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The right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure is well-recognised by the international human rights community. Section 21 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBoRA 1990) incorporates this right into New Zealand law, stating that: "Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure, whether of the person, property, or correspondence or otherwise."
This right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure is primarily concerned with protecting the privacy interests of individuals against intrusions by the State. The Court of Appeal of New Zealand and Supreme Court of New Zealand have both recognised that the protection of privacy is core purpose of s21 NZBoRA 1990. Chief Justice Elias described the right protected as "the right to be let alone" however it currently does not provide a full right to privacy of the kind in Article 17 of the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. Individuals subjected to a search or seizure that is unreasonable they may have a claim for a remedy, generally the exclusion of any evidence obtained by the search or seizure.
An analysis of whether an unreasonable search of seizure has occurred under section 21 is a two-step process of asking:
Was there a search or seizure?
Was the search or seizure unreasonable?
Unlike other rights protected under the NZBoRA 1990 there are no possible grounds for a reasonable limitation on section 21 under section 5 of the NZBoRA 1990 as if a search or seizure is unreasonable it is contradictory to say it could then be reasonably justified.
Search and Surveillance Act 2012
While the NZBORA 1990 establishes the overall right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure the Search and Surveillance Act 2012 provides the statutory framework for the practical application of the law in this area in New Zealand. Searches and seizures that do not comply with the requirements of the Act will be unlawful. The purpose section of the Act states that these requirements "recognise the importance of the rights and entitlements affirmed in other enactments including the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990". The provisions of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012 accommodate the need to protect against unreasonable search and seizure. Therefore, cases involving possible unreasonable searches or seizures will involve significant consideration of whether the Search and Surveillance Act 2012 has been complied with.
Unlawfulness vs unreasonableness
If a search or seizure is unlawful under the Search and Surveillance Act 2012 then it is also likely to be considered an unreasonable search or seizure. However, the concepts of unlawfulness and unreasonableness are independent and it is therefore possible that, for example, a lawful search can be unreasonable. Despite this, the courts have said that in terms of the most common remedy of exclusion of evidence an unlawful search should usually be considered an unreasonable search. Elias CJ went so far as to say that unlawful searches should automatically be unreasonable. An exception is that where the search is only unlawful on minor or technical grounds it may still be reasonable.
Search
The Search and Surveillance Act 2012 does not provide a definition for the term "search". While the courts have not formed a single definition, Elias CJ has said that police investigation which invades private space where individuals have an expectation of privacy constitutes a search. McGrath J recognised "search" has a broad meaning in terms of section 21 of "an examination or investigation for the purpose of obtaining evidence". It is not settled whether a reasonable expectation of privacy must exist for there to be a search. In many cases there will be little difficulty in deciding that there has been a search as the Search and Surveillance Act 2012 specifically identifies and gives procedure for most common types of search. Common activities that are searches include:
Entry into and inspection of buildings, enclosed spaces or vehicles.
Physical examination of a person.
Taking bodily samples.
Internal examination of personal property (for example a bag or wallet).
Visual observation
An area of difficulty is whether simply visually observing something amounts to a search. If a police officer simply sees something relating to an offence in the course of their normal duty without any conscious effort to find it then there will generally not be a search. However, cases have shown that even where there is some conscious action there may not be a search as requesting an individual hold their hands out to be observed or hold a bicycle up so the serial number could be seen were both not seen to be searches.
Covert surveillance
The use of surveillance equipment and whether covert recording amounts to a search has been a significant issue for New Zealand courts. In Tararo v R (2010) the Supreme Court held that an undercover police officer video recording a drug transaction was not a search due to the low expectation of privacy. Covert surveillance of public areas will generally not be search due to the low expectation of privacy. In contrast, surveillance of private property will likely be a search due to the high privacy interests. The Search and Surveillance Act 2012 now provides clear statutory guidance for when covert police surveillance can lawfully occur.
Seizure
There is no statutory definition of the term "seizure" in the Search and Surveillance Act 2012. In the Supreme Court Blanchard J defined seizure as simply the removing of something from the possession of someone else. Seizure can involve the taking into custody of personal property including vehicles and clothing. It can also relate to detaining individuals to search or obtain evidence from them. Any seizure must be for a legitimate law enforcement purpose to be reasonable, this will generally mean the seizure must be authorised by an empowering statute. Most cases in New Zealand under s21 have focused on unreasonable searches rather than seizures.
Search warrants
Searches by police and other law enforcement agencies must, in most cases, be carried out under a warrant to be lawful. In order for a search warrant to be issued there must be:
“Reasonable grounds to suspect” the commission of an offence punishable by imprisonment, and
“Reasonable grounds to believe” evidence related to the offence will be found in the search location.
What amounts to “reasonable grounds” is not defined in the Search and Surveillance Act 2012, however a search warrant will be invalid only where the application for it was insufficient or it is so defective as to be likely to mislead the affected parties. Part 4, subpart 3 of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012 sets out the requirements for lawfully carrying out a search once a warrant has been obtained. A search conducted without a search warrant or outside of the terms of a search warrant is highly likely to be unlawful and unreasonable.
Warrantless searches are lawful in certain circumstances under Part 2 of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012. For example, where they are incidental to an arrest or drug offences.
Implied license
Generally police officers must have statutory authorisation to enter on to private property. Police entry on to property outside of statutory powers may be lawful and reasonable where an implied license exists. An implied license permits an officer to “go to the door of private premises in order to make inquiry of an occupier for any reasonable purpose”. This is significant as a police officer may find evidence of an offence while on the property under the implied license. Finding this evidence will not be an unlawful search as a result of trespass as the officer is lawfully on the property, this was the scenario in Tararo v R (2010)
For this reason the scope of implied licenses is strictly limited in New Zealand. The Supreme Court has said an implied license is unlikely to exist if the purpose of the entry was not to make a reasonable inquiry or if it cannot be assumed that the occupier would have consented to the police entering had they known the particular purpose for the entry. An implied license can extend to allow entry into a private premises in certain circumstances but this will be in the minority of cases and there will generally be no right of access even where, for example, the door to the premises is open. An implied license can be revoked by the occupier through a clear unequivocal revocation, further, the existence of gates or signs may amount to a physical revocation.
Consent to searches
A search with no statutory authorisation may be lawful where consent to the search has been given. A search by consent will only be lawful if all of the following are satisfied:
The search is for one of the purposes given in s92 of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012, and
The searching officer has advised the person giving consent of the reason for the proposed search and that they may either give or refuse consent, and
The person giving consent has legal authority to give that consent.
However, even if valid consent to a search has been given it does not automatically make the search reasonable. A lack of entitlement to conduct the search or the manner in which the search is conducted may still make the search unreasonable under s21.
Remedies
Exclusion of evidence
The primary remedy for breaches of the right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure is the exclusion of evidence obtained by the search or seizure. This remedy is provided by s30 of the Evidence Act 2006 where evidence has been "improperly obtained". Evidence is "improperly obtained" if it has been obtained in breach of s21 of the NZBoRA 1993 or the various regulations of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012. S30 requires the judge to conduct a balancing exercise to decide whether the exclusion of the evidence is a proportionate response to the impropriety or breach of s21 committed. If the judge decides exclusion is proportionate to the impropriety then the evidence must be excluded. This means that in some cases even where a search is unreasonable evidence. Retrieved may still be admitted if excluding it would not be proportionate to the breach.
The factors that the judge will have regard to in the balancing process are given in s30 (3) of the Evidence Act 2006, these include:
The nature of the breach of s21, in particular, whether it was deliberate, reckless, or done in bad faith.
The nature and quality of the improperly obtained evidence.
The seriousness of the offence with which the defendant is charged.
Whether there were any other investigatory techniques available that would not have breached s21.
Whether there are alternative remedies to exclusion of the evidence which can adequately provide redress to the defendant.
Whether there was any urgency in obtaining the improperly obtained evidence.
A useful example of this process in action is Hamed & Ors v R (2011) where police unlawfully filmed activities on private land and parts of the evidence obtained were ruled admissible while other parts were inadmissible under the balancing process
Damages
In rare cases damages may also be available for breaches of s21 of the NZBoRA 1993 where the court wishes to highlight its disapproval of a breach of a fundamental right.
References
Search and seizure case law
Law of New Zealand |
Finnvox Studios is a recording studio located in Pitäjänmäki, Helsinki, Finland. It was founded by Erkki Ertesuo, Kurt Juuranto and Lejos Inc. in 1965 and is the longest running studio recording facility in Finland. The original multi-track recording equipment and continuous technical updates of the studio machines and acoustics soon made Finnvox the most sought after studio in the country. Finnish artists that recorded at Finnvox in the 1970s include Rauli Somerjoki, M. A. Numminen and their bands, Wigwam, Agit-prop and many others. Up until the 1990s, Finnvox also operated a vinyl record mastering and pressing facility, which was later converted to new studio rooms and a mixing and recording room for film and TV productions. Currently, Finnvox occupy 2000 square feet and has nine studio rooms, five of which are used for recording and mixing, three for mastering and editing and one for film and TV productions.
Many metal bands have used Finnvox Studios for recording, mixing or mastering their albums including Sonata Arctica, Nightwish, Finntroll, Stratovarius, HIM, Moonsorrow, Holy Knights, Ram-Zet, Throes of Dawn, Grenouer, Apocalyptica and many more. The mastering abilities of technician Mika Jussila in particular are much requested in the metal community, with more than 1300 metal albums mastered at Finnvox since 1990.
References
External links
Recording studios in Finland
Music in Helsinki
Finnish companies established in 1965
Mass media companies established in 1965 |
Chili ( ) is a town in Monroe County, New York, United States. The population was 29,123 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb of the city of Rochester.
The Town of Chili was established in 1822 from part of the Town of Riga. North Chili was a stop on the Underground Railroad. Black Creek Park is one of many parks in Chili where visitors can make use of nature trails that run along the creek.
History
The Chili area was once the hunting ground of the Seneca Indians. The first white settler was Captain Joseph Morgan who purchased land from Peter Sheffer of neighboring Wheatland.
The area of Chili became part of the newly formed Northampton. With the formation of Monroe County the area became part of the Town of Riga before splitting off into its own Town of Chili on February 22, 1822.
Chili was named after the country of Chile which was striving for independence at the time. Some suggest that the town was named after the Chiliasts religion embraced by some of the early settlers of South Chili. This is still controversial as there is no evidence to either side.
The local government includes Town Supervisor David Dunning (R) First Elected 2007; and Town Council Mark Decory (R); James Valerio (R); Michael S. Slattery (R); and Mary C. Sperr (R). The appointed Deputy Town Supervisor is Michael S. Slattery. The Chili Mills Conservation Area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (0.48%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 27,638 people, 10,159 households, and 7,558 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 10,466 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 91.14% White, 5.71% African American, 0.24% Native American, 1.12% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.65% of the population.
There were 10,159 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.7% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $55,097, and the median income for a family was $61,481. Males had a median income of $45,156 versus $29,903 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,887. About 2.0% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 2.5% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Chili is served by the Churchville-Chili Central School District, Gates Chili Central School District, and Wheatland–Chili Central School District.
Government
The town is governed by a town board consisting of a supervisor and four board members, all elected by registered town voters.
Communities and locations
Chili Center – The centre of town government and the most urbanized portion of the town.
Genesee River – Part of the east border of the town.
North Chili – A hamlet in the northwest part of the town and home to Roberts Wesleyan College.
South Chili – A rural area in Chili running along the New York State Thruway. The first business was located here called the Checker Tavern
West Chili – A small community located just north of Black Creek Park. Originally called Buckbee's Corners.
East Chili - A small community in the eastern part of the town. This does not exist in present day.
Clifton- A small rural hamlet in the southern part of the town. Originally called Hardscrabble, it produced a world award winning type of flour.
Places of local interest
Public library
The Chili Public Library is the public library serving Chili, New York. It is currently located in the recently erected town government center at 3333 Chili Avenue. Previously, it occupied the old town government complex further east on Chili Avenue.
Roberts Wesleyan University
Roberts is a private, Christian, liberal arts college located in North Chili. The school enrolls approximately 2,000 students. The school hosts various community events on its facilities, including soccer games, swimming lessons, dance recitals, fireworks, concerts, drama productions and many other events.
In 2022 Roberts was declared a university rather than a college.
American Legion
Occupying the former Grange Hall, Chili American Legion Family Post 1830 at 450 Chili-Scottsville Rd., Scottsville, New York
Black Creek Park
While Black Creek Park is still a relatively undeveloped park, its 1,505-acres has many unique features to offer. The park provides opportunities for hiking, soccer, fishing, horseback riding, sledding, and cross country skiing. It also features a playground located near the Pathfinder Shelter. The park offers five hiking trails, all of which are excellent settings to view nature and animals. If you are going hiking, it is suggested that you print off a map. Each year emergency services are called for a lost or overdue hiker.
Hubbard Park
Hubbard Park
Town of Chili Community Center
Community Center
Chili Disk Golf Course
Chili Disk Golf Course at Widener Park, 400 Chili Scottsville Road
Morgan's Crossing Golf Course
Morgan's Crossing Golf Course at, 760 Scottsville-Chili Road
Notable people
Homer G. Balcom, structural engineer of the Empire State Building, was born in Chili in 1870.
Sister cities
Agropoli - Italy, Chili Indiana
References
External links
Town of Chili
Chili Public Library
Chili Fire Department
Populated places on the Underground Railroad
New York (state) populated places on the Genesee River
Rochester metropolitan area, New York
Towns in Monroe County, New York
Towns in New York (state)
1822 establishments in New York (state)
Populated places established in 1822 |
The Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety is the department charged with police, fire and rescue operations in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It is one of the largest public safety departments in the nation, with over 250 sworn officers. Each officer serves as a Police Officer, Firefighter, and Medical First Responder.
Public safety model
The Kalamazoo Police Department and Kalamazoo Fire Department were merged in the 1980s with the goal of saving significant tax payer money while increasing the amount of police and fire protection for its citizens. The merger of the departments was a difficult process on reaching agreement with unions covering the fire department and police department. The difficult effort of the merger of the departments along with the successes was even noted by the United States House of Representatives in the Congressional Record.
As the largest public safety department in the nation, Kalamazoo Public Safety is now considered a model public safety department and often consults and trains other cities throughout the world on the public safety model.
Controversies
In 1995 a grand jury was convened to investigate missing cash and contraband from Kalamazoo Public Safety's evidence room. Although much of the evidence and investigation remains secret and the US Attorney declined to prosecute, the city attorney at the time has publicly acknowledged that the incident happened
In 2013, the department received the results of a year-long, independent study it commissioned on racial targeting. The study showed that police in Kalamazoo were more than twice as likely to pull over black drivers than white drivers. Since this time the department has been working hard to confront the racial bias in its department and has received international news coverage for attempting to address the racial issues the department acknowledges it has.
Casualties
On April 18, 2011, while responding to a shots fired call in Kalamazoo's Edison neighborhood, PSO Eric Zapata was fatally shot. Officer Zapata was the first officer in Kalamazoo to be killed in the line of duty.
References
External links
Kalamazoo Public Safety Promotional Video
Municipal police departments of Michigan
Fire departments in Michigan
Kalamazoo, Michigan
1983 establishments in Michigan |
Andinotrichoderes is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Andinotrichoderes pellitus.
References
Prioninae |
Vlorë is a city in southwestern Albania on the Adriatic Sea within the Mediterranean Sea.
Vlorë may also refer to:
Vlorë County, an administrative county surrounding Vlorë
Vlorë District, a former administrative district surrounding Vlorë
Bay of Vlorë, a bay where Vlorë is geographically located
Vlorë frank, former currency of Vlorë
See also
Principality of Valona |
On 4 January 1989, two Grumman F-14 Tomcats of the United States Navy shot down two Libyan-operated Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 Floggers which the American aircrews believed were attempting to engage and attack them, as had happened eight years prior during the 1981 Gulf of Sidra incident. The engagement took place over the Mediterranean Sea, about north of Tobruk, Libya.
Background
In 1973, Libya claimed much of the Gulf of Sidra (south of Latitude 31° 30′) as its territorial waters and subsequently declared a "line of death", the crossing of which would invite a military response. The United States did not recognize Libya's territorial claims and continued to challenge the line, leading to military hostilities in August 1981 and March 1986. A terrorist attack in Germany which killed two American soldiers and one Turkish civilian on 5 April 1986 was linked to Libya and prompted the U.S. to carry out retaliatory air strikes against targets in Libya ten days later.
Attempts by Libya to obtain weapons of mass destruction were of great concern to U.S. President Ronald Reagan's administration since it viewed Libya as a state sponsor of terrorism. Tensions between Libya and the U.S. were running high after the latter accused Libya of building a chemical weapons plant near Rabta in the fall of 1988. During a December 1988 press interview, Reagan indicated the potential for military action to destroy the plant. The possibility of a U.S. attack caused Libya to increase its air defenses around Rabta and its state of military readiness throughout the country.
Engagement
On the morning of 4 January 1989, the aircraft carrier was sailing toward the eastern Mediterranean Sea for a scheduled port visit to Haifa, Israel. The carrier was over north of Libya and had aircraft operating roughly north of the country. Aircraft operating from the Kennedy included several flights of A-6 Intruders on exercises south of Crete, two pairs of F-14 Tomcats from VF-14 and VF-32 conducting combat air patrols, and an E-2 Hawkeye from VAW-126 providing airborne early warning and control.
The easternmost combat air patrol station was provided by the two F-14s from VF-32 with aircraft call signs Gypsy 207 (crewed by Commander Joseph Bernard Connelly and Commander Leo F. Enwright in Bureau Number 159610) and Gypsy 202 (crewed by Lieutenant Herman C. Cook III and Lieutenant Commander Steven Patrick Collins in Bureau Number 159437). Although the Kennedy battle group was not operating within the contentious Gulf of Sidra and was away from Rabta, the battle group commander believed Libyan concerns over a U.S. attack increased the likelihood of a confrontation. He gave the American air crews a special briefing emphasizing their rules of engagement.
At 11:55 local time, the airborne E-2 detected two Libyan MiG-23 Floggers taking off from Bomba (Al Bumbah) airfield near Tobruk, and observed them heading north toward the battle group. The two F-14s from VF-32 were directed to intercept the MiG-23s, while the F-14s from VF-14 covered the A-6s as they departed to the north. Using their onboard radars, the intercepting F-14s began tracking the MiG-23s when the Libyan aircraft were away, at an altitude of and traveling at . Unlike some previous aerial encounters in which Libyan pilots were instructed to turn back after detecting an F-14's radar signal sweep their aircraft, the MiG-23s continued to close on the American fighters with a head-on approach.
As both pairs of aircraft converged, the E-2 and other U.S. eavesdropping assets in the area monitored radio communications between the Libyan aircraft and their ground controllers. The Americans listened to the MiG-23s receiving guidance to intercept the F-14s from ground controllers at a radar station in Bomba. This radar station was one of several activated along the Libyan coast to support the MiG-23s.
At 11:58, the F-14s made a left turn, away from the MiG-23s, to initiate a standard intercept. Seven seconds later, the MiG-23s turned back into the American fighters for another head-on approach and were descending in altitude. At this point, the F-14 aircrews began employing tactics to reduce the effectiveness of the MiG-23s' radars and the 12-mile-range () AA-7 Apex missiles they were potentially carrying. The American aircraft started descending from to fly lower than the Libyan fighters. The drop in altitude was meant to prevent the MiG-23s from detecting the F-14s by using ocean clutter to confuse their onboard radars. The American pilots executed another left turn away from the Libyan aircraft during the descent. Moments after the F-14s created a 30-degree offset, the MiG-23s turned to place themselves back into a collision course and accelerated to .
The air warfare commander on the Kennedy gave the American aircrews the authority to fire if they believed the MiG-23s were hostile. The F-14s turned away from the approaching MiG-23s two more times, and each time, the American aircrews saw the Libyan aircraft turn back toward them for a head-on approach. At 12:00:53, the Radar Intercept Officer (RIO) in the lead F-14, Commander Leo Enwright in Gypsy 207, ordered the arming of the AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles on the American fighters, after what he determined was the fifth time the Libyan aircraft turned back toward them.
The American aircrews armed their weapons when the opposing aircraft were less than away, the two groups closing in on each other at a rate of . At a distance of about , the lead F-14 pilot, Commander Joseph Connelly, made a radio call to the carrier group's air warfare commander to see if there was any additional information in regard to the MiG-23s. There was no response to his call. At 12:01:20 and at a range of , Enwright fired an AIM-7, surprising Connelly, who did not expect to see a missile accelerate away from their aircraft. The missile failed to track toward its target. At a distance of about , Enwright launched a second AIM-7, but it also failed to hit its target.
The MiG-23s continued to fly directly toward the American fighters at . The F-14s executed a defensive split, where both aircraft made turns in opposite directions. Both Libyan fighters turned left to pursue the second F-14, Gypsy 202. Connelly prepared Gypsy 207 for a right turn to get behind the MiG-23s as they went after the other American fighter. With the MiG-23s pointed directly at them, the crew of Gypsy 202 fired a third AIM-7 from roughly away and downed one of the Libyan aircraft.
After executing a sharp right turn, Gypsy 207 gained a position in the rear quadrant of the remaining MiG-23. As the Libyan fighter was turning left and from a distance of , Connelly fired an AIM-9 missile, which downed its target. The second MiG-23 was hit by the AIM-9 at 12:02:36. The F-14s descended to an altitude of several hundred feet and returned at high speed to the carrier group. The Libyan pilots were both seen to successfully eject and parachute into the sea, but it is not known whether the Libyan Air Force was able to successfully recover them.
Aftermath
The following day, Libya accused the U.S. of attacking two unarmed reconnaissance planes which were on a routine mission over international waters. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi called for a United Nations emergency session to take up the incident. The U.S. claimed the American aircrews acted in self-defense due to demonstrations of hostile intent by the Libyan aircraft.
Two days after the engagement, the Pentagon released photographs taken from the videotapes on the F-14s which, according to U.S. naval intelligence analysts, showed the lead MiG-23 armed with two AA-7 Apex missiles and two AA-8 Aphid missiles. The AA-7 can be either a semi-active radar-homing missile or an infrared-homing (heat-seeking) missile, and it can be fired at another aircraft from head-on. The imagery was used to prove the Libyan fighters were armed and helped support the U.S. position that the MiG-23s were hostile.
The intent for the Libyan aircraft on 4 January is not known for certain. Gaddafi could have believed the U.S. was preparing for an attack on the chemical facility in Rabta and ordered his military to see if the aircraft offshore were bombers bound for targets in Libya. The possible reasons for the MiG-23s' flight profile range from a deliberate attack against the battle group to a radio breakdown with ground controllers leading to the Libyan fighters merging with the F-14s.
Details released three months after the incident revealed that the MiG-23s never turned on their fire control radars, needed to guide their AA-7 missiles at maximum range. The turns by the Libyan pilots prior to the first missile launch by the F-14s were considered too slight to be hostile, according to U.S. House Armed Services Committee chairman Les Aspin. Despite these findings, Aspin said the self-defense claim by the U.S. was still justified due to the continued acceleration of the MiG-23s as they closed the distance with the F-14s and Libya's history of firing first.
Legacy
F-14 Tomcat Bureau Numbers 159437, 159610
At the request of the National Air and Space Museum, the U.S. Navy provided Bureau Number (BuNo) 159610 to its Udvar-Hazy location near Dulles International Airport. Although Tomcat BuNo 159610 downed the Libyan MiG-23 as a VF-32 F-14A model Tomcat, it returned from that deployment and was entered into the F-14D re-manufacture program, later serving in a precision strike role as a VF-31 F-14D(R).
, BuNo 159437 was still stored at the Aircraft Maintenance and Restoration Group (AMARG) facility at Davis-Monthan AFB. One of eight F-14s remaining in the AMARG complex, it has not been scrapped due to impending museum placement.
In popular culture
Parts of the audio of the engagement were used in the 1992 movie Under Siege and the soundtrack to MicroProse's 1998 video game, Falcon 4.0.
On the American television series JAG, Fictional Pilot Harmon 'Harm' Rabb, Jr. was one of two F-14 pilots in an incident similar to this one, in it Harm shot down a Libyan Air Force MiG-23, disabled another, and forced the third one to return to its base. but it is never made clear if, in the fictional universe of JAG, it replaces or is in addition to the real event.
See also
Hainan Island incident – an incident involving aircraft between the U.S. and China
Operation Odyssey Dawn
Pan Am Flight 103
Ouadi Doum air raid
References
Citations
Bibliography
Gillcrest, Paul T. Tomcat!: The Grumman F-14 Story. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. 1994.
Stanik, Joseph T. El Dorado Canyon: Reagan’s Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2003.
External links
Brief description of the incident
January 16, 1989 Time Europe story, with details of the radio broadcasts and times.
Air aces record
VF-32 photo gallery
Audio recording of the engagement
Libyan Wars, 1980–89, Part 6 – Chemical Reaction, Tom Cooper.
video footage of the incident
Conflicts in 1989
Gulf of Sidra
Cold War military history of the United States
1989 in the United States
1989 in Libya
Air-to-air combat operations and battles
20th-century aircraft shootdown incidents
Military history of Libya
Libya–United States military relations
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1989
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Mediterranean Sea
January 1989 events in Africa |
The 5th Parachute Brigade was an airborne forces formation of brigade strength, raised by the British Army during the Second World War. Created during 1943, the brigade was assigned to the 6th Airborne Division, serving alongside the 3rd Parachute Brigade and the 6th Airlanding Brigade.
The brigade first saw action in the British airborne landings on D-Day Operation Tonga, where it was responsible for capturing the Caen canal and Orne river bridges. The brigade remained in Normandy until September 1944, by which time it had advanced to the mouth of the River Seine. Its next engagement was in reaction to the surprise German offensive in the Ardennes, the Battle of the Bulge. This was followed by Operation Varsity, the last Allied airborne mission of the war. After this, the brigade advanced across Germany, reaching the Baltic Sea by the end of fighting in the European theatre.
The brigade was then sent to India as the division's advance party, but the war ended before it could begin operations. Instead the brigade became involved in disarming the Japanese forces in Malaya and Singapore, to restore British sovereignty. Its last operation was in Java, where it remained until a Dutch force arrived to take over. The brigade then rejoined the 6th Airborne Division, which was serving in Palestine, but was disbanded almost immediately afterwards.
Background
Impressed by the success of German airborne operations during the Battle of France in May–June 1940, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a force of 5,000 parachute troops. As a result, on 22 June 1940, No. 2 Commando assumed parachute duties, and on 21 November was re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing. This later became the 1st Parachute Battalion.
On 21 June 1940 the Central Landing Establishment was formed at Ringway airfield near Manchester. Although tasked primarily with training parachute troops, it was also directed to investigate the use of gliders to transport troops into battle. At the same time, the Ministry of Aircraft Production contracted General Aircraft Ltd to design and produce a glider for this purpose. The result was the General Aircraft Hotspur, an aircraft capable of transporting eight soldiers, that was used for both assault and training purposes.
The success of the first British airborne raid, Operation Colossus, prompted the War Office to expand the airborne force through the creation of the Parachute Regiment, and to develop plans to convert several infantry battalions into parachute and glider battalions. On 31 May 1941, a joint Army and RAF memorandum was approved by the Chiefs-of-Staff and Winston Churchill; it recommended that the British airborne forces should consist of two parachute brigades, one based in England and the other in the Middle East, and that a glider force of 10,000 men should be created.
Formation
On 23 April 1943 the War Office authorised the formation of a second airborne division, which would be numbered the 6th Airborne Division. Under its command the division would have the existing 3rd Parachute Brigade, along with two airlanding battalions transferred from the 1st Airborne Division to form the nucleus of the new 6th Airlanding Brigade. To fill out the division, a new parachute brigade was raised on 1 July by the redesignation of the 72nd Independent Infantry Brigade. Numbered the 5th Parachute Brigade, it was initially commanded by Brigadier Edwin Flavell, but on 5 July he was given command of the Airborne Forces Depot, and Brigadier Nigel Poett took over the brigade. In 1945, while the brigade was serving in the Far East, the brigade's last commander, Brigadier Kenneth Darling, took over from Poett.
The parachute battalions in the brigade were the experienced 7th (Light Infantry), which was transferred from the 3rd Parachute Brigade, and two new parachute battalions, the 12th (Yorkshire) Parachute Battalion and the 13th (Lancashire). These were standard line infantry converted to parachute duties, and had to undergo airborne forces selection and training at the Airborne Forces Deport. On formation, each battalion had an establishment of 556 men in three rifle companies; the companies were divided into a small headquarters and three platoons. Each platoon had three Bren machine guns and three 2-inch mortars, one of each per section. The only heavy weapons in the battalions were a 3 inch mortar platoon and a Vickers machine gun platoon. By 1944 a headquarters or support company was added to the battalion, comprising five platoons: motor transport, signals, mortar, machine-gun and anti-tank. This company had eight 3 inch mortars, four Vickers machine guns, and ten PIAT anti-tank projectors.
The brigade was supported by the 4th Airlanding Anti-Tank Battery from the Royal Artillery. This battery had three troops, equipped with four Ordnance QF 6 pounders each, and provided the brigade's only anti-tank guns. Later in the war, the battery was increased to five troops, three of them retaining the 6 pounder, while the other two had four Ordnance QF 17 pounders each. While the 6 pounder could fit inside the Horsa glider, the size and weight of the 17 pounder and its Morris C8 tractor unit required the larger Hamilcar glider. The 591st (Antrim) Parachute Squadron, Royal Engineers. and the 225th (Parachute) Field Ambulance of the Royal Army Medical Corps completed the brigade formation.
'D' Company, commanded by Major John Howard, from the 2nd Battalion of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (OBLI), of 6th Airlanding Brigade, also served with the brigade for a one off mission in Normandy. At the end of the war, while serving in the Far East, the pathfinders of the 22nd Independent Parachute Company, and the Parachute Platoon from the Light Composite Company, Royal Army Service Corps, were attached to the brigade.
Operational history
From June to December 1943, the brigade prepared for operations as part of the 6th Airborne Division, training at every level from section up to division by day and night. Airborne soldiers were expected to fight against superior numbers of the enemy, who would be equipped with artillery and tanks. Training was therefore designed to encourage a spirit of self-discipline, self-reliance and aggressiveness, with emphasis given to physical fitness, marksmanship and fieldcraft. A large part of the training consisted of assault courses and route marching. Military exercises included capturing and holding airborne bridgeheads, road or rail bridges and coastal fortifications. At the end of most exercises, the troops would march back to their barracks, usually a distance of around . An ability to cover long distances at speed was expected; airborne platoons were required to cover a distance of in 24 hours, and battalions .
In April 1944, under the command of 1st Airborne Corps, the brigade took part in Exercise Mush, in the counties of Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. This was an airborne military exercise spread over three days involving the 1st and 6th Airborne Divisions. Unknown to the men of the 6th Airborne, it was a full-scale rehearsal for the division's involvement in the imminent Normandy invasion. During the invasion, the division's two parachute brigades would land just after midnight on 6 June, while the 6th Airlanding Brigade arrived later in the day just before dark. The division's objective was to secure the left flank of the invasion area, by dominating the high ground in the area between the rivers Orne and Dives. For their part in the operation, the 5th Parachute Brigade had to capture intact the Caen Canal and the River Orne bridges. To assist the brigade in its mission, 'D' Company from the 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry was taken under its command to carry out a coup de main operation on the bridges.
D-Day
Just after midnight on 6 June 1944, six Halifax bombers towing Horsa gliders, with the reinforced 'D' Company from the 2nd Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry on board, crossed the French coast. Shortly afterwards, the tow ropes were released and five of the gliders landed in the strip of land between the Caen Canal and the River Orne. Major John Howard commanded the company for the assault, which in short order captured the Benouville and Ranville bridges intact, for the loss of two dead and several wounded. The intention was for this force to hold the bridges until relieved by the 7th Parachute Battalion. Next, Albemarle bombers carrying the 5th Parachute Brigade's pathfinders, a group from each battalion, and the brigade headquarters started to arrive over the drop zone (DZ). Some planes got lost and failed to reach the DZ or arrived late. Others were damaged before dropping all their paratroops and turned back, and one returned to base after failing to find the drop zone at all.
At 00:50 the brigade started landing at DZ-N, just north of Ranville. Equipment and navigational failures by the RAF pilots and the division's pathfinders resulted in the brigade being scattered all over the countryside. By 02:40 only around 40 per cent of the 7th Parachute Battalion had reached their assembly point. Unable to wait any longer, the battalion headed for the captured bridges, and established a defensive position in Benouville, the division's only position west of the Caen Canal. Most of the 12th Parachute Battalion landed on the eastern edge of the DZ, and only around 60 per cent of the battalion arrived at their assembly point. Their objective was to secure the village of Le Bas de Ranville, which was achieved by 04:00. The 13th Parachute Battalion could also only muster around 60 per cent of its strength on the DZ. This battalion had two objectives; to secure Ranville and to clear the DZ of obstacles for the division's gliders which were to land next.
By daybreak all the brigade's objectives had been secured. To the west of the Caen Canal, the 7th Parachute Battalion was attacked by tanks and armoured vehicles from the 21st Panzer Division. With no heavy weapons available, one Panzer IV that reached the centre of Benouville had to be destroyed using Gammon bombs. The battalion held out all morning against attacks by German tanks and infantry, and around noon the commandos from the 1st Commando Brigade started arriving from Sword beach. The battalion was still being attacked from the south, but the commandos' arrival meant their northern flank was now relatively secure. On the eastern side of the bridges, the 12th Parachute Battalion had been under mortar and artillery fire and was then attacked by the 21st Panzer Division's 125th Panzer Grenadier Regiment, which withdrew after losing a tank; several German infantry were taken prisoner. A second German attack was also stopped, this time assisted by the 4th Airlanding Anti-Tank Battery, which destroyed three self propelled guns and a tank. The 13th Parachute Battalion secured Ranville, which had been held by a company from the German 711th Infantry Division, and was the first French village to be liberated during the landings. This battalion was also attacked by infantry and tanks, three of which were destroyed during the day. At 21:00 the 6th Airlanding Brigade arrived at two landing zones, one on each side of the Orne river. By the end of the day the 12th and 13th Parachute Battalions were still holding Le Bas de Ranville and Ranville. The 7th Parachute Battalion, after being relieved by the 3rd Infantry Division, was now in reserve, dug in along the western side of DZ-N. The 3rd Parachute Brigade was holding a ridge of high ground to the east of the 5th Parachute Brigade, and the 6th Airlanding Brigade were moving into position to their south. The north was covered by the 1st Commando Brigade which was now under the 6th Airborne Division's command.
