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Hans-Jürgen Hufeisen (born 10 February 1954) is a German recorder player and composer.
Life
Horseshoe was born in a hotel room in ). His mother, a travelling saleswoman from the Allgäu, had kept the pregnancy a secret. Two days after the birth, she abandoned her son; the hotelier found the infant under a bedspread. On 12 February 1954, the Youth Welfare Office took care of the foundling and brought him to a Catholic baby home in Lobberich. On Boxing Day, he was baptised Protestant with the name Hans-Jürgen; the mother had instructed a midwife to do this before she left. Hufeisen went to live with a foster mother and in 1957 to the Protestant children's home Haus Sonneck of Neukirchen-Vluyn. There a governess discovered Hufeisen's musical talent and taught him Christian evening songs and how to play the recorder.
Hufeisen won prizes at regional competitions of "Jugend musiziert"; from 1972 to 1977 he studied recorder, music education and composition at the Folkwang University of the Arts. Meanwhile, from 1974 to 1978, he was employed as a lecturer at the International Children's and Young People's Book Fair in Duisburg, and from 1975 to 1977 as a lecturer at the Folkwang University of Music. From 1977 to 1991, he worked as a regional consultant for musical and cultural education at the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg. During this time, he passed his concert exam at the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe with Gerhard Braun in 1981. Since 1991, he has worked as a freelance composer, producer and musician. The artist now lives in Zurich.
His interpretations and compositions for the recorder, in which he likes to engage with existing church music, are mostly meditative and melodic. In his solo pieces and concertante works, he draws mainly on classical models such as Johann Sebastian Bach or Baroque artists. But he also draws inspiration from folk songs and music from other cultures. In addition to various recorders, he also uses piano, percussion, string instruments and other instruments.
Hufeisen's works develop from the essence of Christian culture. His basic attitude leads him to a tolerant attitude. "All religions have a common goal: they want peace and love in the world." That is why he performs with musicians who belong to other religions and cultures.
Since 1983, he has created large stage works (music, choreography and texts) for the German Evangelical Church Assembly, among others. In the process, he worked together with the theologians (Creation, The Song of the Four Elements), Walter Hollenweger from Switzerland (Bonhoeffer Requiem, Easter Dance of Women), Anselm Grün (Easter Joy, Divine Child), John O'Donohue from Ireland (Anam Cara), Zephania Kameeta from Namibia (Seasons of the Heart - A Dialogue with Africa), Ulrich Schaffer (The Journey into One's Heart), Margot Käßmann (Creation Time 2007 / Mothers of the Bible - Children of the Bible 2010 / The Wise Men 2011 / Longing for Life 2012, Message of the Angels 2012), , Kisses, Sweeter than Wine (2012) and as librettist for The Zwingli File - A Mystery Play 2016 in Zurich (director: Volker Hesse). Another significant work was performed in Wallis/Switzerland in 1999: "Der helle Morgenstern", a stage work on the Apocalypse.
In addition to the large stage works, Hufeisen composed a large number of Lieder that can be sung in church services and devotions. The theologian Jörg Zink wrote the texts for them. "We would like to encourage all those who see themselves as Christians or would like to, to take up what we offer here" write the two in the preface to the book "Wie wir feiern können". In it they also encourage liturgical and meditative dances and thus, by their own admission, take up old Christian practice. "When we consider how poor our services are in movements and gestures, we are no longer surprised when they are simply shunned by many as boring and meaningless."
According to Hufeisen, the dramatic circumstances of his birth contributed to his enormous musical creativity. "This start has forever brought a dark side into my life. I can't get rid of that. I have to carry that around with me and keep it inside me." Music had "carried him out of this darkness into the light. For this reason he told the journalist his life story on the occasion of his 60th birthday. It was published under the title "Das unglaubliche Leben des Flötenspielers Hans-Jürgen Hufeisen" by Verlag Herder and attracted great media attention.
The difficult relationship with his mother, who died in 2007, throughout his life also became an inspiration to him. "I have written a lot of music pieces where I know today: this has actually always had something to do with this mother, it always has something to do with birth and life. Music helps me to express the world of the soul within me - when I put it into an external form, namely into sound, then it's something like a liberation."
Students
Hufeisen also taught recorder. His students include Helge Burggrabe and .
Work
Discography
Blockflöte – Impressionen zu Skulpturen by Ernst Barlach (1979)
The melody in my fantasy (1980)
Menschlich (1982)
Der Morgenstern (1982)
Liveaufzeichnung Stadthalle Sindelfingen (1983)
Flötentöne (1984)
Durchbruch (1984)
Die Neue Flöte (1987)
Domino (1989)
Und es ward Abend und Morgen (1990)
Eremitage (1991)
Inmitten der Nacht (1991)
Engelkonzert (1992)
Wie wir feiern können (1992)
Feier der Schöpfung (1993)
Tausend und eine Nachtmusik (1994)
Pegasus – Melodien der vier Winde (1994)
Abendstern (1995)
Abendsegen (1995)
Himmelsflöte (1995)
Live! (1996)
Zaubertöne aus neun Flöten (1997)
Eden (1997)
Gloria – Eine Liedermesse (1997)
Gottesklang (1998)
Unter dem Lindenbaum (1998)
Weihnachtsflöte (1999)
Der helle Morgenstern (2000)
Mein Schutzengel (2000/2004)
Gold, Weihrauch und Flöte (2001)
Friedensflöte (2002)
Christrose (2002)
Segen (2003)
Sonnenlicht (2004)
Stern über Bethlehem (2004)
Himmelslichter (2005)
Kindertraumland (2005)
Jauchzet frohlocket (2005)
Weihnachtsstern (2006)
Jahreszeiten des Herzens (2006)
Abendstille (2007)
Marienkonzert (2007)
Sinfonie der Engel (2008)
SEIN – Musik von innen (2008)
Raum für meine Seele (2009)
Einfach klassisch (2010)
Einfach mutig sein (2010)
Einfach glücklich sein (2010)
Ganz weihnachtlich (2010)
Ganz beflügelt sein (2011)
Ganz im Einklang sein (2011)
Ganz hoffnungsvoll (2011)
Einfach Weihnachtsfreude (2011)
Einfach segensreich (2011)
Weihnachtsengel (2011)
Einfach willkommen sein (2012)
Einfach besinnlich werden (2012)
Einfach zur Stille kommen (2013)
Einfach froh sein (2013)
Gabriel – Freude und Ermutigung (2013)
Engel des Lichts (2013)
Raphael – Heilung und Stärkung (2014)
Engel der Liebe (2014)
In dir ist Freude (2014)
Einfach dem Wunder die Hand reichen (2015)
Einfach den Tag genießen (2015)
Einfach achtsam sein (2015)
Die heilende Kraft der Weihnachtslieder (2015)
Die Akte Zwingli – Ein Mysterienspiel – Auftakte (2015)
Einfach aufatmen (2016)
Einfach aufblühen und leben (2016)
Einfach den Tag ausklingen lassen (2016)
Bilder der Sehnsucht (2016)
Einfach die Stille hören (2017)
Einfach das Leben feiern (2017)
Einfach den Bäumen lauschen (2017)
Einfach Lust auf Leben (2018)
Einfach träumen (2018)
Taumond (2018)
Wie ist die Welt so stille (2018)
Zeit für die Seele (2019)
Zeit zum Aufblühen (2019)
Zeit für Träume (2019)
Tröstliche Zeit. Zeit für mich (2019)
Vierzehn Engel um mich stehn (2019)
Kraft des Segens (2020)
Audio books
Vom Vierten König, eine alte Legende neu erzählt (2008)
Wie das Licht in die Welt kam (2009)
Der glückliche Prinz (2010)
Vom vergessenen Weihnachtsengel (2010)
Das Geheimnis von Onkel Neuchs Geige (2011)
Das Lied des alten Meisters (2011)
Das Märchen von der kleinen Melodie (2011)
Das Märchen von der Schneerose (2012)
Das Märchen vom allerschönsten Weihnachtsstern (2012)
Das Märchen vom Flötenspieler (2013)
Together with Anselm Grün
Tanze deine Sehnsucht (2002)
Die Osterfreude (2002)
Wenn du Gott erfahren willst (2003)
Wunden zu Perlen (2004)
Du bist die edle Rose (2006)
Gerechtigkeit (2006)
Du bist ein Segen (2005)
Das Göttliches Kind (2005)
Geh mit mir – Segensgebete für den Morgen (2007)
Bleib bei mir – Segensgebete für den Abend (2007)
Jauchzet ihr Himmel, frohlocket ihr Engel – Weihnachten mit Anselm Grün (2007)
Halleluja lasst uns singen – Ostern mit Anselm Grün (2008)
Engel, die dir begegnen (2009)
Der Seele Raum geben – Heil werden mit Hildegard von Bingen (2009)
Kleine Rituale (2011)
Weihnachtsengel (2011)
Bilder der Seele (2016)
Together with Margot Käßmann
Weihnachtszeit (2006)
Passionszeit (2007)
Schöpfungszeit (2007)
Sehnsucht nach Leben (2011)
Botschaft der Engel (2012)
Books
Die Bläserschule. Stuttgart 1976
Die Bandschule. Munich 1985, .
with Jörg Zink: Wie wir feiern können. Freiburg/Brsg. 1992, (since 2005 Dolce Musica Edezione Zürich / 55 spiritual Lieder created together with Jörg Zink )
with Jörg Zink: Feier der Schöpfung. Freiburg/Brsg. 1993, (since 2005 Dolce Musica Edezione Zürich)
with Jörg Zink: Singvogel. Freiburg/Brsg. 1997, (die Lieder Zink und Hufeisen sind hier zusammengefasst / since 2005 Dolce Musica Edezione Zürich)
with Hildegunde Wöller: Mein Schutzengel. Freiburg/Brsg. 2000, .
with Jörg Zink: Kraft des Segens. Eschbach 2004, .
Beseelte Orte – Irland. Zürich 2005
Beseelte Orte – Jordanien. Zürich 2005
with Jörg Zink: Einfach feiern. Eschbach 2007, .
Weihnachtsbuch. München 2007, .
Himmelsklang – Der Flötenkalender 2011. with Music-CD. Leipzig 2010, .
Einfach segensreich. Eschbach 2011, .
Himmelsklang – Der Flötenkalender 2012. with Music-CD. Leipzig 2011, .
Gabriel – Einen Engel schick ich dir. Eschbach 2013, .
Engel des Lichts – Einen Engel schick ich dir. Eschbach 2013, .
Raphael – Einen Engel schick ich dir. Eschbach 2014, .
Engel der Liebe – Einen Engel schick ich dir. Eschbach 2014, .
Der Himmel klingt in dir. Stuttgart 2015, .
Wie ist die Welt so stille. Die heilende Kraft der Abendlieder. with Music-CD. Eschbach 2018, .
Abendstern. (Notenbuch), Munich 2018,
Vierzehn Engel um mich stehn. Schutzengel und andere himmlische Boten. with Musik-CD. with pictures by Edward Coley Burne-Jones, Eschbach 2019,
Kraft des Segens. Worte und Melodien aus Irland. with Music-CD. With photos by Hans-Jürgen Hufeisen, Eschbach 2020,
References
Further reading
Uwe Birnstein: Das unglaubliche Leben des Flötenspielers Hans-Jürgen Hufeisen, Verlag Herder, Freiburg/Brsg. 2014, .
Uwe Birnstein: Das unglaubliche Leben des Flötenspielers Hans-Jürgen Hufeisen. Hörbuch, Verlag Herder, Freiburg/Brsg. 2014, .
External links
German recorder players
German composers
Folkwang University of the Arts alumni
1954 births
Living people
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Wesel (district) |
Mathanda Appachu was an Indian warrior and freedom fighter. He was an officer in Chikka Vira Rajendra's army. He was from Bollumad village in Beppunad in Kodagu. He was also known as Madanta Appachu. He defeated the British in battle in 1834.
Battle of Somwarpet, 1834
In 1834, the British East India Company invaded Kodagu (then known as Coorg). The British army consisted of more than 6000 men and was divided into four columns who entered Kodagu from different directions.
On third April, one of the four columns entered Kodagu via Kodlipet and marched towards Haringi. They came to a village guarded by a stockade. This village was under the charge of Mathanda Appachu and his men. The Column was led by Major Bird. For four and a half hours, the British tried to pass the village but were unable to.
The British came under heavy firing. Col Mill, Ensign Robertson and Ensign Babington were among the 48 killed in the British force. 118 others were wounded in the invading column.
No casualties were reported from Mathanda Appachu's side. Major Bird led his remaining men and quickly retreated several miles to try another route.
Coorg War, 1834
On behalf of Chikka Vira Rajendra the Raja, Diwan Lakshminarayana and Mahomed Taker Khan made peace with the British on 4th April and Diwan Bopu surrendered on 5th April.
Col Fraser was led into Madikeri fort on 6th April. On 10th April, the Raja and his wives left Nalknad palace and entered Madikeri to surrender to the British.
See also
Coorg War
References
1834 in India
Military history of British India
Wars involving the British East India Company
History of Karnataka
Coorg
Conflicts in 1834
April 1834 events
People from Kodagu district
Kodava people
Indian independence movement
History of social movements
History of India
Indian revolutionaries |
Kasalan (, also Romanized as Kasalān) is a village in Tirchai Rural District, Kandovan District, Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 209, in 59 families.
References
Populated places in Meyaneh County |
Meteuthria multituberculata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.
Description
Distribution
References
Buccinidae
Gastropods described in 1990 |
La Fille du Danube (The Daughter of the Danube) is a ballet in two acts and four scenes, choreographed by Filippo Taglioni to music by Adolphe Adam.
History
La Fille du Danube was choreographed and produced by Filippo Taglioni for his daughter, Marie Taglioni, the creator of the title role and was premièred on 21 September 1836 by the ballet of the Académie Royale de Musique, Paris. Like his 1832 ballet La Sylphide, La Fille du Danube focused on the romantic theme of a supernatural maiden, but with both inhibiting a different element - the Sylph is a maiden of the air, while the Daughter of the Danube is a maiden of the water.
The following year in 1837, Taglioni and his daughter travelled to St Petersburg, Russia where Marie Taglioni made her Russian debut in La Sylphide on the 6 September 1837 at the Imperial Bolshoi Kammeny Theatre. Her St Petersburg debut was a huge success, with the Russian balletomanes and critics becoming completely enchanted by the Italian ballerina. That same year, her father revived and restaged La Fille du Danube for Marie's benefit performance on the 20 December 1837 and the revival was a tremendous success. One critic wrote:
Marie Taglioni performed in La Fille du Danube for the final time in St Petersburg in 1842, a week before her final performance in Russia.
La Fille du Danube was to be one of the two ballets by Filippo Taglioni to survive in Russia following the departures of both the balletmaster and his daughter from the country, the other being La Sylphide. In 1880, at the request of Tsar Alexander II, who had seen Marie Taglioni in the ballet, La Fille du Danube was revived by Marius Petipa for the Prima Ballerina, Ekaterina Vazem. For this revival, Petipa included new musical additions and revisions by Léon Minkus and the revival was premièred at the Imperial Bolshoi Kammeny Theatre on 24 February 1880 for Vazem's benefit performance. Vazem writes in her memoirs how she felt that the ballet was "flat", that the heroine's part was "not the most effective" and goes onto claim that "the mounting of the ballet looked quite wretched". However, she also writes that the premiere was met with much enthusiasm from the public:
References
Ballets by Filippo Taglioni
Ballets by Adolphe Adam
1836 ballet premieres
Ballets premiered at the Paris Opera Ballet |
The 147th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to April 11, 1924, during the second year of Al Smith's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.
Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two) and Westchester (two). The assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.
At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party also nominated tickets.
Elections
The New York state election, 1923, was held on November 6. The only statewide elective office up for election was a judgeship on the New York Court of Appeals which was carried by Democrat Irving Lehman who had been endorsed by the Republicans.
No women were elected to the Legislature.
Sessions
The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1924; and adjourned in the morning of April 11.
H. Edmund Machold (Rep.) was re-elected Speaker.
State Senate
Districts
Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."
Employees
Clerk: Dominick F. Mullaney
Sergeant-at-Arms: Ralph D. Paoli
Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms:
Principal Doorkeeper:
First Assistant Doorkeeper:
Stenographer: Michael Degnan
State Assembly
Assemblymen
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."
Employees
Clerk: Fred W. Hammond
Notes
Sources
Members of the New York Assembly (1920s) at Political Graveyard
HUTCHINSON HEADS INSURANCE COMMITTEE AND MADE MEMBER OF IMPORTANT WAYS AND MEANS in The Morning Herald, of Gloversville, on January 8, 1924 (pg. 8)
147
1924 in New York (state)
1924 U.S. legislative sessions |
Bagrami District is located in the central part of Kabul Province in Afghanistan. It is approximately a 30-minute drive east from the capital city, Kabul. The district headquarters is the town of Bagrami.
Demographics
The Afghan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation & Development (MRRD), along with the UNHCR and Central Statistics Office (CSO) of Afghanistan, estimates the population of the district to be around 68,287. According to AIMS and UNHCR, Pashtuns make up the majority of the population, followed by ethnic Tajiks.
Geography
The district borders Kabul to the west, Deh Sabz to the north, Surobi to the east, and Khaki Jabbar, Musayi and Char Asiab districts to the south. Bagrami district is a green area with abundant agricultural activities. Many of its residents work in Kabul because of the communities' proximity to one another.
Economy
Bagrami district is developing rapidly. The Bagrami Industrial Park, which is part of a major industry in Afghanistan, is part of the rebuilding process. Health care and education are relatively good, and are gradually improving.
Places of interest
Shewaki
Famous personalities
Famous figures from the Bagrami district ranged from politicians, officers and to businessmen. A famous figure from the Bagrami district was former and highly respected Afghan Parliamentarian Haji Abdul Rasul from the village of Shewaki, who served in the 1960s National Assembly of Afghanistan so called the Wolesi Jirga under the constitutional monarchy of former King Mohammad Zahir Shah. Another famous figure from the Bagrami district was General Shukur Azimi from the village of Shewaki, who served as a three star general under the constitutional monarchy of former King Mohammad Zahir Shah. A famous figure from the Bagrami district was General Ghulam Omar Ulumi from the village of Shewaki, who served as two star general under the constitutional monarchy of former King Mohammad Zahir Shah. Another famous figure from the Bagrami district was former Afghan Communist President Babrak Karmal which was from the village of Kamari. A famous figure from the Bagrami district was Abdul Wakil from the village of Kamari, who served as Afghan Foreign Minister under the Communist government of former President Dr Najibullah Ahmadzai. Another famous figure from the Bagrami district was General Nabi Azimi from the village of Shewaki, who served as Deputy Defense Minister under the Communist government of Dr Najibullah Ahmadzai. A famous figure from the Bagrami district was former Afghan mujaheddin commander Zabat Aleem from the village of Shewaki. Another famous figure from the Bagrami district was former business tycoon brothers Haji Abdul Rahman Rasul and Haji Abdul Azim Rasul which were from the village of Shewaki, who had exclusive and sole distribution of Bridgestone tires and Mazda automobiles in Afghanistan.
References
External links
Bagrami District Map (Source: AIMS)
Districts of Kabul Province |
Friedrich Heinrich Helmut Fritsche (January 2, 1932 - 2008) was a German agronomist and politician.
Life
He was born in 1932 as the first son of the farmer Friedrich Fritz Fritsche and his wife Marta Fritsche née Möser. He studied and made a diploma as agricultural engineer. He spend much time of his life being an environmentalist. From 1990 to 1999 he was the municipal fire chief and from 1990 unto his death city councillor.
For his merits he awarded the Order of Merit of the Free State of Thuringia by Minister-President Dieter Althaus in 2004.
References
1932 births
2008 deaths
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
German Lutherans
20th-century Lutherans |
Blanchette Ferry Rockefeller (née Hooker; October 2, 1909 – November 29, 1992) was an American art sponsor, twice president of the Museum of Modern Art, and wife of John D. Rockefeller III and mother of Jay Rockefeller.
Biography
Blanchette Ferry Hooker was born in Manhattan in New York City on October 2, 1909. She was the daughter of Elon Huntington Hooker, founder of Hooker Chemical Company, and his wife, Blanche Ferry.
She graduated from Miss Chapin's School in 1927, where she was president of the student government. She graduated from Vassar College in 1931 with a B.A. in music. On November 11, 1932, she married John D. Rockefeller III, a scion of the prominent Rockefeller family, at Riverside Church in New York City. They had four children:
John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV
Hope Aldrich Rockefeller
Sandra Ferry Rockefeller
Alida Ferry Rockefeller
Blanchette devoted her time to community service, education, and the arts - in particular the collection of Asian and American art. "She had been active in the affairs of the Museum of Modern Art since 1949 and was elected a member of the Board of Trustees in December 1952. In 1958, at a time when many Americans derided modern art or thought it communist and subversive, Rockefeller lent her support to the International Program that helped send The New American Painting, the first major exhibition of Abstract Expressionism, to eight European cities."
In 1948, Blanchette Rockefeller commissioned the Rockefeller Guest House by architect Philip Johnson. Located at 242 East 52nd Street next to the Turtle Bay Music School, it was one of the first residential buildings in New York City to reflect the influence of the Modern movement. The 1950 guest house was a place in which she could display her modern art collection and entertain friends. The Rockefellers donated the house (historically landmarked in 2000) to the Museum of Modern Art in 1955.
"Blanchette Rockefeller provided enlightened leadership to MoMA as president of the museum from 1972 through 1985. Two of her most important gifts were Willem de Kooning’s Woman II (1952) and Clyfford Still’s Painting (1951), an Abstract-Expressionist landscape. The Abstract Expressionist galleries on the second floor are named in her honor. In 1979 Rockefeller accepted an Oscar on behalf of MoMA's work in film."
The Rockefellers maintained homes in New York City and at "Fieldwood Farm" in the expansive Rockefeller family estate of Pocantico (see Kykuit in Westchester County, New York.
She died in her home near Briarcliff Manor, New York, of pneumonia, a complication of Alzheimer's disease, on November 29, 1992, at the age of 83. Blanchette was buried at the Rockefeller Family Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, New York. The Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute (BRNI) at West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia is named in her honor.
See also
Rockefeller family
John D. Rockefeller III
Kykuit
References
External links
Blanchette H. Rockefeller Archives
Rockefeller family
Philanthropists from New York (state)
1909 births
1992 deaths
American socialites
Vassar College alumni
People from Briarcliff Manor, New York |
The tribunals of first instance (, , ) are the main trial courts in the judicial system of Belgium. The tribunals of first instance are courts of general jurisdiction; in the sense that they have original jurisdiction over all types of cases not explicitly attributed to other courts. They handle a wide range of civil cases, criminal cases, and cases under the scope of juvenile law and family law. They also hear appeals against the judgements of the police tribunals and justices of the peace. The judgements of the tribunals of first instance can be appealed to the courts of appeal in turn. There is a tribunal of first instance for each of the twelve judicial arrondissements ("districts") of Belgium, except for the arrondissement of Brussels. The arrondissement of Brussels has two tribunals of first instance, a Dutch-speaking one and a French-speaking one, due to the sensitive linguistical situation in the area. The territories of the current judicial arrondissements largely coincide with those of the provinces of Belgium. Most of the tribunals of first instance have multiple geographical divisions, with each having their own seat. As of 2020, the 13 tribunals of first instance have 27 seats in total (the two tribunals of Brussels share the same seat). Further below, an overview is provided of all seats of the tribunals of first instance per arrondissement.
Each tribunal of first instance is organised into a few sections which each hear different matters: a civil section which hears civil cases, a correctional section which hears criminal cases, a family section which hears family cases, and a juvenile section which hears juvenile cases. The seats of the tribunals of first instance where one of the five courts of appeal is jointly located, also have a sentence enforcement section, which hears cases related to the enforcement of criminal sentences and the treatment of the criminally insane. Even though they are all parts of a single tribunal of first instance, the aforementioned sections are often colloquially referred to as standalone courts. In this sense, taking into account that the family and juvenile sections are often grouped together, they are respectively named as:
The civil tribunal (, , );
The correctional tribunal (, , );
The family and juvenile tribunal (, , );
The sentence enforcement tribunal (, , ).
The organisation of the tribunals of first instance, their jurisdiction, as well as the applicable rules of civil procedure and criminal procedure are laid down in the Belgian Judicial Code and Belgian Code of Criminal Procedure. The language in which the proceedings of the tribunals of first instance are held, depends on the official languages of their arrondissement: Dutch for the arrondissements of West Flanders, East Flanders, Antwerp, Limburg and Leuven, French for the arrondissements of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Namur, Liège and Luxembourg, and German for the arrondissement of Eupen. In the arrondissement of Brussels, the French-speaking tribunal holds its proceedings in French, whilst the Dutch-speaking tribunal holds its proceedings in Dutch. There are rules when and how cases can be transferred from one court to another for linguistic reasons, most notably for Brussels. This is because the use of languages in judicial matters is a sensitive topic in Belgium, and is strictly regulated by the law.
Court structure
Geographical divisions
As stated above, most tribunals of first instance have multiple geographical divisions. This is because there used to be 27 judicial arrondissements prior to 2014, with each of those having their own tribunal of first instance. In 2014, the judicial system of Belgium was reformed and the arrondissements in most of the ten Belgian provinces were merged. This meant the territorial boundaries of the arrondissements would from then on mostly coincide with those of the provinces, and most of the formerly 28 independent tribunals of first instance would become divisions of 13 enlarged tribunals. The exceptions were Brussels, Leuven and Eupen, where no mergers with other arrondissements or courts took place for linguistic reasons. (The reform was especially contentious for the Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde area.) The intention of the reform was to increase the flexibility of the judiciary, by allowing judges and prosecutors to be deployed in all divisions of the enlarged tribunals, and to increase the autonomy of the courts regarding their budget and management. Another feature of the enlargement was the possibility for the Belgian federal government to assign certain types of cases exclusively to one of the divisions of the merged tribunals, in order to promote specialisation of the judges. The matters that can be exclusively assigned to one of the divisions are for example international private law matters, or criminal cases which involve cybercrime or terrorism. For other matters than these, the divisions of each tribunal kept the same jurisdictional territory as from before the reform, being the territory of their pre-2014 arrondissement. It is important to note that none of the divisions of the enlarged tribunals have been dissolved since the reform.
Chambers and sections
For the purpose of hearing and adjudicating cases, the (divisions of the) tribunals of first instance are composed of a number of chambers. Each tribunal has predetermined rules to allocate each case to one of these chambers, based on the nature of the case, whilst taking into account the geographical rules as mentioned above. In this sense, civil matters are brought before one of the civil chambers, criminal matters are brought before one the correctional chambers, family matters are brought before one of the family chambers, juvenile matters are brought before one the juvenile chambers, and sentence enforcement matters are brought before one of the sentence enforcement chambers. The ensemble of these aforementioned chambers form respectively the civil section, the correctional section, the family and juvenile section, and the sentence enforcement section. It is the president of the tribunal who bears the responsibility of allocating each case to a chamber. The president may however deviate from the predetermined allocation rules whenever the need arises.
Judges
Status
The judges in the tribunals of first instance are officially titled 'judge' (, , ). They are primarily appointed to one specific tribunal and have life tenure, notwithstanding their retirement when they reach the statutory retirement age of 67. Judges primarily appointed to one tribunal are also appointed, in a secondary capacity, to all other tribunals of first instance that fall under the same court of appeal. Under some circumstances, they can be transferred to one of these other tribunals of first instance (to address shortages for example). They cannot removed from their offices except in select circumstances (such as in case of disciplinary actions). Decisions regarding removal from office can also only be made by certain judicial bodies; there is no dismissal procedure through the legislative or executive branches of power. The chambers of the tribunal of first instance are presided over by either a single judge, or either a panel of three judges. In the latter case, one of the three acts as the presiding judge, and the other two as assessor judges. The president of the tribunal determines which judges sit in which chambers. Normally, newly appointed judges only sit in chambers with three judges for a year before they can hear cases as a single judge.
Appointment procedure
In order to be appointed as judge to a tribunal of first instance, potential candidates must meet certain statutory requirements: they must hold the Belgian nationality, must hold a law degree, must have a clean criminal record (minor violations excluded), and must meet the language requirements. Potential candidates meeting these minimum requirements can become a candidate in three ways:
Potential candidates who have at least two years of legal experience, can take part in an entrance examination. Those who pass this examination can be admitted for a two-year judicial internship, which includes specific judicial training and internships at a public prosecutor's office and a court, amongst other things. Judicial interns become candidates when they are favourably evaluated at the end of their internship. This route is primarily aimed at young legal professionals.
Potential candidates who have at least four years of legal experience, can take part in an examination (with an oral and written part) to demonstrate their professional competence. Participants who pass this examination obtain a certificate, which is on itself not sufficient to be a candidate however. Potential candidates must, aside from this certificate, also have a more extensive minimum experience in a legal profession (five, ten, or twelve years, depending on the specific type of profession), in order to be a candidate. This route is primarily aimed at more experienced legal professionals.
Potential candidates who have at least twenty years of legal experience, of which at least fifteen years as bar attorney, can take part in a more limited examination (only oral) to demonstrate their professional competence. Participants who pass this examination, obtain a certificate with which they can be a candidate. This route is primarily aimed at experienced bar attorneys. The amount of judgeships that can be filled via this third route is limited by the law however.
The above examinations are administered by the High Council of Justice of Belgium; judicial training and support for judicial interns is provided by the Institute of Judicial Training of Belgium. The above three avenues only make one a candidate to be appointed as judge however. Once a vacancy arises, candidates can apply to be appointed. An opinion on each candidate will be provided to the federal minister of Justice of Belgium by at least the president of the tribunal to which the candidate would be appointed and the relevant bar association. The minister of Justice will then send all candidacies to the High Council of Justice, which will nominate one candidate. The Belgian federal government (officially "the King" as the personification of the executive) will then finally appoint or reject the nominated candidate. The appointment becomes official once the candidate takes the oath of office prescribed by the law. The oath is taken before the court of appeal under which the tribunal falls. The judges who were appointed through any of the other means than after a judicial internship, must follow additional judicial training at the Institute of Judicial Training after their appointment. Following additional training is also required before a judge can exercise some specific judicial functions in the tribunal of first instance, such as those of investigative judge or juvenile judge.
Alternate judges
Aside from the aforementioned permanent judges, there are also "alternate judges" (, , ) appointed to each tribunal of first instance. Alternate judges do not have a permanent position in the tribunal, but are only called upon when a permanent judge is absent or to address temporary shortages or backlogs. Most alternate judges have a main occupation as bar attorney, notary or legal scholar. Potential candidates for a position as alternate judge must meet the same statutory minimum requirements as potential candidates for a position as permanent judge, and must have at least five years of legal experience. To become a candidate alternate judge, one can follow any of the three routes that also make one a candidate permanent judge, or choose a fourth route. This fourth option is a specific examination accessible to all persons with a law degree, which is organised by the High Council of Justice. Those who pass this examination, obtain a certificate with which they can be a candidate alternate judge. Candidates are appointed as alternate judge according to the same appointment procedure as permanent judges. Those who have been alternate judge for a certain amount of time, can become a candidate for a position as permanent judge under certain adapted conditions.
Retired judges can also be appointed as alternate judge for a certain period of time after their retirement.
Lay judges
The chambers of the sentence enforcement section are normally presided over by a panel of three judges: one of the "ordinary" judges of the tribunal and two lay judges. The ordinary judge acts as the presiding judge, the two lay judges as assessor judges. The official title of these lay judges is "assessor in the sentence enforcement tribunal" (, , ). There are three categories of these lay judges: specialists in penitentiary matters, specialists in social reintegration, and specialists in clinical psychology. In the chambers that handle cases related to the enforcement of criminal sentences, one of the lay judges is a specialist in penitentiary matters and the other one a specialist in social reintegration. In the chambers that handle cases related to the committal and treatment of the criminally insane, one of the lay judges is a specialist in social reintegration and the other one a specialist in clinical psychology. Just like is the case for the ordinary judges, there are permanent and alternate lay judges. To become a lay judge, one must meet certain statutory requirements, possess the necessary qualifications, and pass an examination organised by the Belgian federal government. The federal government will appoint the lay judges from among those who passed this examination. Unlike the ordinary judges, the lay judges do not have life tenure, but are appointed for a limited duration. Their appointment can be renewed, subject to a favourable evaluation by the president of the tribunal of first instance. These specialist lay judges only serve on the sentence enforcement chambers; they cannot sit in any of the other sections or chambers of the tribunal.
Court leadership and management
Each tribunal of first instance is headed by the president of the tribunal (, , ). The president is charged with the overall leadership of the tribunal: (s)he is responsible for allocating all cases to a chamber of the tribunal and for determining which judges sit in which chambers, amongst other things. The president of the tribunal is complemented by a division president (, , ) in each of the tribunal's geographical divisions. In most tribunals of first instance, there are also one or more vice presidents (, , ) to assist the president in his or her duties. To be appointed to one of these aforementioned positions, candidates must meet certain statutory requirements. The president is appointed in a manner similar to the appointment as judge: the High Council of Justice will receive all candidacies and relevant opinions, will nominate one candidate, and the Belgian federal government will appoint or reject the nominated candidate. The presidents are only appointed for a term of five years, which can be renewed once. The candidates for the positions of division president and vice president are nominated by the president from amongst the judges of the tribunal of first instance, and appointed or rejected by the tribunal's general assembly. The division presidents and vice presidents are only appointed for a term of three years, which can be renewed.
Divisions
Civil Court
The Civil Court consists of the civil chambers of the Court of First Instance. Each civil chamber consist of one or of three judges. The Civil Court deals in first instance with civil cases that exceed the competences of the justice of the peace, but it also hears appeals against decisions of justices of the peace in civil cases if the amount involved exceeds 1,240 euro. If the amount involved doesn't exceed this amount, no appeal against the decision of the justice of the peace is possible. The Civil Court also deals with divorces, cases regarding lineage, disputes regarding the execution of court decisions and rulings, the right of reply and tax returns. In addition, the Civil Court has jurisdiction over cases not explicitly assigned to another court. The Civil Court also has appellate jurisdiction with regard to decisions of the police tribunal regarding compensation claims arising from traffic accidents.
Decisions of the Civil Court, with the exception of decisions regarding appeals against decisions of the justice of the peace or the police tribunal, can be appealed against to the civil chambers of the Court of Appeal. Decisions of the Civil Court regarding appeals against decisions of the justice of the peace of the police tribunal can only be appealed against on points of law to the Court of Cassation.
Correctional Court
The Correctional Court consists of the correctional chambers of the Court of First Instance. Each correctional chamber consists of one or of three judges. The Correctional Court deals with misdemeanors and has appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the police tribunal. It also deals with correctionalised felonies. Felonies are normally dealt with by the Court of Assize, but the Chamber of Indictment can take into account mitigating circumstances and "correctionalise" the felony, i.e. refer the case to the Correctional Court instead.
The Correctional Court doesn't have jurisdiction with regard to offences related to traffic, which fall under the jurisdiction of the police tribunal. It doesn't have jurisdiction with regard to political crimes and press-related crimes either as those crimes fall under the jurisdiction of the Court of Assize, with the exception of press-related crimes that were inspired by racism or xenophobia. The latter do fall under its jurisdiction.
Decisions of the Correctional Court can be appealed against to the correctional chambers of the Court of Appeal, except in the case of appeals against decisions of the police tribunal heard by the Correctional Court. Decisions of the Correctional Court regarding appeals against decisions of the police tribunal can only be appealed against on points of law to the Court of Cassation.
Juvenile Court
The Juvenile Court has jurisdiction over most civil and criminal cases involving minors.
List of tribunals of first instance
As of 2020, there is a seat of a tribunal of first instance in the following municipalities (per judicial arrondissement):
Arrondissement of West Flanders:
Bruges
Kortrijk
Veurne
Ypres
Arrondissement of East Flanders:
Dendermonde
Ghent
Oudenaarde
Arrondissement of Antwerp:
Antwerp
Mechelen
Turnhout
Arrondissement of Brussels:
Brussels (Dutch-speaking)*
Brussels (French-speaking)*
Arrondissement of Leuven:
Leuven
Arrondissement of Limburg:
Hasselt
Tongeren
Arrondissement of Hainaut:
Charleroi
Mons
Tournai
Arrondissement of Walloon Brabant:
Nivelles
Arrondissement of Namur:
Dinant
Namur
Arrondissement of Luxembourg:
Arlon
Marche-en-Famenne
Neufchâteau
Arrondissement of Liège:
Huy
Liège
Verviers
Arrondissement of Eupen:
Eupen
(*): Due to the sensitive linguistic situation in and around Brussels, there are two independent tribunals of first instance in the arrondissement of Brussels.
See also
Judiciary of Belgium
References
First instance
Courts in Belgium |
The 130th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, created in 1794. After being raised it was sent to the West Indies, where it suffered heavy losses from tropical disease. The unit was disbanded at Santo Domingo in 1796, with the survivors drafted into other regiments.
Background
The 130th Regiment of Foot was raised as part of a rapid expansion of the British Army from 1793 as a reaction to the French Revolutionary Wars, which had begun in 1792. More than 40 regiments of foot and cavalry were added to the establishment; many of these units were short lived. British Army regiments are given a number, according to the seniority in which they were raised, but the numbering of these units is somewhat erratic. The supposedly junior 131st Regiment of Foot was accepted onto the Army List a full 18 months before the 130th Regiment. This probably represents differences in the speed of recruitment to individual regiments (units were not accepted onto the list until they had reached a certain "establishment" strength). The naming of the new units is also varied. Some were granted formal names but others were known by their commander's names or by number alone. Most of the new regiments disbanded by 1797.
History
In 1794 Captain George Pigot, formerly of the 38th Regiment of Foot was promised promotion to lieutenant-colonel—and command of the new 130th Regiment of Foot if he could recruit the men to establish the unit. The 130th Regiment of Foot was formed at Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, in 1794 and was titled the "Loyal Staffordshire Volunteers". It was also known as "Pigot's" or "Meyrick's" Regiment. Pigot was appointed to command the 130th Regiment on 21 March 1795 and the unit was entered onto the Army List on 12 June.
The 130th Regiment was posted to the West Indies in 1795, at a time when the British were fighting the Second Maroon War against the revolt of the Jamaican Maroons. The unit suffered badly from tropical disease. It numbered 166 fit men at Santo Domingo in November but by December numbered only 7 men fit and 11 sick. The regiment was disbanded at Santo Domingo in 1796 by drafting the survivors into other units. Shoulder belt plates bearing the insignia of the Stafford Knot and the inscription "Loyal Staffordshire Volunteers" found in Dominica and Haiti and sometimes identified as belonging to the 80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers), are instead probably associated with the 130th Regiment. Colonel Pigot was placed on half pay and afterwards rose, by a series of brevet promotions, to the rank of general.
References
External links
Infantry regiments of the British Army
Military units and formations established in 1794
Military units and formations disestablished in 1796
1794 establishments in Great Britain
1796 disestablishments in Great Britain |
The Streatham-Croydon Rugby Football Club, is a rugby union club, founded in 1871, based at Frant Road, Thornton Heath, in the London Borough of Croydon, south London. Streatham-Croydon currently play in Counties Surrey 4. The club's teams play in cardinal shirts, white shorts and cardinal and white hooped socks.
History
Streatham's heyday was arguably during the late 1960s, and 70s, when 9 senior teams and 4 colts teams were active, combined with an extensive fixture list against top clubs such as Richmond, Bath, Sale, Saracens, London Welsh, London Irish and others. The professional era and the impact of the new RFU Courage League structure through the late 1980s, and 90s led to a decline in the size of the club as greater attention was paid to the needs of the 1st XV, and Streatham's membership struggle coincided with its drop down the National and then London leagues.
