine given names Feminine given names
Souletin or Zuberoan () is the Basque dialect spoken in Soule, France. Souletin is marked by influences from Occitan (in particular the Béarnese dialect), especially in the lexicon. Another distinct characteristic is the use of verb forms, a form of address including in third person verbs the interlocutor marker embedded in the auxiliary verb: → (s/he came → s/he came to you). Name In English sources, the Basque-based term Zuberoan is sometimes encountered. In Standard Basque, the dialect is known as (the province name and the language-forming suffix ). Various local forms are , and . In French, it is known as . In Spanish, the dialect is called or . Distribution The southern dialect Roncalese was sometimes included within Zuberoan. A Basque language variety close to Zuberoan may have extended more to the east, into the Central Pyrenees, as attested by placenames and historical records about the Basque peoples ( in the Royal Frankish Annals). Phonology In addition to the five vowels present in all other Basque dialects, Zuberoan also has a close front rounded vowel (written ), which is markedly noticeable to speakers of other varieties. All six vowels can be nasalized ( is absent in some Souletin varieties), with nasalization being phonemic. It is likely that the sixth vowel arose influenced by the Béarnese vowel shift some centuries ago instead of being an ancient vowel lost in other dialects of Basque. Souletin features the voiceless aspirated stops , which contrast with their unaspirated counterparts. The alveolar tap present in other dialects has been lost in Souletin. The voiced fricatives are found almost exclusively in loanwords, they are present in other varieties only as allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. The phoneme (written as ) corresponds to in other varieties. The voiceless nasal glottal approximant is found exclusively in intervocalic position, and triggers the nasalization of the adjoining vowels. Example This example of the "Orreaga" ballad composed by Arturo Campion shows some differences between this dialect and the standard Basque (Euskara batua). See also Basque dialects Notes References Citations Sources Basque dialects Soule

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