Orne bridgehead
Because of their positioning, the 5th Parachute Brigade was largely protected by the 6th Airborne Division's other units, and did not suffer from the almost constant German attempts to dislodge the division. However, the 12th Parachute Battalion was attacked on 7 June by seven tanks and an infantry company. The attack was beaten off for the loss of three tanks, but caused several casualties amongst 'A' Company, including the crew of their only supporting 6 pounder anti-tank gun. Later the same day during an attack on the 13th Parachute Battalion, three German self-propelled guns were destroyed, and the next day the battalion destroyed another six attacking tanks. The 12th Battalion, Devonshire Regiment arrived by sea later in the day, and took over the 12th Parachute Battalion's position. The 7th and 12th Parachute Battalions and the 2nd Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry now formed the divisional reserve. Elements from three German formations were responsible for the attacks on the division; the 21st Panzer Division and the 346th and 711th Infantry Divisions.
.
On 10 June a large German force assembled to the south west of Breville and at 09:00 attacked across DZ-N towards the bridges and the 13th Parachute Battalion. Waiting until the enemy were only away, the battalion opened fire. Supported by the mortars and Vickers machine guns of the 7th Parachute Battalion, 'C' Company from the 13th Parachute Battalion started a counterattack which drove the Germans away. The attack had cost the Germans 400 dead and 100 captured. Major-General Richard Nelson Gale, commander of the 6th Airborne Division, decided to try to drive the Germans out of the large woods at Le Mariquet, which were occupied by the 857th Grenadier Regiment, part of the 346th Infantry Division. The operation would be carried out by the 7th Parachute Battalion, supported by Sherman tanks from 'B' Squadron 13th/18th Royal Hussars. Two companies from the battalion entered the woods, while the tanks remained outside giving covering fire. By that evening the woods had been cleared. The cost to the 7th Parachute Battalion was only 10 men wounded, but the Hussars lost seven tanks, with 10 dead and five wounded. The German defenders had 20 men killed, and 100 prisoners were taken.
At the same time, the 3rd Parachute Brigade, supported by the 5th Battalion, Black Watch from the 51st (Highland) Division, were attempting to capture Breville, the only German held village on the high ground overlooking the British positions. By 12 June Breville was still in German hands, and Gale decided on one more attack, this time at night. This would be carried out by his only reserves; the 12th Parachute Battalion, now only 350 men strong, supported by the pathfinder company, a company from the 12th Devonshire Regiment, and a squadron of tanks from the 13th/18th Hussars. The attack would be supported by artillery fire from five regiments of artillery. The assault started at 22:00, and after fighting throughout the night the village was eventually captured. British casualties were heavy; the 12th Parachute Battalion lost 141 men, the Devons another 35. The 12th Parachute Battalion was now reduced to only 55 men in its three rifle companies, plus the Headquarters Company. Some casualties were victims of the British artillery falling short. These included the 12th Parachute Battalion's commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Johnny Johnson, who was killed. The same shell wounded Brigadiers Hugh Kindersley of the airlanding brigade and Lord Lovat of the commandos. The next day, 13 June, the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division crossed the waterways and took over the defence of the southern sector from the airlanding brigade. This, and the assignment of the 4th Special Service Brigade to the division, allowed one brigade at a time to go into reserve to rest. The first brigade withdrawn was the 3rd, and the 5th Parachute Brigade took over their positions on the ridge of high ground, between the 1st Special Service Brigade in the north and the Highland Division in the south.
Advance to the Seine
After the capture of Breville the division was not attacked in force again, apart from an almost continuous artillery bombardment between 18 and 20 June. Further reinforcements arrived east of the River Orne on 20 July, when the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division moved into the line between the 6th Airborne and the 51st (Highland) Division. On 7 August Gale was ordered to prepare the division to move over to the offensive, with its objective being the mouth of the River Seine. The three divisions east of the Orne together became I Corps; its commander, Lieutenant General John Crocker, knowing that the 6th Airborne had almost no artillery, vehicles or engineer equipment, did not expect it to advance very quickly. To reach the Seine, the division would have to cross three major rivers. There were two main lines of advance, the road running along the coast and another road further inland from Troarn to Pont Audemer. The commando brigade and the two parachute brigades would use the inland route, with the 3rd Parachute Brigade being responsible for the breakout when the time was right.
On 17 August the Germans began to withdraw, and the 3rd Parachute Brigade started their attack at 03:00. By 18 August the brigade had crossed the River Dives and reached the outskirts of Goustranville. Here they halted, and the 5th Parachute Brigade took over the attack, their first objective being the village of Putot en Auge.
The 7th Parachute Battalion were to secure the ground to the east of the village. Delayed on the way, they ambushed a column of Germans advancing on them, before securing their objective. The 13th Parachute Battalion, which had been under fire for three hours, dashed across of open land into cover at the base of Hill 13. Then 'A' and 'B' Companies fixed bayonets and charged up the hill. Simultaneously, a German battalion, which had just arrived to reinforce the defenders, counterattacked causing several casualties. The two companies were forced to withdraw, closely followed by the enemy. The German counter-attack was halted by an artillery barrage, and Putot en Auge was captured by the combined forces of the 7th and 12th Parachute Battalions. They also took 120 German prisoners. The 3rd Parachute Brigade then resumed the advance towards Pont-l'Évêque on the River Touques. They were held up capturing Annebault, and the 5th Parachute Brigade moved to the front again, reaching Pont-l'Évêque at 12:00 on 22 August.
The River Touques has two branches running through the town, and the 13th Parachute Battalion were given the objective of establishing a bridgehead across the river. The battalion reached and safely crossed the westernmost branch, but heavy German resistance prevented them from securing the main part of the town. Overnight a patrol managed to cross the eastern branch, using a girder that had been left spanning the river when the bridge had been blown up. The patrol was then reinforced by 'A' and 'B' Companies, and fought a three-hour battle trying to form a bridgehead. They were then withdrawn back across the river, where the 7th Parachute Battalion had dug in to form a defensive position. At the same time, the 12th Parachute Battalion had tried to cross the river using fords to secure Saint Julien and the nearby railway embankment. They, too, were stopped by heavy German fire, which pinned them down on the embankment, inflicting significant casualties; 16 dead and 50 wounded. As they were unable to proceed, brigade headquarters called off their attack, but the battalion had to wait until dark to pull back. The next day, 24 August, a patrol from the 7th Parachute Battalion discovered that the Germans had withdrawn during the night. The whole brigade crossed the river and advanced unopposed to Bourg, which was secured after a brief fight. The brigade was halted again and the commandos of 1st Special Service Brigade took over the lead. On 26 August, to provide some mobility, the Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade was placed under the brigade's command. Together with the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment, they headed for Pont Audmer, which was the brigade's final objective. The Dutch were ordered to move with all speed, but arrived 20 minutes after the retreating Germans had blown up the bridge across the River Seine, and just before the 7th Parachute Battalion arrived by foot.
In nine days of fighting the 6th Airborne Division had advanced , despite, as the divisional commander Major-General Gale put it, his infantry units being "quite inadequately equipped for a rapid pursuit,". They had captured of enemy held territory, and taken over 1,000 prisoners. Since landing on 6 June the division's casualties were 4,457, of which 821 were killed, 2,709 wounded and 927 missing. The 5th Parachute Brigade had 268 killed during the campaign. The division was withdrawn from France, and embarked for England at the beginning of September.
Ardennes
In England the division went into a period of recruitment and training, concentrating on house-to-house street fighting in the bombed areas of Southampton and Birmingham. The training programme culminated in Exercise Eve, an assault on the River Thames, which was intended to simulate the River Rhine in Germany.
By December 1944 the brigade was preparing for Christmas leave, when news of the German offensive in the Ardennes broke. As part of the First Allied Airborne Army, 6th Airborne Division was available as a component of the strategic reserve for the Allied forces in northwest Europe. The other two divisions available in reserve, the American 82nd and 101st Airborne, were already at Rheims in northern France, and the 6th Airborne was sent by sea to Belgium to assist the defence. With 29 German and 33 Allied divisions involved, the Battle of the Bulge was the largest single battle on the Western Front during the war. On Christmas Day the division moved up to take position in front of the spearhead of the German advance; by Boxing Day they had reached their allocated places in the defensive line between Dinant and Namur. The 3rd Parachute Brigade were on the left, 5th Parachute Brigade on the right, and the 6th Airlanding Brigade in reserve. By the time they arrived in position the German advance had faltered.
The 5th Parachute Brigade was ordered towards Grupont, south of Rochefort, and on 3 January became involved in the division's only fighting in the Ardennes. By 13:30 the 13th Parachute Battalion had covered and was in position to assault the village of Bure. The battalion had been observed by the Germans, and was met with heavy fire as their attack started. The battalion's 'A' Company made for the village, while 'B' Company attempted to secure the heights overlooking it. 'B' Company, faced with infantry supported by tanks and artillery, suffered heavy casualties, and was reduced to 21 men by nightfall. By 17:00 'A' Company had secured around half the village, and were joined by 'C' Company. Over the following day the Germans launched fifteen separate assaults to try to retake the village, but the battalion held out. With reinforcements from 'C' Company of the 2nd Ox and Bucks, the remainder of the village was captured. The battalion was then ordered to withdraw; the battle had cost them 68 dead and 121 wounded. At the same time, the 7th Parachute Battalion was attacking the village of Wavreille, which was defended by around a hundred infantry with tank and artillery support. The village was captured with minimal casualties.
Over the next days the German advance was halted and forced back, until at the end of January 1945, the brigade moved into the Netherlands. Here the division was made responsible for the area along the River Maas, between Venlo and Roermond. The brigade carried out patrols, on both sides of the river, against their opponents from the 7th Parachute Division. Near the end of February the division returned to England to prepare for another airborne mission, to cross the River Rhine into Germany.
Germany
Whereas all other Allied airborne landings had been a surprise for the Germans, the Rhine crossing was expected and their defences were reinforced in anticipation. The airborne operation was preceded by a two-day round-the-clock bombing mission by the Allied air forces. Then on 23 March 3,500 artillery guns targeted the German positions. At dusk Operation Plunder, an assault river crossing of the Rhine by the 21st Army Group, began. For their part in Operation Varsity, the 6th Airborne Division was assigned to the American XVIII Airborne Corps alongside the US 17th Airborne Division.
Both airborne divisions began landing at the same time, 10:00 on 24 March 1945. The 6th Airborne were to protect the northern part of the landing area; they had six drop zones around the town of Hamminkeln. The plan was for them to secure the town, the high ground east of the village of Bergen, and bridges across the river IJssel. The 5th Parachute Brigade would land on the northernmost DZ, DZ-B, and hold the area east of the Wesel railway line.
The brigade arrived in the second wave of aircraft, after the 3rd Parachute Brigade, and the German anti-aircraft gunners were waiting for them. The parachute descent was made under fire, and the DZ itself was also subjected to artillery and mortar fire. The 7th Parachute Battalion suffered casualties from air burst artillery shells. Their section of the DZ was only from a battery of German 88 mm guns, which also targeted the brigade headquarters and the assembly areas of the 12th Parachute Battalion. The 7th Parachute Battalion secured the DZ, while the 12th and 13th Parachute Battalions headed for the brigade objective, the road from the DZ to Hamminkeln. By 15:00, despite fierce opposition, the brigade had secured its objectives, with a large number of prisoners taken, but had suffered around 700 casualties. Casualties for the division as a whole were 347 dead and 731 wounded. That night, the division was ordered to prepare to advance east into Germany from 26 March, when they were to be relieved by troops from the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division.
On 27 March the brigade led the division's advance. Their first objective, the village of Brünen, was unoccupied, so they pressed on to the next village, Erle, by that evening. The 7th Parachute Battalion was ordered to attack what was believed to be three self-propelled guns on the village outskirts, while the 13th Parachute Battalion captured the nearby high ground. As the 7th Parachute Battalion's leading platoon approached the guns, they were met with heavy fire from anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns. The battalion was forced to take cover and was unable to move forward; but when darkness came, they advanced and seized the position, capturing 60 prisoners, one anti-tank gun, 11 anti-aircraft guns and several light machine guns. Elsewhere, the 13th Parachute Battalion had captured the high ground and the 12th Parachute Battalion had moved across country, and were ready to assault Erle once daylight came. They attacked at dawn, and captured the village after a 15-minute fight. The brigade held these positions while the rest of the division passed through them to continue the advance. They then resumed the lead after the division crossed the Dortmund–Ems Canal towards Osnabrück, fighting several small engagements on the way. After the River Weser, the brigade again assumed the lead towards Leine. Supported by tanks from the 4th Armoured Battalion, Grenadier Guards, they captured two bridges at Bordenau and Neustadt, and fought a small battle at Wunstorf airfield. On 7 April the brigade was informed that they were the lead formation of 21st Army Group, having advanced further into Germany than any of its other units.
The 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division then took over from the 6th Airborne Division as the lead formation until 30 April when the airborne division once more resumed the advance, crossing the River Elbe over a bridge captured by the Scottish. The division's objective was Wismar on the Baltic Sea; the two parachute brigades advanced on separate routes to Gadebusch, aware that the brigade to arrive first would continue as the division's lead formation. By this stage of the war the advance was hampered more by refugees fleeing westwards than by any organised opposition. The 3rd Parachute Brigade won the race and led the division to Wismar, arriving on 1 May only 30 minutes before the lead troops of the Soviet Red Army advancing from the east. While the rest of the brigade remained at Wismar, 'B' Company of the 13th Parachute Battalion were sent to Denmark to liberate Copenhagen, arriving on 5 May. They remained in Copenhagen until the 1st Parachute Brigade arrived from England to relieve them.
Far East
Now that the war in Europe was over, plans were made to form an airborne corps comprising the 6th Airborne Division and 44th Indian Airborne Division for service against Japanese forces in the Far East. The corps would be used in operations to recapture Malaya and Singapore. The division's advance party, based partly on the 5th Parachute Brigade, arrived in India in July 1945. The brigade travelled ahead of the rest of the division as it had been intended to use them for Operation Zipper, an independent mission in Burma. They would have landed in Malaya, between Singapore and the Japanese forces in Burma. Reinforcements would then arrive by sea and attack northwards and southwards, while the brigade carried out another airborne landing on Singapore itself. However, following the Japanese surrender, all these plans changed, and the remainder of the 6th Airborne Division were sent to Palestine. Instead of carrying out an airborne landing, the 5th Parachute Brigade travelled by sea, leaving Bombay on 9 September and arriving at Morib in Malaya on 17 September. Only the 7th and 12th Parachute battalions landed, and they re-embarked the next day to sail for Singapore as part of Operation Tiderace; they arrived on 21 September. The brigade, now part of XV Corps, became the island's garrison. In December the 23rd Indian Infantry Division was sent from Seremban to Java, and the brigade was moved to replace them.
By 17 December the situation in Java had worsened, and the brigade was moved again, sent as reinforcements to assist the Indian division. They arrived at Batavia three days later. The brigade's mission was to restore law and order and disarm the Japanese military forces in the area. They were told to expect to remain in Java until relieved by units of the Royal Netherlands Army. Under the command of the 23rd Indian Infantry Division, the brigade carried out Operation Pounce, clearing the town and surrounding region of dissidents. In January 1946 they were moved to garrison Semarang.
At the time Semarang had a population of around 210,000, a mixture of Indonesians, Chinese, Koreans, Dutch and Japanese. During the fighting before the brigade's arrival considerable damage had been caused to the town's infrastructure. There were no public utilities or medical services, food or water, so the brigade's engineers and medics were tasked to rectify the situation. To protect the inhabitants, the brigade's three battalions established a defensive perimeter around the outskirts of the town. Their main concern was Indonesian nationalists whose stated aim was to "slaughter all the Dutch and Chinese". To assist with security, a Japanese battalion was rearmed and given a sector of the defences to man. The 4th Anti-Tank Battery carried out patrols inside the town limits, while the Royal Army Service Corps platoon distributed food supplies. The brigade remained in Semarang until relieved by the Dutch 'T' Brigade Group on 26 April 1946, and then returned to Singapore.
Mutiny and disbandment
On their return from Java, the 13th Parachute Battalion was stationed at Muar Camp in Malaya. The camp consisted of tents with no electricity, and no facilities for washing, cooking or recreation. Unhappy with the conditions, at 07:00 on 14 May around 260 privates grouped together and refused to disperse when ordered to do so by the orderly officer. The commanding officer then spoke to the men and ordered them to return to duty, which they again refused to do. That afternoon the commanding general arrived and spoke to them. They were then ordered to fall in and when they failed to comply, 258 men were taken into military custody. A Court of Inquiry was held which decided the 258 men were to stand trial for mutiny. In the trial, three men were acquitted, eight were sentenced to five years' penal servitude and discharged from the army, and the rest were given two years imprisonment with hard labour and discharged. Two days after sentencing, the Secretary of State for War quashed all the convictions, stating that the Judge Advocate-General had advised him that there were, "a number of irregularities of a substantial nature which may well have prejudiced the accused individually. These irregularities in his opinion rendered the trial as a whole so unsatisfactory that the convictions ought not to be allowed to stand."
The brigade spent two months in Malaya, before being ordered to rejoin the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine. The 13th Parachute Battalion was disbanded before leaving Malaya, and the remainder of the brigade arrived at Nathanya in Palestine on 5 August 1946. Shortly after disembarking, orders were received that the brigade was to be disbanded. Of the two remaining parachute battalions, the 7th was amalgamated with the 17th Parachute Battalion, retaining the number of the senior battalion, and the 12th Parachute Battalion was disbanded. Any men not immediately demobbed were distributed among the other battalions in the division. On 13 September, the 22nd Independent Parachute Company, no longer part of the brigade by this time, was also disbanded.
Territorial Army
In 1947, a new 5th Parachute Brigade (Territorial) was raised as part of the Territorial Army and assigned to the 16th Airborne Division. It comprised the 12th Battalion Parachute Regiment, the 17th Battalion Parachute Regiment and the 18th Battalion, Parachute Regiment. In 1950, the brigade was renumbered the 45th Parachute Brigade (TA).
Order of battle
Commanders
Brigadier Edwin Flavell
Brigadier Nigel Poett
Brigadier Kenneth Darling
Units – Europe
7th Parachute Battalion
12th Parachute Battalion
13th Parachute Battalion
'D' Company, 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
225th Parachute Field Ambulance, Royal Army Medical Corps
4th Airlanding Anti-Tank Battery, Royal Artillery
591st (Antrim) Parachute Squadron, Royal Engineers
Units – Far East
7th Parachute Battalion
12th Parachute Battalion
13th Parachute Battalion
225th Parachute Field Ambulance, Royal Army Medical Corps
4th Airlanding Anti-Tank Battery, Royal Artillery
22nd Independent Parachute Company, Army Air Corps
591st (Antrim) Parachute Squadron, Royal Engineers
Parachute Platoon, Light Composite Company, Royal Army Service Corps
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)
Airborne infantry brigades of the British Army in World War II
UK Parachute Brigade
Parachute Brigade UK 5
Parachute Brigade UK 5
Parachute Brigade 05
Parachute Brigade UK 5
Parachute Brigade UK 5 |
"Front Back" is a song by American hip hop recording artist T.I., taken from his fourth studio album King (2006). The song was produced by Mannie Fresh, who also shares co-writing credits alongside Pimp C, Bun B, T.I., Ice Cube, The Meters, Freddie Southwell, Eazy-E and Dr. Dre. The song, which features Southern hip hop duo UGK, samples and embodies portions of the duo's 1994 single "Front, Back, Side to Side", from their second album Super Tight. The song was featured in the trailer for the 2006 film ATL, starring T.I..
Music video
The music video, directed by Dr. Teeth, was filmed in Houston, Texas in October 2005.
The video contains cameo appearances by Big Kuntry King, Slim Thug, DJ Drama, Young Dro, Lil Keke, TV Johnny and P$C. DJ Drama can be heard throughout the whole video, while not on the audio version.
Charts
References
2005 singles
Grand Hustle Records singles
T.I. songs
UGK songs
Songs written by Dr. Dre
Songs written by T.I.
Song recordings produced by Mannie Fresh
Atlantic Records singles
Songs written by Ice Cube
Songs written by Mannie Fresh
Songs written by Bun B
Songs written by Pimp C |
Bartolommeo Caravoglia (active 1645–1682) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. Born in Crescentino, Piedmont, he is said to have been a pupil of Guercino. He painted a Miracle of the Eucharist for the church of the Corpus Domini in Turin.
Biography
Bartolommeo Caravoglia is thought to have been born in Marentino around 1616. Records show that he worked at the ducal court of Turin from 1644, where the rector of the Jesuit College introduced him to Christine of France, who made him one of the most leading artistic figures at the Savoy Court. His apprenticeship was complex, being variously influenced (from Neapolitan art to Guercino's painting). From 1645, he produced a series of works (now lost) at the Castle of Rivoli, which he worked on intermittently until 1664. He worked in the Palazzo San Giovanni in 1650 and decorated the Cappella della Compagnia di San Luca in the Turin Cathedral in 1655. In the same year, he became assistant director of the Accademia di San Luca, and was subsequently made director in 1659. From 1660-63, Caravoglia worked on the new decoration of the Royal Palace of Turin, where he produced some paintings for the Sala delle Principesse, based on an iconographic plan conceived by Emanuele Tesauro to celebrate the marriages of members of the House of Savoy to foreign consorts. These paintings, which have been partially lost, were strongly influenced by the style of the painter Jan Miel, who had been summoned to Turin a few years earlier through a refined exchange between the ducal court and the Roman cultural world. In the Diana room of the Venaria residence, Caravoglia painted a double equestrian portrait of two women (now lost), which, along with similar works by Jan Miel and Charles Dauphin, reflected the new trends in celebrity iconography developed by Caravoglia on the basis of Flemish models. In 1663, the artist joined the Compagnia di San Paolo, where he received more commissions to decorate the old Oratory than any of his contemporaries. Indeed , in the years that followed, he painted no less than seven scenes here: St. Paul and Ananias, St. Paul at the Holy Communion, St. Paul at the death of the Virgin, St. Paul led to execution, The decapitation of St. Paul and the crucifixion of St. Peter, St. Paul and St. Thecla and St. Paul exorcizes a possessed man. The works in this cycle are visibly influenced by the religious rhetoric of Charles Dauphin, with whom Caravoglia had worked at the Royal Palace. In addition to the works at the Royal Palace, Caravoglia collaborated with Dauphin over three paintings for the Cathedral of Turin between 1655 and 1663. Church commissions dominated Caravoglia's work towards the end of his career, both in Turin, where he painted the Miracle of the Eucharist in the church of Corpus Domini, reputedly dating from as early as 1667, and in Cuneo, where he painted his splendid Circumcision in the church of Santa Maria in 1645. Two paintings in the cathedral of Cuneo have recently been attributed to Caravoglia. These are The death of St. Joseph, previously attributed to Nuvolone, and Job derided. Caravoglia also painted countless paintings for minor centres and in the Vercelli area (The Virgin and saints, 1667, church of SS. Francesco e Bernardino, Cavaglià; Circumcision, 1675, church of San Bernardino, Crescentino; Christ on the cross, 1676, Confraternita della Misericordia, Livorno Ferraris). This suggests that the artist may have run a second workshop in Vercelli alongside the one in Turin. Caravoglia died in Turin in 1691.
References
External links
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Piedmont
Italian Baroque painters
People from Crescentino |
Aleksandr Nikiforovich Aksyonov (, , Aleksandr Aksionau; 9 October 1924 – 8 September 2009) was a Soviet politician and diplomat from Belarus. Aksyonov served as the Prime Minister of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic from 11 December 1978, until 8 July 1983. He later became the Soviet Ambassador to Poland from 1983–86.
Aksyonov died on 8 September 2009, at the age of 84.
References
1924 births
2009 deaths
People from Vietka District
Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Seventh convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Eighth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Ninth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Tenth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Byelorussia
Heads of government of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
People's Commissars for Internal Affairs of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1955–1959)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1959–1962)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1962–1966)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1971–1974)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1975–1979)
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR (1980–1985)
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Poland |
Norvell may refer to:
Congo Norvell, musical group
Norvell (name)
Norvell House, Seattle, Washington
Norvell Township, Michigan
USCGC Margaret Norvell, ship |
"No Estoy Sola" is a song recorded by Argentine singer Lali. The track appears on A Bailar (2014), her debut studio album. The song was written by Lali, Peter Akselrad, Luis Burgio, Gustavo Novello, and produced by 3musica. The song was released on March 25, 2015, along with the digital release of A Bailar.
Live performances
On August 8, 2014, Lali performed "No Estoy Sola" at the charity TV special Un sol para los chicos, where she also performed "Histeria and "A Bailar". The song was included on the set list of her A Bailar Tour.
Music video
A music video was shot in order to support the performances of the song during the A Bailar Tour. The video shows Lali's family, as well as a lot of fans and her boyfriend at that moment, Benjamín Amadeo. It was directed by Juan Ripari, from the production company Cinemática Films. The music video was included on the deluxe edition of A Bailar, which was released in December, 2014.
References
2014 songs
Lali Espósito songs
Songs written by Gustavo Novello
Songs written by Pablo Akselrad
Songs written by Lali Espósito |
Sung Ching-yang (; ; born 18 October 1992) is a Taiwanese inline speed skater and long track speed skater who specialises in the sprint distances. In international competitions he competes under the flag of Chinese Taipei.
At the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, Sung won two gold medals in roller sports, winning both the 300 metres time trial and the 500 metres sprint.
In ice skating Sung participated in the 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – Men's 500 metres and 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – Men's 1000 metres and has represented Chinese Taipei at the 2014 Winter Olympics in both events in Sochi. In December 2013 he won a bronze medal at the 1000 metres at the 2013 Winter Universiade speed skating.
Ching-Yang became the first speed skater to represent his country at the Winter Olympics (in 2014). In 2017 he was named to Chinese Taipei's team at the 2017 Asian Winter Games in Sapporo, Japan.
Personal bests in speed skating
Sungs personal bests on the 500 and 1000 metres in long track speed skating are also national records for Taiwan.
References
1992 births
Living people
Taiwanese male speed skaters
Inline speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Taiwan
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in roller sports
Asian Games gold medalists for Chinese Taipei
Roller skaters at the 2010 Asian Games
Speed skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Universiade medalists in speed skating
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Chinese Taipei
Competitors at the 2013 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 2017 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2017 Summer Universiade
21st-century Taiwanese people |
Peter Bermel (born 25 June 1967) is a retired German swimmer who won a bronze medal at the 1985 European Aquatics Championships. He also competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and finished fifth and eights in the 200 m and 400 m medley events, respectively.
Bermel started swimming in a club at age 4-5 and by 13 was a member of the national junior team. In 1983 he won the European Youth Championships in medley and backstroke events. In 1991, after qualifying for the World Cup in Australia he retired from competitive swimming. By 2000, he returned to the pool to compete in the masters category. This was a difficult task as he started smoking and gained weight up to 112 kg, but he quickly shed 20 kg by training.
He is a married to Monika and has a son, Thore (b. 1998), and a daughter, Lena-Sophie (b. 1996). Both children are competitive swimmers, and Lena-Sophie already won a silver medal at the European Junior Swimming Championships in Antwerp (2012). They live in Elmshorn.
References
1967 births
German male swimmers
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for West Germany
Living people
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Male medley swimmers
Sportspeople from Hamburg
20th-century German people
21st-century German people |
Aurelio Espinosa Pólit (Quito, July 11, 1894 – February 21, 1961) was an Ecuadorian writer, poet, literary critic, and university professor. He co-founded the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, and he founded the Aurelio Espinosa Polit Museum and Library in Quito.
He was a Jesuit priest, in the religious order Society of Jesus. He worked on more than 600 pieces and books in his lifetime, and was a renowned translator. He translated into Spanish the complete works of the Latin poets Virgil and Horacio and the Greek playwright Sophocles. He was the first rector of the Pontifical Catholic University, where he also taught Greek language and Greek literature. He was well-versed in Latin and Greek, and spoke English, French, Spanish, and Italian fluently.
The Aurelio Espinosa Pólit Prize, a leading literary prize in Ecuador, is named after him.
Works
Essays
Virgilio, el poeta y su misión providencial (Quito, 1932)
Sófocles. Edipo Rey en verso castellano (Quito, 1935–1945)
Dieciocho clases de literatura (Quito, 1947)
El Lebrel del Cielo de Francis Thompson. Semblanza, versión poética y comentario (Quito, 1948)
Posiciones católicas en educación (Quito, 1953)
Temas ecuatorianos (Quito, 1954)
Gramática Latina y escritos complementarios (Quito, 1958)
Curso de cultura superior religiosa (Quito, 1958)
Los dos primeros poetas coloniales ecuatorianos, siglos XVII y XVIII: Antonio de Bastidas y Juan Bautista Aguirre (Puebla, 1959)
Síntesis virgiliana (Quito, 1960)
Epistolario de José Joaquín de Olmedo (Puebla, 1960)
Poesía y prosa de José Joaquín de Olmedo (Puebla, 1960)
Los jesuitas quiteños del extrañamiento (Puebla, 1960)
Bucólicas, Geórgicas y Eneida. (México, 1961)
Trozos selectos de autores ecuatorianos (Quito, 1962).
La Cooperación de los padres en la educación
Los Clásicos de la Literatura ecuatoriana
La dicha en que vivimo (1940)
Formación de la Juventud (1947)
Dieciocho clases de Literatura (1947)
Reseña histórica del Himno Nacional Ecuatoriano (1948)
El Himno Nacional de Juan León Mera
Olmedo en la Historia y en las Letras
Edición crítica de la vida de Santa Mariana de Jesús del P. Jacinto Moran de Butrón
Santa Mariana de Jesús, hija de la Compañía de Jesús, estudio histórico ascético de su espiritualidad
Alzando el velo del silencio, vida meditada, de San José
José María Egas, una voz renovada en la poesía ecuatoriana (1963
* Eminente promotor de las obras del mejor poeta ambiental, sacerdotal y humano del Ecuador el Dr. Carlos Suarez Veintimilla.
Translations
Virgilio en verso castellano
Siete poesías sagradas de Florence Bennett Anderson (1937)
Poetry
Del mismo laúd (1914)
Alma adentro (1938)
Estaciones y cristofanías (1944)
La fuente intermitente (1946).
Biography
Olmedo en la historia y en las letras. Siete estudios (Quito, 1955)
Santa Mariana de Jesús, hija de la Compañía de Jesús (Quito, 1956)
References
1894 births
1961 deaths
Ecuadorian male writers
Writers from Quito
Ecuadorian Jesuits
Academic staff of the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador
20th-century Roman Catholic priests
Translators of Virgil |
Xu Delong (; August 1952 – 21 September 2018) was a Chinese materials scientist and a leading authority in silicate research and engineering. He was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), and served as Vice President of the CAE and President of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology.
Biography
Xu was born in Lanzhou, Gansu, China in August 1952. He graduated from Xi'an Institute of Metallurgy and Architecture (now Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology) in 1976. He earned his master's degree in inorganic, non-metallic materials science from Nanjing Institute of Chemical Technology (now Nanjing Tech University) in 1983, and his Ph.D. in iron and steel metallurgy from Northeastern University (China) in 1996.
Xu pioneered a number of technical innovations which have been widely used in cement production and iron and steel metallurgy. In 2003, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He also served as vice president of the CAE and president of his alma mater, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology. He was elected a member of the 12th National People's Congress. He won many national, provincial, and ministerial prizes for his innovations.
Xu died on 21 September 2018 in Beijing, aged 66.
References
1952 births
2018 deaths
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Northeastern University (China) alumni
Delegates to the 12th National People's Congress
Chinese materials scientists
Scientists from Gansu
People from Lanzhou |
Hay Superstar / Hye Superstar (Հայ Սուպերսթար) is the Armenian version of the British television hit show Pop Idol. It is a talent contest to find the best young singer in Armenia.
Summary
Season 1 (2006)
Auditions were held in Gyumri; Vanadzor; Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Yerevan. The panel of judges for the show consists of Michael Poghosyan, Egor Glumov and Naira Gurjianyan.
The first season was aired on Shant from March to late July 2006, the second season started in November 2006 to early April 2007. Season three ran exactly one year later. After a break of one year, the competition returned with a fourth season from November 2009 to March 2010.
The first ever season of Hay Superstar was won by Susanna Petrosyan. Anna Avetyan was the runner-up. Mihran Tsarukyan, who was among the final two contestants, was eliminated on suspicion of having manipulated the televote in his favour. The elimination rounds went on from March to July 2006.
Participants and dates of elimination
Susanna Petrosyan- Winner
Anna Avetyan - July 30, 2006
Mihran Tsarukyan - July 23, 2006 /to leave voluntarily./
Lilit Hovhannisyan - July 3, 2006
Astghik Safaryan - June 26, 2006
Mariam Movsisyan - June 12, 2006
Narine Davtyan - June 5, 2006
Emilia Zaqaryan - May 29, 2006
Tatevik Hayrapetyan - May 22, 2006
Lilit Ter-Vardanyan - May 15, 2006
Elimination chart:
Season 2 (2006-2007)
The second season was broadcast starting 20 November 2006, with eliminations starting on Christmas Day of that same year. The final was on 8 April 2007. The winner was Lusine Aghabekyan, with Nare Gevorgyan runner-up and Hasmik Papyan third.
Participants and date of elimination
Lusine Aghabekyan - Winner
Nare Gevorgyan - April 8, 2007
Hasmik Papyan - March 19, 2007
Jivan Khachatryan - March 12, 2007
Heghine Shahumyan - March 5, 2007
Anna Kostanyan - February 26, 2007
Hayk Martirosyan - February 19, 2007
Suzanna Ghazaryan - February 5, 2007
Grigor Kyokchyan - January 29, 2007
Seda Hoinanyan - January 22, 2007
Liana Margaryan - January 15, 2007
Marina Kartashyan - December 25, 2006
Tigran Hovhannisyan - December 25, 2006
Themes:
December 25: Beatles Songs
January 15: Last Decade Hits
January 22: Russian Songs
January 29: Armenian Patriotism
February 5: Love Songs
February 19: 70s Hits
February 26: Armenian 80s Hits
March 5: Pop & Rock Songs
March 12: Armenian Classics
March 19: Solos & Duets
March 26: Final
Season 3 (2007-2008)
The third season of Hay Superstar was broadcast on 1 December 2007 with the finals broadcast on April 7, 2008. The winner was Lusi Harutunyan.
Participants and dates of elimination
Lusi Harutunyan - Winner
Anahit Manasyan - April 7, 2008
Sevak Xachatryan - March 25, 2008
Diana Ser-Manukyan - March 18, 2008
Hakob Chobanyan - March 11, 2008
Meri Kopushyan - February 25, 2008
Luse Saghatelyan - February 11, 2008
Ani Berberyan - February 4, 2008
Narine Dovlatyan - January 28, 2008
Diana Grigoryan - January 28, 2008
Siranush Manwelyan - January 21, 2008
Tatevik Poghosyan - January 21, 2008
Tatevik Anesyan - January 14, 2008
Viktoria Arutyunyan - January 14, 2008
Themes:
January 14: Modern Pop Songs
January 21: Russian Songs
January 28: Armenian 70 & 80s Hits
February 4: N/A
February 11: N/A
February 25: Duets with Armenian Stars
March 11: National Songs of Ashughs
March 18: N/A
March 25: N/A
April 7: Final
Elimination chart:
Season 4 (2009-2010)
After broadcasts were suspended for a full year, Hay Superstar returned for a fourth season by the late 2000s. The first broadcast was on 9 November 2009 and elimination rounds started on 14 December 2009. The season ended in March 2010.
