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is O
therefore O
necessary O
. O
In O
this O
study O
, O
we O
investigate O
the O
response O
of O
the O
middle B-climate-nature
atmosphere I-climate-nature
to O
a O
doubling O
of O
the O
CO2 B-climate-properties
concentration I-climate-properties
, O
and O
the O
associated O
changes O
in O
sea B-climate-properties
surface I-climate-properties
temperatures I-climate-properties
( O
SSTs B-climate-properties
) O
, O
using O
the O
Whole B-climate-models
Atmosphere I-climate-models
Community I-climate-models
Climate I-climate-models
Model I-climate-models
( O
WACCM B-climate-models
) O
. O
We O
use O
the O
climate B-climate-models
feedback I-climate-models
response I-climate-models
analysis I-climate-models
method I-climate-models
( O
CFRAM B-climate-models
) O
to O
calculate O
the O
partial O
temperature B-climate-properties
changes I-climate-properties
due O
to O
an O
external O
forcing O
and O
climate O
feedbacks O
in O
the O
atmosphere B-climate-nature
. O
In O
this O
study O
, O
we O
discuss O
the O
direct O
forcing O
of O
CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases
and O
the O
effects O
of O
the O
ozone B-climate-nature
, O
water B-climate-nature
vapour I-climate-nature
, O