Streatham run three senior men's teams and a senior ladies' XV during the season, as well as a mini and junior rugby section, and own a private ground in Thornton Heath (close to the original pitches on Streatham Common), comprising two pitches (one floodlit) and a large clubhouse and grandstand, along with several squash courts, which are all in the process of refurbishment and renovation.
In the club's 140th season the Surrey 4 league title was won following only one defeat and the club were promoted to Surrey 3. As part of the 140th season, a fixture known as 'The Skull' was revived, 20 years after it was last contested. The fixture sees all Streatham-Croydon's teams play against teams from Esher RFC with the club that wins the most matches winning the trophy. The trophy is a human skull set between a pair of rugby goalposts. In the 1960s, and 70s this would have been contested by twelve teams from each club, but now Streatham's team play against Esher's similarly ranked amateur teams.
The Streatham club was featured in a book titled "London's Oldest Rugby Clubs" by Dick Tyson, published in May 2008.
The club has been a key factor in the growth of rugby league in South London, having hosted the South London Storm for many years. Frant Road now hosts the Storm's successor club, Brixton Bulls R.L.F.C. during the summer months, providing training, playing and social facilities.
Notable players
John Sharland of Streatham toured with the 1904 British Lions to Australia and New Zealand, playing in seven matches. W V Butcher, capped seven times for England between 1903–05, also playing cricket for Surrey, played for the Streatham club. England prop, and later RFU committee man, Jeff Probyn played at Streatham for a number of seasons in the late 1970s before moving to Wasps and gaining his first England cap.
Super League player Will Sharp, played for the 1st XV, before signing his first professional contract with Harlequins RL in 2007. Celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson played for the club's Colts side from 1969–71 before touring France to learn his trade.
Former Prime Minister James Callaghan played at lock for Streatham in the 1939 season. Peter Horton, Colts and 1st XV, emigrated to Australia and played hooker 19 times for Australia between 1974 and 1979, gaining his first cap against New Zealand and his last one against Argentina.
Jeff Probyn
Maurice Colclough
Will Sharp
Antony Worrall Thompson
James Callaghan
Lamont Bryan
Honours
Surrey Cup winners (6): 1894, 1895, 1896, 1903, 1974, 1975
Surrey 4 champions (2): 2010–11, 2021–22
Surrey 3 champions (2): 2011–12, 2015–16
Surrey Bowl winners: 2012
Notes
References
External links
Official Streatham Rugby website
A History of Streatham Rugby
Streatham featured in 'London's Oldest Rugby Clubs'
BBC News article on Will Sharp
Rugby clubs established in 1871
Sport in the London Borough of Croydon
Rugby union teams in England
Rugby union clubs in London
1871 establishments in England |
Kožmani () is a settlement on the southeastern outskirts of Ajdovščina in the Littoral region of Slovenia.
References
External links
Kožmani on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Ajdovščina |
Laura Clemesha (born 21 January 1992) is a retired Australian netball player.
Career
Clemesha grew up in the south-eastern Queensland city of Toowoomba and was school captain of her private secondary school Downlands College, before moving to the Sunshine Coast for university and her netball career. She debuted for the Queensland Firebirds in the ANZ Championship competition in 2013 and was part of the team's back-to-back premiership successes in 2015 and 2016. After being utilised off the bench in those years, Clemesha was re-signed to a more high-profile role ahead of the 2017 season, replacing long-time captain Laura Geitz at goal keeper. She continued to play in that role for several years before announcing her retirement at the end of the 2019 season.
Clemesha came out as gay in 2017 in a piece for her local newspaper The Caboolture News.
Clemesha completed a Bachelor of Psychological Science (Class 1 Honours) in 2017 and a Master of Organisational Psychology in 2020 at the University of Queensland.
References
External links
Queensland Firebirds profile
Suncorp Super Netball profile
Netball Draft Central profile
1992 births
Living people
Australian netball players
Queensland Firebirds players
Netball players from Queensland
LGBT netball players
Lesbian sportswomen
Australian Institute of Sport netball players
Australian Netball League players
Queensland Fusion players
Queensland state netball league players
Australian lesbians
Australian LGBT sportspeople
People educated at Downlands College |
Donald Kimelman is an American journalist and former managing director of The Pew Charitable Trusts, who continues to serve on the Pew Research Center's board. He is the son of Henry L. Kimelman, who served as United States Ambassador to Haiti.
Early life and education
Donald Kimelman is the son of Henry L. Kimelman, who served as United States Ambassador to Haiti. He attended Lawrenceville School, an independent university-preparatory school in Lawrenceville, New Jersey. Kimelman received his bachelor's degree in political science from Yale University and a master's degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
Career
Journalism
Kimelman was a journalist for more than 25 years. Before working for The Philadelphia Inquirer from 1979 to 1997, he wrote for The Capital, a daily newspaper published in Annapolis, Maryland, and The Baltimore Sun. In 1981, he received the Education Writers Association's "Fred M. Hechinger Grand Prize for Distinguished Education Reporting", along with Mary Bishop and Thomas Ferrick, Jr., for their work at the Inquirer. Kimelman worked on local, national, and international assignments. After serving as the Inquirer Houston-based national correspondent, then as a Moscow correspondent, he became an editor and served on the editorial board for seven years, where he often wrote about social policy and urban issues. In 1986, Kimelman was accused by Sovetskaya Rossiya of being a spy. Furthermore, the Russian political newspaper accused him of "distorting Soviet life and falsely implied that he was an alcoholic".
Kimelman served as deputy editor of the Inquirer editorial page. During his tenure, he wrote the controversial "Poverty and Norplant" editorial, which was published on December 12, 1990, two days after the contraceptive Norplant was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. In the piece, he commented on Norplant's approval and suggested providing women on welfare monetary incentives to use the contraceptive in an effort to reduce the number of black children who live in poverty. The editorial reportedly divided the newspaper's staff. Kimelman said, "I feel bad about it. Certain things as a white man you just don't see. I still believe what I wrote, but ... I felt very bad that every single black reporter and editor I know, from the most radical to the most reasonable, hated this editorial."
Pew
Kimelman served as managing director of The Pew Charitable Trusts "information initiatives" program, including its venture fund, until July 2013. The initiatives program was "a portfolio of projects that, through nonpartisan, rigorous research, [sought] to enlighten the general public, journalists and policy makers about contemporary issues and trends". Much of this work was executed by the Pew Research Center, where Kimelman served as chairman of the board of directors. Kimelman also managed Pew's "Philadelphia Program", which included civic and culture initiatives, the Pew Fund for Health and Human Services, and the Philadelphia Research Initiative.
Board service and philanthropy
After leaving Pew, Kimelman served on the board of trustees of Mastery Charter Schools, a charter school network in Philadelphia and Camden, New Jersey, and the William Penn Foundation's board of directors. He also served on the board of MASS Design, a Boston-based nonprofit organization that provides "infrastructure, buildings, and the human and physical systems necessary for growth, dignity, and well-being in developing countries". He continues to serve as chairman of Pew Research Center's board, a position he has held since 2004.
Kimelman has contributed to a variety of organizations, including the Barnes Foundation, Committee to Protect Journalists, Philabundance, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Saint Thomas Historical Trust, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, and Philadelphia's Wilma Theater.
Works
1
References
Living people
20th-century American newspaper editors
American male journalists
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Lawrenceville School alumni
The Baltimore Sun people
The Pew Charitable Trusts people
The Philadelphia Inquirer people
Yale University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Ruth Vincent (born Amy Ruth Bunn, 3 December 1873 – 8 July 1955) was an English opera singer and actress, best remembered for her performances in soprano roles of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in the 1890s and her roles in the West End during the first decade of the 20th century, particularly her role as Sophia in Tom Jones.
Vincent joined D'Oyly Carte in 1894 in the chorus at the age of 17. She began to play small roles in 1896, taking on larger roles in Gilbert and Sullivan revivals the following year and soon creating leading roles including Iza in The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein (1897–98), Laine in The Beauty Stone (1898) and Princess Laoula in The Lucky Star (1899). She also continued to sing leading roles in Gilbert and Sullivan revivals, including Casilda in The Gondoliers and Aline in The Sorcerer in 1898 and Josephine in H.M.S. Pinafore in 1899. Unhappy to be passed over for the leading soprano role in The Rose of Persia, Vincent left the company near the end of 1899.
After this, Vincent went on to a substantial career in Edwardian musical comedies, opera and concert singing. She created leading West End roles in Véronique (1904–05), Tom Jones (1907), The Belle of Brittany (1909) and several others, and she also performed on Broadway. From 1910, she began a grand opera career at Covent Garden and Drury Lane and then toured in oratorio and concerts and also in variety shows, performing until 1930.
Biography
Vincent was born as Amy Ruth Bunn in Yarmouth, Norfolk, in 1873 to Emma ( Long and Henry Vincent Bunn, a butcher. She studied singing with a teacher in Norwich, then Herman Klein in London.
D'Oyly Carte years
Vincent joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in the chorus of The Chieftain at the Savoy Theatre in 1894 at the age of 17. In 1895, she toured the British provinces in the chorus. At the Savoy, she created the small part of Gretchen in The Grand Duke in 1896 and also occasionally played the larger role of Lisa. She sang in the chorus during the subsequent revival of The Mikado and then created the small role of Dorothea in His Majesty (by F. C. Burnand and Alexander MacKenzie) in 1897. She sang the role of Kate in the first revival of The Yeomen of the Guard beginning in 1897, filling in briefly in the leading role of Elsie in July of that year, then was given the part in August when Ilka Pálmay left the company.
For the next two years, Vincent was the company's principal soprano, playing the leading roles of Iza in The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein (1897–98) and Casilda in The Gondoliers (1898), creating the role of Laine in The Beauty Stone (1898), singing Aline in The Sorcerer (1898), creating the part of Princess Laoula in The Lucky Star (early 1899), and playing Josephine in H.M.S. Pinafore (later in 1899). When she was passed over for the leading soprano part of Sultana Zubedyah in The Rose of Persia, Vincent rejected the part that she was offered ("Scent-of-Lilies") and left the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in November 1899. As it turned out, Ellen Beach Yaw, the American soprano cast as the Sultana, was dismissed after only two weeks in the role, and the opportunity to replace her went to young Isabel Jay.
Vincent's younger sister, Madge Vincent, was a D'Oyly Carte chorister from 1898 to 1900 and also had a subsequent musical theatre career.
West End and grand opera career and later years
Vincent did eventually get a chance to play the Sultana in The Rose of Persia in New York in the 1900 Charles Frohman production at Daly's Theatre (co-starring John Le Hay). She married Lieutenant Colonel John Fraser of the Royal Horse Guards and retired from the stage for a few years while continuing her vocal studies in Paris with Jacques Bouhy. She later studied in Berlin with Mme. Corelli. Vincent returned to the London stage in musical theatre roles, including as Merva Sunningdale in The Medal and the Maid in 1903 (and in New York in 1904). She played the title roles in the West End in Véronique in 1904–05 (and in New York 1905–06) and A Girl on the Stage in 1906. She was the Plaintiff in Trial by Jury in the Ellen Terry Jubilee celebration on 12 June 1906 and the title role of Princess Amasis in Amasis: An Egyptian Princess in 1906–07. The English Illustrated Magazine wrote that Vincent "has some charming songs, to which her full rich voice gives admirable effect." She next starred as Sophie in Tom Jones (1907) and in the title roles in The Belle of Brittany and A Persian Princess, both in 1909.
In 1910 Vincent made her debut in grand opera in Thomas Beecham's seasons at Covent Garden and Drury Lane, singing in Hansel and Gretel (as Hansel), Così fan Tutte (as Fiordiligi), The Tales of Hoffmann (as Antonia), Carmen (as Micaela) and Don Giovanni (as Zerlina). She created the role of Vrenchen (the Juliet role) in Delius's opera, A Village Romeo and Juliet. The Manchester Guardian commented, "Miss Ruth Vincent acted with much sincerity and charm as Vrenchen, and sang admirably ... she has a voice of remarkable purity, capable of great expression."
Vincent performed a concert tour of the British provinces in 1911 and sang in her first oratorio, Messiah, in 1912 at the Albert Hall, and in Elijah at the Three Choirs Festivals at Hereford in 1912 and Gloucester in 1913. In her later years, she appeared in concert, in oratorio (including Hiawatha staged annually under conductor Malcolm Sargent and others at the Albert Hall), and in variety shows at the London Palladium, the Coliseum Theatre and in the provinces. Vincent retired in 1930. Her hobbies included riding horses and gardening.
Vincent died in London in 1955. Some of her personal possessions were sold at auction at Christies in London in January 2000.
Recordings
Vincent made a number of recordings of songs for HMV and Columbia between 1904 and 1920 including "The Waltz Song" from Edward German's Tom Jones, and songs by Luigi Arditi, Haydn Wood, Percy Fletcher, and Frederic Hymen Cowen. Her voice can be heard on the CD The Art of the Savoyard (Pearl GEMM CD 9991).
Notes
References
Sources
Listing of a number of Vincent's West End roles
External links
Article in The Sketch about Vincent
Information about a recording by Vincent of a song from Tom Jones
Photo of Vincent
Photos of Vincent and review of her performance in The Medal and the Maid
Early Vincent photos
More photos of Vincent
Another photo of Vincent
1873 births
1955 deaths
English operatic sopranos
Musicians from Great Yarmouth
Actors from Great Yarmouth
19th-century British women opera singers
20th-century British women opera singers |
Rafał Niżnik (born December 11, 1974 in Żary) is a Polish retired footballer.
Career
Club
In January 2011, he joined Motor Lublin on a half year deal. From August 2014 until the 2020–21 autumn round of the season, he was a player for his parent club, Szarotka Uherce, of the District League.
References
External links
Polish men's footballers
Polish expatriate men's footballers
1974 births
Living people
GKS Górnik Łęczna players
Brøndby IF players
Górnik Zabrze players
ŁKS Łódź players
Brønshøj Boldklub players
Ekstraklasa players
Danish Superliga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
People from Żary
Footballers from Lubusz Voivodeship
Men's association football midfielders |
Nicholas Bartlett Doe (June 16, 1786 – December 6, 1856) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
Biography
Born in New York City, Doe graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy, in Exeter, New Hampshire. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and settled in Saratoga County, New York to work as a lawyer. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Saratoga Co.) in 1825.
Doe was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Anson Brown. He took his seat on December 7, 1840, and served until March 3, 1841. After his term as representative, he resumed practicing law, and became trustee of the village of Waterford, Saratoga County, in 1841.
Doe died at Saratoga Springs, New York, December 6, 1856. He was interred in Greenridge Cemetery.
References
1786 births
1856 deaths
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Members of the New York State Assembly
Burials at Greenridge Cemetery
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians |
Give Us a Break may refer to:
Give Us a Break (Arrogance album), 1973
Give Us a Break (Limpopo album), 1995
Give Us a Break (Proctor and Bergman album), 1978
Give Us a Break (TV series), a 1983 BBC comedy series starring Paul McGann
"Give Us a Break", Joe Brown song |
Jan Schanda (born 17 August 1977 in Wolfsburg) is a German footballer. He spent one seasons in the Bundesliga with VfL Wolfsburg, as well as three seasons in the 2. Bundesliga with Eintracht Braunschweig, VfB Lübeck, and VfL Osnabrück.
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
People from Wolfsburg
Footballers from Lower Saxony
German men's footballers
VfL Wolfsburg players
Eintracht Braunschweig players
VfL Osnabrück players
VfB Lübeck players
SC Fortuna Köln players
Men's association football defenders
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players |
Josh Dean may refer to:
Josh Dean (actor), Canadian actor and improvisor
Josh Dean (writer), American journalist and author
Josh Dean (American football), American football coach and player |
The Castle of Torres Novas () is a medieval castle in the civil parish of Torres Novas (São Pedro), Lapas e Ribeira Branca, municipality of Torres Novas, Portuguese district of Santarém.
It is classified as a National Monument.
Torres Novas
Torres Novas
National monuments in Santarém District
Buildings and structures in Torres Novas |
Waldensian Presbyterian Church is a historic Waldensian church at 104 East Main Street in Valdese, Burke County, North Carolina.
History
In 1893, twenty-nine Waldenses from the Cottian Alps of Italy arrived in Burke County, North Carolina, to pave the way for several hundred other Waldensian immigrants. In 1897, the Waldensians began to construct a Romanesque-style church that would resemble those they left in Italy and France. The building was officially completed in 1899.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The congregation is a component of the Presbyterian Church (USA).
See also
Waldensian Church and Cemetery of Stone Prairie
References
External links
Official Website
Presbyterian churches in North Carolina
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Churches completed in 1896
19th-century Presbyterian church buildings in the United States
Churches in Burke County, North Carolina
Italian-American culture in North Carolina
Waldensianism
National Register of Historic Places in Burke County, North Carolina |
Acremodonta crassicosta is a species of minute, deep-water sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Ataphridae, the false top snails or false top shells.
Distribution
This species is endemic to the deeper waters around New Zealand's Three Kings Islands.
References
Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
Marshall, B.A. 1983: Acremodontinae: a new subfamily of the Trochidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). National Museum of New Zealand Records 2: 127-130 (p. 127)
Ataphridae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1937
Taxa named by Arthur William Baden Powell
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic molluscs of New Zealand |
Ceremonial dancing has a very important place in the Indigenous cultures of Australia. They vary from place to place, but most ceremonies combine dance, song, rituals and often elaborate body decorations and costumes. The different body paintings indicate the type of ceremony being performed. They play an important role in marriage ceremonies, in the education of Indigenous children, as well as storytelling and oral history. The term corroboree is commonly used to refer to Australian Aboriginal dances, although this term has its origins among the people of the Sydney region. In some places, Aboriginal people perform corroborees for tourists. In the latter part of the 20th century the influence of Indigenous Australian dance traditions has been seen with the development of concert dance, with the Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA) providing training in contemporary dance.
The Australian bush dance, which draws on traditions from English, Irish, Scottish and other European dance styles, is also a common community activity. Favourite dances include the Irish Céilidh "Pride of Erin" and the quadrille "The Lancers". Locally originated dances include the "Waves of Bondi", the Melbourne Shuffle and New Vogue.
The Australian Ballet is the foremost classical ballet company in Australia. It began in 1962 and is today recognised as one of the world's major international ballet companies. It is based in Melbourne and performs works from the classical repertoire as well as contemporary works by major Australian and international choreographers.
Indigenous Australian dance
Traditional Aboriginal Australian dance was closely associated with song and was understood and experienced as making present the reality of the Dreamtime. In some instances, they would imitate the actions of a particular animal in the process of telling a story. For the people in their own country it defined to roles, responsibilities and the place itself. These ritual performances gave them an understanding of themselves in the interplay of social, geographical and environmental forces. The performances were associated with specific places and dance grounds were often sacred places. The body decoration and specific gestures related to kin and other relationships, such as to Dreamtime beings. Some groups hold their dances secret or sacred. Gender is an important factor in some ceremonies with men and women having separate ceremonial traditions, such as the Crane Dance.
The term "corroboree" is commonly used by non-Indigenous Australians to refer to any Aboriginal dance, although this term has its origins among the people of the Sydney region. In some places, Australian Aboriginal people perform corroborees for tourists.
For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself [sic] is the storyteller" (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and totemic gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".
20th–21st centuries
In the latter part of the 20th century, the influence of Indigenous Australian dance traditions was seen with the development of concert dance, particularly in contemporary dance with the National Aboriginal and Islander Skills Development Association (established 1975) and the Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA, founded 1997) providing training to Indigenous Australians in dance, and the Bangarra Dance Theatre (founded 1989). With a new sense of pride emerging in a number of Aboriginal organisations in Redfern, Sydney, the Aboriginal Dance Theatre Redfern (ADTR) was established in 1979.
The establishment of National Aboriginal Dance Council Australia (NADCA, also referred to as National Aboriginal Dance Council of Australia) was instigated by Christine Donnelly and ADTR in 1995. It was supported by Ausdance in their presentation of the presentation of three major Indigenous dance conferences. The second one was held in Adelaide in 1997, where cultural and intellectual property rights and copyright issues for Australian Indigenous dancers were discussed, and included a free outdoor performance in Rymill Park / Murlawirrapurka. The third conference took place in Sydney in 1999, funded by the Australia Council. Both the 2nd and 3rd conferences were attended by David Gulpilil's dance troupe.
NADCA was still in existence in 2007, when it was in the process of developing a document on "Cultural Protocols on Aboriginal Dance".
Other varieties of dance
Bush dance has developed in Australia as a form of traditional dance, it draws on traditions from English, Irish, Scottish and other European dance. Favourite dances in the community include dances of European descent, such as the Irish Céilidh "Pride of Erin" and the quadrille "The Lancers". Locally originated dances include the "Waves of Bondi", the Melbourne Shuffle and New Vogue.
Many immigrant communities continue their own dance traditions on a professional or amateur basis. Traditional dances from a large number of ethnic backgrounds are danced in Australia, helped by the presence of enthusiastic immigrants and their Australian-born families. It is quite common to see dances from the Baltic region, as well as Scottish, Irish, Indian, Indonesian or African dance being taught at community centres and dance schools in Australia.
Still more dance groups in Australia employ dances from a variety of backgrounds, including reconstructed European Court dances and Medieval Dance, as well as fusions of traditional steps with modern music and style.
The Australian Ballet is the foremost classical ballet company in Australia. Its inaugural artistic director was the English-born dancer, teacher and repetiteur Dame Peggy van Praagh in 1962 and is today recognised as one of the world's major international ballet companies. It is based in Melbourne and performs works from the classical repertoire as well as contemporary works by major Australian and international choreographers. As of 2010, it was presenting approximately 200 performances in cities and regional areas around Australia each year as well as international tours. Regular venues include: the Arts Centre Melbourne, Sydney Opera House, Sydney Theatre, Adelaide Festival Centre and Queensland Performing Arts Centre. Robert Helpmann is among Australia's best-known ballerinos.
Baz Luhrmann's popular 1992 film Strictly Ballroom, starring Paul Mercurio, contributed to an increased interest in dance competition in Australia, and popular dance shows such as So You Think You Can Dance have featured on television in recent years.
The Nutbush
The Nutbush is a classic Australian line dance—typically performed to the American song "Nutbush City Limits" by Ike & Tina Turner—was created in the 1970s disco era; it took off in Australia during the 1980s, and it is has seen sustained success to this day, including gaining viral popularity internationally through TikTok. A common way of first hearing the song is when schools typically make students dance to it as part of a physical education.
Major dance companies
Those dance companies funded by the Major Performing Arts Board of the Australia Council and from state arts agencies are:
Ballet companies
The Australian Ballet
The Queensland Ballet
The West Australian Ballet
Contemporary dance companies
Australian Dance Theatre (Garry Stewart)
Phillip Adams BalletLab
Bangarra Dance Theatre (Stephen Page)
Chunky Move
Company In Space
Dance Hub SA (previously Leigh Warren & Dancers)
Dancenorth
Descendance
Expressions Dance Company
Force Majeure (Kate Champion)
Lucy Guerin Inc
Mirramu Dance Company
Phunktional
Sydney Dance Company
TasDance
Youth dance companies
QL2 Centre for Youth Dance
Extensions Youth Dance Company
Urban Ignition Youth Dance Company
Dance competitions
(Showcase) Australian Dance Championships, established in 1994
Post-secondary dance education
NSW
Australian College of Physical Education
Australian Dance Institute(ADi)
Excelsia College formerly Wesley Institute
Macquarie University (North Ryde)
National Aboriginal Islander Skills Development Association (NAISDA)
University of NSW (Kensington Campus)
Victoria
Australian Ballet School
Box Hill Institute (Centre for Performing Arts)
Deakin University (Melbourne Campus, Burwood)
Victorian College of the Arts (University of Melbourne)
Victoria University (Footscray Campus)
The Space Dance and Arts Centre
Queensland
Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts
Queensland University of Technology (Kelvin Grove Campus)
South Australia
Adelaide College of the Arts (TAFE SA), a member of the Helpmann Academy
Western Australia
Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (Edith Cowan University)
Youth Ballet Centre of Western Australia
List of operating dance companies
A-C
Ambition School Of Dance
Anything Is Valid Dance Theatre
The Australian Ballet
The Australian Choreographic Centre
Australian Dance Theatre
BalletLab (Contemporary dance company – Artistic Director, Phillip Adams)
Bangarra Dance Theatre
Blink Dance Theatre
Buzz Dance Theatre
Canberra Dance Theatre
Chunky Move
D-M
Dance Exchange
Dance Hub SA (previously Leigh Warren & Dancers)
Dance Works
Dancehouse
Dancenorth
Descendance
Expressions Dance Company
Force Majeure (dance company) led by Kate Champion
Igneous
Kage Physical Theatre
Mirramu Dance Company
Move Through Life Dance Company
Nunukul Yuggera Aboriginal Dancers
O-Z
One Extra Dance
Passada School of Afro Latin Dance
The Queensland Ballet
Raw Metal Dance Company
Restless Dance Company
Strange Fruit
Sydney Dance Company
TasDance
Tracks Dance Theatre
The Dance Collective
Visible Dance
West Australian Ballet
Wu Lin Dance Theatre
youMove Dance Company
Defunct companies
Aboriginal Islander Dance Theatre (1976–1998)
The Australian Choreographic Centre (1996–2007)
Australian Choreographic Ensemble (ACE) (1992–1998) founded by Paul Mercurio
Australian Theatre Ballet (1955–1955)
Ballet Australia (1960–1976)
Ballet Guild (1946–1967)
Ballet Victoria (1967–1976)
Bodenwieser Ballet (1939–1959) founded by Gertrud Bodenwieser
See also
Helpmann Award for Best Ballet or Dance Work
Australian Dance Awards
References
Sources
Dance in Australia – a profile by David Throsby, Professor of Economics at Macquarie University
External links
The Dance Collection, Performing Arts Collection, at Arts Centre Melbourne
Ausdance : the Australian Dance Council
, a directory of dance resources in the National Library of Australia and National Film and Sound Archive
Australian Performing and Media Arts magazine
List of Australian dance schools by state |
Dar Aghol Begir-e Latif (, also Romanized as Dar Āghol Begīr-e Laţīf) is a village in Afrineh Rural District, Mamulan District, Pol-e Dokhtar County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 93, in 15 families.
References
Populated places in Pol-e Dokhtar County |
Pathalgada (also written as Pathalgara) is a village in the Pathalgada CD block in the Simaria subdivision of the Chatra district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Geography
Location
Pathalgada is located at .
Area overview
The map alongside shows that the forests (mark the light shading), covering around 60% of Chatra district, are evenly spread across the district. It is a plateau area with an elevation of about above mean sea level. Efforts are underway to get the first unit of the NTPC Limited’s North Karanpura Thermal Power Station (3x660 MW), ready in 2021.North Karanpura Coalfield of Central Coalfields Limited, spread over in the southern part of the district, with spill over to neighbouring districts, and having coal reserves of 14 billion tonnes is among the biggest in India. The map provides links to three CCL operational areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Pathalgara (location code 349294) had a total population of 2,355, of which 1,224 (52%) were males and 1,131 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 343. The total number of literate persons in Pathalgara was 1,575 (78.28% of the population over 6 years).
Civic administration
Police station
Pathalgada police station serves Pathalgada CD block.
CD block HQ
Headquarters of Pathalgada CD block is at Pathalgada village.
References
Villages in Chatra district |
The 2020-21 season is Chonburi's 15th season in the Thai League T1 since 2006.
Players
Current squad
As of 4 February 2020
Out on loan
References
External links
Chonburi F.C. Official Website
Thai League Official Website
Chonburi F.C. seasons
Association football in Thailand lists
CBR |
The Khazir River () is a river of northern Iraq, a tributary of the Great Zab river, joining its right bank.
Geomorphology
The area around the Khazir River is geologically active and crosses three anticlines from the north to the south and this has greatly affected the course of the river. The river has a catchment of 2,900 km. The net yearly recharge rate of the valley water table is 111.6 mm/year and the region is considered to be fertile.
History
At a site called M'lefaat evidence has been found of a small village of hunter-gatherers dating to the 10th millennium BC that was contemporary with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A in the Levant.
Latter the river was part of an irrigation area that supported the Assyrian city of Nimrud.
Known to the Hellenistic Greeks as the river Boumelus or Bumodus, it was the site of the Battle of Gaugamela between Alexander the Great and Darius of Persia.
In August 686 AD, the river was a site of a battle between the armies of Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar and Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, during the revolt of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi. On 25 January 750, the Battle of the Zab was fought nearby.
In 2014, following bombing by United States planes, ISIL forces retreated back to the Khazir River, where ISIL destroyed bridges built by the Americans 10 years prior.
References
Rivers of Iraq
Rivers of Kurdistan
Tributaries of the Tigris River
Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan |
Dee Dee Phelps (born Mary Sperling) is a singer-songwriter and author from Santa Monica, California, best known as half the popular 1960s musical duo Dick and Dee Dee. She became a professional writer in 2007, publishing her award-winning memoir Vinyl Highway. In 2008, Dee Dee joined with singer/actor Michael Dunn to revive the Dick and Dee Dee act live. More recently, in 2013, Dee Dee is now teamed with Deke Detanna, lead singer of Deke and the Blazers. The duo performs all over the country, singing classic Dick and Dee Dee hits.
Early life
Phelps was born as Mary Sperling in Minneapolis, Minnesota. When her father was transferred to California, she arrived in Los Angeles by train at the age of eight. After attending University High School in West Los Angeles, she transferred to Santa Monica High. While there she wrote a regular column for the Santa Monica Evening Outlook, and began singing and writing songs in her senior year.
Career
Dick and Dee Dee
While attending college and working at a See's Candy store in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, Sperling re-encountered Dick St. John, an old junior high classmate. Both realized they were singer songwriters, and together they began writing songs and harmonizing. The first Dick and Dee Dee 45 RPM release was on Lama Records, a small company started by their record producers, The Wilder Brothers. Without telling her, the record producers changed her name to Dee Dee, something she didn't discover until the record was released. "The Mountain's High" became a smash hit in the Bay Area, eventually becoming number two on the Billboard Top 100 in the United States. Sperling took time off from college so they could tour Texas. The Mountain's High was re-issued on Liberty Records for national distribution.
Sperling and St. John soon garnered other hits in the early 1960s, including "Tell Me", (also on Liberty Records) and "Young and In Love", "Turn Around" (written by Malvina Reynolds and recorded by Harry Belafonte) and "Thou Shalt Not Steal" (on Warner Bros. Records). They toured with the Beach Boys, and were the opening act for the Rolling Stones when the band came to California for the first time in 1964. They later recorded various versions of officially sanctioned Stones songs, largely at the behest of Rolling Stones' manager Andrew Loog Oldham. Their last hit, "Thou Shalt Not Steal" was in 1965. They remained regulars on Jack Good's television show Shindig!.
Dee Dee married the duo's manager (later executive television producer for Dick Clark Productions), Bill Lee, and had one son. Sperling and St. John parted ways in 1969. After her divorce in the early seventies, Dee Dee married Kane Phelps. They raised two other children and are still married today. Dick performed with his wife, Sandy, in the 1980s as Dick and Dee Dee. He died in 2003.
Writing career
In 2007, Phelps self-published her memoir, Vinyl Highway, about touring the world with rock and roll acts in the Sixties.
In October 2007, she received the "Best Pop Campaign Award" from the Book Publicists of Southern California for her book promotion. Vinyl Highway also received honorable mention in the Writer's Digest "15th International Book Awards", as well as a "Next Generation Indie Book Awards Finalist" in the memoir category.
Later musical career
In 2008, Sperling teamed with actor/singer Michael Dunn, and the two are performing as Dick and Dee Dee.
In 2013, Sperling teamed with Deke Detanna of the doo-wop group, Deke and The Blazers.
Personal life
Phelps currently lives with her husband in Pacific Palisades, California. She has three adult children.
Discography
Singles
TV, Film performances
Television
American Bandstand
Where the Action Is
Shindig!
Ready, Steady, Go (UK)
Motion Picture
Wild Wild Winter (1966) – Dick and Dee Dee sang "Heartbeats", their only appearance in a film
References
Further reading
Gary James' Interview With Dee Dee Sperling of "Dick and Dee Dee"
Memoir Interview with 1960s Celebrity Dee Dee Phelps
New 'Mountain': Dick and Dee Dee Return!
External links
Living people
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
American memoirists
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women memoirists
21st-century American women |
Agonum crenistriatum is a species of ground beetle from Platyninae subfamily. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1863 and is endemic to the United States.
References
Beetles described in 1863
Beetles of North America
crenistriatum
Endemic insects of the United States
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte |
Joseph Czerny (June 17, 1785, Hořovice – January 7, 1842, Vienna) was a pianist, composer, music publisher, and piano teacher from the Austrian Empire. He was not related to Carl Czerny.
Among his compositions is Variation No. 5 from Part II of Diabelli's Vaterländischer Künstlerverein and about 60 other works consisting of fantasias, rondos, other variations, etc., which he published. Among his pupils were Leopoldine Blahetka (1809–1885) and Ludwig van Beethoven's nephew, Karl. His variations were not well received by the English magazine The Harmonicon: "His variations, seven in number, have nothing new in them; they pursue the same track that has been beaten for many years past, and have, under various names, nauseated the ear during a long quarter of a century at least." Fétis was also critical of him: "Joseph's talent on the piano was less than mediocre; his compositions are not of a much higher order."
Apparently, Joseph only started composing after Carl gave fame to the name "Czerny", and he understood that he could capitalize on this coincidence. It was doubted that Joseph had ever composed anything, and that he instead had his works done by young artists whom he paid to obtain permission to put his name on their productions. But this suspicion eventually proved untrue, for the piano pieces bearing Joseph Czerny's name were already forgotten by about 1867. In the last years of his life, he had adopted the profession of bookseller-publisher.
References
1785 births
1842 deaths
Composers from the Austrian Empire
People from Beroun District |
Stanislav Afanasievich Petukhov (born August 19, 1937 in Moscow, Soviet Union) is a Russian retired ice hockey player who played for HC Dynamo Moscow in the Soviet Hockey League. He was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.
External links
Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame bio
References
1937 births
Living people
HC Dynamo Moscow players
Ice hockey players at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey people from Moscow
Russian ice hockey players
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for the Soviet Union
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union |
Jalil, Jahlil, Jaleel, Calil, Callil, Celil may refer to:
People
Jalil Andrabi (died 1996), Kashmiri victim of Jalil Andrabi murder case
Caetano Calil (born 1984), Brazilian footballer
Carmen Callil (1938–2022), Australian publisher in the UK
Celîlê Celîl (born 1936), Kurdish historian, writer and Kurdologist
Ely Calil (1945–2018), Lebanese-Nigerian-British businessman
George Calil (born 1973), British actor
George Calil (businessman) (died 1967), Levantine-Nigerian businessman
Huseyincan Celil (born 1969), Uyghur imam of Chinese and Canadian citizenship, accused of terrorism
Musa Cälil (1906–1944), Soviet Tatar poet and anti-Nazi fighter
Ordîxanê Celîl (1932–2007), Kurdish writer
Khalil Jalil Hamza (died 2007), Iraqi politician
Jalil Hutchins, vocalist and lyricist with Whodini
Ali Jaleel (1979–2009), Maldivian alleged terrorist
Moosa Ali Jaleel (born 1960), Maldivian army officer
Muzamil Jaleel (born 1972), Indian journalist
Abdul Jalil (disambiguation)
Ananta Jalil (born 1978), Bangladeshi actor, director, producer and industrialist
Jalile Jalil (born 1936), Kurdish historian
Jannat Jalil, BBC newsreader
Javeria Jalil (born c. 1972), Pakistani actress
Nasreen Jalil (born 1947), Pakistani politician
Qanita Jalil (born 1982), Pakistani cricketer
Raúl Jalil (born 1963), Argentine politician
Tábata Jalil (born 1979), Mexican TV-hostess from TV Azteca
Jaleel Johnson (born 1994), American football player
Jalil Lespert (born 1976), French actor, screenwriter and director
Jalil Mammadguluzadeh (1866–1932), Azerbaijani satirist and writer
Jaleel McLaughlin (born 2000), American football player
Djalil Narjissi (born 1980), Moroccan Rugby footballer
Jalil Rasouli (born 1947), Iranian artist
Jaleel Scott (born 1995), American football player
Jalil Shahnaz (1921–2013), Iranian musician and tar player
Jalil Shihab (born 1927), Iraqi footballer
Jalil Shihab (born 1927), Iraqi footballer
Jaleel White (born 1976), American actor
Jalil Zaland (c. 1935–2009), Afghan poet, composer and singer
Jalil Ziapour (1920–1999), Iranian painter
Places
Jalil, Iran, a village in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran
Bukit Jalil, a suburb of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Puncak Jalil, a township in Selangor, Malaysia
Oum El Djalil, a town in Algeria
Galilee (romanized al-Jalīl), a region in Israel
Other
al-Jalil, "The Majestic", a name of God in Islam
S. M. Jaleel and Company, a Trinidadian drinks company
Jalil (horse), an American racehorse
See also
Jalili
Jalal, a given name and surname
Djalil (disambiguation)
Dzhalil (disambiguation) |
WQTU (102.3 FM, "Q102") is a radio station located in Rome, Georgia.
History
102.3 FM began broadcasting on May 1, 1966 as WRGA-FM, the sister FM station to WRGA (AM 1470). It was the second time an FM counterpart had been built for WRGA; a prior WRGA-FM had operated at 106.5 MHz from 1950 until being deleted on January 17, 1955. WRGA-FM initially carried a 60 percent simulcast of the AM station.
In 1977, WRGA-AM-FM was sold from Mather Payne to Mike McDougald for $750,000; McDougald immediately announced his plans to change the FM station's call letters to WQTU and program it independently, with the station adopting its present adult contemporary format. While McDougald had reached a deal to sell the stations to the newly formed Radioactivity Broadcast Group in 1988, the company—in the midst of a $10 million buying spree—fell apart after Radioactivity owner Clyde Murchison was arrested that October in an FBI sting operation; the company's partners noticed discrepancies in his background, while he claimed to be a nephew of Clint Murchison but was not recognized by a family friend. While Radioactivity was given until the end of 1988 by the equity broker in the Rome transaction to find a replacement equity partner, this did not come to pass. McDougald was named the chairman of the Hospital Authority of Floyd County in 1992; as part of a special grand jury investigation into conflicts of interest at the hospital authority, it was found that his stations received more than 80 percent of the agency's radio advertising budget even though competitors WTSH and WKCX were higher-rated.
McDougald would own the pair for 25 years, selling the stations in 2002 to Paul Stone's Southern Broadcasting Companies in a $1.6 million transaction. Stone sold the stations and other Rome radio assets in 2009 to Rome Radio Partners, with WRGA-WQTU going for $2.65 million.
References
External links
Official website
QTU
1966 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Radio stations established in 1966 |
Desisa luzonica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938. It is known from Thailand, Borneo and the Philippines.
References
Desisa
Beetles described in 1938 |
Stasin Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Siedliszcze, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately west of Chełm and east of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Villages in Chełm County |
Robley D. Evans may refer to:
Robley D. Evans (admiral), United States Navy admiral
Robley D. Evans (physicist), American physicist
See also
Robley Dunglison, English-American physician, medical educator and author |
Jason McLaren Smith (born ) is a New Zealand politician and environmentalist who served as the mayor of Kaipara from February 2018 to 2022. Prior to entering politics he was a farmer and businessman.