List of participants eliminated with dates of elimination
Raffi Ohanyan - Winner
Raysa Avanesyan - 14 March 2010
Suren Arustamyan - 1 March 2010
Gor Harutunyan - 22 February 2010
Iveta Mukuchyan - 15 February 2010
Hayk Petrosyan - 8 February 2010
Mariam Avetisyan - 1 February 2010
Pareli Amirxanyan - 25 January 2010
Eva Khazaryan - 18 January 2010
Yulya Zakarian - 28 December 2009
Anna Dovlatian - 21 December 2009
Meline Apoyan - 21 December 2009
Senik Barseghyan - 14 December 2009
Syuzanna Melqonyan - 14 December 2009
Themes:
December 14: N/A
December 21: 80 & 90s Hits
December 28: Elvis Presley and The Beatles songs
January 18: Pop rock
January 25: Patriotic songs
February 1: N/A
February 8: Armenian rock and pop-rock
February 15: Love Day
February 22: Armenian Variety Art & Folk Songs
Elimination chart
After it was announced that Meline Apoyan and Suren Arustamyan were voted out, Anna quit the show by her own decision. So, Suren returned to the show according to the decision of 2 members of the jury Naira Gyurjinyan and Egor Glumov and the producer Andre Simonyan.
After the announcement that Mariam Avetisyan was voted out, Pareli quit the show due to personal problems in Iran. Mariam returned to the show by decision of the producers' staff.
Season 5 (2011)
After broadcasts were suspended for a full year, Hay Superstar returned for a fifth season in October 2011. Audition rounds started being broadcast on 16 October 2011.
The live shows will be broadcast are on Sundays at 20:10 and there are three weekly diary shows on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays at 16:45.
The jury for season 5 are singer-songwriters André and Leila Saribekyan, presenter Avet Barsekhyan and actor, writer, director producer Garik Baboyan.
Elimination chart
References in Popular Media
Moe Szyslak of The Simpsons referenced Hay Superstar as "Armenian Idol" and mentioned Egor Glumov in episode 23 of season 21, titled "Judge Me Tender", which aired on May 23, 2010.
See also
X-Factor (Armenia)
References
Idols (franchise)
Armenian reality television series
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Armenian music television series
Non-British television series based on British television series
2006 Armenian television series debuts
2000s Armenian television series
2011 Armenian television series endings
2010s Armenian television series
Shant TV original programming
Television shows filmed in Armenia |
Rasin, also known as Haitian roots music, is a musical style that began in Haiti in the 1970s when musicians began combining elements of traditional Haitian Vodou ceremonial and folkloric music with various musical styles. The late 20th century style of this music links to the roots of Vodou tradition, where it came to be known as mizik rasin later in Haitian Creole. Modern-day, the movement is often referred to simply as "rasin" or "racine" (in French).
Characteristics
Rasin bands combine the Vodou ceremonial and folk music traditions with various musical styles. The Haitian Vodou musical tradition includes "cool" rada rhythms often associated with Africa and the "hot" petro rhythms that speak of a New World, and rasin bands incorporate both styles in their music, although rarely in the same song. On top of the basic horn and drum rhythms, melodies are layered that include structure from rock and roll and jazz. Rasin instrumentation can include a variety of drums (including distinct rada and petro styles), rara horns, electronic keyboards, electronic drums, electric guitars, an electric bass, one or more vocalists, and other percussionists.
Most rasin song lyrics are written in Creole and often incorporate traditional Vodou ceremonial lyrics or poetry. Songs can speak to traditional Vodou themes such as spying and betraying, feeling lost or estranged, the need for judgement and justice, or the urge to reconnect with an ancestral homeland. Some rasin songs are based on prayers directed to particular loa, or gods, while others may be ballads relating to Haitian mythology. Many songs contain multiple layers of meaning, and can be interpreted as social or political commentary. Songs often emphasize spiritual messages of tolerance, faith, justice, and universal love. The music is upbeat and rhythmic and, like Vodou ceremonial music, intended for dancing.
History
Under the regimes of François Duvalier, and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier, the government appropriated for itself the authority of the Vodou religious traditions and made extensive use of religious leaders and traditions to assert its brutal authority and impose order. When Jean-Claude Duvalier fled the country, a widespread dechoukaj uprooted the most oppressive elements of the former regime and attempted to separate the Vodou religion from its entanglements with the government. Unable to do so beyond a limited extent under the Duvaliers, musicians adopted traditional Vodou folk music rhythms, lyrics, and instrumentation into a new sound that incorporated elements of rock and roll and jazz. The movement also attracted Haitian American artists and members of the Haitian diaspora who returned to the country following the downfall of the Duvaliers.
Rasin bands often write and perform songs that contained political messages, either implicitly or explicitly. Sanba yo wrote a song "Vaksine" as a part of a UN vaccination campaign. "Ke'm Pa Sote" by Boukman Eksperyans, whose song title translates to "I Am Not Afraid" in English, was the most popular song at the 1990 Carnival in Port-au-Prince and was widely understood to be a criticism of the corrupt military government of General Prosper Avril. First performed during the 1992 Carnival in Port-au-Prince, just months after the presidency of Jean-Bertrand Aristide was overthrown by a military coup d'etat, RAM began regularly playing a song entitled "Fèy", the Creole word for "leaf". The song lyrics were of folkloric Vodou origins. Despite no overt references to the political situation, it was widely played on the radio and immediately taken up throughout the country as an unofficial anthem of support for Aristide. By the summer of 1992, playing or singing the song was banned under military authority, and band founder Richard Morse was subjected to death threats from the regime.
Rasin musicians
A
Ayibobo
Azor
B
Beken
Belo
[[Bob Bovano|Bob Bovano]]
Boukan Ginen
Boukman Eksperyans
Buvu Ambroise
Bwa KayimanCCarole Demesmin
ChandelDDjakataEEddy Francois
Emeline Michel
Eritaj
Erol JosueGGwoup Sa (early rasin)J Jacques Schwarz-Bart
James Germain
John Steve BrunacheKKalfou Lakay
Kanpech
King Wawa
KoudjayL Lakou Mizik
Lina Mathon Blanchet
Lumane CasimirM Malou Beauvoir
Manno Charlemagne
Martha Jean-Claude
Melanie J-B Charles
Moonlight BenjaminNNaika
NettyP Papa BongaRRacine Figuier
RAM
Rasin Kanga
Riva Nyri PrecilSSanba yo (early rasin)
Sanba Zao
Simbi
So AnneTTokay
Toto BissaintheWWawa
Weena
WesliZ' Zekle
Zing Experience
Zobop
Audio samples
See also
Haitian hip hop
Haitian Vodou
Haitian Vodou drumming
Rock and roll
References
Further reading
Averill, Gage (1997). "Day for the Hunter, Day for the Prey". Chicago: University of Chicago Press. .
Shacochis, Bob (1999). The Immaculate Invasion''. New York, New York: Penguin Publishing. .
Haitian folk music
Afro-Caribbean music
Haitian Vodou |
Bärenklau station is a railway station in the Bärenklau district of the municipality of Oberkrämer, located in the Oberhavel district in Brandenburg, Germany.
References
Railway stations in Brandenburg
Buildings and structures in Oberhavel |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:C3H9NO3S}}
The molecular formula C3H9NO3S (molar mass: 139.173 g/mol, exact mass: 139.0303 u) may refer to:
Homotaurine
N-Methyltaurine
Molecular formulas |
Eugen Edmund Eduard Erbe (5 November 1847 – 22 January 1908) was a Baltic German lawyer, judge, and politician who was the deputy mayor of Reval (now Tallinn) from December 1905 to May 1906. He graduated from the University of Tartu's Faculty of Law. He practiced law and was a judge in what is now Estonia. He was a judge in the Estonian higher court. He eventually became a city councilor from 1883 to 1906. He eventually became the deputy mayor of the city from December 1905 to May 1906 while the position was vacated. He was succeeded by Voldemar Lender. Erbe was also president of the St. Olaf's Church convention.
See also
List of mayors of Tallinn
References
1847 births
1908 deaths
Politicians from Tallinn
People from Kreis Harrien
Baltic-German people
Mayors of Tallinn
19th-century Estonian judges
University of Tartu alumni |
Tagir Gadzhiev also spelled as Tahir Gadziev (born 29 March 1994) is a Dagestani rugby union player who generally plays as a Flanker represents Russia internationally.
He was included in the Russian squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup which is scheduled to be held in Japan for the first time and also marks his first World Cup appearance.
Career
He made his international debut for Russia against Portugal on 13 November 2015.
References
Russian rugby union players
Russia international rugby union players
Living people
1994 births
People from Kizlyar
Rugby union locks
Sportspeople from Dagestan
2019 Rugby World Cup players |
Emiliano Grillo (; born 14 September 1992) is an Argentine professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. He won the 2015 Frys.com Open and 2023 Charles Schwab Challenge on the PGA Tour.
Early years and amateur career
In his youth, Grillo was quarter-finalist at the 2008 U.S. Junior Amateur. He got the 2009 Byron Nelson International Junior Golf Award.
Professional career
Grillo turned professional in 2011 and earned playing status on the European Tour via Qualifying School. He finished 10th in his first event, the 2012 Africa Open. He finished 94th in the 2012 European Tour Order of Merit and 89th in 2013.
In February 2014, Grillo had his best finish to date on the European Tour, when he finished runner-up behind Stephen Gallacher at the Omega Dubai Desert Classic. Later in the season he finished 8th at the BMW International Open and the BMW Masters, and 11th at the Turkish Airlines Open. He ended 44th on the European Tour Race to Dubai. He also won the Visa Open de Argentina on PGA Tour Latinoamérica.
Grillo began the 2015 European Tour season with a third place at the Volvo China Open, a fifth place at the Qatar Masters, a sixth place at the Open de España and an 11th place at the Shenzhen International. He finished fourth at the DP World Tour Championship, Dubai and 40th on the Race to Dubai.
Also in 2015, Grillo lost in a five-man playoff at the Puerto Rico Open on the PGA Tour, playing on a sponsor's exemption, and finished tenth at the Barbasol Championship. In just seven starts, he earned enough to qualify for the 2015 Web.com Tour Finals. He claimed a ninth place at the Hotel Fitness Championship, a runner-up at the Small Business Connection Championship and a first place at the Web.com Tour Championship. Therefore, he finished second at the Finals money list and got a card for the 2016 PGA Tour. Since Grillo only played in seven events during the 2014–15 season, he was still considered a rookie for the 2015–16 season.
In his eighth career PGA Tour event and first as a member, Grillo won the season-opening Frys.com Open on the 2016 PGA Tour, after beating veteran Kevin Na in a sudden-death playoff. He made a 25-foot birdie putt on the 72nd hole for 3-under-par 69, which was later tied by Na. Grillo then missed a three-foot putt for victory on the first playoff hole, but sealed the win on the second hole with a birdie after Na ended up behind a tree and could only make bogey. The victory gained Grillo entry to the Masters and the 2016 PGA Championship. He also moved up to 36th in the Official World Golf Ranking.
At the 2016 major tournaments, Grillo finished 12th at the Open Championship, 13th at the PGA Championship, 17th at the Masters and 54th at the U.S. Open, with score cards of 283, 274, 292 and 293. He was runner-up at the Japan Golf Tour's ISPS Handa Global Cup. He was voted 2016 PGA Tour Rookie of the Year.
On 28 May 2023, Grillo snapped a nearly eight year winless drought by winning the Charles Schwab Challenge for his second PGA Tour victory. He carried a two-shot lead to the 72nd hole but his tee shot ended up in a stream and took 5 minutes before it came to a stop. After taking a penalty from where it entered the hazard, he made double bogey putting him into a playoff with Adam Schenk. Grillo and Schenk both made pars on the first playoff hole before Grillo birdied the second playoff hole to seal the victory.
Amateur wins
2007 Pereira Iraola Cup (as low amateur at the Argentine Open)
2009 Pereira Iraola Cup (as low amateur at the Argentine Open)
2011 Terra Cotta Invitational
Professional wins (4)
PGA Tour wins (2)
PGA Tour playoff record (2–1)
Web.com Tour wins (1)
PGA Tour Latinoamérica wins (1)
Playoff record
Japan Golf Tour playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
Results not in chronological order in 2020.
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
NT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 6 (2015 PGA – 2017 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (2023 Open Championship, current)
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
C = Cancelled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Results in World Golf Championships
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
Team appearances
Amateur
Eisenhower Trophy (representing Argentina): 2008, 2010
Professional
World Cup (representing Argentina): 2013
Presidents Cup (representing the International team): 2017
See also
2011 European Tour Qualifying School graduates
2015 Web.com Tour Finals graduates
References
External links
Argentine male golfers
European Tour golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Olympic golfers for Argentina
Golfers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from Florida
Sportspeople from Resistencia, Chaco
Sportspeople from Bradenton, Florida
1992 births
Living people |
Thakar Kaura is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, away from the district headquarter Kapurthala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).
References
List of cities near the village
Bhulath
Kapurthala
Phagwara
Sultanpur Lodhi
Air travel connectivity
The closest International airport to the village is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport.
External links
Villages in Kapurthala
List of Villages in Kapurthala Tehsil
Villages in Kapurthala district |
Maria Claire Adorna (born July 13, 1993) is a professional Filipina triathlete and swimmer. She is the head coach of One Percent Coaching
Education
Adorna attended the University of the Philippines Diliman for her college studies.
Collegiate career
At the 2010 CHED National Games, Adorna won seven gold medals for her regional team, National Capital Region as a swimming competitor. She won the events of women's 400m Individual medley, 50m freestyle, 100m freestyle, 100m butterfly, 50m backstroke and 4x50-meter relay events.
International career
Adorna's first international competition was the 2014 New Taipei ASTC Triathlon Asian Cup which took place at the New Taipei Breeze Canal on June 14, 2014. She trained under Portuguese Sergio Santos for a month before the tournament. She finished third behind champion, Hoi Long from Macau and Choi Yan Yin from Hong Kong.
At the ULAH Tri United 1 at Dungaree Beach in Subic Bay Freeport held on March 1, 2015, Adorna finished second behind Australian Mitch Robins.
Adorna won the gold at the triathlon event at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games behind fellow Filipina Kim Mangrobang on June 6, winning the first gold medal for her country of that year's Games.
Adorna, part of the Philippine triathlon team has decided to skip the 2016 Hatsukaichi ASTC Triathlon Asian Championships due to ongoing recovery process from her left knee injury.
She was among the two athletes that represented the Philippines at the 2019 World Beach Games. Adorna competed in aquathlon where she finished 25th out of 28 competitors.
Awards
Adorna received the national 2013 Swimmer of the Year, as well as the women's elite 2014 Triathlete of the Year award at the 2014 SwimBikeRun Awards.
References
1993 births
Living people
Filipino female triathletes
Filipino female swimmers
Triathletes at the 2014 Asian Games
University of the Philippines Diliman alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
SEA Games gold medalists for the Philippines
SEA Games silver medalists for the Philippines
SEA Games medalists in triathlon
Triathletes at the 2018 Asian Games
Competitors at the 2015 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2017 SEA Games
Asian Games competitors for the Philippines
Competitors at the 2019 SEA Games |
The Devil May Care is the second full-length album by Melbourne-based rock music group 67 Special. The album was released in Australia on Saturday 11 August 2007.
It was recorded at Mangrove Studios in New South Wales with American producer and engineer Jacquire King. The band has said they tried to keep things as simple as possible for this album.
Track listing
"Sold Your Little Sister for a Red Red Motor Car" – 2:57
"Killer Bees" – 2:26
"Lady Gin" – 2:48
"Shot at the Sun" – 3:29
"Songbird" – 3:24
"Patch Me Up" – 4:19
"So Help Us All" – 3:46
"Hard Kinda Talk" – 4:03
"Quickdraw" – 2:42
"Running From The Man" – 2:37
"Round & Round" – 3:38
"It's Not Like You" – 5:57
References
67 Special albums
2007 albums |
Admiral Henderson may refer to:
George R. Henderson (1893–1964), U.S. Navy vice admiral
Iain Henderson (Royal Navy officer) (born 1948), British Royal Navy rear admiral
Nigel Henderson (1909–1993), British Royal Navy admiral
Reginald Henderson (1881–1939), British Royal Navy admiral
Reginald Friend Hannam Henderson (1846–1932), British Royal Navy admiral
Robert Henderson (Royal Navy officer) (1778–1843), British Royal Navy rear admiral
William Hannam Henderson (1845–1931), British Royal Navy admiral
William Henderson (Royal Navy officer) (1788–1854), British Royal Navy rear admiral |
Wijnjewoude () is a village in the municipality of Opsterland in the east of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 2,025 in January 2017. The villages of Duurswoude and Wijnjeterp were founded in the late Middle Ages next to one-another. After World War II the villages started to expand, and merged into a single village called Wijnjewoude in 1974.
History
Wijntjeterp was first mentioned in 1315 as Weningawalde, and means "terp of Wine (person)". Duurswoude was first mentioned in 1505 as "Bakkeffeen alias Dyoertswolt", and means "wood of Djoerd (person)". The villages developed on a sandy ridge during the late middle ages. During the 18th century, the peat is the area was excavated.
The Dutch Reformed church of Duurwoude dated from the 13th century, but was rebuilt in the 15th century and modified in the late 18th century. The church of Wijnjewoude dates from 1778, and has a bell tower with three bells.
Duurwoude was home to 238 people in 1840, and Wijnjeterp had 728 inhabitants.
Notable people
Teus Hagen (1945), internet pioneer.
Gallery
References
External links
Populated places in Friesland
Geography of Opsterland |
El Jardin is a house located at 3747 Main Highway in Miami, Florida. It is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. El Jardin is now home to Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart in Miami, Florida. It was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on August 30, 1974.
Built in 1918 along a ridge of oolitic limestone, El Jardin expresses the broad training of its architect, Richard Kiehnel of Kiehnel and Elliott, and the experience of its owner, John Bindley, then president of Pittsburgh Steel. Kiehnel, in a September 1928 article for Tropical Home and Garden, referred to the house as a “progenitor of the Modern Mediterranean style home.” Kiehnel relocated to Miami from Pittsburgh and became the architect for many landmark buildings, including the Coral Gables Congregational Church, Miami Senior High, and the Coral Gables Elementary School.
References
External links
Miami-Dade County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Dade County listings at Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Buildings and structures in Miami
History of Miami
National Register of Historic Places in Miami
Houses in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Kiehnel and Elliott buildings
1918 establishments in Florida
Houses completed in 1918 |
Curtitoma hinae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.
Description
The length of the shell varies between 3 mm and 5 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs off Japan.
References
Hasegawa K. (2009) Upper bathyal gastropods of the Pacific coast of northern Honshu, Japan, chiefly collected by R/V Wakataka-maru. In: T. Fujita (ed.), Deep-sea fauna and pollutants off Pacific coast of northern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs 39: 225–383
External links
Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682: 1–1295.
hinae |
Kheyrabad (, also Romanized as Kheyrābād; also known as Khairābād and Khayrabad) is a village in Qarah Bolagh Rural District of Bagh Helli District of Soltaniyeh County, Zanjan province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 2,617 in 585 households, when it was in Soltaniyeh Rural District of Soltaniyeh District, Abhar County. The following census in 2011 counted 2,405 people in 686 households, by which time the village was in Qarah Bolagh Rural District of Bagh Helli District in the recently formed Soltaniyeh County. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the village was 2,764 in 823 households. It was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Soltaniyeh County
Populated places in Zanjan Province
Populated places in Soltaniyeh County |
Josef Štraub (born March 5, 1966) is a Czech former professional ice hockey forward.
Štraub played in the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League and the Czech Extraliga for HC Dukla Jihlava, HC Zlín, HC Oceláři Třinec, HC Vítkovice, HC Slavia Praha, Motor České Budějovice and VHK Vsetín. In his 17 seasons in the top tier of Czech ice hockey, Štraub never won a league championship, winning a silver medal in 1995 and 1999 with Zlín and a bronze medal in 2001 with Vítkovice. He did however win a league championship in the second-tier 1st Czech Republic Hockey League in 2005 with České Budějovice.
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey coaches
Czech ice hockey forwards
Motor České Budějovice players
HC Dukla Jihlava players
LHK Jestřábi Prostějov players
HC Oceláři Třinec players
HC ZUBR Přerov players
HC Slavia Praha players
HC Tábor players
HC Vítkovice players
VHK Vsetín players
PSG Berani Zlín players
Czechoslovak ice hockey forwards |
Olga Bogdanova-Kööp (born 24 December 1994) is a former Estonian gymnast, multiple times national champion.
Personal life
Her twin sister, Viktoria Bogdanova, is also a gymnast, both were chosen among the most beautiful gymnasts in the world in 2013.
In 2014, she graduated from Tallinn Baltic High School and in 2018 from Tallinn University, majoring in physical education (bachelor's degree). In 2019, she entered Tallinn University's master's program in physical education and graduated in 2021.
Career
In 2012, Bogdanova became the Estonian champion with hoop, ball, ribbon and clubs. In 2014, she became the All-Around national champion. The Estonian Gymnastics Association chose her as the best gymnast of 2014. In 2015, Bogdanova competed in her fifth World Championships in Stuttgart, where she placed in the top 50. This guaranteed Estonia two places to get the opportunity to participate in the qualification competitions of the Olympic Games, which took place in Rio de Janeiro.
In 2017 Olga became national All-Around champion again. At the European Championships in Budapest, Olga finished 18th, thus securing a spot at the 2018 European Championships, where the top 24 entered the competition. In 2018, she won the Estonian Championship and participated in the World Cup stage in Tashkent, where she finished in 18th place. In the same year Olga opened a self-titled gymnastics club together with her twin sister Viktoria Bogdanova.
In 2021, Olga was elected as a member of the Estonian gymnastics committee.
References
Living people
1994 births
Estonian rhythmic gymnasts
Tallinn University alumni
Estonian twins
Estonian people of Russian descent |
The English Challenge was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour, played in England.
History
The event was held for the first time in 1993 as the Collingtree Park Challenge and was played as the Stockley Park Challenge in 1994. There was a nine-year break before it made a one-off return in 2004 as the Donnington Grove Computacenter English Challenge Open.
The English Challenge returned to the schedule again in 2010 at Stoke by Nayland Hotel, Golf & Spa in Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk. Australia's Daniel Gaunt won the tournament by one stroke from English amateur Tommy Fleetwood and Scotland's Craig Lee. The event was played Stoke by Nayland again in 2011 and 2012.
The event returned again in 2016 at the Heythrop Park Resort in Enstone as the Bridgestone Challenge. In 2017, it moved to Luton Hoo and used modified Stableford scoring system. The 2018 event was again at Luton Hoo but returned to the 72-hole stroke play format.
Winners
References
External links
Coverage on the Challenge Tour's official site
Former Challenge Tour events
Golf tournaments in England
Sport in Essex
1993 establishments in England |
This is a list of Cypriot football transfers for the 2017–18 summer transfer window by club. Only transfers of clubs in the Cypriot First Division and Cypriot Second Division are included.
Cypriot First Division
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
AEK Larnaca
In:
Out:
AEL Limassol
In:
Out:
Alki Oroklini
In:
Out:
Anorthosis Famagusta
In:
Out:
APOEL
In:
Out:
Apollon Limassol
In:
Out:
Aris Limassol
In:
Out:
Doxa Katokopias
In:
Out:
Ermis Aradippou
In:
Out:
Ethnikos Achna
In:
Out:
Nea Salamina
In:
Out:
Olympiakos Nicosia
In:
Out:
Omonia
In:
Out:
Pafos
In:
Out:
Cypriot Second Division
AEZ Zakakiou
In:
Out:
Anagennisi Deryneia
In:
Out:
ASIL
In:
Out:
Ayia Napa
In:
Out:
Chalkanoras Idaliou
In:
Out:
Digenis Oroklinis
In:
Out:
Enosis Neon Paralimni
In:
Out:
Ethnikos Assia
In:
Out:
Karmiotissa
In:
Out:
Omonia Aradippou
In:
Out:
Othellos Athienou
In:
Out:
PAEEK
In:
Out:
P.O. Xylotymbou
In:
Out:
THOI Lakatamia
In:
Out:
References
Football transfers summer 2017
Trans
Cypriot football transfers |
Dark (stylized as DARK) is a stealth action role-playing video game developed by German team Realmforge Studios and published by Kalypso Media in 2013. Players control Eric Bane, a vampire suffering from amnesia who seeks to recover his memories.
Gameplay
The gameplay of Dark is based on stealth combat. Eric has many supernatural vampiric 'skills' at his disposal; he can use Shadow Leap to quickly teleport to different areas and to perform stealth finishers, make himself temporarily invisible, see in the dark and slow down time. His abilities are linked to a certain number of 'blood points' which are used up each time Eric uses a skill. He can drink blood from his enemies to restore his health and blood points.
Plot
The game follows the story of Eric Bane (Doug Cockle), a newly turned vampire suffering from amnesia. He learns that his transformation is not complete and that, if he does not drink the blood of his sire, he will mutate into a mindless ghoul. In order to avoid being such a foul creature, he receives missions to drink ancient vampires' blood. However, an angel in Eric's view appears to guide him to the righteous path, and ease intolerable pain that comes from not drinking appropriate blood as it disappears. With a question of this vision, he tries to recover his deleted memories and his true self.
Release
Dark was officially announced on May 4, 2012. A playable version of the game was presented at the 2012 Role Play Convention in Cologne, Germany and the E3 2012. The game was released in July 2013.
Reception
Dark received "generally unfavorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator website Metacritic. Much of the game's criticism was aimed at the poor melee combat, camera, script, and lack of interest in the game's protagonist.
In a mixed review, Jon Blythe of Official Xbox Magazine UK stated: "DARK is frustrating, because that initial feeling of being a zippy blur of a vampire in a world of neon-lit night never leaves you. It's just swamped in frustrating design decisions, a script that lurches from passable to laughable, weak enemy AI, and a vortex of a lead character who's impossible to like or hate."
Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer stated that "low-budget games can be delightful and surprising, but only if the core elements work. Here, they don't. In its best moments, this is only ever a reminder of better games. In its worst moments - of which there are far too many - Dark frustrates and irritates as only a clumsy stealth game can."
Michael Engle of The Game Scouts said, "I would rather [insert cliché about how to kill a vampire here] than play this game."
In the most negative review on the website, Andrew Reiner of Game Informer complained that "I’ve played a lot of bad Xbox 360 games for achievements, but hardly any are as unpolished and poorly executed as Dark. It’s easily one of this generation’s worst titles. Even when the stealth is working moderately well, the slow pacing is a killer, and no amount of blood sucking brings satisfaction. Most levels were completed through trial and error, failure after failure, and then success coming from exploiting an AI bug or an odd design decision."
References
External links
Official website
Realmforge Studios
Kalypso Media
2013 video games
Action role-playing video games
Kalypso Media games
Realmforge Studios games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Stealth video games
Urban fantasy video games
Video games about vampires
Video games developed in Germany
Video games with cel-shaded animation
Windows games
Xbox 360 games |
Sir Maurice Henry Dorman (7 August 1912 – 26 October 1993) was the representative of the Crown in the then-Commonwealth Realms of Tanganyika, Trinidad and Tobago, Sierra Leone, and Malta.
Dorman was born in 1912 and was the eldest son of John Ehrenfried Dorman and Madeleine Louise Bostock. Both his parents came from big industrial families in the town of Stafford. His mother was a magistrate and one of the first female dentists.
Dorman was educated at Sedbergh School and Magdalene College, Cambridge. He served in Sierra Leone from 1956 until 1962, for which he was knighted in 1957. From 27 April 1961 (Sierra Leone's independence day) to 27 April 1962, Dorman was the Governor-General of Sierra Leone. From 1962 until 1964, he was the Colonial Governor of Malta and then became Governor-General of Malta from September 1964 until July 1971, when he was replaced by Sir Anthony Mamo. In 1971–1972, he was a deputy chairman of the Pearce Commission.
He was a Deputy Lieutenant for Wiltshire and a Knight Grand Cross of the Maltese Order of Merit. He served as a member of the board of governors of Monkton Combe School from 1969 to 1992.
References
External links
Listing of British representatives in Sierra Leone
|-
|-
1912 births
1993 deaths
British diplomats
Governors-General of Sierra Leone
Tanzanian politicians
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
Deputy Lieutenants of Wiltshire
People educated at Sedbergh School
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Governors-General of Malta
Governors of Trinidad and Tobago
Governors and Governors-General of Malta
Governors of Monkton Combe School |
La Puebla de Almoradiel is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 5770 inhabitants.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Toledo |
Tekla Teresa Łubieńska (6 June 1767, Warsaw – August 1810, Kraków) was a Polish playwright, poet and translator.
Biography
Łubieńska was the daughter of Polish nobles, Franciszek Bieliński, (nephew and adopted son of Franciszek Bieliński), court writer and senator for Czersk and his wife, Krystyna Justyna Sanguszko. She was taught at home. At age of 11 in 1778 she lost her mother. From then on, she was in the care of the duchess, Barbara Sanguszko, her maternal grandmother who gave her a French education. She later married, as his second wife, Feliks Łubieński, a future Minister of Justice in Congress Poland. They had ten children, among them, Tomasz and Henryk. While Tekla's husband was involved in the turbulent politics of the Targowica Confederation, she left pregnant for Prague with her children. On her return to Poland in 1785, she settled in the family estate in Guzów and devoted herself to family life, child-bearing and her writing. She died suddenly at the early age of just 43, in Kraków in August 1810. She is an ancestor of British actor, Rula Lenska.
Writings
At the time of the Four-Year Sejm she wrote patriotic verse. Initially, she devoted herself to writing chiefly comedies, including dramatic diversions for children. She later produced historical dramas such as: Wanda, queen of Poland (1806), Charlemagne and Wedekind (1807), a two-act drama in verse. She translated works by Jean Racine and Voltaire.
Notable works
Lyrical poetry, as yet unpublished but referenced by H. Skimborowicz, "Zorza" 1843; S. z Ż. P. (Pruszakowa), "Tygodnik Ilustrowany" 1863, nr 191-192, (according to Skimborowicz: Many prayers written by her in verse appear in recently published devotional literature but without her signature.)
Wanda. A tragedy in 5 Acts, published 2 March 1806, and produced on stage in Warsaw on 17 April 1807,
Charlemagne and Wedekind, an historical drama set to music by J. Elsner, first produced in the National Theatre on 5 December 1807..., Warsaw 1808 (2 editions)
A response in verse to Ludwik Osiński, in answer to his poem addressed to Countess Lubienska as a paean on her patron saint's day
Translations
Elfryda. Tragedia na wzór dramatów greckich, z angielskiego – Elfreda. A tragedy in the mode of Greek dramas, from the English, unpublished
P. A. Metastasio: Siroe, unpublished
J. Racine: Andromaque, unpublished
Wzór męża i ojca. Komedia z francuskiego, The example of a husband and father, a farce from the French, unpublished
Voltaire: Candide, unpublished.
According to Skimborowicz: Polish theatre owes [Tekla] several translations of Voltaire's plays, but he fails to mention which ones. An extract of a translated poem by Frenchman, A. Deshoulières is acknowledged as Tekla's by the Warsaw Illustrated weekly'' in 1863.
Letters
To her son, Tomasz, from 14 June 1806.
Bibliography
Polski Słownik Biograficzny Vol. XVIII (1973)
Bibliografia Literatury Polskiej – Nowy Korbut Vol. 5: Oświecenie, published by Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warsaw, 1967 pages 276–277 – A Bibliography of Polish Literature, vol. 5. The Enlightenment.
See also
Feliks Sobański
Theodore de Korwin Szymanowski
Bernard Łubieński
Witold Dzierżykraj-Morawski
Rula Lenska
References
External links
Marek Jerzy Minakowski – Genealogia Potomków Sejmu Wielkiego – Polish genealogy service
1767 births
1810 deaths
19th-century Polish women writers
Polish children's writers
Polish women children's writers
Polish translators
Writers from Warsaw
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian poets
18th-century translators
18th-century Polish–Lithuanian women writers
Tekla Teresa Łubieńska |
Geoglossum difforme is a species of earth tongue fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. It is found in Europe and North America. It is listed as critically endangered in Denmark and endangered in Sweden. It is inedible.
References
External links
Geoglossaceae
Fungi described in 1815
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Inedible fungi |
Terry Tyree Glenn (July 23, 1974 – November 20, 2017) was an American professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the New England Patriots, Green Bay Packers, and Dallas Cowboys. He was drafted by the New England Patriots seventh overall in the 1996 NFL Draft. He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes.
Early years
Glenn never knew his father and his family received public assistance. When he was 13 years old, his mother was beaten to death by a man she had recently met. Glenn was shuttled between relatives until the age of 15, when he was taken in by Charles and Mary Henley, parents of a friend in Columbus, who would serve as his legal guardians. The Henley's son (June), also played in the NFL and broke some of Gale Sayers' rushing records at the University of Kansas.
He attended Brookhaven High School, where he practiced football, basketball, track and tennis. He didn't play organized football until his sophomore season, becoming a two-way player at wide receiver and cornerback, while also returning kicks. He contributed to the school years. Terry was a AAA State Champion in the 110 Hurdles, and 330 hurdles in both 1989-90
As a senior in 1991, he was the team's co-captain, registering 14 receptions for 416 yards (29.7-yard avg.) with 4 touchdowns and receiving second-team All-district honors.
College career
Glenn walked-on at Ohio State University, because he grew up admiring the football program, even selling soft drinks at Buckeye games as a teenager. At the time, the team employed a run-oriented offense led by running backs like Raymont Harris and Eddie George.
As a redshirt freshman, he earned a scholarship during spring drills. He saw limited action in 10 games as a backup behind Chris Sanders at flanker, totaling 8 receptions for 156 yards (sixth on the team) with a 19.5-yard average. As a sophomore, he played in 10 games as a backup to both Sanders and Joey Galloway, posting 7 receptions for 110 yards (sixth on the team) with a 15.7-yard average.
He enjoyed a breakout season as a junior after Galloway graduated, starting 12 out of 13 games, sitting out with a separated shoulder against the University of Minnesota. He set school records with 64 receptions for 1,411 yards and 17 touchdowns. He averaged 22 yards-per-reception, which was the highest number among Buckeyes with more than 20 catches in a season. His best game came against University of Pittsburgh, making 9 receptions for 253 yards (school record), a 28.1-yard average, 4 touchdowns and a two-point conversion. He also had 17 rushing yards, 16 yards on punt returns and 29 yards on a kickoff returns, for 315 total yards in the 54-14 victory. At the end of the year, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American and won the Fred Biletnikoff Award as the nation's top wide receiver.
Glenn declared for the NFL draft after his junior season. He played in 32 career games (12 starts), finishing with 79 receptions for 1,677 yards (fifth in school history), a 21.2-yard average, 17 touchdowns and 6 carries for 31 yards. He also contributed to the return game with 18 kickoff returns for 399 yards (22.2-yard avg.) and 5 punt returns for 28 yards (5.6-yard avg.).
Professional career
New England Patriots
1996 season
Glenn was selected by the New England Patriots in the first round (seventh overall) of the 1996 NFL Draft. He signed a six-year, $12 million contract. He recorded 90 receptions for 1,132 yards (12.6-yard avg.) and 6 touchdowns in his rookie season, while helping the team reach Super Bowl XXXI.
Patriots head coach, Bill Parcells, was outspoken of his desire to draft a defensive player and how he was overruled by team management. He made his displeasure known referring to Glenn as "she", after he pulled a hamstring two weeks into training camp, that forced him to miss the rest of training camp and the season opener against the Miami Dolphins. Parcells replied to being asked about the rookie's condition, saying: "She's making progress.". Parcells later admitted he was wrong and that Glenn was a winner.
At the time, his 90 receptions were the most ever in a single-season by a rookie in NFL history and the second most in franchise history. He was named the second alternate for the 1997 Pro Bowl.
1997 season
Parcells left New England and Glenn went into a four-year stretch of personal difficulties and inconsistent play. In 1997, he missed 7 games because of an ankle (2 games) and hamstring (5 games) injuries. He had 7 receptions for 163 yards (fifth in team history) against the Green Bay Packers.
In the season he collected 27 receptions for 431 yards (16-yard avg.) and 2 touchdowns. He suffered a broken collarbone in the AFC Divisional Playoff Game loss against the Pittsburgh Steelers.
1998 season
In 1998, Glenn set the Patriots receiving record with 193 yards against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He missed 4 games with a hamstring injury he suffered in the sixth game against the New York Jets. He broke his ankle in the fifteenth game against the St. Louis Rams and was placed on the injured reserve list on December 18. He finished with 10 games (9 starts), 50 receptions for 792 yards (15.8-yard avg.) and 3 touchdowns.
1999 season
In 1999, Glenn led the team with 69 receptions for 1,147 yards (16.6-yard avg.) and 4 touchdowns in 14 games. On October 3, he set the franchise records with 13 receptions for 214 yards against the Cleveland Browns. He was declared inactive for the fifteenth game against the Buffalo Bills because of an illness and he was suspended by the team for the season finale against the Baltimore Ravens.
He had a turbulent season. On November 25, he was cited for speeding and was three hours late for practice. He was later accused of inappropriately touching a woman outside a nightclub the previous night.
On December 29, after missing the fifteenth game against the Buffalo Bills because of the flu, he was suspended for the season finale by head coach Pete Carroll, for failing to show up for treatment.
2000 season
In January 2000, he tested positive for marijuana and entered the NFL's substance abuse program. On November 8, he was signed to a six-year $50 million contract extension with an $11.5 million signing bonus. On December 18, he was given permission to stay in Buffalo with teammates Ty Law and Troy Brown, to avoid flying in bad weather on the condition that the 3 are back in Foxboro the next day for a team meeting. The players were later seen at a strip club in Canada, Law was arrested for possession of ecstasy and they were also late getting to the Monday meeting.
Even with this type of turmoil, he still remained the best wide receiver on the team, making 16 starts for the first time in his career, to go along with 79 receptions for 963 yards (12.2-yard avg.) and 6 touchdowns.
2001 season
In the lead-up to the 2001 season, Glenn kept having a host of off-field issues. First he was arrested for domestic assault in May and although the woman later recanted, the Patriots held back $1 million in payment on his signing bonus (the Patriots ended up withholding $10 million in bonuses). In June, he was excused from the team's minicamp so he could straighten out his personal life.
On August 3, he was suspended the first four games of the season for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy after missing a mandatory drug test. He left training camp (it has been speculated it was a pay dispute), forcing the Patriots to send a letter to his agent giving him five days to return or risk additional suspension. He still skipped practices between August 5 and 9. On August 15, he was placed on the reserve/left squad list, risking a season-long suspension.
Glenn did end up playing for the team after serving his suspension, but following injuries and more disputes with the coaching staff, head coach Bill Belichick deactivated him for the rest of the season. He only wound up playing in four games, most notably catching the first career touchdown pass thrown by Tom Brady in a game against the San Diego Chargers on October 14. He was declared inactive in 7 games, was suspended by the team for one game against the New York Jets on December 2 and was later suspended from all of the postseason run to a Super Bowl XXXVI victory, with the Patriots also deciding not to give him a Super Bowl ring. He totaled 14 receptions for 204 yards (14.6-yard avg.) and one touchdown in 4 games.
Green Bay Packers
On March 11, 2002, Glenn was traded to the Green Bay Packers in exchange for a 2002 fourth round pick (#126-Jarvis Green) and a 2003 conditional pick (#128-Bryant McNeal). As part of the deal, Glenn dropped a series of grievances against the Patriots.
In 2002, Glenn was hampered by two knee injuries suffered during training camp. He hyper-extended his right knee in practice on July 29 and later sprained the MCL in his left knee on August 7. The injuries kept him out of two weeks of practice.
Glenn appeared in 15 games (14 starts) alongside Donald Driver, making 56 receptions for 817 yards (14.6-yard avg.) and 2 touchdowns.
Dallas Cowboys
On February 28, 2003, Glenn was traded to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for a 2004 sixth round draft choice (#188-Andy Lee) reuniting with his former head coach Bill Parcells. He started alongside Joey Galloway, leading the team with 52 receptions for 754 yards (14.5-yard avg.) and 5 touchdowns. He contributed to the team making the playoffs for the first time since 1999.
In 2004, Glenn only played in 6 games, after suffering a sprained right foot in the sixth game against the Green Bay Packers and being placed on the injured reserve list on October 30. He had 24 receptions for 400 yards (16.7-yard avg.) and 2 touchdowns. Quincy Morgan started in his place for most of the season opposite to Keyshawn Johnson.
In 2005, Glenn reunited with quarterback Drew Bledsoe. He finished with 63 receptions for 1,136 yards (his best since 1999), an 18.3-yards average (first in the NFC) and 7 touchdowns. Against the Kansas City Chiefs, he caught a touchdown pass on a flea-flicker and rushed for a touchdown on an end-around, both trick plays. Against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had 6 receptions for 157 yards and one touchdown.
On March 27, 2006, Glenn signed a five-year, $20 million contract extension with the Cowboys. It was Tony Romo's first season as a starter at quarterback, with Glenn playing opposite wide receiver Terrell Owens. He recorded another 1,000 yard season (1,047), 70 receptions and 6 touchdowns. Against the New Orleans Saints, he made 8 receptions for 150 yards.
In 2007, he missed the first fifteen games and was unable to even practice due to a pre-season arthroscopic knee surgery. He returned to practice on December 12, but did not play in Week 15 against the Philadelphia Eagles and did not fly to Carolina for the Week 16 game. He made his season debut in Week 17 against the Washington Redskins, but he didn't record an offensive touch on the year.
On July 25, 2008, Glenn was released by the Cowboys due to health concerns over his right knee, and because he did not sign an injury clause as part of his contract.
NFL career statistics
Personal life
Glenn had seven children. Glenn was promoted to offensive coordinator for the Texas Revolution of the Champions Indoor Football League on April 3, 2015.
In 2001, Glenn was arrested for assaulting the mother of his son. In 2005, Glenn was arrested for public intoxication and public urination in a Jack in the Box parking lot. Glenn worked on several non profit projects with his girlfriend at the time, a Dallas County Law Enforcement officer which targeted Domestic violence awareness. The two later became engaged and continued their work in non profit aid as well as the two actively public speaking. Both later separated not citing their reasons for calling off the engagement in 2007, but announced they will remain supportive and present in each other's future endeavors. The two did maintain their friendship, and have been photographed by each others side years later. In 2009, Glenn was arrested on charges of public intoxication and possession of marijuana. Glenn was arrested in 2010 for auto theft of a rental car.
Death
Glenn died at the age of 43 following a one-vehicle rollover traffic accident on November 20, 2017, in Irving, Texas, near Dallas, which left his fiancee slightly injured. His autopsy showed Glenn’s blood-alcohol content was more than twice the legal limit when he died.
References
External links
Official website
1974 births
2017 deaths
Players of American football from Columbus, Ohio
American football wide receivers
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
New England Patriots players
Green Bay Packers players
Dallas Cowboys players
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Road incident deaths in Texas |
SLC13A5 citrate transporter disorder is a rare neurological disease, also known as SLC13A5 epilepsy and by other names. It is a spectrum disorder, discovered in 2014. It is one of the many subtypes of Ohtahara syndrome (early infantile epileptic encephalopathy or EIEE) that have been linked to metabolic causes.
Genetic basis
Mutation in the SLC13A5 gene can cause neonatal seizures in the first few days of life. This condition is known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 25. The protein encoded by the gene belongs to a solute carrier family, numbered as 13. It was discovered in 2002 that it binds preferentially to and transports citrate anions. It is known as Na+-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT), and is also referred to by the gene name SLC13A5.
Citrate deficiency
The disorder is caused by loss of function mutations in the SLC13A5 gene, with impact on citrate transport into cells. Patients typically suffer seizures in the first week of life, and develop a form of drug-resistant epilepsy.
Diagnosis
SLC13A5 disorder is an autosomal recessive disease, and its genetic diagnosis can be carried out by exome sequencing. The cause is biallelic loss of function, or in other words the disorder occurs when each of the two copies of the gene in the patient is mutated. For practical reasons sequencing of an epilepsy-related panel of genes may replace analysis of the whole exome.
Treatment
Results on ketogenic diet and drug treatment with triheptanoin are unclear. In 2021 Taysha Gene Therapies announced recognition for their TSHA-105 gene therapy as an orphan drug, by the FDA and European Commission.
Notes
Rare diseases
Neurological disorders
Epilepsy types |
Kenneth Purchase (8 January 1939 – 28 August 2016) was a British Labour Co-operative politician who served as Member of Parliament for Wolverhampton North East from 1992 to 2010.
Early life
He attended Springfield Secondary Modern School (became Woden Primary School) on Springfield Road in Wolverhampton. At Wolverhampton Polytechnic, (now Wolverhampton University) he gained a BA in Social Science. Ken worked as a co-operative development officer. He was an apprentice toolmaker in the foundry industry from 1956–60 at the firm of Arthur Shaw & Company at Willenhall From 1960–8, he worked in experimental component development in the aerospace industry. From 1968–76, he was a toolroom machinist in the car industry. He worked in the property division of Telford Development Corporation. From 1981–2, he was a housing officer in the Housing Department of Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council. From 1982–92, he was a Business Development Advisor at Black Country CDA Ltd. He was a councillor on Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough Council from 1970–90.
Parliamentary career
He unsuccessfully contested Wolverhampton North East in 1987, before winning at the next general election in 1992. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Robin Cook for six years.
On 27 October 2007 Purchase announced his intention to retire at the next general election.
Personal life
He married Brenda Sanders on 20 August 1960 in Rowley Regis. They had two daughters, Samantha and Lisa, who survived him. He died in August 2016 aged 77 and was cremated at Bushbury Crematorium, Wolverhampton.
References
External links
Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Ken Purchase MP
TheyWorkForYou.com – Ken Purchase MP
BBC Politics
Ken Purchase official site
News items
Dog owners in May 2002
1939 births
2016 deaths
Labour Co-operative MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Politicians from Wolverhampton
Alumni of the University of Wolverhampton
Councillors in Wolverhampton |
Too Many may refer to:
"Too Many" (Wuda & King Dyl song)
"Too Many" (Saweetie song)
"Too Many" (Juicy J song) |
Dawn Lindberg (14 April 1945 – 7 December 2020) was a South African folk singer, actress, theatre producer, director and founder of the South African Naledi Theatre Awards, but was more commonly known for her part in the musical folk group Des and Dawn with her husband Des Lindberg. Her career spanned almost six decades.
Early life
Dawn was born in Durban, South Africa in 1945 and was one of seven children. She would attend Parktown Girls High School in Johannesburg. As high school student, she was a AFS exchange student and was based in Detroit, Michigan in the United States, and would meet President John F. Kennedy on a trip to Washington, DC. After completing high school in 1961, she attended the University of the Witwatersrand where she studied for a Bachelor of Fine Arts.
Career
Des Lindberg taught her how to play the guitar while at university. He was already an accomplished folk singer and they would both perform at the Troubadour Club in Doornfontein singing compilations of protest songs by Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, some like We Shall Overcome which had been banned in South Africa. After marriage, they formed the theatre company, Cabaret and Theatre in 1965 and then spent three years travelling South Africa and Rhodesia in a caravan performing their music at informal venues to sold-out audiences. Their first album, released in 1967, Folk On Trek, would be banned in South Africa because of what censors called obscene lyrics and the copies of the record destroyed. The Seagull's Name Was Nelson was released by the duo in 1971 and spent 20 weeks on the South African charts, a subtle song about Nelson Mandela. Other subtle protest songs included This Land is your Land in 1976.
They moved into theatre production in 1973 when they produced the musical Godspell at the Holiday Inn, Maseru, Lesotho for five months. Bringing the production to South Africa was more difficult and when it ran at the University of the Witwatersrand it was banned for blasphemy. Hiring Anton Mostert, he fought their case in the supreme court and won, allowing the musical to tour the country for eighteen months.
In 1976, they produced The Black Mikado, a West End musical, in Diepkloof, Soweto with white patrons subject to unnecessary police searches on entering the township. It would eventually tour the country and at one venue, all the patrons' car tires were slashed, while the duo themselves were subjected to death threats. Theatres in South Africa would eventually open to all races in 1978.
When The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas was produced, the censors banned the word "whore" in the posters and publicity material but were again overturned in court when lawyer Jules Browde successfully argued about the confusion patrons might have with the title, The Best Little House in Texas, if they did not understand what they were coming to see.
She and Des would go on to produce ten musicals and ten plays including Pop Corn, King Afrika, The Shrew, Gloo Joo, Lennon and the Vagina Monologues.
Continuing their musical protests, at their mansion home on Houghton Ridge, Sunday soirees were conducted over the years defying a law that prohibited public entertainment on Sundays in South Africa. South African artists including Johnny Clegg, Sipho Mchunu, John Kani, Winston Ntshona, Oswald Mtshali, Abigail Kubeka, the Soweto String Quartet, Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, and the Drakensberg Boys Choir were only some of the performers.
In 2004 Dawn conceived the idea of a theatre award to replace the Vita Awards which had ended due to lack of sponsorship and so created the Naledi Theatre Awards funded by herself and by begging for sponsorship. Internationally recognised, the award show would eventually feature on SABC television and later the cable channel KykNet.
Marriage
She met her future husband Des Lindberg at the university in 1962 where he was studying law. They would later marry in 1965.
Death
Dawn died at a Plettenberg Bay hospital on 7 December 2020, from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa after announcing by video message six days earlier that she had contracted the virus. She is survived by her husband Des, children Joshua, Adam and grandchildren Saria and Shia.
Honours
In 2015, Minister of Arts and Culture, Nathi Mthethwa named the duo as designated Living Legends.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Compilations
Filmography
Oh Brother..! (1974)
The Men from the Ministry (1971)
External links
Top Tracks – Des & Dawn - YouTube
References
1945 births
2020 deaths
South African folk musicians
20th-century South African women singers
Actresses from Durban
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa
Musicians from Durban
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
White South African people |
The 1993 San Francisco State Gators football team represented San Francisco State University as a member of the Northern California Athletic Conference (NCAC) during the 1993 NCAA Division II football season. Led by second-year head coach Dick Mannini, San Francisco State compiled an overall record of 3–7 with a mark of 1–3 in conference play, placing last out of five teams in the NCAC. For the season the team was outscored by its opponents 286 to 212. The Gators played home games at Cox Stadium in San Francisco.
Schedule
References
San Francisco State
San Francisco State Gators football seasons
San Francisco State Gators football |
Bolton Priory, whose full title is The Priory Church of St Mary and St Cuthbert, Bolton Abbey, is a Grade I listed parish church of the Church of England in Bolton Abbey (village), within the Yorkshire Dales National Park in North Yorkshire, England. There has been continuous worship on the site since 1154, when a group of Augustinian canons moved from their original community in nearby village of Embsay and started construction of the present building, which is now situated within a scheduled monument under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.
Despite the loss of most of the Priory buildings during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the western half of the original nave was preserved so that the local parish could continue its worship there. There is today a full liturgical calendar, in addition to which the Priory hosts the Bolton Priory Concert Series, the Bolton Priory Celebrity Organ Recitals, the Bolton Priory Mystery Play, the Bolton Priory Live Nativity, and the annual St Cuthbert lecture. The Priory is a member of the Greater Churches Network, and welcomes more than 160,000 visitors a year.
History
Foundation
The church has its historical origins in an Augustinian priory founded at Embsay, five miles to the west of the village of Bolton (as it was then known), in 1120. The community moved to Bolton in 1154 and started the construction of the present building. The east end of the church was an oblong building, parts of which are still seen in the walls of the original chancel, that may have been built over a former Saxon chapel. Round this structure a short chancel, tower and transepts were built, and a conventional cloister was added to the south west of the south transept.
The full nave was completed in the middle of the 13th century. The north wall of the existing cloister was used as the basis of the south wall and the church was completed by the addition of a west front (still standing) which was joined to the north transept by a north aisle. The exterior of the south wall of the church has corbels that supported the cloister roof, a line of stone seats demarcated by pillars and arcades, and a holy water stoup by the south-east door.
14th century additions
The canons made significant enhancements in the 14th century. The chancel was extended to the east; the choir, which was originally housed in the crossing, moved into the west end of the chancel and the rood screen, originally at the foot of the present chancel steps, was moved into the western arch of the tower. A north aisle was constructed and the two doors at the west end of the north aisle and the aisle windows were elaborately decorated. The height of the chancel was increased and decorated windows were added to the chancel and the aisle.
The framework of the chancel windows is still visible, although much of the tracery in the chancel has been destroyed. The transepts were largely rebuilt, again with the addition of decorated glass, although only two small fragments of the originals remain. A new octagonal chapter house was built to the east, the east range was altered and extended to the south and the Prior moved his accommodation from the north of the west range to the south end of the east range.
These buildings have been virtually destroyed, and only the bases of their walls and of the pillars that supported the first floors remain. It is however possible to see the carved bases of the seats in the chapter house, a sealed window at the top of the night stair, the remains of the day stair and fragments of the outer parlour.
Incomplete tower
In 1520 Prior Moone, who was to be the last Prior, set about building the West Tower. Intended to be three times the height of the section that remains, it was erected on its own foundations with the intention that, when it had settled, the west wall would be demolished and the great east arch of the tower would become the entrance to the nave. Progress was slow – possibly because the roof of the nave was found to be defective and work had to halt while it was repaired. (The nave roof is thought to date from this time). Only a third of the tower had been built when work was halted by the Dissolution.
The tower was therefore left without a roof and without glass in its windows and with gaps between the tower and the west front in which the (unused) tie-stones are still visible. It did however protect the west wall which has survived (in the words of Professor Hamilton Thompson) as ‘a composition of remarkable beauty which takes a high place among masterpieces of thirteenth century art’. Of the tower itself he says ‘it is one of the noblest designs of its age and, had it been completed, it would have had few parallels in England’.
Over the doorway of the West Tower there is an original inscription bearing the Prior's symbol (a moon) and stating that he ‘began this foundacyon in MCVXX’. It is flanked by models of hounds, which may be an allusion to the Prior's duties as Master Forester or a play on the name of the husband of the Foundress, William Meschin (mes chien).
A third dog on the north side, which has an open mouth, is linked in local folklore with the rhyme 'Hey Diddle Diddle' and the little dog that laughed, although Professor Thompson merely describes it as the figure of an animal. On the south side there is an effigy of a pilgrim – probably the patron William de Forz – who may have paid for the nave and died on pilgrimage in 1241 a year after it was completed. The side pillars of the door once bore the Priory Cross (the emblem of the Albermarles, the founders) and of the next generation of Patrons, the Cliffords.
Dissolution
The Priory was dissolved in 1539. Because the Priory was an Augustinian foundation, with the canons therefore supplying priests to local churches rather than being enclosed monks, it was in effect the local church for the surrounding community. Therefore, the western half of nave was spared and was sealed from the eastern half, soon to fall into ruin, by a crude stone wall.
The Priory's ‘jewels’ (mostly silver) went to the King, the lead from the roof and the three bells went to Thomas Cromwell, the Priory's churches went to Christ Church, Oxford, the gatehouse eventually became Bolton Hall and the extensive estate was broken up – the largest part being bought by Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland. Many of the remaining buildings in the Priory, their protective roof lead having been removed, gradually collapsed or were demolished, the stone being reused within many buildings in the surrounding area. Prior Moone and the canons were pensioned off.
For the next 200 years the church was administered by Holy Trinity Church, Skipton and was under the care of a curate. Virtually nothing is known about this period, although there is the occasional historical reference to broken and boarded windows.
The restoration of the church was started by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington who, in 1728, provided new flagstones and new doors, whitewashed the interior and repaired the windows.
In 1796 William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire and the incumbent, the Rev. William Carr, re-arranged the layout of the nave, to reflect an emphasis at that time on the Gospel and preaching, rather than on the Eucharist.
The pews, which until then had faced the altar to the east, were instead set on three sides of a square facing a three-decker pulpit on the south wall, with a wooden screen to the east blocking off the altar.
19th century restoration
In the mid nineteenth century, facing the rise of Nonconformity and the Catholic Emancipation, many within the Church of England were advocating a return to the ‘medieval’ church. In 1854 William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire commissioned a stained-glass design from Augustus Pugin, of Houses of Parliament fame, to replace the plain glass in the six windows on the south wall. Then, in 1866, two years after Bolton Abbey became its own parish with its own Rector, William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire began a major restoration, supervised by George Street.
The orientation and design of the church once again faced the altar, to emphasise the centrality of the Eucharist. To preserve ancient structures on the north and south walls, the raised altar and chancel were enclosed within a low wall, following the design of the Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano in Rome, with lectern and pulpit to north and south. The gates were designed by George Pace, who also made a pyx installed in the north aisle.
The crude wall that had been erected in the western arch of the tower at the time of the Dissolution was removed and replaced a new wall emphasising the moulding of the arch. The new wall was decorated with paintings of plants and emblems of religious significance by a local artist, George Bottomley. The plaster and whitewash was removed from the walls, the chancel was tiled, the floor of the nave was renewed, the screen was moved to the back of the church, east-facing oak pews and a new font were installed and the doors were replaced. A new three-manual organ was commissioned.
20th century
Worship continued for the next hundred years, but by the latter part of the 20th century the size of the congregation in this sparsely-populated rural parish had dwindled to single figures; the church was dilapidated, there was no Rector, and the Diocese considered the option of abandoning it. Its fortunes were revived by the energy and enthusiasm of Canon Maurice Slaughter, who resigned his previous appointment to become Priest-in Charge. He stimulated interest in the Priory among the wider population of North and West Yorkshire, and oversaw a major fund-raising effort during the 1980s that financed a comprehensive overhaul of the building.
The organ was fitted with a detached console, a previously-overlooked stone altar was reinstated, the font was moved to the east end and the choir vestry to the west end of the North Aisle. The bell turret was replaced, the original bell (dated 1695) was re-hung, the windows in the west tower were glazed for the first time (using grooves prepared over 400 years earlier) and the tower was finally, after 450 years, roofed over. The roof is supported on corbels bearing on one side the moon symbol of Prior Moone, who started the tower, and on the other the effigy of Canon Slaughter who preserved and completed it. Canon Slaughter's ashes were recently buried under a memorial stone by the north wall.
When, in 1950, the village of Bolton Abbey was connected to the National Grid, electric lights – mainly suspended from brackets on the side walls – were fitted. These were replaced in 2016 with LED lights fitted unobtrusively behind the roof beams, at the top of the pillars of the arcade, at the base of the windows and below the corbels supporting the roof of the tower. This ambitious scheme circumvented the difficult and dangerous task of replacing bulbs that had ‘blown’, illuminated architectural features that had hitherto been invisible and enabled the lighting to be remotely controlled to meet the varying needs of the services, concerts and lectures that take place in the Priory.
21st century
The 21st century saw a number of formidable challenges. Since well before the beginning of the century the church as a whole was having to face the problem of global climate change. In 2019, after much research, Bolton Priory embraced the challenge by moving away from fossil fuel (Liquid Petroleum Gas LPG) and installing under-pew electric heating from a renewable energy source. The next challenge was the global pandemic COVID-19. The pandemic struck at the end of 2019 and Bolton Priory closed its doors in March 2020. The Church remained closed for much of the next two years although the Tower remained open for prayer and the lighting of votive candles. During the COVID-19 pandemic the church produced audio on-line services so that the parish could continue its worship on-line and, following the end of the pandemic, WI-FI was introduced allowing services to be streamed across the world. Worshippers have come from as far afield as South Africa, Singapore, Switzerland and South America. The gradual decline in the use of cash, particularly among young people, saw the introduction of digital collection plates and donation portals.
Notable individuals
The patrons of the Priory have always been closely associated with national affairs. The first dynasty, the Albemarles, from 1120 to 1293, included five women whose wealth was usually increased by a succession of arranged and often unhappy marriages. The first, Cecily, was the daughter of Robert de Rumilly, who had been granted the lands of Earl Edwin after the Norman Conquest. The fourth, Hawise, and her second husband William de Forz were supposedly the parents of the pilgrim represented by the statue outside the West Tower. In fact, that child was probably the son of John, King of England, who became Hawise's guardian after the death of her first husband. The Crown recovered the estate by devious means from the seventh and last member of the line, Isabella de Revieres.
In 1310 the estate was granted by the Crown to Edward I’s adviser, Robert de Clifford. The Cliffords, who held the title for 229 years, lived through the wars with France and Scotland and the Wars of the Roses. Of a succession of male heirs, six were killed, one was hanged and one exiled. Only two lived beyond the age of 41 and died in bed. Thomas the eighth Lord was killed at the Battle of St Albans and John, the ninth, earned the pseudonym of ‘Butcher Cumberland’ when he murdered the young Duke of Rutland after the Battle of Wakefield. As a result, the tenth (‘Shepherd’) Lord was hidden by shepherds for 25 years, during which time he developed an interest in astronomy and astrology. He made the interesting (and accurate) prediction that his grandsons would become involved in major litigation. His inheritance was finally restored by Henry VII.
Some of Margaret de Neville's charitable giving was recorded in the Coucher Book of Bolton Abbey, there instead of describing herself as 'wife of ...' or 'daughter of ...' Margaret de Neville used her own names, both "domina Margareta de Longvl" and "domina Margareta de Nevill". De Neville died in 1318 or 1319 and was possibly buried at Bolton Abbey. The prior of Bolton Priory was an executor of her will.
In 1492 the eleventh Lord Clifford became the first Earl of Cumberland, who held the estate for 134 years. At one stage Margaret, the daughter of the second Earl, was of great interest to those plotting to maintain a Protestant succession after the death of Edward VI, for as the Catholic counterpart of Lady Jane Grey she was obviously a potential danger. George, the third Earl had a colourful life, fighting against the Spanish Armada and acting as Queen's Champion. But he was an unlucky privateer, an unfaithful husband and an unsuccessful manager of his estate. During his protracted absences Margaret, his wife, having found books and equipment left by the ‘Shepherd Lord’, studied alchemy under the supervision of Elizabeth's Magician, John Dee, who was a family friend.
The third Earl is best remembered because, contrary to the law, he passed the estate to his brother and not to his daughter, Lady Anne Clifford. This precipitated the protracted litigation predicted by the ‘Shepherd Lord’. Anne, who became Countess of Pembroke, eventually prevailed by outliving her competitors and recovered much of her inheritance. The Bolton estate, however, passed to the daughter of the 5th Earl and thence, by marriage, to the Burlingtons.
The Burlingtons inherited the estate in 1643 and held it for 77 years, during which time the main event was the foundation of a grammar school ‘for the sons of gentlemen’. Now the Rectory, it was paid for with a bequest from the physicist Robert Boyle, brother of the first Earl, and built with stones from the ruined Priory. It was of questionable value, for there was already a good grammar school in the district, but it provided an extra income for the rector who was ex officio headmaster.
On the death of the 3rd Earl in 1753 the estate again passed by marriage to the present holders, the Dukes of Devonshire. William, the fifth Duke, married the famous Georgiana and later married his mistress, Lady Elizabeth Foster. William, the sixth (‘Bachelor’) Duke, Georgiana's child, installed the Pugin windows and William, the seventh Duke, whose many bequests include the Cavendish Laboratories in Cambridge, was the driving force behind the major refurbishment the Priory. Spencer, the eighth Duke, was the brother of Frederick Charles, assassinated in Phoenix Park, Dublin, who is commemorated by a cross in the churchyard and a memorial fountain at the entrance to the Cavendish Pavilion. Against the will of both sets of parents William, Marquis of Hartington, and heir apparent to the 10th Duke, married Kathleen (‘Kick’) Kennedy, the Roman Catholic sister of the subsequent American President. Shortly after, William was killed in action during the Second World War. His widow then formed an association with Peter, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam of Wentworth Woodhouse, who was not only Protestant but was already married. Both were killed when a small aircraft in which they were flying crashed, and the Devonshires made the funeral arrangements on behalf of the estranged family.
Among the incumbents is William Carr (Minister 1789–1843) was the fourth member of his family to hold the position in three generations. He was also Headmaster of the Boyle School, Receiver for the Ducal Estates in the East and West Ridings, the second largest agricultural tenant on the estate and bred the famous (312 stone) Craven Heifer – which resided in a stall with an enlarged doorway in the Arches Farm opposite the Priory. His grave, marked with the chalice and paten of a priest, is in the Priory crossing.
A significant person who, at his own request, left a thriving church in Skipton to become Priest in Charge of the virtually deserted priory, was Canon Maurice Slaughter, a lifelong evangelist who started his ministry in the Church Army Fenland Caravan. His reputation as a preacher and pastor who attracted large congregations was confirmed when he revived and reconstructed the large, dilapidated and isolated Priory Church, finally adding the roof to the incomplete tower.
Location
The priory church, which was formed from the nave and west tower of the original Augustinian priory, is set on an east-facing slope above a curve in the River Wharfe, close to the village of Bolton Abbey. It is attached to the old chancel, crossing and transept which are moderately well preserved, and adjacent to the chapter house and cloister, of which only the foundations remain. The site is bounded to the west by the wall of the old Priory and on the other sides by a fence. There are road entries from the road to north and south and pedestrian entries from the east (river-side) boundary.
To the west of the church the 14th-century gatehouse, which lies just within the perimeter wall, has been converted into a Hall and was extended by Joseph Paxton. Behind it is an aqueduct, built in the latter part of the 18th century, which crossed the road to supply the mills on the estate. To the south the Boyle School (founded in 1700 and paid for by a bequest of physicist Robert Boyle, and now the rectory) stands on a site once occupied by the kitchens, guest house and infirmary. The chimney of the guest house remains, and there are some 15th-century windows. It may be that a small hall called the Boyle Room was once part of the infirmary, but despite extensive research by Professor Hamilton Thompson in his definitive 1920s' study of the Priory, the original layout of this area is unclear. Near the southern border of the precincts are hollows, said to have been fish-ponds. Beyond them there is a tithe barn which is on the site of a medieval barn but has been much renewed and contains no medieval work. A second similar barn was demolished in 1775, and the village ‘Tea Cottage’ appears to have been part of a third.
Interior
There are two crypts in the church. One, under the vestry in the north-west corner, is still intact. The second, now under the organ, contained the coffins of the Clapham family which were stored in a vertical position. It was subsequently filled with bones found in the 1866 restoration and sealed.
A stone altar in the north aisle was preserved at the time of the Dissolution by using it to cover the second of the crypts mentioned above. When the floor was re-laid in 1867 it was placed in the floor of the west tower, and subsequently moved into the church where for nearly a century it was propped against the north wall of the aisle.
It was finally re-erected, surrounded by medieval tiles recovered from the ruins, during the 1980s restoration. The square depression on the surface matches a brass plate recording the death of Elizabeth Morley, now displayed on the north wall. However, a hollow in the middle of this square raises the possibility that this was once a sealed altar which contained a relic.
There are original piscinas at the east ends of both north and south walls and there is an original stone bench (at present enclosed in a wooden case) in the same area of the south wall.
The capitals on the south-east door replicate the 12th-century design of capitals in the old chancel. The font, designed by George Street, was installed in 1867.
An alcove in the south wall is said to be unique. It was built into the structure of the north wall when the latter was extended in width and the six large windows (now the ‘Pugin Windows’) were created. There is a narrow staircase that runs up to the alcove from the walk-way in front of the windows and back down to a walk-way below the west window.
The original function of the alcove remains speculative. There may have been some access from the Prior's quarters at the north end of the west range, but according to Professor Hamilton Thompson this ‘would have served no obvious purpose other than ventilation’.
Although the lower panels of the windows in the north aisle contain Victorian stained glass, their upper panels contain effigies of a king and a queen in 14th-century coloured glass. It has been suggested that the king might be Edward II, Edward III or Henry VI.
The Pugin Windows are among the last designed by Augustus Pugin, they are also the last, the largest and perhaps the best of only four attempts to copy ‘early’ (12th-century) medieval stained glass. They are also the only Pugin windows for which most of the cartoons are still available for inspection and, with one other exception, the only windows he designed in his last ten years of his life that were not executed by Hardman of Birmingham. The glazier is unknown, but they were not made by W G Crace, as stated on the incorporated panel.
A Painted Wall remains as a backdrop to the altar. The plants and symbols depict various aspects of the biblical and Christian narrative. Hidden in the design are the artist's signature and bishops’ crooks and fish symbols. It was not universally popular, and at the instigation of a Duchess of Devonshire (or, according to another version, of her Royal visitor) it was for many years concealed behind a specially commissioned curtain.
During restoration work in the 1980s it was re-discovered, in pristine condition.
On important occasions, the Priory uses a chalice donated by Lady Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford. Made by Matthew Butler in York and hall-marked 1656, it is engraved with the arms of the Earl of Cumberland.
The church contains two items of furniture by the Kilburn ‘Mouseman’, Robert Thompson – the Bishop's Chair in the chancel (which has an incused (inset) mouse) and the board listing earlier Priors, Ministers and Rectors on the south wall.
The Priory is dedicated to St Cuthbert and the Virgin Mary. St Cuthbert is commemorated by a window at the west end of the north aisle, showing Cuthbert as Bishop of Lindisfarne, cradling in his arms the severed head of his fellow saint, Oswald of Northumbria whose skull is possibly the one found during excavation of Cuthbert's grave in Durham Cathedral.
On September 7, 2014, a statue of the Virgin Mary, which is situated against the east wall between the organ case and the chancel, was dedicated. It was carved by Tim Foster, a stone carver from York Minster.