Early life and career
Smith was born in Dargaville in New Zealand's Northland Region, but raised 30 km south in Ruawai. He is a fifth-generation resident of the Kaipara District, but went to school at King's College in Auckland. From 1991 to 1994 he studied in Cirencester at the Royal Agricultural University, graduating with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree in agriculture and land management. He later went on to serve as a research intern for the European Parliament, living in Luxembourg.
By 1997 he had returned to his home district of Kaipara and started his own eco-tourism company called Kauri Country. In 2002 he was appointed chief executive officer of the Kaipara Development Agency, a role he carried out while undertaking part-time study at Auckland University of Technology (AUT), earning a Diploma in Economic Development. He continued further at AUT, graduating in 2010 with a PhD in economic development, with his thesis examining New Zealand's creative industries. One of his PhD supervisors was former National MP Marilyn Waring.
He later worked as a senior policy advisor to the Ministry for Culture and Heritage in Auckland before returning to Ruawai to become a beef and sheep farmer on his family farm.
Political career
After Greg Gent announced his resignation as mayor of Kaipara District in November 2017, Smith stood in the by-election to replace him. Smith was successful in the election, held in February 2018, defeating seven other candidates including acting Mayor Peter Wethey, who came second by over 300 votes. Smith took office as Kaipara's sixth mayor on 20 February 2018.
When Smith was sworn in as mayor, the Kaipara District Council had debts of around 58 million dollars. Smith promised a "fresh start" for the district, seeking to attract new ratepayers in order to bring down council debt. Smith stood for re-election as mayor in 2019, when he was challenged for the position by activist Moemoea Mohowhenua, also known as Benjamin Nathan, best known for denting the America's Cup in 1997. Smith won re-election overwhelmingly, garnering 5996 votes to Mohowehnua's 418.
Despite having faced him in the Mayoral by-election, Smith re-appointed outgoing acting Mayor Peter Wethey as Deputy Mayor after taking office. Following his 2019 re-election, he appointed second-term councillor Anna Curnow as Deputy Mayor to replace Wethey, partly to bring a gender balance to the KDC leadership.
In June 2022, Smith announced he would not be standing for re-election as Kaipara District mayor at the 2022 New Zealand local elections, instead choosing to seek the National Party's nomination for the New Zealand House of Representatives electorate of Northland at the 2023 New Zealand general election. The seat is currently held by Labour Party MP Willow-Jean Prime, who narrowly defeated sitting National MP Matt King by 163 votes in the landslide to Labour that occurred at the 2020 New Zealand general election.
References
1970s births
Living people
Mayors of places in the Northland Region
New Zealand National Party politicians
People from Dargaville
People educated at King's College, Auckland
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
Auckland University of Technology alumni |
Palau competed at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games held in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan from September 17 to 27. 10 participants competed in 3 different sports. Palau did not win any medals in the multi-sport event.
Palau made its debut in an Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games for the first time at the multi-sport event held in Turkmenistan along with other Oceania nations.
Participants
References
2017 in Palauan sport
Nations at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games
Palau at the Asian Games |
The Todhri alphabet is an 18th-century Albanian alphabetical writing system invented for writing the Albanian language by Theodhor Haxhifilipi, also known as Dhaskal Todhri.
History
It is a complex writing system of fifty-two characters which was used sporadically for written communication in and around Elbasan from the late eighteenth century on. The earliest dated text in Todhri's alphabet is Radhua Hesapesh (daybook) of a local merchant partnership known as Jakov Popa i Vogël dhe Shokët (Jakov Popa Junior and Friends). The entries in Todhri's alphabet start on 10 August 1795 and continue until 1797. An even older text written in the Todhri alphabet was discovered recently in a family notebook in Elbasan, dated 1 January 1780. Other older texts possibly written by Todhri himself cannot be dated or confirmed.
The Todhri alphabet was rediscovered in Elbasan by Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869) who published it in 1854 his work Albanesische Studien in Jena. He thought it was 'the original' Albanian alphabet and a derivative of the ancient Phoenician alphabet. Leopold Geitler (1847–1885) and Slovenian scholar Rajko Nahtigal (1877–1958) subsequently studied the alphabet, concluding that it was derived primarily from the Roman cursive.
See also
Elbasan alphabet
Vellara alphabet
Vithkuqi alphabet
References
Albanian scripts
Alphabets
Obsolete writing systems
Constructed scripts |
Refik Kozić (; born 25 December 1951) is a Yugoslav retired professional footballer who played for FK Partizan, and in the NASL between 1980 and 1984 for the Tampa Bay Rowdies. His son Alen Kozić is also a former professional player.
Career
Born in Bačko Novo Selo, SR Serbia, Kozić began his professional career with NK Istra in 1968. He moved to FK Partizan in 1972 where he played in the Yugoslav First League for eight seasons. In 1980, he signed with the Tampa Bay Rowdies. In November 1983, the New York Cosmos signed Kozić after the Rowdies had waived him two months prior. Kozić played the 1983–84 NASL indoor season with the Cosmos. On 27 April 1984, the Cosmos traded Kozić back to the Rowdies in exchange for Pedro DeBrito.
References
External links
NASL career stats
Tampa Bay Rowdies: Refik Kozic
1951 births
Living people
People from Bač, Serbia
Yugoslav men's footballers
Serbian men's footballers
Footballers from South Bačka District
Men's association football defenders
Yugoslav First League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
NK Istra players
FK Partizan players
New York Cosmos (1970–1985) players
Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993) players
Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers
Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States |
The statue of Clement Attlee on the Mile End campus of Queen Mary University of London is a bronze sculpture of the British Prime Minister, created by Frank Forster in 1988. The statue was commissioned by the Greater London Council and was intended to stand in Mile End Park. By the time of its completion in 1988, the GLC had been abolished and the statue was offered to any successor authority willing to pay the relocation costs. These were met by Tower Hamlets London Borough Council and the statue was erected outside the Limehouse Public Library to commemorate Attlee's role as the member for the Limehouse parliamentary constituency. The opening ceremony was carried out by Harold Wilson, the last living member of Attlee's 1945-51 administration. By the 21st century, the statue had been badly vandalised and was boarded up. In 2010, Tower Hamlets Council offered the statue to Queen Mary University of London on permanent loan. It was re-erected on a site at the Mile End Road campus, next to the People's Palace where Attlee had attended the vote counting in the 1945 general election and learnt of the victory which brought in his peace-time government.
History
Clement Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, (1883 1967), served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951. His post-war administration saw the establishment of the National Health Service and the expansion of the Welfare state, the nationalization of major industries, the development of an independent nculear deterrent, recognition of the State of Israel and independence for India. The son of a prosperous solicitor, Attlee practised as a barrister while undertaking voluntary work in the deprived East End of London. During the First World War he attained the rank of major, fighting in the Gallipoli campaign and on the Western Front. Profoundly affected by the poverty he observed in the East End, he began a political career as Mayor of Stepney in 1919, and was elected as Member of Parliament for Limehouse in 1922. In 1935 he was elected leader of the Labour Party and served during World War II as Deputy Prime Minister in Winston Churchill's war-time coalition, before defeating Churchill in the 1945 general election and leading his own administration as Prime Minister from 1945 to 1951.
In the 1980s the Greater London Council (GLC), led by Ken Livingstone, established a public competition to design and create a statue to commemorate Attlee, who had died in 1967. The intention was to site the statue in Mile End Park, to celebrate both Attlee's achievements and his long connections with the East End. The competition was won by Frank Forster. By the time of the statue's completion in 1988, the GLC had been abolished, and the statue was accepted by Tower Hamlets London Borough Council which paid for the costs of erecting the statue outside the Limehouse Public Library. Attlee had represented the Limehouse parliamentary constituency, and its successor, Walthamstow West, from 1922 to 1955. The unveiling ceremony was undertaken by Harold Wilson, former Labour prime minister and the last surviving member of Attlee's post-war cabinet.
The Limehouse Library was closed in 2003 and the Attlee statue became the target of repeated vandalism. Following an incident which saw the loss of one of the statue's hands, it was boarded up for over four years. In 2010 the council and Queen Mary University of London reached agreement for the university to take the statue on permanent loan and re-locate it to the Mile End campus, with all costs being borne by the university. The new site also had connections to Attlee's career, as it is adjacent to the New People's Palace, where Attlee had attended the vote counting in the 1945 general election and learned of his landslide victory over Churchill which lead to the first majority Labour government. The statue was transferred, restored by Frank Forster, and re-sited and unveiled in 2011. On this occasion, the unveiling was conducted by Peter Mandelson, grandson of Herbert Morrison, Attlee's Deputy Prime Minister and his long-time political rival.
Reception
The critic Charles Saumarez Smith considers the statue a "convincing example of modern figurative sculpture". Bridget Cherry and Charles O'Brien, in the 2005 revised version London 5: East of the Pevsner Buildings of England series, describe it as "touchingly prosaic". In his detailed study, London’s Immortals: The Complete Outdoor Commemorative Statues, John Blackwood devotes an entire chapter to the commissioning, construction and placement of the Attlee statue, describing it as “finished to perfection, [.] the leader in middle life, human, modest and determined”.
Description
The statue is executed in bronze and is high. It stands on a high plinth. Forster undertook recasting of the statue in 2009, including the replacement of the lost hand. Attlee is depicted in a suit and wearing spectacles. His left hand holds his suit lapel while in his right hand he holds a copy of the National Assistance Act 1948. The sculpture is not listed.
Footnotes
References
Sources
1988 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in London
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1988
Attlee, Clement
Monuments and memorials in London
Outdoor sculptures in London
Attlee, Clement
Attlee, Clement
Vandalized works of art in the United Kingdom
1988 in London
Queen Mary University of London |
Garmabdar (, also Romanized as Garmābdar and Garmābadar) is a village in Rudbar-e Qasran Rural District, Rudbar-e Qasran District, Shemiranat County, Tehran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 289, in 90 families.
References
Populated places in Shemiranat County |
Gudu (also known as Gudo, Gutu) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Nigeria in Adamawa State in the Song LGA. Kumbi is a dialect.
Notes
Biu-Mandara languages
Languages of Nigeria |
Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus, mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located). The modern endonyms for the area are Aghwank and Aluank, among the Udi people, who regard themselves as descended from the inhabitants of Caucasian Albania. However, its original endonym is unknown.
The name Albania is derived from the Ancient Greek name and Latin . The prefix "Caucasian" is used purely to avoid confusion with modern Albania of the Balkans, which has no known geographical or historical connections to Caucasian Albania.
Little is known of the region's prehistory, including the origins of Caucasian Albania as a geographical and/or ethnolinguistic concept. In the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, the area south of the Greater Caucasus and north of the Lesser Caucasus was divided between Caucasian Albania in the east, Caucasian Iberia in the center, Kolchis in the west, Armenia in the southwest and Atropatene to the southeast.
In 252, Caucasian Albania acknowledged the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire, appearing among its provinces in Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht. The kingdom would remain an integral part of the empire until its fall. By the end of the 3rd-century, the kings of Caucasian Albania were replaced with an Arsacid family, and would later be succeeded by another Iranian royal family in the 5th century AD, the Mihranids.
Geonyms
Aghuank (Old Armenian: Աղուանք Ałuankʿ, Modern Armenian: Աղվանք Aġvank’) is the Armenian name for Caucasian Albania. Armenian authors mention that the name derived from the word "ału" («աղու») meaning amiable in Armenian. The term Aghuank is polysemous and is also used in Armenian sources to denote the region between the Kur and Araxes rivers as part of Armenia. In the latter case it is sometimes used in the form "Armenian Aghuank" or "Hay-Aghuank".
The Armenian historian of the region, Movses Kaghankatvatsi, who left the only more or less complete historical account about the region, explains the name Aghvank as a derivation from the word ału (Armenian for sweet, soft, tender), which, he said, was the nickname of Caucasian Albania's first governor Arran and referred to his lenient personality. Movses Kaghankatvatsi and other ancient sources explain Arran or Arhan as the name of the legendary founder of Caucasian Albania (Aghvan) or even of the Iranian tribe known as Alans (Alani), who in some versions was a son of Noah's son Yafet. James Darmesteter, translator of the Avesta, compared Arran with Airyana Vaego which he also considered to have been in the Araxes-Ararat region, although modern theories tend to place this in the east of Iran.
The Parthian name for the region was Ardhan (Middle Persian: Arran). The Arabic was ar-Rān. In Georgian, it was known as რანი (Rani). In Ancient Greek, it was called . What its inhabitants were called is unknown.
Geography
In pre-Islamic times, Caucasian Albania/Arran was a wider concept than that of post-Islamic Arran. Ancient Arran covered all of eastern Transcaucasia, which included most of the territory of the modern-day Azerbaijan Republic and part of the territory of Dagestan. However, in post-Islamic times the geographic notion of Arran reduced to the territory between the Kura and Aras rivers.
Ancient Caucasian Albania lay on the south-eastern part of the Greater Caucasus mountains. It was bounded by Caucasian Iberia (present-day Georgia) to the west, by Sarmatia to the north, by the Caspian Sea to the east, and by the provinces of Artsakh and Utik in Armenia to the west along the Kura river. These boundaries, though, were probably never static—at times the territory of Caucasian Albania included land to the west of the Kura river.
Albania or Arran in Islamic times was a triangle of land, lowland in the east and mountainous in the west, formed by the junction of the Kura and Aras rivers, Mil plain and parts of the Mughan plain, and in the pre-Islamic times, corresponded roughly to the territory of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan.
The districts of Albania were:
Cambysene
Getaru
Elni/Xeni
Begh
Shake
Xolmaz
Kapalak
Hambasi
Gelavu
Hejeri
Kaladasht
The kingdom's capital in antiquity was Qabala (Gabala; Kapalak).
Classical sources are unanimous in making the Kura River (Cyros) the frontier between Armenia and Albania after the conquest of the territories on the right bank of Kura by Armenians in the 2nd century BC.
The original territory of Albania was approximately 23,000 km2. After 387 AD the territory of Caucasian Albania, sometimes referred to by scholars as "Greater Albania," grew to about 45,000 km². In the 5th century the capital was transferred to Partav in Utik', reported to have been built in the mid-5th century by the King Vache II of Albania, but according to M. L. Chaumont, it existed earlier as an Armenian city.
In a medieval chronicle "Ajayib-ad-Dunia", written in the 13th century by an unknown author, Arran is said to have been 30 farsakhs (200 km) in width, and 40 farsakhs (270 km) in length. All the right bank of the Kura River until it joined with the Aras was attributed to Arran (the left bank of the Kura was known as Shirvan). The boundaries of Arran have shifted throughout history, sometimes encompassing the entire territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, and at other times only parts of the South Caucasus. In some instances, Arran was a part of Armenia.
Medieval Islamic geographers gave descriptions of Arran in general, and of its towns, which included Barda, Beylagan, and Ganja, along with others.
Ethnogenesis
Originally, at least some of the Caucasian Albanians probably spoke Lezgic languages close to those found in modern Dagestan; overall, though, as many as 26 different languages may have been spoken in Caucasian Albania.
After the Caucasian Albanians were Christianized in the 4th century, part of the population was assimilated by the Armenians (who dominated in the provinces of Artsakh and Utik that were earlier detached from the Kingdom of Armenia) and Georgians (in the north), while the eastern parts of Caucasian Albania were Islamized and absorbed by Iranian and subsequently Turkic peoples (modern Azerbaijanis). Small remnants of this group continue to exist independently, and are known as the Udi people.
The pre-Islamic population of Caucasian Albania might have played a role in the ethnogenesis of a number of modern ethnicities, including the Azerbaijanis of Qabala, Zaqatala, Shaki, and Oguz; the Armenians of Oghuz and Shaki; the Georgians of Kakhetia and Hereti (Ingiloy); and the Laks, the Lezgins and the Tsakhurs of Daghestan.
Alphabet and languages
Caucasian Albanian language
According to Armenian medieval historians Movses Khorenatsi, Movses Kaghankatvatsi and Koryun, the Caucasian Albanian (the Armenian name for the language is Aghvaneren, the native name of the language is unknown) alphabet was created by Mesrob Mashtots, the Armenian monk, theologian and translator who is also credited with creating the Armenian alphabet. This alphabet was used to write down the Udi language, which was probably the main language of the Caucasian Albanians.
Koryun, a pupil of Mesrob Mashtots, in his book The Life of Mashtots, wrote about how his tutor created the alphabet:
Then there came and visited them an elderly man, an Albanian named Benjamin. And he (Mashtots) inquired and examined the barbaric diction of the Albanian language, and then through his usual God-given keenness of mind invented an alphabet, which he, through the grace of Christ, successfully organized and put in order.
A Caucasian Albanian alphabet of fifty-two letters, bearing resemblance to Georgian, Ethiopian and Armenian characters, survived through a few inscriptions, and an Armenian manuscript dating from the 15th century. This manuscript, Matenadaran No. 7117, first published by Ilia Abuladze in 1937 is a language manual, presenting different alphabets for comparison – Armenian alphabet, Greek, Latin, Syriac, Georgian, Coptic, and Caucasian Albanian among them. The alphabet was titled: "Ałuanicʿ girn ē" (, meaning, "These are Albanian letters").
In 1996, Zaza Aleksidze of the Georgian Centre of Manuscripts discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai, Egypt, a text written on parchment that had been reused in a Georgian palimpsest. In 2001 Aleksidze identified its script as Caucasian Albanian, and the text as an early lectionary dating to perhaps before the 6th century. Many of the letters discovered in it were not in the Albanian alphabet listed in the 15th-century Armenian manuscript.
Muslim geographers Al-Muqaddasi, Ibn-Hawqal and Estakhri recorded that a language which they called Arranian was still spoken in the capital Barda and the rest of Arran in the 10th century.
Iranian languages
Iranian contact in the region goes back to the Median and Achaemenid times. During this Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania, the Parthian language spread in the region. It is possible that the language and literature for administration and record-keeping of the imperial chancellery for external affairs naturally became Parthian, based on the Aramaic alphabet. According to Toumanoff: "the predominance of Hellenism, as under the Artaxiads, was now followed by a predominance of "Iranianism", and, symptomatically, instead of Greek, as before, Parthian became the language of the educated".
With the establishment of the Sassanids, Middle Persian, a closely related language to Parthian, became an official language of the Sassanid Empire. At this time, Persian enjoyed even more success than the Caucasian Albanian language and the region was greatly affected by Iran. According to Vladimir Minorsky: "The presence of Iranian settlers in Transcaucasia, and especially in the proximity of the passes, must have played an important role in absorbing and pushing back the aboriginal inhabitants. Such names as Sharvan, Layzan, Baylaqan, etc., suggest that the Iranian immigration proceeded chiefly from Gilan and other regions on the southern coast of the Caspian". The presence of the Persian language and Iranian culture continued during the Islamic era.
Religion
The original population of the Caucasus followed different pagan religions. Under Achaemenid, Parthian and especially Sassanid influence, Zoroastrianism also grew in the region. Christianity started to spread in the late 4th century in the Sassanid era.
The Arab conquest and the Chalcedonian crisis led to severe disintegration of the Church of Caucasian Albania. Starting from the 8th century, much of the local population converted to Islam. By the 11th century there already were conciliar mosques in Partaw, Qabala and Shaki; the cities that were the creed of Caucasian Albanian Christianity.
These Islamised groups would later be known as Lezgins and Tsakhurs or mix with the Turkic and Iranian population to form present-day Azeris, whereas those that remained Christian were gradually absorbed by Armenians or continued to exist on their own and be known as the Udi people.
The Caucasian Albanian tribes of Hereti were converted to Eastern Orthodoxy by Dinar, Queen of Hereti in the 10th century. The religious affairs of this small principality were now officially administered by the Georgian Orthodox Church. In 1010, Hereti became absorbed into the neighbouring Georgian kingdom of Kakheti. Eventually, in the early 12th century, these lands became part of the Georgian Kingdom under David the Builder finalising the process of their Georgianisation.
History
The history of Albania before the 6th century BC is unknown.
Median and Achaemenid era
According to one hypothesis, Caucasian Albania was incorporated in the Median empire, as early as the 7th or 6th century BC. However, an increasing Persian influence on the region is usually believed to be connected with the defence of Persia's northern frontiers, from invading nomads. As early as the Achaemenid empire, measures may have been taken to fortify the Caucasian passes. By the mid-6th century BC, Albania has been incorporated in the Achaemenid empire; it was later controlled by the Achaemenid satrapy of Media. The building of fortifications and gates in and around Darband is traditionally ascribed to the Sassanid Empire.
Hellenistic era
The Greek historian Arrian mentions (perhaps anachronistically) the Caucasian Albanians for the first time in the battle of Gaugamela, where the Albanians, Medes, Cadussi and Sacae were under the command of Atropates. Albania first appears in history as a vassal state in the empire of Tigranes the Great of Armenia (95-56 BC). The kingdom of Albania emerged in the eastern Caucasus in 2nd or 1st century BC and along with the Georgians and Armenians formed one of the three nations of the Southern Caucasus. Albania came under strong Armenian religious and cultural influence.
Herodotus, Strabo, and other classical authors repeatedly mention the Caspians but do not seem to know much about them; they are grouped with other inhabitants of the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, like the Amardi, Anariacae, Cadusii, Albani (see below), and Vitii (Eratosthenes apud Strabo, 11.8.8), and their land (Caspiane) is said to be part of Albania (Theophanes Mytilenaeus apud Strabo, 11.4.5).
In the 2nd century BC parts of Albania were conquered by the Kingdom of Armenia, presumably from Medes (although possibly it was earlier part of Orontid Armenia).
The original population of the territories on the right bank of Kura before the Armenian conquest consisted of various autochthonous people. Ancient chronicles provide the names of several peoples that populated these districts, including the regions of Artsakh and Utik. These were Utians, Mycians, Caspians, Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians, Lupenians, Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians. According to Robert H. Hewsen, these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during the long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans". He also states that the several peoples of the right bank of Kura "were highly Armenicized and that many were actually Armenians per se cannot be doubted". Many of those people were still being cited as distinct ethnic entities when the right bank of Kura was acquired by the Caucasian Albanians in 387 AD.
Roman Empire
There was an enduring relation of Albania with Ancient Rome.
The Latin rock inscription close to Boyukdash mountain in Gobustan, Baku, which mentions Legio XII Fulminata, is the world's easternmost Latin inscription known. In Albania, Romans reached the Caspian Sea for the first time.
The Roman coins circulated in Caucasian Albania till the end of the 3rd century AD. Two denarii, which were unearthed in the 2nd-century BC layer, were minted by Clodius and Caesar. The coins of Augustus are ubiquitous. The Qabala treasures revealed the denarii of Otho, Vespasian, Trajan and Hadrian.
In 69-68 BC Lucullus, having overcome Armenian ruler Tigranes II, approached the borders of Caucasian Albania and was succeeded by Pompey.
After the 66-65 BC wintering Pompey launched the Iberian campaign. It is reported by Strabo upon the account of Theophanes of Mytilene who participated in it. As testified by Kamilla Trever, Pompey reached the Albanian border at modern Qazakh District of Azerbaijan. Igrar Aliyev showed that this region called Cambysene was inhabited mainly by stock-breeders at the time. When fording the Alazan river, he was attacked by forces of Oroezes, King of Albania, and eventually defeated them. According to Plutarch, Albanians "were led by a brother of the king, named Cosis, who as soon as the fighting was at close quarters, rushed upon Pompey himself and smote him with a javelin on the fold of his breastplate; but Pompey ran him through the body and killed him". Plutarch also reported that "after the battle, Pompey set out to march to the Caspian Sea, but was turned back by a multitude of deadly reptiles when he was only three days march distant, and withdrew into Lesser Armenia". The first kings of Albania were certainly the representatives of the local tribal nobility, to which attest their non-Armenian and non-Iranian names (Oroezes, Cosis and Zober in Greek sources).
The population of Caucasian Albania of the Roman period is believed to have belonged to either the Northeast Caucasian peoples or the South Caucasian peoples.
According to Strabo, the Albanians were a group of 26 tribes which lived to the north of the Kura river and each of them had its own king and language. Sometime before the 1st century BC they federated into one state and were ruled by one king.
Strabo wrote of the Caucasian Albanians in the 1st century BC:
Albania is also mentioned by Dionysius Periegetes (2nd or 3rd century AD) who describes Albanians as a nation of warriors, living by the Iberians and the Georgians.
In 1899 a silver plate featuring Roman toreutics was excavated near Azerbaijani village of Qalagah.
The rock inscription near the south-eastern part of Boyukdash's foot (70 km from Baku) was discovered on June 2, 1948, by Azerbaijani archaeologist Ishag Jafarzadeh. The legend is IMPDOMITIANO CAESARE·AVG GERMANIC L·IVLIVS MAXIMVS> LEG XII·FVL. According to Domitian's titles in it, the related march took place between 84 and 96. The inscription was studied by Russian expert Yevgeni Pakhomov, who assumed that the associated campaign was launched to control the Derbent Gate and that the XII Fulminata has marched out either from Melitene, its permanent base, or Armenia, where it might have moved from before. Pakhomov supposed that the legion proceeded to the spot continually along the Aras River. The later version, published in 1956, states that the legion was stationing in Cappadocia by that time whereas the centurion might have been in Albania with some diplomatic mission because for the talks with the Eastern rulers the Roman commanders were usually sending centurions.
In 1953 twelve denarii of Augustus were unearthed. In 1958 one denarius, coined in c. 82 AD, was revealed in the Şamaxı trove.
During the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian (117-138) Albania was invaded by the Alans, an Iranian nomadic group. This invasion promoted an alliance between Rome and the Albanians that was reinforced under Antoninus Pius in 140 AD. Sassanians occupied the area around 240 AD but after a few years, the Roman Empire regained control of Caucasian Albania.
In 297 the treaty of Nisibis stipulated the reestablishment of the Roman protectorate over Caucasian Iberia and Albania. But fifty years later Rome lost the area that since then remained an integral part of the Sasanian Empire.
Parthian period
Under Parthian rule, Iranian political and cultural influence increased in the region. Whatever the sporadic suzerainty of Rome, the country was now a part—together with Iberia (East Georgia) and (Caucasian) Albania, where other Arsacid branches reigned—of a pan-Arsacid family federation. Culturally, the predominance of Hellenism, as under the Artaxiads, was now followed by a predominance of "Iranianism", and, symptomatically, instead of Greek, as before, Parthian became the language of the educated. An incursion in this era was made by the Alans who between 134 and 136 attacked Albania, Media, and Armenia, penetrating as far as Cappadocia. But Vologases persuaded them to withdraw, probably by paying them.
Sassanid period
In 252–253, Caucasian Albania, along with Caucasian Iberia and Greater Armenia, was conquered and annexed by the Sassanid Empire. Albania became a vassal state of the Sassanid Empire, but retained its monarchy; the Albanian king had no real power and most civil, religious, and military authority lay with the Sassanid marzban (military governor) of the territory.
The Roman Empire again obtained control of Caucasian Albania as a vassal state for a few years around 300 AD, but then the Sassanids regained control and subsequently dominated the area for centuries until the Arab invasions.
Albania was mentioned among the Sassanid provinces listed in the trilingual inscription of Shapur I at Naqsh-e Rustam.
In the middle of the 4th century, King Urnayr of Albania arrived in Armenia and was baptized by Gregory the Illuminator, but Christianity spread in Albania only gradually, and the Albanian king remained loyal to the Sassanids. After the partition of Armenia between Byzantium and Persia (in 387 AD), Albania with Sassanid help was able to seize from Armenia all the right bank of the river Kura up to river Araxes, including Artsakh and Utik.
In the mid-5th century, the Sassanid King Yazdegerd II passed an edict requiring all the Christians in his empire to convert to Zoroastrianism, fearing that Christians might ally with Roman Empire, which had recently adopted Christianity as its official religion. This led to a rebellion of Albanians, along with Armenians and Georgians. At the Battle of Avarayr, the allied forces of Caucasian Albania, Georgia, and Armenia, devoted to Christianity, suffered defeat at the hands of the Sassanid army. Many of the Armenian nobility fled to the mountainous regions of Albania, particularly to Artsakh, which had become a center for resistance to Sassanid Persia. The religious center of the Albanian state also moved here. However, King Vache of Albania, a relative of Yazdegerd II, was forced to convert to Zoroastrianism, but soon thereafter converted back to Christianity.
According to The History of the Country of Albania, Peroz ordered the Albanian king Vache II to have the city of Perozapat ("the city of Peroz" or "Prosperous Peroz") constructed. However, this is unlikely as the Kingdom of Caucasian Albania had been abolished by Peroz after suppressing a revolt by Vache II in the mid-460s. The city was seemingly founded by Peroz himself after the removal of the ruling family in Caucasian Albania. Due to its more secure location, it was made the new residence of the Iranian . Albania remained kingless until 485, when Vachagan III () was installed on the throne by Peroz's brother and successor Balash (). In 552, the seat of the Albanian Catholicos was also transferred to Partaw.
By the end of the 5th century, the ancient Arsacid royal house of Albania, a branch of the ruling dynasty of Parthia, became extinct, and in the 6th century, it was replaced by princes of the Persian or Parthian Mihranid family, who claimed descent from the Sassanids. They assumed the Persian title of Arranshah (i.e. the Shah of Arran, the Persian name of Albania). The ruling dynasty was named after its Persian founder Mihran, who was a distant relative of the Sasanians. The Mihranid dynasty survived under Muslim suzerainty until 821–22.
In the late 6th to early 7th centuries the territory of Albania became an arena of wars between Sassanid Persia, Byzantium, and the Khazar Khanate, the latter two very often acting as allies against Sassanid Persia. In 628, during the Third Perso-Turkic War, the Khazars invaded Albania, and their leader Ziebel declared himself Lord of Albania, levying a tax on merchants and the fishermen of the Kura and Araxes rivers "in accordance with the land survey of the kingdom of Persia". Most of Transcaucasia was under Khazar rule before the arrival of the Arabs. However, some other sources state that the Khazars later left the region because of political instability.
According to Peter Golden, "steady pressure from Turkic nomads was typical of the Khazar era, although there are no unambiguous references to permanent settlements", while Vladimir Minorsky stated that, in Islamic times, "the town of Qabala lying between Shirvan and Shakki was a place where Khazars were probably settled".
Impact of Armenian politics, culture and civilization
Armenian politics, culture and civilization played a critical role in the entire history of Caucasian Albania (Aghvank, in Armenian). This, due to the fact that after the partition of the Kingdom of Armenia by Persia and Byzantium in 387 AD, the Armenian provinces of Artsakh and Utik were disassociated from the Armenian kingdom and included by Persians into a single province (marzpanate) called Aghvank (Arran). This new unit included: the original Caucasian Albania, found between the River Kura and the Great Caucasus; tribes living along the Caspian shore; as well as Artsakh and Utik, two territories now detached from Armenia.
The Armenian medieval atlas Ashkharatsuits (Աշխարացույց), compiled in the 7th century by Anania Shirakatsi (Անանիա Շիրակացի, but sometimes attributed to Movses Khorenatsi as well), categorizes Artsakh and Utik as provinces of Armenia despite their presumed detachment from the Armenian Kingdom and their political association with Caucasian Albania and Persia at the time of his writing. Shirakatsi specifies that Artsakh and Utik are "now detached" from Armenia and included in "Aghvank," and he takes care to distinguish this new entity from the old "Aghvank strictly speaking" (Բուն Աղվանք) situated north of the river Kura. Because it was more homogeneous and more developed than the original tribes to the north of the Kura, the Armenian element took over Caucasian Albania's political life and was progressively able to impose its language and culture.
The Armenian population of Artsakh and Utik remained in place as did the entire political, social, cultural and military structure of the provinces. In the 5th century, early medieval historian Khorenatsi (Խորենացի) testifies that the population of Artsakh and Utik spoke Armenian, with the River Kura, in his words, marking the "boundary of Armenian speech" (... զեզերս հայկական խօսիցս). though this does not mean that its population consisted exclusively of ethnic Armenians.
Whatever little is known about Caucasian Albania after 387 AD comes from the Old Armenian text History of the Land of Aghvank (Պատմություն Աղվանից Աշխարհի) by the Armenian author Movses Kaghankatvatsi (also known as Movses Daskhurantsi), which in essence is the history of Armenia's provinces of Artsakh and Utik. Kaghankatvatsi, repeating Khorenatsi, mentions that the very name "Aghvank"/"Albania" is of Armenian origin, and relates it to the Armenian word "aghu" (աղու, meaning "kind," "benevolent". Khorenatsi states that "aghu" was a nickname given to Prince Arran, whom the Armenian King Vologases I (Vagharsh I) appointed as governor of northeastern provinces bordering on Armenia. According to a legend reported by Khorenatsi, Arran was a descendant of Sisak, the ancestor of the Siunids of Armenia's province of Syunik, and thus a great-grandson of the ancestral eponym of the Armenians, the Forefather Hayk. Kaghankatvatsi and another Armenian author, Kirakos Gandzaketsi, confirm Arran's belonging to Hayk's bloodline by calling Arranshahiks "a Haykazian dynasty".
In Kaghankatvatsi's History and in the historical text of the Armenian early medieval author Agathangelos, the Kingdom of Aghvank's feudal system, including its political terminology, was Armenian. As in Armenia, nobles of Aghvank are referred to by the terms nakharars (նախարար), azats (ազատ), hazarapets (հազարապետ), marzpets (մարզպետ), shinakans (շինական), etc.
Princely families, which were later mentioned in Kaghankatvatsi's History were included in the Table of Ranks called "Gahnamak" (direct translation: "List of Thrones," Arm. Գահնամակ) of the Kingdom of Armenia, which defined Armenia's aristocratic hierarchy. Princely families of Caucasian Albania were also included in the Table of Armies called "Zoranamak" (Arm. Զորանամակ) of the Kingdom of Armenia which determined military obligations of key aristocratic families before the Armenian King in times of war.
As in Armenia, the "Albanian" clergy used exclusively Armenian church terms for clerical hierarchy (katholikos/կաթողիկոս, vardapet/վարդապետ, sargavag/սարգավագ, etc.) Identifiably Armenian are also most if not all toponyms found in the History. Not only are the names of most towns, villages, mountains, and rivers uniquely Armenian morphologically, exactly the same toponyms were and are still found in other parts of historical Armenia. They include the root kert ("town") for towns (Arm.: կերտ, such Dastakert, Hnarakert – compare with Tigranakert or modern Stapanakert in Nagorno Karabakh), shen and kan (village) for villages (Arm. շեն, and կան, such as Karashen or Dyutakan), etc.
First names of most rulers, commoners and clergy in Kaghankatvatsi's History are uniquely Armenian. Many of these names survived for centuries and are still used only by modern Armenians. These include: Vachagan (Վախագան), Vache (Վաչե), Bakur (Բակուր), Taguhi (Թագուհի), Vrtanes (Վրթաննես), Viro (Վիրո), Varaz-Trdat (Վարազ-Տրդաթ), Marut (Մարութ), etc. Some of these names can be translated from Armenian as common words: e.g. Taguhi means "queen" and Varaz means "wild boar". In fact, Armenians to this day use the first name Aghvan (Աղվան) that directly refers to the Kingdom of Aghvank.
After the partition, the capital city of Caucasian Albania was moved from the territories on the eastern bank of the River Kura (referred to by Armenians "Aghvank Proper," Arm. Բուն Աղվանք) to Partav, located in the former Armenian province of Utik. This was followed by the transfer of the Seat of the Kingdom of Albania's religious leader (Katholicos) from territories north of Kura to Partav.
The Kingdom of Albania was converted to Christianity at the start of the 4th century by none other than the Armenian evangelizer St. Gregory the Enlightener (Arm. Սբ. Գրիգոր Լուսավորիչ), who baptized Armenia into the first Christian state by 301 AD. In about 330 AD, the grandson of St. Gregory, St. Grigoris, ecumenical head of the eastern provinces of Armenia, was designated bishop for the Kingdom of Aghvank. Mausoleum interning Grigoris’ remains, the Amaras Monastery stands as the oldest dated monument in Nagorno Karabakh. Amaras was started by St. Gregory and completed by St. Grigoris himself.
According to tradition, the Amaras Monastery housed the first Armenian school in historical Armenia, which was opened early in the 5th century by the inventor of the Armenian alphabet St. Mesrob Mashtots. St. Mesrob Mashtots was intensely active in preaching Gospel in Artsakh and Utik. Movses Kaghankatvatsi's History dedicates four separate chapters to St. Mashtots’ mission, referring to him as "enlightener" and "saint" (chapters 27, 28 and 29 of Book One, and chapter 3 of Book Two). Overall, St. Mesrob made three trips to the Kingdom of Albania where he toured not only the Armenian lands of Artsakh and Utik but also territories to the north of the River Kura.
Kaghankatvatsi's History describes Armenian influence on the Church of Aghvank, whose jurisdiction extended from Artsakh and Utik to regions to the north of the River Kura, in the territories of the "original", "pre-Armenian" Caucasian Albania. One of the consequences of this was that the Armenian language progressively supplanted Albanian as the language of church and state (and only if there was any single "Albanian" language in the first place which is doubtful because the population of Albania/Aghvank was described as consisting of as many 26 different tribes). In the same 7th century, Armenian poet Davtak Kertogh writes his Elegy on the Death of Grand Prince Juansher, where each passage begins with a letter of Armenian script in alphabetical order.
Christianization
The polytheistic religion of Albania was centered on the worship of three divinities, designated by Interpretatio Romana as Sol, Zeus, and Luna.
Christianity started to enter Caucasian Albania at an early date, according to Movses Kaghankatvatsi, as early as during the 1st century. The first Christian church in the region was built by St. Eliseus, a disciple of Thaddeus of Edessa, at a place called Gis. Shortly after Armenia adopted Christianity as its state religion (301 AD), the Caucasian Albanian king Urnayr went to the See of the Armenian Apostolic Church to receive baptism from St. Gregory the Illuminator, the first Patriarch of Armenia.
King Vachagan III helped to implant Christianity in Caucasian Albania, through a synod allowing the church legal rights in some domestic issues. In 498 AD (in other sources, 488 AD) in the settlement named Aluen (Aghuen) (present-day Agdam District of Azerbaijan), an Albanian church council convened to adopt laws further strengthening the position of Christianity in Albania.
Albanian churchmen took part in missionary efforts in the Caucasus and Pontic regions. In 682, the catholicos, Israel, led an unsuccessful delegation to convert Alp Iluetuer, the ruler of the North Caucasian Huns, to Christianity. The Albanian Church maintained a number of monasteries in the Holy Land. In the 7th century, Varaz-Grigor, ruler of Albania, and "his nation" were christened by Emperor Heraclius at Gardman.
After the overthrow of Nerses in 705, the Caucasian Albanian elite decided to reestablish the tradition of having their Catholicoi ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia, as it was the case before 590. This event is generally regarded as the abolition of the Church of Caucasian Albania, and the lowering of its denominational status to that of a Catholicate within the body of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Islamic era
Sassanid Albania fell to the Islamic conquest of Persia in the mid-7th century and was incorporated into the Rashidun Caliphate. King Javanshir of Albania, the most prominent ruler of Mihranid dynasty, fought against the Arab invasion of caliph Uthman on the side of Sassanid Iran. Facing the threat of the Arab invasion on the south and the Khazar offensive on the north, Javanshir had to recognize the caliph's suzerainty. The Arabs then reunited the territory with Armenia under one governor.