The Churchyard
The sloping ground to the north and east of the church forms the graveyard, which runs about half way to the River Wharfe. The view downstream from the Priory, the view of the Priory from the opposite bank and the Strid Woods which surround the river as it runs north towards Barden Tower, have always attracted artists, including Turner, Girtin, Landseer, Royle, the Brontes and Wordsworth
Prior Moone's grave, marked by a chalice and paten, is in the crossing. There is a memorial to Lord Frederick Cavendish (brother of the 8th Duke of Devonshire) who was assassinated in Phoenix Park, Dublin. It was donated by workers in the Bolton Abbey estate and is said to be of white freestone from Bolton Wood Quarries near Bradford. Just north of the church he is commemorated in the Cavendish memorial fountain. The main story associated with the churchyard concerns The White Doe of Rylstone, celebrated in a poem by William Wordsworth. Richard Norton, a Catholic, and eight of his sons joined the Rising of the North, and were captured and executed. Francis, the youngest son, escaped but was captured on the way home and was killed. He was buried on the north side of the Priory. Tradition has it that the grave was visited by his sister Emily, accompanied by a white doe he had given her. The doe continued to visit the graveyard during Sunday services, where it was regarded with some reverence. After the service, it would return to its home at Rylstone.
The graveyard contains the remains of one WWI casualty, Lt Smeeth, as well as those of Gillian Baverstock (author and daughter of Enid Blyton), and Yorkshire and England cricketers Bob Appleyard and Fred Trueman.
Other burials in the Priory
John Clifford, 7th Baron Clifford
Special Events
The Priory acts as a venue for a number of performing groups, some of whom stage their own concerts for a paying audience, whereas other ensembles hold 'open rehearsals' at times when the visitor traffic can create a ready-made audience. In addition to this, the Priory manages the following events.
The St Cuthbert Lecture
Held annually in February or March, this lecture's subject is on a topic of wider society, religious or historical interest. Speakers have included James Bell, Bishop of Ripon; Professor Richard Morris, the archaeologist and historian; Toby Howarth, Bishop of Bradford; and Revd Canon Alan Billings, South Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner. Recent speakers have included the Rt Honourable Dominic Grieve QC PC and the journalist Peter Oborne
Priory Concert Series
A series of four concerts during the summer of each year. Past performances have featured Leeds Philharmonic Society, the York Waits, Steeton Male Voice Choir, and the Manchester Chorale among others.
References
General references
External links
The Priory Church of St. Mary and St. Cuthbert
1154 establishments in England
1539 disestablishments in England
Religious organizations established in the 1150s
Augustinian monasteries in England
Monasteries in North Yorkshire
Church of England church buildings in North Yorkshire
Wharfedale
Craven District
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Ruins in North Yorkshire
Ruined abbeys and monasteries
Grade I listed churches in North Yorkshire
Grade I listed monasteries
Grade I listed ruins
Grade I listed buildings in North Yorkshire
Church ruins in England
Bolton Priory |
A fisheries subsidy is a government action that confers an advantage on consumers or extractors of fish in order to supplement their income or lower their cost. Fisheries subsidy are addressed in sustainable development goal 14 where target 14.6 works on prohibiting subsidies contributing to overcapacity and over fishing, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from new such subsidies.
Extent
The estimates on the global amounts of fisheries subsidies vary and range from US$15–35 billion annually. The range of estimates is partially due to fact that fisheries subsidies come in many shapes and forms. Fisheries subsidies include direct transfers of funds, income or price support measures, tax credits, exemptions and rebates, low-interest loans and guarantees, preferential treatment and use of regulatory support mechanisms. Not all estimates include government funding for fisheries management, such data collection and control and enforcement, or the possible absence of access fees.
An open letter by scientists found that as of 2021 harmful fisheries subsidies have increased globally and asks the WTO to eliminate such subsidies. It did so in 2022, ordering countries to end subsidies for illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing; fishing in international waters; or fishing of overfished stocks.
Impacts
It is acknowledged that some forms of fisheries subsidies can threaten the sustainability of fisheries resources by encouraging overfishing/overcapacity and excess fishing effort. Therefore, reducing the long-term viability of the fishing industries which are estimated to generate US$ 50 billion less per year than they could as a result of subsidies, while others are considered beneficial, promoting conservations and sustainable fisheries management. States committed at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) to eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing and overcapacity. Also, parties to the World Trade Organization agreed to strengthen disciplines on fisheries subsidies, including through a prohibition of certain forms of fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing.
Society and culture
Global goals
The United Nations' framework for Sustainable Development Goals includes targets to end subsidies that contribute to overfishing within Goal 14, Life Below Water.
See also
Fishing subsidies in the United States
Overfishing
Common Fisheries Policy
References
Further reading
OECD (2006) Financial Support to Fisheries - Implications for Sustainable Development, Paris.
Smart Investments – Promoting Sustainable Fishing Initiatives under the European Fisheries Fund, by Markus Knigge. Published in 2007 by the WWF – European Policy Office
Sumaila, U.R., V. Lam, F. Le Manach, W. Swartz and D. Pauly (2016). Global fisheries subsidies: an updated estimate. Marine Policy, 69, 189-193.
External links
FAO: What is a fishery subsidy?
Fishsubsidy.org - Who gets what from the EU common fisheries policy
Agricultural subsidies
Fishing industry |
Jorhat Theatre is a theatre organization in Jorhat, Assam, India with a history of over a hundred years.
History
From 1875, Jagannath Barooah's social cultural organization "Jorhat Sarbajanik Sabha" performed various dramas in the festival of Durga Puja in the name of "Jorhat Amateur Theatre". Later in 1896, some key peoples of Jorhat like Chandradhar Baruah, Radha Kanta Handique, Bedanta Baspati, Radhanath Phukon initiated the establishment of "Jorhat Theatre". The first drama performed at Jorhat Theatre was "Ramani Gabhoru" by Bhudhindranath Delihial Bhattacharya, the first secretary of Jorhat Theatre.
Notable acts
Sakunir Pratisodh by Ganesh Gogoi
Naranarayan by Mitradev Mahanta
Alibaba by Bipin Chandra Baruah
Bhagya Porikkha by Chandradhar Baruah
Bhogjora by Phani Sharma
Pandit Ravi Shankar and Alla Rakhas first performance in Assam, 1964
Performance of Shakespeara by Geoffrey Kendal in 1940 and 1965
References
External links
Facebook
Official Website
Theatrical organisations in India
Culture of Assam |
The Kärcher RC 3000 was a robotic vacuum cleaner created by Kärcher in 2002, and manufactured until January 2015. Unlike other robotic vacuum cleaners of the time, the RC 3000 was designed with a self-service station that allows owners to keep their robots running (without human intervention) for longer periods of time. The service station, containing a paper bag, accomplishes this by acting as the collection point for the dirt and dust swept up by the robot.
Like other robots, the RC 3000 is equipped with basic sensors to aid in general operation, such as fall sensors (to prevent the robot from falling down stairs) and "jamming sensors" (to prevent the robot from getting stuck on obstacles). Designed to work on most carpets and hard floors, the manufacturer has noted that the robot may have problems operating on very high pile carpets (>20 mm).
Description
RC3000 unit
The RC 3000 is 285x105 mm (DxH) and is two kilograms in weight. The units produced by Kärcher are yellow in coloration with IR sensors mounted beneath translucent plastic strips (used to find the service station) on the top of the unit. The unit has a bumper strip extending around the unit. A single ventilation port is visible on the back of the unit.
Turning the unit over reveals the two wheels on the underside of the unit in addition to the roller brush. A service port is accessible by lifting two levers on the underside of the unit. This service port gives access to the air filter and 0.2 litre dirt bin.
RC4000 unit
A short lived RC4000 was manufactured from 2011 to 2015, effectively a light grey version of the RC3000.
Self Service Station
The service station is much larger than the physical unit at 500x250x230 mm (LxBxH). The station weighs 5.8 kilograms and is designed for use with 220-240 VAC power sources. The base unit contains the collection bag and suction unit (for robot service). Additionally, the service station houses the scheduling and operation buttons for the unit, unlike other robots like the Neato and Roomba which have scheduling and operation buttons built into the robot.
See also
Domestic robots
List of vacuum cleaners
Roomba, a similar robotic vacuum.
The Roomba i7+ (2018) also has a basestation with large vacuum inside
References
Robotic vacuum cleaners |
Gaston Arman de Caillavet (13 March 1869 – 13 January 1915) was a French playwright.
Early life
Gaston Arman de Caillavet was born on 13 March 1869. He was the son of Albert Arman de Caillavet and Léontine Lippmann. His maternal grandfather, Auguste Lippmann, was a banker of Jewish descent.
Career
De Caillavet was a playwright. From 1901 to 1915, he collaborated with Robert de Flers on many works, including light and witty operettas or comédies de boulevard, many of which were great successes.
Personal life
In April 1893 he married Jeanne Pouquet. He was a close friend of Marcel Proust who found in him and his fiancée, Jeanne Pouquet, a model of the relationship between Robert de Saint-Loup and Gilberte in his famous novel In Search of Lost Time.
Gaston and Jeanne had only one daughter, Simone, who married (second wedding) André Maurois, future biographer of Proust.
Works
Les travaux d'Hercule, opéra bouffe in three acts, with Robert de Flers, music by Claude Terrasse, 1901
Le Cœur a ses raisons..., comedy in one act, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de la Renaissance on 13 May 1902
Le Sire de Vergy, opéra bouffe in three acts, with Robert de Flers, music by Claude Terrasse, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre des Variétés on 15 April 1903
Les Sentiers de la vertu, comedy in three acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre des Nouveautés on 7 December 1903
La Montansier, historic comedy in 4 acts and a prologue, with Robert de Flers and Henry Ibels, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de la Gaîté on 24 March 1904
Monsieur de La Palisse, opéra-bouffe in three acts, with Robert de Flers, music by Claude Terrasse, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre des Variétés on 2 November 1904
L'ange du foyer, comedy in three acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre des Nouveautés on 19 March 1905
La Chance du mari, comedy in one act, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre du Gymnase on 16 May 1906
Miquette et sa mère, comedy in three acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre des Variétés on 2 November 1906
Fortunio, opera in four acts and five tableaux, after Le Chandelier by Alfred de Musset, with Robert de Flers, music by André Messager, premiered in Paris at the Opéra-Comique on 5 June 1907
L'Amour veille, comedy in four acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Comédie-Française on 1 October 1907
L'éventail, comedy in four acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre du Gymnase on 29 October 1907
Le Roi, comedy in four acts, with Robert de Flers and Emmanuel Arène, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre des Variétés on 24 April 1908
L'âne de Buridan, comedy in three acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre du Gymnase on 19 February 1909
Le Bois sacré, comedy in three acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre des Variétés on 22 March 1910
La Vendetta, opera in three acts, with Robert de Flers, after a novel by Loriot-Lecaudey, music by Jean Nouguès, premiered at the Opéra de Marseille on 27 January 1911
Papa, comedy in three acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre du Gymnase on 11 February 1911
Primerose, comedy in three acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Comédie-Française on 9 October 1911
L'Habit vert, comedy in four acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre des Variétés on 16 November 1912
La belle aventure, comedy in three acts, with Robert de Flers and Étienne Rey, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre du Vaudeville on 23 December 1913
Béatrice, opera in four acts, with Robert de Flers, after a story by Charles Nodier, music by André Messager, 1914
Monsieur Brotonneau, play in three acts, with Robert de Flers, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin on 8 April 1914
Cydalise et le Chèvre-pied, ballet in two acts and three tableaux, with Robert de Flers, music by Gabriel Pierné, 1923
Le Jardin du paradis, musical story in four acts after Hans Christian Andersen, with Robert de Flers, music by Alfred Bruneau, 1923
Filmography
Il bosco sacro, directed by Carmine Gallone (Italy, 1915, based on the play Le Bois sacré)
, directed by Mauritz Stiller (Sweden, 1915, based on the play La belle aventure)
The Beautiful Adventure, directed by Dell Henderson (1917, based on the play La belle aventure)
L'asino di Buridano, directed by Eleuterio Rodolfi (Italy, 1917, based on the play L'Âne de Buridan)
Love Watches, directed by Henry Houry (1918, based on the play L'amour veille)
Primerose, directed by Mario Caserini (Italy, 1919, based on the play Primerose)
The King on Main Street, directed by Monta Bell (1925, based on the play Le Roi)
The Beautiful Adventure, directed by Reinhold Schünzel (Germany, 1932, based on the play La belle aventure)
**The Beautiful Adventure, directed by Reinhold Schünzel and Roger Le Bon (French, 1932, based on the play La belle aventure)
Buridan's Donkey, directed by Alexandre Ryder (France, 1932, based on the play L'Âne de Buridan)
Primerose, directed by René Guissart (France, 1934, based on the play Primerose)
Miquette, directed by Henri Diamant-Berger (France, 1934, based on the play Miquette et sa mère)
Äventyret, directed by Per-Axel Branner (Sweden, 1936, based on the play La belle aventure)
The King, directed by Pierre Colombier (France, 1936, based on the play Le Roi)
, directed by Léon Mathot (France, 1937, based on the play L'Ange du foyer)
, directed by Henry Roussel (France, 1937, based on the play L'amour veille)
The Green Jacket, directed by Roger Richebé (France, 1937, based on the play L'Habit vert)
Monsieur Brotonneau, directed by Alexander Esway (France, 1939, based on the play Monsieur Brotonneau)
Papacito lindo, directed by Fernando de Fuentes (Mexico, 1939, based on the play Miquette et sa mère)
Sacred Woods, directed by Léon Mathot (France, 1939, based on the play Le Bois sacré)
Miquette, directed by Jean Boyer (France, 1940, based on the play Miquette et sa mère)
, directed by Robert Péguy (France, 1942, based on the play Papa)
The Beautiful Adventure, directed by Marc Allégret (France, 1942, based on the play La belle aventure)
A Royal Affair, directed by Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon (France, 1949, based on the play Le Roi)
Miquette, directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot (France, 1950, based on the play Miquette et sa mère)
, directed by Annelise Reenberg (Denmark, 1955, based on the play La belle aventure)
, directed by Toivo Särkkä (Finland, 1962, based on the play La belle aventure)
References
1869 births
1915 deaths
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French opera librettists
French ballet librettists
Musical theatre librettists
French male dramatists and playwrights
Marcel Proust |
Elections to South Yorkshire County Council, a metropolitan county council in the north east of England, were held on 7 May 1981, resulting in a council with Labour members forming a majority.
This was the last election to the South Yorkshire county council, as metropolitan county councils were abolished in 1986.
Results
References
1981 English local elections
1980s in South Yorkshire
1981 |
Retiro is a district located at the southeast of the city centre of Madrid, Spain. Its area is of , the number of houses is 46,512 and the population, as of 2005, was of 126,058.
History
Retiro's history has been strongly determined by the presence of the park with the same name and the railway facilities located at the south and west of this District.
Retiro Park, together with Paseo del Prado, has given its own personality to the area of Los Jerónimos, while the rest of the District is determined by Atocha Railway Station and previously also by Niño Jesús Station.
During the 20th Century, the area consolidated as residential areas for people with a growing economic power.
Geography
Subdivision
The district is administratively divided into six wards (Barrios):
Adelfas
Estrella
Ibiza
Jerónimos
Niño Jesús
Pacífico
See also
Buen Retiro Park, largest urban park in Madrid
Colegio Santa María del Pilar, a private school in the district
References
External links
Districts of Madrid |
KWVR-FM (92.1 FM, "Music Country") is a radio station licensed to serve Enterprise, Oregon, United States. The station, which began broadcasting in 1987, is owned by Wallowa Valley Radio, LLC. It has been granted a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to move to 92.9 MHz, decrease ERP to 190 watts and increase HAAT to 584 meters.
Programming
KWVR-FM broadcasts a full-service country music format including local and regional news as well as community affairs programming. In addition to its usual music and news programming, KWVR-FM carries select sporting events as an affiliate of the Oregon State Beavers Radio Network.
History
This station received its original construction permit from the FCC on June 12, 1984. The new station was assigned the call letters KWVR-FM by the FCC on July 3, 1984.
In June 1984, Tri-State Communications Corporation, Inc., reached an agreement to transfer the permit for this still-under construction station to the Wallowa Valley Radio Broadcasting Corporation, a company wholly owned by Lee D. Perkins and Carol-Lee Perkins, a married couple. The deal was approved by the FCC on August 13, 1984, and the transaction was completed on November 19, 1984. After a series of extensions and modifications, KWVR-FM finally received its license to cover from the FCC on January 19, 1988.
In December 2008, the Wallowa Valley Radio Broadcasting Corporation agreed to transfer the license for this station to Wallowa Valley Radio, LLC, for a cash sale price of $650,000. The transfer was approved by the FCC on January 27, 2009, and the transaction was consummated on March 1, 2009. Wallowa Valley Radio, LLC, is wholly owned by members of the Frasch family of Chanhassen and Fairmont, Minnesota. The Frasch family has owned ranching property in Wallowa County, Oregon, for more than 20 years.
Awards and honors
In 1986, KWVR-FM became the smallest-market radio station to win an award from the American Women in Radio and Television. The "Gracie Award", as it is known, was presented at a ceremony in New York City hosted by Helen Hayes and Barbara Walters. The award recognized the station for a series of biographical portraits by Molly Murrill titled "Women of Achievement in the Wallowa Country".
On September 13, 2003, Lee Perkins was named Broadcaster of the Year by the Oregon Association of Broadcasters. Citing his "significant and lasting contribution to Oregon broadcasting", the OAB presented the award to the man known as the "Voice of Wallowa County" at their annual conference in Portland, Oregon.
Lee and Carol-Lee Perkins were chosen to preside as Grand Marshals of the 59th Annual Chief Joseph Days celebration in July 2004. The annual event is held in Joseph, Oregon.
References
External links
KWVR-FM official website
FCC construction permit
WVR-FM
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1987
Enterprise, Oregon
1987 establishments in Oregon |
César Ramírez (; born January 25, 1990) nicknamed "el Tiburón" ("the Shark"), is a tennis player from Mexico. He played for the Mexican Davis Cup squad in 2012.
Ramírez tested positive for steroids and has been suspended from competition for four years, until 12 April 2022.
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 14 (8–6)
Doubles: 29 (18–11)
Junior Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
References
Sources
Living people
1990 births
Mexican male tennis players
Sportspeople from Veracruz
Tennis players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Mexico
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Mexico
Doping cases in tennis
Competitors at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in tennis
21st-century Mexican people |
Venuti is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Joe Venuti (1903–1978), American jazz musician
Lawrence Venuti (born 1953), American translator
Lorenzo Venuti (born 1995), Italian footballer
Maria Venuti, Australian actor and singer
Mario Venuti, Italian singer-songwriter |
Deane Brown is a former Grand Prix motorcycle racer from Great Britain. He has previously competed in the Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup, the British 125cc Championship, the British National Superstock 600 Championship and the British National Superstock 1000 Championship.
Career statistics
Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup
Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
By season
Races by year
Other series
British 125cc Championship
National Superstock 600
British Supersport Championship
* Denotes season still in progress
References
External links
Profile on motogp.com
Scottish motorcycle racers
Living people
125cc World Championship riders
1993 births |
Kyle Switzer (born October 10, 1985) is a Canadian actor. He played Rick Geddes in the TV show 15/Love. He also had a supporting role in the first two episodes of the television comedy/drama Reaper and a recurring role in the new hit show "Being Human" for SYFY.
Switzer appeared in the 2010 film The High Cost of Living, opposite Zach Braff.
Filmography
Actor
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Canadian male television actors
Jewish Canadian male actors
Male actors from Ottawa
Canadian male film actors
21st-century Canadian male actors |
Suchman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Lucy Suchman, British anthropologist
Mark C. Suchman (born 1960), American sociologist
German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin |
Intense Tropical Cyclone Japhet was a damaging tropical cyclone that affected southeast Africa in March 2003. It developed on February 25 near the southwest coast of Madagascar, and initially moved to the northwest before turning to the southwest. With favorable conditions for development, Japhet quickly intensified in the Mozambique Channel, reaching maximum winds of , sustained over 10 minutes. After stalling briefly, the cyclone turned to the northwest, weakening slightly before striking Mozambique just south of Vilankulo on March 2. Japhet slowly weakened while progressing inland, dissipating over Zambia on March 6.
Along its path, Japhet dropped heavy rainfall that caused widespread river flooding. The rains occurred after an extended drought, although excessive precipitation caused heavy crop damage, notably around where the storm moved ashore. In two provinces in Mozambique, the cyclone damaged or destroyed 25,000 houses, leaving at least 23,000 people homeless. Flooding in Zambia caused rivers to rise in Mozambique several days after the storm's passage. There were 17 deaths in Mozambique. Further inland, remnant rainfall destroyed a bridge and several houses in Zimbabwe, killing eight people.
Meteorological history
On February 23, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring an area of convection in the Mozambique Channel. On February 25, Météo France (MF) initiated advisories on Tropical Disturbance 13 when the system was located along the southwest coast of Madagascar. Later that day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, noting that environmental conditions favored development, including weak wind shear. The system developed organized convection in a circular pattern, and on February 26, the MF and JTWC upgraded the system to Tropical Depression 13 and Tropical Cyclone 19S, respectively. With a mid-level ridge to the south, the depression moved generally westward, and after intensifying further, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Japhet by the Direction de la Météorologie et de l'Hydrologie of Madagascar late on February 26.
After attaining tropical storm status, Japhet quickly intensified while it began moving to the southwest, due to a break in the ridge. At 0000 UTC on February 28, the MF assessed that the storm strengthened into a tropical cyclone – a storm with 10 minute sustained winds of . This was about 12 hours after the JTWC upgraded Japhet to the same intensity but with 1 minute sustained winds. About 18 hours after designating Japhet as a tropical cyclone, MF estimated the storm attained 10 minute sustained winds of and upgraded the storm to an intense tropical cyclone; this made Japhet only the sixth such cyclone in the Mozambique Channel in 24 years. After further intensification, the cyclone peaked in intensity on March 1. The JTWC estimated 1 minute sustained winds of with gusts to , while MF estimated 10 minute sustained winds of .
Cyclone Japhet maintained its peak winds for about 24 hours, during which it remained nearly stationary. Subsequently, the storm began a northwest track toward the Mozambique coast, gradually weakening due to decreased outflow and dry air. At about 1700 UTC on March 2, Japhet made landfall just south of Vilankulo, Mozambique, with winds of as estimated by the JTWC. The cyclone gradually weakened over land, decreasing below tropical cyclone status by early on March 3. Japhet crossed into southern Zimbabwe, and both JTWC and MF discontinued warnings before Japhet dissipated on March 5.
Impact and aftermath
While Japhet was developing, the pressure gradient between it and a ridge produced winds of 93 km/h (58 mph) on Europa Island in the Mozambique Channel. Heavy rains affected southwestern Madagascar, but there was no major damage.
Before Japhet struck Mozambique, the local Red Cross office mobilized volunteers, including 100 people in Inhambane Province who assisted local officials in preparations. The cyclone affected the same region that Cyclone Delfina struck two months prior. Japhet produced high winds and heavy rainfall in southern and central Mozambique into southern Zimbabwe. The rains were beneficial in alleviating drought conditions, and dry grounds absorbed much of the excess rainfall. After entering Zimbabwe, Japhet's rainfall caused the Save River to rise, causing flooding in southern Mozambique several days after the storm passed the area. The resulting floods affected 50,000 people in several villages. The Limpopo River also rose to above-normal level. High rains also caused some crop damage, destroying 237,000 hectares (585,600 acres) of crop fields. This included 12,325 downed cashew trees, 6,955 wrecked banana plants, and 2,495 killed livestock, all in Vilankulo; however, the rains allowed farming conditions to improve due to wetter conditions in drought areas.
Before Japhet moved ashore, Vilankulo reported sustained winds of , with gusts to . There, the winds destroyed the roofs or damaged the doors and windows of 95% of brick houses. In Inhambane Province in southern Mozambique, the cyclone destroyed several boats, cut power lines, and disrupted roads with flooding or downed trees, which prevented communication with the province. The storm destroyed 500 classrooms, 35 government buildings, and 7 health facilities. The cyclone damaged or destroyed 25,000 houses in Inhambane and Sofala provinces, leaving about 23,000 people homeless in Inhambane alone, which was the worst-affected province. Three people were injured in Morrumbene by a fallen tree. There were 17 deaths in the country, which was less than from previous cyclones due to advance warning and coordinated government action.
The Zambia Meteorological Department warned of the potential of intense precipitation before Japhet moved into the region. In neighboring Zimbabwe, ten hours of high rainfall nearly overtopped the Manyuchi Dam and destroyed a bridge. The storm also damaged crops and destroyed houses in the country, killing eight people.
After the storm struck Mozambique, the World Food Programme distributed more than 4,300 tons of food to affected citizens. The agency had to transport goods via helicopter due to damaged or flooded roads. The country's primary north–south highway, which was damaged by the storm, had emergency repairs and was reopened within three days. Mozambique's National Disaster Management Institute distributed of maize, of beans, and 80 tents to storm victims. Lingering floods in Zimbabwe contributed to an increase in malaria cases. The Delta Corporation donated $6 million worth of blankets and food to residents in the country.
References
External links
Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) .
Météo France (RSMC La Réunion).
World Meteorological Organization
2002–03 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclones
Cyclones in Mozambique
Japhet |
Dark Flight () is a 2012 Thai horror film. The film was directed by Issara Nadee. It shows the journey of a passenger plane haunted by ghosts that gradually trick the passengers into going insane and killing each other.
Plot
Ten years ago, flight SA-407 had supernatural occurrences leading to the death of all passengers leaving one flight attendant, New, unharmed by closing her eyes until the plane landed.
At present time, the plane SA-407 had been repainted and made anew. A family, including Gift, Phen and Jamras, A tourist Ann, her admirer Wave, a couple John and Michelle, a flight attendant Prince, and an engineer of flight, Bank, a monk, an old woman and a pervert American and two other lady attendants and a pilot with the captain board the plane.
Oxygen in the plane started to lower and Bank is forced to go to fix it in the cargo hold. The old woman dies in the process. Bank informs new of a possible short-circuit and starts repairing the oxygen pressurizer. New almost collapses in the process, before she is safely brought to the top by Bank. When strange occurrences started to occur from dead bodies disappearing to possessed passengers started killing each other until Gift, Jamras, Phen, Bank and New are the only ones left. Phen is possessed and strangles New but a cart rolls and kills Phen with forks. Bank and Jamras drive and landed the plane safely. Multiple times, during the oxygen-run, Phen had uttered against New, telling that she is the root to every paranormal activity on the airplane, but she was suppressed by Jamras and Gift. At the ambulance, Gift asks where New is and Bank sees her soul in the plane. It just shows that she died with Phen and it all happened because 10 years ago, New only saved herself and did not help the others, thus the spirits wanted to avenge themselves. The film ends when the plane is scheduled to be repainted again and New's spirit is seen sitting inside the plane.
Cast
Marsha Wattanapanich as New
Peter Knight as Bank
Paramej Noiam as Jamras
Patcharee Tubthong as Gift
Anchalee Hassadeevichit as Phen
Thiti Vechabul as Prince
Namo Tongkumnerd as Wave
Sisangian Sihalath as Ann
Jonathan Samson as John
Kristen Evelyn Rossi as Michelle
Production
The film's 3D was handled by the Hong Kong company Digital Magic, which made it the first Thai film shot in 3D.
Release
The film has also been sold to Encore Films for Hong Kong, Deepjoy Picture Corporation for Taiwan, Clover Films for Singapore and Malaysia, PT Inter Solusindo Film for Indonesia and Filmworks for Cambodia. The film was released in Thailand on 22 March 2012. On its first weekend in Thailand, Dark Flight was the second-highest-grossing feature in Thailand, only being beaten by The Hunger Games. The film grossed a total of $1,133,343 in Thailand and $2,007,612 worldwide.
Notes
External links
2012 3D films
2012 horror films
Thai horror films
Thai ghost films
Aviation films
Films set on airplanes
Thai 3D films
2012 films |
Sonar is the name of three fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.
Publication history
The Bito Wladon version of Sonar first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #14 and was created by John Broome and Gil Kane.
Fictional character biography
Bito Wladon
The small Balkan nation of Modora was sealed off from the rest of the world by Fando the Mad, a leader who believed Modora should be frozen in its past, and cut off access to the outside world while making all decisions for his countrymen. One man, Bito Wladon, is determined to change that.
Wladon's parents are deaf, which is a mark of Satan to the superstitious Modorans. According to Modoran beliefs, they are not to be hurt or killed, but shunned. Although Wladon can hear, he is branded a pariah as well. Wladon hides from the rest of the world in a barn, and he discovers a cache of books hidden by his peddler grandfather against Fando's orders.
Bito Wladon becomes a clockmaker's apprentice while he secretly works on mastering sound. He invents the "nucleo-sonic motor", which can use any sound source to power it. Wladon discovers he can nullify gravity or concentrate sound as a destructive force. Believing the greatest nations on Earth were also the most powerful, Wladon supplies Modora with the "nucleo-sonic bomb", a weapon based on supersonic energy to make it the most powerful country in the world.
However, his homeland is not technologically advanced enough to support his efforts. Wladon slips out of Modora for the United States. Many of the items he needs are classified equipment, and he commits crimes to acquire the components needed.
Wladon designs a regal military costume befitting of the future of Modora. When he appears in the United States, the media dubs him Sonar because of his mastery of sound.
After returning home from a cosmos-wide meeting of the Green Lantern Corps, Green Lantern of Earth Hal Jordan visits Modora to get a stamp for Tom Kalmaku's stamp collection. While he was searching for a stamp, Jordan learns of Wladon and his sound discoveries from the clockmaker, and he returns to the United States as soon as possible.
Sonar defeats Green Lantern, but despite his victory, he is disturbed by Modora's lack of representation in the media. He needs one more robbery to gain the components to his nucleo-sonic bomb. Sonar prepares for his next skirmish with Green Lantern by creating a tuning fork gun.
Sonar's tuning fork gun makes Green Lantern see everything in yellow.
Sonar travels east, crossing the Atlantic Ocean on his way to Modora. His tuning fork gun leaves a faint trail of radiation Jordan can track, whose ring creates a waterspout to defeat Sonar.
Although he is stripped of his weapons and stolen technology before being imprisoned, Sonar is proud his exploits had made the newspapers all over the world. The people of Modora show their gratitude to Green Lantern by creating a Modoran postage stamp for the hero, which he gives to Kalmaku to complete his stamp collection.
Fando knows Sonar is a threat to his power, but Wladon appeals to his greed and fear. Fando later believes Sonar would help him keep his power. Weeks later, Sonar is released from prison by a legal loophole: using an old Modoran law, Sonar is granted his freedom due to his help in the annual harvest.
Playing upon Fando's insecurities, Wladon strikes a deal with him and becomes commander of his armies. However, Wladon secretly orchestrates an invasion by one of Modora's neighbours and murders Fando and the royal family during the confusion, and becomes the new ruler of Modora.
When Jordan goes to the Slab to get information from Hector Hammond, he is taunted by Wladon, who claims that he should not be locked up because he had diplomatic immunity, until Jordan knocks him out with a power ring-generated fist.
In the following years, Sonar continues his adversarial relationship with Jordan while slowly expanding his influence across Europe. Incarcerated by the Justice League after his failed take-over of the former Soviet Union, Wladon's sound technology and name are adopted by a mentally unstable criminal, who has the devices implanted beneath his skin.
Sonar reappears in 52 as the Modoran representative to Black Adam's Freedom of Power coalition.
In 2011, The New 52 rebooted the DC universe. Sonar and his Modorans first appear when they are carrying unknown weapons and heading to Coast City. The Modorans successfully plant a bomb in Coast City's carnival, where Jordan saves a Ferris wheel from falling. Sonar sends a broadcast message to Modora, say that he will terrorize with more bombs with his sound. Jordan pursues Sonar to Kahndaq, where the former captures Modoran soldiers, demanding they tell him where Sonar is. The Modoran soldiers kill themselves with bombs implanted in their necks to avoid being caught. In an unknown lair, Sonar watches the news of the United Nations General Assembly. He secretly plants a bomb device made of hearing aids, waiting to trigger the sound bomb at the ambassador debate, but his plan fails when Jordan prevents the debate, removes all the hearing aids and shields the ambassadors from the explosion radius. Sonar is furious and vows that Modora will be rebuilt.
In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Sonar is among the villains that attend the underground meeting held by the Riddler. He mentions that most of Green Lantern's alien enemies are currently off-world.
Second Sonar
For a brief time, a second Sonar appears and fights the Doom Patrol. He has made only one appearance so far and nothing has been revealed about his background or powers.
Third Sonar
Following in the footsteps of the original Sonar who was his father, the new Sonar gains his predecessor's powers to create an empire. Although the source of his powers remains unrevealed, he states that it involved suffering through agonizing experiments. Sonar alludes to his father being a monarch, but the original Sonar did not mention fathering an heir. His name is revealed to be Bito Wladon Jr.
The new Sonar first appears in Keystone City to test his new powers. Sonar tears up the Keystone City Hall. He fights Flash. The battle is brief, with Sonar fleeing from Keystone for a larger city to rule. Sonar plans to conquer a kingdom worthy of his royal stature. Sonar arrives in New York City and uses the sounds of Manhattan against Kyle Rayner. West joins the fight after tracking Wladon Jr. to the Big Apple. Sonar is defeated when the Flash causes him to accelerate faster than sound. Rayner takes Sonar to the Slabside Island Maximum Security Prison.
Through unknown means, Sonar escapes his cell and turns his powers upon himself. He cybernetically enhances himself and radically alters his appearance. After taking five guards as hostages, he frees the rest of the prisoners.
Rayner learns of the uprising and returns to the Slab as Green Lantern. Sonar gathers the prisoners as a small army. Sonar speaks of making New York City his empire. Though he was a force to be reckoned with, he does not impress Sledge, another prisoner in the Slab.
Sledge joins forces with Rayner to take down their mutual enemy, but does not reveal his plan. Sledge separates from Rayner as the latter fights the freed villains. He is rescued by Sledge, who pounds Sonar through the floor of the prison, opening a hole to the ocean.
Rayner searches for Sonar but eventually gives up, believing his foe was dead at the hands of Sledge. Sonar's body is not found.
Sonar survives and returns to battle Rayner in the middle of New York City. The effects of the so-called "Godwave" during the Genesis incident causes Rayner's power ring to temporarily lose all of its energy, but Sonar is still defeated.
During the Ion saga, Rayner watches Sonar and Jade fight.
Sonar is later featured in JLA-80 Page Giant #1, discussing many supervillains with the Rainbow Raider.
Sonar has been seen among the new Injustice League, and is one of the villains featured in Salvation Run. He is one of the villains sent to retrieve the Get Out of Hell Free card from the Secret Six.
Powers and abilities
Wladon carries a Sonic Sceptre, a device that enables him to absorb sound, which he can also use to fly, project illusions, fire sonic attacks and perform telekinetic feats.
Wladon Jr. is cybernetically enhanced to harness ambient sound and use for his own purposes. He usually attacks by firing sonic blasts.
Other versions
Anti-matter universe
Sonar has a counterpart in the anti-matter universe of the Crime Syndicate of America named Lady Sonar, who is a member of the Justice Underground.