By the 8th century, "Albania" had been reduced to a strictly geographical and titular ecclesiastical connotation, and was referred to as such by medieval Armenian historians; on its place sprang a number principalities, such as that of the Armenian principality and kingdom of Khachen, along with various Caucasian, Iranian and Arabic principalities: the principality of Shaddadids, the principality of Shirvan, the principality of Derbent. Most of the region was ruled by the Persian Sajid dynasty from 890 to 929. The region was at times part of the Abbasid province of Armenia based on numismatic and historical evidence.
Early Muslim ruling dynasties of the time included Rawadids, Sajids, Salarids, Shaddadids, Shirvanshahs, and the Sheki and Tiflis emirates. The principal cities of Arran in early medieval times were Barda (Partav) and Ganja. Barda reached prominence in the 10th century, and was used to house a mint. Barda was sacked by the Rus and Norse several times in the 10th century as a result of the Caspian expeditions of the Rus. Barda never revived after these raids and was replaced as capital by Baylaqan, which in turn was sacked by the Mongols in 1221. After this Ganja rose to prominence and became the central city of the region. The capital of the Shaddadid dynasty, Ganja was considered the "mother city of Arran" during their reign.
The territory of Arran became a part of the Seljuk empire, followed by the Ildegizid state. It was taken briefly by the Khwarizmid dynasty and then overran by Mongol Hulagu empire in the 13th century. Later, it became a part of Chobanid, Jalayirid, Timurid, and Safavid states.
In Azerbaijani historiography
The history of Caucasian Albania has been a major topic of Azerbaijani revisionist theories, which came under criticism in Western and Russian academic and analytical circles, and were often characterized as "bizarre" and "futile".
In his article "The Albanian Myth", Russian historian and anthropologist Victor Schnirelmann states that Azerbaijani academics have been "renaming prominent medieval Armenian political leaders, historians and writers, who lived in Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia into "Albanians". Schnirelmann argues that these efforts were first launched in the 1950s and were directed towards "ripping the population of early medieval Nagorno Karabakh off from their Armenian heritage" and "cleansing Azerbaijan of Armenian history". In the 1970s, Azerbaijan made a transition from ignoring, discounting or concealing Armenian historical heritage in Soviet Azerbaijan to misattributing and mischaracterizing it as examples of Azerbaijani culture by arbitrarily declaring "Caucasian Albanians" as ancestors of modern Azerbaijanis. In this regard, Thomas de Waal, a scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, writes about the political context of Azerbaijan's historical revisionism:
This rather bizarre argument has the strong political subtext that Nagorno Karabakh had in fact been Caucasian Albanian and that Armenians had no claim to it.
Schnirelmann states that a significant revisionist method used by Azerbaijani scholars was "re-publishing of ancient and medieval sources, where the term "Armenian state" was routinely and systematically removed and replaced with "Albanian state". American author George Bournoutian gives examples of how that was done by Ziya Bunyadov, vice-chairman of Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences, who earned the nickname of "Azerbaijan’s foremost Armenophobe".
According to de Waal:
Buniatov’s scholarly credentials were dubious. It later transpired that the two articles he published in 1960 and 1965 on Caucasian Albania were direct plagiarism. Under his own name, he had simply published, unattributed, translations of two articles, originally written in English by Western scholars C.F.J. Dowsett and Robert Hewsen.
Hewsen, a historian from Rowan College and the acknowledged authority in this field, wrote in his volume Armenia: A Historical Atlas, published by University of Chicago Press:
According to de Waal, a disciple of Bunyadov, Farida Mammadova, has "taken the Albanian theory and used it to push Armenians out of the Caucasus altogether. She had relocated Caucasian Albania into what is now the Republic of Armenia. All those lands, churches, and monasteries in the Republic of Armenia—all had been Albanian. No sacred Armenian fact was left un-attacked". De Waal describes Mammadova as a sophisticated end of what "in Azerbaijan has become a very blunt instrument indeed". Both Ziya Bunyadov and Farida Mammadova are known for their anti-Armenian public pronouncements and pamphlets.
Historical revisionism in Azerbaijan supported a number of policies on the ground, including cultural vandalism directed against Armenian monuments in Soviet and post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Armenian memorial stone crosses known as "khachkars on the territory of Azerbaijan were regularly misrepresented as "Caucasian Albanian" both before and after Azerbaijan's independence. Furthermore, mischaracterization of Armenian khachkars as supposedly non-Armenian monuments of Caucasian Albania was associated with acts of cultural vandalism against Armenian historical monuments in Nakhichevan. The Khachkar destruction in Nakhchivan refer to the systematic campaign by the government of Azerbaijan to completely demolish the Armenian cemetery in Julfa with thousands of Armenian khachkars near the town of Julfa (known as Jugha in Armenian), Nakhchivan. Claims by Armenians that Azerbaijan was undertaking a systematic campaign to destroy and remove the monuments first arose in late 1998 and those charges were renewed in 2002 and 2005. Adam T. Smith, an anthropologist and associate professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, called the removal of the khachkars "a shameful episode in humanity's relation to its past, a deplorable act on the part of the government of Azerbaijan which requires both explanation and repair". Smith and other scholars, as well as several United States Senators, signed a letter to the UNESCO and other organizations condemning Azerbaijan's government. Azerbaijan instead contends that the monuments were not of Armenian, but of Caucasian Albanian, origin, which, per Thomas De Waal, did not protect "the graveyard from an act in the history wars".
Anti-Armenian cultural vandalism in Azerbaijan perpetrated with the use of revisionist theories on Caucasian Albania was also noted in northern Azerbaijan, where Norwegian archeologists were involved in the restoration of an Armenian-Georgian church in the village of Kish near the city of Shaki. Azerbaijanis erased Armenian inscriptions on the church's walls, which led to by an official complaint by Norwegian foreign ministry.
Furthermore, revisionist theories about Caucasian Albania have also been used by Azerbaijani statesmen in the ongoing Azerbaijani-Georgian dispute over the territorial status of David Gareja monastery complex, a Georgian spiritual and historical monument partially located on the territory of Azerbaijani Republic. David Gareja is a rock-hewn Georgian Orthodox monastery complex in the Kakheti region of Eastern Georgia, on the semi-desert slopes of Mount Gareja, some 60–70 km southeast of Georgia's capital Tbilisi. Giorgi Manjgaladze, Georgia's deputy foreign minister proposed that Georgia would be willing to exchange other territory for the remainder of David Gareja because of its historical and cultural significance to the Georgians. Baku disapproves of this land swap, and in April 2007, Azerbaijan's deputy foreign minister Khalaf Khalafov told a press conference in Baku that it was "out of the question" for Azerbaijan to "give up its claims to the borderlands" including David Gareja. Khalafov then stated that the monastery "was home to the Caucasian Albanians, who are believed to have been the earliest inhabitants of Azerbaijan". Georgian art historian Dimitri Tumanishvili dismissed this claim and stated that the complex "is covered in the work of Georgian masters". "There are Georgian inscriptions everywhere dating back to the sixth century," he said, "There are no traces of another culture there. After that, I don’t think you need any further proof."
See also
Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania
Arts of Caucasian Albania
Artsakh
Church of Caucasian Albania
Shirvan
Notes
Footnotes
References
Marco Bais Albania caucasica: ethnos, storia, territorio attraverso le fonti greche, latine e armene. Mimesis Edizioni. Roma, 2001
Movses Kalankatuatsi. The History of Aluank. Translated from Old Armenian (Grabar) by Sh.V.Smbatian, Yerevan, 1984.
Koriun, The Life of Mashtots, translated from Old Armenian (Grabar) by Bedros Norehad.
Movses Kalankatuatsi. History of Albania. Translated by L. Davlianidze-Tatishvili, Tbilisi, 1985.
Movses Khorenatsi The History of Armenia. Translated from Old Armenian (Grabar) by Gagik Sargsyan, Yerevan, 1990.
Ilia Abuladze. "About the discovery of the alphabet of the Caucasian Albanians". Bulletin of the Institute of Language, History and Material Culture (ENIMK), Vol. 4, Ch. I, Tbilisi, 1938.
External links
About the Caucasian Albania (section 10)
Caucasian History
705 disestablishments
Former countries in Europe
Geographic history of Azerbaijan
History of Dagestan
Roman client kingdoms |
Ricardo Rey (born 1910, date of death unknown) was an Argentine wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman featherweight at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1910 births
Year of death missing
Argentine male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Argentina
Wrestlers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing
20th-century Argentine people
21st-century Argentine people |
The 1895 World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place at 23 and 24 February 1895 at the ice rink Mjøsen in Hamar, Norway. There was no defending champion. In 1894 no champion was declared because none of the skaters won three distances. Jaap Eden became the first skater to win two world titles.
Allround results
* = Fell
NC = Not classified
NF = Not finished
NS = Not started
DQ = Disqualified
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
Rules
Four distances had to be skated: 500, 1500, 5000 and 10,000 m. One could earn the world title only by winning at least three of the four distances, otherwise the title would be vacant. The winner of the 500 and 1500 meter was decided by a skate off of the best four skaters of the distance. Silver and bronze medals were not awarded.
References
World Allround Speed Skating Championships, 1895
1895 World Allround
World Allround, 1895
Sport in Hamar
1895 in Norway
1895 in sports
February 1895 events |
The Best of Billy Ray Cyrus: Cover to Cover is a greatest hits album, released in 1997, by country music artist Billy Ray Cyrus. It features three newly released tracks — "It's All the Same to Me", "Cover to Cover", and "Bluegrass State of Mind" — as well as a reprise of "Trail of Tears" from his 1996 album of the same name. "It's All the Same to Me" was a Top 20 hit for Cyrus in 1997 on the Hot Country Songs charts.
Track listing
A^ New recording.
Personnel
The following musicians played on the previously unreleased tracks.
J. T. Corenflos – electric guitar
Billy Ray Cyrus – lead vocals
Stuart Duncan – fiddle
Paul Leim – drums
Brent Mason – electric guitar
Dave Pomeroy – bass guitar
Gary Prim – keyboards
John Wesley Ryles – background vocals
Biff Watson – acoustic guitar
John D. Willis – acoustic guitar
Production
Keith Stegall and John Kelton (tracks 1-3)
Terry Shelton and Billy Ray Cyrus (track 4)
Joe Scaife and Jim Cotton (tracks 5-12)
Chart performance
Album
Singles
References
1997 greatest hits albums
Billy Ray Cyrus albums
Mercury Records compilation albums |
strace is a diagnostic, debugging and instructional userspace utility for Linux. It is used to monitor and tamper with interactions between processes and the Linux kernel, which include system calls, signal deliveries, and changes of process state. The operation of strace is made possible by the kernel feature known as ptrace.
Some Unix-like systems provide other diagnostic tools similar to strace, such as truss.
History
Strace was originally written for SunOS by Paul Kranenburg in 1991, according to its copyright notice, and published early in 1992, in volume three of comp.sources.sun. The initial README file contained the following:
is a system call tracer for Sun(tm) systems much like the Sun supplied program . is a useful utility to sort of debug programs for which no source is available which unfortunately includes almost all of the Sun supplied system software.
Later, Branko Lankester ported this version to Linux, releasing his version in November 1992 with the second release following in 1993. Richard Sladkey combined these separate versions of strace in 1993, and ported the program to SVR4 and Solaris in 1994, resulting in strace 3.0 that was announced in comp.sources.misc in mid-1994.
Beginning in 1996, strace was maintained by Wichert Akkerman. During his tenure, strace development migrated to CVS; ports to FreeBSD and many architectures on Linux (including ARM, IA-64, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, s390, SPARC) were introduced. In 2002, the burden of strace maintainership was transferred to Roland McGrath. Since then, strace gained support for several new Linux architectures (AMD64, s390x, SuperH), bi-architecture support for some of them, and received numerous additions and improvements in syscalls decoders on Linux; strace development migrated to git during that period. Since 2009, strace is actively maintained by Dmitry Levin. strace gained support for AArch64, ARC, AVR32, Blackfin, Meta, Nios II, OpenSISC 1000, RISC-V, Tile/TileGx, Xtensa architectures since that time.
The last version of strace that had some (evidently dead) code for non-Linux operating systems was 4.6, released in March 2011. In strace version 4.7, released in May 2012, all non-Linux code had been removed; since strace 4.13, the project follows Linux kernel's release schedule, and with the version 5.0, it follows Linux's versioning scheme as well.
In 2012 strace also gained support for path tracing and file descriptor path decoding. In August 2014, strace 4.9 was released, where support for stack traces printing was added. In December 2016, syscall fault injection feature was implemented.
Version history
Usage and features
The most common use is to start a program using strace, which prints a list of system calls made by the program. This is useful if the program continually crashes, or does not behave as expected; for example using strace may reveal that the program is attempting to access a file which does not exist or cannot be read.
An alternative application is to use the flag to attach to a running process. This is useful if a process has stopped responding, and might reveal, for example, that the process is blocking whilst attempting to make a network connection.
Among other features, strace allows the following:
Specifying a filter of syscall names that should be traced (via the -e trace= option): by name, like ; using one of the predefined groups, like or ; or (since strace 4.17) using regular expression syntax, like -e trace=/clock_.*.
Specifying a list of paths to be traced (-P /etc/ld.so.cache, for example).
Specifying a list of file descriptors whose I/O should be dumped (-e read= and -e write= options).
Counting syscall execution time and count (-T, -c, -C, and -w options; -U option enables printing of additional information, like minimum and maximum syscall execution time).
Printing relative or absolute time stamps (-t and -r options).
Tampering with the syscalls being executed (-e inject=syscall specification:tampering specification option): modifying return (:retval=; since strace 4.16) and error code (:error=; since strace 4.15) of the specified syscalls, inject signals (:signal=; since strace 4.16), delays (:delay_enter= and :delay_exit=; since strace 4.22), and modify data pointed by syscall arguments (:poke_enter= and :poke_exit=; since strace 5.11) upon their execution.
Extracting information about file descriptors (including sockets, -y option; -yy option provides some additional information, like endpoint addresses for sockets, paths and device major/minor numbers for files).
Printing stack traces, including (since strace 4.21) symbol demangling (-k option).
Filtering by syscall return status (-e status= option; since strace 5.2).
Perform translation of thread, process, process group, and session IDs appearing in the trace into strace's PID namespace (--pidns-translation option; since strace 5.9).
Decoding SELinux context information associated with processes, files, and descriptors (--secontext option; since strace 5.12).
strace supports decoding of arguments of some classes of ioctl commands, such as BTRFS_*, V4L2_*, DM_*, NSFS_*, MEM*, EVIO*, KVM_*, and several others; it also supports decoding of various netlink protocols.
As strace only details system calls, it cannot be used to detect as many problems as a code debugger such as GNU Debugger (gdb). It is, however, easier to use than a code debugger, and is a very useful tool for system administrators. It is also used by researchers to generate system call traces for later system call replay.
Examples
The following is an example of typical output of the strace command:
user@server:~$ strace ls
...
open(".", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_LARGEFILE|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFDIR|0755, st_size=4096, ...}) = 0
fcntl64(3, F_GETFD) = 0x1 (flags FD_CLOEXEC)
getdents64(3, /* 18 entries */, 4096) = 496
getdents64(3, /* 0 entries */, 4096) = 0
close(3) = 0
fstat64(1, {st_mode=S_IFIFO|0600, st_size=0, ...}) = 0
mmap2(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f2c000
write(1, "autofs\nbackups\ncache\nflexlm\ngames"..., 86autofsA
The above fragment is only a small part of the output of strace when run on the 'ls' command. It shows that the current working directory is opened, inspected and its contents retrieved. The resulting list of file names is written to standard output.
Similar tools
Different operating systems feature other similar or related instrumentation tools, offering similar or more advanced features; some of the tools (although using the same or a similar name) may use completely different work mechanisms, resulting in different feature sets or results. Such tools include the following:
Linux has ltrace that can trace library and system calls, xtrace that can trace X Window programs, SystemTap, perf, and trace-cmd and KernelShark that extend ftrace.
AIX provides the command
HP-UX offers the command
Solaris / Illumos has truss and DTrace
UnixWare provides the command
FreeBSD provides the command, ktrace and DTrace
NetBSD provides ktrace and DTrace
OpenBSD uses ktrace and kdump
macOS provides ktrace (10.4 and earlier), DTrace (from Solaris) and associated dtruss in 10.5 and later.
Microsoft Windows has a similar utility called StraceNT, written by Pankaj Garg, and a similar GUI-based utility called Process Monitor, developed by Sysinternals.
See also
gdb
List of Unix commands
lsof
Notes
References
External links
strace project page
Manual page
OS Reviews article on strace
"System Call Tracing with strace", a talk with an overview of strace features and usage, given by Michael Kerrisk at NDC TechTown 2018
"Modern strace" (source), a talk with an overview of strace features, given by Dmitry Levin at DevConf.cz 2019
Unix programming tools
Command-line software
Free software programmed in C |
Amritha Aiyer (born 14 May 1994) is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Tamil and Telugu language films. She made her acting debut in the Tamil film Padaiveeran (2018), and her Telugu debut with Red (2021).
Early life
Aiyer was born on 14 May 1994 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu and raised in Bengaluru, Karnataka into a Tamil speaking family. She completed her Bachelor of Commerce degree from St. Joseph's College of Commerce. She then became a model and pursued her career as an actress in Tamil and Telugu languages.
Career
Aiyer appeared in several uncredited roles, in Lingaa (2014), Tenaliraman (2014), Pokkiri Raja (2016) and Theri (2016).
She made her debut as lead actress in Padaiveeran (2018) opposite Vijay Yesudas, where she played the role of Malar. In response to her role, a reviewer of the film from The Hindu stated that "Amritha fits in her role aptly". She later played a lead role opposite Vijay Antony in Kaali (2018). In 2019, she was to make her Kannada debut with Gramayana starring Vinay Rajkumar, but the project was stalled after the producer got COVID. She played the role of Thendral, the Tamil Nadu football team captain, in Atlee's Bigil (2019), alongside Vijay.
In 2021, Aiyer made her Telugu debut in Red, opposite Ram Pothineni, and directed by Kishore Tirumala. Her second release was Vanakkam Da Mappilei opposite G. V. Prakash Kumar, a film released directly via Sun NXT,. The film received mixed and negative reviews. Her third release was Lift, the film opt for the theatrical release and directly released via Disney+ Hotstar. The film received mixed to highly positive reviews from the critics. And her last release was Arjuna Phalguna opposite Sree Vishnu, the film received mixed reviews from critics.
Her only release in 2022, was a Tamil film Coffee with Kadhal opposite Jai. The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics, and was a failure at the box-office.
As of December 2022, Aiyer is shooting for her upcoming Telugu film Hanu-Man opposite Teja Sajja. and an untitled Tamil-Telugu bilingual film, opposite Teejay Arunachalam.
Filmography
Short films
References
External links
Living people
Actresses from Tamil Nadu
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Indian film actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
St. Joseph's College, Bangalore alumni
1994 births
Kannada people |
The 2005–06 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team represented Seton Hall University as a member of the Big East Conference during the 2005–06 NCAA men's college basketball season. The team was led by head coach Louis Orr and played their home games at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
Roster
Schedule and results
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!colspan=9 style=| NCAA Tournament
References
Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball seasons
Seton Hall
Seton Hall
Seton Hall
Seton Hall |
Resonate is the fourteenth studio album by English hard rock singer Glenn Hughes. The album was released in Japan on 28 October 2016 by Ward Records, and worldwide on 4 November 2016 by Frontiers Records. Hughes has said of the album: "It's possibly the heaviest record I've ever made. I don't want to confuse it with horns-up heavy; it's not metal. But it's definitely f—ing heavy. It's dense. It's dark. There's some aggression on this record. Every bloody track is begging to be played live."
Track listing
Personnel
Glenn Hughes – vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar, producer, mixer
Søren Andersen – guitars, producer, mixer, mastering
Pontus Engborg – drums (tracks 2-10)
Chad Smith – drums (tracks 1, 11)
Lachy Doley – keyboards
Luis Maldonado – acoustic guitar (track 12)
Anna Maldonado – cello (track 12)
Frederik Cupello – assistant engineer
Johan Jørgensen – studio assistant
Charts
References
Glenn Hughes albums
2016 albums
Frontiers Records albums |
Jebel Musa (, ; ; meaning "Mount Moses") is a mountain in the northernmost part of Morocco, on the African side of the Strait of Gibraltar. It is part of the Rif mountain chain. The mountain is generally identified as the southern Pillar of Hercules, Mons Abila (Mount Abila or Abyla).
History
Jebel Musa, named, according to the 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta, in honour of Musa bin Nusayr, to whom the conqueror of Andalusia Tariq ibn Ziyad owed fealty,<ref>H.T. Norris, Ibn Battutah's Andalusian Journey", The Geographical Journal, 1959.</ref> was known to the ancient Greeks and Phoenicians as Mount Abyla and to the Romans as Columna. Together with the Rock of Gibraltar to the north, it is generally identified as one of the Pillars of Hercules (this title is also claimed for Monte Hacho in the Spanish exclave of Ceuta, to the east of Jebel Musa).
The name 'pillars of Hercules' derives from one of the twelve labours assigned by the Greek hero Heracles. Perseus had defeated the Titan Atlas by showing him the head of the Gorgon. Atlas was petrified; his hair became a forest and his shoulders became cliffs. Heracles was then directed to get the Cattle of Geryon and deliver them to Eurystheus. Heracles' way was blocked by the mountain that Perseus had created; to clear a way, he used his mace to split the mountain in half, one part becoming the Rock of Gibraltar and the other becoming a mountain in Morocco. According to the myth, this split in the mountain created a sea link between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. This link was the Strait of Gibraltar.
Geography
Jebel Musa is high. To the north, across the Strait of Gibraltar, lie Spain and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. To the east is Ceuta, a Spanish exclave, and to the west and south is Morocco. By road, the mountain is about west of Ceuta and about east of Tangier.
Jebel Musa is opposite the Rock of Gibraltar at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. It is an important landmark in the region of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima on the north coast of Morocco. The coastlines around the mountain show evidence of having had varying sea levels through the ages. These highstands are at 120–130 metres; 80 to 90 metres; 40 to 60 metres and from 0 to 25 metres above the present sea level.
In Ceuta, around the town of Benzú, the mountain is known as The Dead Woman'' (), because from that direction it resembles a woman on her back.
Ecology
The mountain is a site for birdwatching. Migratory birds use the updraughts and thermals from Jebel Musa to gain height before attempting to cross the Strait of Gibraltar. The Strait of Gibraltar is "one of the world's most prominent" migration bottlenecks and raptor watching is popular in the fall, though the best observation points may be north of the Strait. The shoreline at the foot of the mountain has been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 2019.
The area around the mountain has over 200 caves that attract visiting cavers. The area around the mountain is mainly forest and is identified in the Plan for Protected Areas in Morocco as a Site of Biological and Ecological Interest (SIBE).
References
Musa
Rif
Ramsar sites in Morocco
Pillars of Hercules |
Technician third grade (abbreviated T/3 or Tec 3) was a rank of the United States Army from 1942 to 1948. The rank was created to recognize enlisted soldiers with special technical skills, but who were not trained as combat leaders.
History
The rank of technician third grade was authorized on 26 January 1942, per Executive Order No. 9041, and was adopted by the Army effective 1 June 1942. The rank insignia was finalized on 4 September 1942, adding a block "T" between the existing three chevrons and one arc. Those who held the rank of T/3 were addressed as "staff sergeant," the same as the corresponding non-commissioned officer at the same pay grade.
Technicians represented a wide variety of soldiers with specialized technical skills, including medics, radio operators and repairmen, mail clerks, mechanics, cooks, musicians, and tank drivers. Initially, the three technician ranks held non-commissioned officer status. However, as technicians received no formal NCO leadership training or qualifications, their entrance into the NCO ranks resulted in organizational confusion, dilution of the NCO corps, and lowered morale among senior NCOs. Consequently, the Army revoked NCO status from technicians in November 1943.
The technician ranks were removed from the U.S. Army rank system on 1 August 1948, though the concept was revived with the specialist ranks in 1955.
See also
United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War II
References
1942 establishments in the United States
1948 disestablishments in the United States
Military ranks of the United States Army
Technicians |
Lucy O'Brien (born 1964) is a British philosopher and the Richard Wollheim Professor of Philosophy at University College London.
O'Brien predominantly works in the philosophy of mind and action, focusing in particular on self-consciousness and self-knowledge. She is the author of Self-Knowing Agents (OUP 2007) and co-editor, with Matthew Soteriou, of Mental Actions (OUP 2009).
O'Brien has co-edited the philosophical journal Mind with A. W. Moore since September 2015. She is the first female editor of the periodical in its 140-year history. She was elected chair of trustees of The Royal Institute of Philosophy in 2020 and was recipient of a Humboldt Research Award in 2022.
References
External links
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/people/permanent-academic-staff/lucy-o-brien
Living people
Philosophers of mind
1964 births
British women philosophers
Philosophy journal editors
Mind (journal) editors |
Bernhard Beibl (born 26 May 1979) is a musician from Vienna, Austria. He attended the Joseph Haydn Conservatory where he studied jazz guitar with Gerald Gradwohl. He was a member of Tangerine Dream from 2006 to 2014.
References
External links
Official website
Austrian male musicians
Tangerine Dream members
1979 births
Living people
Musicians from Vienna
21st-century Austrian musicians |
John Lindros (August 3, 1898 – December 2, 1961) was a Swedish architect and photographer. He participated in the Swedish Cyprus Expedition.
Biography
Lindros was born at Vaxholm, Sweden.
During his studies at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm (1923–1925), Lindros was employed by the Nordic Museum and Skansen to study buildings around Sweden. One of his study mates was Alfred Westholm, who later recruited him to join the Swedish Cyprus Expedition under the direction of archaeologist Einar Gjerstad.
During the expedition the Swedish Cyprus Expedition (1927–1931), Lindros worked as architect, responsible for measuring and drawing the many maps, plans and sections that are the result of an archaeological excavation. He also worked as a photographer and took an enormous amount of pictures of the excavations. He photographed when SF Studios produced a newsreel about the Swedish Cyprus expedition. As Alfred Westholm had experience in photographic and topographic work, Lindros worked mostly in Erik Sjöqvist's excavation team. When Sjöqvist was ill, Lindros temporarily took over the excavation in Idalion, Cyprus. He was also interested in documenting Cypriot folklore and visited many remote villages with his camera. John's wife Rosa Lindros followed him to Cyprus and stayed there until June 1928. She also participated in restoration of the archeological findings.
Along with expedition leader Einar Gjerstad, John Lindros was responsible for unpacking the archaeological materials after returning to Sweden. He worked with the other expedition members on the major scientific publication, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavation in Cyprus 1927-1931, volume I, volume II, volume III.
From 1933–35, John Lindros served as assistant at the Swedish Institute in Rome. He then worked at the Swedish government agency Kungliga Byggnadsstyrelsen in 1936, Swedish Merchants Association (Svenska Köpmannaförbundet) 1936–1937, and the insurance company Liv-Thule 1937–1940. After that Lindros had his own company. In 1944 he was employed at the Västerås county architectural office and in 1947 he became deputy county architect in Södermanland, Sweden.
Personal life
He was married to Rosa Lindros; they had a daughter, Swedish-American educator Birgitta Lindros Wohl. John Lindros died during 1961 at Nyköping, Sweden.
References
1898 births
1961 deaths
Swedish architects
Swedish photographers |
Raili is a Finnish feminine given name that may refer to
Raili Halttu (1909–2006), Finnish sprint runner
Raili Hoviniemi (born 1936), Finnish Olympic gymnast
Raili Kauppi (1920–1995), Finnish philosopher
Raili Pietilä (1926–2021), Finnish architect
Raili Riuttala (born 1933), Finnish swimmer
Raili Sallinen, Finnish ski orienteering competitor
Finnish feminine given names
Feminine given names |
Sandro Kaiser is a German retired footballer.
References
External links
German men's footballers
Living people
TSV 1860 Munich players
TSV 1860 Munich II players
FSV Frankfurt players
SpVgg Unterhaching players
1989 births
2. Bundesliga players
Men's association football midfielders
SpVgg Unterhaching II players
Footballers from Upper Bavaria
People from Fürstenfeldbruck (district) |
"Sousou" is a song by French rapper Jul released on 26 March 2020, alongside a music video. It peaked at number three in the French SNEP Singles.
Charts
Certifications
References
2020 singles
2020 songs
French-language songs |
Growth arrest-specific protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAS1 gene.
Function
Growth arrest-specific 1 plays a role in growth suppression. GAS1 blocks entry to S phase and prevents cycling of normal and transformed cells. Gas1 is a putative tumor suppressor gene.
Discovery
The mouse cells, which appear the growth-arrested, were observed expression of Growth Arrest Specific-1 gene (GAS1). In 1988, Gas-1 was first defined as one of six genes that block transcriptional up-regulation of the NIH3T3 cell cycle from G0 to S phase. Most of scientist have proved that overexpressed gas1 has the function of inhibiting tumor growth and progression in gliomas. Furthermore, GAS1 gene was also thought to contribute to recurrence and metastasized prediction in colon cancer.
Gene location of GAS1
GAS-1 gene has been identified as a putative tumor suppressor collocates on chromosome 9q21.3-22.1 where was considered to be a fragile site. In 1994, 29 metaphases were analyzed by Del Sal et al, and 102 fluorescent signals were observed during the experiment. The results showed that 84 (82%) expression rate of the fluorescent signal on chromosome 9. Furthermore, the peak signal density of the fluorescent also observed occurring in the q21.3-22.1 region. In addition, the inexpression of the fluorescent signal cluster on any other chromosome further demonstrates Gas1 gene specifically expresses on chromosome 9q21.3-22.1.
GAS1 characteristic
345 amino acids were confirmed to constitute mature Gas-1 gene. Asn117 and an aminated Ser318 are two particular position which result in discovering of the one N-glycosylation site and potential signal peptide, respectively.
Gene structure
Gas-1 gene has been confirmed to be highly similar to the GFRα1 gene (28% similarity) while the Gas1 only consists of two domains which is different from the GFRα1-3 that composes of three domains. Although the structure of GAS1 gene is similar to GFRαs, the function of GAS1 is largely different from GFRαs since the GAS 1 gene has the ability of binding RET in a ligand independent manner. Since the structure similarity between GAS1 and GFRαs, the ancestor of GFRα proteins was suspected to be the GAS1. In regard to the secondary structure, most of mammalian Gas1 gene’s secondary structure were identified to be mostly α-helical and to have a long unstructured C-terminal domain
Gene expression
GAS1 protein widespread distributed in adult mammalian CNS ( central nervous system). Adult mouse brain has been described expressing GAS1 mRNA, and the experiment of Natanael Zarco et al further corroborated this description. Western blot analysis is the main method which has been used in their practical and plays an significant role in successfully determining the distribution of the protein in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Olfactory bulb, caudate-putamen, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and cervical spinal cord has been identified as the specific expression parts of GAS1. Despite the pattern of expression in Astrocyte cells was more limited than in neurons, the gas1 was also found expressing in that part.
Function
GAS1 was identified as a pleiotropic protein with the function of cell arrest and apoptosis. GAS1 can induce intrinsic apoptosis; this pathway does not involve the activity of caspase 8. GAS1 accomplishes this by inhibiting GDNF-induced phosphorylation of RET, which leads to decreased phosphorylation of AKT; this decrease facilitates the dephosphorylation of BAD, which triggers the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and subsequent formation of the apoptosome, ultimately resulting in apoptosis.
Except that, the nervous system and other amount of organs can also be largely influenced by the abnormal Gas1 gene. The reason of this dual function is likely caused by its ability of interacting with the inhibited signaling cascade which induced by GNDF (glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor). Additionally, GAS1 has been proved can largely influence the developmental state of the organs. During the development stage of the GAS1, it has been suggested that development GAS1 can not only inhibit cell proliferation but also control the cell death as well as growth of the cerebellum. The signal emission of GAS 1 protein associate with two different types of transmembrane receptor protein, including RET and the Hedgehog receptor protein, GAS1 is therefore determined as a kind of multifunctional protein. The Hedgehog signaling pathway is known as an essential part in the body which largely influences the body development, and cancer progression since the Sonic hedgehog can be connected by GAS1 directly, and lead to active of the signaling pathway.
Associated diseases
Kidney hypoplasia
The GAS1 gene plays a significant role in kidney development. Conserved DNA binding motif, which is located in the Gas1 promoter, is directly bind by the WT1, and then the Gas1 mRNA is activated to transcript to the NPCs. The WT1 has been confirmed as a necessary part for expressing Gas1 in kidneys in vivo. Loss of function of GAS1 in vivo results in hypoplastic kidneys with reduced nephron mass due to premature depletion of NPCs. In humans, fetal period is the most significant time point for inducting a new nephrons, no matter what kind of mammals, once the NPCS disappeared, there is no possibility for inducing the new nephrons.
Gene mutation
Gas1 gene has been mapped by the method of in situ hybridization to human chromosome bands 9q21.3-q22, a fragile site where frequently deleted in human tumors, especially acute myeloid leukemia and bladder tumors. The deletion region of early superficial bladder cancer indicated that the frequent (50%) deletion of tumor suppressor genes was located between 9q22 and 9p12-13, an area that spanned the GAS1 gene position and could be a starting event for bladder cancer disease. However, a study that has been done by Simoneau et al indicates that there is no mutations in the gas1 gene in 14 primary bladder carcinomas and 10 bladder carcinoma cell lines, which means the mutation of gas1 is not the main reason in causing the pathogenesis.
References
Further reading |
Laurent was a proposed planned community south of Salem, South Dakota and was designed for Deaf, Hard of Hearing and other American Sign Language users. The town was to be named after Laurent Clerc; it was originally planned that the first residents would start moving into town in 2008.
The project was led by Marvin T. Miller, a deaf journalist and M. E. Barwacz (Miller's hearing mother-in-law). He claimed that the financing for the construction of the town, which was to encompass an area of , was secured by a combination of Miller's own funds and a group of private investors. At the peak of planning, 158 families had put themselves on a waiting list to move into the town. In the early stages of the project, Miller and Barwacz were invited to establish the townsite at Spencer, South Dakota as there were many available lots, but this offer was rejected in favor of the site near the I-90 / US 81 interchange.
As planning progressed, this project was the subject of much "pro" and "con" discussions, the "pro" discussion coming from various organizations including the National Association of the Deaf. On the "con" side, there was the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, who have argued that persons with "disabilities" should integrate into society rather than form an enclave. Also, a number of local residents had expressed concerns about the viability, economic aspects of the project, and its impact on the area.
By 2007, a number of factors combined that led Miller and Barwacz to dissolve the Laurent Company (which had been coordinating efforts to build the town) and relocate to Indiana: Miller and Barwacz had exhausted their own funds, the main "angel investor" that Miller had been depending on for $10 million in funding was unable to deliver, and most importantly to Miller, he had serious concerns over the quality of the education his children were receiving at the South Dakota School for the Deaf in Sioux Falls.
Once at Indiana, Miller made an attempt to interest the community there in his "signing town" concept, but it apparently was not well-received; no further word has surfaced regarding this project. The website Miller had created to promote his idea on-line has also long since ceased to exist.
References
McCook County, South Dakota
Deaf culture in the United States |
Peter Argyropoulos, better known by his stage name Pete RG, is an American singer-songwriter and producer based in Los Angeles. After being the lead singer and principal songwriter of the band Last December, he embarked upon a solo career. Since then, he has recorded and released an LP and two EPs. All were met with positive reviews. He is also the founder of 4L Entertainment.
Early life
Pete RG's father, James Argyropoulos, grew up in a small village in the mountains of Southern Greece. He emigrated to the United States along with his parents and siblings when he was a teen. Pete grew up in Venice Beach, Los Angeles. He learned music from his parents, who were aspiring musicians in the 1960s and 1970s. He grew up singing, playing drums, clarinet and keyboards. In his senior year of high school, Pete RG began playing guitar.
While at Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pete formed a cover band where he sang and played guitar. During his first year, he wrote his first song, called The Sun Does Rise.
Last December
In 1998, RG formed Los Angeles-based indie pop/Americana band Last December. He was the principal songwriter, lead singer and bandleader. The band's members included lead guitarist Jason Koehler, bassist Adam Kury and drummer Scotty Kormos. Their debut album Without Wings followed in the fall of 1999. They signed with a major label and had different sessions with different producers.
In 2007, Last December teamed up with producer-engineer Brian Malouf to co-produce their acclaimed 2007 full-length album Hailstorm. Even with the band's success, Argyropoulos began writing new songs for a solo project beginning in 2003. After the band drifted apart in 2007, he started producing different acts as well as writing music for television.
Solo career
Pete RG broke out as a solo artist in 2013. His name is Peter Argyropoulos, but since he was called "Argy" as a kid, he decided to use the artistic name Pete RG. His debut full-length album as Pete RG was New Eyes. It was described as "plucky fits of banjo, understated rhythms, and Pete's coffee coated vocals." New Eyes was co-produced by producer and engineer Brina Kabler, RG's musical partner, who would go on to co-produce his next EPs.
Lightning Strikes
On February 10, 2015, RG released the EP Lightning Strikes. A collection of six songs, the EP was preceded by a lyric video for the single Still Here. The song was described as having "a country edge to it while producing a U2-esque vibe".
Lightning Strikes was recorded and mixed primarily at RG's personal studio in Santa Monica. Additional tracking and mixing was done by engineer Brian Scheuble, who worked with such acts as U2, Elton John and Sheryl Crow.
The EP met with good reviews, which pointed out that RG is "speckled with hints of Neil Diamond, Leonard Cohen and Matt Berninger, [and] blessed to have a voice so unique, so enchanting and so captivating." The reviewers noted a change in style: "leaving behind the Americana and folk stylings of New Eyes, Lightning Strikes veers more towards Pete Yorn than that of say Pete Yarrow."
On March 3, 2015, RG and Kabler promoted the EP with a month and a half long tour across the U.S. They were joined by Kury and Noah Lebenzon on lead guitar. Since Kormos was not able to join them, Pearl Jam's original drummer Dave Krusen was recruited and became a permanent member of the band.
Reaching for the Moon
The EP Reaching for the Moon was also recorded in RG's private Santa Monica studio. This time lead guitarist Kevin Haaland was brought in to collaborate with RG, Kabler, Kury, and Krusen. The first single was called Divine. All of the songs were written in the same key, the key of C, as they all began as an attempt to finish the same song, Our Escape. Co-produced and engineered by Brina Kabler, the EP was released on October 9, 2015.
With a "soulful and rustic rock sound [celebrating] the splendor of life, it is five tracks of pure sonic goodness." It was described as "energetic, yearning rock based around ringing guitars and shimmering textures", "tight, danceable and at the same time really good rock n' roll", and "the warmth of a troubadour brought up on the traveling spirit songs of The Boss."
Pete RG himself described his sound as "indie rock in the vein of bands like The National and The War On Drugs with some Bruce Springsteen and Neil Diamond added to the mix," adding that his major influences included U2.
The EP was promoted on RG's American tour from September 19 to November 14, including several stops at Pianos in New York City as part of a monthlong residency.
On February 23, 2016, it was announced that Pete RG will be supporting Candlebox on their Disappearing in Airports tour.
RG will be releasing the LP Sentimental Fool in the summer of 2016 followed by a Fall 2016 tour.
4L Entertainment
In 2013, RG founded imprint, indie-rock label 4L Entertainment with former Beggars Group & Matador Records tour marketing director Alex Moreno. Both Lightning Strikes and Reaching for the Moon were released by 4L. Moreno, the label's general manager, also booked both RG's Spring and Fall 2015 tours as part of 4L's in-house tour booking division.
Discography
Singles
Extended plays
Music videos
References
External links
American male singer-songwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
A community land trust (CLT) is a nonprofit corporation that holds land on behalf of a place-based community, while serving as the long-term steward for affordable housing, community gardens, civic buildings, commercial spaces and other community assets on behalf of a community.
CLTs balance the needs of individuals who want security of tenure in occupying and using land and housing, with the needs of the surrounding community, striving to secure a variety of social purposes such as maintaining the affordability of local housing, preventing the displacement of vulnerable residents, and promoting economic and racial inclusion. Across the world, there is enormous diversity among CLTs in the ways that real property is owned, used, and operated and the ways that the CLT itself is guided and governed by people living on and around a CLT’s land.
Historical overview
The community land trust (CLT) is a model of affordable housing and community development that has slowly spread throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, and the United Kingdom over the past 50 years. More recently, CLTs have begun to appear in the Global South as well.
Community land trusts trace their conceptual history to England’s Garden Cities, India's Gramdan Movement, and Israel’s cooperative agricultural settlements, the moshavim. As Robert Swann and his co-authors noted in The Community Land Trust: A New Model for Land Tenure in America (1972): "The ideas behind the community land trust...have historic roots" in the indigenous Americas, in pre-colonial Africa, and in ancient Chinese economic systems. Thus, "the goal is to 'restore' the land trust concept rather than initiate it."
The model was originated in the United States by Ralph Borsodi in the 1930s and later formalized and refined by Robert Swann, Simon Gottschalk, Erick S. Hansch, and Edward Webster in a seminal book published in 1972, entitled The Community Land Trust: A Guide to a New Model for Land Tenure in America. Borsodi, Swann, and their colleagues drew upon earlier examples of planned communities on leased land including the garden city movement in the United Kingdom, single tax communities inspired by Henry George in the USA, Gramdan villages in India, and moshav communities on lands owned by the Jewish National Fund in Israel. New Communities, Inc., the prototype for the modern-day community land trust, was formed in 1969 near Albany, Georgia, by local leaders of the Civil Rights Movement who were seeking a new way to achieve secure access to land for African American families.
According to the Schumacher Center for a New Economics website, "Swann was inspired by Ralph Borsodi and by Borsodi's work with J. P. Narayan and Vinoba Bhave, both disciples of Gandhi". Vinoba walked from village to village in rural India in the 1950s and 1960s, gathering people together and asking those with more land than they needed to give a portion of it to their poorer sisters and brothers. The initiative was known as the Bhoodan or Land gift movement, and many of India's leaders participated in these walks.
Some of the new landowners, however, became discouraged. Without tools to work the land and seeds to plant it, without an affordable credit system available to purchase these necessary things, the land was useless to them. They soon sold their deeds back to the large landowners and left for the cities. Seeing this, Vinoba altered the Boodan system to a Gramdan or Village gift system. All donated land was subsequently held by the village itself. The village would then lease the land to those capable of working it. The lease expired if the land was unused. The Gramdan movement inspired a series of regional village land trusts that anticipated Community Land Trusts in the United States.
The first organization to be labeled with the term 'community land trust' in the USA, called New Communities, Inc., was founded with the purpose of helping African-American farmers in the rural South to gain access to farmland, to work it cooperatively, and to have security in the single-family and multi-family housing they planned to build..
Precursors to this prototype for the modern CLT were the School of Living, founded by Ralph Borsodi in 1936, and the Celo Community in North Carolina, which was founded in 1938 by Arthur Ernest Morgan.
United States
New Communities
Robert Swann worked with Slater King, president of the Albany Movement and a cousin of Martin Luther King Jr., Charles Sherrod, an organizer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, his wife Shirley Sherrod, and individuals from the Federation of Southern Cooperatives and other civil rights organizations in the South to develop New Communities, Inc., "a nonprofit organization to hold land in perpetual trust for the permanent use of rural communities".
Their vision for New Communities Inc. drew heavily on the example and experience of the Jewish National Fund (JNF) in making land available through 99-year ground leases for the development of planned communities and agricultural cooperatives. The JNF was founded in 1901 to buy and develop land in Ottoman Palestine (later Israel) for Jewish settlement. By 2007, the JNF owned 13% of all the land in Israel. It has a long and established legal history of leasing land to individuals, to cooperatives, and to intentional communities such as kibbutzim and moshavim. Swann, Slater King, Charles Sherrod, Faye Bennett, director of the National Sharecroppers Fund, and four other Southerners travelled to Israel in 1968 to learn more about ground leasing. They decided on a model that included individual leaseholds for homesteads and cooperative leases for farmland. New Communities Inc. purchased a farm near Albany, Georgia in 1970, developed a plan for the land, and farmed it for 20 years.
The land was eventually lost as a result of USDA racial discrimination, but the example of New Communities inspired the formation of a dozen other rural community land trusts in the 1970s. It also inspired and informed the first book about community land trusts, produced by the International Independence Institute in 1972. The story of New Communities Inc. was told in a documentary film, produced in 2016, Arc of Justice: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of a Beloved Community.
International Independence Institute
Ralph Borsodi, Robert Swann, and Erick Hansch founded the International Independence Institute in 1967 to provide training and technical assistance for rural development in the United States and other countries, drawing on the model of the Gramdan villages being developed in India. In 1972, Swann, Hansch, Shimon Gottschalk, and Ted Webster proposed a "new model for land tenure in America" in The Community Land Trust, the first book to name and describe this new approach to the ownership of land, housing, and other buildings. One year later, they changed the name of the International Independence Institute to the Institute for Community Economics (ICE).
In the 1980s, ICE began popularizing a new notion of the CLT, applying the model for the first time to problems of affordable housing, gentrification, displacement, and neighborhood revitalization in urban areas. From 1980–1990, Chuck Matthei, an activist with roots in the Catholic Worker movement and the peace movement, served as Executive Director of ICE, then based in Greenfield, MA. ICE pioneered the modern community land trust and community loan fund models.
The model spreads
Under Matthei's tenure, the number of community land trusts increased from a dozen to more than 100 groups in 23 states, creating many hundreds of permanently affordable housing units, as well as commercial and public service facilities. With colleagues Matthei guided the development of 25 regional loan funds and organized the National Association of Community Development Loan Funds, later known as the National Community Capital Association. From 1985–1990, Matthei served as a founding Chairman of the Association and from 1983–1988 he served as a founding board member of the Social Investment Forum, the national professional association in the field of socially responsible investment. Matthei and his colleagues at the Institute for Community Economics also launched an effort in the early to mid-1980s to address many of the legal and operational questions about CLTs that were arising as banks, public officials and by an ecumenical association of churches and ministries created to prevent the displacement of low-income, African-American residents from their neighborhood.
During the 1980s, the number of urban CLTs increased dramatically. The first urban CLT, the Community Land Cooperative of Cincinnati, was founded in 1981. CLTs were sometimes formed, as in Cincinnati, in opposition to the plans and politics of municipal government. In other cities, like Burlington, Vermont and Syracuse, New York, community land trusts were formed in partnership with a local government. One of the most significant city-CLT partnerships was formed in 1989 when a CLT subsidiary of the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative was granted the power of eminent domain by the City of Boston.
One of the earliest and most influential CLTs in the United States is the Burlington Community Land Trust (BCLT) in Vermont, which was founded in 1984 as an initiative of the municipal administration led by Mayor Bernie Sanders. The BCLT was a response to rapidly increasing housing costs that threatened to price out many long term residents of the city. BCLT is now known as the Champlain Housing Trust (CHT). CHT owns the underlying land but residents of CHT own the house or unit in which they live. Residents of CHT pay no more than 30% of their income in rent or mortgage payments, and resale prices of units cannot increase more than a previously specified percentage so that future generations of low income and moderate income people can also afford to live in the development. Half of CHT's units are in Burlington, and half outside. CHT has provided a substantial increase in the Burlington area's affordable housing stock, with CHT units comprising 7.6% of total housing in Burlington.
Alternative names
In the United States, Community Land Trusts may also be referred to as:
Affordable housing land trust
Neighborhood Land Trust
United Kingdom
In Scotland, the community land movement is well established and supported by government. Members of Community Land Scotland own or manage over 500,000 acres of land, home to over 25,000 people.
There are currently 255 CLTs in England and Wales, with over 17,000 members and 935 homes. The movement has grown rapidly since 2010, when pioneer CLTs and supporters established the National CLT Network for England and Wales. CLTs were defined in English law in section 79 of the Housing and Regeneration Act 2008.
CLTs in the UK share most of the defining features with CLTs in the United States. But they have tended to have a greater focus on the participation of their local members and community-level democracy, and are more likely to emerge as grassroots citizen initiatives. In Scotland they are also associated with communities reclaiming land from absentee aristocratic landowners.
Elsewhere
Research into, or the creation of fledgling CLT movements, has been occurring in other countries, including in Europe (France and Belgium), on the African continent (Kenya), and in Oceania (Australia, New Zealand) and The Netherlands.
See also
Aboriginal land trust
Community development financial institution
Equity sharing
Housing cooperative
John Emmeus Davis
Robert Swann (land trust pioneer)
Ralph Borsodi
References
Further reading
Bibliography
A Community Land Trust Bibliography: Selected and Compiled by John Emmeus Davis, 2020.
Books
The Community Land Trust: A Guide to a New System of Land Tenure in America original 1972 book authored by Robert Swann et al. in pdf form
The Community Land Trust Handbook, authored by the Institute for Community Economics and published by Rodale Press in 1982.
Streets of Hope: The Fall and Rise of an Urban Neighborhood, authored by Peter Medoff and Holly Sklar and published by South End Press in 1994.
Starting a Community Land Trust: Organizational and Operational Choices, a 2007 publication authored by John Emmeus Davis.
The City-CLT Partnership: Municipal Support for Community Land Trusts, authored by John Emmeus Davis and Rick Jacobus and published by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy in 2008.
The Community Land Trust Reader, edited by John Emmeus Davis and published by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy in 2010.
Building sustainable communities from the grassroots: How community land trusts can create social sustainability by Nick Bailey. In T. Manzi, K. Lucas, T. Lloyd-Jones, and J. Allen (eds.) Understanding Social Sustainability, London: Earthscan, 49–64.2010.
Manuel d’antispeculation immobiliere. Edited by John Emmeus Davis (Montreal: Les Editions Ecosociete, 2014).
On Common Ground, International Perspectives on the Community Land Trust, a 2020 publication of twenty-six original essays tracing the international growth and diversification of the community land trust model.
La inseguridad de la tenencia de la tierra en América Latina y el Caribe: el control comunitario de la tierra como prevención del desplazamiento [A Common Ground Monograph]. Edited by John Emmeus Davis, Line Algoed, and Maria E. Hernandez-Torrales (Madison, WI: Terra Nostra Press, 2020.
Why Community Land Trusts? [A Common Ground Monograph]. Edited by John Emmeus Davis, Line Algoed, and Maria E. Hernandez-Torrales (Madison, WI: Terra Nostra Press, 2020[JD2] ).
Articles
Lasting Affordability in Housing Now: Our Path to Racial Equity, by Tony Pickett
The Most We Can Do: A National Mandate for Housing Justice, by Tony Pickett
“We shall not be moved. Collective ownership gives power back to poor farmers, ” by Audrea Lim, Harper’s Magazine, 2020
Community Land Trusts: An Introduction, by Tom Peterson
"Burlington Busts the Affordable Housing Debate" Discussion of community land trust program in Burlington, VT
Community Land Trusts: Protecting the Land Commons, by David Harper
Community Land Trusts in England, by Dave Smith
External links
Center for Community Land Trust Innovation: preserving the past, exploring the future of the international CLT movement.
Grounded Solutions Network (USA) (a merger involving the National Community Land Trust Network and the Cornerstone Partnership)
National Community Land Trust Network (England and Wales)
CLT Resources Center, Burlington Associates in Community Development, LLC
New Economics Institute in the United States (formerly E. F. Schumacher Society) page with information on CLTs
Equity Trust, Inc. has promoted the use of community land trusts in preserving working farms and securing land for community supported agriculture.
Beer Community Land Trust established in 2013 to facilitate the development of affordable housing at 80% of the prevailing market prices for local people in the village of Beer, Devon, United Kingdom.
The Madison Area Community Land Trust is the developer and steward of Troy Gardens, a nationally recognized project that combines affordable housing, community gardens, and urban agriculture.
The San Francisco Community Land Trust
The Champlain Housing Trust, currently the largest community land trust in the United States, serving a three-county area in northwestern Vermont and managing a portfolio of over 2,000 units of affordable housing.
The Northwest Community Land Trust Coalition
CLT East, Professional advice and technical support in the East of England for community land trusts.
Proud Ground, the Northwest's largest community land trust, serving the Portland Metropolitan area
Minnesota Community Land Trust Coalition
The Northern California Land Trust, the oldest CLT in California
London Community Land Trust The first community land trust in London, organising communities to deliver affordable homes
School of Living Supports the development of community land trusts in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States
Mount Alexander Community Land Limited (Australia)
Community Land Trust Brussels (Belgium)
Urban planning
Neighborhood associations
Community development organizations |
Xanaguía Zapotec (Diidz Zë) is a Zapotec language of Oaxaca, Mexico.
References
Zapotec languages |
"Addicted to Pain" is a song by American rock band Alter Bridge. Written by lead vocalist Myles Kennedy and lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, it was featured on the band's 2013 fourth album Fortress. The song was also released as the lead single from the album on August 20, 2013, peaking at number 4 on the US Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and reaching the top 20 of several other Billboard charts.
Background and release
"Addicted to Pain" was one of the first songs written during sessions for Fortress, which vocalist Myles Kennedy claimed helped the band to progress with the writing of the rest of the album, as well as encouraging them to be "more experimental". According to lead guitarist Mark Tremonti, Kennedy wrote the lyrics to the track in response to "somebody close to him ... venting about his problems". The song was first made available for online streaming on August 7, 2013 on Alter Bridge's YouTube channel, before it was officially released as the first single from Fortress on August 20. Speaking in a track-by-track feature of the album, Tremonti explained that the band chose the song as the album's lead single due to the success of "Isolation", the first release from 2010's AB III, which he compared to the Fortress track as a "more aggressive song ... that's straight to the point". The song was later featured as a playable track on the 2015 video game Guitar Hero Live.
Music video
The music video for "Addicted to Pain", directed by Daniel Catullo, was released on September 5, 2013. In North America, it was initially exclusive to the website Loudwire. Writing for the website, Mary Oullette described the video as featuring the group performing "on a large stage decked out with three monstrous video screens towering behind [them]", interspersed with footage related to the lyrics of the song including "someone being set on fire in a crowd" and "an antique car [being] left on train tracks only to meet its impending doom".
Reception
Commercial
"Addicted to Pain" peaked on several Billboard charts in the United States: number 4 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart, number 8 on the Hard Rock Digital Songs chart, number 12 on the Active Rock chart, number 14 on the Heritage Rock chart, and number 20 on the Rock Airplay chart. Outside of the US, the single reached number 150 on the UK Singles Chart on August 24, 2013. The single spent 30 weeks on the Mainstream Rock chart, more than any other release by the band.
Critical
Media response to "Addicted to Pain" was generally positive. In a review of Fortress for Loudwire, Mary Oullette described the song as "a straight-forward screaming rocker with blazing guitar riffs and melody driven choruses", praising it as a "perfect radio-ready track". Similarly, Chad Bowar for Loudwire noted that it "features first-class riffage and a blazing solo", describing it as "heavy, but still melodic and accessible enough that radio stations will be more than willing to play it". Upon its release as a single, Rock Sound magazine called it "a hard rockin' banger", while Irish news website Joe described it as a "proper head-banger of a tune". Melodic magazine praised the track as the band's "fastest fist pumping anthem". The song was included on Loudwire's 66 Best Hard Rock Songs of the 21st Century.
Chart positions
References
External links
"Alter Bridge" music video at YouTube
2013 songs
2013 singles
Alter Bridge songs
Songs written by Myles Kennedy
Songs written by Mark Tremonti
Song recordings produced by Michael Baskette |
Baranger Motion machines or "Baranger Motions" were store-window mechanical animated advertising displays, rented to jewellers, and produced from 1937 to 1959 by the Baranger Company of South Pasadena, California United States. The dimensions of one typical "motion" were wide, tall, and deep.
History
Their appearance was toy-like, cartoonish, or Art Deco, and they featured simple, repetitive motions performed by the doll-like sculptures. No brand names or jeweller's names appeared on the displays; most of them pitched the generic idea of buying diamonds or watches. A typical motion showed technicians working on a "diamond reactor" with dials labelled "fire" and "sparkle," and a plaque noting that "Your diamond will appear much larger in one of our modern mountings." Many depicted couples courting or honeymooning, often in fanciful surroundings such as a Well Fargo stagecoach. Placards often suggested that a diamond could facilitate a favorable courtship outcome: "You will always be on the right road with one of our beautiful diamonds." One is described by a dealer:
1950s USA Baranger CO's RARE Honeymoon Motion Rocket- As seen in Kitahra's Book Yesterdays Toys. This is one of perhaps 6 or 7 Surviving rare Baranger Motion Display Rockets. Moon Rotates as rocket pitches & Yaws up & down. Honeymoon couple turn towards each other & pilots turns head to look at the couple. Amazing Electric Powered action. Probably the 1st or 2nd most coveted of all the baranger displays. Buck Rogers inspired rocket design with beautiful Art Deco period touches.
The displays were designed by Arch E. Baranger, Hazel J. Baranger and Robert Gerlach and manufactured in runs of about 30 each. A total of 167 different designs were produced. The displays were never sold but rented to jewellers under a contract in which the displays were rotated monthly, each jeweller returning the old one and receiving a new one to display.
Collectors of these motions prize them highly, and as of 2006 they appear to command mid-four-figure asking prices; one sold in 2005 for $6500.
The Baranger Studios building itself is well known in South Pasadena, and some cited it as their favorite building in one survey.
About a hundred of the motions are displayed in the Circus Building of the House on the Rock, a tourist attraction in Spring Green, Wisconsin.
A larger collection of 130 the motions is featured in Michael Pollack Advertising Museum.
Further reading
(not consulted for this article)
References
External links
Images of Baranger Motions:
Mice repairing a watch
Space ship and moon
Detailed view of "Honeymoon rocket"
"Honeymoon express"
"Grandfather's Clock"
Wells Fargo stagecoach
Sawing a woman in half "He could have won her with one of our beautiful diamonds"
Pollackmuseum.com
Advertising in the United States |
Herman Lehmann (June 5, 1859 – February 2, 1932) was captured as a child by Native Americans. He lived first among the Apache and then the Comanche but returned to his Euro-American birth family later in life. He published his autobiography, Nine Years Among the Indians, in 1927.
Early life
Herman Lehmann was born near Liberec, Czech Republic, on June 5, 1859, to Czech immigrants Ernst Moritz Lehmann and Augusta Johanna Adams Lehmann. He was a third child, following a brother Gustave Adolph, born in 1855, and a sister Wilhelmina, born in 1857. The Lehmans had another son, William F., born in 1861. Augusta had three more daughters, Emeliyn, Caroline Wilhelmina and Mathilde, but their birth order is unclear, as is their patrilineage. Moritz Lehmann died in 1862, and Augusta married local stonemason Philip Buchmeier in 1863.
Kidnapping as a child
On May 16, 1870, a raiding party of eight to ten Apaches (probably Lipans) captured Herman Lehmann, who was almost eleven, and his eight-year-old brother, Willie, while they were in the fields at their mother's request scaring birds from the wheat. Their two sisters escaped without injury. Four days later, the Apache raiding party encountered a patrol of ten African-American cavalrymen led by Sgt. Emanuel Stance, who had been sent from Fort McKavett to recover the two Lehmann boys. In the short battle that followed, Willie Lehmann escaped, but the Apaches fled with young Herman. (Sergeant Stance became the first black regular to receive a Medal of Honor for his bravery on this mission.) The kidnapping site was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1991, Marker number 11283.
Life with the Apaches
A few months after Lehman's capture, the Apaches told Lehmann they had killed his entire family, depriving him of any incentive to attempt escape. The Apaches took Herman Lehmann to their village in eastern New Mexico. He was adopted by a man named Carnoviste and his wife, Laughing Eyes. A year after his capture, General William T. Sherman passed through Loyal Valley on an inspection tour. Augusta Lehmann Buchmeier was granted a private audience with Sherman to plead for his assistance in finding her son.
The Apaches called Lehmann "En Da" (Pale Boy). He spent about six years with them and became assimilated into their culture, rising to the position of petty chief. As a young warrior, one of his most memorable battles was a running fight with the Texas Rangers on August 24, 1875, which took place near Fort Concho, about 65 miles west of the site of San Angelo, Texas. Ranger James Gillett nearly shot Lehmann before he realized he was a white captive. When the Rangers tried to find Lehmann later, he escaped by crawling through the grass.
Asylum with the Comanches
Around the spring of 1876, Herman Lehmann killed an Apache medicine man, avenging his killing of Carnoviste, his chief and master. Fearing revenge, he fled from the Apaches and spent a year alone in hiding. He became lonely and decided to search for a Comanche tribe that he might join. He observed a tribe all day long then entered the camp just after dark. At first they were going to kill him, however, a young warrior approached him that spoke the Apache tongue. Lehmann then explained his situation—that he was born white adopted by the Indians and that he left the Apaches after killing the medicine man. Another brave came forward verifying his story and he was welcomed to stay. He joined the Comanches who gave him a new name, Montechema (meaning unknown).
In the spring of 1877, Lehmann and the Comanches attacked buffalo hunters on the high plains of Texas. Lehmann was wounded by hunters in a surprise attack on the Indian camp at Yellow House Canyon (present-day Lubbock, Texas) on March 18, 1877, the last major fight between Indians and non-Indians in Texas.
In July 1877, Comanche chief Quanah Parker, who had successfully negotiated the surrender of the last fighting Comanches in 1875, was sent in search of the renegades. Herman Lehmann was among the group that Quanah found camped on the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico. Quanah persuaded them to quit fighting and come to the Indian reservation near Fort Sill, Indian Territory (in present-day Oklahoma). While Lehmann initially refused to go, he later followed at Quanah's request.
Return and adjustment
Herman Lehmann lived with Quanah Parker's family on the Kiowa-Comanche reservation in 1877-78. Several people took notice of the white boy living among the Native Americans. Lehmann's mother still searched for her son. She questioned Colonel Mackenzie, the commanding officer of Fort Sill, whether there were any blue eyed boys on the reservation. He said yes; however, the description led them to believe that this was not her boy. Nevertheless, she requested that the boy be brought to her.
In April 1878, Lt. Col. John W. Davidson ordered that Lehmann be sent under guard to his family in Texas. Five soldiers and a driver escorted Lehmann on a four-mule-drawn ambulance to Loyal Valley in Mason County, Texas. Lehmann arrived in Loyal Valley with an escort of soldiers on May 12, 1878, almost nine years after his capture. The people of Loyal Valley gathered to see the captive boy brought home. Upon his arrival, neither he nor his mother recognized one another. Lehmann had long believed his family dead, for the Apache had shown him proof during his time of transition to their way of life. It was his sister who found a scar on his arm, which had been caused by her when they were playing with a hatchet. His family surrounded him welcoming him home and the distant memories began to come back. Hearing someone repeat "Herman", he thought that sounded familiar and then realized it was his own name.
At first, he was sullen and wanted nothing to do with his mother and siblings. As he put it, "I was an Indian, and I did not like them because they were palefaces." Lehmann's readjustment to his original culture was slow and painful. He rejected food offered, and was unaccustomed to sleeping in a bed.
Herman Lehmann's first memoir, written with the assistance of Jonathan H. Jones, was published in 1899 under the title A Condensed History of the Apache and Comanche Indian Tribes for Amusement and General Knowledge (also known as Indianology). Lehmann hated this book for he felt Jones had taken liberty to fluff it up a bit.
Throughout his life, Herman Lehmann drifted between two very different cultures. Lehmann was a very popular figure in southwestern Oklahoma and the Texas Hill Country, appearing at county fairs and rodeos. To thrill audiences, such as he did in 1925 at the Old Settlers Reunion in Mason County, he would chase a calf around an arena, kill it with arrows, jump off his horse, cut out the calf's liver, and eat it raw.
His second autobiography, Nine Years Among the Indians (1927, edited by J. Marvin Hunter) was at the request of Lehmann. He requested that this time the book be written just as he told it. It is one of the finest captivity narratives in American literature, according to J. Frank Dobie.
Herman Lehmann's story also inspired Mason County native Fred Gipson's novel Savage Sam, a sequel to Old Yeller.
Personal life and death
July 16, 1885 - Herman Lehmann married N.E. Burke. The marriage ended in divorce, with conflicting accounts of the cause.
March 4, 1896 - Lehman married Fannie Light. The couple had two sons (Henry and John) and three daughters (Amelia, May, and Caroline). Although Lehman deserted his second wife in Oklahoma in 1926, a divorce was never filed. Upon Lehmann's death, Fannie Light was his legal widow.
They left Texas and moved back to Indian Territory in 1900 to be close to his Apache and Comanche friends.
On August 26, 1901, Quanah Parker provided a legal affidavit verifying Lehman's life as his adopted son 1877–1878. On May 29, 1908, the United States Congress authorized the United States Secretary of the Interior to allot Lehmann, as an adopted member of the Comanche nation, one hundred and sixty acres of Oklahoma land. Lehman chose a site near Grandfield and moved there in 1910. He later deeded some of the property over for a school.
Lehmann died on February 2, 1932, in Loyal Valley, where he is buried next to his mother and stepfather in the cemetery next to the old Loyal Valley one-room school house.
See also
Mary Jemison
Olive Oatman
Mary Ann Oatman
Frances Slocum
References
Source material
Greene, A. C. (1972) The Last Captive. Austin: The Encinco Press.
Albertarelli, Rino (& Sergio Toppi). (1975) Herman Lehmann - L'indiano blanco. (Coll. I Protagonisti, 10.) Milano: Daim Press; reprints: Cinisello Balsamo: Hobby & Work, 1994 (880715093X); Milano: Sergio Bonelli, 1994. - Comic version.
Tiling, Moritz: ''The German Element in Texas from 1820 to 1850 and historical sketches of the German Texas Singers' League and Houston Turnverein from 1853 to 1913, Houston 1913, 1st ed.
1859 births
1932 deaths
People from Mason County, Texas
American people of German descent
Captives of Native Americans
German-American culture in Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
Native American history of Texas |
Crinum moorei is a herbaceous plant belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, and native to South Africa (the Cape Provinces and KwaZulu-Natal).
Taxonomy
Synonyms
Homotypic
Amaryllis moorei (Hook.f.)
Heterotypic
Crinum imbricatum Baker
Crinum colensoi Baker
Crinum mackenii Baker
Crinum makoyanum Carrière
Crinum moorei var. album hort.
Crinum moorei var. platypetala hort.
Crinum moorei var. rubra Hannibal
Crinum natalense Baker
Crinum schmidtii Regel
Hybrids
Crinum × powellii Baker
Crinum × worsleyi W.Watson
References
moorei
Flora of the Cape Provinces
Flora of KwaZulu-Natal
Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker |
Nicolás Gabriel Quiroga (born 20 May 1995) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sportivo Desamparados.
Career
Quiroga played for Amigos del Barrio Perlé at a young age, prior to moving to Independiente Rivadavia in 2000. After fifteen years in their youth system, he was subsequently moved to the senior squad in 2015 and selected as an unused substitute twice for matches with Boca Unidos and Douglas Haig. Quiroga's professional debut came on 14 April 2017 in a draw with Almagro. After four league appearances in four seasons as a substitute, his first start arrived against Los Andes in the club's 2018–19 opener.
Career statistics
.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Mendoza Province
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Primera Nacional players
Independiente Rivadavia footballers
Sarmiento de Resistencia footballers
Sportivo Desamparados footballers |
Nyctopais burgeoni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1934. It is known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
References
Tragocephalini
Beetles described in 1934
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Gandabeh (, also Romanized as Gandābeh; also known as Ganāveh and Ganābeh) is a village in Robat Rural District, in the Central District of Khorramabad County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 6 families.
References
Populated places in Khorramabad County |
AVCHD (Advanced Video Coding High Definition) is a file-based format for the digital recording and playback of high-definition video. It is H.264 and Dolby AC-3 packaged into the MPEG transport stream, with a set of constraints designed around the camcorders.
Developed jointly by Sony and Panasonic, the format was introduced in 2006 primarily for use in high definition consumer camcorders. Related specifications include the professional variants AVCCAM and NXCAM.
Favorable comparisons of AVCHD against HDV and XDCAM EX solidified perception of AVCHD as a format acceptable for professional use. Both Panasonic and Sony released the first consumer AVCHD camcorders in spring of 2007. Panasonic released the first AVCHD camcorder aimed at the professional market in 2008, though it was nothing more than the (by then discontinued) FLASH card consumer model rebadged with a different model number.
In 2011 the AVCHD specification was amended to include 1080-line 50-frame/s and 60-frame/s modes (AVCHD Progressive) and stereoscopic video (AVCHD 3D). The new video modes require double the data rate of previous modes.
AVCHD and its logo are trademarks of Sony and Panasonic.
Overview
For video compression, AVCHD uses the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard, supporting a variety of standard, high definition, and stereoscopic (3D) video resolutions. For audio compression, it supports both Dolby AC-3 (Dolby Digital) and uncompressed linear PCM audio. Stereo and multichannel surround (5.1) are both supported.
Aside from recorded audio and video, AVCHD includes many user-friendly features to improve media presentation: menu navigation, simple slide shows and subtitles. The menu navigation system is similar to DVD-video, allowing access to individual videos from a common intro screen. Slide shows are prepared from a sequence of AVC still frames, and can be accompanied by a background audio track. Subtitles are used in some camcorders to timestamp the recordings.
Audio, video, subtitle, and ancillary streams are multiplexed into an MPEG transport stream and stored on media as binary files. Usually, memory cards and HDDs use the FAT file system, while optical discs employ UDF or ISO 9660.
At the file system level, the structure of AVCHD is derived from the Blu-ray Disc specification, but is not identical to it. In particular, it uses legacy "8.3" file naming convention, while Blu-ray Discs utilize long filenames (this may be caused by the fact that FAT implementations utilizing long file names are patented by Microsoft and are licensed on a per unit sold basis). Another difference is location of the BDMV directory, which contains media files. On a DVD-based camcorder the BDMV directory is placed at the root level, as on the Blu-ray Disc. On the HDD-based Canon HG10 camcorder the BDMV directory is located in the AVCHD directory, which is placed at the root level. Solid-state Panasonic and Canon camcorders nest the AVCHD directory inside the PRIVATE directory. Following a standard agreed upon by many still camera manufacturers, solid-state camcorders have a root-level DCIM directory for still images.
AVCHD is compatible with the Blu-ray format and can be authored without re-encoding on Blu-rays or DVDs, though not all Blu-ray Disc players are compatible with AVCHD video authored on DVD media, a format known as AVCHD disc.
AVCHD recordings can be transferred to a computer by connecting the camcorder via the USB connection. Removable media like SDHC and Memory Stick cards or DVDs can be read on a computer directly. Copying files from an AVCHD camcorder or from removable media can be performed faster than from a tape-based camcorder, because the transfer speed is not limited by realtime playback.
Just as editing DVCPRO HD and HDV video once demanded an expensive high-end computer, AVCHD editing software requires powerful machines. Compared to HDV, AVCHD requires 2-4 times the processing power for realtime playback, placing a greater burden on the computer's CPU and graphics card. Improvements in multi-core computing and graphics processor acceleration bring AVCHD playback to mainstream desktops and laptops.
Video formats
AVCHD supports a variety of video resolutions and scanning methods, which was further extended with the 2011 amendment of the specification. The licensing body of the specification defines a variety of labels for products compliant with specific features.
Most AVCHD camcorders support only a handful of the video and audio formats allowed in the AVCHD standard.
Interlaced video
AVCHD supports both standard definition (AVCHD-SD) and high definition (AVCHD 1080i) interlaced video. AVCHD 1080i is available on most AVCHD camcorders. For some models this is the only recording mode offered.
AVCHD-SD is used in the shoulder-mount Panasonic HDC-MDH1, as well as on its North American AG-AC7 cousin. A successor model the AG-AC8, is also capable of recording in AVCHD-SD mode. Several models from JVC like the consumer camcorders GZ-HM650, GZ-HM670 and GZ-HM690 as well as the professional camcorder JVC GY-HM70 can record AVCHD-SD video. AVCHD-SD is not compatible with consumer DVD players, because it employs AVC video encoding instead of MPEG-2 Part 2. AVCHD-SD can be played on a Blu-ray Disc player without re-encoding.
Interlaced video had been originally designed for watching on a cathode-ray tube television set. Material recorded for interlaced presentation may exhibit combing or ghosting when it is rescaled, filmed out or watched on a computer or another progressive-scan device without proper deinterlacing.
Some AVCHD 1080i camcorders can capture progressive video and record it within interlaced stream borrowing techniques from television industry. In particular, Progressive segmented frame (PsF) is utilized in some Panasonic (25p Digital Cinema), Canon (PF25, PF30) and Sony camcorders. The 2:3 pulldown technique is used in some 60 Hz versions of Canon (PF24) and Panasonic (24p Digital Cinema) camcorders for recording 24-frame/s progressive video. Most editing tools treat progressive video recorded within an interlaced stream as interlaced, though some editing systems and most standalone Blu-ray Disc players are capable of recognizing the pulldown pattern to recover the original frames using the process known as inverse telecine.
Progressive-scan video
Since the very beginning, the AVCHD specification had supported 720-line progressive recording mode at frame rates of 24 and 60 frames/s for 60 Hz models and 50 frames/s for 50 Hz models. Frame rates of 25 frames/s and 30 frames/s are not directly available in 720p mode, but can be simulated with frame repeating, when every frame is either repeated twice or a special flag in the video stream instructs a decoder to play every frame twice to adhere to output rate of 50 or 60 frames/s.
Many of the digital compact cameras made by Panasonic, such as the DMC-ZS3/DMC-TZ7, DMC-FT1, DMC-FZ35/DMC-FZ38, and DMC-ZS-7/TZ-10 offer 720p video recording with effective frame rate of 25 or 30 frames/s in a format called AVCHD Lite (see below).
Until the advent of AVCHD Progressive mode, native progressive-scan video for 1080-line resolution had been available only in 24 frames/s variant. In 2010, Panasonic introduced a new lineup of consumer AVCHD camcorders with 1080-line 50p/60p progressive-scan mode (frame rate depending on region). Panasonic advised that not all players that support AVCHD playback could play 1080-line 50p/60p video. In 2011, this mode was officially included into the AVCHD specification as part of 2.0 addendum, and has been called AVCHD Progressive. This mode uses the same AVCHD folder structure and container files for storing video, with the maximum bitrate of 28 Mbit/s. In 2011, Sony introduced consumer and professional AVCHD models capable of AVCHD Progressive recording. In 2012 JVC announced the GY-HMQ10 model, which also can record AVCHD Progressive video.
Audio formats
Most AVCHD camcorders record audio using Dolby Digital (AC-3) compression scheme. Stereo and multichannel audio is supported. Audio data rate can range from 64 kbit/s to 640 kbit/s. In practice, data rates of 256 kbit/s and 384 kbit/s have been observed.
Some professional models allow recording uncompressed linear PCM audio.
Media
AVCHD specification allows using recordable DVDs, memory cards, non-removable solid-state memory and hard disk drives as recording media.
DVD
When the AVCHD standard was first announced, recordable DVD was the only recording medium. To reduce camcorder size, manufacturers opted for an 8 cm disc, sometimes called miniDVD. Recording capacity of an 8 cm disc ranges from 1.4 GB for a single-sided single layer disc to 5.2 GB for a double-sided double layer disc.
Pros:
DVDs are familiar to most consumers, thus considered user-friendly.
Recordable DVDs are relatively cheap.
Recorded disc can be played back in most Blu-ray Disc players.
Discs can be used for long-term storage of recorded video.
Cons:
Some argue that the longevity of recordable DVDs may be shorter than expected.
Rewritable DVDs cost more than write-once discs.
DVDs must be "finalized" to play back on set-top players (though DVD-RWs can be unfinalized again).
Double-layer recording is less robust than single-layer recording.
To use both sides of a double-sided disc it must be flipped over, because camcorders have pickup from one side only.
AVCHD DVDs can only be played back on DVD/Blu-ray players specifically designed to do so.
The AVCHD specification limits data rate for DVD-based AVCHD camcorders to 18 Mbit/s, but no DVD-based AVCHD camcorder manufactured to date is capable of recording at data rate higher than 12 Mbit/s (Canon, Sony) or 13 Mbit/s (Panasonic).
A single-sided single-layer 8 cm DVD can fit only 15 minutes of video at 12 Mbit/s, 14 minutes at 13 Mbit/s.
DVD pickup mechanism is very susceptible to vibration.
8 cm DVDs cannot be used in many slot-loading drives and may even damage the drive.
As the capacity of memory cards grew and their price dropped, DVDs use for recordable media declined. No DVD-based AVCHD camcorders have been produced since 2008. While DVDs are no longer used for acquisition, they remain popular as distribution media. Many authoring programs offer "AVCHD" profile for recording high definition video on a DVD. Such AVCHD discs are incompatible with regular DVD-Video players, but play in many Blu-ray Disc players. A conventional single-layer 12 cm DVD can store 35 minutes of video recorded at the maximum bitrate the AVCHD specification allows for DVD media—18 Mbit/s.
Hard disk drive
A hard disk drive was added as an optional recording medium to AVCHD specification shortly after the new video standard had been announced. Presently, capacity of built-in HDDs ranges from 30 GB to 240 GB.
Pros:
Higher capacity than other media types, which allows for longer continuous recording.
Cons:
Sensitive to atmospheric pressure. The HDD may fail if the camcorder is used at altitudes above .
Vulnerable to mechanical shock or fast movement.
All HDD-based AVCHD camcorders employ non-removable disks. To transfer video to a computer the camcorder must be connected with a USB cable. Most camcorders require using an AC power adapter for this operation.
The sound of moving magnetic heads may be heard in the recorded video when recording in quiet environment.
Replacing a damaged HDD requires disassembling a camcorder and cannot be done by a consumer.
Solid-state memory card
Many AVCHD camcorders employ Secure Digital or "Memory Stick" memory cards as removable recording media. Solid-state memory cards offer rewritable storage in a compact form factor with no moving parts.
Panasonic and Sony chose removable flash memory as the sole type of recording media in their professional AVCHD lineups, specifically AVCCAM and NXCAM.
Until 2010, Sony insisted on usage of its own memory card format - Memory Stick. Since 2010, Sony has allowed using both Memory Stick as well as Secure Digital cards in its consumer and professional camcorders. Panasonic as well as other manufacturers of AVCHD camcorders use Secure Digital cards as removable flash media. Most models accept Secure Digital High Capacity cards (SDHC), while some models are also compatible with Secure Digital Extended Capacity (SDXC) cards, which offer higher transfer speed and capacity.
Pros:
Compact and lightweight.
Does not require time for spin-up and initialization.
Not vulnerable to magnetic fields.
Can withstand a wider range of air pressure, humidity and vibration than HDDs.
Can be easily backed up to DVD for viewing and for long-term archiving.
Can store mixed media content, including still images like snapshot photos and still-frame captures.
The recording section contains no moving parts, thus operation is almost silent; also a camera can be made more compact and less prone to mechanical damage in case of being dropped.
Most new computers, many TV sets and Blu-ray Disc players, as well as many personal portable media players have built-in card readers and can play AVCHD video directly from a card.