Sonarr
A Scottish superhero with a bagpipe named Sonarr is introduced in Justice League Quarterly #8.
JLA/Avengers
Sonar appears in JLA/Avengers #3 as the leader of a group of villains under the villain Krona's control. Sonar helps the Silver Swan and the Silver Banshee defeat the Vision with sonics and magic, but he is disarmed by Captain America. He is entrapped by Wonder Woman's magic lasso and unwittingly spills the truth about Krona, though he calls him "the Master".
Flashpoint
In Flashpoint, Sonar is a member of Deathstroke's pirates. After being broken out of a floating prison by Deathstroke, Clayface tells Deathstroke about how Sonar could use his abilities to detect sunken treasures. He is not in the prison due to a superhuman trade, but Deathstroke catches up with him. He is imprisoned in Deathstroke's ship and used as a living radar system. After an attack by Aquaman and the Ocean Master, Sonar asks the Icicle to free him and strikes a deal with Deathstroke to treat his wounds in return for being made second-in-command. Using his sonic abilities, Sonar removes a piece of Aquaman's trident from Deathstroke's chest. After the Warlord's ships are destroyed by Jenny Blitz, Sonar participates in a mutiny against Deathstroke, but Deathstroke and Blitz kill the crew members for their treachery. Sonar manages to contact another pirate fleet led by the Caretaker before Deathstroke shoots him.
Elseworlds
A version of Sonar appears in the Elseworlds story JLA: Act of God. This version of Sonar has cybernetic augmentations and a fixation on Rayner. One year after the mysterious disappearance of all superpowers in the event called Black Light, Sonar and Rayner have a final showdown, which ends with Rayner impaled.
In other media
The Bito Wladon incarnation of Sonar appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by an uncredited Corey Burton. This version is a member of Gorilla Grodd's Secret Society. Following a minor appearance in the episode "I Am Legion", Sonar assists Roulette in her Meta-Brawl in the episode "Grudge Match" until he is defeated by Black Canary and the Huntress and arrested by the police.
The Flashpoint incarnation of Bito Wladon / Sonar appears in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox.
References
External links
Atlas of the DC Universe
DCU Guide: Sonar
DCU Guide: Sonar II
DCU Guide: The Book of OA
DCU Guide: Sonarr
Comics characters introduced in 1962
Fictional kings
DC Comics supervillains
Characters created by John Broome
Characters created by Gil Kane
DC Comics metahumans
Fictional illusionists |
The Cruzzini (; or Cruzini; ) is a river in the center of the department of Corse-du-Sud, Corsica, France. It is a tributary of the river Liamone.
The valley is isolated, heavily wooded, and surrounded by high and steep mountains.
There is little tourism, and the population is poorer and older than in the island as a whole.
Course
The Cruzzini is long.
It crosses the communes of Azzana, Lopigna, Pastricciola, Rezza, Rosazia and Salice.
It rises in the commune of Pastricciola on the border with the department of Haute-Corse to the south of the Punta all'Altore.
It flows in a generally west of southwest direction to its confluence with the Liamone.
In its upper section it flows past the villages of Chiusa, Pastricciola, Rezza and Azzana, and is followed by the D104 or D4 road on its right (north) bank.
Lower down it is followed by the D125 road and passes the village of Lopigna on its left (south) bank.
Legend
There is a legend that three brothers, Liamone, Golo and Tavignano, suffered from the cold in the mountains of the central chain of Corsica.
One day they swore to warm themselves by throwing themselves into the sea.
Golo and Tavignano reached the sea quickly.
Liamone, slowed by the granite rocks, struggled.
The Devil came to his rescue when he swore to give him a soul each year.
Every year the Liamone or one of its tributaries, the Catena, the Fiume Grosso or the Cruzini, paid this tribute.
The legend explains the capricious flow of this river and its tributaries, sometimes slow but often impetuous.
Valley
The Cruzini, the upper Liamone and the Sorru in su flow through a region known as the "Deux Sorru" in the Liamone landscape.
The region does not see many tourists, although the river has several good places for swimming.
The high and steep valley walls and the omnipresent forest contribute to a sense of isolation.
The population is elderly, with more than 10% over 75 years of age.
As of 2018 one person in five lived below the poverty level and had difficulty accessing health care.
The valley is covered by a dense Maquis shrubland except in the immediate vicinity of the villages, which are surrounded by terraced gardens and a few olive or chestnut groves.
The riparian zone holds alders and willows.
The upper Cruzini valley is predominantly wooded with Laricio pine, and is encircled by peaks of the Monte d'Oro massif exceeding in height, including Punta di Pinzi Corbini, Punta Muratellu and Punta Migliarello.
There are no roads above Chiusa, but the munipalities have developed themed trails and stopover lodges in an effort to attract hikers.
In its upper reaches the crest that separates the valley of the Cruzini from that of the Fiume Grossu to the north has been designated a Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ZNIEFF).
It ranges in elevation from and covers .
The Punta Muzzella is the highest peak.
The area is used for extensive livestock farming, which maintains open areas and contributes to biodiversity.
There is logging activity in the territorial forest of Libiu and the communal forest of Pastricciola.
Tributaries
The following streams (ruisseaux) are tributaries of the Cruzini (ordered by length) and sub-tributaries:
Viglianese:
Scarpentate:
Tavola:
Ponticchiu:
San Marginu:
Lagniato:
Mitili:
Melu:
Crocce:
Fonda:
Purcareccia:
Chiavatone:
Castagnetta:
Tartavellu:
Fontanelle:
Cocciolu:
Campotellu:
Azzana:
Capannella:
Casaroggia:
Umbutone:
Carga:
Umbriccia:
Canale:
Tassu:
Canale:
Cava:
Chiovone:
Confortu:
Erbaju:
Cadetta:
Niellone:
Favale:
Erbajolu:
Pisale:
Notes
Sources
Rivers of Corse-du-Sud
Rivers of France |
Siedliska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sompolno, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Sompolno, north-east of Konin, and east of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Siedliska |
The men's discus throw event at the 2006 African Championships in Athletics was held at the Stade Germain Comarmond on August 10.
Results
Note: Nabil Kiram of Morocco originally finished in the bronze medal position with 53.41 metres but was later disqualified for doping.
References
Results
Results
2006 African Championships in Athletics
Discus throw at the African Championships in Athletics |
The 1987–88 Northern Football League season was the 90th in the history of Northern Football League, a football competition in England.
Division One
Division One featured 17 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs, promoted from Division Two:
Billingham Synthonia
Guisborough Town
Shildon
League table
Division Two
Division Two featured 16 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs, relegated from Division One:
Bedlington Terriers
Peterlee Newtown
Also, Seaham Colliery Welware changed name to Seaham Red Star.
League table
References
External links
Northern Football League official site
Northern Football League seasons
1987–88 in English football leagues |
Lambs Anger is the third studio album by Mr. Oizo. It was released by Ed Banger Records in France on November 17, 2008. Unlike his previous, more experimental albums, Lambs Anger features more dance-friendly sound. The album, along with its two singles, "Positif" and "Pourriture", charted in France. Lambs Anger received mostly positive reviews, calling it Mr. Oizo's most complete and accessible work, with a few publications criticizing the album's repetitiveness and the lack of ideas.
Recording
Lambs Anger was recorded in six weeks. According to Mr Oizo, the recording process went easily and he ended up creating "a lot more music than [he] needed", only keeping the best material for the album.
While recording the album, Mr Oizo altered his approach to the recording process, opting in for a less complicated way. The musician said that previously, on his more experimental albums, he was "thinking too much" and "was probably trying too hard", so he would end up bored and unable to finish songs. Changing the process allowed him to remain focused by constantly switching up and surprising himself.
Artwork
The cover art was created by a French graphic designer So Me. It depicts a cartoon rendition of Mr. Oizo's character Flat Eric. Monochrome hands are holding its face, one hand is opening one of Flat Eric's eyes while the other hand is preparing to slice the eye with a razor. The artwork references the scene from the 1929 French silent short film Un Chien Andalou. According to Clash magazine, the artwork suggests the death of the character and change in Mr. Oizo's style. However, the musician himself has said that the cover art is an homage and "a nod to an artistic movement".
Release
Lambs Anger was released on November 17, 2008, on a French label Ed Banger Records. It was Mr. Oizo's first album for the label. The album charted in SNEP, the French official albums chart, reaching number 142 on it.
The album was supported by two singles. "Positif", released on November 10, 2008, peaked at number 90 on the French charts. "Pourriture", released on March 16, 2009, peaked at number 73 on the French charts.
Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 68% based on 10 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Ian Roullier of MusicOMH commended the album, calling it "a hyperactive but genuinely exciting listen." NME Tony Naylor called Lambs Anger a "joyously daft party album". Resident Advisor praised the album for being Mr. Oizo's "most intelligible offering ever", calling it "edgy yet consistent, odd yet easy to embrace". Writing for Spin magazine, Mosi Reeves applauded Mr. Oizo for creating a "sweaty, gleefully claustrophobic dance workout that celebrates the current electro-funk renaissance". Aylin Zafar of URB magazine called Lambs Anger "the pitch-perfect soundtrack to an epic night out" praising Mr. Oizo's use of samples throughout the album. Clash magazine called Lambs Anger Mr. Oizo's "most complete work to date", describing it as an "array of electro house tomfoolery".
Lambs Anger had also received a few negative reviews. Brian Howe of Pitchfork described the album as "overblown and frantic, with a surplus of sounds and a dearth of ideas", criticizing "rigid repetitions of a single basic theme" on most of the tracks. PopMatters Alan Ranta in the review for the album wrote: "This album is truly half crap, and I find myself spending most of the listening experience trying to figure out which half it is, rather than just enjoying the music".
Track listing
All songs written, composed and produced by Quentin Dupieux except "Steroids" written by Uffie and Feadz.
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Mr. Oizo – production
Uffie – songwriting
Feadz – songwriting
So Me – artwork
Charts
References
External links
2008 albums
Mr. Oizo albums
Ed Banger Records albums |
Đức An is a township () and capital of Đắk Song District, Đắk Nông Province, Vietnam.
References
Populated places in Đắk Nông province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam |
The eternal feminine, a concept first introduced by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in his play Faust (1832), is a transcendental ideality of the feminine or womanly abstracted from the attributes, traits and behaviors of a large number of women and female figures. In Faust, these include historical, fictional, and mythological women, goddesses, and even female personifications of abstract qualities such as wisdom. As an ideal, the eternal feminine has an ethical component, which means that not all women contribute to it. Those who, for example, spread malicious gossip about other women or even just conform slavishly to their society's conventions are by definition non-contributors. Since the eternal feminine appears without explanation (though not without preparation) only in the last two lines of the play, it is left to the reader to work out which traits and behaviors it involves and which of the various women and female figures in the play contribute them. On these matters Goethe scholars have achieved a certain degree of consensus. The eternal feminine also has societal, cosmic and metaphysical dimensions.
Since Goethe's time the concept of the eternal feminine has been used by a number of philosophers, psychologists, psychoanalysts, theologians, feminists, poets and novelists. By some it has been employed or developed in ways congruent with Goethe's original conception, but by others in ways that depart from it considerably in one or more respects, not always felicitously. A complicating factor is that when the expression "eternal feminine" passed into popular usage, it tended (except among the knowledgeable) to lose any connection with Goethe's original idea and be taken as referring to the prevailing cultural stereotypes of what constitutes the feminine.
Goethe
The concept of the "eternal feminine" () was introduced by Goethe at the end of Faust, Part Two (1832):
Although Goethe does not introduce the eternal feminine until the last two lines of the play, he prepared for its appearance at the outset. "Equally pertinent in this regard," writes J. M. van der Laan, "are Gretchen and Helen, who alternate with each other from start to finish and ultimately combine with others to constitute the Eternal-Feminine" At the beginning of Part I, Act IV, Faust glimpses in the passing clouds "a godlike female form" in which he discerns Juno, Leda, Aurora, Helen and Gretchen. This "lovely form" does not dissolve, but rises into the aether, drawing, Faust says, "the best of my soul forth with itself"—rather as the eternal feminine does in the last line of the play. Also embodiments of the eternal feminine are four other women who appear with the redeemed Gretchen at the end of Part II, Act V: Magna Peccatrix (the "great sinner" who anointed Jesus), Mulier Samaritana (the Samaritan woman at the well), Maria Aegytiaca (Mary of Egypt), and Mater Gloriosa (Mary, mother of Jesus). Then there are Galatea, who appears in Part II, Act II as a surrogate for Aphrodite; the Graces Aglaia (representing beauty), Hegemone (representing creativity), and Euphrosyne (representing joy), who feature briefly in Part II, Act I; and even the uncanny Mothers, whom Faust visits in Part II, Act I to conjure up Helen. Sophia, the biblical personification of divine wisdom, does not appear per se in Faust, but she is subtly present in Helen, not to mention the other women; her attributes (Wisdom 7:23–26) recall those of the female figures manifested in the clouds; and she is alluded to in Goethe's repeated references to eternal light (cf. Wisdom 7:26). Significantly, the women who contribute to the eternal feminine often appear in groups, and at times one of them calls up the image of another. In Helen there are hints of Gretchen (in the cloud scene) and Sophia; Galatea appears as an Aphrodite figure. The eternal feminine is a communal affair, a sisterhood.
However, not all the female figures who appear in the play contribute to the eternal feminine. As van der Laan notes, "Lieschen, who gossips about the misfortunes of Barbara, pregnant out of wedlock, does not possess the qualities later to be associated with the Eternal-Feminine. These qualities are also lacking in the witches of the Walpurgis Night. Only a select number of the play's many feminine figures contribute something of themselves to the construction of the ideality Goethe finally reveals at the end of the play.
The subversive side of Goethe's eternal feminine is highlighted by Nietzsche scholar Carol Diethe, who observes that Goethe, like Nietzsche in a rather different way later, used the concept to challenge the "blinkered bourgeois morality" of nineteenth-century Germany: "In Goethe's case, that morality ought to have put the child murderess Gretchen beyond the pale: at the end of Faust I (1808), she is not just a fallen woman but a felon, which is precisely why Goethe places her in the redemptive role, forcing his wealthy Weimar theater audience to show tolerance, willy-nilly."
A host of female figures—van der Laan mentions at least fifteen, not counting the Mothers—contribute something of themselves and their various symbolic possibilities to the eternal feminine. The range of connotations is extraordinarily diverse. While the eternal feminine symbolizes such qualities as beauty, truth, love, mercy, and grace, it "also personifies the transcendent realm of ultimate being, of divine wisdom and creative power which forever exceeds human reach, but at the same time ever draws us into itself." Goethe's "Eternal Feminine," writes the Korean-American philosopher T. K. Seung, "is the supreme cosmic power for the governance of the world." The "feminine principle", which "operates in every human heart", is "a cosmic principle." Seung sees a parallel to the Taoist descriptions of Yin and Yang, observing that in Chinese philosophy "Yin is the feminine principle; Yang is the masculine principle.... But Yin is the mother of all things. The primacy of Yin over Yang is expressed by the phrase 'Yin and Yang.' The Chinese never say 'Yang and Yin.' The ancient Chinese belief [is] that Yin is stronger than Yang." Citing the opinion of Goethe scholar Hans Arens that "the Eternal-Feminine is not simply to be equated with love. Rather, it is the eternal or divine which reveals itself in the feminine," van der Laan concludes: "As the symbolic representation of divine wisdom and creative power, the Eternal-Feminine can never be grasped or possessed. Beyond all human reach and comprehension, the eternal and divine always draws Faust and humanity onward toward itself."
It is to be noted that the Goethean concept of the eternal feminine is an ideal for both men and women, to the same degree, if not in the same way. This is shown in the use of common-gendered terms like "humanity", "people" or "us" to refer to those whom it draws upward and on. In Goethe's own words, "The eternal-feminine draws us on high." As he realized, encompassing the range of human experience requires transcending the traditional stuff of patriarchy, as it tends to efface the feminine. His introduction in his magnum opus of the eternal feminine is an attempt to redress this imbalance and achieve a more comprehensive vision. In T. K. Seung's words, "the noble forms of the Eternal Feminine"—symbolized in the play by the "godlike female form" in the clouds in which Faust discerns Juno, Leda, Aurora, Helen and Gretchen—"are Goethe's transcendent forms, which stand above all positive norms and which enable us to transcend the narrow perspective of our individual self. This power of transcendence is provided by the Eternal Feminine."
Feminist Transcendentalism
Margaret Fuller
The right to pursue self-culture (Bildung) regardless of sex, race, or social position was at the heart of the project of nineteenth-century New England Transcendentalism. "Self-culture," declared Transcendentalist lecturer John Albee in 1885, "must be held up and measured on the Goethean plan." In her book Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), feminist Transcendentalist Margaret Fuller praised Goethe's portrayal of women in his writings: "He aims at a pure self-subsistence, and free development of any powers with which they may be gifted by nature as much for them as for men. They are units [individuals] addressed as souls. Accordingly, the meeting between man and woman, as represented by him, is equal and noble." In her essay "Goethe" (1841), Fuller had written, "Goethe always represents the highest principle on the feminine form." The prime example of that is the eternal feminine.
For Fuller, "man and woman... are the two halves of one thought.... I believe that the development of the one cannot be effected without that of the other." Furthermore, "male and female... are perpetually passing into one another.... There is no wholly masculine man, no purely feminine woman." She expressed this idea in terms drawn from classical mythology: "Man partakes of the feminine in the Apollo, woman of the masculine in the Minerva." One of the most warlike of the classical goddesses, Minerva embodied a fierce independence. Fuller had no doubt that women were thoroughly capable of being sea-captains or military leaders and that there would one day be "a female Newton".
Ednah Dow Cheney
Fuller's tragically premature death means that for a considered reflection on the eternal feminine from a feminist Transcendentalist perspective we must go to Ednah Dow Cheney, who in 1885 gave a lecture at the Concord School of Philosophy on "Das Ewig-Weibliche". (Cheney also discusses the eternal feminine in her 1897 address, "The Reign of Womanhood", and in her memoir, Reminiscences, published in 1902.) Goethe's lines on the eternal feminine, she noted, come at the very end of his last and greatest work: "We may almost say that they are the last important utterance of his mind, the climax of all his thought, all his experience. They are the final summing up in his thought of human life." She then asked why Goethe, rather than using some "more general term" such as "Divine Humanity", found "his true expression in 'Das Ewig-Weibliche'? Why does he use the word, which implies difference of sex, and the eternally directing function of one aspect of the eternal thought, instead of employing a phrase that would express the whole?" Her answer was that Goethe wished to express "the essential nature" of the power which he thus invoked: "It is not the feminine in its manifestation"—i.e. actual female-sexed bodies—"but in its original character" This "original character" is what she had called a little earlier "one aspect of the eternal thought". Ontologically, it is prior to women (or woman), but it tends to "manifest" in them (rather than in men).
Cheney then attempts to define what this "aspect" is. She surveys Goethe's novels, poems, plays, autobiographical writings, even his scientific works on botany and colour theory, and concludes that it is relation. In Goethe's view, she writes, "It is for the truth of relation that we come into mortal existence,—not to know ourselves, not to save ourselves, not to be ourselves except in relation.... The relation of Man to Woman is typical of this great law.... Throughout the universe, only relation is creative.... When Man and Woman see each other, they begin to apprehend the Universe." Mere identity—the self prior to relation—is "not complete". It "can only be perfected by fitting itself to others, accepting the welfare of others as more its own than its own personality." She quotes Goethe scholar Herman Grimm: "Goethe was persuaded that all phenomena stand in mutual relation, and therefore nothing can be demonstrated by the study of isolated parts." She observes that "the idea of womanhood always suggests that of relation, symbolizing as she does the attractive forces of existence, beauty winning to union,...in one all-comprehensive word, love." Or, in more abstract terms, "The attractive principle is at once attraction which stimulates action and the centripetal power which holds action true to its centre." This puts woman "in the van of the world's progress of evolution". The "highest human relation" is love. "Woman's misery, man's degradation, is the result of the broken law of love." Women know this better than men because they test life "by a more delicate analysis than masculine logic supplies". They consider "things in their relations". That is why in "the great work in which Goethe sought to read the riddle of life,... das Weibliche is the moving power". The "one simple thought" that runs all through Faust is expressed "in the last grand verse". What is revealed there is "that which enters into every faith, which underlies the beautiful in art, the ideal in philosophy, the essence of morality, the meaning of life. It is the sense of the relation of the individual to the universal. We never think, never can think, of the feminine alone. It is not what separates her from others, but what gives the power of union, which makes her feminine, and so creative. And the masculine knows itself only in relation to the feminine. So it is that the eternally feminine 'draws us by sweet leadings' of beauty to love, to union, to new creation."
At this point, however, Cheney confronts a difficulty which she knows will have occurred to some of her listeners, one which she pondered to the end of her life. "But in using these words," she says, "we must remember that these human forms which we live among, and which flit past us like the changing phantoms in Goethe's half-mocking drama are but shadows and types." Sex, as it has evolved from its earliest beginnings "to its beautiful outcome in the highest human relation,... is a shadowing forth of a... duality", a "double strand"—the masculine and the feminine. But if this "double strand... represents duality, it equally represents unity and universality." We "may as well divide the rainbow by arbitrary lines" as seek to separate characteristics so "unstable and interchangeable", so "constantly blended in manifestation... and in the highest natures the most perfectly". Earlier in the lecture, she had spoken of how impossible it is to trace the distinction of sex in mental life: "In externals, in the realm of form, it is easy enough to make divisions, but in any finer sense it can only be felt, no analysis has ever been keen enough to detect it." Common stereotypes, such as that men are governed by judgment while women are swayed by feelings, are "a delusive cheat". Their wide acceptance had led the Transcendentalist writer Theodore Parker to argue that "in a semi-barbarous civilization, such as ours still is," men take any suggestion that sexual difference extends to the mind as "the pretext for a claim of sovereignty, and a power of oppression" over women.
Parker's claim that "There is no sex in souls," however, does not convince Cheney. "Masculine" and "feminine" may be but "shadows and types", but they can hardly be dispensed with. The best course, in her view, is to be pragmatic, to give them meanings that, rather than conveying harmful stereotypes, can actually be useful from a feminist and a societal perspective. The definitions she offers, while nonarbitrary—they are in line with her idea that the core meaning of the eternal feminine is relation—are extremely general as well as highly abstract (the terminology is largely drawn from physics), and are clearly to be taken metaphorically rather than literally—that is, as pointers to something which by its very nature ("shadows and types") eludes precise definition. The masculine represents force, the feminine attraction. The masculine is centrifugal, the feminine is centripetal. The masculine stands for apartness ("Faust is the unrelated man"), the feminine for union. Typically, in a society in which the masculine dominates, man has "largely taken the material aggressive part of the life of the world, and... woman, in so far truly his worst enemy, has yielded to his exactions and fostered his pride of authority and self-love." Such a society is harmful to both sexes, but especially to women. Indeed, for Cheney, the world's most fearful evil "is the wrong against woman,... which seems to be rooted in the ages, and to-day casts its poisonous slime over all countries, and all societies". What is required, therefore, is radical reform—the loftiest goal, Fuller had said, of the fully realized soul—so that "evident wrongs are eliminated and both sexes will develop in freedom and finally into perfect harmony". This harmony is not achievable without the free development of women, Ideally, the masculine and the feminine "play an equal part in the great drama of Life". Given the disharmony between the sexes and in society in general, however, "as the feminine represents attraction, this is the leading principle which draws us upward and on."
Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche had an ambivalent attitude to the eternal feminine. As Carol Diethe notes, on the one hand he mocked the self-righteous Wilhelmine women who fancied themselves its embodiment in relation to their husbands when actually they were (in Nietzsche's opinion) morally and spiritually bankrupt. On the other hand his respect for Goethe meant he could not reject the notion outright, and for a time he even seems to have hoped that Lou Andreas-Salomé—a woman who also fascinated Rilke and Freud—would be to him a kind of spiritualized manifestation of the eternal feminine as helpmeet or muse. To his intense disappointment, however, she declined this role. Possibly, Diethe says, this was what made his tone so bitter when he came to attack the Wilhelmine version of the eternal feminine. Diethe also suggests that perhaps it is no coincidence that the phrase Ewige Wiederkehr (Eternal Recurrence) is remarkably similar to Ewig-Weibliche. Nietzsche had discussed the Eternal Recurrence with Lou Salomé on Monte Sacro in Rome in 1882. Frances Nesbitt Oppel also sees a connection here. She views the language of earth-symbolism—mother earth symbolizing transience and perishability—in Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883–1892) as feminine, indicating that Nietzsche wants to emphasize the feminine nature of his doctrine: "The 'eternal feminine' in Zarathustra is the 'eternal return' which draws us ever downward, to the earth, to time, to the transitory." The feminine principle is articulated by Nietzsche within a continuity of life and death, based in large part on his readings of ancient Greek literature, since in Greek culture both childbirth and the care of the dead were managed by women.
Since, unlike Diethe, Oppel fails to distinguish between Goethe's eternal feminine and the Wilhelmine version of it, she tends to describe the former in terms more appropriate to the latter. Referring to its appearance at the end of Faust, for instance, she writes, "This mode of the eternal feminine reproduces the social injunction on the two-sex model to be wives, mothers, and moral guardians of men, and of their families." She is on firmer ground when she observes that the Nietzschean critique of the eternal feminine "is tied to another equally provocative polemic directed at Christianity". In Daybreak (1881), Nietzsche writes of the hostility of "men of conscience" such as himself "to the whole of European feminism (or idealism, if you prefer that word), which is forever 'drawing us upward' and precisely thereby 'bringing us down'". For an anti-democrat like Nietzsche, Christianity, idealism and feminism were all part of the general levelling down of Western modernity to a mediocre 'herd' which was destroying its capacity to produce the exceptional individuals necessary to survival and growth. Thus, in The Gay Science (1882), he tells us that "'feminism' means 'of the feminine,'... connoting 'belief in God and Christian conscience: that is... feminism. It means idealism, in whatever form." In Twilight of the Idols (1888), he writes: "The Imitatio Christi is one of the books I cannot hold in my hands without experiencing a physical resistance: it exhales a parfum of the 'eternal feminine'." In Beyond Good and Evil (1886), he notes the parallels between what "Dante and Goethe believed of woman—the former when he sang 'ella guardava suso, ed io in lei' [she (Beatrice) looked upward, and I with/through her], the latter when he translated it as 'the eternal womanly draws us upward'."
In Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche says that his views on women depend on something unteachable deep down—that what we call our "convictions" about the sexes are mere "signposts to the problem which we are—or, better, the great stupidity which we are". After this admission, he hopes "that I will be allowed to speak out a few truths" about women, so long as people realize that they are "only my truths". Julian Young writes: "He concedes, in other words, that his views may be infected by a degree of prejudice. The source of prejudice this extremely self-aware man has in mind is surely obvious: the trauma of the Salomé affair." Young observes that by 1885 "the majority of Nietzsche's friends and admirers were not just women but feminist women", such as Malwida von Meysenbug, Helen Zimmern and Meta von Salis. Nietzsche therefore invites his feminist friends "to scrutinize his views very carefully with an eye to separating the philosophical from the possibly pathological." And that is what they did. As Young notes, "Nietzsche's views on women are not merely offensive to modern opinion. They were offensive, too, to progressive opinion in the nineteenth century, including of course the opinion of many educated women." Nevertheless, many feminists were attracted to Nietzsche's philosophy by the accord they perceived between his message of liberation and their own. Their solution was to treat his anti-feminism as a personal quirk rather than an essential part of his philosophy. Young cites the example of Meta von Salis, who wrote that "a man of Nietzsche's breadth of vision and sureness of instinct has the right to get things wrong in one instance". Nietzsche, she thought, had made a reasonable but false generalization from the run of contemporary women to "the eternal feminine" and had failed to see that, while "the woman of the future who realizes a higher ideal of power and beauty in harmonious coexistence has not yet arrived", she will arrive.
"Perhaps," Nietzsche wrote in 1888, "I am the first psychologist of the eternal feminine. They all love me." In the second sentence he is clearly referring to his feminist friends; in the first not so much, since, as the comment by Meta von Salis just cited indicates, their conception of the eternal feminine was rather different from his (as he was well aware). The whole passage, notes Penelope Deutscher, "seems rather tongue-in-cheek". Quite how convoluted interpreting Nietzsche on the eternal feminine can be is suggested by another comment by Deutscher: "we might say that any notion of the eternal feminine that Nietzsche does invoke to denounce the idealist notion of an eternal feminine is a re-valued 'eternal feminine' and not the 'same', idealist eternal feminine he denounces".
"Man is a coward when confronted with the Eternal Feminine," Nietzsche wrote in 1888, "—and the females know it." As he explains in Beyond Good and Evil, "That in woman which arouses respect and often enough fear is her nature, which is 'more natural' than man's, her genuine, cunning, beast-of-prey suppleness, the tiger's claws under the glove, the naïveté of her egoism, her ineducability and inner wildness, and how incomprehensible, capacious and volatile her desires and virtues are." To go from "this dangerous and beautiful cat 'woman'" to "'woman as clerk'" is "stupidity,... an almost masculine stupidity". It doesn't even lessen the problem of abuse. "To lose an instinct for the ground on which she is surest of victory, to neglect to practice the art of her own proper weapons,... to seek with virtuous audacity to destroy man's faith that there is a fundamentally different ideal concealed in woman, that there is something eternally, necessarily feminine...—what does all this mean if not a crumbling away of feminine instinct, a loss of femininity?" Femininity is both "natural" and an art. In The Gay Science, Nietzsche had written that women are "first of all and above all actresses,... they 'put on something' even when they take off everything. Woman is so artistic." There is much here to arouse the ire of feminists—though some qualities Nietzsche ascribes to women, like egoism and ineducability, he also ascribes to himself, and he utilizes metaphors of animality, acting and concealment (particularly masks) for both sexes. There are also ideas, however, from which some feminists in the following decade were to take inspiration.
New Woman
The New Woman was an influential feminist ideal of the 1890s. She has been succinctly described as "intelligent, educated, emancipated, independent and self-supporting". The New Woman was often associated with the eternal feminine. One representative article from 1895, after claiming that it is impossible to go anywhere or read anything "without being continually reminded of the subject which lady-writers love to call the Woman Question", observed: "'The Eternal Feminine,' the 'Revolt of the Daughters,' the Woman's Volunteer Movement, Women's Clubs, are significant expressions and effective landmarks."
Owing to her outspokenness about female desire, George Egerton (Mary Chavelita Dunne) was the most controversial of the New Women writers. Not only did she make the earliest reference to Nietzsche in English literature, but he is the most frequent reference in her texts. Unsurprisingly, the eternal feminine in her fiction has a strongly Nietzschean stamp. In "A Cross Line", the first story in Keynotes (1893), Egerton's first collection, the female protagonist laughs softly to herself at "the denseness of man", musing that "the wisest of them can only say we are enigmas. Each one of them sits about solving the riddle of the ewig weibliche—and well it is that the workings of our hearts are closed to them, that we are cunning enough or great enough to seem to be what they would have us, rather than be what we are. But few of them have had the insight to find out the key to our seeming contradictions.... They have all overlooked the eternal wildness, the untamed primitive savage temperament that lurks in the mildest, best woman. Deep in through ages of convention this primeval trait burns, an untameable quantity that may be concealed but is never eradicated by culture—the keynote of woman's witchcraft and woman's strength." In passages like this, as Iveta Jusová observes, Egerton apparently "re-asserts the traditional unproductive binary division between (female) nature and (male) culture", but this assumption is "in the end undermined by Egerton's own discourse", which "exposes this postulate as impossible and locates presumably precultural 'nature' and desire within a larger concept of culture". Or, as Elke D'hoker argues (as paraphrased by Eleanor Fitzsimons), "Egerton avoids essentialism by presenting a pluralistic expression of women's desires."
Zora Neale Hurston
In a much-quoted passage from Zora Neale Hurston's essay "How It Feels To Be Colored Me" (1928), the eternal feminine, including its cosmic aspect, contributes significantly to her secure sense of self-worth as a black American woman:
As one scholar observes immediately before quoting the above passage, "If one wanted to find an example of a black American woman who is at ease with being black and yet being convinced that she is an authentic part of greater humankind, one should read Hurston's essay." Hurston continues:
Later developments
In the last third of the twentieth century, the eternal feminine was often regarded, typically without reference to Goethe's original conception, as a psychological archetype or philosophical principle that idealizes an immutable concept of "woman". It was seen as one component of gender essentialism, the belief that men and women have different core "essences" that cannot be altered by time or environment. Such a conceptual ideal was particularly vivid in the 19th century, when women were often depicted as angelic, responsible for drawing men upward on a moral and spiritual path. Among those virtues variously regarded as essentially feminine are "modesty, gracefulness, purity, delicacy, civility, compliancy, reticence, chastity, affability, [and] politeness".
Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar state that for Goethe, "woman" symbolized pure contemplation, in contrast to masculine action. If by "woman" they mean "the eternal feminine" (they are not the same thing), their statement is incorrect. Contemplation is certainly one of the myriad qualities symbolized in the eternal feminine, but so is agency, that is, the capacity to act.
In classical music
The concluding lines of Goethe's Faust on the "eternal feminine" were set to music by Robert Schumann in the last chorus of his Scenes from Goethe's Faust, by Franz Liszt at the end of the last movement of his Faust Symphony, and by Gustav Mahler in the last chorus of his Eighth Symphony.
In popular culture
In Wide is the Gate, the fourth novel of the "Lanny Budd" series by Upton Sinclair, Lanny says to Gertrud Schultz, "What Goethe calls das ewig weibliche is seldom out of my consciousness; I don’t think it is ever entirely out of any man’s consciousness."
In Mac Miller's discography, one album called "The divine feminine" seems to be themed after this conception of an eternal feminine.
See also
Cult of Domesticity
Erich Neumann (psychologist)
Gender role
Ideal womanhood
Yamato nadeshiko
New Woman
Separate Spheres
The Angel in the House
Thealogy
References
1832 introductions
Archetypes
Feminist philosophy
Philosophical anthropology
Women by role
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Juno (mythology)
Mary, mother of Jesus |
A marine park is a designated park consisting of an area of sea (or lake) set aside to achieve ecological sustainability, promote marine awareness and understanding, enable marine recreational activities, and provide benefits for Indigenous peoples and coastal communities. Most marine parks are managed by national governments, and organized like 'watery' national parks, whereas marine protected areas and marine reserves are often managed by a subnational entity or non-governmental organization, such as a conservation authority.
The largest marine park used to be the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia, at 350,000 km² until 2010, when the United Kingdom announced the opening of the Chagos Marine Park or Chagos Archipelago.
Although for many uses it is sufficient to designate the boundaries of the marine park and to inform commercial fishing boats and other maritime enterprises, some parks have gone to additional effort to make their wonders accessible to visitors. These can range from glass-bottomed boats and small submarines, to windowed undersea tubes.
In New Zealand a marine reserve is an area which has a higher degree of legal protection than marine parks for conservation purposes.