Cons:
More expensive per minute of recording than a built-in HDD or DVD media.
Not reliable for long term storage and may wear out more rapidly than expected, especially the cards made with MLC technology as opposed to cards using SLC technology.
Vulnerable to electrical damage, such as static discharge, and too high temperature.
A bad memory card can cause data corruption, causing loss of one or more clips.
Non-removable solid-state memory
Some AVCHD camcorders come with built-in solid-state memory either as a sole media, or in addition to other media.
Pros:
Allows making a camcorder smaller if no other media is used.
Always available for recording, in case other type of media is full or missing.
Cons:
Because recording media is non-removable, the recorded images should be backed up either to a computer with a USB cable to transfer video or (if the camera accepts them) to another FLASH card or even a DVD or Blu-ray through an externally connected burner. Usage of an AC power adapter may be required.
Non-removable media cannot be shared, sent or stored separately of the camcorder.
If damaged or worn out, non-removable media cannot easily be replaced like a memory card.
Branding
Panasonic and Sony developed several brand names for their professional as well as simplified versions of AVCHD.
AVCHD Lite
AVCHD Lite is a subset of AVCHD format announced in January 2009, which is limited to 720p60, 720p50 and 720p24 and does not employ Multiview Video Coding. AVCHD Lite cameras duplicate each frame of 25fps/30fps video acquired by camera sensor, producing 720p50/720p60 bitstream compliant with AVCHD and Blu-ray Disc specifications. As of 2013, AVCHD Lite seems to have been all but replaced with other formats. For example, the Panasonic DMC FZ-200 offers AVCHD Progressive recording mode (50fps/60fps acquisition and stream rate) as well as MP4 mode (25fps/30fps acquisition and stream rate).
AVCCAM
Formerly known as "AVCHD with professional features," AVCCAM is the name of professional AVCHD camcorders from Panasonic's Broadcast division. Some of these professional features listed in early Panasonic advertising materials included 1/3-inch progressive 3CCD sensor, XLR microphone input, solid-state media and capability of recording at the maximum AVCHD bitrate 24 Mbit/s. The aforementioned features are not exclusive to AVCCAM. Moreover, some of these features like CCD sensor technology have been dropped by Panasonic, while 24 Mbit/s recording rate is widely available from rival manufacturers even on consumer models.
AVCHD Pro
Panasonic uses "AVCHD Pro" moniker to describe camcorders like the HDC-MDH1, which combines consumer internal parts and controls with shoulder-mount type body. Panasonic touts that the camcorder is "shaped for Pro-Style shooting in Full-HD" with shoulder-mount type body being "preferred by professionals".
NXCAM
NXCAM is the name of Sony's professional video lineup employing the AVCHD format. NXCAM camcorders offer 1080i, 1080p and 720p recording modes. Unlike AVCCAM, not all NXCAM camcorders offer film-like frame rates—24p, 25p, 30p—in 720p mode.
Playing back AVCHD video
Recorded AVCHD video can be played back in a variety of ways:
Direct playback video can be played on a television set from a camcorder through HDMI or component-video cable.
AVCHD disc AVCHD video, recorded onto DVD can be played on most Blu-ray Disc players or on a PlayStation 3 gaming console.
Blu-ray AVCHD video, recorded onto Blu-ray can be played on most Blu-ray Disc players (see table below).
AVCHD memory card AVCHD video, recorded on an SDHC or Memory Stick card can be played on select Blu-ray Disc players, HDTV sets, on a PlayStation 3 gaming console and on some other set-top media players.
USB playback video files, recorded on an external storage device like a hard disk drive or a USB "stick" can be played on select Blu-ray Disc players, HDTV sets, gaming consoles, set-top media players and from a computer.
Computer playback any media and target format that is supported by a particular computer hardware and software can be watched on a computer monitor or TV set. Presently, the open-source VLC media player plays AVCHD video files and a wide variety of additional formats, and is freely available for most modern operating systems (including Linux, macOS, MS Windows) and some mobile platforms. Since Mountain Lion, macOS does support native AVCHD playback via the default media player, QuickTime. Some Windows 7 editions can import and play AVCHD video natively, having files with extensions M2TS, MTS and M2T pre-registered in the system. (Windows 7 starter edition does not support AVCHD files out of the box, and so requires a third-party player.) In editions of Windows 7 that do support AVCHD files, Windows Media Player can index content in these files, and Windows Explorer can create thumbnails for each clip. Windows 7 does not support importing of AVCHD video metadata such as thumbnail images, playlists, and clip index files. Joining AVCHD video files during the import is not supported either.
AVCHD as distribution format
A DVD disc with AVCHD high-definition video recorded on it is sometimes called an AVCHD disc. AVCHD discs cannot be played in a standard DVD player, but can be played in many Blu-ray Disc players. Smooth playback is not guaranteed if overall data rate exceeds 18 Mbit/s. It is possible to create simple menus similar to menus used for DVD-video discs.
AVCHD content can also be recorded on SDHC cards and played by many television sets, Blu-ray Disc players and media consoles.
The AVCHD specification does not officially support Blu-ray Disc media, though some software packages allow authoring AVCHD content on Blu-ray Discs. For better compatibility with Blu-ray Disc players AVCHD video can be authored on Blu-ray Disc media as Blu-ray Disc video. Authoring a Blu-ray Disc video title does not require re-encoding of AVCHD audio and video streams. The resultant disc plays in any Blu-ray Disc player, including those that do not explicitly support AVCHD.
Many software vendors support AVCHD mastering. In particular:
Cyberlink PowerDirector and PowerProducer can author a compliant AVCHD disc, or BDMV on DVD media.
Corel (formerly Ulead) DVD MovieFactory 7 can master AVCHD discs with menus.
Various Sonic products can author AVCHD discs using HD/BD Plug-in.
Compressor 3.5 is capable of authoring AVCHD discs; subtitles are not supported.
Nero Vision 9 can create an AVCHD disc with data rate up to 18 Mbit/s, or an AVCHD-compliant folder for distribution on an HDD or a memory card with data rate up to 24 Mbit/s.
Sony DVD Architect 5 can author AVCHD-compliant discs with menus using AVC encoding as well as non-standard discs using MPEG-2 encoding. In both cases data rate is limited to 18 Mbit/s.
Panasonic HD Writer AE can author AVCHD content on DVDs, BD discs and on SD cards.
MultiAVCHD can author AVCHD discs as well as Panasonic-compliant AVCHD memory cards.
Magix Movie Edit Pro 15 Plus with updates can author AVCHD content on DVDs, BD discs.
Pinnacle Studio 11.1.2 and higher offers AVCHD disc output.
Although AVCHD shares many format similarities with Blu-ray Disc, it is not part of the Blu-ray Disc specification. Consequently, AVCHD-playback is not universally supported across Blu-ray Disc players. Blu-ray Disc players with "AVCHD" logo play AVCHD discs authored either on 8 cm or 12 cm DVDs. Players without such a logo are not guaranteed to play AVCHD discs.
The 1080-line 50p/60p AVCHD Progressive recording mode employed in some camcorders, is not compliant with the current Blu-ray Disc specification, though many current player models unofficially support it if they support AVCHD format.
Hardware products
Canon
Depending on model, Canon camcorders offer 1080-line interlaced, PsF, and native 24p recording.
HR10 (DVD)
2007: HG10 (40 GB HDD)
April 2008: HF10 (SDHC, built-in 16 GB flash memory), HF100 (SDHC)
September 2008: HF11 (SDHC, built-in 32 GB flash memory), HG20 (60 GB HDD, SDHC), HG21 (120 GB HDD, SDHC)
January 2009: HF S10 (SDHC, built-in 32 GB flash memory), HF S100 (SDHC), HF20 (SDHC, built-in 32 GB flash memory), HF200 (SDHC)
August 2009: HF S11 (SDHC, built-in 64 GB flash memory, wired LANC remote capability)
January 2010: HF S21 (two SDHC slots, 64 GB flash memory, electronic viewfinder), HF S20 (two SDHC slots, 32 GB flash memory), HF S200 (two SDHC slots); HF M31 (SDHC, 32 GB flash memory), HF M30 (SDHC, 8 GB flash memory), HF M300 (SDHC); HF R11 (32 GB flash memory), HF R10 (SDHC, 8 GB flash memory), HF R100 (SDHC)
April 2011: HF G10 (with inch image sensor)
March 2012: HF M500 (with inch image sensor; 24pf, 30pf, and 60i; removable SDHC/SDXC flash memory) / HF G20 4:2:2
Hitachi
2008: DZ-BD10HA (Three-media recording: Blu-ray Disc, AVCHD on HDD, AVCHD on SDHC)
JVC
2008 June: GZ-HD10 (HDD, MicroSDHC), GZ-HD30/GZ-HD40(HDD, MicroSDHC card, dual AVCHD and TOD recording)
2009 January: GZ-HD320 (120 GB HDD, MicroSD), GZ-HD300 (60 GB HDD, MicroSD), GZ-HM200 (dual SDHC)
2009 February: GZ-X900 (SD/SDHC card)
2009 September: GZ-HM300, GZ-HM400
2009 December: GZ-HD620
2010 March: GZ-HM1
2011 January: GZ-HM30 (pre-released December 2010)
2011: GZ-HM4XX, GZ-HM6XX, GZ-HM8XX, GZ-HM9XX
2013: GZ-EX555
2014: GZ-R10BAA
2018: GZ-R495BE
Leica Camera
Digital still cameras
2010: LEICA D-LUX 5, LEICA V-LUX 2
2012: LEICA D-LUX 6
Panasonic
Panasonic AVCHD camcorders offer interlaced, progressive scan or native progressive recording and combinations of these modes depending on a particular model. 1080-line and 720-line recording is possible depending on a model.
Panasonic AVCHD camcorders use AVC with High Profile @ Level 4.0 for all modes except 1080p50/1080p60, which are encoded with High Profile @ Level 4.2. Maximum data rate is limited to 24 Mbit/s for AVCCAM models, to 17 Mbit/s for most consumer models and to 28 Mbit/s for 1080p50/1080p60 recording modes.
December 2006: HDC-DX1 (DVD), HDC-SD1 (SDHC)
HDC-SD3 (SDHC, available in Japan only)
AG-HSC1U - essentially a rebadged HDC-HC1 (SDHC, comes with portable 40 GB HDD storage)
August 2007: HDC-SD5 (SDHC), HDC-SX5 (DVD, SDHC), HDC-SD7 (SDHC)
January 2008: HDC-SD9 (SDHC), HDC-HS9 (60 GB HDD, SDHC)
April 2008: AG-HMC70 (SDHC)
June 2008: HDC-SD100 (SDHC), HDC-HS100 (60 GB HDD, SDHC)
September 2008: AG-HMC150 (SDHC)
January 2009: HDC-HS300 (120 GB HDD), HDC-HS200 (80 GB HDD), HDC-TM300 (32 GB built-in flash memory, SDHC), HDC-SD300 (SDHC, available in Europe only), HDC-SD200 (SDHC).
June 2009: HDC-TM30/HDC-TM10 (32 GB built-in flash memory, SDHC), HDC-SD10 (SDHC)
June 2009: HDC-TM350 (64 GB built-in flash memory, SDHC, available in Japan and as of October 2009, from Panasonic Stores across the UK)
September 2009: AG-HMC40 (SDHC)
February 2010: HDC-TM700/HDC-SD700/HDC-HS700 (introduced 1080p60/1080p50 modes, depending on region)
March 2010: HDC-SD60/HDC-TM60/HDC-HS60
December 2010: AG-AF100/AG-AF101/AG-AF102 (4/3" large sensor camera)
September 2011: AG-AC130/AG-AC160 (SDXC/SDHC/SD)
June 2014: AG-AC90A; upgrade of the AG-AC90
In 2009 Panasonic introduced AVCHD Lite and AVCHD to selected members of its Lumix line of digital cameras:
2009: DMC-ZS3/TZ7*, DMC-TS1/DMC-FT1* (AVCHD Lite)
2009: DMC-GH1 (AVCHD)
2010: Lumix DMC-ZS7/TZ10*, DMC-G2 (AVCHD lite)
2010: Lumix DMC-GH2, DMC-GF2 (AVCHD)
2011: Lumix DMC-ZS10/TZ20* (AVCHD lite)
2011: Lumix DMC-FX77/FX78*, DMC-TS3*, DMC-FZ45/47/48*
2011: Lumix DMC-GF2, DMC-G3/GF3 (AVCHD)
2012: Lumix DMC-ZS20/TZ30 (AVCHD, AVCHD Progressive: GPH, PSH)
2012: Lumix DMC-G5
2012: Lumix DMC-FZ200
2012: Lumix DMC-GH3 with a bit rate of 28 Megabit per second (AVCHD 2.0)
2012: Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX7
* to avoid European specific tax, Panasonic digital cameras for this market are limited to 30 minutes recording.
Sony
Consumer Sony AVCHD camcorders released before 2011 could record 1080-line interlaced video only, while the prosumer HDR-AX2000 and professional HXR-NX5 cameras were capable of recording in interlaced and progressive formats.
Released in March 2011, the Sony NEX-FS100 is the first professional NXCAM camcorder capable of 1080p50/p60 recording; consumer-grade HandyCam NEX-VG20 followed in August 2011.
The list of AVCHD camcorders includes:
September 2006: HDR-UX1 (DVD), HDR-UX3/UX5 (DVD), HDR-UX7 (DVD)
October 2006: HDR-SR1 (30 GB HDD)
June 2007: HDR-SR5 (40 GB HDD), HDR-SR7 (60 GB HDD)
July 2007: HDR-SR5C (100 GB HDD), HDR-SR8 (100 GB HDD)
Summer 2007: HDR-CX7 (Memory Stick Duo)
March 2008: HDR-SR10 (40GB HDD, Memory Stick), HDR-SR11 (60 GB HDD, Memory Stick), HDR-SR12 (120 GB HDD, Memory Stick)
HDR-TG1/TG3/TG7 (Memory Stick Duo)
August 2008: HDR-CX12 (Memory Stick Duo)
March 2009: HDR-CX100 (8 GB HDD, Memory Stick Duo)
March 2009: HDR-XR520V (240 GB HDD), HDR-XR500V (120 GB HDD Version)
March 2009: HDR-XR200V (120 GB HDD)
March 2009: HDR-XR200VE (120 GB HDD + GPS)
March 2009: HDR-XR100 (80 GB HDD)
July 2009: HDR-CX500E, HDR-CX520E
October 2009: HDR-CX105 (8GB Memory Stick Duo)
January 2010: HXR-NX5, HDR-AX2000.
March 2010: HDR-XR550 (240 GB HDD)
June 2010: Sony NEX-5, NEX-5C (without Eye-Fi support), of both models, variants with AVCHD 1080 50i and AVCHD 1080 60i only exist
July 2010: Sony HXR-MC50E.
March 2011: Sony NEX-FS100
August 2011: NEX-VG20
October 2011: Sony SLT-A65, Sony SLT-A77V, Sony NEX-5N, Sony NEX-7
In 2010, Sony introduced AVCHD to selected members of its Cybershot line of digital cameras.
January 2010: DSC-HX5V (GPS+COMPASS), HX5V-E (European version, limited to 30 minutes recording due to European specific taxes)
March 2011: DSC-HX9V (GPS+COMPASS), HX9V-E (European version, limited to 30 minutes recording due to European specific taxes)
2012: DSC-HX10V, DSC-HX20V, DSC-RX100, DSC-WX50
2013: DSC-RX100 II, DSC-HX50V
2014: DSC-RX100 III
2015: DSC-RX100 IV
Software
Codecs
FFmpeg includes an AVCHD decoder in its libavcodec library that is used for example by ffdshow, a free, Open Source collection of codecs for Microsoft Windows.
CoreAVC is an H.264 decoder for Windows, which can decode AVCHD as well as a variety of other H.264 formats.
Gstreamer uses libavcodec to decode AVCHD on Linux, BSD, OS/X, Windows, and Solaris
Converters
Badaboom is a media converter that uses NVIDIA GPUs to accelerate conversion of AVCHD to mobile devices.
HandBrake converts AVCHD Lite format to MP4 and MKV (tested on macOS; other versions available), AVI and OGM are supported in versions before 0.9.4.
Roxio Toast 10 Titanium on macOS converts AVCHD to most formats.
Total video converter is a converter for most video formats, including converting from AVCHD and burning AVCHD disc.
iDealshare VideoGo can convert AVCHD to MP4, ProRes, MOV, AVI, WMV, FLV, DV, MKV, VOB etc.
Editors
The following video-editing software features support for the AVCHD format:
Apple iMovie for some cameras/camcorders.
Adobe Premiere Pro (from version CS4 onwards). (Creative Cloud 2013 version natively supports AVCHD Dolby Digital.)
Adobe Premiere Elements (version 7 through 9 only support import, no AVCHD output), version 10 supports AVCHD output.
Avidemux Video editor for Linux and Windows
Apple Final Cut Pro X natively supports AVCHD through Import From Camera.
Apple Final Cut Pro for macOS. The latest version of Final Cut Pro 7 claims better integration with Apple's other professional applications and improved codec support for editing HD, DV and SD video formats, including encoding presets for devices such as iPod, Apple TV, and Blu-ray Discs.
Apple Final Cut Express 4, Final Cut Pro 6.0.1, and iMovie '08-'09 (iMovie is bundled with all new Apple computers; Final Cut Express and Pro are sold separately) do not support editing of AVCHD clips directly. Imported AVCHD clips are automatically converted into the Apple Intermediate Codec format, which requires more hard disk space (40GB per hour as opposed to 13.5GB per hour for Standard Definition DV), a more powerful machine (an Intel-based Mac), and a more recent OS (Mac OS X 10.5). Final Cut Pro 6.0.5 "logs and transfers" the footage from AVCHD to AppleProRes by default and also gives the option of converting to the Apple Intermediate Codec. It does not allow native transferring of the *.m2ts clips nor directly editing them. The latest release of Apple's iLife suite (specifically, iMovie) has added support for AVCHD Lite cameras. It automatically imports AVCHD files when attaching a supported camera to the computer, and it can import older MTS or M2TS files that have been rewrapped (see above) e.g. as m4v.
Avid Media Composer (version 5.x and later) supports AVCHD via transcode import. AMA linking is available in Avid Media Composer 6 when a special AMA plugin is downloaded from the Avid download center.
AVS Video Editor supports videos from HD-cameras(HD Video (inc. AVCHD, MPEG-2 HD and WMV HD), TOD, MOD, M2TS.) Burn AVCHD video to CD-R/RW, DVD+/-R, DVD+/-RW, DVD-RAM, Double/Dual Layer on Windows XP, 2003, Vista, 7 (no macOS/Linux support).
Blender supports the AVCHD format by using an FFmpeg decoder. Blender has a little-known, video editing system that integrates with its 3D editing tools. It supports proxy editing at down to 25% scaling, which helps when editing AVCHD video, which is slow.
Corel VideoStudio supports importing, rendering and burning of AVCHD format in Windows system.
Cyberlink PowerDirector 11 is capable of editing AVCHD 2.0 3D/Progressive natively, without transcoding, intermediate formats or proxy files. Using a patented technique (SVRT), AVCHD clips can be edited and output losslessly to AVCHD or Blu-ray Disc. PowerDirector also supports OpenCL encoding acceleration on Intel, AMD and nVidia graphics platforms. PowerDirector can output the finished movie to a variety of video formats, DVD, AVCHD on DVD, removable storage device, SD/SDHC/SDXC memory card, Memory Stick or Blu-ray Disc.
Dayang Montage Extreme [ME] 1.2
Grass Valley Edius from 5.5 up to 9.5 (current version) and historically Edius Neo from 2 until 3.5 but not on current Windows versions.
Kdenlive for Linux and BSD platforms
Lightworks for Windows and Linux, starting with version 11.1. AVCHD support is available in the Free and Pro versions, however, the free version requires transcoding into a different format upon import of AVCHD files.
Microsoft Windows Live Movie Maker 2011 (part of the Windows Live Essentials package) converts to lower resolution for editing and playback, but is capable of exporting in HD.
Nero Ultra Edition Enhanced (from version 7 onwards) includes the Nero Vision editor and the Nero Showtime player, which both support AVCHD files. NeroVision can author DVDs in the AVCHD format.
OpenShot Video Editor for Windows, macOS, and Linux
Pinnacle Studio Plus (from version 11 onwards)
Ulead Video Studio 11 has announced a support for MTS/M2TS, however many user report that this statement is completely false and the editor cannot import video of that format, not to mention editing.
VSDC Free Video Editor
Pitivi Video editor for Linux
Sony Vegas 7.0e
Sony Vegas Pro (from version 8 onwards)
Sony Vegas Movie Studio Platinum (from version 8 onwards)
Other developers have pledged their support but it may still take some time for the implementation.
Open Source codecs
The following open source codecs can decode AVCHD files:
ffdshow tryouts, revision 1971 May 23, 2008, decodes AVC (H.264) format video.
libavcodec (part of FFmpeg project) is a codec library that supports AVCHD. It is used in Jahshaka and Blender, notably.
Specifications
For simplicity, the combination of frame rate and video format is denoted using the common simplified notation of NNx, where NN is the frame rate rounded to integer and x is the format ("i" for interlaced and "p" for pregressive). In this table, "60" actually runs at 59.94 frames/sec, "30" actually runs at 29.97 frames/sec, and "24" actually runs at 23.976 frames/sec, a relic of NTSC video.
See also
AVC-Intra: an intra-frame video format based on AVC compression scheme, offered on professional Panasonic video cameras.
iFrame: an intra-frame video format based on AVC compression scheme, marketed by Apple and offered on some consumer camcorders.
AVCREC: a standard to allow recording of broadcast HD programming on recordable DVDs using AVC encoding scheme.
Comparison of video editing software
XAVC
References
External links
AVCHD Official Consortium Web site
High-definition television
Video storage |
Anthony Randolph "A. J." Lawson (born July 15, 2000) is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA), on a two-way contract with the Texas Legends of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the South Carolina Gamecocks.
Early life and high school career
Lawson grew up in Brampton, Ontario and attended GTA Prep in Mississauga, a basketball academy based out of Mississauga Secondary School where he was coached by David Cooper. In his grade 12 season, Lawson was named an National Preparatory Association First Team All-Star and led the team to second place in the NPA championships. Originally set to graduate in 2019 and ranked 40th in his class by 247Sports as well as fourth-best Canadian prospect by North Pole Hoops, Lawson reclassified for the class of 2018. Lawson committed to playing college basketball for South Carolina over offers from Tulane and Creighton. South Carolina head coach Frank Martin began recruiting Lawson after a late night workout in Columbia on the trip back from a tournament.
College career
Lawson averaged 13.4 points, 4.3 rebounds and 2.9 assists per game in 29 games played and was named to the Southeastern Conference (SEC) All-Freshman team. He was named the SEC Freshman of the Week on November 19, 2018, after averaging 15.7 points, 6.3 rebounds and 5.3 assists over a three-game stretch against Norfolk State, Providence and George Washington. Following the season he initially entered his name into the 2019 NBA draft, but decided to withdraw and return to South Carolina for his sophomore season.
Lawson was named to the preseason first team All-SEC and to the Jerry West Award watchlist going into his sophomore year. He was also named the 41st-best collegiate basketball player going into the 2019–20 season by CBS Sports and the 29th-best prospect for the 2020 NBA draft by ESPN. Lawson scored a season-high 28 points on November 15, 2019, in a 90–63 win against Cleveland State. Lawson led the team during the season in total points with 416 and points per game at 13.4 while also averaging 3.7 rebounds, 1.9 assists and 1.2 steals per game. Following the season, he declared for the 2020 NBA draft but did not hire an agent. Lawson decided to withdraw from the draft and return to South Carolina on July 29. On January 6, 2021, Lawson scored a career-high 30 points in a 78–54 win over Texas A&M. As a junior, he averaged 16.6 points, 4.1 rebounds, 1.2 assists and 1.5 steals per game. He was named to the Southeastern Conference (SEC) All-Second Team. On April 19, 2021, he declared for the 2021 NBA draft and signed an agent.
Professional career
College Park Skyhawks (2021–2022)
After going undrafted in the 2021 NBA draft, Lawson joined the Miami Heat and Atlanta Hawks for the 2021 NBA Summer League. On September 22, 2021, Lawson signed with the Atlanta Hawks. However, he was waived on October 7. In October 2021, Lawson signed with the College Park Skyhawks where he played 26 games and averaged 11.8 points, 6.3 rebounds and 1.3 steals per game, while shooting 48.1% from the field.
Guelph Nighthawks (2022)
On April 26, 2022, Lawson signed with the Guelph Nighthawks of the CEBL.
Minnesota Timberwolves / Return to College Park (2022)
Lawson joined the Dallas Mavericks for the 2022 NBA Summer League. In five games, he averaged 15.6 points and 6.0 rebounds, while shooting 51.9% from the field. Later, on July 19, 2022, Lawson signed a two-way contract with the Minnesota Timberwolves. On October 15, 2022, Lawson was waived by the Timberwolves. On November 3, 2022, Lawson was named to the opening night roster for the College Park Skyhawks. On November 16, Lawson signed another two-way contract with the Timberwolves, but was waived on December 8. Two days later, he returned to College Park.
Dallas Mavericks (2022–present)
On December 26, 2022, Lawson signed a two-way contract with the Dallas Mavericks, splitting time with their NBA G League affiliate, the Texas Legends.
National team career
Lawson has competed internationally for the Canada men's national under-19 basketball team. He averaged 14.8 points, 5.4 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game in the 2018 FIBA Under-18 Americas Championship as Canada finished second in the tournament. Lawson posted team highs with 18 points and 12 rebounds in Canada's 113–74 loss to the United States in the tournament final.
In the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup, Lawson averaged a team-best 16.7 points with 3.9 rebounds and 3.4 assists per game in seven games as Canada advanced to the quarterfinals. He also had the highest scoring performance of the tournament with a 31-point game against Senegal.
Lawson made his debut with Canada's senior men's national team during the first round of the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2023 Americas Qualifiers.
Career statistics
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Minnesota
| 1 || 0 || 2.0 || 1.000 || — || — || 1.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 2.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Dallas
| 14 || 0 || 7.6 || .488 || .400 || .250 || 1.4 || .1 || .1 || .0 || 3.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 15 || 0 || 7.2 || .500 || .400 || .250 || 1.4 || .1 || .1 || .0 || 3.7
College
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018–19
| style="text-align:left;"| South Carolina
| 29 || 28 || 29.9 || .411 || .358 || .667 || 4.3 || 2.9 || 1.1 || .2 || 13.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019–20
| style="text-align:left;"| South Carolina
| 31 || 31 || 29.1 || .414 || .339 || .724 || 3.7 || 1.9 || 1.2 || .1 || 13.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2020–21
| style="text-align:left;"| South Carolina
| 21 || 21 || 31.3 || .394 || .351 || .700 || 4.1 || 1.2 || 1.5 || .1 || 16.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 81 || 80 || 30.0 || .407 || .349 || .697 || 4.0 || 2.1 || 1.2 || .2 || 14.2
References
External links
South Carolina Gamecocks bio
RealGM profile
2000 births
Living people
Basketball players from Toronto
Black Canadian basketball players
Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Canadian men's basketball players
College Park Skyhawks players
Dallas Mavericks players
Guelph Nighthawks players
Iowa Wolves players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Shooting guards
South Carolina Gamecocks men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Brampton
Texas Legends players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players |
100 points is a term that holds differing significance in various sports. The following are some of the distinctions this phrase may refer to:
List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game, a rare achievement
Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game, the only occurrence of a 100-point game in the National Basketball Association (NBA)
List of 100-point games in college football, American college football
List of NHL players with 100-point seasons, National Hockey League (NHL)
Century break, scoring 100 points or more within one turn in the game of snooker
Other uses
100 point check, an outcome of the Australian Commonwealth Government's desire to limit opportunities for individuals and companies to hide financial transaction fraud
represents the perfect score in academic grading in Japan that ranges from 0 to 100.
See also |
The Knowledge Fund (KF, ) a non-profit, charity organization, was founded by Kakha Bendukidze in 2007. KF is the largest endowment in higher education in Georgia to "recruit the country's most talented and motivated students, to offer several schemes to ensure accessibility to the university regardless of students' financial resources."
Knowledge Fund focuses on the most critical area for modern Georgia: education. It works principally through partnerships with like-minded individuals, organizations serving and providing financial aid to the most talented students in Georgia. Its headquarters is in Tbilisi, Georgia.
Between 2007 and 2012 KF invested over 50 million USD, this being an unprecedented volume of private investment in tertiary education in Georgia.
The main projects, maintained by the Knowledge Fund are the Free University of Tbilisi and Agricultural University of Georgia.
In October 2014 the KF won a Court case against the Ministry of Economics of Georgia. The decision of the court highlighted the "fulfilment of Investment Obligations by the Foundation towards the Ministry."
The executive head of the Foundation is Kakha Bendukidze's daughter – Anastasia Bendukidze-Goncharova.
References
Educational organisations based in Georgia (country)
2007 establishments in Georgia (country) |
The 1899 St Pancras East by-election was held on 12 July 1899 following the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Robert Grant Webster in order to return to legal work. Webster vacated his Parliamentary seat by being appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds on 1 July 1899.
Candidates
The Conservative Party candidate was Thomas Wrightson who had been MP for Stockton from 1892 to 1895.
The Liberal Party candidate was Benjamin Francis Conn Costelloe. Costelloe was the London County Council member for Bethnal Green South West. He had previously served on the council for Stepney and Chelsea, and had contested this constituency at the previous general election.
Result
References
St Pancras East by-election
St Pancras East,1899
1899 in England
1899 in London
St Pancras East,1899 |
Harold "Hal" Van Every (February 10, 1918August 11, 2007) was an American football back in the National Football League (NFL) who played 21 games for the Green Bay Packers. In 1940, the Green Bay Packers used the ninth pick in the first round of the 1940 NFL Draft to sign Van Every out of the University of Minnesota. Van Every went on to play for two seasons with the Packers and retired in 1941.
Van Every then joined the United States Army for World War II, then transferred to the Air Corps after six months, becoming a bomber pilot. He was assigned to 510th Squadron, 447th Bomb Group, Eighth Air Force, flying a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber out of Rattlesden Air Base in England. On his ninth mission, his B-17 was shot down by flak on May 12, 1944. He was taken prisoner and sent to Stalag Luft III, arriving just after the famous "Great Escape". Near the end of the war, with the Russians closing in, the Germans marched their prisoners away from the camp. Finally, on April 29, 1945, the POWs were liberated by George S. Patton's Third Army.
References
http://packerville.blogspot.com/2007/08/packers-only-wwii-casualty.html
External links
1918 births
2007 deaths
American football defensive backs
American football halfbacks
Green Bay Packers players
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Second Air Force Superbombers football players
Shot-down aviators
United States Army Air Forces bomber pilots of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Players of American football from Hennepin County, Minnesota
Stalag Luft III prisoners of World War II
American prisoners of war in World War II
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
Military personnel from Minnesota |
Raccoon Island is an island in the Hingham Bay area of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, situated just offshore of Hough's Neck in the city of Quincy. The island has a permanent size of just under , and is composed of bedrock outcroppings which reach an elevation of above sea level. The island is characterized by gravel beaches and rocky slopes. While it is possible to walk to the island at low tide, public access is discouraged.
References
Boston Harbor islands
Quincy, Massachusetts
Coastal islands of Massachusetts
Islands of Norfolk County, Massachusetts |
Cullenagh or Cullinagh () is a barony in County Laois (formerly called Queen's County or County Leix), Ireland.
Etymology
The barony is named after the Cullenagh Hills; located between Abbeyleix and Timahoe, they rise to a height of and contain the source of the River Triogue. The name is believed to derive from Irish cuileann, "holly."
Geography
Cullenagh is located in southern County Laois, mostly east of the River Nore. The southern part (near the border with County Kilkenny) is hilly, called the Slieve Lough or Dysart Hills.
History
Cullenagh formed part of the ancient kingdom of Loígis. The northern part was part of Tuath-Fiodhbhuidhe (territory of the O'Devoy) along with the southern part of Maryborough West.
The southern part was called Gailine, and is mentioned in the topographical poem Tuilleadh feasa ar Éirinn óigh (Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín, d. 1420):
Gailine na sreaḃ soiċleaċ
DO'Cheallaiġ ní coṁoighṫeaċ
Trom ag fiaḋacg an fine
Ar fonn ngrianach nGailine.
("Gailine of the pleasant streams to Ó Ceallaigh is not unhereditary, Mighty is the tribe at hunting on the sunny land of Gailine.")
After the Laois-Offaly Plantation, the Barrington family received land in Cullenagh. Among their descendants was the jurist and writer Jonah Barrington (1756/7–1834).
List of settlements
Below is a list of settlements in Cullenagh barony:
Abbeyleix (eastern part)
Ballinakill
Ballyroan
Timahoe
References
Baronies of County Laois |
Karpoora Deepam is a 1985 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by A. Jagannathan. The film stars Sivakumar, Sujatha, Ambika and Goundamani. It is a remake of the Telugu film Karthika Deepam. The film was released on 31 May 1985.
Plot
Cast
Sivakumar
Sujatha
Ambika
Ashwini
Goundamani
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Gangai Amaran.
Reception
Jayamanmadhan of Kalki felt it has become a fashion to give new colour to old plots and added all the actors performed well but none of them gets registered in the mind and concluded that director should be asked for this.
References
External links
1980s Tamil-language films
1985 films
Films directed by A. Jagannathan
Films scored by Gangai Amaran
Tamil remakes of Telugu films |
Donna J. Kossy (born May 18, 1957) is a US writer, zine publisher, and online used book dealer based in Portland, Oregon. Specializing in the history of "forgotten, discredited and extreme ideas", which she calls "crackpotology and kookology", she is better known for her books Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief (1994, featuring the first biography of Francis E. Dec) and Strange Creations: Aberrant Ideas of Human Origins from Ancient Astronauts to Aquatic Apes (2001). Kossy was also the founder and curator of the Kooks Museum (1996–1999, online), and the editor-publisher of the magazine Book Happy (1997–2002, about "weird and obscure books").
Described by Wired as "an expert on kooks [who] has a genuine, if sometimes uncomfortable, affection for her subjects", Kossy wrote books reviewed in publications ranging from Fortean Times to New Scientist. Journalist Jonathan Vankin named her "the unchallenged authority on, well, kooks", and writer Bruce Sterling noted that she "boldly blazes new trails in the vast intellectual wilderness of American writers, thinkers and philosophers who were or are completely nuts".
Life
Early life
Donna Jean Kossy was born in 1957. She started doing zines in sixth grade, co-editing Kid Stuff with a friend: "It had gossip, fashions, poetry, jokes and even movie reviews. It sold for 5 cents. My mom typed it up and Xeroxed it at work!" Kossy attended Evanston Township High School. After graduating college in 1979, she became involved in punk culture via collage art, color xerox postcards and mail art.
Kossy eventually became a computer programmer, but also published zines because "Publishing is power, pure and simple", and turned "author and folklorist."
Adult life
At one time, Kossy was the housemate of fellow zine maker Pagan Kennedy. She attuned Chicago writer Dan Kelly to cult "kook" Francis E. Dec. In the early 1980s, she was part of the Processed World (PW) magazine, then romantically involved with anti-PW and ex-SubGenius anarchist Bob Black until 1987, moving with him to Boston in 1985.
In 1989, research for her Kooks Magazine led Kossy to abandon much of her other work. On August 17, 1993, she married Kenneth James DeVries in Multnomah County, Oregon. Ken DeVries (a.k.a. Orton Nenslo), also a member of the Church of the SubGenius and contributor to their books, provided some illustrations for her books and some articles for her website.
Works
False Positive (1984–1988)
In 1984, Kossy started publishing False Positive (1984–1988), a Xeroxed zine which ran for eleven issues. Each issue focused on one topic (such as technology, sex, Japan, cars, crime, kooks, food & drugs) and featured related book excerpts, satire, collages, drawings, etc.
The zine and Kossy were quoted by Discordianism co-founder Kerry Thornley (alias Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst) in his 1991 foreword to the 5th edition of the Principia Discordia, reprinting the "Manifesto of the Artistic Elite of the Midwest". Kossy said that her "career as a crackpotologist" started there with the "Kooks Pages" within each issue and the two special all-kooks issues.
Kooks Magazine (1988–1991)
In 1988, Kossy started publishing Kooks Magazine (1988–1991), now using offset printing and running for eight issues. A spinoff of the kooks pages of her zine, it was in line with the 1988 book High Weirdness by Mail by SubGenius co-founder Rev. Ivan Stang (who later praised the collected book) and featured obscure "kooks" as well as some better-documented "cranks" such as reclusive Spider-Man co-creator Steve Ditko in its final issue (#8, November 1991).
In Factsheet Five, the zine magazine, founder-editor Mike Gunderloy described it as "A collection of bizarre literature and semi-scholarly research on kooks: those folks who have all the answers that science and the authorities have been trying to suppress. This issue features [...] progress towards a theory of kookdom." then reported one year later that it "keeps getting better; you can spend hours lost in the worldviews here." SubGenius and writer Richard Kadrey described it as "indispensable for anyone interested in the real bleeding edge of thought." Research for the topic even led Kossy to attend a recruitment meeting of Heaven's Gate (when it was calling itself Human Individual Metamorphosis), the group that ended in a 1997 mass suicide.
Kooks (1994)
In 1994, Feral House published Kossy's first book, Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief, an anthology containing updated articles from her zine along with articles written exclusively for the book, with the cover illustration painted by her husband. Organized into seven parts (Religion, Science, Metaphysics, Politics, Conspiracy, Enigmas; plus Outtakes in the 2nd ed.), it documented the rants and ravings of "kooks" such as Richard Brothers (Anglo-Israelism alias British Israelism), Charles E. Buon (God's Envoy to the U.S.A.), Ray Crabtree (The Philosopher King), the first biography of Francis E. Dec (Your Only Hope against the Gangster Computer God), Professor Arnold Ehret (Mucusless Diet Healing System), Joe Gould alias Professor Seagull (The Longest Book Ever Written), Jim and Lila Green (Aggressive Christianity Missionary Training Corps), Hillman Holcomb (Well Regulated Militia of Christian Technocracy), Les U. Knight (Voluntary Human Extinction Movement), alien abductee artist Paul Laffoley (Third Generation Lunatic Fringe), Alfred Lawson (Lawsonomy: The Base for Absolute Knowledge), David Linton (How Men Can Have Babies), Emil Matalik (World/U.S. Presidential Candidate Since 1964), the MIT's crank files (The Archive of Useless Research), Rose Mokry (Jewish Poisoners Are the Sole Producers of All the Diseases, Sudden Deaths and Birth Defects), Dr. Cyrus Teed (not Cyrus Tweed) alias Koresh (Koreshanity: We Actually Live on the Inside of the Earth), black supremacist Dwight York alias Malachi Z. York et al. (Ansaaru Allah Community of Nuwaubianism), etc.
The book was praised as "a rich compendium of looniness" by the Los Angeles Times, "indispensable for anyone interested in the real cutting edge of thought" by the San Francisco Chronicle, and a "delight" by Fortean Times. In Factsheet Five, the new editor R. Seth Friedman recommended it with, "I've been anxiously awaiting this book ever since Donna Kossy told me about her plans several years ago. [...] Don't miss out on this book." Jay Kinney, publisher of Gnosis Magazine, found it "Compulsively readable. The 'kooks' collected in this volume are our true American originals and Donna Kossy chronicles their jaw-dropping messages with a rare mix of objectivity, sympathy, and wit." And a 1995 Wired review described Kossy as "an expert on kooks [who] has a genuine, if sometimes uncomfortable, affection for her subjects."
Kooks Outtakes (1995)
In 1995, Kooks Outtakes followed its namesake, being a 36-page supplement of material Kossy had left out for reasons of space; it was later merged with the second edition of the book in 2001, which the editor of Ink 19 praised, noting that "Kossy's style is direct and surprisingly unjudgemental. [...] Kossy is quite systematic in her research, and margin comments abound, along with a lush bibliography. This is serious stuff."
Kooks Museum (1996–1999)
In 1996, Kossy founded and curated on her web site the Kooks Museum (an online summary and extension of her book Kooks, updated until mid-1999 when it was discontinued and kept as an archive), explaining: "As curator and founder of the first Kooks Museum in history I am fulfilling a half-life-long goal of housing kook ideas from all over the world under one crumbling roof. [...] The point of all this excess is neither to debunk nor to proselytize. Rather, my intent is to document and study the vast cornucopia of forgotten, discredited and extreme ideas, with all due consideration to social and cultural context. Nor do I think all ideas are equally valid. Rather, I try to be both open-minded to and skeptical of them."
The Museum was listed in the MetroActive guide to "the most interesting, unusual, weird or otherwise alternative sites on the World Wide Web" by journalist and writer on conspiracies Jonathan Vankin, who named Kossy "the unchallenged authority on, well, kooks."
Book Happy (1997–2002)
In 1997, Kossy started editing and publishing Book Happy (1997–2002), a printed magazine which ran for seven issues. Written by Kossy and others (recurrent contributors includes Greg Bishop, Ken DeVries, Dan Howland, Dan Kelly, John Marr, Chris Mikul, David C. Morrison, Chip Rowe, Brian Tucker, Robert Tucker), it was dedicated to reviewing "weird and obscure books".
The magazine was complemented by her web site (later becoming its domain name) and the formation of Book Happy Booksellers () an online used book business specializing in unusual and hard-to-find items, with inventory listed on various book listing sites including Abebooks, Biblio, Alibris, Choosebooks and others. Book Happy was reviewed positively by English artist Mark Pawson (creator of Die-Cut Plug Wiring Diagram Book) in a 1999 review for the British cultural magazine Variant.
Strange Creations (2001)
In 2001, Feral House published Kossy's second full-length book, Strange Creations: Aberrant Ideas of Human Origins from Ancient Astronauts to Aquatic Apes (right after reprinting Kooks in an expanded edition). As of August 1998, Kossy had already announced the manuscript for her second book as being finished (with a tentative title balancing between "Aberrant Anthropology" and "Nazis, Saucers and Aquatic Apes") and its publication at Feral House scheduled for "Fall, 1999"; it would however be two more years before the actual release.
Organized into seven parts (Extraterrestrial Origins, De-evolution, Race, Eugenics, Creationism, The Aquatic Ape Theory, and Urantia/Szukalski/H.I.M.), the book documented the fringe and pseudoscientific theories of "crackpots" such as David Barclay (mankind as dinosaurs pets), Helena Blavatsky (The Seven Root Races of Theosophy), Darwin's cousin Francis Galton (inventor of eugenics against regression toward the mean), Henry H. Goddard (inventor of moronism with The Kallikak Family), Madison Grant (Nordicism and scientific racism), Finnvald Hedin (The Thorians), Brinsley Le Poer Trench (UFOs from Hollow Earth), slave trader Edward Long (Polygenism: Man Comes From God, Negroes Come From Apes), Oscar Kiss Maerth (The Beginning Was the End: ape brain cannibalism), Alfred W. McCann (creationism), Elaine Morgan (aquatic ape hypothesis), Raël (creation by extraterrestrials), B. H. Shadduck (de-evolution), Zecharia Sitchin (ancient astronauts), Lothrop Stoddard (Pan-Aryanism and racial purity), Stanisław Szukalski (Zermatism: post-deluge Easter Island vs. Yetis), the Urantia Book (intelligent design by Life Carriers), George Van Tassel (Space Brothers aliens), Erich von Däniken (Ancient Astronauts from the Chariots of the Gods?), etc.
The book was praised from Fortean Times to Booklist and from the Washington City Paper to Counterpoise. In a mixed review, the New Scientist noted that "Donna Kossy's Strange Creatures [sic!] is about people who have spent rather more time on these problems than most, visiting some of the weirder reaches of the human imagination". And Rev. Ivan Stang remarked: "To write entertainingly for 'nonkooks' about so-called kooks, crackpots, and possible visionaries requires walking a tightrope between tolerant understanding of 'outsider' psychology and graceful sarcasm, balancing both a solid grounding in the mainstream scientific paradigm, and a healthy distrust of the status quo."
Science-fiction writer Bruce Sterling, who also touched upon online cranks in his essay "Electronic Text", commented that "Donna Kossy boldly blazes new trails in the vast intellectual wilderness of American writers, thinkers, and philosophers who were or are completely nuts. Kooks ranks with such sociological classics as Mackay's Extraordinary Popular Delusions and Dudley's Mathematical Cranks. This, for obvious reasons, is a book which every science fiction writer should possess." In her own words, Kossy has stated, "I seek not to debunk strange ideas, but to present them as a necessary segment of the full spectrum of human thought."
Kossy is currently focused on her bookselling business and from November 2007 to September 2008 wrote a blog, "The Cutthroat World of Book Scouting" (http://bookhappy.easyjournal.com), which chronicled her experiences in the book trade.
Publications
Magazines
1984–1988: False Positive #1–11 (a.k.a. False Positive Magazine)
#1 (1984), #2–4 (1985), #5–8 (1986), #9 (1987), #10–11 (1988). Allston, MA (Boston, MA for #1): Out-of-Kontrol Data Korporation, no ISSN (). 8½" × 11", Xeroxed zine, about 20–52 p., was $3.
1988–1991: Kooks Magazine #1–8 (alias The Original Donna Kossy's Kooks Magazine for #1–4)
#1 (1988), #2–4 (1989), #5–6 (1990), #7–8 (1991). Allston, MA: Out-of-Kontrol Data Institute, (). 8½" × 11", offset magazine (except #1, 5½" × 8½", Xeroxed), 20–40 p., was $3–$5. – The OCLC's start date is incorrect.
1997–2002: Book Happy #1–7 (a.k.a. Book Happy Magazine)
#1 (1997), #2–3 (1998), #4 (1999), #5 (2000), #6 (2001), #7 (2002). By Donna Kossy (ed., reviews) & various (reviews); Portland, OR: Book Happy, no ISSN (). 8½" × 11", offset magazine, total 232 p., was $6.
Books
1994: Kooks: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief
Portland, OR: Feral House. (1st ed. pbk., 254 p., May 1994, ) and (1st ed. hbk., 254 p., May 1994). Reissued by Los Angeles: Feral House, (2nd exp. ed. pbk., 287 p., May 2001) — Collects material from her Kooks Magazine. The 2nd ed. was expanded with 1995's Kooks Outtakes.
1995: Kooks Outtakes [supplement]
8½" × 11", 36 p. – Material cut from Kooks due to space, later added to its 2nd edition.
1996: The Kooks Museum [online]
Web site (), updated 1996–1999 (archived mid-1999), formerly at www.teleport.com/~dkossy, now at https://web.archive.org/web/20080215015348/http://www.pacifier.com/~dkossy/kooksmus.html — Updated summary and extension of Kooks.
2001: Strange Creations: Aberrant Ideas of Human Origins from Ancient Astronauts to Aquatic Apes
Los Angeles: Feral House. (1st ed. pbk., 264 (x, 253) p., June 2001).
See also
Similar books
Extraordinary Popular Delusions (1841), Charles Mackay's debunking of popular folly
Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science (1957), Martin Gardner's scientific skepticism
Mathematical Cranks (1992) and The Trisectors (1996), Underwood Dudley's crank math books
References
Sources
Main sources used for this article:
Bagato, Jeff (2002). "Kooks Chronicles: Strange Creations" (book review), Washington City Paper, May 17–23, 2002 (Vol. 22, #20)
Bennett, Colin (2001). "Strange Creations / Kooks" (book reviews), Fortean Times Online, May 2001
Feral House (2009). "Kooks", feralhouse.com, consulted in March 2009
Feral House (2009). "Strange Creations", feralhouse.com, consulted in March 2009
Gale Reference Team (2007). "Biography – Kossy, Donna J. (1957–)", Contemporary Authors, Thomson-Gale, December 16, 2007 (pay article via Amazon.com) – Not consulted, but title provides birth year
Kossy, Donna (1998). , updated August 17, 1998, at the old teleport.com/~dkossy – The introduction text was probably written in 1996, but this is the oldest snapshot.
Kossy, Donna (1999). , at the old teleport.com/~dkossy – Holds pull quotes and bibliographical data.
Kossy, Donna (2009). "Not Yet Asked Questions", consulted in March 2009
Kossy, Donna (2009). "Ordering Information", consulted in March 2009 – Some bibliographical data.
Turnaround (2009). "Kooks (2nd Edition)", Turnaround Publisher Services, www.turnaround-uk.com, consulted in March 2009
Van Bakel, Rogier (1995). "Street Cred: A Guide to the Outer Limits of Human Belief" (book review), Wired, Issue 3.09, September 1995
Vankin, Jonathan (1996). , CyberScape: AlterNodes, MetroActive (online version of Metro Silicon Valley), 1996
Zines (1997). "Donna Kossy, Kooks" (interview), The Book of Zines, www.zinebook.com, 1997
Further reading
Kossy, Donna (1995–1997). (JavaScript required) – Personal notes from the old Kooks Museum site, contains biographical data, including the Heaven's Gate meeting.
FOIA (2000). "Federal Bureau of Investigation – Freedom of Information Act – Case Log January, 2000 through December 31, 2000", The Memory Hole, www.thememoryhole.org, consulted in March 2009 – Shows that Kossy was granted a FOIA from the FBI about Kenneth Goff (alias Oliver Kenneth Goff, 1909–1972; self-alleged ex-member of the Communist Party, proponent of the water fluoridation conspiracy theory, and one of the two possible authors, along Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard, of the Brainwashing Manual).
Gale Reference Team (2007). "Biography – Kossy, Donna J. (1957–)", Contemporary Authors, Thomson-Gale, December 16, 2007 (pay article via Amazon.com)
Notes
External links
Book-Happy.com – Donna Kossy's official website (redirected to pacifier.com/~dkossy)
Book Happy Booksellers at AbeBooks
Donna Kossy at Facebook
1957 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Writers from Evanston, Illinois
Evanston Township High School alumni
Intellectual historians
American writers on paranormal topics
American skeptics
American information and reference writers
American bibliographers
American folklorists
American women folklorists
Folklore writers
American magazine publishers (people)
American booksellers
Writers from Portland, Oregon
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American women historians
21st-century American historians
Women bibliographers
20th-century American biographers
American women biographers
21st-century American biographers |
The 2023 World Lacrosse Championship was the 14th edition of the international men's field lacrosse tournament for national teams organized by World Lacrosse. Initially scheduled for 2022, it was postponed to 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The tournament was held in San Diego, California.
The tournament was limited to 30 teams for the first time through regional qualifying tournaments. The United States won the tournament on July 1, 2023, in front of a crowd of 15,112, the championship was its 11th in the history of the event.
Hosting
The Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL), since renamed World Lacrosse, gave its member associations until the end of September 2016 to formally make its intent to bid known to the international sports body and March 2017 to submit their bid. The winning bid was announced in June 2018.
On June 25, 2018, FIL President Sue Redfern announced that Canada will host the 2022 World Lacrosse Championship in Coquitlam, British Columbia. According to the bidding team of the Canadian Lacrosse Association, it chose Coquitlam as the proposed host city for its bid citing the locality's previous hosting experience of the 2008 and 2016 men's U-19 world championships. On 18 October 2019, the organizing committee withdrew its bid to host the event in Coquitlam. Matches were to be held at the Percy Perry Stadium from July 14–23, 2022.
In October 2019, after the withdrawal of the organization, the championship was moved to California with the aim for better promoting lacrosse for a return to the Summer Olympics. In June 2020, the championship was postponed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated postponement of the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2021 World Games to 2021 and 2022 respectively.Los Angeles was named as host city.
In January 2022, the championship was relocated another time, as San Diego was announced as the new host city for 2023. The main venue will be Snapdragon Stadium at San Diego State University, with matches also taking place at Torero Stadium at the University of San Diego and three other fields at San Diego State.
Participating nations
The 2023 World Lacrosse Championship is the first World Lacrosse Championship to set a maximum number of competing teams, capping invitations at 30 national teams. Previous world championship rankings determined automatic qualifiers for 2023 and the number of remaining spots allocated to each Continental Federation. The top 10 full member nations at the conclusion of the 2018 world championship automatically qualified for 2023 with regional qualifiers necessary for remaining teams in the European Lacrosse Federation (11 spots), Pan-American Lacrosse Association (4 spots), Asia Pacific Lacrosse Union (4 spots), and the African Association of Lacrosse (1 spot).
In March 2022, due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian teams, athletes, and officials were suspended from participation in World Lacrosse events and qualifiers, and it was decided that no World Lacrosse or European Lacrosse Federation events would be held in Russia.
Finland initially qualified through the European qualifiers, however they withdrew due to funding challenges and were replaced by France, who was the next highest ranked European team.
Qualifying National Teams
* Finland replaced by France after an announcement that they were unable to travel to the 2023 tournament
Schedule
Wednesday, 21 June – Opening Game (United States vs Canada)
Thursday, 22 June to Monday, 26 June – Pool Play
Tuesday, 27 June - First Round Playoff Games & Placement Games
Wednesday, 28 June - Quarterfinal Games & Placement Games
Thursday, 29 June - Semifinal Games & Placement Games
Friday, 30 June - Placement Games
Saturday, 1 July - Bronze and Gold Medal Games
Pool play
Pool A
Pool B
Pool C
Pool D
Pool E
Pool F
Playoff Stage
All participating teams in Pool A are awarded the 1-5 Seeds based on the Pool A Standings. The remaining 5 Pool winners are awarded the 6-10 Seeds based on their records and Goal Differential. The 4 best Pool Runner-Ups from all pools besides Pool A are awarded the 11-14 Seeds.
2nd Place Table
The top 4 teams in the 2nd Place Table make the Championship Playoff Bracket as seeds 11-14. The last place team in this table becomes the 15th seed in the Placement Games
Championship Playoff Bracket
5th to 8th Place Bracket
Teams who lose in the Quarterfinals will play for 5th through 8th Place. Matches based on seedings entering playoffs, with highest 2 seeds playing for 5th place and lowest 2 seeds playing in 7th place.
9th to 14th Place Bracket
Teams who lose in the First Round playoff will play for 9th through 14th place. The losers of the 8 vs 9 and the 7 vs 10 First Round playoff games receive a "bye" into the second round of this bracket for winning their respective pools.
15th to 18th Placement Games
19th to 22nd Place Bracket
Teams who lose their first round game in the above bracket play in the below bracket for 19th through 22nd place.
23rd to 26th Placement Games
27th to 30th Place Bracket
Teams who lose their first round game in the above bracket play in the below bracket for 27th through 30th place.
Final standings
The top five teams in the final standings will be in Pool A in the 2026 World Lacrosse Championship.
Awards
The following awards were given out at the end of the tournament.
MVP: Brennan O'Neill
Best Attacker: Austin Staats
Best Midfielder: Brennan O'Neill
Best Defenseman: Jacob Piseno
All-World Team
Statistical Leaders
*Minimum of 200 minutes played
References
External links
World Lacrosse
2023
World Lacrosse Championship
Sports competitions in San Diego
World Lacrosse
World Lacrosse |
Mok is a surname in various cultures. It may be a transcription of several Chinese surnames in their Cantonese or Teochew pronunciations, a Dutch surname, a Hungarian surname, or a Korean surname.
Origins
Mok may transcribe the pronunciation, in different varieties of Chinese, of some Chinese surnames spelled as Mo or Mu in Pinyin (which reflects the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation), including:
Mò (), spelled Mok based on its pronunciation in Cantonese (; IPA: ) or Teochew (Peng'im: ; IPA: ).
Mù (), homophonous with the first surname above in Teochew. According to Patrick Hanks, some Cantonese speakers in the United Kingdom and the United States also spell this name as Mok, though Muk is probably a more common transcription of the Cantonese pronunciation (; IPA: ).
Mù (), homophonous with the first surname above in Teochew.
Mù (), homophonous with the first surname above in Teochew.
The Dutch surname Mok is a variant spelling of Mock. The surname Mock might have originated from Moch, a clipping of Mochel.
The Hungarian surname Mók was originally a given name. That given name might be a hypocorism of Mózes, which is the Hungarian form of the given names Moises or Moses.
There is only one hanja used to write the modern Korean surname Mok: (; ), meaning 'harmonious'. The bearers of this surname are almost all members of the . That clan is so named for its bon-gwan (clan hometown) of Sacheon, South Gyeongsang Province, a city which became part of South Korea after the division of the Korean peninsula. Its members claim descent from , an official under Gojong of Goryeo. Historically, another hanja meaning 'tree' (; ) had also been used as a surname by the Mok clan of Baekje, but this surname is no longer extant in the Korean peninsula.
Statistics
In the Netherlands, there were 421 people with the surname Mok as of 2007, up from 112 in 1947.
The 2000 South Korean Census found 8,191 people in 2,493 households with the surname Mok; all but ten of those people stated that they were members of the Sacheon Mok clan.
According to statistics cited by Patrick Hanks, there were 450 people on the island of Great Britain and nine on the island of Ireland with the surname Mok as of 2011; no bearers of the surname were recorded in Great Britain in 1881.
The 2010 United States Census found 2,707 people with the surname Mok, making it the 11,597th-most-common name in the country. This represented an increase from 2,134 (13,137th-most-common) in the 2000 Census. In both censuses, about nine-tenths of the bearers of the surname identified as Asian, and five percent as White.
As of 2023 there is one Mok living in Oslo, Norway.
People
Cambodian surname
Mok Mareth (; born 1948), Cambodian politician
Theavy Mok (; born 1963), Cambodian plastic surgeon
Chinese surname
Mok Kwai-lan (; 1892–1982), fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung
Mok Chun Wah (; born 1929), Hong Kong footballer
Mok Cheuk Wing (; born 1949), Hong Kong judo athlete
Mok Ying-fan (; born 1951), Hong Kong politician
Ngaiming Mok (; born 1956), Hong Kong mathematician
Warren Mok (; born 1958), Macau operatic tenor
Max Mok (; born 1960), Hong Kong actor
Mok Ka Sha (; born 1962), Hong Kong table tennis player
Charles Mok (; born 1964), Hong Kong internet entrepreneur and politician
Hoyan Mok (; born 1969), Hong Kong actress who won the 1993 Miss Hong Kong Pageant
Karen Mok (; born 1970), Hong Kong actress and pop singer
Patricia Mok (; born 1971), Singaporean actress
Rosanda Mok (; born 1972), Hong Kong politician
Zandra Mok (; born 1973), Hong Kong television reporter and politician
Monica Mok (; born 1983), Beijing-born Australian actress
Mok Ying Ren (; born 1988), Singaporean triathlete and long-distance runner
Mok Hing Ling (), Chinese modern ink painter
May Mok (), Hong Kong sound effects editor
Philip Mok (), Hong Kong professor of electrical engineering
Korean surname
Mok Jin-seok (; born 1980), South Korean Go player
Mok Un-ju (born 1981), North Korean gymnast
Yebin Mok (born 1984), South Korean-born American figure skater
Other or unknown
Abraham Mok (1888–1944), Dutch gymnast murdered in the Holocaust
Jack Mok (born 1935), South African rower
Clement Mok (born 1958), Canadian graphic designer
Ken Mok (born 1961), American television producer
Al Mok, American computer scientist
Desmond Mok, Papua New Guinean rugby league player
Judith Mok, Dutch soprano
References
External links
Mok on the "Genealogy" section of DutchJewry.org
Chinese-language surnames
Dutch-language surnames
Hungarian-language surnames
Korean-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Multiple Chinese surnames
Cantonese-language surnames |
Marshall Smith may refer to:
Marshall Smith (politician), Canadian politician and member of the Green Party of Canada
Marshall S. Smith, American educator
Dark Night Smith, American baseball player sometimes listed as Marshall Smith
Marshall–Smith syndrome, characterized by unusual accelerated skeletal maturation
Smith, Marshall |
Ángel Maldonado Campos (17 November 1927 – 10 February 2018) was a Mexican swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
References
1927 births
2018 deaths
Mexican male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Mexico
Swimmers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing
Sportspeople from San Luis Potosí City |
Wordfest is a not-for-profit arts organization that produces one of Canada's largest international literary festivals, taking place each October in Calgary, Alberta. In addition to the yearly festival, Wordfest also facilitates and hosts year-round events, including poetry and spoken word performances, current event panels, publishing industry workshops, art installations, and youth and multilingual programming.
History
Wordfest originated as an idea conceived by Donald Stein, then associate director of the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity, who in 1996 envisioned the coordination of a southern Albertan writers' festival. He contacted Darlene Quaife, then president of the Writer's Guild of Alberta, and Peter Oliva, then owner of Pages Books on Kensington in Calgary, and together the three "assembled a team that reads like an honour roll of Calgary's literary community at the time" including booksellers, writers, a Calgary Herald books editor, and representatives from the Calgary Public Library and CBC Radio, among others. With Anne Green as festival producer, Wordfest's first festival featured 50 authors and two dozen events over the course of four days.
1997 marked the incorporation of Wordfest as a not-for-profit, and also was the first year of the Summit Salon writers' retreat hosted by the Banff Centre, which immediately followed the festivals for years.
Anne Green was the Director of Wordfest from March, 1996 to December, 2010.
Jo Steffens was Wordfest's director from December 2010 to 2015; under Steffens' leadership, Wordfest was the recipient of the Rozsa Award in Arts Management for Innovation in 2014.
Shelley Youngblut was named interim General Director of Wordfest in May 2015 and in December 2015 became the permanent General Director. Youngblut, previously an editor with The Globe and Mail and a writer with ESPN, has helped Wordfest grow into a "celebration of ideas even more than[...]a celebration of books", expanding its focus to more heavily include the abstract while still maintaining its core literary aspect. In December 2017, Wordfest moved their offices to the second floor of Calgary's Memorial Park Library, which includes a 110-seat "Engagement Lab" where many of Wordfest's readings and other events are held.
Events
Wordfest's eponymous festival is held annually in October. It features on average 80 writers, both big-name stars and emerging writers, in a mix of 65 events and performances throughout Calgary. The Festival offers a wide variety of public events: readings, panel discussions, interviews, multimedia performances, workshops, cabarets, book signings, literary death matches, spoken word performances, informal public receptions and more. Festival alumni include Margaret Atwood, Roch Carrier, Austin Clarke, Douglas Coupland, Roddy Doyle, Timothy Findley, Richard Ford, Lawrence Hill, Nancy Huston, Tomson Highway, Wayne Johnston, Thomas King, Alistair MacLeod, E. Annie Proulx, the late Mordecai Richler, Jane Urquhart and Guy Vanderhaeghe.
In the past, Wordfest's children-geared component operated under The First Calgary Savings Book Rapport Programme, an award-winning education segment that ran throughout the festival in October, bringing children's authors to schools and other public venues. According to the First Calgary Savings, "[i]n 2006, 5,600 students participated" in the Book Rapport Programme. Recently, Wordfest has expanded its youth programming to bring authors to Veronica Roth, Lemony Snicket, Ruth Ohi and Arthur Slade Calgary schools throughout the year.
Beyond the days-long festival held in October, Wordfest also coordinates single-artist readings/events, which feature one artist per night and allow more time for the exploration of their works; alumni of such events include YouTube personality and author Lilly Singh, author Barbara Gowdy, comedian and screenwriter Mike Myers, musician and actor Robbie Robertson, writer George Saunders, and Canada's governor general David Johnston. In addition to the single-artist events, Wordfest also hosts Dick Lit's Trivia Night year-round, as well as a summer book club.
Wordfest has an active network of approximately two-hundred volunteers who assist with events year round.
Wordfest is supported by private donors and many organizations, including the Government of Canada, the Canada Council for the Arts, Mount Royal University, the Calgary Public Library, and the Alberta Foundation for the Arts.
Cultural References
Wordfest is also the name of the festival in Michael Chabon's 1995 novel Wonder Boys. This is a total coincidence.
See also
Literary Festivals In Canada
List of festivals in Calgary
References
External links
Wordfest official website
Wordfest blog
Literary festivals in Alberta
Festivals in Calgary |
Matamata () is a town in Waikato, New Zealand. It is located near the base of the Kaimai Ranges, and is a thriving farming area known for Thoroughbred horse breeding and training pursuits. It is part of the Matamata-Piako District, which takes in the surrounding rural areas, as well as Morrinsville and Te Aroha. State Highway 27 and the Kinleith Branch railway run through the town. The town has a population of as of
A nearby farm was the location for the Hobbiton Movie Set in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings. The New Zealand government decided to leave the Hobbit holes built on location as tourist attractions. During the period between the filming of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King and The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey they had no furniture or props, but could be entered with vistas of the farm viewed from inside them. A "Welcome to Hobbiton" sign has been placed on the main road. In 2011, parts of Hobbiton began to close in preparation for the three new movies based on the first Tolkien novel, The Hobbit.
Demographics
Matamata covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Matamata had a population of 7,806 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 720 people (10.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,509 people (24.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,111 households, comprising 3,717 males and 4,089 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.91 males per female, with 1,374 people (17.6%) aged under 15 years, 1,314 (16.8%) aged 15 to 29, 2,934 (37.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,187 (28.0%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 84.5% European/Pākehā, 15.7% Māori, 1.7% Pacific peoples, 5.9% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 16.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.2% had no religion, 37.2% were Christian, 1.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.0% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 678 (10.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,848 (28.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 774 people (12.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 2,763 (43.0%) people were employed full-time, 849 (13.2%) were part-time, and 198 (3.1%) were unemployed.
History
In the early nineteenth century, the area including and surrounding the present-day Matamata township was part of the territory of the Ngāti Hinerangi iwi and Ngāti Hauā. The Matamata pā itself was actually located near the present-day settlement of Waharoa, approximately to the north.
The first European thought to have visited the Matamata area was the trader Phillip Tapsell in about 1830. In 1833 the Reverend Alfred Nesbit Brown visited the area and in 1835 opened a mission near Matamata Pa, but this closed the following year when intertribal warfare broke out. In 1865 Josiah Firth negotiated with Ngāti Hauā leader Wiremu Tamihana and leased a large area of land, including the future site of the town which he named after the pā. Firth constructed a dray road to Cambridge and cleared the Waihou River so that it was navigable by his (small) boats.
Peria, on the outskirts of Matamata, was the scene of the Kīngitanga meeting of 1863.
Firth's estate later failed and by 1904 had been wholly obtained by the Crown and was subdivided into dairy farm units to take advantage of the new technology of refrigeration. It became a dependent Town District in 1917, an independent Town District in 1919 and was constituted a borough in 1935. With the re-organisation of territorial authorities in New Zealand in 1989, Matamata became part of the Matamata-Piako District.
Railway station
Matamata was a station on the Kinleith Branch, from Monday 8 March 1886. It was built by Mr D Fallon for the Thames Valley & Rotorua Railway Co. New Zealand Railways Department took over the line on 1 April 1886. Initially 40 minutes north of the temporary terminus at Oxford (Tirau) and about an hour from Morrinsville. For a while Matamata seems to have become a flag station, though it did have cattle yards and a by a goods shed. By 1886 it also had a coal shed able to hold 50 tons, a stationmaster's house, 2 cottages, urinals and a brick water tank supplied by a diameter windpump from a well, which was deepened that year. By 1896 Matamata had gained a 4th class station, platform, cart approach and a passing loop for 32 wagons. A telephone came in 1912 and a verandah in 1914. Authority to shift the verandah at Avondale station to Matamata when new station is built, and re-erect, amount £35. House for stationmaster. Platform extended to 175 feet. To extend it to 300 feet will cost £90. Authority for £60 for platform extension. 1919 extension of the verandah have been authorised. In 1919 part of the old Drury station building was erected as a luggage room at Matamata. Improvements are to be put in hand, estimated cost £6,000. Lighting of station and houses. 1927 Additional seating accommodation on platform. 1953 Approval for bicycle shed, estimated cost £90. There was a Post Office at the station until 1911. It had two members of staff from 1913. Matamata was included in the annual returns of railway traffic. For example, in 1924 it sold 26,367 tickets and exported 26,084 sheep and pigs. In 1950 8,868 tickets were sold and it transported 42,322 sheep and pigs. A petrol engined shunter was used in the station yard from 1936. Several Drewry 0-4-0 shunters were introduced in 1936.
The station building was replaced on Monday 17 May 1965 by a new £23,500 steel portal frame and block-work building, with a new platform and approach road from Hetana Street, built by Way & Works Branch staff. The old station was sold for removal by July 1967.
Matamata closed to passengers on 12 November 1968, but reopened to serve the Geyserland Express from 9 December 1991 until 7 October 2001.
Since closure the station has been the Railside by the Green community centre since 2002, though it is fenced off from the platform. Occasional excursions still use the platform.
Sports
Matamata is home to the Matamata Swifts soccer team, who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 1A.
Educational institutions
Matamata College is the town's co-educational state secondary school, with a roll of as of .
Matamata Intermediate is the town's co-educational state intermediate school, with a roll of .
There are two co-educational state primary schools: Matamata Primary School, with a roll of ; and Firth School, with a roll of . The motto for Firth School is E Tipu E Rea, which translates as Grow and Flourish.
Matamata Christian School is a co-educational state integrated Christian primary school, with a roll of .
St Joseph's Catholic School is a co-educational state integrated Catholic school, with a roll of .
Notable people
Shane Dye
Casey Kopua
Lance O'Sullivan
Tim Mikkelson
Hon Mike Rann CNZM
Dame Patsy Reddy
Dame Catherine Tizard
Matthew Stanley
Claudia Pond Eyley
Kyle Wealleans
Nearby towns
Smaller towns nearby are:
Hinuera
Peria
Turanga-O-Moana
Te Poi
Waharoa
Walton, New Zealand
Wardville, New Zealand
See also
List of towns in New Zealand
List of reduplicated New Zealand place names
References
Populated places in Waikato |
Overkill is the first EP recorded by thrash metal band Overkill released in 1985 on Azra/Metal Storm records. It is also considered by the band as their "first album", making their debut Feel the Fire their second record and so forth. Released only on vinyl, the EP has been seen as a rare collector's item amongst Overkill fans, and all tracks are included on the !!!Fuck You!!! And Then Some compilation.
All of the songs from this EP (except for "The Answer") would be re-recorded for the band's future albums; "Rotten to the Core" and "Overkill" were re-recorded for Feel the Fire, while "Fatal If Swallowed" was re-recorded for Taking Over.
Track listing
Personnel
Bobby "Blitz" Ellsworth – vocals
Bobby Gustafson – guitars
D.D. Verni – bass
Rat Skates – drums
References
External links
Official OVERKILL Site
1985 debut EPs
Overkill (band) albums
Thrash metal EPs |
Jessica Michelle Chastain (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress and producer. Known for primarily starring in projects with feminist themes, she has received various accolades, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe, in addition to nominations for two Tony Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award. Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012.
Chastain developed an interest in acting from an early age and made her professional stage debut in 1998 as Shakespeare's Juliet. After studying acting at the Juilliard School, she was signed to a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells. She was a recurring guest star in several television series, and took on roles in several stage productions. After making her film debut at age 31 in the drama Jolene (2008), Chastain had her breakthrough in 2011 with six film releases, including the dramas Take Shelter (2011) and The Tree of Life (2011). She received Academy Award nominations for playing an aspiring socialite in the period drama The Help (2011) and a CIA analyst in the thriller Zero Dark Thirty (2012).
Greater commercial success came with the science fiction films Interstellar (2014) and The Martian (2015), and the horror film It Chapter Two (2019). Chastain received further acclaim for playing strong-willed women in the dramas A Most Violent Year (2014), Miss Sloane (2016), and Molly's Game (2017), and the television miniseries Scenes from a Marriage (2021). She went on to portray Tammy Faye Bakker in the biopic The Eyes of Tammy Faye (2021), winning the Academy Award for Best Actress, and Tammy Wynette in the miniseries George & Tammy (2022).
On Broadway, Chastain has starred in revivals of The Heiress (2012) and A Doll's House (2023). The latter earned her a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. She is the founder of the production company Freckle Films, which was created to promote diversity in film, and is an investor in the soccer club Angel City FC. She is vocal about mental health issues, as well as gender and racial equality. She is married to fashion executive Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, with whom she has two children.
Early life and education
Jessica Michelle Chastain was born on March 24, 1977, in Sacramento, California, to Jerri Renee Hastey (née Chastain) and rock musician Michael Monasterio. Her parents were both teenagers when she was born. Chastain is reluctant to publicly discuss her family background; she was estranged from Monasterio, who died in 2013, and has stated that no father is listed on her birth certificate. She has two sisters and two brothers. Her younger sister, Juliet, died by suicide in 2003 following years of drug addiction. Chastain was raised in Sacramento by her mother and stepfather, Michael Hastey, a firefighter. Her family struggled financially. She has said that her stepfather was the first person to make her feel secure. She shares a close bond with her maternal grandmother, Marilyn, whom she credits as someone who "always believed in me".
Chastain developed an interest in acting at age seven, after her grandmother took her to a production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. She would regularly put on amateur shows with other children, and considered herself to be their artistic director. As a student at the El Camino Fundamental High School in Sacramento, Chastain struggled academically. She was a loner and considered herself a misfit in school, eventually finding an outlet in the performing arts. She has described how she used to miss school to read Shakespeare, whose plays she became enamored with after attending the Oregon Shakespeare Festival with her classmates. With too many absences during her senior year in school, Chastain did not qualify for graduation, but later obtained an adult diploma. She later attended Sacramento City College from 1996 to 1997, during which she was a member of the institution's debate team. Describing her early childhood, she recalled:
In 1998, Chastain finished her education at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and made her professional stage debut as Juliet in a production of Romeo and Juliet staged by TheatreWorks, a company in the San Francisco Bay Area. The production led her to audition for the Juilliard School in New York City, where she was soon accepted and granted a scholarship funded by actor Robin Williams. In her first year at the school, Chastain suffered from anxiety and was worried about being dropped from the program, spending most of her time reading and watching films. She later remarked that her participation in a successful production of The Seagull during her second year helped build her confidence. She graduated from the school with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 2003.
Career
2004–2010: Early work
Shortly before graduating from Juilliard, Chastain attended an event for final-year students in Los Angeles, where she was signed to a talent holding deal by the television producer John Wells. She relocated to Los Angeles and started auditioning for jobs. She initially found the process difficult, which she believed was due to other people finding her difficult to categorize as a redhead with an unconventional look. In her television debut, The WB network's 2004 pilot remake of the 1960s gothic soap opera Dark Shadows, she was cast as Carolyn Stoddard. The pilot was directed by P. J. Hogan, but the series was never picked up for broadcast. Later that year, she appeared as a guest performer on the medical drama series ER playing a woman she described as "psychotic", which led to her getting more unusual parts such as accident victims or characters with mental illness. She went on to appear in such roles in a few other television series from 2004 to 2007, including Veronica Mars (2004), Close to Home (2006), Blackbeard (2006), and Law & Order: Trial by Jury (2005–06).
In 2004, Chastain took on the role of Anya, a virtuous young woman, in a Williamstown Theatre Festival production of Anton Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard in Massachusetts, starring with Michelle Williams. Also that year, she worked with Playwrights Horizons on a production of Richard Nelson's Rodney's Wife as the daughter of a troubled middle-aged film actor. Her performance was not well received by the critic Ben Brantley of The New York Times, who thought that she "somehow seems to keep losing color as the evening progresses". While working on the play, she was recommended by Nelson to Al Pacino, who was looking for an actress to star in his production of Oscar Wilde's tragedy Salome. The play tells the tragic story of its titular character's sexual exploration. In the play, Salome is a 16-year-old, but Chastain, aged 29 then, was cast for the part. The play was staged in 2006 at the Wadsworth Theatre in Los Angeles, and Chastain later remarked that it helped bring her to the attention of several casting directors. Writing for Variety, the critic Steven Oxman criticized her portrayal in the play: "Chastain is so ill-at-ease with Salome, not quite certain whether she's a capable seductress or a whiny, wealthy brat; she doesn't flesh out either choice".
Chastain made her film debut in 2008 as the titular character in Dan Ireland's drama Jolene, based on a short story by E. L. Doctorow inspired by Dolly Parton's song "Jolene". It follows the life of a sexually abused teenager over the course of a decade. Chastain's performance was praised by a reviewer for the New York Observer, who considered her as the only notable aspect of the production. She won a Best Actress award at the Seattle International Film Festival. In 2009, she had a minor role in Stolen (2009), a mystery-thriller film with a limited theatrical release. Also in 2009, she played the part of Desdemona in The Public Theatre production of Shakespeare's tragedy Othello, co-starring John Ortiz as the title character and Philip Seymour Hoffman as Iago. Writing for The New Yorker, Hilton Als commended Chastain for finding "a beautiful maternal depth" in her role.
In 2010, Chastain starred in John Madden's dramatic thriller The Debt, portraying a young Mossad agent sent to East Berlin in the 1960s to capture a former Nazi doctor who carried out medical experiments in concentration camps. She shared her role with Helen Mirren, with the two actresses portraying the character at different phases of her life. They worked together before filming to perfect the voice and mannerisms of the character and make them consistent. Chastain took classes in German and Krav Maga, and studied books about the Nazi doctor Josef Mengele and Mossad history. William Thomas of Empire termed the film a "smart, tense, well-acted thriller", and noted that Chastain "pulses with strength and vulnerability" in her part. She also appeared as Mary Debenham in an episode of the British television series Agatha Christie's Poirot, based on Agatha Christie's 1934 novel Murder on the Orient Express.
2011–2013: Breakthrough and rise to prominence
After struggling for a breakthrough in film, Chastain had six releases in 2011 and received wide recognition for several of them. The first of the roles was as the wife of Michael Shannon's character in Jeff Nichols' Take Shelter, a drama about a troubled father who tries to protect his family from what he believes is an impending storm. The film was screened at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival, and critic Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph noted how much Chastain's supporting part aided the narrative. In Coriolanus, an adaptation of the Shakespearean tragedy from actor-director Ralph Fiennes, she played Virgilia. Her next role was opposite Brad Pitt, as the loving mother of three children in Terrence Malick's experimental drama The Tree of Life, which she had filmed in 2008. Chastain signed on to the film without receiving a traditional screenplay from Malick, and she improvised several scenes and dialogues with Pitt. She considered her part to be "the embodiment of grace and the spirit world"; in preparation, she practiced meditation, studied paintings of the Madonna, and read poems by Thomas Aquinas. The film premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival to a polarized reception from the audience, though it was praised by critics and won the Palme d'Or. The critic Justin Chang termed the film a "hymn to the glory of creation, an exploratory, often mystifying [...] poem" and credited Chastain for playing her part with "heartrending vulnerability".