In New South Wales, there are planned marine parks which will stretch along the coastline of the entire state.
France and its territories are home to nine marine parks, known as .
List of marine parks
Africa
Glorioso Islands Marine Natural Park, Glorioso Islands
Kisite-Mpunguti Marine National Park, Kenya
Mayotte Marine Natural Park, Mayotte
Americas
Bonaire National Marine Park, Bonaire
Half Moon Caye Natural Monument, Belize
Hol Chan Marine Reserve, Belize
Montego Bay Marine Park, Jamaica
Pedra da Risca do Meio Marine State Park, Brazil
Martinique Marine Natural Park, Martinique
Saba National Marine Park, Saba
Chile
Juan Fernández National Marine Park, Juan Fernández Islands
Nazca-Desventuradas National Marine Park, Desventuradas Islands
Motu Motiro Hiva National Marine Park, Rapa Nui
Cabo de Hornos e Islas Diego Ramírez National Marine Park, Cape Horn
Francisco Coloane Marine and Coastal Protected Area, Brunswick Peninsula
Islas Damas Conservation Area Reserve
Isla Chañaral Conservation Area Reserve, Chañaral Island
Putemún Conservation Area Reserve, Chiloé Island
Pullinque Conservation Area Reserve, Ancud
La Rinconada Conservation Area Reserve, Antofagasta
Canada
Fathom Five National Marine Park
Gwaii Haanas National Marine Conservation Area Reserve
Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area
Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park
Mexico
Alto Golfo de California Biosphere Reserve
Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park
Cabo Pulmo National Park, Mexico
San Lorenzo Marine Archipelago National Park
United States
Allan H. Treman State Marine Park
Dry Tortugas National Park
John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
Biscayne National Park
Asia
Hong Kong
Marine parks in Hong Kong:
Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve
Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park
Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park
Tung Ping Chau Marine Park
Yan Chau Tong Marine Park
India
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, Tamil Nadu
Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat
Indonesia
Karimunjawa National Park, Java
Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Java
Komodo National Park, Nusa Tenggara
Bunaken National Park, Sulawesi
Kepulauan Togean National Park, Sulawesi
Kepulauan Wakatobi National Park, Sulawesi
Taka Bone Rate National Park, Sulawesi
Teluk Cenderawasih National Park, Papua
Japan
Inubōsaki Marine Park
Malaysia
Perhentian Islands
Redang Island
Pulau Tenggol
Tioman Island
Pulau Sibu
Pulau Pemanggil
Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park
Tun Mustapha Marine Park
Tun Sakaran Marine Park
Turtle Islands National Park
Philippines
Apo Reef
Tubbataha Reef
Ocean Adventure
Singapore
Sisters' Island Marine Park
Taiwan
Dongsha Atoll National Park
South Penghu Marine National Park
Thailand
Tarutao National Marine Park
Europe
Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park, Albania
Marine Natural Park of Cap Corse and the Agriate, Cap Corse and the Agriates, Corsica
Arcachon Bay Marine Natural Park, Arcachon Bay, France
Gironde Estuary and Pertuis Sea Marine Natural Park, western France
Gulf of Lion Marine Natural Park, Gulf of Lion, France
Iroise Marine Natural Park, Brittany, France
Marine Natural Park of the Picardy Estuaries and the Opal Sea, Picardy and Côte d'Opale, France
Zakynthos Marine Park, Greece
Alonnisos Marine Park, Greece
Kosterhavet National Park, Bohuslän, Sweden
Ytre Hvaler National Park, Norway
Færder National Park, Norway
Jomfruland National Park, Norway
Raet National Park, Norway
Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, Wales
Plymouth Sound National Marine Park, England
Ponta Do Pargo Marine Natural Park, Madeira, Portugal
Cape Girão Marine Natural Park, Madeira, Portugal
High seas
Nearly all existing marine reserves have been set close to shore, mostly in territorial waters. A main reason for this lies in the fragmented nature of maritime governance in international waters, the poor enforcement of existing regulations in the High seas, plus the difficult co-management that would be required of countries often in conflict. How to circumvent such obstacles? In 2011, based on unique biological, geological and oceanographic features, the Mediterranean Science Commission proposed the creation of eight large international, coast-to coast "Marine Peace Parks" in the Mediterranean Sea where no coastal point is farther than 200 nautical miles from waters under another jurisdiction. The trans-frontier structure of such 'Peace' Parks puts this problem aside, encouraging the local Governments involved to join forces in the pursuit of a cause higher than their national interest without prejudice to current national claims .
Greenpeace is campaigning for the "doughnut holes" of the western pacific to be declared as marine reserves.
They are also campaigning for 40 percent of the world’s oceans to be protected as marine reserves.
Oceania
Australia
Australian government
The Australian Government manages an estate of marine protected areas (MPA) that are Commonwealth reserves under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).
Ashmore Reef Marine National Nature Reserve
Cartier Island Marine Reserve
Cod Grounds Commonwealth Marine Reserve
Coringa-Herald National Nature Reserve
Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Nature Reserve
Great Australian Bight Commonwealth Marine Reserve
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Heard Island and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve
Kimberley Marine Park
Lihou Reef National Nature Reserve (Coral Sea Island Territory)
Lord Howe Island Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters)
Macquarie Island Marine Park
Mermaid Reef Marine National Nature Reserve
Ningaloo Marine Park (Commonwealth waters)
Solitary Islands Marine Reserve (Commonwealth Waters)
South-east Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network
New South Wales
Solitary Islands Marine Park
Queensland
Moreton Bay Marine Park
South Australia
As of December 2013, the following marine parks have been declared under the Marine Parks Act 2007 (SA) :
Eastern Spencer Gulf Marine Park
Encounter Marine Park
Far West Coast Marine Park
Franklin Harbor Marine Park
Gambier Islands Group Marine Park
Investigator Marine Park
Lower South East Marine Park
Lower Yorke Peninsula Marine Park
Neptune Islands Group Marine Park
Nuyts Archipelago Marine Park
Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park
Southern Kangaroo Island Marine Park
Southern Spencer Gulf Marine Park]]
Thorny Passage Marine Park
Upper Gulf St Vincent Marine Park
Upper South East Marine Park
Upper Spencer Gulf Marine Park
West Coast Bays Marine Park
Western Kangaroo Island Marine Park
Victoria
The state of Victoria has protected approximately 5.3% of coastal waters. In June 2002, legislation was passed to establish 13 Marine National Parks and 11 Marine Sanctuaries. Victoria is
the first jurisdiction in the world to create an entire system of highly protected Marine National Parks at the same time. Additional areas are listed as Marine Parks or Marine Reserves, which provides a lower level of protection and allows activities such as commercial and recreational fishing.
The marine national parks are:
Bunurong Marine National Park
Cape Howe Marine National Park
Churchill Island Marine National Park
Corner Inlet Marine National Park
Discovery Bay Marine National Park
French Island Marine National Park
Ninety Mile Beach Marine National Park
Point Addis Marine National Park
Point Hicks Marine National Park
Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park
Twelve Apostles Marine National Park
Wilsons Promontory Marine National Park
Yaringa Marine National Park
Western Australia
Kimberley region:
Bardi Jawi Marine Park (proposed), in Bardi Jawi country.
Lalang-gaddam Marine Park (in planning stages; formerly Great Kimberley Marine Park), which will cover Dambimangari waters:
Lalang-garram / Camden Sound Marine Park
Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls Marine Park
North Lalang-garram Marine Park
Maiyalam Marine Park (gazetted 2020/21), covering the Buccaneer Archipelago
North Kimberley Marine Park, in Uunguu waters.
Gascoyne region:
Shark Bay Marine Park
Micronesia
Enipein Pah, near Pohnpei
New Zealand
Hauraki Gulf Marine Park
Mimiwhangata Marine Park
Tawharanui Marine Park
Papua New Guinea
Papua Barrier Reef
See also
Marine protected area
Marine reserve
References
Protected areas |
Philip Johnston (September 14, 1892, in Topeka, Kansas – September 11, 1978, in San Diego, California) was an American civil engineer who is credited with proposing the idea of using the Navajo language as a Navajo code to be used in the Pacific Theater during World War II.
Early years
Johnston was born in Topeka, Kansas, on September 14, 1892, the son of a missionary, William Johnston. The elder Johnston brought his family to Flagstaff, Arizona, on September 16, 1896, to serve Navajos residing on the western part of the Navajo Reservation. Philip's father was able to intervene and defuse a potentially violent clash known as the Padre Canyon Incident, which revealed underlying tensions between Navajos and Anglos involving livestock rustling. For resolving that incident in a peaceful manner, local Navajo leaders allowed Reverend Johnston to build a mission 12 miles north of Leupp, Arizona. After that incident, Philip's father worked to expand the boundaries of the western part of the Navajo reservation in order to resolve livestock rustling disputes on which developing tensions were generally centered.
On the reservation, young Philip learned to speak Navajo while playing with Navajo children. In 1901, Philip traveled to Washington, D.C., with his father and local Navajo leaders when they spoke to the newly appointed President Theodore Roosevelt to persuade him to add more land to the Navajo Reservation via an Executive Order. Philip was the Navajo/English translator between the local Navajo leaders and President Roosevelt.
Around 1909–10, Johnston attended the Northern Arizona Normal School, now Northern Arizona University, where he earned an academic degree. In March 1918 he enlisted in the U.S. Army's 319th Engineers, where he received a reserve commission. Between March and September 1918 he trained in Camp Fremont at Menlo Park, California, before being shipped to France as part of the AEF to participate in World War I. It is here that he may have heard about Comanches being used as code talkers by U.S. Army units.
Johnston attended the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, where he earned his graduate civil engineering degree in 1925. Afterwards he took a job with the city of Los Angeles water department.
The Navajo code talkers project
Though he worked in Los Angeles he maintained his social connections with the Navajo people with whom he grew up. He was working as a civilian in Los Angeles when the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor. After the attack he had read of the U.S. Army using Comanches in their Louisiana field maneuvers to transmit military communications and began to think that the Navajo language could also be applied in this manner. He presented this idea to the United States Marine Corps (USMC), and he was directed to present his proposal.
Johnston recruited four Navajos who were working in the Los Angeles shipyards, and arranged to demonstrate the utility of using the Navajo language to transmit military communications. The officer in charge of this demonstration was Communications Officer, Amphibious Force, Fleet Marine Force (FMF) Major James E. Jones, USMC at Camp Elliot, San Diego and Commanding Officer; Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet General Clayton Barney Vogel heard of the event and attended the demonstration. Initially Philip thought the Navajo language could be used unmodified to transmit military communications, using conversational Navajo. Just before the actual demonstration started, the Navajos received their samples of common military expressions they were to convey to each other. They informed the gathered personnel that in order to send the military messages they would have to use word and letter substitution methods to convey the messages, due to the lack of direct equivalents in Navajo of many technical English terms. After some deliberation to agree upon which Navajo words would represent English equivalents the Navajos were divided into two groups and put into separate rooms, where field phones had been installed, at opposite ends of the same building.
At that point they transmitted the common military expressions they were assigned to be coded into Navajo and decoded into English, by verbally encrypting, transmitting and decoding the messages nearly verbatim from English, to Navajo and back into English. Philip indicated that this Camp Elliot exercise revealed limitations to using conversational Navajo for military communications and that he was inspired to use the letter and word substitution methods to encrypt Navajo. On the other hand, USMC documents indicate that it was after this demonstration, when they were independently investigating the logistics of using the Navajo language as a code, that it was Bureau of Indian Affairs personnel who stated that a coding system for Navajo had to be created.
General Vogel was so impressed with the Camp Elliot demonstration that he asked the Commandant of the Marine Corps to recruit 200 Navajos. But Vogel was given authorization to recruit only 30 Navajos, under a pilot program status to investigate the feasibility of this proposed program with actual Navajos. On the morning of May 4, 1942, 29 Navajo recruits boarded the bus at Ft. Defiance, Arizona, were transported to the induction center at Ft. Wingate, New Mexico, and, after lunch, were transported overnight to Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego (MCRD, SD) for administrative in-processing, then to start their seven weeks of standard recruit training. Upon completion of recruit training the first all-Navajo Platoon 382 graduated from MCRD, SD on June 27, 1942, where they were immediately ordered to report to Camp Elliot for about eight weeks of basic communications training and to develop a code based on the Navajo language. As for developing the code, the Navajos were guided by a cryptographic officer under the command of now Lieutenant Colonel Jones in the basics of employing letter and word substitution encryption methods in the formulation of the code. Shortly after the beginning of this project three additional Navajo Marines were added to the program, and together the 32 Navajos worked to develop the code. Their stay in Camp Elliot ended in the latter half of August 1942.
Based upon the successful training of the pilot talker program on August 25, 1942, the authorization to fulfill the recruitment of 200 Navajos commenced and Marine units "were asked to submit recommendations relative to the number of Navajos they could usefully employ".
After training, one group of 50 were assigned to the 1st Marine Division, a second group of 16 were assigned to the 6th Marines and the 2nd Signal Company of the 2nd Marine Division. Three individuals were retained stateside to recruit and train Navajos to become code talkers. The first group of Navajo code talkers arrived at Guadalcanal on September 18, 1942, near Lunga Point. The second group arrived with the 6th Marines on January 4, 1943, and relieved the 1st Marine Division code talkers and then participated in the latter stages of the Battle of Guadalcanal.
After the USMC officially instituted the "talker" program, Johnston asked the USMC for a special dispensation to serve in the Navajo Code Talking Program as a Staff Sergeant. His request was granted on September 22, 1942, and he served as a school administrator for the "confidential" program. By October 26, 1942, Staff Sergeant Philip Johnston USMCR and Corporal John A. Benally USMC, one of the three stateside code talkers, were sent out to recruit more Navajos to join the program. From late October through November 1942, they recruited Navajos throughout the western portion of the reservation, until they were recalled back to Camp Elliot. On December 7, 1942, the Navajo Communication School at Camp Elliot began formal lessons under Johnston's supervision. Navajo recruits trickled in and went through standard Marine Corps boot camp, whereupon after graduation they were sent to Camp Elliot. The next all-Navajo platoon to go through boot camp was Platoon 297 in March 1943 at MCRD, SD.
Johnston may have proposed the idea of using the Navajo language to encrypt USMC tactical communications, but he was not yet on active duty with the USMC to be present during its creation by the first 29 + 3 Navajos who created the vocabulary with guidance by a USMC cryptographic officer.
Later years
Philip Johnston died on September 11, 1978, just 3 days shy of his 86th birthday, at the VA Hospital in San Diego, California. He is buried at Glendale, California.
See also
Navajo Nation
Navajo
Code talker
Code-talker paradox
Sources
References
External links
Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary
Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers: World War II fact Sheet
Northern Arizona University Special Collections, regarding Navajo Codetalkers
Northern Arizona Normal School Brochure
To see some of the Philip Johnston photograph collection type the name 'Philip Johnston.
1892 births
1978 deaths
Navajo code talkers
American people of World War II
United States Army officers
USC Gould School of Law alumni
People from Topeka, Kansas
Military personnel from Kansas
United States Marines
20th-century Native Americans |
The Swiss Cup was the national ice hockey cup competition of Switzerland which had been played annually from 2015 until 2021. The tournament was originally played from 1957 to 1966, then once more in 1972. On 28 May 2013, the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation announced that the cup will be revived from the 2014–15 season. At the beginning of the 2020-21 season, the SIHF announced that the 2021 edition would be the last one.
SC Bern won the final edition on February 28, 2021, against the ZSC Lions in an empty Hallenstadion.
Champions
1957: HC Neuchâtel Young Sprinters
1958: HC Neuchâtel Young Sprinters
1959: Genève-Servette HC
1960: Zürcher SC
1961: Zürcher SC
1962: HC Ambrì-Piotta
1963: HC Neuchâtel Young Sprinters
1964: EHC Visp
1965: SC Bern
1966: Grasshopper Club Zürich
1972: Genève-Servette HC
2015: SC Bern
2016: ZSC Lions
2017: EHC Kloten
2018: SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers
2019: EV Zug
2020: HC Ajoie
2021: SC Bern
Titles by team
References
External links
Swiss Ice Hockey Association
Ice hockey competitions in Switzerland
National ice hockey cup competitions in Europe |
Juma Santos, also known as Jumma Santos (December 27, 1948 – September 1, 2007), born James R. Riley, was a percussionist and master drummer known for his extensive work over four decades with African music, Caribbean music, jazz, fusion and R&B artists.
Juma Santos (born James Reginald Riley) combined and fused styles and playing techniques of various African musical instruments, experimenting with rhythms, songs, and chants with modern jazz harmonies and melodic forms and structures. His career included performing with many noted artists on projects of historical significance, including recording on more than 75 albums.
Santos recorded on Miles Davis's Bitches Brew and toured with Davis for a year. He also toured and recorded with Nina Simone, David Sanborn and Taj Mahal. Other performance residencies include stints with Ahmad Jamal, Dave Liebman, Pee Wee Ellis, Jack DeJohnette, Gato Garcia, Don Alias, Freddie Hubbard, the Fabulous Rhinestones, Harvey Brooks, Roy Ayers, Don Moye, and his own groups, Rosewater Foundation, Afro Jazz Messengers, the Pan-African Drum Ensemble, the Jumma Society and Sounds of the Urban Forest. Juma can be seen performing with Nina Simone in the academy award winning documentary Summer of Soul.
He taught a generation of aspiring Afro-Cuban percussionists in NYC in the 1990s (at the Fareta School of African Dance and Drum) and in Detroit in the 2000s.
Juma Santos was also a fine photographer/painter who had had several successful exhibitions.
He died in September 2007, in Chicago, apparently of complications from malaria, at the age of 59 and mainly because his religious beliefs did not allow him to use traditional Western medicine when he became ill.
Discography
As sideman
1969: Bitches Brew, Miles Davis
1969: Black Gold, Nina Simone
1971: Ubiquity, Roy Ayers
1971: Paul Pena, Paul Pena
1971: Compost, Compost
1972: He's Coming, Roy Ayers
1973: Life is Round, Compost
1973: Geechee Recollections, Marion Brown
1973: Lawrence of Newark, Larry Young
1973: Andy Pratt, Andy Pratt
1973: Live at Berkeley, Nina Simone
1976: Light'n Up, Please!, Dave Liebman
1976: David Sanborn, David Sanborn
1977: Beyond the Rain, Chico Freeman
1979: The Love Connection, Freddie Hubbard
1984: Georgia Blue, Julius Arthur Hemphill and the JAH Band, [Minor Music 1984]
1992: Family Portrait, Victor Lewis
References
1948 births
2007 deaths
American jazz drummers
Deaths from malaria
Infectious disease deaths in Illinois
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
American jazz percussionists
Conga players
Tambourine players
American marimbists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Compost (band) members |
Abercrombie is a city in Richland County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 244 at the 2020 census. Abercrombie was founded in 1884.
History
Abercrombie was founded in 1884. It was named after Fort Abercrombie, a local military installation adjacent to the city. This means the city indirectly received its name from Lieutenant Colonel Abercrombie, first commanding officer of the fort. The city is part of the military reservation and is located on section 4, 134–48.
Abercrombie did not come into being until 1884, when Fargo and Southern Railroad was built through the Red River Valley along the Red River. Then directly west of the old fort, the town of Abercrombie was started.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
Abercrombie is part of the Wahpeton, ND MN Micropolitan Statistical Area.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 263 people, 104 households, and 68 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 121 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.5% White, 0.4% African American, 0.8% Native American, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.
There were 104 households, of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.6% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.15.
The median age in the city was 35.8 years. 30.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 296 people, 118 households, and 73 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 138 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.62% White, 1.35% Native American, 0.34% Asian, and 1.69% from two or more races.
The top 6 ancestry groups in the city are Norwegian (54.4%), German (41.9%), Irish (12.8%), Swedish (12.2%), English (7.4%), Czech (6.8%).
There were 118 households, out of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.27.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 124.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,167, and the median income for a family was $37,125. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $17,321 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,911. About 8.8% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.
Economy
The economy of Abercrombie is surrounded by agriculture. While agriculture does play the dominant role in the southern Red River Valley, the city of Abercrombie provides employment in sectors such as education, telecommunication, and manufacturing.
Largest Employers
Red River Communications
North Land Truss Systems, Inc.
Richland #44 School District
Culture
Many of the settlers who came from Norway, Sweden and Denmark in the late 1860s and early 1870s came first to Wisconsin and southern Minnesota to work in the Lumber mills. While there, they heard much about the Red River Valley and its fertility and great possibility. At this time a Mr. Strandvold was writing articles geared towards appealing to young Norsemen with the intention of drawing them to the Valley.
Education
The city of Abercrombie is served by the Richland 44 School District, which contains 2 schools:
Elementary School (Preschool-6)
Richland Elementary School
Junior/Senior High School (7-12)
Richland Junior/Senior High School
Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Abercrombie has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
References
Cities in North Dakota
Cities in Richland County, North Dakota
Populated places established in 1884
1884 establishments in Dakota Territory
Wahpeton micropolitan area |
was a Japanese painter, the founder of the Tosa school of Japanese painting. Born into a family that had traditionally served as painters to the Imperial court, he was head of the court painting bureau from 1493 to 1496. In 1518, he was appointed chief artist to the Ashikaga shogunates.
See also
Higashiyama Bunka in Muromachi period
References
External links
Bridge of dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Tosa Mitsunobu (see index)
Japanese painters
1434 births
1525 deaths |
The Canadian province of Manitoba first required its residents to register their motor vehicles and display licence plates in 1911. , plates are issued by Manitoba Public Insurance. Front and rear plates are required for most classes of vehicles, while only rear plates are required for motorcycles and trailers.
Passenger baseplates
1911 to 1947
In 1956, Canada, the United States, and Mexico came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for licence plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at in height by in width, with standardized mounting holes. The first Manitoba licence plate that complied with these standards was issued 25 years beforehand, in 1931.
No slogans were used on passenger plates during the period covered by this subsection.
1948 to present
Manitoba is currently one of five provinces where decals are not used to show that the vehicle has valid registration, the others being Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Quebec.
Specialty plates
Non-passenger plates
Vanity plates
The province also offers personalized vanity license plates, at a cost of $100. These plates can be affixed to passenger vehicles, non-commercial trucks, farm trucks, motorcycles, mopeds and motorhomes.
References
External links
Manitoba licence plates, 1969–present
1911 establishments in Manitoba
Manitoba
Transport in Manitoba
Manitoba-related lists |
Inch Clutha is a large, flat island sitting in the delta between the Matau (northern) and Koau (southern) branches of the Clutha River, downstream from the town of Balclutha in the South Island of New Zealand. Approximately long and wide, the fertile but flood-prone land of the island is extensively farmed. The island was formed in 1878 after a massive flood changed the course of the Clutha, which had formerly reached the ocean 4 km to the south at Port Molyneux.
The island takes its name from Scots Gaelic, innis meaning "island" and Cluaidh being the Gaelic form of the name of Scotland's River Clyde.
The island is sparsely inhabited, consisting of a handful of farm houses distributed fairly evenly across the island. Only two bridges link the island to the South Island proper, both of them connecting with the Kaitangata Highway (former SH 91), one at the northern end of the island close to Stirling, and the other about one kilometre from Kaitangata. The southwestern shore of the island, along the Koau branch, includes several small oxbow lakes – in the north, close to Finegand, and also some 3km from the Pacific coast. The northern shore contains no current oxbows, though the Matau branch travels through several large meanders (especially close to Kaitangata) which are likely to eventually become oxbows. In the largest of these, a 3500 m loop of river bends back on itself to create a neck of farmland only some 120 metres wide. At the southern end of the island, a channel links the two branches, separating Inch Clutha from a smaller broad, low-lying barrier islet sitting between it and the Pacific coast. The northern tip of Inch Clutha sits directly across the Clutha River from Balclutha Aerodrome, on the southern edge of the town. The first settlers moved there in 1848 forming a small community.
References
McKinnon, M. "Inch Clutha and the River Mouth," Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 29 July 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
River islands of New Zealand
Islands of Otago
Clutha River
Clutha District |
Villargordo del Cabriel is a municipality in the comarca of Requena-Utiel in the Valencian Community, Spain.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Valencia
Requena-Utiel |
The women's discus throw event at the 2014 African Championships in Athletics was held on August 12 on Stade de Marrakech.
Results
References
2014 African Championships in Athletics
Discus throw at the African Championships in Athletics
2014 in women's athletics |
Tashaun Gipson Sr. (born August 7, 1990) is an American football safety for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Wyoming and signed with the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 2012. Gipson has also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Houston Texans and Chicago Bears.
Early years
Gipson was a three-sport star at Kimball High School in Dallas, playing football and basketball while also running track. He had an outstanding career and especially an outstanding senior year on the gridiron as he was named the Most Valuable Player of the 4A District 14 Dallas City League and also earned First Team All-District honors both as a cornerback and as a returner. On defense, Gipson made 35 tackles, broke up nine passes and recovered two fumbles. On offense and special teams, he accumulated more than 1,400 all-purpose yards and scored 14 touchdowns while serving as an offensive team captain. During his career, Gipson played quarterback, wide receiver, free safety and also returned punts and kicks. He was recruited by Baylor, Louisville, Fresno State and Idaho.
College career
Gipson chose to attend the University of Wyoming not only for the chance at early playing time, but also in order to play with his brother Marcell. At Wyoming, both brothers played cornerback from 2008 to 2010 for the Wyoming Cowboys football team. Gipson's season year in 2011 proved to be his best statistically with 95 total tackles (73 solo 22 assist) with 0.5 sacks, a forced fumble, and three interceptions. During his senior season, Tashaun started the season by playing at the cornerback position, but for the final eight games of the season, he played at the safety position. Gipson had three interceptions as sophomore in 2009 and three as a junior in 2010. As a freshman, Tashaun did not have any interceptions. However, along with Marcell, the Gipson brothers both tied for the team lead in passes defensed with 10 each. Gipson started every game of his collegiate career at Wyoming.
Professional career
Cleveland Browns
On April 29, 2012, the Cleveland Browns signed Gipson to a three-year, $1.44 million contract after he went unselected in the 2012 NFL Draft.
2012 season: Rookie year
Throughout training camp, Gipson competed for a job as a backup safety against Ray Ventrone, Usama Young, David Sims, and Emanuel Davis. Gipson was named the third free safety on the Browns' depth chart to start the regular season, behind veterans Eric Hagg and Ray Ventrone.
Gipson made his NFL regular-season debut during the season-opening 17-16 loss the Philadelphia Eagles and made his first NFL tackle on Brandon Boykin during a 29-yard kickoff return in the first quarter. Two weeks later, Gipson had six combined tackles in a 24–14 loss against the Buffalo Bills. He earned increased playing time after Eric Hagg had an underwhelming performance in the first two games. In the next game against the Baltimore Ravens on Thursday Night Football, Gipson had two solo tackles before leaving the eventual 23–16 road loss in the second quarter after sustaining a knee injury. His injury sidelined him for the next five games (Weeks 5–9).
During a Week 12 20-14 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers, Gipson earned his first career start in place of free safety Usama Young and recorded two tackles. In the next game against the Oakland Raiders, he made his second consecutive start and collected a season-high eight tackles during a 20–17 road victory. The following week against the Kansas City Chiefs, Gipson made two combined tackles, deflected a pass, and recorded his first career interception off a pass by quarterback Brady Quinn in the 30–7 victory.
Gipson finished his rookie season with 33 tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception in 10 games and three starts.
2013 season
Gipson entered training camp in 2013 slated as the starting free safety after Usama Young departed during free agency and Eric Hagg was released. Gipson saw minor competition for the role from Johnson Bademosi. Gipson was named the starting free safety to start the regular season, alongside strong safety T. J. Ward.
Gipson started in the season-opening 23-10 loss to the Miami Dolphins and recorded three solo tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception. In the next game against the Baltimore Ravens, he had a team-high nine tackles (tied with Buster Skrine) during the 14-6 road loss.
During a Week 6 31-17 loss to the Detroit Lions, Gipson recorded seven tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception. In the next game against the Green Bay Packers, he had nine tackles and a pass deflection during the 31-13 road loss. The following week against the Kansas City Chiefs, Gipson collected a season-high nine solo tackles in the 23-17 road loss.
During a Week 15 38-31 loss to the Chicago Bears, Gipson recorded eight combined tackles, two pass deflections, two interceptions, and returned an interception off a pass by Jay Cutler for a 44-yard touchdown. The pick-six came in the second quarter and marked Gipson's first NFL touchdown. In the regular-season finale against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he had six tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception during the 20-7 road loss.
Gipson finished his second professional season with 95 tackles, 12 pass deflections, five interceptions, and a pick-six. He finished the 2013 season as the 68th ranked safety in Pro Football Focus' overall grades for the 2013 season.
2014 season
Gipson entered training camp as the Browns' de facto starting free safety. Gipson and newly acquired free agent Donte Whitner were named the starting safeties to begin the regular season.
During a narrow Week 2 26-24 victory over the New Orleans Saints, Gipson collected eight tackles, a pass deflection, and returned an interception by Drew Brees for a 62-yard touchdown. In the next game against the Baltimore Ravens, Gipson had five tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception during the narrow 23-21 loss. Three weeks later against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Gipson recorded a season-high nine combined tackles as the Browns won by a score of 31–10.
During a Week 7 24–6 road loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars, Gipson had four tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted Blake Bortles twice in a 24–6 road loss. In the next game against the Oakland Raiders, Gipson recorded two tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception during the 23–13 victory. The following week against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he had five tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception in the 22–17 victory, marking his third consecutive game with an interception.
During a Week 10 24-3 road victory over the Cincinnati Bengals on Thursday Night Football, Gipson recorded three tackles, a pass deflection, and a forced fumble. Two weeks later against Atlanta Falcons, he had three tackles, but left the eventual 26–24 road victory in the fourth quarter after colliding with teammate Joe Haden and sustaining a knee injury. On December 20, 2014, the Browns placed Gipson on injured reserve for the last two games after he missed the last three games after sustaining damage to his MCL and PCL. Gipson led the league in interceptions at the time of his injury, but would ultimately finish second. On December 23, 2014, it was announced that Gipson was voted to play in the 2015 Pro Bowl, alongside teammates Joe Haden and Joe Thomas.
Gipson finished the 2014 season with 52 tackles, eight pass deflections, a touchdown, a forced fumble, a pick-six, and a career-high six interceptions in 11 games and starts. On January 20, 2015, it was reported that he would have to miss the Pro Bowl due to his knee injury. Gipson was ranked 67th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015 by his peers.
2015 season
On March 9, 2015, the Browns placed a second-round tender on Gipson and agreed to a one-year, $2.56 million contract. Head coach Mike Pettine retained Gipson and Donte Whitner as the starting safety duo entering the 2015 regular season.
Gipson started in the season-opening 31-10 road loss to the New York Jets and recorded five combined tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception. He missed three consecutive games (Weeks 5-7) after suffering an ankle injury. Gipson returned in Week 8 against the Arizona Cardinals and recorded a tackle, a pass deflection, and an interception during the 34–20 loss. During a Week 15 30-13 road loss to the Seattle Seahawks, he had a season-high nine tackles.
Gipson finished the 2015 season with 60 tackles, two pass deflections, and two interceptions in 13 games and starts. After the season, he became an unrestricted free agent and did not receive an offer to remain with the Browns.
Jacksonville Jaguars
On March 10, 2016, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed Gipson to a five-year, $36 million contract that includes $12 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $4 million.
2016 season
Gipson was named the starting free safety alongside strong safety Johnathan Cyprien.
During a narrow Week 3 19-17 loss to the Baltimore Ravens, Gipson recorded three solo tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception. During a Week 16 38-17 victory over the Tennessee Titans, Gipson had two tackles and a pass deflection. In the regular-season finale against the Indianapolis Colts, Gipson collected a season-high six tackles during the 24–20 road loss.
Gipson finished the 2016 season with the Jaguars with 41 tackles, two pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and starts.
2017 season
Gipson was named the starting free safety to begin the regular season opposite starting strong safety Barry Church.
Gipson started in the season-opening 29-7 road victory over the Houston Texans and recorded six combined tackles, two pass deflections, and returned an interception by Deshaun Watson for 67 yards in the fourth quarter. Three weeks later against the New York Jets, Gipson had a season-high seven tackles and a pass deflection in the 23–20 road loss. In the next game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Gipson recorded six tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted Ben Roethlisberger twice during the 30-9 road victory. The Jaguars recorded a total of five interceptions by Roethlisberger in the game.
During a Week 10 20-17 overtime victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars, Gipson recorded five tackles and a fumble recovery. Three weeks later against the Indianapolis Colts, he had four tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception in a 30–10 victory.
Gipson finished the 2017 season with 64 combined tackles, seven pass deflections, four interceptions, and a fumble recovery in 16 games and starts. Pro Football Focus gave him an overall grade of 81.4, ranking him 30th among all qualified safeties in 2017. The Jaguars finished atop the AFC South with a 10–6 record and clinched a playoff berth. On January 7, 2018, Gipson started in his first career playoff game and recorded five tackles in a 10–3 victory over the Buffalo Bills during the Wild Card Round. In the Divisional Round against the Steelers, Gipson had a tackle as the Jaguars won on the road by a score of 45–42. During the AFC Championship Game against the New England Patriots, he recorded a tackle in the 24-20 road loss.
2018 season
During a Week 5 30-14 road loss to the Kansas City Chiefs, Gipson recorded two tackles, two pass deflections, and his first interception of the season. In the next game against the Dallas Cowboys, he had six tackles during the 40-7 road loss. Two weeks later against the Philadelphia Eagles in London, Gipson had a season-high seven tackles as the Jaguars lost by a score of 24–18.
Gipson finished the 2018 season with 54 combined tackles (44 solo), seven pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and starts.
On March 8, 2019, Gipson was released by the Jaguars due to salary cap issues.
Houston Texans
On March 12, 2019, Gipson signed a three-year, $22.55 million contract with the Houston Texans.
Gipson made his Texans debut in the narrow season-opening 30-28 road loss to the New Orleans Saints and recorded three tackles. During a Week 5 53-32 victory over the Atlanta Falcons, Gipson recorded three tackles, a pass deflection, and a 79-yard pick six off of Matt Ryan. In the next game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Gipson recorded five tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception during the 31-24 road victory. During a Week 14 38-24 loss to the Denver Broncos, Gipson recorded two tackles, two pass deflections, and his third interception of the season.
On December 31, 2019, Gipson was placed on injured reserve with a back injury, which caused him to miss both playoff games. Gipson finished the 2019 season with 51 combined tackles (34 solo), eight pass deflections, three interceptions, and a pick-six in 14 games and starts.
On April 27, 2020, Gipson was released by the Texans.
Chicago Bears
On May 1, 2020, Gipson signed a one-year deal with the Chicago Bears.