Chastain's biggest success of the year came with the drama The Help, co-starring Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer and Emma Stone, which was based on Kathryn Stockett's novel of the same name. She played Celia Foote, an aspiring socialite in 1960s Jackson, Mississippi, who develops a friendship with her Black maid (played by Spencer). Chastain was drawn to Foote's antiracist stand, and connected with her energy and enthusiasm; in preparation, she watched the films of Marilyn Monroe and researched the history of Tunica, Mississippi, where her character was raised. The Help grossed $216 million at the box office to become her most widely seen film to that point. Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the chemistry between Chastain and Spencer, and Roger Ebert credited her for being "unaffected and infectious". The ensemble of The Help won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Cast, and Chastain received Academy, BAFTA, Golden Globe and SAG Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress, all of which she lost to Spencer.
Chastain's final two roles of the year were in Wilde Salomé, a documentary based on her 2006 production of Salome, and the critically panned crime-thriller Texas Killing Fields. Her film roles in 2011, particularly in The Help, Take Shelter and The Tree of Life, won her awards from several critics' organizations. Two of Chastain's films in 2012 premiered at the 65th Cannes Film Festival — the animated comedy Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and the crime drama Lawless. In the former, which marked the third installment in the Madagascar series, she voiced Gia the Jaguar with an Italian accent. With global revenues of $747 million, the film ranks as her highest-grossing release. In Lawless, based on Matt Bondurant's Prohibition-era novel The Wettest County in the World, she played a dancer who becomes embroiled in a conflict between three bootlegging brothers (played by Shia LaBeouf, Tom Hardy, and Jason Clarke). The film received generally positive reviews, with Richard Corliss finding Chastain to be filled with "poised, seductive gravity". In an experimental biopic of the author C. K. Williams, entitled The Color of Time (2012), directed by the New York University students of actor James Franco, she played the mother of the young Williams.
A short part Chastain had filmed for Terrence Malick's To the Wonder (2012) was edited out of the final film, and due to scheduling conflicts, she dropped out of the action films Oblivion and Iron Man 3 (both 2013). She instead made her Broadway debut in a revival of the 1947 play The Heiress, playing the role of Catherine Sloper, a naïve young girl who transforms into a powerful woman. Chastain was reluctant to take the role, fearing the anxiety she had faced during her early stage performances. She ultimately agreed after finding a connection to Sloper, explaining: "she's painfully uncomfortable and I used to be that". The production was staged at the Walter Kerr Theatre from November 2012 to February 2013. Ben Brantley of The New York Times was disappointed in Chastain's performance, writing that she was "oversignaling the thoughts within" and that her delivery of dialogue was sometimes flat. The Heiress emerged as a sleeper hit at the box office.
Kathryn Bigelow's thriller Zero Dark Thirty was Chastain's final film release of 2012. It is a partly fictionalized account of the nearly decade-long manhunt for Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden after the September 11 attacks in 2001. She played Maya Harris, a CIA intelligence analyst who helps kill bin Laden. Chastain was unable to meet the intelligence analyst on whom her character was based, so she relied on the research done by the film's screenwriter Mark Boal. The difficult subject matter made it unpleasant for her to film; she suffered from depression during production, and once walked off the set in tears because she was unable to continue. Zero Dark Thirty was critically acclaimed, albeit controversial for its scenes of torture that were shown providing useful intelligence in the search for bin Laden. Roger Ebert took note of Chastain's versatility, and likened her ability and range to that of Meryl Streep. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "Chastain is a marvel. She plays Maya like a gathering storm in an indelible, implosive performance that cuts so deep we can feel her nerve endings." She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama and received Academy, BAFTA and SAG nominations for Best Actress.
Chastain took on the lead role of a musician who is forced to care for her boyfriend's troubled nieces in the horror film Mama (2013), directed by Andy Muschietti. She was drawn to the idea of playing a woman drastically different from the "perfect mother" roles she had previously played, and she based her character's look on the singer Alice Glass. The critic Richard Roeper considered her performance to be proof of her being one of the finest actors of her generation. During the film's opening weekend in North America, Chastain became the first performer in fifteen years to have leading roles in the top two films (Mama and Zero Dark Thirty) at the box office. She then starred as the titular character of a depressed woman who separates from her husband (played by James McAvoy) following a tragic incident in the drama The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby (2013), which she also produced. The writer-director Ned Benson initially wrote the story from the perspective of Rigby's husband, then wrote a separate version from Rigby's perspective at the insistence of Chastain. Three versions of the film — Him, Her, and Them — were released. It did not find a wide audience, but the critic A. O. Scott praised Chastain for "short-circuit[ing] conventional distinctions between tough and vulnerable, showing exquisite control even when her character is losing it, and keeping her balance even when the movie pitches and rolls toward melodrama".
2014–2020: Career expansion and fluctuations
Chastain appeared in three films in 2014. She played the titular character in Miss Julie, a film adaptation of August Strindberg's 1888 play of the same name, from director Liv Ullmann. It tells the tragic tale of a sexually repressed Anglo-Irish aristocrat who wishes to sleep with her father's valet (Colin Farrell). She was drawn to Ullmann's feminist take on the subject. The film only received a limited theatrical release. While filming Miss Julie in Ireland, she received the script for Christopher Nolan's science fiction film Interstellar (2014). With a budget of $165 million, the high-profile production, co-starring Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway, was filmed mostly using IMAX cameras. Chastain played the adult daughter of McConaughey's character; she was drawn to the project for the emotional heft she found in the father-daughter pair. Drew McWeeny of HitFix took note of how much Chastain had stood out in her supporting role. Interstellar grossed over $701 million worldwide to rank as her highest-grossing live-action film to date.
In her final release of 2014, Chastain starred in the J. C. Chandor-directed crime drama A Most Violent Year. Set in New York City in 1981, the year in which the city had the highest crime rate, the film tells the story of a heating-oil company owner (Oscar Isaac) and his ruthless wife (Chastain). In preparation, she researched the period and worked with a dialect coach to speak in a Brooklyn accent. She collaborated with the film's costume designer to work on her character's wardrobe, and contacted Armani which provided her with clothing of the period. Mark Kermode of The Observer found Chastain to be "terrific" in a part inspired by Lady Macbeth's character, and Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle described her portrayal as "the embodiment of a nouveau riche New York woman of the era". She received a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress nomination for it. For her work in 2014, the Broadcast Film Critics Association honored Chastain with a special achievement award.
In 2015, Chastain took on the part of a commander in Ridley Scott's science fiction film The Martian. Starring Matt Damon as a botanist who is stranded on Mars by a team of astronauts commanded by Chastain's character, the film is based on Andy Weir's novel of the same name. Chastain met with astronauts at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Johnson Space Center, and modeled her role on Tracy Caldwell Dyson, with whom she spent time in Houston. The Martian became her second film to gross over $600 million in two consecutive years. Chastain next starred as a woman who plots with her brother (Tom Hiddleston) to terrorize his new bride (Mia Wasikowska) in Guillermo del Toro's gothic romance Crimson Peak. She approached the villainous part with empathy, and in preparation read graveyard poetry and watched the films Rebecca (1940) and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962). Del Toro cast Chastain to lend accessibility to a part he considered "psychopathic", but Peter Debruge of Variety found her "alarmingly miscast" and criticized her for failing to effectively convey her character's insecurity and ruthlessness. Conversely, David Sims of Slate praised her for portraying her character's "jealous intensity to the hilt".
After playing a series of intense roles, Chastain actively looked for a light-hearted part. She found it in the ensemble fantasy film The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016), which served as both a sequel and a prequel to the 2012 film Snow White and the Huntsman. She was drawn to the idea of playing a warrior whose abilities were on par with those of the male lead, but the film flopped both critically and commercially. Chastain next starred as the titular character, a lobbyist, in the political thriller Miss Sloane, which reunited her with John Madden. She read the novel Capitol Punishment by disgraced former lobbyist Jack Abramoff to research the practice of lobbying in America, and met with female lobbyists to study their mannerisms and sense of style. Hailing her as "one of the best actresses on the planet", Peter Travers commended Chastain for successfully drawing the audience into Sloane's life, and Justin Chang termed her performance "a tour de force of rhetorical precision and tightly coiled emotional intensity". She received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Drama. Also in 2016, Chastain launched the production company Freckle Films, headed by a team of female executives.
Chastain began 2017 by serving as the executive producer and providing the narration for I Am Jane Doe, a documentary on sex trafficking. In an effort to work with more female filmmakers, Chastain starred in two projects directed by women — Niki Caro's The Zookeeper's Wife and Susanna White's Woman Walks Ahead. In the former, an adaptation of Diane Ackerman's non-fiction book of the same name, she co-starred with Johan Heldenbergh as the real-life Polish zookeepers Jan and Antonina Żabiński who saved many human and animal lives during World War II. The film received mixed reviews, but Stephen Holden took note of how Chastain's "watchful, layered performance" empowered the film. Woman Walks Ahead tells the story of the 19th-century activist Catherine Weldon, who served as an adviser to the Sioux chieftain Sitting Bull prior to the Wounded Knee Massacre. She was interested in portraying a role that young girls could look up to for inspiration, and provided off-screen inputs to avoid a white savior narrative.
Chastain portrayed Molly Bloom, a former skier who ran a high-profile gambling operation that led to her arrest by the FBI, in Aaron Sorkin's directorial debut, Molly's Game (2017). She took the part due to her desire to work with Sorkin, whose writing she admired. Instead of relying on Bloom's public persona, she met Bloom personally to explore her character's flaws and vulnerabilities. She also researched the world of underground poker and interviewed some of Bloom's customers. Peter Debruge hailed her role as "one of the screen's great female parts", and credited its success to both Sorkin's script and Chastain's "stratospheric talent." She received her fifth Golden Globe nomination for it. In 2018, she hosted an episode of the television sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live and voiced the virtual reality production Spheres: Songs of Spacetime. She had filmed a part in Xavier Dolan's ensemble drama The Death & Life of John F. Donovan, but her scenes were deleted from the final cut as Dolan found her role incompatible to the story.
In the superhero film Dark Phoenix (2019), which marked the twelfth installment in the X-Men series, Chastain took on the role of an evil alien due to its focus on female characters. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian considered it to be "a waste of her talents", and the film registered poor box office returns. She reteamed with Andy Muschietti in It Chapter Two, the sequel to his 2017 horror film It, based on Stephen King's novel. She played the adult Beverly Marsh (a woman in an abusive marriage), sharing the role with Sophia Lillis. Filming proved challenging for Chastain, as Muschietti preferred the usage of practical effects to computer-generated imagery; one particular scene required her to be covered in of fake blood. The film received favorable reviews, with Charlotte O'Sullivan of the Evening Standard finding Chastain to be "suitably sad and sepulchral" in her role. It grossed over $470 million worldwide.
Under Freckle Films, Chastain produced and starred in the action film Ava (2020), written and initially set to be directed by Matthew Newton, who has been accused of domestic violence. Following backlash against her for agreeing to work with him, Newton was replaced with Tate Taylor. Boyd van Hoeij of The Hollywood Reporter bemoaned that Chastain's talents as an action star had been wasted in an underwhelming film. Released theatrically during the COVID-19 pandemic, it performed poorly at the box office but gained success on video on demand.
2021–present: Awards success
Andrew Garfield and Chastain starred as the televangelists Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker in the biopic The Eyes of Tammy Faye (2021). She acquired the rights to Faye's life in 2012, and produced the film under her company Freckle Films. To look like Bakker, Chastain wore prosthetic makeup which took 4–7 hours to apply. The role also required her to sing, which she has said made her nervous. She worked with the music producer Dave Cobb to record seven songs for the film's soundtrack. David Fear of Rolling Stone found Chastain to be the "only reason to see this curiously tepid biopic" and praised her for rising above the script to humanize Bakker. Kevin Maher of The Times considered it to be a "riveting, unleashed and award-worthy performance" and compared it to Joaquin Phoenix's performance in Joker (2019). She won the Academy Award for Best Actress, Critics Choice Award and SAG Award, in addition to a Golden Globe nomination.
Also in 2021, Chastain agreed to Scenes from a Marriage, a gender-switched remake of Ingmar Bergman's 1973 Swedish miniseries of the same name for HBO, for its subversion of stereotypical portrayal of women. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian took note of the chemistry between Chastain and her co-star Oscar Isaac, as did Carol Midgley of The Times who praised them for "delivering crackling, wounding dialogue faultlessly". She received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries; her second nomination at that year's ceremony. She also reteamed with Ralph Fiennes in The Forgiven, an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Lawrence Osborne.
For The 355 (2022), a female-led spy film, Chastain and her team of female co-stars pitched the idea to prospective buyers at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, where it was picked up by Universal Pictures. Critics dismissed the film as generic and unremarkable, and it failed commercially. Chastain then took on a brief role as Maryanne Trump in James Gray's period film Armageddon Time. In The Good Nurse, she played night nurse Amy Loughren who discovers that her co-worker Charles Cullen (played by Eddie Redmayne) is a serial killer. She worked closely with Loughren and attended nursing school to prepare for the part. Kate Erbland of IndieWire found hers to be "an effective performance in a very quiet package".
Chastain executive produced the Showtime biographical miniseries George & Tammy, in which she played the country singer Tammy Wynette opposite Michael Shannon's George Jones. In preparation, Chastain and Shannon trained with a vocal coach to sing several of their character's songs. She also lost weight to play Wynette toward the end of her life. Emma Fraser of The Playlist was appreciate of the chemistry between the actors, and took note of the "fragility and toughness" in Chastain's portrayal. The series had strong viewership across various platforms. She won a SAG Award, received another Golden Globe nomination, and earned her first nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series.
Chastain returned to Broadway theatre, playing Nora Helmer, an unhappy housewife, in Jamie Lloyd's 2023 revival of Henrik Ibsen's play A Doll's House, which ran for 16 weeks at the Hudson Theatre. Initially set for West End theatre in 2020, the production was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and later relocated to New York on Chastain's insistence. The production was extended one week due to the strong box office sales of the preview performances. Gloria Oladipo of The Guardian deemed Chastain's performance "enthralling" and "captivating", adding that "a fuller, infinite portrait is painted of the long-time heroine through Chastain’s work". She won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lead Performance in a Play and received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Chastain played a recovering alcoholic in Michel Franco's independent drama film Memory, co-starring Peter Sarsgaard. She was pleased to take on the low-profile project and shopped at Target herself for her character's clothes. Debruge noted that Chastain's "never appeared more vulnerable on-screen" playing a morally divisive character.
Chastain will next produce and star alongside Anne Hathaway in Mothers' Instinct, a remake of the Belgian psychological thriller of the same name. She will also reteam with Franco in the ensemble drama Dreams.
Advocacy
Chastain identifies as a feminist, and has often spoken out against the discrimination faced by women and minorities in Hollywood. She penned an essay on gender imbalance in the industry for a December 2015 issue of The Hollywood Reporter. At the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, where she served as a jury member, Chastain bemoaned the passive portrayal of women in most films. She has complained about a lack of female film critics, which she believes hinders a gender-neutral perspective on film. She advocates for greater gender balance on sets, including more representation of women on film crews and in positions of power. On social media, Chastain aims to "amplify the voices" of victims of sexual harassment in the industry. In 2018, she collaborated with 300 women in Hollywood to set up the Time's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination. In the same year, she appeared alongside several actresses in This Changes Everything, a documentary about the poor representation of women in Hollywood films.
Chastain is a vocal advocate for equal pay in the workplace, and turns down offers of work whose salaries she finds unfair. She spoke out in support of actress Michelle Williams, who was paid less than her co-star Mark Wahlberg for the 2017 film All the Money in the World; a gesture which Williams said led to greater awareness of the issue and a donation worth $2 million to the Time's Up Legal Defense Fund. In 2013, Chastain lent her support to the Got Your 6 campaign, to help empower veterans of the United States Army, and in 2016, she became an advisory-board member to the organization We Do It Together, which produces films and television shows to promote women empowerment. In 2017, she featured alongside several Hollywood celebrities in a theatrical production of The Children's Monologues, in which she performed a monologue as a thirteen-year-old girl who is raped by her uncle. The event raised funds for Dramatic Need, a charity that helps African children pursue a career in the arts. In 2020, Chastain became an investor in a Los Angeles-based franchise for the National Women's Soccer League. The new team has since been named Angel City FC.
Chastain supports charitable organizations that promote mental health, and is involved with the nonprofit organization To Write Love on Her Arms. Teased as a child for having red hair and freckles, she takes a stand against body-shaming and bullying. Chastain has campaigned for access to affordable reproductive health care for women, and in 2017, Variety honored her for her work with Planned Parenthood. In response to abortion bans in certain American states, she joined several actors in refusing to work in those regions. In 2022, Chastain traveled to Kyiv in Ukraine during Russia's invasion of the country. She visited a children's hospital and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and head of the Presidential Administration Andrii Yermak. Chastain has lent her support to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. After receiving an interim-agreement waiver from the organization, she attended the premiere of her film Memory at the 2023 Venice International Film Festival wearing a t-shirt affirming her support.
Reception and acting style
Describing Chastain's off-screen persona, Roy Porter of InStyle magazine wrote in 2015 that "she's an adult, which isn't always a given in Hollywood. Unconsciously candid with her answers, she retains a sense of perspective uncommon among her peers, and has real opinions"; Porter also credited her for being the rare actress who is "all about the craft". Evgenia Peretz, an editor at Vanity Fair, finds Chastain "the most sensitive and empathetic actor" she has interviewed.
Chastain specializes in portraying emotionally grueling roles and is drawn to parts of strong but flawed women. The journalist Sanjiv Bhattacharya has identified a theme of characters who "subvert gender expectations in some way". David Ehrlich of IndieWire credits her for being the sole American actress to consistently play roles that "champion feminist ideals". She believes in extensive preparations for a role: "[I] fill myself up with as much history of the character as I can." The film critics Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper have praised Chastain's versatility, and W magazine credits her for avoiding typecasting.
Guillermo del Toro, who directed Chastain in Crimson Peak, believes that she is "interested in being chameleonic", and that she brings authenticity even to bizarre situations. Sophie Heawood of The Guardian believes that Chastain's ability to bring very little ego to her roles renders her unrecognisable to the audience. Sarah Karmali of Harper's Bazaar opines that "she goes for total immersion, sinking so deep into character that her face seems to change shape with each one". Lea Goldman of Marie Claire has compared her craft to that of Meryl Streep and Cate Blanchett, and writes that she values her craft over her looks. Michel Franco, who directed her in Memory, called Chastain "the best actress in the world". Describing her film career in 2017, Ben Dickinson of Elle wrote:
The journalist Tom Shone describes Chastain as being "excessively luscious [with] pale Botticelli features wrapped around a bone structure that has a touch of the masculine, right down to the cleft in her chin." She was named the sexiest vegetarian actress in a poll conducted by PETA in 2012. From 2012 to 2014, she was featured in AskMen's listing of the most desirable women, and in 2015, Glamour magazine ranked her as one of the best-dressed women.
Time magazine named Chastain one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012. That same year, she was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and she endorsed an Yves Saint Laurent fragrance called Manifesto. In 2015, she became the global ambassador for the Swiss jewelry and watchmaking company Piaget, and in 2017, she was made the face of Ralph Lauren's fragrance campaign, named Woman. For the latter, she led an initiative called Lead Like A Woman, and featured in a short film named Leading with Intensity (2019) made by an all-female cast and crew.
Personal life
Despite significant media attention, Chastain remains guarded about her personal life, and chooses not to attend red carpet events with a partner. She considers herself to be a "shy" person, and in 2011 said that she enjoys domestic routines like dog-walking and playing ukulele, rather than partying. She has cited the actress Isabelle Huppert as an influence, for managing a family, while also playing "out-there roles" on screen.
Chastain is an animal lover, and has adopted a rescue dog. She was a pescatarian for much of her life; following health troubles she began practicing veganism. She is an investor in Beyond Meat, a meat substitutes company.
In the 2000s, Chastain was in a long-term relationship with writer-director Ned Benson that ended in 2010. In 2012, she began dating Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, an Italian count of the Passi de Preposulo noble family, who is an executive for the fashion brand Moncler. On June 10, 2017, she married Preposulo at his family's estate in Carbonera, Italy. In 2018, the couple had a daughter through surrogacy. They later had a second daughter. They reside in New York City.
Acting credits and awards
According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes and the box-office site Box Office Mojo, Chastain's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful films are Take Shelter (2011), Coriolanus (2011), The Tree of Life (2011), The Help (2011), Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012), Zero Dark Thirty (2012), Mama (2013), Interstellar (2014), A Most Violent Year (2014), The Martian (2015), Miss Sloane (2016), Molly's Game (2017), and It Chapter Two (2019). Among her stage roles, she has appeared in a Broadway revivals of The Heiress in 2012 and A Doll's House in 2023. Her television roles include the miniseries Scenes from a Marriage (2021) and George & Tammy (2022).
Chastain won an Academy Award in the Best Actress category for The Eyes of Tammy Faye (2021), and has been nominated two more times: Best Supporting Actress for The Help and Best Actress for Zero Dark Thirty. She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for Zero Dark Thirty, and has been nominated seven more times: Best Actress in a Drama for Miss Sloane, Molly's Game, and The Eyes of Tammy Faye; Best Supporting Actress for The Help and A Most Violent Year; and Best Actress for a Miniseries or Television Film for Scenes from a Marriage and George & Tammy. Chastain was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for A Doll's House. Chastain earned her first nomination for the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie for George & Tammy.
References
External links
1977 births
Age controversies
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Sacramento, California
American film actresses
American film producers
American feminists
American people of Spanish descent
American Shakespearean actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American women film producers
Angel City FC owners
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Film producers from California
Juilliard School alumni
American LGBT rights activists
Living people
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Greenwich Village
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
American women essayists
21st-century American essayists |
Operation Corona was a Royal Air Force (RAF) initiative to confuse German nightfighter defences during RAF bomber raids on German cities during World War II.
The RAF used both native speakers and people who could speak German to a standard where they could be taken for a native speaker to impersonate German air defence officers. They initiated communications via radio with German night fighter pilots and countermanded previously given orders, thus reducing the efficiency of German air defence.
Operation Corona was made possible because before the war many people, mostly Jews, had fled Nazi Germany and some of them had settled in the United Kingdom. These people were very valuable to RAF Bomber Command, since between them they natively spoke any German accent and hence were capable of countermanding the orders given from the senior German officers in the Air Defence headquarters, and so could redirect the nightfighters to other targets or give them orders to land immediately at an airbase.
The first use of Corona was during a bombing raid on the German industrial centre of Kassel on the night of 22 to 23 October 1943.
In response to Corona the Luftwaffe replaced male fighter controllers with females. The RAF countered this by using German-speaking personnel from the Women's Auxiliary Air Force.
See also
Aspidistra (transmitter)
List of World War II electronic warfare equipment
Notes and references
External links
OPERATION CORONA - Claire's story
Conflicts in 1943
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre
History of the Royal Air Force during World War II
Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
World War II deception operations |
William Lyman (December 7, 1755 – September 22, 1811) was an American politician from Northampton, Massachusetts who served in the United States House of Representatives.
Lyman was born in Northampton in the Province of Massachusetts Bay to Captain William and Jemima (Sheldon) Lyman. He graduated from Yale College in 1776. He was a militia veteran of the American Revolution. During Shays' Rebellion he was an aide to General William Shepard with the rank of major.
In about 1781, Lyman married Jerusha Welles, of East Hartford, Connecticut; they had eight children. Jerusha died at age 43, on June 11, 1803.
Lyman served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1787 and in the Massachusetts State Senate in 1789.
Lyman was a candidate for the first congress and ran in the Hampshire Berkshire District as an Anti-Federalist against the Federalist candidate Theodore Sedgwick. Sedgwick was elected. Seventeen towns that were favorable to Lyman were late in sending in their returns; had these towns reported in a timely manner, Lyman would have been elected.
Lyman represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1793 to March 3, 1797.
In 1804 Lyman was appointed U.S. consul in London. He died while on duty in 1811 at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England, and is interred in the Cathedral at Gloucester, England.
Notes
External links
1755 births
1811 deaths
Massachusetts state senators
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Yale College alumni
Politicians from Northampton, Massachusetts
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts |
Caripraea is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
References
Ennominae |
Islam is the fastest-growing major religion in Europe, primarily due to immigration and higher fertility rates among Muslims. Since the 1960s, immigrants from Muslim countries started to appear in numbers in Western Europe, especially in France, Germany and Belgium. Although large Muslim communities have existed on the continent since Ottoman conquests in the late Middle Ages, especially in the Balkans, this was the first major wave of immigration of Muslims to northwestern Europe.
Muslims in Europe are not a homogeneous group. They are of various national, ethnic and racial identities. The top regions of origin of Muslims in Western Europe are Turkey, the Maghreb (including Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria), and South Asia (including Pakistan and Afghanistan).
In Western Europe, Muslims generally live in major urban areas, often concentrated in neighborhoods of large cities.
According to the Pew Research Center, as of 2016 the total number of Muslims in Europe is roughly 4.9%. The total number of Muslims in the European Union in 2010 was about 19 million (3.8%). The French capital of Paris and its metropolitan area has the largest number (1.7 million in 2008 according to The Economist) of Muslims out of any city in the European Union. According to the Pew Research Center, as of 2017 France has Europe’s largest Muslim population, with 6 million Muslims.
By 2030, people of Muslim faith or origin are predicted to form about 8% of the population of Europe.
The table below lists large cities of the European Union with significant Muslim populations, some estimating the percentage of Muslims by using the percentage of Asians in those cities.
See also
Islam in Europe
Islam in Austria
Islam in Belgium
Islam in Denmark
Islam in France
Islam in Germany
Islam in Ireland
Islam in Italy
Islam in the Netherlands
Islam in Spain
Islam in Sweden
Islam in Finland
References
External links
The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated
On exagère délibérément le nombre de musulmans en France on Le Nouvel Observateur
Cities
Muslim population
European Union by Muslim population
Religious demographics
Demographics of Europe
Geography of the European Union
European Union society
European Union-related lists
Islam-related lists |
In cricket a bowling machine is a device which enables a batsman to practise (usually in the nets) and to hone specific skills through repetition of the ball being bowled at a certain length, line and speed. It can also be used when there is no-one available to bowl, or no one of the desired style or standard.
There are a number of different types of bowling machine available to cricket coaches, each quite different in the ways they achieve the required delivery, though most allow the use of remote control, so that a coach can be closer to a batsman when the stroke is played.
Mechanical bowling machines
This type of machine is by far the most common. It is simple, strong and reliable, as well as being able to bowl a useful range of deliveries.
How they work
The main mechanism of the machine consists of two heavy wheels, between 30 and 50 cm in diameter, fitted with solid or pneumatic rubber tyres, each driven by its own electric motor. These are mounted in a frame such that the wheels are in the same plane, about 7 cm apart (slightly less than the diameter of a cricket ball). A ball joint allows the machine a wide range of movement. The whole assembly is mounted on a sturdy tripod or other frame so that the plane of the wheels is roughly at the height that a typical bowler would release the ball. A chute delivers the ball between the wheels, protecting the coach's hands.
The motors are typically powered by a car battery, and turn in opposite directions. A controller allows variation of the speed of each wheel, allowing the machine to be slowed down for less experienced batsmen, or when the motors are not running at the same speed, swing or spin bowling can be simulated.
These machines will work with any ball of roughly the right size and weight, such as normal cricket balls or tennis balls. However, they usually work best with their own balls, bowling machine balls which are made of hard plastic, and are covered in dimples. These dimples are to help with the swinging characteristics when this type of delivery is desired.
Simulating different deliveries
Fast bowling
This is achieved by setting both wheels to the same speed, as fast as the batsman is able to deal with, although the machine itself would have to be tipped horizontally. The coach can move the machine around slightly to vary the line and length of each ball.
Swing bowling
The plane of the wheels is flat, and the motors are set to run at slightly different speeds. This means the ball will spin about an axis perpendicular to the ground, causing it to swing due to the Magnus effect. If the ball is spinning anticlockwise (looking from above) the ball will swing from right to left; clockwise spin results in a swing from left to right. This means that if the coach slows down the wheel on one side, ball will swing in that direction. The swing produced in this way is different from normal swing bowling, however – it is much more like a curling ball in football.
Spin bowling
To achieve spin, the machine should be tilted to one side, and the wheels set to different speeds as per swing bowling. It will also probably be necessary to make the machine bowl significantly more slowly. The combined action of the spin imparted by the wheels, and the non-perpendicular axis of that spin will cause the ball to bounce up at an angle.
While spinning always see the ball when it has been started to deliver the ball towards the wicket
Seam bowling
This is difficult to achieve since the operator cannot control exactly how the ball will roll into the machine and between the wheels. However, by the law of averages, a ball will occasionally come out with its seam at the correct angle, and bounce unpredictably as a result.
Bouncers
To get balls that bounce unnaturally high or low, the plane of the machine must be set so that it is vertical. Not all machines can do this, simply because their ball joint doesn't give the required range of movement. To get balls that bounce higher than normal, the lower wheel should spin slightly faster than the upper. Deliveries that bounce much lower than normal are less common and are usually the result of the ball striking a broken-up patch of ground. These balls can still be simulated, however, by increasing the speed of the upper wheel.
Pneumatic bowling machines
This design is significantly less common than the mechanical type and operates using a completely different principle.
How they work
Most of the space in the machine is a hopper that contains the balls. At the bottom of the hopper, near the front, is a rotor with space for six balls. The balls slot into the spaces on the rotor by gravity, which then takes them into the innards of the mechanism. The rotor passes over a trap-door, which the ball opens with its weight, falling into a small chamber.
A pump is used to provide a flow of air into the chamber that the ball drops into. The airflow pushes the ball along the chamber to rubber ring, or gasket, known as a "restrictor". The restrictor has a hole through it that is sightly smaller than the ball, which the ball presses up against. This seals the hole, so air pressure builds up in the chamber. When the pressure is so great that the restrictor can no longer hold it, the ball bursts through, out of the main body of the machine and into an external tube, which guides it upwards and releases it at the height of a bowler's arm.
Simulating different deliveries
Fast bowling
A system exists that allows air to escape from the barrel shortly after it has passed the restrictor. This reduces the pressure on the ball, reducing its muzzle velocity. Closing this increases the speed to its maximum; its maximum speed is 160+ km/h (100+ mph).
Swing bowling
To do this a curved piece of tubing is attached to the end of the barrel. The ball rolls around this causing it to spin and swing.
Spin bowling
The tubing used for swing bowling can also be used for spin bowling, by pointing the curve somewhere between vertical and horizontal.
Seam bowling
Seam bowling is impossible on this machine as it only accepts tennis balls and cricket training balls such as Slazenger's "Slazball" (a hard, small, low-bounce, heavy ball, similar in appearance to a tennis ball but usually red in colour). Neither of these types of ball has a seam.
Bouncers
The tubing can again be used, this time to simulate high and low bounce by mounting the tube vertically.
Programmable bowling machines
Both of the types of machines described above are fairly simple designs, intended for regular, hard use by clubs, and hence are simple to operate and reliable. They can only simulate one type of delivery with the machine in a given configuration and have other limitations, particularly with spin bowling, which limit their usefulness to players at the highest levels of the game.
Programmable bowling machines are intended to overcome some of these limitations by rapidly re-configuring themselves to bowl different types of delivery in quick succession.
A programmable bowling machine called "Merlyn", which its makers claimed could "bowl any ball known to man" received much public attention when it was used by the English cricket team in the run-up to and during the 2005 Ashes series.
Originally a one-off, Merlyn was built by Henry Pryor, a cricket coach in Herefordshire. Its mechanism has not been publicly revealed, though it is safe to assume it is much more complex than the other machines.
Crucially, the machine was claimed to be able to emulate Shane Warne's leg breaks, and although he is dismissive of its usefulness, the England batsmen disagree, and consider their ability to play spin bowling significantly improved.
The machine, as well as its mechanical abilities, also has significant elements of computer-control built in. It is claimed that it can reproduce an over from a particular bowler if fed the correct data.
One of the more unnerving aspects of the machine is that it provides no indication of the type of ball it is about to bowl until the ball has left the machine. This forces batsmen to work on their instinctive batting, rather than trying to second guess the bowler.
An improved version is currently in development at Loughborough University, which will add visual feedback by showing a representation of the bowler projected onto a screen. The ball will be released as the virtual bowler's hand reaches the hole from which the ball is released. This version of the machine is intended for mass production, so it can be sold to cricket clubs around the world. In the winter of 2009/10 the ECB acquired 20 of the machines, one for each county and two for the performance centre at Loughborough.
See also
Cricket clothing and equipment
Pitching machine
References
External links
"Merlyn proves a triumph for man and machine" by Matthew Pryor, "The Times" 23 July 2005
"Artificially Intelligent Bowling Machines-Revolutionizes the Cricket Learning" by Chaitanya Vankadaru, "DustMoon.Com Team" 31 March 2016
Cricket equipment
Bowling (cricket)
Loughborough University |
Duxbury () is a town in Washington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,413 at the 2020 census. It claims to be the only municipality in the United States that has an elected position of dogcatcher.
History
In 1880, Emeline Meaker of Duxbury was hanged for poisoning her niece, Alice. The trial received much coverage throughout the country. She was the first woman hanged in Vermont.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 43.1 square miles (111.6 km2), of which 42.9 square miles (111.2 km2) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.4 km2) (0.37%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,289 people, 498 households, and 338 families residing in the town. The population density was 30.0 people per square mile (11.6/km2). There were 569 housing units at an average density of 13.3 per square mile (5.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.06% White, 0.16% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 0.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.54% of the population.
There were 498 households, out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were couples joined in either marriage or civil union, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 34.8% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $47,981, and the median income for a family was $57,574. Males had a median income of $34,125 versus $27,031 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,707. About 0.9% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.3% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Town of Duxbury official website
Towns in Vermont
Towns in Washington County, Vermont |
Tyra Calderwood (born 19 September 1990) is a former professional Australian tennis player. Her highest WTA singles ranking was 607, which she reached on 6 October 2008. Her career-high in doubles was 190, set on 10 September 2012.
Early life and junior career
Calderwood was born in Sydney and started playing tennis at the age of three.
She has had limited success on the circuit, though her junior ranking did peak at 33 in 2007.
Career
In 2008, she made her WTA Tour doubles debut after being given a wildcard with Alenka Hubacek into the Australian Open. However, they lost in the first round in straight sets. In December of that year, she won the Sorrento ITF doubles title with Shannon Golds.
In 2009, she received wildcards into the doubles tournaments at both the Sydney International and the Australian Open, losing first round in both tournaments.
ITF Circuit finals
Doubles: 14 (6–8)
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Australian female tennis players
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Tennis players from Sydney |
Stralsund Hauptbahnhof is the main station in Western Pomerania and the main station for railway lines running to Hamburg, Bergen auf Rügen and Berlin in the German Hanseatic city of Stralsund. It is owned and operated by Deutsche Bahn.
Station
Construction of the present-day station near the centre of the city started on 9 November 1903 and it was inaugurated on 28 March 1905.
Its predecessor was a wooden building constructed in 1863 in the suburb of Tribseer Vorstadt. The construction of this station and the railway to Stralsund had been promoted by the merchants and entrepreneurs of Stralsund since 1844. They joined together in the same year as the "Society for the attainment of a railway from Berlin via Neu-Strelitz to Stralsund" () and set out its proposals in a memorandum. They also put this matter before the competent authorities in Berlin. The association developed a concept for the construction of the line and accumulated large financial resources. These efforts, however, always failed at the Prussian Ministry in Berlin and the proposals were refused in the 1840s and 1850s. Finally in 1863 a branch line from Angermünde was built from the Berlin–Stettin line (which had opened in 1843) via Prenzlau, Pasewalk, Anklam and Greifswald to Stralsund. On 26 October 1863 the line reached Stralsund. Due to the nature of Stralsund as a fortress, the station building was built only of wood at the instigation of the Prussian war ministry. In the event of an attack on the city, the building could be destroyed quickly. The building measured about 30 × 10 metres and had two waiting rooms. The platforms were not covered, and passengers had to walk along the tracks to reach the platforms.
Despite its initial success in having the branch from Angermünde built, the Stralsund Society continued to campaign for a direct connection, known as the "Northern Railway". In 1869 a plan was prepared for the laying of a railway line from Berlin to Neustrelitz, Stralsund and Cape Arkona, including a fixed crossing of the Strelasund, which was not realized until 1936. The opening of the Prussian Northern Railway to its terminus at Stralsund was finally celebrated on 1 January 1878, with the arrival of the first train from Berlin.
After the demilitarisation of Stralsund, the call for a new, more modern and higher capacity station became louder. The new station was built of brick and opened to traffic on 29 March 1905. The design for the station building was prepared by the Royal Railway Directorate in Stettin (now Szczecin). The processing of the detailed architectural design and construction management was supervised by Alexander Rüdell, with its implementation handled by Hans Stubbe, who was later a professor at the Braunschweig University of Technology.
A tower next to the hall, which houses a staircase, represents the architecture of the three parishes of greater Stralsund. The entrance hall is 22.12 metres long, 9.90 metres wide and almost 15 metres high. Above the entrance and access to the platforms are large glass facades. Station services were located in the western area of the hall. Three waiting rooms were built in the eastern area: one for ladies only, one for 1st and 2nd class passengers and one for 3rd and 4th class passengers. Access to the six platforms became somewhat easier, although travellers who wished to use the line to Rostock opened in 1888 had to continue to cross the tracks. Only later was a tunnel built. The three platform tracks for trains to and from Rostock are through tracks. The other three platforms (1 - 3) were built as terminal tracks.
The station building was built on the area of a former cattle loading ramp on Tribseer Damm (street). Originally there was an area for the operation of carriages to pick up passengers to depart from the station. Later a tramway and a light railway were opened. Today there is short-term parking and a taxi rank in this area.
On the evening of 28 March 1905 a festival was held to dedicate the new station. This lasted until the early morning hours, with the departure of train No. 206 to Neubrandenburg.
In the 1930s, the Stralsund artist Erich Kliefert received a commission to design the lobby. He placed a large colour display of Stralsund from the air on the western side at the top of the hall and on the eastern side there is a similar representation of the island of Rügen.
In the 1990s the building was refurbished and the area in front of the platforms was covered with a large glass structure. The sanitary facilities were renovated and shops were established in the station.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional trains
Notes
References
External links
Gleisplan des Stralsunder Hbf auf den Seiten der DB AG
Stralsund
Stralsund
Buildings and structures in Vorpommern-Rügen
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1863
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1905 |
Michael Johann Joseph Brokoff (; 28 April 1686 – 8 September 1721) was a Czech sculptor of the Baroque era, working with sandstone.
Biography
Michael Brokoff was born in Klášterec nad Ohří as the oldest son of Jan Brokoff, also a sculptor, and apprenticed in his workshop at first. Later he continued his education by Filip Ondřej Quitainer and possibly also Jan Oldřich Mayer, two distinct sculptors and carvers of the time. After his father's death he took over his workshop for a short time in 1718. He is said to surpass the work of his father by technical excellency although he never achieved the supreme style of his younger brother Ferdinand Brokoff, to whom he forwarded leading of the family workshop.
Many important sculptures are attributed to him, at least as a co-author: the statue of St. Adalbert of Prague from 1709 on Charles Bridge, Prague (in collaboration with his brother Ferdinand), statue of St. Ludmila at Vyšehrad, Prague, Herculius at the garden of the Kolowrat Palace in Prague, statuary of Virgin Mary in Police nad Metují, etc. Contrary to his brother, his work is said to be less spatially verbose, the expression of the statues is concentrated into the mimics of the heads, with the gestures of the body somewhat tense.
Brokoff died on 8 September 1721 in Prague, at the age of 35.
1686 births
1721 deaths
Czech Baroque sculptors
Czech male sculptors
Czech people of German descent
Czech people of Hungarian descent
People from Chomutov District |
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