2020 season
Gipson made his Bears debut during the season-opening 27-23 road victory over the Detroit Lions and recorded seven tackles. Two weeks later against the Atlanta Falcons, he recorded his first interception of the year late in the fourth quarter off a pass thrown by Matt Ryan to secure a 30–26 comeback road victory. In the next game against the Indianapolis Colts, Gipson had nine tackles and a pass deflection as the Bears lost by a score of 19–11. Two weeks later against the Carolina Panthers, Gipson recorded six tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception during the 23-16 road victory. During a Week 16 41-17 road victory over his former team, the Jacksonville Jaguars, Gipson had a tackle and two pass deflections.
Gipson finished the 2020 season with 66 tackles, seven pass deflections, two interceptions, and a fumble recovery in 16 games and starts. In the Wild Card Round against the New Orleans Saints, Gipson recorded eight tackles, a pass deflection, and a strip sack on Taysom Hill that was recovered by the Bears during the 21–9 road loss.
2021 season
On April 20, 2021, Gipson was re-signed by the Bears with a one-year deal.
During a Week 2 20-17 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals, Gipson had three tackles and a fumble recovery. Three weeks later against the Las Vegas Raiders, he recorded three tackles and his first NFL sack in the 20-10 road victory.
During a Week 11 16-13 loss to the Baltimore Ravens, Gipson recorded four tackles and his first interception of the season. Three weeks later against the Green Bay Packers, Gipson had a season-high eight tackles in the 45-30 road loss. During a Week 17 29-3 victory over the New York Giants, he recorded two tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception.
Gipson finished the 2021 season with 47 combined tackles, three pass deflections, two interceptions, a fumble recovery, and a sack in 12 games and starts.
San Francisco 49ers
2022 season
On August 22, 2022, Gipson signed a one-year deal with the San Francisco 49ers. He was released on August 30, and was signed to the practice squad the next day. Gipson was promoted to the active roster on September 13.
During a Week 2 victory of 27-7 over the Seattle Seahawks, Gipson recorded a tackle, a pass deflection, and his first interception of the season. Three weeks later against the Carolina Panthers, Gipson had three tackles and 0.5 sacks in the 37-15 road victory.
During a Week 14 victory of 35-7 over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Gipson recorded five tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception off of Tom Brady. Three weeks later against the Las Vegas Raiders, Gipson had four tackles and an interception in overtime to help set up the game-winning field goal in the 37-34 road victory. In the regular-season finale against the Arizona Cardinals, he recorded two tackles, two pass deflections, and two interceptions as the 49ers won by a score of 38–13.
Gipson finished the 2022 season with 61 tackles, eight pass deflections, 0.5 sacks, and a team-high five interceptions in 17 games and starts. The 49ers finished atop the NFC West with a 13–4 record and clinched a playoff berth. In the Wild Card Round against the Seahawks, Gipson had three tackles during the 41–23 victory. In the Divisional Round against the Dallas Cowboys, he recorded two tackles as the 49ers won by a score of 19–12. During the NFC Championship Game against the Philadelphia Eagles, Gipson had two tackles in the 31-7 road loss.
2023 season
On March 12, 2023, Gipson signed a one-year contract extension with the 49ers.
In a Week 5 victory of 42-10 over the Dallas Cowboys, he caught an interception by Dak Prescott in San Francisco territory that he returned for 26 yards.
NFL career statistics
Regular season
Postseason
References
External links
Jacksonville Jaguars bio
Cleveland Browns bio
Wyoming Cowboys bio
1990 births
Living people
American football safeties
Chicago Bears players
Cleveland Browns players
Houston Texans players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
San Francisco 49ers players
Players of American football from Dallas
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
Wyoming Cowboys football players
Justin F. Kimball High School alumni |
Huazhou or Hua Prefecture was a zhou (prefecture) in imperial China in modern southwestern Guangdong, China. It existed from 980 to 1912.
The modern county-level city Huazhou, Guangdong retains its name.
Counties
Hua Prefecture administered the following counties () during the Song dynasty:
Shilong (), modern Huazhou, Guangdong.
Wuchuan (), modern Wuchuan, Guangdong.
Shicheng (), modern Lianjiang, Guangdong.
References
Guangnan West Circuit
Prefectures of the Yuan dynasty
Prefectures of the Ming dynasty
Prefectures of the Qing dynasty
Former prefectures in Guangdong
980 establishments
10th-century establishments in China
1912 disestablishments in China
Zhanjiang |
South Indian Hero is a 2023 Kannada language romantic and action drama written and directed by Naresh Kumar HN and Co written by Shreedhar Thot. It stars Sarthak, Kaashima Rafi, Urvashi Roy, Yogaraj Bhat, Vijay Chendoor, Ashwin Palakki and Amith in the lead roles.
The music is composed by Harsha Vardhan Raj and Anil CJ. Rajasekhar is the cinematographer.
The film is produced by Shilpa LS. And it was released on 24 February 2023.
Plot
The voyage begins with his logic-driven existence as a physics professor in his town, but also in genuine love with a lady from his college, and depicts the typical cycle of small-town dreams and lifestyle.When circumstances force this person to relocate to a big city and work in the film industry of lights and glitter, his logic-driven inquisitiveness about the numerous possibilities in this new trip results in light-hearted yet thought-provoking behaviours and emotions. With big time success unexpectedly tempting our hero in filmdom, he is now in the midst of all the larger than life lifestyle of a superstar, despite the fact that he merely seeks the basic and real things in life that he enjoyed in his hometown. The crux is how this fame and glitter strangles his innocent mind and lifestyle, causing him to lose his love, family, and loved ones, and his effort to get them back into his life.
Cast
Sarthak as Logic Laxman Rao (Lucky)
Kaashima Rafi as Manasi
Vijay Chendoor as Director
Urvashi Roy as Spoorthy
Yogaraj Bhat
Nagaraj Bhat
Chitkala Biradar
Gurudev Goud
Reception
According to The Times of India the critic's rating is 3.5 while average users rating is 3.8 out of 5.
References
External links
2023 films
Indian romantic action films
2020s Kannada-language films |
Amulet is the fifth studio album by the folk band Fursaxa. It was released in 2005 on Last Visible Dog.
Track listing
"Rheine" – 9:39
"Rodeo in the Sky" – 3:56
"Crimson" – 13:39
"Song to the Cicada" – 13:03
"Tyranny" – 7:27
"Trobairitz" – 8:09
"Renounuos" – 11:39
2005 albums
Fursaxa albums |
Eyes of Eden is a German symphonic metal band founded in 2005 by multi-instrumentalist and record producer Waldemar Sorychta.
History
Waldemar Sorychta started Eyes of Eden by writing songs and assembling the band. They recorded the material with Gas Lipstick (HIM) on drums. Singer Sandra Schleret recorded most of the vocals of the album, but then had some serious health issues to take care of, so she left the band before the album was finished. Eyes of Eden then appointed 20-year-old Franziska Huth to re-record the vocals on the album. Faith was released in 2007. The drum parts on the album were initially recorded by Gas Lipstick, but he was later replaced by Tom Diener. Alla Fedynitch was chosen as the bassist. Faith was released on 20 August 2007 in Europe and 6 November 2007 in North America.
Discography
Studio albums
Faith (2007)
Band members
Current members
Franziska Huth – vocals
Waldemar Sorychta – guitar
Alla Fedynitch – bass
Tom Diener – drums
Former members
Sandra Schleret – vocals
Gas Lipstick – drums
References
External links
Official website
Eyes of Eden at MySpace
Eyes of Eden at Century Media Records
Musical groups established in 2005
German heavy metal musical groups
Century Media Records artists
German musical quartets
2005 establishments in Germany |
Moira Rader is a Democratic member of the Connecticut House of Representatives serving in the 98th district since 2022.
References
External links
Official website
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Guilford, Connecticut
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Democratic Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Connecticut
Villanova University alumni
Columbia University alumni |
An Athenian is a citizen or resident of modern or ancient Athens. As an adjective, it refers to anything associated with Athens.
Athenian may also refer to:
James "Athenian" Stuart (1713–1788), Scottish archaeologist, architect and artist
Athenian School, a college preparatory and boarding school in Danville, California, United States
Athenian Motorsports, an American professional stock car racing team from 2014 to 2016
Athenian League an English amateur football league for clubs in and around London from 1912 to 1984
The Athenian (magazine), an English-language magazine published in Greece from 1974 to 1993
Athenian, an American newspaper that was merged into The Daily Post Athenian |
Market microstructure is a branch of finance concerned with the details of how exchange occurs in markets. While the theory of market microstructure applies to the exchange of real or financial assets, more evidence is available on the microstructure of financial markets due to the availability of transactions data from them. The major thrust of market microstructure research examines the ways in which the working processes of a market affect determinants of transaction costs, prices, quotes, volume, and trading behavior. In the twenty-first century, innovations have allowed an expansion into the study of the impact of market microstructure on the incidence of market abuse, such as insider trading, market manipulation and broker-client conflict.
Definition
Maureen O’Hara defines market microstructure as “[...] the study of the process and outcomes of exchanging assets under explicit trading rules. While much of economics abstracts from the mechanics of trading, microstructure literature analyzes how specific trading mechanisms affect the price formation process.”
The National Bureau of Economic Research has a market microstructure research group that, it says, “is devoted to theoretical, empirical, and experimental research on the economics of securities markets, including the role of information in the price discovery process, the definition, measurement, control, and determinants of liquidity and transactions costs, and their implications for the efficiency, welfare, and regulation of alternative trading mechanisms and market structures.”
Issues
Microstructure deals with issues of market structure and design, price formation and price discovery, transaction and timing cost, volatility, information and disclosure, and market maker and investor behavior.
Market structure and design
This factor focuses on the relationship between price determination and trading rules. In some markets, for instance, assets are traded primarily through dealers who keep an inventory (e.g., new cars), while other markets are facilitated primarily by brokers who act as intermediaries (e.g. housing). One of the important questions in microstructure research is how market structure affects trading costs and whether one structure is more efficient than another. Market microstructure relate the behavior of market participants, whether investors, dealers, investor admins to authority, hence microstructure is a critical factor that affects the investment decision as well as investment exit.
Price formation and discovery
This factor focuses on the process by which the price for an asset is determined. For example, in some markets prices are formed through an auction process (e.g. eBay), in other markets prices are negotiated (e.g., new cars) or simply posted (e.g. local supermarket) and buyers can choose to buy or not.
Mercantilism and the later quantity theory of money developed by monetary economists differed in their analysis of price behavior with regard to the stability of output. For mercantilist writers the value of money was the capital it could be exchanged for and it followed that the level was output would therefore be a function of the supply of money available to a country. Under the quantity theory of money the concept of money was more tied to its circulation, therefore output was assumed to be fixed or else, independently variable.
Transaction cost and timing cost
This factor focuses on transaction cost and timing cost and the impact of transaction cost on investment returns and execution methods. Transaction costs include order processing costs, adverse selection costs, inventory holding costs, and monopoly power. Their impact on liquidation of large portfolios has been investigated by Neil Chriss and Robert Almgren and their impact on hedging portfolios has been studied by Tianhui Li and Robert Almgren.
Volatility
This factor focuses on the tendency for prices to fluctuate. Prices may change in response to new information that affects the value of the instrument (i.e. fundamental volatility), or in response to the trading activity of impatient traders and its effect of liquidity (i.e. transitory volatility).
Liquidity
This factor focuses on the ease with which instruments can be converted into cash without affecting its market price. Liquidity is an important measure of a market's efficiency. A variety of elements affect liquidity, including tick size and function of market makers.
Information and disclosure
This factor focuses on the market information, and more particularly, the availability of market information among market participants, and transparency, and the impact of the information on the behavior of the market participants. Market information can include price, breadth, spread, reference data, trading volumes, liquidity or risk factors, and counterparty asset tracking, etc.
References
Further reading
Foucault, Pagano, Roell, Market Liquidity: Theory, Evidence, and Policy, Oxford University Press, 2013,
Jalil, Abdul and Feridun, Mete (2010) Explaining exchange rate movements: An application of the market microstructure approach on the Pakistani foreign exchange market. The Journal of Developing Areas, 44 (1). pp. 255–265. (print), 1548-2278 (on-line) ()
Harris, Lawrence, Trading & Exchanges: Market Microstructure for Practitioners, Oxford Press, Oxford, 2003, .
Hasbrouck, Joel, Empirical Market Microstructure, Oxford Press, Oxford, 2007, .
Madhavan, Ananth, 2000, "Market Microstructure: A Survey." Journal of Financial Markets 3, 205-258.
O'Hara, Maureen, Market Microstructure Theory, Blackwell, Oxford, 1995, .
Schwartz, Robert A., Francioni, Reto, "Equity Markets in Action: The Fundamentals of Liquidity, Market Structure & Trading", John Wiley & Sons, 2004,
Schwartz, Robert A., Francioni, Reto, Weber, Bruce W., "The Equity Trader Course", John Wiley & Sons, 2006, .
Stoll, Hans R., "Market Microstructure," in Constantinides, Harris and Stulz (eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003, .
Holden, Craig W., Jacobsen, Stacey, Subrahmanyam, Avanidhar, "The Empirical Analysis of Liquidity," 2014, Foundations and Trends 8, No. 4, 1-102
Aitken, Michael J., Frederick H. de B. Harris, and Shan Ji. “A Worldwide Examination of Exchange Market Quality: Greater Integrity Increases Market Efficiency.” Journal of Business Ethics 132, no. 1 (2015): 147–70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24703657.
Ranking World Equity Markets on the Basis of Market Efficiency and Integrity (https://ssrn.com/abstract=490462)
High Frequency Trading and End of Day manipulation (https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289028/12-1055-dr22-high-frequency-trading-and-end-of-day-manipulation.pdf)
High frequency trading–assessing the impact on market efficiency and integrity (https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/289040/12-1061-dr28-high-frequency-trading-impact-on-market-efficiency.pdf)
Melton, H (2017). Market Mechanism Refinement on a Continuous Limit Order Book Venue: A Case Study. SIGecom Exchanges 16(1). (http://www.sigecom.org/exchanges/volume_16/1/MELTON.pdf)
Budish, Eric, Peter Cramton and John Shim.The High-Frequency Trading Arms Race: Frequent Batch Auctions as a Market Design Response. Quarterly Journal of Economics 130(4), Nov 2015, pp 1547-1621. (http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/eric.budish/research/HFT-FrequentBatchAuctions.pdf)
Trading and Exchanges: Market Microstructure for Practitioners by Larry Harris
External links
The web site of the Market Microstructure: Confronting Many Viewpoints international conference (with links to speakers' presentations).
The website of the Capital Markets Research Cooperative Centre dedicated to optimal market design (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150618/http://www.cmcrc.com/index.php/)
The Foresight Project on the Future of Computer Trading (https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/future-of-computer-trading)
Financial markets
Financial economics |
John Fraser Griffiths (died 1971) was a South African who worked as a British colonial official. As Accountant-General of Fiji between 1955 and 1968, he also served in the Legislative Council.
Biography
Born in what became South Africa, Griffiths worked for Standard Bank between 1930 and 1937. He then joined the Colonial Service. He joined the Royal Air Force during World War II and was badly injured in a crash.
Having worked in Basutoland and Nyasaland, in 1953 he moved to Fiji to become Deputy Accountant-General. Two years later, he was promoted to Accountant-General. As a result of his position, he served in the Legislative Council as an official member. He was made an OBE in the 1965 New Year Honours. The following year he became the first chair of the Fiji National Provident Fund.
Griffiths retired in 1968 and died in London in 1971.
References
South African accountants
South African military personnel of World War II
Basutoland people
Nyasaland people
Colony of Fiji people
Members of the Legislative Council of Fiji
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
1971 deaths |
Winton East is a ward in Bournemouth, Dorset. Since 2019, the ward has elected 2 councillors to Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council.
History
The ward formerly elected councillors to Bournemouth Borough Council before it was abolished in 2019.
Geography
The Winton East ward is in Bournemouth, centred on the eastern areas of Winton and the western areas of Charminster.
Councillors
Two Green councillors.
Election results
2019 Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council election
References
Wards of Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole |
Chlestakows Wiederkehr, op. 149, (Khlestakov's Return) is an opera in three acts by Giselher Klebe. He also wrote the libretto, based on the play Der Revisor (The Government Inspector) by Nikolai Gogol. The work lasts about 70 minutes.
The opera premiered on 11 April 2008 at the Landestheater Detmold, Germany. It is Klebe's first and only comedic opera. His adaptation of the text is only loosely based on Gogol and adds a significant twist in the final scene.
The role names above are spelled as in the German text.
References
External links
Performance review:
Interview:
German-language operas
Operas by Giselher Klebe
Operas
2008 operas
Operas based on plays
Operas set in Russia
Operas based on works by Nikolai Gogol
Works based on The Government Inspector |
Athanokkade () is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film written and directed by Surender Reddy. It was produced by Nandamuri Janaki Ram, Kalyan Ram's elder brother, under the banner N. T. R. Arts. It stars Kalyan Ram, Sindhu Tolani, and Ashish Vidyarthi in the lead roles, with the music composed by Mani Sharma.
The film was released theatrically on 7 May 2005. Following its commercial success, the film was remade in Tamil as Aathi (2006) and in Kannada as Lakshmana (2016). It was dubbed into Hindi as International Don.
Plot
The opening scene shows Anjali sitting on a bench feeding a white pigeon by a calm ocean, and a retired DGP Bhavani Shankar coming and sitting by her side and exchanging pleasantries. Suddenly, she whips out a knife and stabs him to death with the help of her maternal uncle Ramachandran, saying that she has been waiting for this moment for many years.
After that, the scene shifts to Ram who lives with his loving parents and sister in New Delhi. He takes up a course in a Hyderabad college against his parents's wishes. Unable to be separated from Ram, his parents and sister come to Hyderabad along with him. It is revealed that Anjali is studying in the same college as Ram, and she has her own agenda to seek revenge on her family's killers, assisted by Ramachandran.
Anna is a local gangster, who enters and is shown to have a dispute with another gangster named Pattabhai. To exact their revenge, Ramachandran attempts to kill one of Anna's aides, Abdullah, but fails to do so since Ram kills him. Naturally, Anna assumes that the killer can be none other than Pattabhai, so he kills him. However, Ram arrives and with help from Gulab Singh threatens Anna telling that he was the one who killed Abdullah and that he will also kill Sada, Anna's second main aide. Sada gets angry and goes to kill Ram, but Ram kills Sada while his family are horrified by his actions. Soon it is revealed that Ram is their adopted son and he is also on a personal mission to eliminate the people behind the murder of his biological parents. On being questioned, Ram reveals his past to his foster parents.
Ram's biological father was an honest ACP in Hyderabad, who arrested one of Anna's henchmen. It is revealed that Anjali and Ram are from the same family, as Anjali's father is Ram's father's brother-in-law. Anna pays Ram's house a visit and asks his grandfather to release his henchmen. When Ram's grandfather refuses, Anna threatens them only to find knives held at him by Ram's cousins.
Ram's father arrives and arrests Anna. Infuriated, he pays them a visit with some of his henchmen and Bhavani Shankar. Together, they murder their whole family. Only Anjali, Ramachandran, and Ram survived the blast that annihilated their family. After the house is blown up by Anna, Ram escapes and is taken by his foster parents. Meanwhile, Anjali feels that one of her family members is still alive, as someone keeps a flower on the Buddha statue of their former house, which is now the city library. It turns out to be Ram.
On finding out his past, Ram's foster parents request him to come back, but he refuses. He then takes them to the railway station, but is nearly ambushed. He succeeds on defeating them and meets Anna, warning him to bring his brother from Dubai. Soon, he arrives and kills Ramachandran in revenge before challenging Ram to meet him at his brother's place. Ram arrives and after finding out that Anna has Anjali kept under hostage, he escapes after killing Ajay. Ram fights with Anna and Anna shoots Anjali and she dies. Angrily, Ram kills Anna and later Anjali survived the shot and Ram leaves with her and his foster parents, the only ones left in his family.
Cast
Kalyan Ram as Ram
Sindhu Tolani as Anjali
Ashish Vidyarthi as Anna
Prakash Raj as Ram's father
Chandra Mohan as Ram's adopted father
Brahmanandam as Johnny
Rajyalakshmi as Ram's adopted mother
Surya as Ramachandran, Anjali's uncle
Sudeepa Pinky as Ram's adopted sister
Chalapathi Rao as Ram's grandfather
Venu Madhav as Gulab Singh
Swathi Katrapati friend of Anjali
Rami Reddy as Pattabhai
Ahuti Prasad as DGP Bhavani Shankar
Ajay as Anna's brother
Raghu Babu as Abdullah
Narsing Yadav as Narsing Anna's henchmen
G. V. Sudhakar Naidu as Sadha
Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam as Subramanyam Ram's foster father
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Mani Sharma and released by Aditya Music. The song "Chita Pata" is based on "Dhoom Thanakkadi" from the Malayalam film Mullavalliyum Thenmavum.
Reception
B. Anuradha of Rediff.com opined that "All in all, this is a lavish masala film is worth watching". Jeevi of Idlebrain.com said that "On a whole, Athanokkade is a commendable effort by the debutant director Surendar and debutant producer Janakiram Nandamuri". A critic from Full Hyderabad wrote that "On the whole, a film worth a watch".
Box office
The film was released with 72 prints initially and later 24 prints were added. The film became a commercial success. It ran for 50 days in 80 centres and crossed 100 days in 46 centres in India.
Remakes
The film was remade in Tamil as Aathi (2006) and in Kannada as Lakshmana (2016). The film was set to be remade in Hindi as He, The Only One, but the film was never released. It was later dubbed in Hindi as International Don.
Accolades
Filmfare Awards South
Best Villain - Ashish Vidyarthi
Nandi Awards
Best Debut Director - Surender Reddy
Best Character Actor - Chandra Mohan
References
External links
2005 films
Indian action films
Telugu films remade in other languages
Films directed by Surender Reddy
Films scored by Mani Sharma
2000s Telugu-language films
2000s masala films
Indian films about revenge
2005 directorial debut films
2005 action films
Films set in Visakhapatnam
Films shot in Visakhapatnam
Films set in Andhra Pradesh
Films shot in Andhra Pradesh |
The Bop Session is an album by jazz legends Dizzy Gillespie, Sonny Stitt, John Lewis, Hank Jones, Percy Heath and Max Roach recorded in 1975 and released on the Swedish Sonet label.
Reception
The Allmusic review stated "Bop fans should enjoy this date despite the lack of surprises".
Track listing
"Blues 'N Boogie" (Dizzy Gillespie, Felix Paparelli) - 9:30
"Confirmation" (Charlie Parker) - 8:31
"Groovin' High" (Gillespie) - 7:17
"Lover Man (Oh, Where Can You Be?)" (Jimmy Davis, Ram Ramirez, James Sherman) - 6:58
"All the Things You Are" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern) - 9:54
"Lady Bird" (Tadd Dameron) - 8:24
Personnel
Dizzy Gillespie - trumpet
Sonny Stitt - alto saxophone, tenor saxophone
John Lewis (tracks 1 & 5), Hank Jones (tracks 2-4 & 6) - piano
Percy Heath - bass
Max Roach - drums
References
Sonet Records albums
Sonny Stitt albums
Dizzy Gillespie albums
John Lewis (pianist) albums
Hank Jones albums
Max Roach albums
Albums produced by Samuel Charters
1975 albums |
The English florin, sometimes known as the double leopard, was an attempt in 1344 by Edward III to produce gold coinage suitable for use in Europe as well as in England. It was authorised on 27 January 1344, and struck from 108 grains (6.99829 grams) of nominal pure ('fine') gold and had a value of six shillings (equivalent to 30 modern pence).
The continental florin, based on a French coin and ultimately on coins issued in Florence in 1252, was a standard coin (3.50 g fine gold) widely used internationally. The newly-introduced English florin at twice this nominal weight was ultimately found to be wrongly tariffed, resulting in it being unacceptable to merchants. It was almost immediately withdrawn from circulation and in August 1344, after only a few months, it was replaced by the more successful gold noble (7.80g gold, valued at 6s 8d).
Description
The obverse of the coin shows the king enthroned beneath a canopy, with two leopards' heads at the sides; the legend is EDWR D GRA REX ANGL ⁊ FRANC DNS HIB ("Edward, by the Grace of God King of England and France, Lord of Ireland"). The reverse shows the royal cross within a quatrefoil, a leopard in each spandrel; the legend is IHC TRANSIENS PER MEDIUM ILLORUM IBAT ("But Jesus passing through their midst went his way", from Luke 4:30).
Surviving coins
Only three examples of the coin are known. Two were discovered together on the banks of the River Tyne in 1857, and are now held by the British Museum. Another was discovered at an undisclosed location in the south of England in 2006 and was sold at auction for £460,000, then a record price for a British coin. The coin was subsequently loaned to the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, before changing hands in 2016 for an undisclosed seven figure sum to a private collector in the United States.
A 2013 list included the coin as one of the most expensive in the world.
References
English gold coins
Coins of medieval England
1344 in England |
Fuzzy was an American indie pop band based in Boston during the 1990s. The band was composed of singer-guitarists Hilken Mancini and Chris Toppin, and bassist Winston Braman. The drummer role was filled by David Ryan of Lemonheads for their first two records, and Nate Darden for Hurray For Everything.
The first Fuzzy release was the Fuzzy EP, a CD of the band's demo recordings, released by Australian label Half a Cow.
'Flashlight''', the lead single from their eponymous first album, narrowly missed an NME Single Of The Week award. In August 2016, Rolling Stone named Flashlight as one of top 50 songs of the 1990s.
In 1996 Fuzzy released their second album, Electric Juices. Fuzzy supported Electric Juices by touring with Juliana Hatfield, Belly, Buffalo Tom, Velocity Girl and The Posies. In the months following the tour, Fuzzy was dropped by Atlantic Records. David Ryan left to attend grad school and was replaced by Nate Darden in 1997.
1999 saw the release of their final album, Hurray For Everything on the independent Catapult label.
Discography
Mini-album:Fuzzy EP (Half a Cow, 1993)
Albums:Fuzzy (Seed, 1994)Electric Juices (TAG Recordings, 1996)Hurray for Everything'' (Catapult, 1999)
References
External links
Babysue - Fuzzy
Indie pop groups from Massachusetts
Musical groups from Boston |
The Fiji mermaid (also Feejee mermaid) was an object composed of the torso and head of a juvenile monkey sewn to the back half of a fish. It was a common feature of sideshows where it was presented as the mummified body of a creature that was supposedly half mammal and half fish, a version of a mermaid. The original had fish scales with animal hair superimposed on its body and pendulous breasts on its chest. The mouth was wide open with its teeth bared. The right hand was against the right cheek, and the left tucked under its lower left jaw. This mermaid was supposedly caught near the Fiji Islands in the South Pacific. Several replicas and variations have also been made and exhibited under similar names and pretexts. P. T. Barnum exhibited the original in Barnum's American Museum in New York in 1842, but it then disappeared—likely destroyed in one of the many fires that destroyed parts of Barnum's collections.
History
Barnum, in his autobiography, described the mermaid as "an ugly dried-up, black-looking diminutive specimen, about 3 feet long. Its mouth was open, its tail turned over, and its arms thrown up, giving it the appearance of having died in great agony," a significant departure from traditional depictions of mermaids as attractive creatures.
American sea captain Samuel Barrett Edes bought Barnum's "mermaid" from Japanese sailors in 1822 for $6,000, using money from the ship's expense account. Other accounts say a captain of an American whaler bought it for $5,000 in Batavia, Dutch Indonesia. Either way, the mermaid is believed to be one of many being manufactured commercially in Japan, by fishermen with a sense of humor as well as profit-mindedness. It was possibly a composite of a "blue-faced monkey and a salmon" in this case.
The mermaid was displayed in London in 1822, advertised in a publication by J. Limbird in the Mirror, and displayed the Turf Coffee-house, St. James's Street. An etching of it was made by artist George Cruikshank in 1822.
Captain Edes' son took possession of the mermaid and sold it to Moses Kimball of the Boston Museum in 1842, and he brought it to New York City that summer to show it to P. T. Barnum. Barnum had a naturalist examine it who would not attest to its authenticity. Nevertheless, Barnum believed that the relic would draw the public to the museum. Kimball remained the creature's sole owner, while Barnum leased it for $12.50 a week. Barnum generated publicity for the object by having an agent send anonymous letters to New York newspapers from Montgomery, Alabama, and Charleston, South Carolina, contending that "Dr. J. Griffin" had an object which he had caught in South America. Griffin was actually being impersonated by Levi Lyman, one of Barnum's associates. To keep the plan working, Griffin checked in to a Philadelphia hotel, then showed the mermaid to the landlord as a thanks for his hospitality. The landlord was so intrigued that he begged Griffin to show it to some of his friends, many of whom were editors.
Griffin traveled to New York and displayed it to a small audience, then displayed it as the Fiji Mermaid in the concert hall for a week. It was actually only displayed for five days because Barnum had "convinced" Griffin to bring it to the American Museum of Natural History. Barnum printed 10,000 pamphlets which described general information about mermaids and stories about his specimen in particular.
Later incarnations
In his Secrets of the Sideshows, Joe Nickell documents several modern-day claimants to the title of Barnum's "true" original mermaid, or as he describes them, "fakes of Barnum's fake". Exhibits at Ripley's Believe It or Not!, Coney Island's Sideshow by the Seashore, and Bobby Reynolds' traveling sideshow all lay claim to the title, but according to Nickell's opinion, none of them are to be believed. He also describes an update of the tradition that uses an elaborate system to project the image of a live woman into a fishbowl, giving the appearance that she is only an inch or two long. He relates the story of a performer who was smoking a cigarette in her hidden chamber; the man outside was confronted by an angry patron who demanded to know how this was possible if the "mermaid" was underwater.
A guide to constructing a Fiji mermaid appeared in the November 2009 issue of Fortean Times magazine, in an article written by special effects expert and stop-motion animator Alan Friswell. Rather than building the figure with fish and monkey parts, Friswell used papier mache and modelling putty, sealed with wallpaper paste, and with doll's hair glued to the scalp.
See also
Amabie
Ningyo
Jenny Haniver
References
https://books.google.com/books?id=5d3BJvgwNykC&q=batavia&pg=PA302
Bibliography
External links
The Feejee Mermaid Hoax
Analysis of a Fiji mermaid from the Horniman Museum
Sideshow attractions
Hoaxes in the United States
Mermaids
19th-century hoaxes
Taxidermy hoaxes |
A memorial statue to the aviation pioneer Charles Rolls stands in front of the Shire Hall in Agincourt Square, Monmouth, Wales. The high bronze statue was designed by Sir William Goscombe John, R.A. and Sir Aston Webb, R.A. designed the pink granite plinth. The statue is a Grade II* listed structure.
Charles Stewart Rolls was the third son of John Rolls, 1st Baron Llangattock, and his family home was The Hendre to the north of the town, where Sir Aston also designed the Cedar Library. The Rolls family were significant landowners in the nineteenth century and major benefactors to the town and county. The statue was proposed by the Borough Council in June 1910, to celebrate Charles Rolls's two-way crossing of the English Channel. However, Rolls was killed in an accident at an airfield near Bournemouth on the south coast of England the following month. The statue and plaques around the plinth therefore commemorate his life achievements.
The statue was cast by A. B. Burton at the Thames Ditton Foundry, which produced many bronze statues around the world, including the statue of Eros in Piccadilly Circus, and the 38-ton "Peace Quadriga" on Wellington Arch at Hyde Park Corner, London. It was unveiled on 19 October 1911, by Colonel Lord Raglan, C.B., accompanied by a large gathering of dignitaries and the public. Rolls is seen inspecting a purposely incomplete model of his biplane. The tail plane is the missing element on the model, alluding to the cause of the accident which killed Rolls. Shortly before the fatal flight, the tail plane was modified in an attempt to improve control.
The main dedication is all in upper case and reads:
Erected by public subscription to the memory of the Honourable Charles Stewart Rolls, third son of Lord and Lady Llangattock as a tribute of admiration for his great achievements in motoring ballooning and aviation. He was a pioneer in both scientific and practical motoring and aviation and the first to fly across the channel from England to France and back without landing. He lost his life by the wrecking of his aeroplane at Bournemouth July 12, 1910. His death caused worldwide regret and deep national sorrow.
Gallery
Notes
Sources
External links
Early Aviators: Charles Rolls
Statues in Wales
Buildings and structures in Monmouth, Wales
Grade II* listed buildings in Monmouthshire
1911 sculptures
Monuments and memorials in Monmouthshire
Grade II* listed monuments and memorials
Bronze sculptures in Wales
1911 in Wales
Aviation in the United Kingdom |
Chumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary (shortened as Chumbi Surla) is a wildlife sanctuary covering an area of . It is located in Khushab District and Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established in 1978, for the purpose of conserving the threatened species of urial among several other.
Habitat
The area is surrounded by reserve forests and hills. Average altitude ranges between 460-1050 m above the sea level. Temperature is between 10-40°C while average annual rainfall is 4994 mm. The forest supports scrub biome having dry subtropical evergreen vegetation.
External links
Profile at WDPA
Report by ZSD
Wildlife sanctuaries in Punjab, Pakistan
Wildlife sanctuaries of Pakistan
Protected areas established in 1978
1978 establishments in Pakistan
Protected areas of Punjab, Pakistan |
Patriarch Dionysius I may refer to:
Patriarch Dionysius I Telmaharoyo, head of the Syriac Orthodox Church in 818–845
Dionysius I of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 1466–1471 and 1488–1490 |
Melinda Lou "Wendy" Thomas-Morse (born September 14, 1961) is the daughter of American businessman Dave Thomas, the founder of the fast food brand Wendy's. She is the namesake and mascot of the brand. She uses the name Wendy Thomas in her role as a spokesperson for Wendy's.
Early life and education
Thomas was born in Columbus, Ohio, grew up in Upper Arlington, and is the fourth child of Dave and Lorraine Thomas.
As a child, she was unable to pronounce her L's and R's, struggling with her own name Melinda, and so became known by her nickname Wendy (with the pen-pin merger). The eight-year-old would eventually become the namesake of her father's restaurant Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers, or just "Wendy's" for short. In addition to being the namesake, her likeness was used as the Wendy's logo in the form of a young freckle-faced girl in red braids. Thomas graduated from the University of Florida in 1983 with a bachelor's degree in consumer behaviorism.
Career
Thomas owned several Wendy's restaurants near Dallas, Texas until 1999. After the death of her father Dave Thomas in 2002, she and her siblings bought restaurants in her native Columbus area. , Thomas herself owned or co-owned more than 30 Wendy's stores. In November 2010, she began appearing in Wendy ads on camera for the first time. (Her voice was featured in a 1989 ad giving her father advice from off-camera.) The 2010 ads aired first in Las Vegas, Nevada; Mobile, Alabama; and Virginia Beach, Virginia; test markets before being rolled out nationally.
Beginning in April 2012 she starred in a series of ads for Wendy's called That Wendy's Way. She also appeared in the 'Dave's Hot 'N Juicy Cheeseburger' commercial produced by Publicis Groupe's Kaplan Thaler Group.
References
Further reading
Living people
1961 births
Businesspeople from Columbus, Ohio
University of Florida alumni
Wendy's International
Corporate mascots
Fast food advertising characters
Female characters in advertising |
Subsets and Splits